[고2] 2023년 06월 – 18번: 결석 사유 제출 안내 및 협조 요청 공문

① Dear parents,

① 친애하는 부모님께,

② Regular attendance at school is essential in maximizing student potential.

② 학생의 잠재력을 극대화하는 데는 학교에 규칙적으로 출석하는 것이 필수적입니다.

③ Recently, we've become concerned about the number of unapproved absences across all grades.

③ 최근에, 우리는 전 학년에 걸쳐 승인되지 않은 결석 수에 대해 우려하고 있습니다.

④ I would like to further clarify that your role as a parent is to approve any school absence.

④ 저는 부모로서의 당신의 역할이 학교 결석을 승인하는 것이라는 것을 더 명확히 하고 싶습니다.

⑤ Parents must provide an explanation for absences to the school within 7 days from the first day of any period of absence.

⑤ 학부모들은 결석 첫날로부터 7일 이내에 결석에 대한 설명을 학교에 제공해야 합니다.

⑥ Where an explanation has not been received within the 7-day time frame, the school will record the absence as unjustified on the student's record.

⑥ 7일의 기간 내에 설명이 주어지지 않을 경우, 학교는 결석을 정당하지 않은 것으로 학생부에 기록할 것입니다.

⑦ Please ensure that you go to the parent portal site and register the reason any time your child is absent.

⑦ 반드시 학부모 포털 사이트에 들어가서 자녀가 결석할 때마다 사유를 등록해 주십시오.

⑧ Please approve all absences, so that your child will not be at a disadvantage.

⑧ 자녀가 불이익에 처하지 않도록 모든 결석을 승인해 주십시오.

⑨ Many thanks for your cooperation.

⑨ 협조해 주셔서 대단히 감사합니다.

⑩ Sincerely, Natalie Brown, Vice Principal

⑩ 진심으로, 교감, Natalie Brown

[고2] 2023년 06월 – 19번: 우편물 수령 후 기쁨의 상황 묘사

① Ester stood up as soon as she heard the hum of a hover engine outside.

① 밖에서 호버 엔진의 윙윙거리는 소리가 들리자마자 Ester는 일어섰다.

② "Mail," she shouted and ran down the third set of stairs and swung open the door.

② "편지,"라고 외치며 그녀는 계단을 세 칸씩 뛰어내려가 문을 확 열었다.

③ It was pouring now, but she ran out into the rain.

③ 비가 쏟아지고 있었지만 그녀는 빗속으로 뛰어나갔다.

④ She was facing the mailbox.

④ 그녀는 우체통을 마주하고 있었다.

⑤ There was a single, unopened letter inside.

⑤ 안에는 뜯지 않은 편지 한 통이 들어 있었다.

⑥ She was sure this must be what she was eagerly waiting for.

⑥ 그녀는 이것이 그녀가 간절히 기다리고 있는 것임에 틀림 없다고 확신했다.

⑦ Without hesitation, she tore open the envelope.

⑦ 망설임 없이 그녀는 봉투를 뜯어서 열었다.

⑧ She pulled out the paper and unfolded it.

⑧ 그녀는 종이를 꺼내 펼쳤다.

⑨ The letter said, 'Thank you for applying to our company.

⑨ 편지에는 '우리 회사에 지원해 주셔서 감사합니다.

⑩ We would like to invite you to our internship program.

⑩ 우리는 당신을 인턴십 프로그램에 초대하고 싶습니다.

⑪ We look forward to seeing you soon.'

⑪ 우리는 당신을 곧 뵙기를 기대합니다.'라고 쓰여 있었다.

⑫ She jumped up and down and looked down at the letter again.

⑫ 그녀는 펄쩍펄쩍 뛰며 다시 편지를 내려다보았다.

⑬ She couldn't wait to tell this news to her family.

⑬ 그녀는 이 소식을 가족들에게 빨리 전하고 싶었다.

[고2] 2023년 06월 – 20번: 새로운 기술의 지속가능한 발전을 위한 영향 평가의 필요성

① The introduction of new technologies clearly has both positive and negative impacts for sustainable development.

① 신기술의 도입은 지속 가능한 발전에 긍정적인 영향과 부정적인 영향을 분명히 미친다.

② Good management of technological resources needs to take them fully into account.

② 기술 자원을 잘 관리하려면 그것들을 충분히 고려해야 한다.

③ Technological developments in sectors such as nuclear energy and agriculture provide examples of how not only environmental benefits but also risks to the environment or human health can accompany technological advances.

③ 원자력과 농업과 같은 분야의 기술 발전은 환경적 이익뿐만 아니라 환경이나 인간의 건강에 대한 위험이 어떻게 기술 발전에 수반될 수 있는지에 대한 예를 제공한다.

④ New technologies have profound social impacts as well.

④ 새로운 기술은 또한 심오한 사회적 영향을 끼친다.

⑤ Since the industrial revolution, technological advances have changed the nature of skills needed in workplaces, creating certain types of jobs and destroying others, with impacts on employment patterns.

⑤ 산업혁명 이후 기술의 발전은 직장에서 요구되는 기술의 본질을 변화시켜 고용 패턴에 영향을 미치며 특정 유형의 일자리를 창출하고 다른 유형의 일자리는 소멸시켰다.

⑥ New technologies need to be assessed for their full potential impacts, both positive and negative.

⑥ 신기술은 긍정적이고 부정적인, 모든 잠재적 영향들에 대해 평가되어야 한다.

[고2] 2023년 06월 – 21번: 미국 전통 음식 문화의 상실 우려

① North America's native cuisine met the same unfortunate fate as its native people, save for a few relics like the Thanksgiving turkey.

① 추수감사절 칠면조와 같은 몇 가지 전해 내려오는 풍속을 제외하고, 북미의 토착 요리는 원주민들과 같은 불행한 운명을 맞이했다.

② Certainly, we still have regional specialties, but the Carolina barbecue will almost certainly have California tomatoes in its sauce, and the Louisiana gumbo is just as likely to contain Indonesian farmed shrimp.

② 확실히, 우리는 여전히 지역 특색 음식을 가지고 있지만, Carolina 바비큐는 거의 확실히 California 토마토를 소스에 넣을 것이고, Louisiana 검보도 인도네시아 양식 새우를 포함할 것이다.

③ If either of these shows up on a fast-food menu with lots of added fats or HFCS, we seem unable either to discern or resist the corruption.

③ 만약 이것들 중 하나가 지방이나 액상 과당이 많이 첨가되어 패스트푸드 메뉴에 나타난다면, 우리는 그 붕괴를 식별하거나 막을 수 없을 것 같다.

④ We have yet to come up with a strong set of generalized norms, passed down through families, for savoring and sensibly consuming what our land and climate give us.

④ 우리는 아직 우리의 땅과 기후가 우리에게 주는 것을 음미하고 현명하게 소비하기 위해, 가계를 통해 전해져 내려오는 강력한 일반화된 규범을 생각해내지 못했다.

⑤ We have, instead, a string of fad diets convulsing our bookstores and bellies, one after another, at the scale of the national best seller.

⑤ 대신, 우리는 전국적인 베스트셀러의 규모로 서점과 배에 연이어 큰 소동을 일으키는 일련의 유행하는 식단을 가지고 있다.

⑥ Nine out of ten nutritionists view this as evidence that we have entirely lost our marbles.

⑥ 10명 중 9명의 영양학자들은 이것을 우리가 완전히 우리의 분별력을 잃었다는 증거로 본다.

[고2] 2023년 06월 – 22번: AI 시대에 인간의 감정 지능 역량이 중요해질 것

① Perhaps, the advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the workplace may bode well for Emotional Intelligence (EI).

① 아마도, 직장에서 인공 지능(AI)의 출현은 감성 지능(EI)에 좋은 징조가 될 수 있다.

② As AI gains momentum and replaces people in jobs at every level, predictions are, there will be a premium placed on people who have high ability in EI.

② AI가 추진력을 받고 모든 수준의 일자리에서 사람들을 대신함에 따라, 높은 EI 능력을 가진 사람들에게 프리미엄이 주어질 것이라는 전망이 있다.

③ The emotional messages people send and respond to while interacting are, at this point, far beyond the ability of AI programs to mimic.

③ 사람들이 상호 작용하는 동안 보내고 반응하는 감정적인 메시지들은, 이러한 점에서, AI 프로그램의 모방하는 능력을 훨씬 넘어선다.

④ As we get further into the age of the smart machine, it is likely that sensing and managing emotions will remain one type of intelligence that puzzles AI.

④ 우리가 스마트 기기의 시대로 접어들수록, 감정을 감지하고 관리하는 것은 AI를 당혹하게 하는 지능의 한 유형으로 남을 것이다.

⑤ This means people and jobs involving EI are safe from being taken over by machines.

⑤ 이것은 EI와 관련된 사람들과 직업들이 기계에 의해 점령되는 것으로부터 안전하다는 것을 의미한다.

⑥ In a survey, almost three out of four executives see EI as a "must-have" skill for the workplace in the future as the automatizing of routine tasks bumps up against the impossibility of creating effective AI for activities that require emotional skill.

⑥ 한 설문 조사에서, 일상적인 업무의 자동화가 정서적 기술이 필요한 활동에 효과적인 AI를 만드는 것이 불가능하다는 점에 부딪히면서, 임원 네 명 중 세 명 가량이 EI를 향후 직장의 "필수" 기술로 보고 있다.

[고2] 2023년 06월 – 23번: 교육 과정에서 분야 간 용어 통일의 필요성

① Education must focus on the trunk of the tree of knowledge, revealing the ways in which the branches, twigs, and leaves all emerge from a common core.

① 교육은 나뭇가지, 잔가지, 잎이 모두 공통의 핵심에서 나오는 방식을 밝히면서, 지식의 나무 줄기에 초점을 맞춰야 한다.

② Tools for thinking stem from this core, providing a common language with which practitioners in different fields may share their experience of the process of innovation and discover links between their creative activities.

② 다양한 분야의 실무자들이 혁신 과정에 대한 경험을 공유하고 그들의 창의적 활동 사이의 연결 고리를 발견할 수 있는 공통 언어를 제공하면서, 사고를 위한 도구는 이 핵심에서 비롯된다.

③ When the same terms are employed across the curriculum, students begin to link different subjects and classes.

③ 교육과정 전반에 걸쳐 동일한 용어가 사용될 때, 학생들은 서로 다른 과목들과 수업들을 연결하기 시작한다.

④ If they practice abstracting in writing class, if they work on abstracting in painting or drawing class, and if, in all cases, they call it abstracting, they begin to understand how to think beyond disciplinary boundaries.

④ 글쓰기 수업에서 추상을 연습하고, 회화나 그림 그리기 수업에서 추상을 연습하고, 그리고 모든 경우에 그들이 그것을 추상이라고 일컫는다면, 그들은 학문의 경계를 넘어 사고하는 방법을 이해하기시작한다.

⑤ They see how to transform their thoughts from one mode of conception and expression to another.

⑤ 그들은 그들의 생각을 하나의 개념과 표현 방식에서 다른 방식으로 바꾸는 방법을 알게 된다.

⑥ Linking the disciplines comes naturally when the terms and tools are presented as part of a universal imagination.

⑥ 용어들과 도구들이 보편적 상상력의 일부로 제시될 때 학문들을 연결하는 것은 자연스럽게 이루어진다.

[고2] 2023년 06월 – 24번: 언어는 시대와 함께 지속적으로 변화함

① New words and expressions emerge continually in response to new situations, ideas and feelings.

① 새로운 상황, 생각, 감정에 반응하여 새로운 단어들과 표현들이 계속해서 생겨난다.

② The Oxford English Dictionary publishes supplements of new words and expressions that have entered the language.

② Oxford 영어 사전은 그 언어에 등장한 새로운 단어들과 표현들의 추가분을 출판한다.

③ Some people deplore this kind of thing and see it as a drift from correct English.

③ 어떤 사람들은 이런 일을 한탄하고 그것을 올바른 영어에서 벗어난 것으로 본다.

④ But it was only in the eighteenth century that any attempt was made to formalize spelling and punctuation of English at all.

④ 그러나 영어의 철자와 구두법을 공식화하려는 시도는 18세기에 이르러서야 이루어졌다.

⑤ The language we speak in the twenty-first century would be virtually unintelligible to Shakespeare, and so would his way of speaking to us.

⑤ 21세기에 우리가 사용하는 언어는 Shakespeare에게는 사실상 이해되기 어려울 것이며, 우리에게도 그의 말하는 방식은 마찬가지일 것이다.

⑥ Alvin Toffler estimated that Shakespeare would probably only understand about 250,000 of the 450,000 words in general use in the English language now.

⑥ Alvin Toffler는 Shakespeare가 현재 영어에서 일반적으로 사용되는 450,000개의 단어 중 약 250,000개만을 이해할 것이라고 추정했다.

⑦ In other words, so to speak, if Shakespeare were to materialize in London today he would understand, on average, only five out of every nine words in our vocabulary.

⑦ 다시 말해서, 말하자면, 만약 Shakespeare가 오늘날 런던에 나타난다면, 그는 평균적으로 우리의 어휘에 있는 9개의 단어당 5개만 이해할 것이다.

[고2] 2023년 06월 – 25번: 2019년 기준 국가별 학생 교사 비율 그래프

① The graph above shows the average number of students per teacher in public elementary and secondary schools across selected countries in 2019.

① 위 그래프는 선정된 국가들의 2019년 공립 초.중등학교 교사 1인당 평균 학생 수를 보여준다.

② Belgium was the only country with a smaller number of students per teacher than the OECD average in both public elementary and secondary schools.

② 벨기에는 공립 초등학교와 중등학교 모두에서 교사 1인당 학생 수가 OECD 평균보다 적은 유일한 나라였다.

③ In both public elementary and secondary schools, the average number of students per teacher was the largest in Mexico.

③ 공립 초등학교와 중등학교 모두에서, 교사 1인당 평균 학생 수는 멕시코에서 가장 많았다.

④ In public elementary schools, there was a smaller number of students per teacher on average in Germany than in Japan, whereas the reverse was true in public secondary schools.

④ 공립 초등학교에서는 교사 1인당 평균 학생 수가 일본보다 독일에서 적은 반면, 공립 중등학교에서는 그 반대였다.

⑤ The average number of students per teacher in public secondary schools in Germany was less than half that in the United Kingdom.

⑤ 독일에서 공립 중등학교의 교사 1인당 평균 학생 수는 영국의 절반보다 적었다.

⑥ Of the five countries, Mexico was the only country with more students per teacher in public secondary schools than in public elementary schools.

⑥ 5개국 중 멕시코는 공립 중등학교의 교사 1인당 학생 수가 공립 초등학교보다 많은 유일한 나라였다.

[고2] 2023년 06월 – 26번: 식물학자 존 레이의 생애 소개

① Born in 1627 in Black Notley, Essex, England, John Ray was the son of the village blacksmith.

① 1627년 잉글랜드 Essex주 Black Notley에서 태어난 John Ray는 마을 대장장이의 아들이었다.

② At 16, he went to Cambridge University, where he studied widely and lectured on topics from Greek to mathematics, before joining the priesthood in 1660.

② 16세에 그는 Cambridge 대학교에 들어가서 폭넓게 공부하고 그리스어부터 수학까지 강의를 하다가 1660년에 성직자의 길로 들어섰다.

③ To recover from an illness in 1650, he had taken to nature walks and developed an interest in botany.

③ 1650년 병에서 회복하기 위해, 그는 자연을 산책하기 시작했고 식물학에 대한 관심을 키웠다.

④ Accompanied by his wealthy student and supporter Francis Willughby, Ray toured Britain and Europe in the 1660s, studying and collecting plants and animals.

④ 부유한 학생이자 후원자인 Francis Willughby와 함께 Ray는 1660년대에 영국과 유럽을 여행했고 식물과 동물을 연구하고 수집했다.

⑤ He married Margaret Oakley in 1673 and, after leaving Willughby's household, lived quietly in Black Notley to the age of 77.

⑤ 그는 1673년 Margaret Oakley와 결혼했고, Willughby 집안을 떠난 후에는 Black Notley에서 77세까지 조용히 살았다.

⑥ He spent his later years studying samples in order to assemble plant and animal catalogues.

⑥ 그는 동식물 목록을 만들기 위해 표본을 연구하면서 말년을 보냈다.

⑦ He wrote more than twenty works on theology and his travels, as well as on plants and their form and function.

⑦ 그는 식물과 그 형태, 기능뿐만 아니라 신학과 그의 여행에 관한 20편 이상의 저서를 썼다.

[고2] 2023년 06월 – 29번: 자기보고식 설문조사의 한계와 사회적 동기 편향

① Research psychologists often work with self-report data, made up of participants' verbal accounts of their behavior.

① 연구 심리학자들은 종종 자기 보고 데이터로 작업을 하는데, 이는 참가자들의 행동에 대한 구두 설명으로 구성되어 있다.

② This is the case whenever questionnaires, interviews, or personality inventories are used to measure variables.

② 변인을 측정하기 위해 설문지, 면접 또는 성격 목록이 사용될 때마다 이에 해당한다.

③ Self-report methods can be quite useful.

③ 자기 보고 방법은 꽤 유용할 수 있다.

④ They take advantage of the fact that people have a unique opportunity to observe themselves full-time.

④ 그것들은 사람들이 자신을 풀타임으로 관찰할 수 있는 유일한 기회를 가진다는 사실을 이용한다.

⑤ However, self-reports can be plagued by several kinds of distortion.

⑤ 그러나, 자기 보고는 몇 가지 종류의 왜곡으로 인해 오염될 수 있다.

⑥ One of the most problematic of these distortions is the social desirability bias, which is a tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself.

⑥ 이러한 왜곡 중 가장 문제가 되는 하나는 사회적 바람직성 편향인데, 이것은 사회적으로 승인된 답을 자신에 관한 질문에 제공하는 경향이다.

⑦ Subjects who are influenced by this bias work overtime trying to create a favorable impression, especially when subjects are asked about sensitive issues.

⑦ 이러한 편향에 영향을 받은 피실험자들은 특히 민감한 문제에 대해 질문받을 때 호의적인 인상을 만들기 위해 추가적으로 노력한다.

⑧ For example, many survey respondents will report that they voted in an election or gave to a charity when in fact it is possible to determine that they did not.

⑧ 예를 들어, 많은 설문 조사 응답자들은 사실은 하지 않았다고 결정하는 것이 가능할 때 선거에서 투표했다거나 자선 단체에 기부했다고 보고할 것이다.

[고2] 2023년 06월 – 30번: 비관세 장벽이 개발도상국 수출에 미치는 어려움

① Over the past several decades, there have been some agreements to reduce the debt of poor nations, but other economic challenges (like trade barriers) remain.

① 지난 수십 년 동안, 가난한 나라들의 부채를 줄이기 위한 몇 가지 합의가 있었지만, 다른 경제적 과제(무역 장벽과 같은)는 남아 있다.

② Nontariff trade measures, such as quotas, subsidies, and restrictions on exports, are increasingly prevalent and may be enacted for policy reasons having nothing to do with trade.

② 할당제, 보조금, 수출 제한과 같은 비관세 무역 조치가 점점 더 널리 퍼지고 있으며 무역과 무관한 정책적 이유로 제정될 수 있다.

③ However, they have a discriminatory effect on exports from countries that lack the resources to comply with requirements of nontariff measures imposed by rich nations.

③ 그러나 그것들은 부유한 국가들에 의해 부과된 비관세 조치의 요건을 준수할 자원이 부족한 국가들의 수출에 차별적인 효과를 가진다.

④ For example, the huge subsidies that rich nations give to their farmers make it very difficult for farmers in the rest of the world to compete with them.

④ 예를 들어, 부유한 국가들이 자국의 농부들에게 주는 막대한 보조금은 전 세계 나머 지 국가들의 농부들이 그들과 경쟁하는 것을 매우 어렵게 만든다.

⑤ Another example would be domestic health or safety regulations, which, though not specifically targeting imports, could impose significant costs on foreign manufacturers seeking to conform to the importer's market.

⑤ 또 다른 예는 국내 보건 또는 안전 규제인데, 이것은, 구체적으로 수입을 목표로 삼진 않지만, 수입자 시장에 순응하고자 하는 외국 제조업체에 상당한 비용을 부과할 수 있다.

⑥ Industries in developing markets may have more difficulty absorbing these additional costs.

⑥ 개발도상국 시장의 산업은 이러한 추가 비용을 부담하는 데 더 많은 어려움을 겪을 수 있다.

[고2] 2023년 06월 – 31번: 환경 규제가 혁신을 촉진한 사례

① In the course of his research on business strategy and the environment, Michael Porter noticed a peculiar pattern: Businesses seemed to be profiting from regulation.

① 비즈니스 전략과 환경을 연구하는 과정에서, Michael Porter는 기업이 규제로부터 이익을 얻는 것처럼 보인다는 독특한 패턴을 발견했다.

② He also discovered that the stricter regulations were prompting more innovation than the weaker ones.

② 그는 또한 더 엄격한 규제가 느슨한 규제보다 더 많은 혁신을 유발하고 있다는 것을 발견했다.

③ The Dutch flower industry provides an illustration.

③ 네덜란드의 꽃 산업은 하나의 예시이다.

④ For many years, the companies producing Holland's world-renowned tulips and other cut flowers were also contaminating the country's water and soil with fertilizers and pesticides.

④ 수년 동안, 네덜란드의 세계적으로 유명한 튤립과 다른 꽃들을 생산하는 회사들은 또한 비료와 농약으로 그 나 라의 물과 토양을 오염시키고 있었다.

⑤ In 1991, the Dutch government adopted a policy designed to cut pesticide use in half by 2000 ― a goal they ultimately achieved.

⑤ 1991년, 네덜란드 정부는 2000년까지 농약 사용을 절반으로 줄이도록 고안된 정책을 채택했는데, 이것은 그들이 궁극적으로 달성한 목표였다.

⑥ Facing increasingly strict regulation, greenhouse growers realized they had to develop new methods if they were going to maintain product quality with fewer pesticides.

⑥ 점점 더 엄격한 규제에 직면하면서, 온실 재배자들은 더 적은 양의 농약으로 상품의 품질을 유지하려면 새로운 방법을 개발해야만 한다는 것을 깨달았다.

⑦ In response, they shifted to a cultivation method that circulates water in closed-loop systems and grows flowers in a rock wool substrate.

⑦ 이에 그들은 폐쇄 루프 방식으로 물을 순환시키고 암모 배양판에서 꽃을 키우는 재배 방식으로 전환했다.

⑧ The new system not only reduced the pollution released into the environment; it also increased profits by giving companies greater control over growing conditions.

⑧ 새로운 시스템은 환경에 배출되는 오염을 감소시켰을 뿐만 아니라, 회사들이 재배 조건을 더 잘 통제할 수 있게 함으로써 이익을 증가시켰다.

[고2] 2023년 06월 – 32번: 노력보다 결과를 중요시하는 경향에 대한 비판

① It's hard to pay more for the speedy but highly skilled person, simply because there's less effort being observed.

① 빠르지만 고도로 숙련된 사람에게 더 많은 돈을 지불하기는 어려운데, 그 이유는 단순히 관찰되는 노력이 적기 때문이다.

② Two researchers once did a study in which they asked people how much they would pay for data recovery.

② 두 명의 연구원이 사람들에게 데이터 복구에 얼마를 지불할 것인지를 묻는 연구를 한 적이 있다.

③ They found that people would pay a little more for a greater quantity of rescued data, but what they were most sensitive to was the number of hours the technician worked.

③ 그들은 사람들이 더 많은 양의 복구된 데이터에 대해 조금 더 많은 돈을 지불할 것이라는 것을 발견했지만, 사람들이 가장 민감하게 여기는 것은 기술자가 일한 시간이었다.

④ When the data recovery took only a few minutes, willingness to pay was low, but when it took more than a week to recover the same amount of data, people were willing to pay much more.

④ 데이터 복구에 몇 분밖에 걸리지 않았을 때, 지불 의사가 낮았지만, 같은 양의 데이터를 복구하는 데 일주일 이상이 걸렸을 때, 훨씬 더 많은 비용을 지불할 의사가 있었다.

⑤ Think about it: They were willing to pay more for the slower service with the same outcome.

⑤ 생각해 보라. 그들은 같은 결과에 대해 더 느린 서비스에 더 많은 비용을 기꺼이 지불하고자 했다.

⑥ Fundamentally, when we value effort over outcome, we're paying for incompetence.

⑥ 근본적으로, 우리가 결과보다 노력을 중시할 때, 우리는 무능함에 비용을 지불하는 것이다.

⑦ Although it is actually irrational, we feel more rational, and more comfortable, paying for incompetence.

⑦ 비록 그것이 실제로는 비합리적이지만, 우리는 무능함에 지불하면서, 더 이성적이고, 더 편하다고 느낀다.

[고2] 2023년 06월 – 33번: 환경과 교류를 통해 지적 성장이 일어남  

① In adolescence many of us had the experience of falling under the sway of a great book or writer.

① 청소년기에 우리 중 다수는 위대한 책이나 작가의 영향을 받은 경험이 있다.

② We became entranced by the novel ideas in the book, and because we were so open to influence, these early encounters with exciting ideas sank deeply into our minds and became part of our own thought processes, affecting us decades after we absorbed them.

② 우리는 책 속의 참신한 아이디어에 매료되었고, 영향에 매우 열려 있었기 때문에, 흥미로운 아이디어와의 이러한 초기 만남은 우리의 마음속 깊이 가라 앉았고 우리 자신의 사고 과정의 일부가 되었고, 그것들을 흡수한지 수십 년이 지난 후에 우리에게 영향을 미쳤다.

③ Such influences enriched our mental landscape, and in fact our intelligence depends on the ability to absorb the lessons and ideas of those who are older and wiser.

③ 그러한 영향들은 우리의 정신적 풍경을 풍부하게 했고, 사실 우리의 지성은 더 나이가 많고 더 현명한 사람들의 교훈과 생각을 흡수하는 능력에 달려 있다.

④ Just as the body tightens with age, however, so does the mind.

④ 그러나, 나이가 들면서 몸이 경직되는 것처럼 마음도 그러하다.

⑤ And just as our sense of weakness and vulnerability motivated the desire to learn, so does our creeping sense of superiority slowly close us off to new ideas and influences.

⑤ 그리고 약점과 취약성에 대한 우리의 깨달음이 학습 욕구를 자극했듯이, 슬며시 다가오는 우월감도 새로운 생각과 영향력에 대해 서서히 우리를 닫는다.

⑥ Some may advocate that we all become more skeptical in the modern world, but in fact a far greater danger comes from the increasing closing of the mind that burdens us as individuals as we get older, and seems to be burdening our culture in general.

⑥ 어떤 사람들은 현대 세계에서 우리가 모두 더 회의적으로 된다고 주장할지도 모르지만, 사실 훨씬 더 큰 위험은 우리가 나이가 들수록 개인으로서 우리에게 부담을 주고, 일반적으로 우리의 문화에 부담을 주는 것처럼 보이는 점차적인 마음의 폐쇄에서 온다.

[고2] 2023년 06월 – 34번: 대중 여론이 반드시 옳지 않을 수 있음

① Many people look for safety and security in popular thinking.

① 많은 사람이 대중적인 사고에서 안전과 안심을 찾는다.

② They figure that if a lot of people are doing something, then it must be right.

② 그들은 만약 많은 사람이 무언가를 하고 있다면, 그것은 틀림없이 옳을 것으로 생각한다.

③ It must be a good idea.

③ 그것은 좋은 생각임이 틀림없다.

④ If most people accept it, then it probably represents fairness, equality, compassion, and sensitivity, right?

④ 만약 대부분의 사람들이 그것을 받아들인다면, 그것은 아마도 공정함, 평등함, 동정심, 그리고 민감성을 상징할 것이다, 그러한가?

⑤ Not necessarily.

⑤ 꼭 그렇다고 할 수는 없다.

⑥ Popular thinking said the earth was the center of the universe, yet Copernicus studied the stars and planets and proved mathematically that the earth and the other planets in our solar system revolved around the sun.

⑥ 대중적인 사고는 지구가 우주의 중심이라고 했지만, Copernicus는 별과 행성을 연구했고 지구와 태양계의 다른 행성들이 태양 주위를 돈다는 것을 수학적으로 증명했다.

⑦ Popular thinking said surgery didn't require clean instruments, yet Joseph Lister studied the high death rates in hospitals and introduced antiseptic practices that immediately saved lives.

⑦ 대중적인 사고는 수술이 깨끗한 도구를 필요로 하지 않는다고 말했지만, Joseph Lister는 병원에서의 높은 사망률을 연구했고 즉시 생명을 구하는 멸균법을 소개했다.

⑧ Popular thinking said that women shouldn't have the right to vote, yet people like Emmeline Pankhurst and Susan B. Anthony fought for and won that right.

⑧ 대중적인 사고는 여성들이 투표권을 가져서는 안 된다고 했지만, Emmeline Pankhurst와 Susan B. Anthony 같은 사람들은 그 권리를 위해 싸웠고 쟁취했다.

⑨ We must always remember there is a huge difference between acceptance and intelligence.

⑨ 우리는 항상 수용과 지성 사이에 큰 차이가 있다는 것을 기억해야 한다.

⑩ People may say that there's safety in numbers, but that's not always true.

⑩ 사람들은 수가 많은 편이 더 안전하다고 말할지도 모르지만, 그것이 항상 사실인 것은 아니다.

[고2] 2023년 06월 – 35번: 런던 택시 운전사 자격 취득의 어려움과 그 이유

① Before getting licensed to drive a cab in London, a person has to pass an incredibly difficult test with an intimidating name ─ "The Knowledge."

① 런던에서 택시 운전면허를 받기 전에, 사람은 "The Knowledge"라는 위협적인 이름의 매우 어려운 시험을 통과해야 한다.

② The test involves memorizing the layout of more than 20,000 streets in the Greater London area - a feat that involves an incredible amount of memory resources.

② 이 시험은 Greater London 지역의 2만 개 이상 거리의 구획을 암기하는 것을 포함하는데, 이는 엄청난 양의 기억 자원을 포함하는 기술이다.

③ In fact, fewer than 50 percent of the people who sign up for taxi driver training pass the test, even after spending two or three years studying for it!

③ 사실, 택시 운전사 훈련에 등록한 사람 중 50% 미만이 시험을 통과하는데, 심지어 그것을 위해 2, 3년을 공부한 후에도 말이다!

④ And as it turns out, the brains of London cabbies are different from non-cab-driving humans in ways that reflect their herculean memory efforts.

④ 그리고 밝혀진 바에 따르면, 런던 택시 운전사들의 두뇌는 그들의 초인적인 기억 노력을 반영하는 방식에서 택시 운전을 하지 않는 사람들과 다르다.

⑤ In fact, the part of the brain that has been most frequently associated with spatial memory, the tail of the sea horse-shaped brain region called the hippocampus, is bigger than average in these taxi drivers.

⑤ 사실, 공간 기억과 가장 자주 연관되어 온 뇌의 부분, 해마라 불리는 해마 모양을 한 뇌 영역의 꼬리 부분은 이들 택시 운전사들에게서 평균보다 더 크다.

[고2] 2023년 06월 – 36번: 정책 수립 시 의도치 않은 결과에 대한 고려 필요성

① When evaluating a policy, people tend to concentrate on how the policy will fix some particular problem while ignoring or downplaying other effects it may have.

① 정책을 평가할 때, 사람들은 그것이 어떤 특정한 문제를 어떻게 해결할 것인가에 집중하는 경향이 있으며, 그 정책이 가질 수 있는 다른 효과는 무시하거나 경시한다.

② Economists often refer to this situation as The Law of Unintended Consequences.

② 경제학자들은 종종 이 상황을 의도하지 않은 결과의 법칙이라고 부른다.

③ For instance, suppose that you impose a tariff on imported steel in order to protect the jobs of domestic steelworkers.

③ 예를 들어, 국내 철강 노동자들의 일자리를 보호하기 위해 수입된 철강에 관세를 부과한다고 가정해 보자.

④ If you impose a high enough tariff, their jobs will indeed be protected from competition by foreign steel companies.

④ 만약 당신이 충분히 높은 관세를 부과한다면, 그들의 일자리는 실제로 외국 철강 회사들과의 경쟁으로부터 보호될 것이다.

⑤ But an unintended consequence is that the jobs of some autoworkers will be lost to foreign competition.

⑤ 그러나 하나의 의도하지 않은 결과는 일부 자동차 노동자들의 일자리가 외국 경쟁사에 빼앗기게 된다는 것이다.

⑥ Why?

⑥ 왜일까?

⑦ The tariff that protects steelworkers raises the price of the steel that domestic automobile makers need to build their cars.

⑦ 철강 노동자들을 보호하는 관세는 국내 자동차 제조업체들이 자동차를 만드는 데 필요한 철강의 가격을 높인다.

⑧ As a result, domestic automobile manufacturers have to raise the prices of their cars, making them relatively less attractive than foreign cars.

⑧ 그 결과, 국내 자동차 제조업체들은 자동차 가격을 인상해야 하고, 국산 차를 외제 차에 비해 상대적으로 덜 매력적이게 만든다.

⑨ Raising prices tends to reduce domestic car sales, so some domestic autoworkers lose their jobs.

⑨ 가격을 올리는 것은 국산 차 판매를 줄이는 경향이 있어서, 일부 국내 자동차 노동자들은 일자리를 잃는다.

[고2] 2023년 06월 – 37번: 기후 변화로 인한 멸종 위기 동식물 사례  

① Species that are found in only one area are called endemic species and are especially vulnerable to extinction.

① 오직 한 지역에서만 발견되는 종들은 토착종이라고 불리고 특히 멸종에 취약하다.

② They exist on islands and in other unique small areas, especially in tropical rain forests where most species are highly specialized.

② 그들은 섬들과 특히 대부분의 종이 매우 특화된 열대 우림인 다른 독특한 작은 지역에 있다.

③ One example is the brilliantly colored golden toad once found only in a small area of lush rain forests in Costa Rica's mountainous region.

③ 한가지 예는 코스타리카의 산악 지역에 있는 무성한 열대 우림의 작은 지역에서만 한 때 발견되었던 번쩍이는 색깔의 황금 두꺼비이다.

④ Despite living in the country's well-protected Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve, by 1989, the golden toad had apparently become extinct.

④ 그 나라의 잘 보존된 Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve에서 살았음에도 불구하고, 1989년쯤, 황금 두꺼비는 외관상으로 멸종하였다.

⑤ Much of the moisture that supported its rain forest habitat came in the form of moisture-laden clouds blowing in from the Caribbean Sea.

⑤ 그것의 열대 우림 서식지를 지탱해 준 습기의 많은 부분은 카리브해에서 불어 들어오는 습기를 실은 구름의 형태에서 왔다.

⑥ But warmer air from global climate change caused these clouds to rise, depriving the forests of moisture, and the habitat for the golden toad and many other species dried up.

⑥ 하지만 세계적 기후 변화로 인한 더 따뜻한 공기가 이러한 구름들을 상승하게 했고, 숲에서 습기를 제거하였으며, 황금 두꺼비와 많은 다른 종들의 서식지가 완전히 말라 버렸다.

⑦ The golden toad appears to be one of the first victims of climate change caused largely by global warming.

⑦ 황금 두꺼비는 주로 지구 온난화로 인한 기후 변화의 첫 희생양들 중 하나인 것 같다.

[고2] 2023년 06월 – 38번: 통제된 실험 환경의 중요성

① The fundamental nature of the experimental method is manipulation and control.

① 실험 방법의 근본적인 본질은 조작과 통제이다.

② Scientists manipulate a variable of interest, and see if there's a difference.

② 과학자들은 관심 변인을 조작하고, 차이가 있는지 확인한다.

③ At the same time, they attempt to control for the potential effects of all other variables.

③ 동시에, 다른 모든 변인의 잠재적 영향을 통제하려고 시도한다.

④ The importance of controlled experiments in identifying the underlying causes of events cannot be overstated.

④ 사건의 근본적인 원인을 식별하는 데 있어 통제된 실험의 중요성은 아무리 강조해도 지나치지 않다.

⑤ In the real-uncontrolled-world, variables are often correlated.

⑤ 현실의 통제되지 않은 세계에서, 변인들은 종종 상관관계가 있다.

⑥ For example, people who take vitamin supplements may have different eating and exercise habits than people who don't take vitamins.

⑥ 예를 들어, 비타민 보충제를 섭취하는 사람들은 비타민을 섭취하지 않는 사람들과는 다른 식습관과 운동 습관을 지닐 수 있다.

⑦ As a result, if we want to study the health effects of vitamins, we can't merely observe the real world, since any of these factors (the vitamins, diet, or exercise) may affect health.

⑦ 그 결과, 만약 우리가 비타민의 건강에 미치는 효과를 연구하고 싶다면, 우리는 단지 현실 세계만 관찰할 수 없는데, 왜냐하면 이러한 요소(비타민, 식단, 운동) 중 어느 것이든 건강에 영향을 미칠 수있기 때문이다.

⑧ Rather, we have to create a situation that doesn't actually occur in the real world.

⑧ 오히려, 우리는 현실 세계에서 실제로 일어나지 않는 상황을 만들어야 한다.

⑨ That's just what scientific experiments do.

⑨ 그것이 바로 과학 실험이 하는 일이다.

⑩ They try to separate the naturally occurring relationship in the world by manipulating one specific variable at a time, while holding everything else constant.

⑩ 그것들은 그 밖의 다른 모든 것을 일정하게 유지하면서, 한 번에 하나의 특정 변인을 조작하여 세상에서 자연적으로 발생하는 관계를 분리하려고 애쓴다.

[고2] 2023년 06월 – 39번: 지중해식 식단의 건강상 이점

① Why do people in the Mediterranean live longer and have a lower incidence of disease?

① 왜 지중해 지역의 사람들은 더 오래 살고 질병 발생률이 더 낮을까?

② Some people say it's because of what they eat.

② 몇몇의 사람들은 그것이 그들이 먹는 것 때문이라고 말한다.

③ Their diet is full of fresh fruits, fish, vegetables, whole grains, and nuts.

③ 그들의 식단은 신선한 과일, 생선, 채소, 통곡물, 견과류로 가득하다.

④ Individuals in these cultures drink red wine and use great amounts of olive oil.

④ 이러한 문화권의 사람들은 적포도주를 마시고 많은 양의 올리브유를 사용한다.

⑤ Why is that food pattern healthy?

⑤ 왜 그러한 음식 패턴이 건강에 좋은가?

⑥ One reason is that they are eating a palette of colors.

⑥ 한 가지 이유는 그들이 다양한 색깔을 먹고 있기 때문이다.

⑦ More and more research is surfacing that shows us the benefits of the thousands of colorful "phytochemicals"(phyto=plant) that exist in foods.

⑦ 식품에 존재하는 수천 가지의 다채로운 "생화학 물질"(phyto=식물)의 이점을 보여주는 점점 더 많은 연구가 표면화되고 있다.

⑧ These healthful, non‑nutritive compounds in plants provide color and function to the plant and add to the health of the human body.

⑧ 식물에 있는 건강에 좋고, 영양가 없는 이 화합물들은 식물에 색과 기능을 제공하고 인체의 건강에 보탬이 된다.

⑨ Each color connects to a particular compound that serves a specific function in the body.

⑨ 각각의 색깔은 몸에서 특정 기능을 하는 특정 화합물과 연결된다.

⑩ For example, if you don't eat purple foods, you are probably missing out on anthocyanins, important brain protection compounds.

⑩ 예를 들어, 만약 당신이 보라색 음식을 먹지 않는다면, 당신은 중요한 뇌 보호 화합물인 안토시 아닌을 아마도 놓치고 있는 것이다.

⑪ Similarly, if you avoid green‑colored foods, you may be lacking chlorophyll, a plant antioxidant that guards your cells from damage.

⑪ 그와 유사하게, 만약 당신이 녹색 음식을 피한다면, 세포가 손상되는 것을 막아주는 식물 산화 방지제인 엽록소가 부족할 수도 있다.

[고2] 2023년 06월 – 40번: 행동이 생각에 영향을 미치는 사례

① People behave in highly predictable ways when they experience certain thoughts.

① 사람들은 특정한 생각을 할 때 매우 예측 가능한 방식으로 행동한다.

② When they agree, they nod their heads.

② 그들은 동의할 때, 고개를 끄덕인다.

③ So far, no surprise, but according to an area of research known as "proprioceptive psychology," the process also works in reverse.

③ 여기까지는, 놀랄 일은 아니다, 하지만 "고유 수용 심리학"으로 알려진 한 연구 분야에 따르면, 그 과정은 역으로도 작용한다.

④ Get people to behave in a certain way and you cause them to have certain thoughts.

④ 사람들을 특정한 방식으로 행동하게 하면 당신은 그들이 특정한 생각을 갖도록 한다.

⑤ The idea was initially controversial, but fortunately it was supported by a compelling experiment.

⑤ 그 아이디어는 처음에는 논란의 여지가 있었지만, 다행히도 설득력 있는 실험으로 뒷받침되었다.

⑥ Participants in a study were asked to fixate on various products moving across a large computer screen and then indicate whether the items appealed to them.

⑥ 한 연구에서 참가자들은 큰 컴퓨터 화면을 가로질러 움직이는 다양한 제품들에 시선을 고정하고 그 제품들이 그들에게 매력적인지 아닌지를 나타내도록 요청받았다.

⑦ Some of the items moved vertically (causing the participants to nod their heads while watching), and others moved horizontally (resulting in a side-to-side head movement).

⑦ 일부 제품은 수직으로 움직였고(참가자들이 보는 동안 고개를 끄덕이게 하면서), 다른 제품은 수평으로 움직였다(좌우로 머리를 움직이게 하면서).

⑧ Participants preferred vertically moving products without being aware that their "yes" and "no" head movements had played a key role in their decisions.

⑧ 참가자들은 자신의 "예"와 "아니요"의 머리 움직임이 결정에 핵심적인 역할을 했다는 사실을 인지하지 못한 채 수직으로 움직이는 제품을 선호했다.

⑨ -> In one study, participants responded favorably to products on a computer screen when they moved their heads up and down, which showed that their decisions were unconsciously influenced by their behavior.

⑨ -> 한 연구에서, 참가자들은 그들의 고개를 위아래로 움직일 때 컴퓨터 화면에 나오는 제품들에 호의적으로 반응했는데, 이는 그들의 결정이 그들의 행동에 의해서 무의식적으로 영향을 받는다는 것을 보여 주었다.

[고2] 2023년 06월 – 41~42번: 일상적 경험은 기억하기 어렵고 특별한 경험은 기억하기 쉬움

① Events or experiences that are out of ordinary tend to be remembered better because there is nothing competing with them when your brain tries to access them from its storehouse of remembered events.

① 당신의 뇌가 기억된 사건들의 창고에서 그것들에 접근하려고 할 때, 평범하지 않은 사건들이나 경험들이 더 잘 기억되는 경향이 있는데 그 이유는 그것들과 경쟁하는 것이 없기 때문이다.

② In other words, the reason it can be difficult to remember what you ate for breakfast two Thursdays ago is that there was probably nothing special about that Thursday or that particular breakfast ― consequently, all your breakfast memories combine together into a sort of generic impression of a breakfast.

② 다시 말해, 2주 전 목요일에 아침 식사로 무엇을 먹었는지 기억하는 것이 어려울 수 있는 이유는 아마도 그 목요일이나 그 특정 아침 식사에 대해 특별한 것이 없었기 때문이다 ─ 그 결과, 당신의 모든아침 식사 기억은 일종의 일반적인 아침 식사에 대한 인상으로 합쳐진다.

③ Your memory merges similar events not only because it's more efficient to do so, but also because this is fundamental to how we learn things ― our brains extract abstract rules that tie experiences together.

③ 여러분의 기억력은 유사한 사건들을 병합하는데, 그것은 그렇게 하는 것이 더 효율적일 뿐만 아니라, 이것이 우리가 어떤 것들을 배우는 방법의 기본이기 때문이다 ─ 우리의 뇌는 경험을 함께 묶는 추상적인 규칙들을 추출한다.

④ This is especially true for things that are routine.

④ 이것은 일상적인 것들에 특히 해당된다.

⑤ If your breakfast is always the same ― cereal with milk, a glass of orange juice, and a cup of coffee for instance ― there is no easy way for your brain to extract the details from one particular breakfast.

⑤ 만약 당신의 아침 식사가 항상 같다면 ─ 예를 들어, 우유를 곁들인 시리얼, 오렌지 주스 한 잔, 커피 한 잔 ─ 당신의 뇌가 특정한 한 아침 식사에서 그 세부 사항을 추출하는 것은 쉽지 않다.

⑥ Ironically, then, for behaviors that are routinized, you can remember the generic content of the behavior (such as the things you ate, since you always eat the same thing), but particulars to that one instance can be very difficult to call up (such as the sound of a garbage truck going by or a bird that passed by your window) unless they were especially distinctive.

⑥ 아이러니하게도, 일상화된 행동의 경우, 당신은 그 행동의 일반적인 내용(당신이 먹었던 것과 같은, 당신이 항상 같은 것을 먹기 때문에)은 기억할 수 있지만, 그 한 가지 예의 세부 사항들(쓰레기 트럭이 지나가는 소리 또는 당신의 창문을 지나치는 새소리와 같은)은 그것들이 매우 특이하지 않다면 상기하기가 매우 어려울 수 있다.

⑦ On the other hand, if you did something unique that broke your routine ― perhaps you had leftover pizza for breakfast and spilled tomato sauce on your dress shirt ― you are more likely to remember it.

⑦ 반면에, 만약 당신이 당신의 일상을 깨뜨리는 특이한 일을 했다면 ─ 아마도 당신은 아침 식사로 남은 피자를 먹고 드레스 셔츠에 토마토 소스를 쏟았다 ─ 당신은 그것을 더 기억하기가 쉽다.

[고2] 2023년 06월 – 43~45번: 유명한 가수인 Henrietta가 과거 경쟁자인 Amelia를 도와주는 인도적인 행동에 대한 이야기

① Henrietta is one of the greatest "queens of song."

① Henrietta는 가장 위대한 "노래의 여왕" 중 한 명이다.

② She had to go through a severe struggle before she attained the enviable position as the greatest singer Germany had produced.

② 그녀는 독일이 배출한 가장 위대한 가수로서 그녀가 부러워할 만한 위치에 도달하기 전에 혹독한 시련을 겪어야 했다.

③ At the beginning of her career she was hissed off a Vienna stage by the friends of her rival, Amelia.

③ 그녀의 경력 초기에 그녀는 경쟁자 Amelia의 친구들에 의해 비엔나 무대에서 야유를 받고 쫒겨났다.

④ But in spite of this defeat, Henrietta endured until all Europe was at her feet.

④ 그러나 이 좌절에도 불구하고, Henrietta는 모든 유럽이 그녀의 발아래에 있을 때까지 견뎠다.

⑤ Many years later, when Henrietta was at the height of her fame, one day she was riding through the streets of Berlin.

⑤ 수년 후, Henrietta의 명성이 절정에 달했을 때, 그녀는 어느 날 베를린의 거리를 차를 타고 지나가고 있었다.

⑥ Soon she came across a little girl leading a blind woman.

⑥ 곧 그녀는 눈먼 여성을 데리고 가는 여자 아이와 마주쳤다.

⑦ She was touched by the woman's helplessness, and she impulsively beckoned the child to her, saying "Come here, my child. Who is that you are leading by the hand?"

⑦ 그녀는 여성의 무력함에 마음이 움직였고, 충동적으로 아이를 그녀에게 오라고 손짓하며, "이리 와, 얘야. 네가 손을 잡고 데리고 가는 사람은 누구니?"라고 말했다.

⑧ The answer was, "That's my mother, Amelia Steininger. She used to be a great singer, but she lost her voice, and she cried so much about it that now she can't see anymore."

⑧ 대답은, "저분은 제 어머니, Amelia Steininger 입니다. 그녀는 훌륭한 가수였지만, 목소리를 잃었고, 그 일로 너무 많이 울어서 그녀는 이제 더 이상 앞을 볼 수 없습니다."였다.