①Gold plating in the project means needlessly enhancing the expected results, namely, adding characteristics that are costly, not required, and that have low added value with respect to the targets ― in other words, giving more with no real justification other than to demonstrate one's own talent.
②Gold plating is especially interesting for project team members, as it is typical of projects with a marked professional component ― in other words, projects that involve specialists with proven experience and extensive professional autonomy.
③In these environments specialists often see the project as an opportunity to test and enrich their skill sets.
③이러한환경에서전문가들은종종프로젝트를자신의다양한능력을테스트하고강화할기회로여긴다.
④There is therefore a strong temptation, in all good faith, to engage in gold plating, namely, to achieve more or higher-quality work that gratifies the professional but does not add value to the client's requests, and at the same time removes valuable resources from the project.
⑤As the saying goes, "The best is the enemy of the good."
⑤속담에있듯이, '최고는좋음의적'이다.
[고3] 2023년09월– 22번:이민자들이주류문화에동화되는과정에서겪는갈등
①The need to assimilate values and lifestyle of the host culture has become a growing conflict.
①주류문화의가치와생활방식에동화되어야하는필요성때문에갈등이커지고있다.
②Multiculturalists suggest that there should be a model of partial assimilation in which immigrants retain some of their customs, beliefs, and language.
③There is pressure to conform rather than to maintain their cultural identities, however, and these conflicts are greatly determined by the community to which one migrates.
④These experiences are not new; many Europeans experienced exclusion and poverty during the first two waves of immigration in the 19th and 20th centuries.
⑧Perhaps, in the not too distant future, immigrants will no longer be strangers among us.
⑧아마도,그리머지않아이민자들이우리사이에서더는이방인이아닐것이다.
[고3] 2023년09월– 23번:상업라디오방송의주목적과인기음악의중요성
①The primary purpose of commercial music radio broadcasting is to deliver an audience to a group of advertisers and sponsors.
①상업적음악라디오방송의주된목적은청취자를광고주와후원자집단에인도하는것이다.
②To achieve commercial success, that audience must be as large as possible.
②상업적성공을달성하기위해서는,그청취자는가능한한대규모여야한다.
③More than any other characteristics (such as demographic or psychographic profile, purchasing power, level of interest, degree of satisfaction, quality of attention or emotional state), the quantity of an audience aggregated as a mass is the most significant metric for broadcasters seeking to make music radio for profitable ends.
④As a result, broadcasters attempt to maximise their audience size by playing music that is popular, or ― at the very least ― music that can be relied upon not to cause audiences to switch off their radio or change the station.
⑥In consequence, a high degree of risk aversion frequently marks out the 'successful' radio music programmer.
⑥그결과높은수준의모험회피는흔히'성공한'라디오음악프로그램제작자를구분짓는다.
⑦Playlists are restricted, and often very small.
⑦방송목록은한정되고흔히매우적다.
[고3] 2023년09월– 24번:인터넷뉴스의등장으로뉴스아카이브접근성이향상됨
①Before the web, newspaper archives were largely the musty domain of professional researchers and journalism students.
①웹이전에신문기록보관소는주로전문적연구원과언론학과학생의곰팡내나는영역이었다.
②Journalism was, by definition, current.
②저널리즘은당연히최신에관한것이었다.
③The general accessibility of archives has greatly extended the shelf life of journalism, with older stories now regularly cited to provide context for more current ones.
④With regard to how meaning is made of complex issues encountered in the news, this departure can be understood as a readiness by online news consumers to engage with the underlying issues and contexts of the news that was not apparent in, or even possible for, print consumers.
⑤One of the emergent qualities of online news, determined in part by the depth of readily accessible online archives, seems to be the possibility of understanding news stories as the manifest outcomes of larger economic, social and cultural issues rather than short-lived and unconnected media spectacles.
②Among the five groups, Asians exhibited the highest college enrollment rate with more than 50% in each year listed in the table.
②다섯집단중에서아시아인은표에열거된연도마다50퍼센트를넘는가장높은대학등록률을보였다.
③Whites were the second highest in terms of the college enrollment rate among all the groups in all three years, while the rate dropped below 40% in 2021.
⑤Among the years displayed in the table, 2016 was the only year when the college enrollment rate of Hispanics was higher than that of Blacks.
⑤표에나타난연도중, 2016년은히스패닉의대학등록률이흑인의등록률보다높았던유일한해였다.
⑥In each year, American Indians/Alaska Natives showed the lowest college enrollment rate.
⑥매년,아메리칸인디언/알래스카원주민은가장낮은대학등록률을보여주었다.
[고3] 2023년09월– 26번:피아니스트이자작가인Charles Rosen의생애와업적
①Charles Rosen, a virtuoso pianist and distinguished writer, was born in New York in 1927.
①거장피아니스트이자저명한작가인Charles Rosen은1927년뉴욕에서태어났다.
②Rosen displayed a remarkable talent for the piano from his early childhood.
②Rosen은어린시절부터피아노에주목할만한재능을보였다.
③In 1951, the year he earned his doctoral degree in French literature at Princeton University, Rosen made both his New York piano debut and his first recordings.
⑥Rosen was also the author of many widely admired books about music.
⑥Rosen은또한널리칭송받는많은음악저서의저자였다.
⑦His most famous book, The Classical Style, was first published in 1971 and won the U.S. National Book Award the next year.
⑦그의가장유명한책은The Classical Style은1971년에처음출판되었고이듬해에U.S. National Book Award를수상했다.
⑧This work, which was reprinted in an expanded edition in 1997, remains a landmark in the field.
⑧이저작은1997년에증보판으로재판(再版)되었고,이분야에서획기적인것으로남아있다.
⑨While writing extensively, Rosen continued to perform as a pianist for the rest of his life until he died in 2012.
⑨폭넓게글쓰기를하면서, Rosen은2012년사망할때까지여생동안피아니스트로서공연을계속했다.
[고3] 2023년09월– 29번:스트레스반응을긍정적으로받아들이는것이도움이됨
①Viewing the stress response as a resource can transform the physiology of fear into the biology of courage.
①스트레스반응을자원으로보는것은두려움이라는생리기능을용기라는생명작용으로바꿀수있다.
②It can turn a threat into a challenge and can help you do your best under pressure.
②그것은위협을도전으로바꿀수있고여러분이압박감속에서도최선을다하도록도울수있다.
③Even when the stress doesn't feel helpful ― as in the case of anxiety ― welcoming it can transform it into something that is helpful: more energy, more confidence, and a greater willingness to take action.
②From a historical perspective, until the 1700s textile production was a hand process using the fibers available within a particular geographic region, for example, cotton, wool, silk, and flax.
③Trade among regions increased the availability of these fibers and associated textiles made from the fibers.
③지역간무역은이러한섬유들과그섬유들로만들어진관련직물의가용성을증가시켰다.
④The First Industrial Revolution and subsequent technological advancements in manufactured fibers added to the fact that fibers and textiles were no longer "place-bound."
⑤Fashion companies created and consumers could acquire textiles and products made from textiles with little or no connection to where, how, or by whom the products were made.
⑥This resulted in a disconnect between consumers and the products they use on a daily basis, a loss of understanding and appreciation in the skills and resources necessary to create these products, and an associated disregard for the human and natural resources necessary for the products' creation.
⑦Therefore, renewing a value on place reconnects the company and the consumer with the people, geography, and culture of a particular location.
⑦따라서'장소'의가치를새롭게하는것은회사와소비자를특정장소의사람과지리,문화와다시연결한다.
[고3] 2023년09월– 31번:제2차세계대전후교외지역으로의이동과자동차의존증가
①In the post-World War II years after 1945, unparalleled economic growth fueled a building boom and a massive migration from the central cities to the new suburban areas.
②The suburbs were far more dependent on the automobile, signaling the shift from primary dependence on public transportation to private cars.
②교외지역은자동차에훨씬더많이의존했고,대중교통에대한주된의존에서자가용으로의전환을알렸다.
③Soon this led to the construction of better highways and freeways and the decline and even loss of public transportation.
③이것은곧더나은고속도로와초고속도로의건설과대중교통의감소,심지어쇠퇴까지로이어졌다.
④With all of these changes came a privatization of leisure.
④이러한모든변화와함께여가의사유화가이루어졌다.
⑤As more people owned their own homes, with more space inside and lovely yards outside, their recreation and leisure time was increasingly centered around the home or, at most, the neighborhood.
⑥One major activity of this home-based leisure was watching television.
⑥이러한가정에기반한여가의한가지주요활동은TV를시청하는것이었다.
⑦No longer did one have to ride the trolly to the theater to watch a movie; similar entertainment was available for free and more conveniently from television.
⑤The underlying machinery is straightforward ― we apply image classification and object detection methods and tag the image with the output words.
⑤기본적인시스템은간단한데,이미지분류와개체감지방법을적용하고출력된단어로이미지를태그한다.
⑥But tags aren't a comprehensive description of what is happening in an image.
⑥하지만태그는이미지에서일어나고있는일에대한포괄적인설명이아니다.
⑦It matters who is doing what, and tags don't capture this.
⑦누가무엇을하고있는지가중요한데,태그는이것을포착하지못한다.
⑧For example, tagging a picture of a cat in the street with the object categories "cat", "street", "trash can" and "fish bones" leaves out the information that the cat is pulling the fish bones out of an open trash can on the street.
③An overly futuristic, unconventional, or visionary invention can fail initially (it may lack essential not-yet-invented materials or a critical market or proper understanding) yet succeed later, when the ecology of supporting ideas catches up.
④Gregor Mendel's 1865 theories of genetic heredity were correct but ignored for 35 years.
④Gregor Mendel의1865년유전이론은옳았지만35년동안무시되었다.
⑤His sharp insights were not accepted because they did not explain the problems biologists had at the time, nor did his explanation operate by known mechanisms, so his discoveries were out of reach even for the early adopters.
⑥Decades later science faced the urgent questions that Mendel's discoveries could answer.
⑥수십년후과학은Mendel의발견이답할수있는긴급한질문에직면했다.
⑦Now his insights were only one step away.
⑦이제그의통찰력은단한걸음만떨어져있었다.
⑧Within a few years of one another, three different scientists each independently rediscovered Mendel's forgotten work, which of course had been there all along.
①Prior to photography, places did not travel well.
①사진이나오기전에는장소들이잘이동하지않았다.
②While painters have always lifted particular places out of their 'dwelling' and transported them elsewhere, paintings were time-consuming to produce, relatively difficult to transport and one-of-a-kind.
③The multiplication of photographs especially took place with the introduction of the half-tone plate in the 1880s that made possible the mechanical reproduction of photographs in newspapers, periodicals, books and advertisements.
④Photography became coupled to consumer capitalism and the globe was now offered 'in limitless quantities, figures, landscapes, events which had not previously been utilised either at all, or only as pictures for one customer'.
⑤With capitalism's arrangement of the world as a 'department store', 'the proliferation and circulation of representations ... achieved a spectacular and virtually inescapable global magnitude'.
⑥Gradually photographs became cheap massproduced objects that made the world visible, aesthetic and desirable.
⑥점차사진은세계를가시적이고,미적이며,탐나게만드는값싼대량생산품이되었다.
⑦Experiences were 'democratised' by translating them into cheap images.
⑦경험들은그것을저렴한이미지로바꿈으로써'대중화'되었다.
⑧Light, small and mass-produced photographs became dynamic vehicles for the spatiotemporal circulation of places.
⑧가볍고작고대량으로제작된사진은장소의시공간적순환을위한역동적인수단이되었다.
[고3] 2023년09월– 35번:재택근무프로그램의제한요소와장래전망
①Although organizations are offering telecommuting programs in greater numbers than ever before, acceptance and use of these programs are still limited by a number of factors.
②These factors include manager reliance on face-to-face management practices, lack of telecommuting training within an organization, misperceptions of and discomfort with flexible workplace programs, and a lack of information about the effects of telecommuting on an organization's bottom line.
④Continuing advances in information technology, the expansion of a global workforce, and increased desire to balance work and family are only three of the many factors that will gradually reduce the current barriers to telecommuting as a dominant workforce development.
⑤With implications for organizational cost savings, especially with regard to lower facility costs, increased employee flexibility, and productivity, telecommuting is increasingly of interest to many organizations.
①The intuitive ability to classify and generalize is undoubtedly a useful feature of life and research, but it carries a high cost, such as in our tendency to stereotype generalizations about people and situations.
③But, in fact, stereotypes do not differ in principle from all other generalizations; generalizations about groups of people are not necessarily always negative.
④Intuitively and quickly, we mentally sort things into groups based on what we perceive the differences between them to be, and that is the basis for stereotyping.
⑥Our brain performs these tasks efficiently and automatically, usually without our awareness.
⑥우리의뇌는,대개우리가인식하지못하는사이에,이러한일을효율적이고자동으로수행한다.
⑦The real danger of stereotypes is not their inaccuracy, but their lack of flexibility and their tendency to be preserved, even when we have enough time to stop and consider.
①Plants show finely tuned adaptive responses when nutrients are limiting.
①식물은영양분이제한적일때미세하게조정된적응반응을보인다.
②Gardeners may recognize yellow leaves as a sign of poor nutrition and the need for fertilizer.
②정원사는노란잎을영양부족과비료가필요하다는신호로인식할수도있다.
③But if a plant does not have a caretaker to provide supplemental minerals, it can proliferate or lengthen its roots and develop root hairs to allow foraging in more distant soil patches.
⑥Plants that have experienced variable nutrient availability in the past tend to exhibit risk-taking behaviors, such as spending energy on root lengthening instead of leaf production.
⑦In contrast, plants with a history of nutrient abundance are risk averse and save energy.
⑦반대로,영양분이풍부했던이력을가진식물은위험을회피하고에너지를절약한다.
⑧At all developmental stages, plants respond to environmental changes or unevenness so as to be able to use their energy for growth, survival, and reproduction, while limiting damage and nonproductive uses of their valuable energy.
⑤In addition, digitally converted sounds could be manipulated simply by programming digital messages rather than using physical tools, simplifying the editing process significantly.
⑥For example, while editing once involved razor blades to physically cut and splice audiotapes, it now involved the cursor and mouse-click of the computer-based sequencer program, which was obviously less time consuming.
⑦Because the manipulation of digitally converted sounds meant the reprogramming of binary information, editing operations could be performed with millisecond precision.
⑧This microlevel access at once made it easier to conceal any traces of manipulations (such as joining tracks in silent spots) and introduced new possibilities for manipulating sounds in audible and experimental ways.
①Acknowledging the making of artworks does not require a detailed, technical knowledge of, say, how painters mix different kinds of paint, or how an image editing tool works.
②All that is required is a general sense of a significant difference between working with paints and working with an imaging application.
②필요한것은물감으로작업하는것과이미징앱을사용하는것의중요한차이점에대한일반적인감각일뿐이다.
③This sense might involve a basic familiarity with paints and paintbrushes as well as a basic familiarity with how we use computers, perhaps including how we use consumer imaging apps.
④In the case of specialists such as art critics, a deeper familiarity with materials and techniques is often useful in reaching an informed judgement about a work.
⑤This is because every kind of artistic material or tool comes with its own challenges and affordances for artistic creation.
⑤이것은모든종류의예술재료나도구가예술창작을위한그것의고유한도전과행위유발성을동반하기때문이다.
⑥Critics are often interested in the ways artists exploit different kinds of materials and tools for particular artistic effect.
⑥비평가들은흔히예술가들이특정한예술적효과를위해다양한종류의재료와도구를활용하는방식에관심이있다.
⑦They are also interested in the success of an artist's attempt ― embodied in the artwork itself ― to push the limits of what can be achieved with certain materials and tools.
①Research for historical fiction may focus on under-documented ordinary people, events, or sites.
①역사소설을위한연구는문서로덜기록된일반적인사람,사건,또는장소에초점을맞출수있다.
②Fiction helps portray everyday situations, feelings, and atmosphere that recreate the historical context.
②소설은역사적인맥락을재창조하는일상적인상황,감정,분위기를묘사하는데도움이된다.
③Historical fiction adds "flesh to the bare bones that historians are able to uncover and by doing so provides an account that while not necessarily true provides a clearer indication of past events, circumstances and cultures."
⑥Fiction can allow users to see parts of the past that have never ― for lack of archives ― been represented.
⑥소설은역사자료가없어서전혀표현되지않았던과거의일부를사용자들이보도록해준다.
⑦In fact, Gilden Seavey explains that if producers of historical fiction had strongly held the strict academic standards, many historical subjects would remain unexplored for lack of appropriate evidence.
⑧Historical fiction should, therefore, not be seen as the opposite of professional history, but rather as a challenging representation of the past from which both public historians and popular audiences may learn.
③Knowing where and when you learned something is usually called context information, and context is handled by different memory processes than memory for the content.
④Thus, it's quite possible to retain content without remembering the context.
④따라서,맥락을기억하지않고내용을기억해두는것은지극히가능하다.
⑤For example, if someone mentions a movie and you think to yourself that you heard it was terrible but can't remember where you heard that, you're recalling the content, but you've lost the context.
⑥Context information is frequently easier to forget than content, and it's the source of a variety of memory illusions.
⑥맥락정보는흔히내용보다잊어버리기더쉬우며,그것은다양한기억착각의근원이다.
⑦For instance, people are unconvinced by a persuasive argument if it's written by someone who is not very credible (e.g., someone with a clear financial interest in the topic).
①In July, people in the city often escaped to relax in the mountains.
①7월에도시사람들은흔히산에서휴식하고자벗어났다.
②Sean didn't yet know it, but he was about to have the experience of a lifetime.
②Sean은아직그것을몰랐지만,막일생의경험을하려는참이었다.
③"When I look around, all I see is the work I haven't finished and the bills I haven't paid," he complained over the phone to his friend and doctor, Alex.
