'[고2] 영어 모의고사 자료/[고2] 24년 10월 자료' 카테고리의 글 목록

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 35번: 공공 자원의 과잉 사용으로 인한 '공유지의 비극' 설명

Any new resource (e.g., a new airport, a new mall) always opens with people benefiting individually by sharing a common resource (e.g., the city or state budget). Soon, at some point, the amount of traffic grows too large for the "commons" to support. Traffic jams, overcrowding, and overuse lessen the benefits of the common resource for everyone ─ the tragedy of the commons! If the new resource cannot be expanded or provided with additional space, it becomes a problem, and you cannot solve the problem on your own, in isolation from your fellow drivers or walkers or competing users. The total activity on this new resource keeps increasing, and so does individual activity; but if the dynamic of common use and overuse continues too long, both begin to fall after a peak, leading to a crash. What makes the "tragedy of commons" tragic is the crash dynamic ─ the destruction or degeneration of the common resource's ability to regenerate itself.

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Archetype 4. Tragedy of the Commons

Management Principle: Continuous Increase in Use of a Common Resource Will Eventually Overstrain the Resource Until It Crashes

Any new resource (e.g., a new expressway, a new airport, a new mall, a new charter school, a children's park, a new credit union) always opens with people benefiting individually by sharing a common resource (e.g., the city or state budget). Soon, at some point, the amount of traffic grows too large for the “commons” to support; congestion, overcrowding, and overuse lessen the benefits of the common resource for everyone ~ the tragedy of the commons! If the new resource cannot be expanded or replenished with additional space, it becomes a constraint, a problem, and you cannot solve the problem on your own, in isolation from your fellow drivers or pedestrians or competing users. The total activity on this new resource keeps increasing, and so does individual activity; but both begin to fall after a peak, the latter faster than the former. Eventually, if the dynamic of common use and overuse continues too long, the total activity will also hit a peak and crash. What makes the “tragedy of commons” tragic is the crash dynamic - the destruction or degeneration of the common resource's ability to regenerate itself. The tragedy of the commons, thus, is a corollary of the “limits to growth” archetype.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 36번: 뇌가 시각 정보를 단순화하고 일반화하는 방식으로 에너지를 절약

Theoretically, our brain would have the capacity to store all experiences throughout life, reaching the quality of a DVD. However, this theoretical capacity is offset by the energy demand associated with the process of storing and retrieving information in memory. As a result, the brain develops efficient strategies, becoming dependent on shortcuts. When we observe a face, the visual image captured by the eyes is highly variable, depending on the point of view, lighting conditions and other contextual factors. Nevertheless, we are able to recognize the face as the same, maintaining the underlying identity. The brain, rather than focusing on the details of visualization, creates and stores general patterns that allow for consistent recognition across diverse circumstances. This ability to match what we see with general visual memory patterns serves as an effective mechanism for optimizing brain performance and saving energy. The brain, being naturally against unnecessary effort, constantly seeks to simplify and generalize information to facilitate the cognitive process.

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텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 37번: 과학 연구에서 창의적 해석이 이론 형성에 미치는 영향

Where scientific research is concerned, explanatory tales are expected to adhere closely to experimental data and to illuminate the regular and predictable features of experience. However, this paradigm sometimes conceals the fact that theories are deeply loaded with creative elements that shape the construction of research projects and the interpretations of evidence. Scientific explanations do not just relate a chronology of facts. They construct frameworks for systematically chosen data in order to provide a consistent and meaningful explanation of what is observed. Such constructions lead us to imagine specific kinds of subject matter in particular sorts of relations, and the storylines they inspire will prove more effective for analyzing some features of experience over others. When we neglect the creative contributions of such scientific imagination and treat models and interpretive explanations as straightforward facts ─ even worse, as facts including all of reality ─ we can blind ourselves to the limitations of a given model and fail to note its potential for misunderstanding a situation to which it ill applies.

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Mechanistic Stories in Humane Practices

Where scientific research is concerned, explanatory tales are expected to adhere closely to experimental data and to illuminate the regular and predictable features of experience. However, and as Misak has explained, this mode of operation sometimes disguises the fact that theories are deeply laden with creative elements that shape the construction of research projects and the interpretations of evidence. Scientific explanations do not just relate a chronology of facts. They construct frameworks for—they “emplot”—systematically chosen data in order to provide a coherent and meaningful explanation of what is observed. Such constructions lead us to imagine specific kinds of subject matter in particular sorts of relations, and the storylines they inspire will prove more effective for analyzing some features of experience over others. When we neglect the creative contributions of the scientific imagination and treat models and interpretive explanations as straightforward facts—even worse, as facts exhaustive of reality—we can blind ourselves to the limitations of a given model and fail to note its potential for misunderstanding a situation to which it ill applies.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 38번: 문학이 사회적 변화를 촉진하거나 방해할 수 있는 방식

We encounter contrary claims about the relation of literature to action. Theorists have maintained that literature encourages solitary reading and reflection as the way to engage with the world and thus counters the social and political activities that might produce social change. At best it encourages detachment or appreciation of complexity, and at worst passivity and acceptance of what is. But on the other hand, literature has historically been seen as dangerous: it promotes the questioning of authority and social arrangements. Plato banned poets from his ideal republic because they could only do harm, and novels have long been credited with making people dissatisfied with their lives and eager for something new. By promoting identification across divisions of class, gender, and race, books may promote a fellowship that discourages struggle; but they may also produce a keen sense of injustice that makes progressive struggles possible. Historically, works of literature are credited with producing change: Uncle Tom's Cabin, a best-seller in its day, helped create a revulsion against slavery that made possible the American Civil War.

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We also encounter contrary claims about the relation of literature to action. Theorists have maintained that literature encourages solitary reading and reflection as the way to engage with the world and thus counters the social and political activities that might produce change. At best, it encourages detachment or appreciation of complexity, and at worst passivity and acceptance of what is. But, on the other hand, literature has historically been seen as dangerous: it promotes the questioning of authority and social arrangements. Plato banned poets from his ideal republic because they could only do harm, and novels have long been credited with making people dissatisfied with the lives they inherit and eager for something new—whether life in big cities or romance or revolution. By promoting identification across divisions of class, gender, race, nation, and age, books promote a ‘fellow-feeling’ that may discourage struggle but may also produce identifications and a keen sense of injustice that make progressive struggles possible. Historically, works of literature are credited with producing change: Harriet Beecher Stowe’s *Uncle Tom’s Cabin*, a bestseller in its day, helped create a revulsion against slavery that made possible the American Civil War.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 39번: Hobbes의 자연 상태에서 인간의 본성과 도덕적 자유의 한계

According to Hobbes, man is not a being who can act morally in spite of his instinct to protect his existence in the state of nature. Hence, the only place where morality and moral liberty will begin to find an application begins in a place where a sovereign power, namely the state, emerges. Hobbes thus describes the state of nature as a circumstance in which man's life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short". It means when people live without a general power to control them all, they are indeed in a state of war. In other words, Hobbes, who accepted that human beings are not social and political beings in the state of nature, believes that without the power human beings in the state of nature are "antisocial and rational based on their selfishness". Moreover, since society is not a natural phenomenon and there is no natural force bringing people together, what will bring them together as a society is not mutual affection according to Hobbes. It is, rather, mutual fear of men's present and future that assembles them, since the cause of fear is a common drive among people in the state of nature.

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By continuing the same logic, Hobbes claims that the equality and freedom of people in terms of obtaining anything on nature leads to the enmity among individuals, for “if any two men desire the same thing, which nevertheless they cannot both enjoy, they become enemies; and in the way to their end (which is principally their own conservation, and sometimes their delectation only) endeavour to destroy or subdue one another” (Ibid). The important point that can be drawn from this Hobbesian description of the emergence of enmity among individuals in state of nature is the reality of scarce resources in nature which highly possibly lead to the enmity. In such a state of nature, for Hobbes, three principles lead to the state of war which are: “First competition; secondly, diffidence; thirdly, glory” (Ibid: 77). So, according to Hobbes, if there is no sovereign power over people, morality and so moral freedom will not be in question. Man is not a man who can act morally in spite of his instinct to protect his existence in such a state of nature. Hence, the only place where morality and moral liberty will begin to find an application begins in a place where state emerges. That is, in state of nature everyone will be always at war all against all unless there exists a sovereign power, namely state. Hobbes thus describes the state of nature as a circumstance in which man’s life is “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short” (Ibid: 78). In other words, when people live without a general power to fear them all, they are indeed in a state of war, and this war is the war of all against all (Ibid: 94). Hobbes, who accepted that human being is not social and political being in the state of nature (not zoon politikon in Aristotelian sense) (Ibid: 22), believes that human being in state of nature is an “antisocial and rational based on selfishness”. Moreover, since society is not a natural phenomenon and there is no natural force bringing people together, what will bring them together as a society is not mutual affection according to Hobbes. Rather, it is mutual fear of man’s present and future that brings them together, since the cause of fear is a common drive among people in the state of nature (Ibid: 24-25).

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 40번: 인지적 요소가 색 인식에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구

There is research that supports the idea that cognitive factors influence the phenomenology of the perceived world. Delk and Fillenbaum asked participants to match the color of figures with the color of their background. Some of the figures depicted objects associated with a particular color. These included typically red objects such as an apple, lips, and a symbolic heart. Other objects were presented that are not usually associated with red, such as a mushroom or a bell. However, all the figures were made out of the same red-orange cardboard. Participants then had to match the figure to a background varying from dark to light red. They had to make the background color match the color of the figures. The researchers found that red-associated objects required more red in the background to be judged a match than did the objects that are not associated with the color red. This implies that the cognitive association of objects to color influences how we perceive that color.

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원문 텍스트 및 OCR

The view that cognitive and emotional factors influence the phenomenology of perception is known as cognitive penetration (Marchi & Newen, 2015). Cognitive penetration means that nonperceptual factors affect what we see, hear, taste, and feel. The opposing view is that perception is not affected by cognitive factors and that only our reporting of perception is. This view is called cognitive impenetrability (Firestone & Scholl, 2016). Impenetrability implies that our perception remains the same, regardless of our cognitive and emotional state. What changes instead is attention, expectation, or our mood state, which is different than our perceptual state. The dominant view in the field is that perception is cognitive impenetrable. However, recent research supports some instances in which cognitive or emotional factors influence the phenomenology of the perceived world.

Delk and Fillenbaum (1965) asked participants to match the color of figures with the color of their background. Some of the figures depicted objects associated with a particular color. These included typically red objects such as an apple, lips, and a symbolic heart. Other objects were presented that are not typically associated with red, such as a mushroom or a bell. However, all the figures were made out of the same red-orange cardboard. Participants then had to match the figure to a background varying from dark to light red. They had to make the background color the same as the color of the figures. Delk and Fillenbaum found that red-associated objects (e.g., the apple) required more red in the background to be judged a match than did the objects that were not associated with the color red. This suggests that the knowledge of the objects was influencing people to perceive them as being more red than other objects (Figure 1.22). Hansen, Olkkonen, Walter, and Gegenfurtner (2006) replicated this basic finding. They presented participants with photographs of fruit such as bananas and simple patches of colors. Participants were asked to adjust the color of the object (banana or patch) to the uniform gray background. Hansen et al. found that participants adjusted the fruits differently than the patches of equivalent color. For example, participants added more blue to the banana in order to cancel out the more perceived yellowness of it (we will discuss color cancellation more in Chapter 6). Hansen and colleagues suggest that this implies that the cognitive association of objects to color influences how we perceive that color.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 41~42번: 유전체 복제 과정에서 발생하는 돌연변이의 누적 원리 설명

In each round of genome copying in our body, there is still about a 70 percent chance that at least one pair of chromosomes will have an error. With each round of genome copying, errors accumulate. This is similar to alterations in medieval books. Each time a copy was made by hand, some changes were introduced accidentally; as changes stacked up, the copies may have acquired meanings at variance with the original. Similarly, genomes that have undergone more copying processes will have gathered more mistakes. To make things worse, mutations may damage genes responsible for error checking and repair of genomes, further accelerating the introduction of mutations. Most genome mutations do not have any noticeable effects. It is just like changing the i for a y in "kingdom" would not distort the word's readability. But sometimes a mutation to a human gene results in, for example, an eye whose iris is of two different colors. Similarly, almost everyone has birthmarks, which are due to mutations that occurred as our body's cells multiplied to form skin. If mutations are changes to the genome of one particular cell, how can a patch of cells in an iris or a whole patch of skin, consisting of many individual cells, be affected simultaneously? The answer lies in the cell lineage, the developmental history of a tissue from particular cells through to their fully differentiated state. If the mutation occurred early on in the lineage of the developing iris, then all cells in that patch have inherited that change.

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A full 1 percent of our genes are involved in proofreading and correcting chromosomes. But despite this substantial investment in error correction, DNA copying is not perfect. In each cell division, there are 6 billion letter pairs to copy, check, and correct. The chance for one specific DNA letter pair to be mutated in one such duplication round (the mutation rate) is about 1 in 10 billion. Thus, in each round of genome copying, there is still about a 70 percent chance that at least one pair of letters will have a typo. This number is optimistic, because it assumes that you lead a healthy life. Your genomes can suffer even more changes through toxic chemicals (such as those in cigarette smoke or burned meat) or exposure to ultraviolet radiation (from the sun or visits to tanning salons). Such mutations can be single letters exchanged for others, as in the example above, but in some cases, entire segments of the DNA molecule (whole stretches of letters) are removed or are duplicated and added at seemingly random places. Because of these mutations, you do not have one single genome, but instead many billions of slightly different genomes, one for each of your cells.

With each round of genome copying, errors accumulate. This is analogous to alterations in medieval books, which were copied by hand. Each time a copy was made, some changes were introduced inadvertently; over time, as changes accumulated, the copies may have accrued meanings at variance with the original. Similarly, genomes that have undergone more copying processes will have accumulated more mistakes. To make things worse, mutations may damage those genes responsible for the proofreading and repair of genomes, further accelerating the introduction of mutations.

Most mutations do not have any noticeable effects, just like changing the *i* for a *y* in “kingdom” would not distort the word’s legibility or meaning. But sometimes a mutation to a human gene results in, for example, an eye whose iris is of two different colors. Similarly, almost everyone has birthmarks, which are due to mutations that occurred as our body’s cells multiplied to form skin.

But if mutations are changes to the genome of one particular cell, how can a patch of cells in an iris or a whole patch of skin, consisting of many individual cells, be affected simultaneously? Were all of the millions of cells in the iris of a girl with a blue patch in an otherwise brown eye struck by the same mutation? The answer lies in the cell lineage: if the mutation occurred early on in the lineage of the developing iris, then all cells in that patch have inherited that change.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 모의고사 - 지문 출처 (29~34번) (2)	2024.11.23
[고2] 2024년 10월 모의고사 - 지문 출처 (20~24번) (0)	2024.11.23
[고2] 2024년 10월 모의고사 - 지문 요약 by ChatGPT-4o (0)	2024.10.21
[고2] 2024년 10월 모의고사 - 한줄해석 (좌지문 우해석) (1)	2024.10.19
[고2] 2024년 10월 모의고사 - 한줄해석 (0)	2024.10.19

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While there are some situations, like the cow lying experiment, when giving an animal repeated experiences is just practically difficult and cumbersome, there are some situations where it is actually impossible for an animal to have the repeated experiences that are needed for it to give an ‘informed’ opinion of what is happening to it. For example, with a one-off medical procedure such as removal of a tumour, a question might be whether an animal (or a human) would prefer to have post-operative care with drug A or with drug B. It would be quite impossible to carry out same the operation repeatedly with different drugs and then see which one is chosen as the sequence of operations progressed. Fortunately, it is now possible to devise choice tests that avoid repeated testing but still ensure the animal has the relevant experience.

Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) is a way of finding out what animals want by training them to associate one place with a single experience such as food or a loud noise and a second place with something completely different, usually where nothing happens (Dixon et al. 2013). The two places are made very obviously different, such as being painted with different colours or patterns, to make it as easy as possible for the animal to associate each place with what happened to it there. The animal’s preference for being in one place or another is measured both before and after its experiences in the two places.

If there is a shift in where the animal chooses to spend its time so that it starts to spend more time where it obtained the reward, this suggests that it liked the experience and is trying to repeat it (Bardo and Bevins 2000). Conversely, if it now avoids the place where the stimulus appeared and starts to prefer the place where it did not experience it, then this suggests that it found the stimulus aversive and wanted to get away from it. The advantage of this method is that it can work with just one experience, provided that the animal is clever enough to make the association.

CPP is commonly used in pharmacology to test how animals respond to different drugs (Bardo and Bevins 2000). For example, mice with bladder cancer show a preference for the place where they have been given morphine rather than where they have received saline, whereas healthy controls developed no such preference (Roughan et al. 2014). This suggests that the mice with cancer wanted the morphine.

Its opposite, Conditioned Place Aversion, has been demonstrated in a number of different species, including fish. Gilt-head bream, Sparus aurata, showed a conditioned avoidance to a place where they had been chased with a dip net compared with a distinctively different place in another part of their tank where they had not been chased (Millot et al. 2014). The fish showed that they did not want to be chased with a net by choosing the place where they had not been chased.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 30번: 새들의 번식 계절이 환경에 따라 어떻게 달라지는지 설명

Near the equator, many species of bird breed all year round. But in temperate and polar regions, the breeding seasons of birds are often sharply defined. They are triggered mainly by changes in day length. If all goes well, the outcome is that birds raise their young when the food supply is at its peak. Most birds are not simply reluctant to breed at other times but they are also physically incapable of doing so. This is because their reproductive system shrinks, which helps flying birds save weight. The main exception to this rule are nomadic desert species. These can initiate their breeding cycle within days of rain. It's for making the most of the sudden breeding opportunity. Also, different species divide the breeding season up in different ways. Most seabirds raise a single brood. In warm regions, however, songbirds may raise several families in a few months. In an exceptionally good year, a pair of House Sparrows, a kind of songbird, can raise successive broods through a marathon reproductive effort.

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Breeding seasons

On and near the equator, many species of bird breed more or less all year round. But in the rest of the world, particularly in temperate and polar regions, the breeding seasons of birds are often sharply defined.

They are triggered mainly by changes in day length, although rising temperatures also play a part. If all goes well, the outcome is that birds raise their young when the food supply is at its peak. Most birds are not simply reluctant to breed at other times—they are physically incapable of doing so. This is because their reproductive system shuts down and shrinks, an adaptation that helps flying birds save weight.

The main exception to this rule are nomadic desert species, such as Zebra Finches and Budgerigars. These can “switch on” their breeding cycle within days of rain to make the most of the sudden breeding opportunity.

When the breeding season is in progress, different species divide it up in different ways. Most seabirds raise a single brood, often consisting of one young. In warm regions, however, songbirds may raise several families in a few months.
In an exceptionally good year, a pair of House Sparrows can raise five successive broods—a marathon reproductive effort.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 31번: 학습 자원 인식 부족이 학생들의 창의성에 미치는 영향

One factor that may hinder creativity is unawareness of the resources required in each activity in students' learning. Often students are unable to identify the resources they need to perform the task required of them. Different resources may be compulsory for specific learning tasks, and recognizing them may simplify the activity's performance. For example, it may be that students desire to conduct some experiments in their projects. There must be a prior investigation of whether the students will have access to the laboratory, equipment, and chemicals required for the experiment. It means preparation is vital for the students to succeed, and it may be about human and financial resources such as laboratory technicians, money to purchase chemicals, and equipment for their learning where applicable. Even if some of the resources required for a task may not be available, identifying them in advance may help students' creativity. It may even lead to changing the topic, finding alternative resources, and other means.

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Another factor that may hinder creativity is unawareness of the resources required in each activity in students’ learning. Often students are unable to identify the resources they need to perform the task required of them. Different resources may be compulsory for specific HE learning tasks, and recognizing them may simplify the activity’s performance. For example, it may be that students desire to conduct some experiments in their projects. There must be a prior investigation of whether the students will have access to the laboratory, apparatuses, and chemicals required for the experiment. It means preparation is vital for the students to succeed, and it may be human and financial resources such as laboratory technicians, money to purchase chemicals, and apparatus for their learning where applicable. Even if some of the resources required for a task may not be available, identifying them in advance may help students’ creativity. It may even lead to changing the topic, finding alternative resources, and other means.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 32번: 번역 작업이 다양한 출처와 독자의 기대에 의존하는 방식

All translators feel some pressure from the community of readers for whom they are doing their work. And all translators arrive at their interpretations in dialogue with other people. The English poet Alexander Pope had pretty good Greek, but when he set about translating Homer's Iliad in the early 18th century he was not on his own. He had Greek commentaries to refer to, and translations that had already been done in English, Latin, and French ─ and of course he had dictionaries. Translators always draw on more than one source text. Even when the scene of translation consists of just one person with a pen, paper, and the book that is being translated, or even when it is just one person translating orally for another, that person's linguistic knowledge arises from lots of other texts and other conversations. And then his or her idea of the translation's purpose will be influenced by the expectations of the person or people it is for. In both these senses every translation is a crowd translation.

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원문 텍스트 및 OCR

In fact, all translators feel some pressure from the community of readers for whom they are doing their work. And all translators arrive at their interpretations in dialogue with other people. The English poet Alexander Pope had pretty good Greek, but when he set about translating Homer’s Iliad in the early 18th century he was not on his own. He had Greek commentaries to refer to, and translations that had already been done in English, Latin, and French—and of course he had dictionaries. Translators always draw on more than one source text. Even when the scene of translation consists of just one person with a pen, paper, and the book that is being translated, or even when it is just one person translating orally for another, that person’s linguistic knowledge arises from lots of other texts and other conversations. And then his or her idea of the translation’s purpose will be influenced by the expectations of the person or people it is for. In both these senses (this is our third key discovery) every translation is a crowd translation.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 33번: 읽기 행위를 단일 개념으로 정의하기 어려운 이유

Some people argue that there is a single, logically consistent concept known as reading that can be neatly set apart from everything else people do with books. Is reading really that simple? The most productive way to think about reading is as a loosely related set of behaviors that belong together owing to family resemblances, as Ludwig Wittgenstein used the phrase, without having in common a single defining trait. Consequently, efforts to distinguish reading from nonreading are destined to fail because there is no agreement on what qualifies as reading in the first place. The more one tries to figure out where the border lies between reading and not-reading, the more edge cases will be found to stretch the term's flexible boundaries. Thus, it is worth attempting to collect together these exceptional forms of reading into a single forum, one highlighting the challenges faced by anyone wishing to establish the boundaries where reading begins and ends. The attempt moves toward an understanding of reading as a spectrum that is expansive enough to accommodate the distinct reading activities.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

THE READING SPECTRUM

The idea for this book came while I was finishing another one looking into debates over what counts as “real” reading. Time and again I encountered people who insisted on drawing a sharp line between reading and closely related activities they judged to be impostors (in that case, listening to audio books). It was not their verdicts that held my attention so much as the confidence that there was a single, coherent entity known as reading that could be neatly set apart from everything else people did with books. Is reading really that simple?

As this book contends, the most productive way to think about reading is as a loosely related set of behaviors that belong together owing to family resemblances, in Ludwig Wittgenstein’s understanding of the phrase, without having in common a single defining trait. Consequently, efforts to cordon off reading from nonreading are doomed to fail because there is no agreement on what qualifies as reading in the first place. The more one tries to figure out where the border lies between reading and not-reading, the more edge cases will be found to stretch the term’s elastic boundaries. My book attempts to marshal together these exceptional forms of reading into a single forum, one highlighting the challenges faced by anyone wishing to patrol the boundaries over where reading begins and ends. *Reader’s Block* moves toward an understanding of reading as a spectrum that is capacious enough to accommodate the disparate activities documented in the following chapters along with any new ones that will inevitably surface beyond its pages.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 34번: Weber의 법칙으로 자극의 강도에 따른 차이 인식 설명

Weber's law concerns the perception of difference between two stimuli. It suggests that we might not be able to detect a 1-mm difference when we are looking at lines 466 mm and 467 mm in length, but we may be able to detect a 1-mm difference when we are comparing a line 2 mm long with one 3 mm long. Another example of this principle is that we can detect 1 candle when it is lit in an otherwise dark room. But when 1 candle is lit in a room in which 100 candles are already burning, we may not notice the light from this candle. Therefore, the Just-noticeable difference (JND) varies as a function of the strength of the signals. For example, the JND is greater for very loud noises than it is for much more quiet sounds. When a sound is very weak, we can tell that another sound is louder, even if it is barely louder. When a sound is very loud, to tell that another sound is even louder, it has to be much louder. Thus, Weber's law means that it is harder to distinguish between two samples when those samples are larger or stronger levels of the stimuli.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Weber, Fechner, and the Birth of Psychophysics

Helmholtz and Hering both approached sensation and perception from the perspective of physiology. Around the same time as Helmholtz and Hering were looking at the relation of physiology and perception, other German scientists were doing work with a more psychological perspective. Ernst Heinrich Weber (1795-1878) discovered Weber's law (though it was Gustav Fechner, another German scientist, who named the law after Weber).

Weber's law states that a just-noticeable difference (JND) between two stimuli is related to the magnitude or strength of the stimuli. What does this mean? Well, it concerns two stimuli that are very similar. Can we detect the difference between two very close red colors, or can we detect the difference between 1.44 mg of sugar dissolved in a cup of water and 1.48 mg of sugar dissolved in a cup of water? Thus, Weber’s law concerns the perception of difference between two stimuli. For more examples, do we hear the difference between a 1,000-Hz tone and one of 1,005 Hz? Another example is whether we see the difference in length between a line 466 mm long and one that is 467 mm long.

Weber's law suggests that we might not be able to detect a 1-mm difference when we are looking at lines 466 and 467 mm in length, but we may be able to detect a 1-mm difference when we are comparing a line 2 mm long with one 3 mm long. Another example of this principle is that we can detect 1 candle when it is lit in an otherwise dark room. But when 1 candle is lit in a room in which 100 candles are already burning, we may not notice the light from this candle.

The JND is greater for very loud noises than it is for much quieter sounds. When a sound is very weak, we can tell that another sound is louder, even if it is barely louder. When a sound is very loud, to tell that another sound is even louder, it has to be much louder. Thus, Weber's law means that it is harder to distinguish between two samples when those samples are larger or stronger levels of the stimuli. To repeat, Weber's law states that a “just-noticeable difference” (JND) between two stimuli is related to the magnitude or strength of the stimuli.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

3.5 Mathematics and Citizenship

To be mathematically literate means to be able to reflect on societal issues on which mathematics has bearing so as to make informed decisions about how to solve these problems. Several papers focus on the fact that the demand for future citizens as well as the workforce of the future depends on educating students who can deal with complex problems that transcend traditional disciplines and make informed decisions. Dealing with complex problems through interdisciplinary approaches, mirtoring real-world problems requires innovative ways of planning and organizing teaching. Navigating our world means being able to quantify, measure, estimate, classify, compare, find patterns, conjecture, justify, prove, and generalize within critical thinking and when using critical thinking. Making decisions without using mathematics, even qualitatively, and critical thinking is not possible. Thus, teaching mathematics should be done in interaction with critical thinking along with a decision-making process. Mathematics education should provide tasks that support the development of the two citizenship competencies. With reference to Malthus and the club of Rome, the theoretical connection among decision making, interdisciplinarity, and mathematical modeling is vindicated. Thus, critical thinking and decision making can be developed into the mathematical context, so that there is no excuse to not explicitly support students to develop them.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 21번: 덕목은 일시적 충동이 아니라 지속적인 도덕적 습관에서 형성됨

Imagine that your usually stingy friend delights in buying you a Christmas present after taking a generosity booster. How would you feel? Undoubtedly, there is something praiseworthy about the action. You'd be pleased to receive the gift. You'd say 'thank you', and mean it. But his change of heart is not entirely satisfying. According to Zagzebski, an American philosopher, he is not really generous. When we praise someone's character, we use words for various virtues: 'generous', 'kind', 'courageous', etc. A person who gives one gift isn't generous. Instead, generosity is a stable part of a person's 'moral identity', an emotional habit that is part of who you are. Thus virtues, as opposed to nontypical impulse, are the result of your personal history. They are part of who you are, as they are part of how your character was formed. Instant virtue is therefore impossible. Popping a pill cannot make you a better person.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

What about the pills to make you a better person? According to Linda Zagzebski, writing in 1996, there is no recommended dose: in small amounts they are useless, in large ones fatal. Imagine that your usually stingy friend delights in buying you a Christmas present. Then you learn that they ve taken a generosity booster. How would you feel? Undoubtedly, there is something commendable about the action. You'd be pleased to receive the gift. You'd say 'thank you', and mean it. But their change of heart is not entirely satisfying. According to Zagzebski, they are not really generous. When we commend someone's character, we use words for various virtues: 'generous', 'kind', 'courageous', etc. A person who gives one gift isn't generous. Instead, generosity is a stable part of a person's 'moral identity', an emotional habit that is part of who you are. Thus virtues, as opposed to atypical whims, are the result of your personal history. They are part of who you are, as they are part of how your character was formed. Instant virtue is therefore impossible, so popping a pill cannot make you a better person.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 22번: 이중성 시스템을 활용해 별의 질량을 계산하는 방법 설명

To determine the mass of my bowling ball, I might put it onto a balance and compare it with a known mass, such as a number of metal cubes each weighing 1, 10, or 100 grams. Things get much more complicated if I want to know the mass of a distant star. How do I measure it? We can roughly say that measuring the mass of a star involves various theories. If we want to measure the mass of a binary star, we first determine a center of mass between the two stars, then their distance from that center which we can then use, together with a value for the period and a certain instance of Kepler's Third Law, to calculate the mass. In other words, in order to "measure" the star mass, we measure other quantities and use those values, together with certain equations, to calculate the mass. Measurement is not a simple and unmediated estimation of independently existing properties, but a determination of certain magnitudes before the background of a number of accepted theories.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

2.3.3 Theory-Ladenness of Measurement

Suppose I want to determine the mass of my bowling ball. To that end, I might put it onto an ordinary balance and compare it with a known mass, such as a number of metal cubes each weighing 1, 10, or 100 grams. Things get more - much more - complicated if I want to know the mass of a distant star. Obviously, I cant put it onto any balance. So how do I measure it? The details are actually quite complicated, but we can roughly say that measuring the mass of a star involves various background theories. For example, if we want to measure the mass of a binary star, we first determine a center of mass between the two stars, then their distance from that center which we can then use, together with a value for the period (the time it takes to complete one orbit around each other) and a certain instance of Kepler's Third Law, to calculate the mass. In other words, in order to "measure" the star mass, we measure other quantities and use those values, together with certain equations, to calculate the mass. Obviously, the correctness of such a “measurement” not only depends on the correctness of other measurements (in this case, at least that of the period), but also on the correctness of certain background assumptions, such as Kepler's Laws. Measurement is not a simple and unmediated estimation of independently existing properties, but often a determination of certain magnitudes before the background of a number of accepted theories.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 23번: 쾌락과 고통의 균형이 신체의 항상성을 유지하는 방식

Based on discoveries in neuroscience, pain and pleasure are formed and processed in the same area of the brain. Our bodies constantly strive for homeostasis, which is defined as the balance of bodily functions. Without the body's effective compensatory mechanisms, which may cushion potential highs and lows, we would not be capable of surviving. Pleasure and pain are like two sides of the same coin; they seem to work together and are heavily reliant on one another and keep balance. If you imagine pleasure and pain as the two opposite points on a scale, you can easily understand that as one of the two points rises, the other must correspondingly fall. We've all heard the expression, "No pain, no gain." Well, according to psychiatrist Dr. Anna Lembke, there may be some truth to these words. She says that our attempts to escape being miserable are in fact making us even more miserable. This is because pain is actually an essential component of our ability to maintain a neutral state, and allowing it will in turn reset our internal scale back to balance.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭) - 구글 검색 불가

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 24번: 지속적인 제품 업그레이드 주기로 소비자의 욕구를 형성하는 방식

Manufacturers masterfully sow seeds of doubt about the adequacy of our current devices. Suddenly, the phone that was your lifeline a year ago is now a museum piece, unable to keep pace with your digital demands. And thus, the itch to upgrade begins, often before there's a genuine need. This cycle isn't just confined to our digital companions. It spills over into almost every aspect of consumer electronics, from the self-driving car to the smart fridge. Every product seems to be on an unstoppable march towards the next version, the next generation that promises to revolutionize your life. What's fascinating, or perhaps disturbing, is the utter efficacy of this cycle in shaping our desires. It's not so much that we want the newest device; we're led to believe we need it. The distinction between want and need blurs, shifting our financial priorities in favor of staying current with trends. For all the logical arguments against this ceaseless upgrading, the temptation remains compelling.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭) - 구글 검색 불가

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

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[고2] 2024년 10월 모의고사 - 지문 출처 (29~34번)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 29번: 동물이 특정 경험을 선호하거나 회피하는지 확인하는 방법 Conditioned Place Preference is a way of finding out what animals want. Researchers train them to associate one place with an experienc

flowedu.tistory.com

[고2] 2024년 10월 모의고사 - 지문 출처 (35~42번)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 35번: 공공 자원의 과잉 사용으로 인한 '공유지의 비극' 설명 Any new resource (e.g., a new airport, a new mall) always opens with people benefiting individually by sharing a common resource (e.g., the

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안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다.

오늘은 <2024년도 10월 고2 영어 모의고사>의 지문 요약 자료 올립니다.

ChatGPT 유료 버전(ChatGPT-4o)으로 작업했고,
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지문 분석하거나 자료 제작하실 때 참고하세요~♡

ps.

블로그 콘텐츠가 마음에 드신다면, '좋아요' 클릭과 광고 지원으로 응원해 주세요.

여러분의 작은 도움이 큰 힘이 됩니다!

감사합니다~~♡

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[고2] 2024년 10월 – 18번: 추가 예산이 필요한 이유와 해결을 요청하는 이메일

Dear Executive Manager Schulz, It is a week before the internship program starts. I am writing to bring your attention to a matter that requires immediate consideration regarding the issue my department has. As the coordinator, it is becoming apparent to me that the budget, previously approved by your department, needs some adjustments in order to meet the emerging modifications. Since my department has hired three more interns than planned initially, the most expensive need is for additional funding to cover their wages, training costs, and materials. I kindly request an additional budget allocation for these expenses. Please refer to the attachment for details. Thank you for your attention. Best regards, Matt Perry

Possible Titles:

1. Request for Additional Budget Allocation for Internship Program

2. Budget Adjustment Needed Due to Increase in Intern Hires

3. Urgent Request for Budget Revisions for Upcoming Interns

4. Additional Funding Required for Expanded Internship Program

Main Idea #1:

The coordinator is requesting a budget adjustment for the internship program due to an increase in the number of interns.

Main Idea #2:

With three more interns hired than originally planned, additional funds are needed to cover their wages, training, and materials, prompting the coordinator to seek extra budget allocation from the executive manager.

Summary:

The coordinator requests additional budget allocation to accommodate three extra interns hired for the upcoming program. More funds are needed to cover their wages, training, and materials, and details are provided in the attachment.

Key Points:

1. The budget needs adjustment due to increased intern hires.

2. Three additional interns have been recruited.

3. Extra funds are required for wages, training, and materials.

4. The coordinator has attached details for the manager's consideration.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 19번: 이름 철자 실수로 인해 예약 확인이 지연된 경험

Katie approached the hotel front desk to check-in but an unexpected event unfolded. The receptionist couldn't find her reservation under the name 'Katie'. I'm sorry, but I can't seem to locate a reservation under that name, the receptionist said. No way, I definitely made a reservation on the phone, Katie said, puzzled. The receptionist asked, "Can you tell me your phone number?" and Katie told it to him, thinking 'What happened? Did I make a mistake?' Just a moment, the receptionist said, typing deliberately on the keyboard. I found it! It seems there was a small misspelling. Your reservation is under 'K-A-T-Y', the receptionist explained. With a sense of ease, Katie watched her reservation appearing on the screen. With her heart slowing to a gentle rhythm, she proceeded with her check-in, thinking that a simple misspelling might have ruined her plans.

Possible Titles:

1. A Minor Spelling Error Causes Confusion at Hotel Check-In

2. How a Simple Misspelling Almost Ruined Katie's Reservation

3. The Unexpected Check-In Mix-Up: A Story of a Name Error

4. Resolving a Hotel Reservation Error Due to a Misspelled Name

Main Idea #1:

Katie encountered an issue at the hotel check-in when the receptionist couldn’t find her reservation due to a misspelling.

Main Idea #2:

After providing her phone number, the receptionist discovered that Katie’s reservation was listed under a misspelled name, resolving the issue and allowing her to check-in without further problems.

Summary:

Katie’s hotel check-in was delayed because the receptionist couldn’t find her reservation due to a name misspelling. After verifying her phone number, the receptionist located the booking, and Katie checked in, relieved that the issue was resolved.

Key Points:

1. Katie’s reservation was not found under the expected name.

2. She confirmed her phone number to help locate the booking.

3. The issue was due to a simple misspelling of her name.

4. The reservation was found, allowing Katie to proceed with check-in.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 20번: 수학적 비판적 사고를 교육과 의사결정 과정에서 강조해야 함

To be mathematically literate means to be able to think critically about societal issues on which mathematics has bearing so as to make informed decisions about how to solve these problems. Dealing with such complex problems through interdisciplinary approaches, mirroring real-world problems requires innovative ways of planning and organizing mathematical teaching methods. Navigating our world means being able to quantify, measure, estimate, classify, compare, find patterns, conjecture, justify, prove, and generalize within critical thinking and when using critical thinking. Therefore, making decisions, even qualitatively, is not possible without using mathematics and critical thinking. Thus, teaching mathematics should be done in interaction with critical thinking along with a decision-making process. They can be developed into the mathematical context, so that there is no excuse to not explicitly support students to develop them.

Possible Titles:

1. The Importance of Critical Thinking in Mathematical Literacy

2. Integrating Mathematics and Critical Thinking for Real-World Problem Solving

3. Why Teaching Math Requires More Than Just Numbers: A Critical Approach

4. Developing Decision-Making Skills Through Mathematical and Critical Thinking

Main Idea #1:

Mathematical literacy involves the ability to use critical thinking to address real-world problems and make informed decisions.

Main Idea #2:

Teaching mathematics should incorporate critical thinking and decision-making processes, reflecting real-world interdisciplinary challenges and encouraging students to develop these skills within a mathematical context.

Summary:

Mathematical literacy means applying critical thinking to real-world problems for informed decision-making. Effective math teaching should integrate critical thinking and decision-making skills, helping students navigate complex problems by quantifying, analyzing, and generalizing within a mathematical framework.

Key Points:

1. Mathematical literacy requires critical thinking for problem-solving.

2. Real-world issues demand an interdisciplinary approach to math.

3. Teaching math should involve planning that integrates decision-making.

4. Students should develop critical thinking skills within mathematical contexts.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 21번: 덕목은 일시적 충동이 아니라 지속적인 도덕적 습관에서 형성됨

Imagine that your usually stingy friend delights in buying you a Christmas present after taking a generosity booster. How would you feel? Undoubtedly, there is something praiseworthy about the action. You'd be pleased to receive the gift. You'd say 'thank you', and mean it. But his change of heart is not entirely satisfying. According to Zagzebski, an American philosopher, he is not really generous. When we praise someone's character, we use words for various virtues: 'generous', 'kind', 'courageous', etc. A person who gives one gift isn't generous. Instead, generosity is a stable part of a person's 'moral identity', an emotional habit that is part of who you are. Thus virtues, as opposed to nontypical impulse, are the result of your personal history. They are part of who you are, as they are part of how your character was formed. Instant virtue is therefore impossible. Popping a pill cannot make you a better person.

Possible Titles:

1. Why Instant Virtue Cannot Replace True Generosity

2. The Difference Between Genuine Virtue and Momentary Acts of Kindness

3. Understanding Virtue: Why Character Cannot Be Changed Instantly

4. The Impossibility of Instant Moral Transformation Through Quick Fixes

Main Idea #1:

Genuine virtues like generosity are stable parts of one's character, not the result of temporary actions or impulses.

Main Idea #2:

According to philosopher Zagzebski, virtues are formed through one's personal history and emotional habits, making instant transformations impossible; actions influenced by quick solutions, like a 'generosity booster,' do not reflect true moral character.

Summary:

Virtue, such as generosity, is a stable trait developed through a person's history and habits, not a fleeting impulse. Zagzebski argues that instant changes, like taking a 'generosity booster,' cannot produce true moral transformation, as genuine virtues are part of one's established character.

Key Points:

1. Genuine virtues are consistent traits, not occasional actions.

2. Temporary impulses do not reflect a person's true character.

3. Virtues are formed through personal history and emotional habits.

4. Instant solutions, like pills, cannot create real moral virtues.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 22번: 이중성 시스템을 활용해 별의 질량을 계산하는 방법 설명

To determine the mass of my bowling ball, I might put it onto a balance and compare it with a known mass, such as a number of metal cubes each weighing 1, 10, or 100 grams. Things get much more complicated if I want to know the mass of a distant star. How do I measure it? We can roughly say that measuring the mass of a star involves various theories. If we want to measure the mass of a binary star, we first determine a center of mass between the two stars, then their distance from that center which we can then use, together with a value for the period and a certain instance of Kepler's Third Law, to calculate the mass. In other words, in order to "measure" the star mass, we measure other quantities and use those values, together with certain equations, to calculate the mass. Measurement is not a simple and unmediated estimation of independently existing properties, but a determination of certain magnitudes before the background of a number of accepted theories.

Possible Titles:

1. How to Measure Star Masses: Beyond Simple Weight Comparisons

2. Understanding the Complex Process of Determining Star Mass

3. The Role of Theories in Measuring the Mass of Distant Stars

4. From Bowling Balls to Stars: Different Approaches to Mass Measurement

Main Idea #1:

Measuring the mass of a distant star requires indirect methods, relying on various theories and calculations.

Main Idea #2:

Unlike simple weight measurements, determining star mass involves calculating other values, such as distance and orbital period, and applying theoretical models, demonstrating that measurements are guided by accepted scientific principles rather than direct estimations.

Summary:

Measuring the mass of a star, unlike that of everyday objects, involves indirect calculations using theories like Kepler's laws. Scientists determine other quantities, such as distance and period, and use equations to estimate the mass, showing that scientific measurement depends on established models and not direct comparisons.

Key Points:

1. Measuring star mass differs from weighing common objects.

2. Binary star mass estimation uses distance, period, and theoretical models.

3. Kepler's Third Law helps calculate mass from other observed quantities.

4. Measurements rely on accepted theories, not direct, simple estimations.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 23번: 쾌락과 고통의 균형이 신체의 항상성을 유지하는 방식

Based on discoveries in neuroscience, pain and pleasure are formed and processed in the same area of the brain. Our bodies constantly strive for homeostasis, which is defined as the balance of bodily functions. Without the body's effective compensatory mechanisms, which may cushion potential highs and lows, we would not be capable of surviving. Pleasure and pain are like two sides of the same coin; they seem to work together and are heavily reliant on one another and keep balance. If you imagine pleasure and pain as the two opposite points on a scale, you can easily understand that as one of the two points rises, the other must correspondingly fall. We've all heard the expression, "No pain, no gain." Well, according to psychiatrist Dr. Anna Lembke, there may be some truth to these words. She says that our attempts to escape being miserable are in fact making us even more miserable. This is because pain is actually an essential component of our ability to maintain a neutral state, and allowing it will in turn reset our internal scale back to balance.

Possible Titles:

1. The Interconnected Relationship Between Pain and Pleasure in the Brain

2. How Pain and Pleasure Work Together to Maintain Balance

3. Understanding Homeostasis: Why Pain is Essential for Emotional Balance

4. Dr. Anna Lembke on the Necessity of Pain for Mental Well-Being

Main Idea #1:

Pain and pleasure are processed in the same brain area, working together to maintain bodily balance or homeostasis.

Main Idea #2:

According to Dr. Anna Lembke, avoiding pain can disrupt our internal balance, as pain is a necessary part of resetting the body's equilibrium; attempts to escape discomfort may lead to greater misery by preventing this essential recalibration.

Summary:

Pain and pleasure are interconnected, processed in the same brain region, and essential for maintaining homeostasis. Dr. Anna Lembke explains that pain helps reset our internal balance, suggesting that avoiding discomfort can lead to more significant imbalance and misery.

Key Points:

1. Pain and pleasure are processed in the same area of the brain.

2. They function together to maintain homeostasis.

3. Avoiding pain can disrupt internal balance and lead to greater discomfort.

4. Experiencing pain may be necessary to reset and restore equilibrium.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 24번: 지속적인 제품 업그레이드 주기로 소비자의 욕구를 형성하는 방식

Manufacturers masterfully sow seeds of doubt about the adequacy of our current devices. Suddenly, the phone that was your lifeline a year ago is now a museum piece, unable to keep pace with your digital demands. And thus, the itch to upgrade begins, often before there's a genuine need. This cycle isn't just confined to our digital companions. It spills over into almost every aspect of consumer electronics, from the self-driving car to the smart fridge. Every product seems to be on an unstoppable march towards the next version, the next generation that promises to revolutionize your life. What's fascinating, or perhaps disturbing, is the utter efficacy of this cycle in shaping our desires. It's not so much that we want the newest device; we're led to believe we need it. The distinction between want and need blurs, shifting our financial priorities in favor of staying current with trends. For all the logical arguments against this ceaseless upgrading, the temptation remains compelling.

Possible Titles:

1. The Never-Ending Upgrade Cycle: How Manufacturers Shape Consumer Desires

2. Blurring the Line Between Want and Need in Consumer Electronics

3. The Psychology Behind Constant Upgrades: Why We Feel the Need to Update

4. How Manufacturers Manipulate Consumer Demand Through Perpetual Innovation

Main Idea #1:

Manufacturers create a cycle of constant upgrades, making consumers feel their current devices are inadequate and leading to unnecessary purchases.

Main Idea #2:

This cycle effectively blurs the distinction between wants and needs, compelling consumers to prioritize staying up-to-date with the latest trends despite logical reasons to resist, ultimately shifting financial priorities towards continuous upgrading.

Summary:

Manufacturers drive a cycle of upgrades by making consumers doubt the adequacy of their current devices, leading to a blurred line between wants and needs. This effective strategy pushes consumers to prioritize staying current, even if the upgrades are unnecessary.

Key Points:

1. Manufacturers create doubt about the adequacy of existing devices.

2. The upgrade cycle extends to various consumer electronics.

3. The distinction between want and need becomes blurred.

4. This cycle compels consumers to prioritize staying current with trends.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 25번: 2023년과 2027년 제품 카테고리별 온라인 판매 비율 예측

The graph above shows the shares of online sales out of total sales by each of five product categories in 2023 and the estimated ones in 2027. The shares of all five categories are expected to increase by 2027 respectively, while not surpassing 50%. Based on the selected categories, consumer electronics is anticipated to show the biggest gap in the share of online sales between 2023 and 2027. DIY and furniture showed the same share of online sales with 29% in 2023 but the share of DIY online sales is estimated to exceed that of furniture online sales by 2027. The share of beauty care online sales was lower than 20% by 2 percentage points in 2023, but is estimated to be higher than 20% in 2027. In 2023, food showed the lowest share of online sales among the categories, but that share is projected to more than double by 2027.

Possible Titles:

1. Projected Growth in Online Sales Across Key Product Categories by 2027

2. Increasing Trends in Online Sales for Consumer Goods: 2023 vs. 2027

3. Rising Shares of Online Sales: Consumer Electronics Leads the Growth

4. Future of Online Sales: Anticipated Increases Across Various Categories

Main Idea #1:

Online sales shares for all five product categories are expected to grow by 2027, with none surpassing the 50% mark.

Main Idea #2:

Consumer electronics is projected to have the largest increase in online sales share, while DIY sales are set to surpass furniture sales by 2027. Beauty care is expected to rise above 20%, and food, initially the lowest in 2023, is projected to more than double its share.

Summary:

The shares of online sales for all five categories are expected to increase by 2027, with consumer electronics showing the largest rise. DIY sales are projected to surpass furniture, while beauty care is estimated to exceed 20%. Food sales, initially the lowest, are set to more than double by 2027.

Key Points:

1. Online sales shares are projected to grow across all categories by 2027.

2. Consumer electronics will have the largest increase in share.

3. DIY sales are expected to surpass those of furniture by 2027.

4. Food, with the lowest share in 2023, is anticipated to more than double.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 26번: Helen Suzman의 인종차별 반대 운동과 평생에 걸친 업적

Helen Suzman was an activist against apartheid, a racist political and social system in the Republic of South Africa. Suzman was born to Jewish immigrant parents in Germiston in the Union of South Africa in 1917. While working as a lecturer on economic history at Witwatersrand University, she joined the South African Institute of Race Relations. In 1953, she joined the United Party and was elected to Parliament, but when the United Party adopted a more moderate stance on apartheid, Suzman and other progressive members left it and formed the Progressive Party in 1959. Suzman tirelessly fought against apartheid, exposing the government's abuses and challenging its laws for a total of 36 years in Parliament. Even after her retirement in 1989, she continued to advocate for a multi-racial democracy in the Republic of South Africa and influenced the drafting of the country's new constitution after the end of apartheid. She remained an active voice for human rights and democracy until her death in 2009.

Possible Titles:

1. Helen Suzman: A Tireless Fighter Against Apartheid in South Africa

2. From Parliament to Advocacy: Helen Suzman’s Legacy of Human Rights

3. The Life and Legacy of Helen Suzman: Champion of Democracy

4. How Helen Suzman Challenged Apartheid and Advocated for Equality

Main Idea #1:

Helen Suzman was a prominent activist who opposed apartheid and fought for democracy in South Africa throughout her political career.

Main Idea #2:

After leaving the United Party, Suzman dedicated 36 years in Parliament to challenging apartheid laws, exposing abuses, and advocating for a multi-racial democracy, continuing her efforts even after retirement, influencing South Africa’s new constitution and remaining a voice for human rights until her death.

Summary:

Helen Suzman, born in 1917, was a key figure in the fight against apartheid in South Africa. She served 36 years in Parliament, opposing discriminatory laws and advocating for a multi-racial democracy. Even after retiring in 1989, she continued to promote human rights and influenced the new constitution, remaining active until her death in 2009.

Key Points:

1. Suzman was a strong opponent of apartheid in South Africa.

2. She left the United Party to form the Progressive Party in 1959.

3. Suzman served 36 years in Parliament, challenging apartheid laws.

4. She continued advocating for democracy and human rights after retirement.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 29번: 동물이 특정 경험을 선호하거나 회피하는지 확인하는 방법

Conditioned Place Preference is a way of finding out what animals want. Researchers train them to associate one place with an experience such as food or a loud noise and another place with something completely different, usually where nothing happens. The two places are made obviously different to make it as easy as possible for the animal to associate each place with what happened to it there. The animal's preference for being in one place or another is measured both before and after its experiences in the two places. If there is a shift in where the animal chooses to spend its time for the reward, this suggests that it liked the experience and is trying to repeat it. Conversely, if it now avoids the place the stimulus appeared and starts to prefer the place it did not experience it, then this suggests that it found the stimulus unpleasant. For example, mice with cancer show a preference for the place where they have been given morphine, a drug used to relieve pain, rather than where they have received saline whereas healthy mice developed no such preference. This suggests that the mice with cancer wanted the morphine.

Possible Titles:

1. Understanding Animal Preferences Through Conditioned Place Preference Experiments

2. How Conditioned Place Preference Reveals Animals' Desires and Aversions

3. Measuring Animal Behavior: Using Conditioned Place Preference to Assess Preferences

4. The Role of Conditioned Place Preference in Studying Pain and Reward in Animals

Main Idea #1:

Conditioned Place Preference is a method used to determine animals' preferences by associating different environments with specific experiences.

Main Idea #2:

By training animals to associate one place with a positive or negative stimulus, researchers can measure changes in the animals' location preferences, revealing whether they seek or avoid certain experiences, such as mice with cancer preferring a place associated with pain-relief from morphine.

Summary:

Conditioned Place Preference helps researchers determine animals' likes and dislikes by associating different environments with experiences. If animals shift their location preference, it indicates their reaction to the stimuli. For instance, cancer-afflicted mice prefer places where they receive morphine, showing their desire for pain relief.

Key Points:

1. Conditioned Place Preference associates environments with experiences to study animal behavior.

2. Animals' preference changes can indicate whether they found the experience pleasant or unpleasant.

3. The method measures shifts in location preference before and after the experiences.

4. Mice with cancer show preference for morphine-associated places, suggesting pain relief seeking.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 30번: 새들의 번식 계절이 환경에 따라 어떻게 달라지는지 설명

Near the equator, many species of bird breed all year round. But in temperate and polar regions, the breeding seasons of birds are often sharply defined. They are triggered mainly by changes in day length. If all goes well, the outcome is that birds raise their young when the food supply is at its peak. Most birds are not simply reluctant to breed at other times but they are also physically incapable of doing so. This is because their reproductive system shrinks, which helps flying birds save weight. The main exception to this rule are nomadic desert species. These can initiate their breeding cycle within days of rain. It's for making the most of the sudden breeding opportunity. Also, different species divide the breeding season up in different ways. Most seabirds raise a single brood. In warm regions, however, songbirds may raise several families in a few months. In an exceptionally good year, a pair of House Sparrows, a kind of songbird, can raise successive broods through a marathon reproductive effort.

Possible Titles:

1. The Seasonal Breeding Patterns of Birds Across Different Climates

2. How Birds Adapt Their Breeding Cycles to Environmental Conditions

3. From Polar Regions to Deserts: Variations in Bird Breeding Seasons

4. Understanding the Impact of Environment on Bird Reproduction

Main Idea #1:

Birds' breeding seasons vary based on climate, with many temperate and polar species breeding during specific seasons, triggered by changes in day length.

Main Idea #2:

While most birds are physically incapable of breeding outside their usual season due to their shrinking reproductive systems, exceptions like nomadic desert species can breed quickly after rain. Breeding patterns also differ among species, with seabirds raising one brood, while songbirds in warmer climates may raise multiple families in a season.

Summary:

Birds' breeding seasons are influenced by climate, with many species in temperate and polar regions breeding at specific times of the year. Some birds, like nomadic desert species, can breed opportunistically after rain. Different species have varied breeding patterns, from single broods to multiple families in a season.

Key Points:

1. Birds in temperate and polar regions breed based on changes in day length.

2. Reproductive systems shrink outside the breeding season to reduce weight.

3. Nomadic desert birds can breed soon after rainfall.

4. Breeding patterns vary: seabirds raise one brood, while songbirds may have several.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 31번: 학습 자원 인식 부족이 학생들의 창의성에 미치는 영향

One factor that may hinder creativity is unawareness of the resources required in each activity in students' learning. Often students are unable to identify the resources they need to perform the task required of them. Different resources may be compulsory for specific learning tasks, and recognizing them may simplify the activity's performance. For example, it may be that students desire to conduct some experiments in their projects. There must be a prior investigation of whether the students will have access to the laboratory, equipment, and chemicals required for the experiment. It means preparation is vital for the students to succeed, and it may be about human and financial resources such as laboratory technicians, money to purchase chemicals, and equipment for their learning where applicable. Even if some of the resources required for a task may not be available, identifying them in advance may help students' creativity. It may even lead to changing the topic, finding alternative resources, and other means.

Possible Titles:

1. The Importance of Resource Awareness in Enhancing Student Creativity

2. How Identifying Learning Resources Can Boost Creativity in Students

3. Overcoming Barriers to Creativity Through Proper Resource Management

4. The Role of Preparation and Resource Awareness in Student Projects

Main Idea #1:

Lack of awareness about necessary resources can hinder students' creativity and performance in learning tasks.

Main Idea #2:

Proper preparation, including identifying and securing required resources, is essential for successful task completion. Recognizing resources in advance can enhance creativity by allowing students to plan, find alternatives, or modify their approach if needed.

Summary:

Unawareness of necessary resources can limit students' creativity. Identifying and preparing required resources in advance, such as equipment and funding, helps students plan effectively and explore alternatives, boosting creativity and success in learning tasks.

Key Points:

1. Unawareness of resources can hinder students' learning and creativity.

2. Identifying essential resources simplifies task performance.

3. Preparation may involve securing equipment, funding, and personnel.

4. Early identification allows for alternative solutions, enhancing creativity.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 32번: 번역 작업이 다양한 출처와 독자의 기대에 의존하는 방식

All translators feel some pressure from the community of readers for whom they are doing their work. And all translators arrive at their interpretations in dialogue with other people. The English poet Alexander Pope had pretty good Greek, but when he set about translating Homer's Iliad in the early 18th century he was not on his own. He had Greek commentaries to refer to, and translations that had already been done in English, Latin, and French ─ and of course he had dictionaries. Translators always draw on more than one source text. Even when the scene of translation consists of just one person with a pen, paper, and the book that is being translated, or even when it is just one person translating orally for another, that person's linguistic knowledge arises from lots of other texts and other conversations. And then his or her idea of the translation's purpose will be influenced by the expectations of the person or people it is for. In both these senses every translation is a crowd translation.

Possible Titles:

1. The Collaborative Nature of Translation: More Than a Solo Effort

2. How Every Translation Is Influenced by Multiple Voices and Sources

3. Translation as a Collective Process: Insights From Alexander Pope's Work

4. Understanding Translation: A Dialogue Between Texts, Knowledge, and Readers

Main Idea #1:

Translators draw on multiple sources and influences, making translation a collaborative process, even if it seems like a solo task.

Main Idea #2:

Alexander Pope's translation of Homer's Iliad illustrates how translators rely on various texts, commentaries, and linguistic knowledge. Additionally, translators' choices are shaped by the expectations of the readers, making every translation a product of collective input and interpretation.

Summary:

Translation is inherently collaborative, as translators rely on multiple sources, past translations, and linguistic knowledge. Alexander Pope's Iliad translation shows this process, and the expectations of readers further shape the final outcome, making every translation a collective effort.

Key Points:

1. Translators use multiple sources, including dictionaries and past translations.

2. Alexander Pope’s translation work exemplifies this collaborative approach.

3. Translators’ linguistic knowledge is built on many texts and conversations.

4. Reader expectations influence the final translation, making it a collective process.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 33번: 읽기 행위를 단일 개념으로 정의하기 어려운 이유

Some people argue that there is a single, logically consistent concept known as reading that can be neatly set apart from everything else people do with books. Is reading really that simple? The most productive way to think about reading is as a loosely related set of behaviors that belong together owing to family resemblances, as Ludwig Wittgenstein used the phrase, without having in common a single defining trait. Consequently, efforts to distinguish reading from nonreading are destined to fail because there is no agreement on what qualifies as reading in the first place. The more one tries to figure out where the border lies between reading and not-reading, the more edge cases will be found to stretch the term's flexible boundaries. Thus, it is worth attempting to collect together these exceptional forms of reading into a single forum, one highlighting the challenges faced by anyone wishing to establish the boundaries where reading begins and ends. The attempt moves toward an understanding of reading as a spectrum that is expansive enough to accommodate the distinct reading activities.

Possible Titles:

1. Redefining Reading: Understanding It as a Spectrum of Behaviors

2. The Complexity of Reading: Beyond a Single, Fixed Definition

3. Why Reading Cannot Be Neatly Separated From Other Book Interactions

4. Exploring the Flexible Boundaries and Spectrum of Reading

Main Idea #1:

Reading is not a single, easily defined concept but a set of related behaviors with overlapping characteristics, making it difficult to separate from other activities involving books.

Main Idea #2:

Efforts to clearly define reading are challenging due to its flexible boundaries, which encompass a spectrum of activities. Instead of trying to set rigid borders, it is more productive to acknowledge the diverse and interconnected forms of reading, as Wittgenstein's idea of family resemblances suggests.

Summary:

Reading cannot be narrowly defined as a single activity but is better understood as a spectrum of related behaviors. Attempts to draw clear distinctions between reading and nonreading often fail, highlighting the need to view reading as a set of diverse practices with overlapping traits.

Key Points:

1. Reading is not a single, clearly defined behavior.

2. Wittgenstein’s concept of family resemblances explains the flexible nature of reading.

3. Efforts to define strict boundaries of reading are often unsuccessful.

4. Understanding reading as a spectrum accommodates its diverse activities.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 34번: Weber의 법칙으로 자극의 강도에 따른 차이 인식 설명

Weber's law concerns the perception of difference between two stimuli. It suggests that we might not be able to detect a 1-mm difference when we are looking at lines 466 mm and 467 mm in length, but we may be able to detect a 1-mm difference when we are comparing a line 2 mm long with one 3 mm long. Another example of this principle is that we can detect 1 candle when it is lit in an otherwise dark room. But when 1 candle is lit in a room in which 100 candles are already burning, we may not notice the light from this candle. Therefore, the Just-noticeable difference (JND) varies as a function of the strength of the signals. For example, the JND is greater for very loud noises than it is for much more quiet sounds. When a sound is very weak, we can tell that another sound is louder, even if it is barely louder. When a sound is very loud, to tell that another sound is even louder, it has to be much louder. Thus, Weber's law means that it is harder to distinguish between two samples when those samples are larger or stronger levels of the stimuli.

Possible Titles:

1. Understanding Weber's Law: Perception of Differences in Stimuli

2. How Weber's Law Explains the Just-Noticeable Difference in Senses

3. Why Detecting Differences Becomes Harder With Stronger Stimuli: Weber's Law

4. The Principle Behind Perceiving Changes in Sound, Light, and Size: Weber's Law

Main Idea #1:

Weber's law explains how the ability to detect differences between stimuli depends on the strength of those stimuli, with larger or stronger stimuli making it harder to perceive small differences.

Main Idea #2:

The concept of the Just-noticeable difference (JND) illustrates that the perception of changes is more sensitive when the initial stimulus is weak. As the strength of the stimulus increases, the difference between two samples must be larger for the change to be noticeable, as seen in examples of line lengths, light intensity, and sound levels.

Summary:

Weber's law states that the perception of differences between stimuli varies with their strength; detecting small changes is easier when the stimuli are weak, but harder as they grow stronger. This principle is evident in the Just-noticeable difference (JND), where larger or louder stimuli require greater changes to be perceived as different.

Key Points:

1. Weber's law concerns detecting differences between two stimuli.

2. The Just-noticeable difference (JND) depends on the strength of the signals.

3. Smaller or weaker stimuli allow for easier detection of slight changes.

4. As stimuli become larger or stronger, the differences must be greater to be noticed.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 35번: 공공 자원의 과잉 사용으로 인한 '공유지의 비극' 설명

Any new resource (e.g., a new airport, a new mall) always opens with people benefiting individually by sharing a common resource (e.g., the city or state budget). Soon, at some point, the amount of traffic grows too large for the "commons" to support. Traffic jams, overcrowding, and overuse lessen the benefits of the common resource for everyone ─ the tragedy of the commons! If the new resource cannot be expanded or provided with additional space, it becomes a problem, and you cannot solve the problem on your own, in isolation from your fellow drivers or walkers or competing users. The total activity on this new resource keeps increasing, and so does individual activity; but if the dynamic of common use and overuse continues too long, both begin to fall after a peak, leading to a crash. What makes the "tragedy of commons" tragic is the crash dynamic ─ the destruction or degeneration of the common resource's ability to regenerate itself.

Possible Titles:

1. The Tragedy of the Commons: Overuse and Its Consequences

2. Understanding How Shared Resources Lead to Overcrowding and Decline

3. From Growth to Collapse: The Dynamics of Common Resource Overuse

4. Why Unchecked Use of Shared Resources Leads to the Tragedy of the Commons

Main Idea #1:

The tragedy of the commons occurs when shared resources are overused, leading to congestion and reduced benefits for everyone.

Main Idea #2:

As more people use a common resource, individual and total activities increase, but if overuse continues without managing expansion or additional space, the resource's ability to regenerate declines, eventually causing a crash. This dynamic makes the situation tragic because it leads to the degradation or destruction of the resource.

Summary:

The tragedy of the commons describes how the overuse of shared resources leads to overcrowding and decreased benefits. If overuse continues unchecked, the resource's ability to regenerate diminishes, causing a decline and eventual crash, highlighting the need for sustainable management.

Key Points:

1. Shared resources benefit individuals but can suffer from overuse.

2. Overcrowding and congestion reduce the resource's effectiveness.

3. Continued overuse without expansion can lead to a crash.

4. The tragedy lies in the resource's inability to sustain itself under heavy use.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 36번: 뇌가 시각 정보를 단순화하고 일반화하는 방식으로 에너지를 절약

Theoretically, our brain would have the capacity to store all experiences throughout life, reaching the quality of a DVD. However, this theoretical capacity is offset by the energy demand associated with the process of storing and retrieving information in memory. As a result, the brain develops efficient strategies, becoming dependent on shortcuts. When we observe a face, the visual image captured by the eyes is highly variable, depending on the point of view, lighting conditions and other contextual factors. Nevertheless, we are able to recognize the face as the same, maintaining the underlying identity. The brain, rather than focusing on the details of visualization, creates and stores general patterns that allow for consistent recognition across diverse circumstances. This ability to match what we see with general visual memory patterns serves as an effective mechanism for optimizing brain performance and saving energy. The brain, being naturally against unnecessary effort, constantly seeks to simplify and generalize information to facilitate the cognitive process.

Possible Titles:

1. How the Brain Optimizes Memory Through Generalization and Efficiency

2. The Brain’s Energy-Saving Strategies: Simplifying Visual Memory

3. Recognizing Faces: Efficient Memory Use in the Human Brain

4. From Detail to Pattern: How the Brain Simplifies Memory Storage

Main Idea #1:

The brain optimizes its memory storage by creating general patterns, which allows it to recognize information consistently across varying conditions while conserving energy.

Main Idea #2:

Due to the high energy demand of storing detailed visual information, the brain simplifies the process by focusing on general patterns. This enables consistent recognition, such as identifying faces, despite changes in context, lighting, or perspective, highlighting the brain's efficiency in minimizing cognitive effort.

Summary:

The brain conserves energy by storing general patterns instead of detailed information, enabling consistent recognition across diverse conditions. This efficient strategy allows for reliable face recognition and other memory tasks, simplifying cognitive processes and minimizing effort.

Key Points:

1. The brain’s theoretical memory capacity is offset by energy demands.

2. It develops strategies to conserve energy, relying on general patterns.

3. Generalization helps recognize faces despite varying conditions.

4. Simplification allows the brain to minimize cognitive effort efficiently.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 37번: 과학 연구에서 창의적 해석이 이론 형성에 미치는 영향

Where scientific research is concerned, explanatory tales are expected to adhere closely to experimental data and to illuminate the regular and predictable features of experience. However, this paradigm sometimes conceals the fact that theories are deeply loaded with creative elements that shape the construction of research projects and the interpretations of evidence. Scientific explanations do not just relate a chronology of facts. They construct frameworks for systematically chosen data in order to provide a consistent and meaningful explanation of what is observed. Such constructions lead us to imagine specific kinds of subject matter in particular sorts of relations, and the storylines they inspire will prove more effective for analyzing some features of experience over others. When we neglect the creative contributions of such scientific imagination and treat models and interpretive explanations as straightforward facts ─ even worse, as facts including all of reality ─ we can blind ourselves to the limitations of a given model and fail to note its potential for misunderstanding a situation to which it ill applies.

Possible Titles:

1. The Role of Creativity in Shaping Scientific Theories and Explanations

2. Beyond Data: How Imagination Influences Scientific Research

3. Understanding the Creative Elements Behind Scientific Models and Theories

4. The Limits of Scientific Models: Recognizing the Role of Imagination

Main Idea #1:

Scientific explanations are not just straightforward reports of facts but are shaped by creative frameworks that organize data into meaningful narratives.

Main Idea #2:

While scientific models provide structured interpretations, they rely on imaginative elements that influence how data is organized and understood. Overlooking this creativity can lead to misconceptions, as treating models as absolute facts risks missing their limitations and misapplying them to situations they may not accurately describe.

Summary:

Scientific explanations involve creative frameworks that shape how data is organized and understood. Ignoring this creativity can lead to misinterpretations, as models are not absolute facts but structured narratives with limitations that must be acknowledged.

Key Points:

1. Scientific explanations rely on creative frameworks, not just data.

2. Models are constructed to give consistent and meaningful interpretations.

3. Overlooking the imaginative aspect risks misapplying scientific models.

4. Recognizing the limitations of models prevents misconceptions.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 38번: 문학이 사회적 변화를 촉진하거나 방해할 수 있는 방식

We encounter contrary claims about the relation of literature to action. Theorists have maintained that literature encourages solitary reading and reflection as the way to engage with the world and thus counters the social and political activities that might produce social change. At best it encourages detachment or appreciation of complexity, and at worst passivity and acceptance of what is. But on the other hand, literature has historically been seen as dangerous: it promotes the questioning of authority and social arrangements. Plato banned poets from his ideal republic because they could only do harm, and novels have long been credited with making people dissatisfied with their lives and eager for something new. By promoting identification across divisions of class, gender, and race, books may promote a fellowship that discourages struggle; but they may also produce a keen sense of injustice that makes progressive struggles possible. Historically, works of literature are credited with producing change: Uncle Tom's Cabin, a best-seller in its day, helped create a revulsion against slavery that made possible the American Civil War.

Possible Titles:

1. The Dual Role of Literature in Social Change and Reflection

2. Literature’s Influence: A Source of Both Detachment and Activism

3. The Contradictory Impact of Literature on Social Engagement

4. How Literature Encourages Both Reflection and Revolutionary Change

Main Idea #1:

Literature can promote solitary reflection, detachment, and passive acceptance.

Main Idea #2:

Literature can also provoke social change by challenging authority and inspiring action against injustices.

Summary:

Literature has been viewed both as a force for passive contemplation and as a catalyst for social change. While it may encourage detachment, it also has the power to question authority and inspire action. Historical examples, such as Uncle Tom's Cabin, demonstrate its role in sparking significant societal shifts.

Key Points:

1. Literature is seen as encouraging solitary reading and reflection, which can lead to detachment.

2. Some believe literature discourages political action by fostering acceptance of the status quo.

3. Historically, literature has been viewed as dangerous for its ability to question authority and inspire change.

4. Works like Uncle Tom's Cabin show how literature can provoke social movements and bring about progressive struggles.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 39번: Hobbes의 자연 상태에서 인간의 본성과 도덕적 자유의 한계

According to Hobbes, man is not a being who can act morally in spite of his instinct to protect his existence in the state of nature. Hence, the only place where morality and moral liberty will begin to find an application begins in a place where a sovereign power, namely the state, emerges. Hobbes thus describes the state of nature as a circumstance in which man's life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short". It means when people live without a general power to control them all, they are indeed in a state of war. In other words, Hobbes, who accepted that human beings are not social and political beings in the state of nature, believes that without the power human beings in the state of nature are "antisocial and rational based on their selfishness". Moreover, since society is not a natural phenomenon and there is no natural force bringing people together, what will bring them together as a society is not mutual affection according to Hobbes. It is, rather, mutual fear of men's present and future that assembles them, since the cause of fear is a common drive among people in the state of nature.

Possible Titles:

1. Hobbes' View on Morality and the Role of the State in Society

2. The Role of Fear and Sovereign Power in Hobbesian Society

3. Hobbes' Theory: From Antisocial Instincts to State-Imposed Order

4. Understanding the Necessity of Sovereign Authority in Hobbes' Philosophy

Main Idea #1:

Hobbes argues that humans in their natural state are driven by selfishness and antisocial instincts.

Main Idea #2:

According to Hobbes, a sovereign power is essential to impose order, as fear and self-preservation drive people to form societies rather than natural affection.

Summary:

Hobbes believes that in the state of nature, humans act based on selfishness and lack natural social inclinations. Without a sovereign power, they exist in a state of war, driven by mutual fear. Society, according to Hobbes, emerges not from mutual affection but from the necessity of order imposed by a central authority to ensure survival.

Key Points:

1. In the state of nature, humans are not moral and act to protect their own survival.

2. Hobbes describes life in the natural state as "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short."

3. Human beings are antisocial and rationally selfish in the state of nature.

4. Society forms due to mutual fear and the need for order, not natural social tendencies.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 40번: 인지적 요소가 색 인식에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구

There is research that supports the idea that cognitive factors influence the phenomenology of the perceived world. Delk and Fillenbaum asked participants to match the color of figures with the color of their background. Some of the figures depicted objects associated with a particular color. These included typically red objects such as an apple, lips, and a symbolic heart. Other objects were presented that are not usually associated with red, such as a mushroom or a bell. However, all the figures were made out of the same red-orange cardboard. Participants then had to match the figure to a background varying from dark to light red. They had to make the background color match the color of the figures. The researchers found that red-associated objects required more red in the background to be judged a match than did the objects that are not associated with the color red. This implies that the cognitive association of objects to color influences how we perceive that color.

Possible Titles:

1. The Influence of Cognitive Associations on Color Perception

2. How Knowledge of Object Colors Affects Perceptual Judgment

3. Cognitive Factors and Their Role in Perceiving Colors

4. The Effect of Prior Knowledge on Color Matching Tasks

Main Idea #1:

Cognitive associations with certain colors affect how individuals perceive and judge those colors.

Main Idea #2:

Research by Delk and Fillenbaum showed that participants required more red in the background to match typically red objects, indicating that prior knowledge influences perceptual judgments.

Summary:

Research indicates that cognitive associations affect color perception. Participants in a study matched colors by adding more red to the background when viewing objects typically associated with red. This finding suggests that knowledge about object colors can influence perceptual judgment.

Key Points:

1. Cognitive factors can alter the way people perceive colors.

2. Delk and Fillenbaum's study involved matching figure colors with background colors.

3. Objects typically associated with red required more red to be perceived as matching.

4. The findings suggest that prior knowledge about an object's usual color affects perceptual decisions.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 41~42번: 유전체 복제 과정에서 발생하는 돌연변이의 누적 원리 설명

In each round of genome copying in our body, there is still about a 70 percent chance that at least one pair of chromosomes will have an error. With each round of genome copying, errors accumulate. This is similar to alterations in medieval books. Each time a copy was made by hand, some changes were introduced accidentally; as changes stacked up, the copies may have acquired meanings at variance with the original. Similarly, genomes that have undergone more copying processes will have gathered more mistakes. To make things worse, mutations may damage genes responsible for error checking and repair of genomes, further accelerating the introduction of mutations. Most genome mutations do not have any noticeable effects. It is just like changing the i for a y in "kingdom" would not distort the word's readability. But sometimes a mutation to a human gene results in, for example, an eye whose iris is of two different colors. Similarly, almost everyone has birthmarks, which are due to mutations that occurred as our body's cells multiplied to form skin. If mutations are changes to the genome of one particular cell, how can a patch of cells in an iris or a whole patch of skin, consisting of many individual cells, be affected simultaneously? The answer lies in the cell lineage, the developmental history of a tissue from particular cells through to their fully differentiated state. If the mutation occurred early on in the lineage of the developing iris, then all cells in that patch have inherited that change.

Possible Titles:

1. The Accumulation of Errors in Genome Copying and Its Effects

2. How Genome Copying Errors Lead to Mutations and Variations

3. Understanding the Role of Cell Lineage in Genetic Mutations

4. The Similarities Between Medieval Text Alterations and Genome Mutations

Main Idea #1:

Errors accumulate in genomes during the copying process, similar to changes in handwritten medieval books.

Main Idea #2:

Mutations may disrupt error-checking genes, accelerating changes, and the effects can manifest in tissues if mutations occur early in cell lineage development.

Summary:

Genome copying errors accumulate over time, akin to changes introduced in hand-copied medieval texts. Most mutations are harmless, but some can lead to visible changes, like birthmarks or iris color differences. If mutations happen early in cell development, the resulting traits can appear across patches of cells due to shared cell lineage.

Key Points:

1. Genome copying introduces errors, which accumulate over time.

2. Mutations may disrupt genes responsible for error correction, increasing the rate of new mutations.

3. Most mutations have no noticeable effects, but some can lead to visible changes.

4. Mutations early in cell lineage development can affect patches of cells, explaining traits like birthmarks.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 43~45번: 완벽주의에 대한 부담과 문제 해결 능력을 배운 이야기

Max awoke to the gentle sunlight of an autumn day. Right on schedule, he swung his legs off the bed and took a deep, satisfying breath. He began his morning the same way he usually did, getting dressed and going to school. Today was going to be another perfect day until he ran into Mr. Kapoor, his science teacher. Just to remind you. Science fair projects are due next Wednesday. Don't forget to submit your final draft on time," Mr. Kapoor said. Max froze. What? It can't be! It was due next Friday! After school, he came home worrying that his whole perfectly planned week was going to be ruined. Without his usual greeting, Max headed to his room in haste. What's wrong Max?, Jeremy, his dad, followed Max, worrying about him. Max furiously browsed through his planner without answering him, only to find the wrong date written in it. Fighting through tears, Max finally managed to explain the unending pressure to be perfect to his dad. To his surprise, Jeremy laughed. Max, guess what? Perfect is a great goal, but nobody gets there all the time. What matters is what we do when things get messy." That made him feel a little better. You are saying I can fix this? Absolutely, try to deal with problems in a logical way, Jeremy said. Max thought for a moment. I guess.... I can do that by rescheduling tonight's baseball lesson. Jeremy beamed. See? That's you finding a solution. Max felt a genuine smile spreading. The next Wednesday, he successfully handed in the final draft on time with satisfaction. From then on, he still loved order and routines, but also embraced the messy, unpredictable bits of life too.

Possible Titles:

1. Learning to Embrace Imperfection: Max’s Lesson on Flexibility

2. How Max Overcame His Fear of Imperfection and Found Balance

3. The Importance of Adaptability: Max’s Journey Beyond Perfection

4. Finding Solutions in Chaos: Max Learns to Cope with Unexpected Challenges

Main Idea #1:

Max struggles with the pressure to be perfect when he realizes he made a mistake with his science project deadline.

Main Idea #2:

With his dad's support, Max learns that perfection isn’t always achievable and discovers the value of adapting to unexpected situations.

Summary:

Max panicked upon realizing he misjudged the deadline for his science project, fearing it would disrupt his perfect plans. With his dad's guidance, he learned that it's okay to make mistakes and focused on finding a solution. This experience helped Max appreciate the importance of adaptability while still valuing order.

Key Points:

1. Max’s usual routine was disrupted by an unexpected mistake in his planner.

2. He felt immense pressure to maintain perfection but found comfort in his dad’s advice.

3. Jeremy encouraged Max to focus on solving the problem rather than dwelling on the mistake.

4. Max successfully adjusted his plans, learning to balance order with flexibility.

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[고2] 2024년 10월 모의고사 - 한줄해석 (좌지문 우해석) (1)	2024.10.19
[고2] 2024년 10월 모의고사 - 한줄해석 (0)	2024.10.19

안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다.

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[고2] 2024년 10월 – 18번: 추가 예산이 필요한 이유와 해결을 요청하는 이메일
① Dear Executive Manager Schulz,	Schulz 부장님께,
② It is a week before the internship program starts.	인턴십 프로그램을 시작하기 일주일 전입니다.
③ I am writing to bring your attention to a matter that requires immediate consideration regarding the issue my department has.	저희 부서의 사안과 관련하여 즉각적인 고려가 필요한 문제에 대해 당신의 관심을 환기하기 위해 이 글을 씁니다.
④ As the coordinator, it is becoming apparent to me that the budget, previously approved by your department, needs some adjustments in order to meet the emerging modifications.	업무 담당자로서 최근 생겨난 수정 사항을 충족시키기 위해서, 이전에 당신의 부서로부터 승인받은 예산은 약간의 조정이 필요함이 분명해지고 있습니다.
⑤ Since my department has hired three more interns than planned initially, the most expensive need is for additional funding to cover their wages, training costs, and materials.	우리 부서에서 처음에 계획됐던 것보다 세 명의 인턴을 더 고용했기 때문에, 가장 비용이 많이 드는 부족한 부분은 그들의 임금, 훈련 비용, 물품들을 다루기 위한 추가적인 자금입니다.
⑥ I kindly request an additional budget allocation for these expenses.	이 비용들을 위해 추가적인 예산 배당을 정중하게 요청합니다.
⑦ Please refer to the attachment for details.	자세한 사항은 첨부물을 참고해 주세요.
⑧ Thank you for your attention.	당신의 관심에 감사 드립니다.
⑨ Best regards, Matt Perry	Matt Perry 드림

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 19번: 이름 철자 실수로 인해 예약 확인이 지연된 경험
① Katie approached the hotel front desk to check-in but an unexpected event unfolded.	Katie는 체크인을 하기 위해 호텔 안내 데스크에 다가갔으나 예상하지 못한 사건이 전개되었다.
② The receptionist couldn't find her reservation under the name 'Katie'.	접수 담당자는 'Katie'라는 이름으로 된 예약을 찾을 수 없었다.
③ I'm sorry, but I can't seem to locate a reservation under that name, the receptionist said.	죄송하지만, 그 이름으로 된 예약을 찾을 수 없는 것 같습니다.라고 접수 담당자가 말했다.
④ No way, I definitely made a reservation on the phone, Katie said, puzzled.	말도 안 돼요, 저는 분명히 전화로 예약했어요.라고Katie가 어리둥절해하며 말했다.
⑤ The receptionist asked, "Can you tell me your phone number?" and Katie told it to him, thinking 'What happened? Did I make a mistake?'	접수 담당자가 "당신의 전화번호를 말해 주실 수 있을까요?"라고 물어 보았고, Katie가 '무슨 일이지? 내가 실수를 저질렀나?'라고 생각하며 전화번호를 그에게 알려 주었다.
⑥ Just a moment, the receptionist said, typing deliberately on the keyboard.	잠시만요.라고 접수 담당자가 키보드를 신중하게 치면서 말했다.
⑦ I found it! It seems there was a small misspelling. Your reservation is under 'K-A-T-Y', the receptionist explained.	알아냈습니다! 작은 오타가 있었던 것 같습니다. 당신의 예약은 'K-A-T-Y'로 되어 있어요.라고 접수 담당자가 설명했다.
⑧ With a sense of ease, Katie watched her reservation appearing on the screen.	편안한 기분으로 Katie는 그녀의 예약이 화면에 나타나는 것을 지켜봤다.
⑨ With her heart slowing to a gentle rhythm, she proceeded with her check-in, thinking that a simple misspelling might have ruined her plans.	그녀의 심장이 완만한 리듬으로 느려지면서, 그녀는 단순한 오타가 그녀의 계획들을 망쳤을지도 모른다고 생각하며 체크인을 진행했다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 20번: 수학적 비판적 사고를 교육과 의사결정 과정에서 강조해야 함
① To be mathematically literate means to be able to think critically about societal issues on which mathematics has bearing so as to make informed decisions about how to solve these problems.	수학적 문해력이 있다는 것은 수학과 관련된 사회적 이슈에 대해 이러한 문제들을 어떻게 해결할지에 대한 정보에 입각한 결정을 하기 위해서 비판적으로 생각할 수 있다는 것을 의미한다.
② Dealing with such complex problems through interdisciplinary approaches, mirroring real-world problems requires innovative ways of planning and organizing mathematical teaching methods.	범교과적인 접근법을 통해 그러한 복잡한 문제들을 다루는 과정에서 실생활 문제들을 반영하는 것은 수학적 교수 방법을 계획하고 조직하는 혁신적인 방법들을 요구한다.
③ Navigating our world means being able to quantify, measure, estimate, classify, compare, find patterns, conjecture, justify, prove, and generalize within critical thinking and when using critical thinking.	우리의 세계를 탐색한다는 것은 비판적 사고 안에서 그리고 비판적 사고를 사용할 때 수량화하고, 측정하고, 추산하고, 분류하고, 비교하고, 패턴을 찾고, 추측하고, 근거를 제시하고, 증명하고, 일반화할 수 있다는 것을 의미한다.
④ Therefore, making decisions, even qualitatively, is not possible without using mathematics and critical thinking.	그러므로, 수학과 비판적 사고를 사용하지 않고 의사 결정을 하는 것은 질적 인 경우에라도 가능하지 않다.
⑤ Thus, teaching mathematics should be done in interaction with critical thinking along with a decision-making process.	따라서, 수학을 가르치는 것은 의사 결정 과정과 함께 비판적 사고와의 상호 작용 안에서 이루어져야 한다.
⑥ They can be developed into the mathematical context, so that there is no excuse to not explicitly support students to develop them.	그것들은 수학적인 맥락 안에서 발전될 수 있고, 학생들이 그것들을 발전시킬 수 있도록 명시적으로 도움을 주지 않을 경우 변명의 여지가 없다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 21번: 덕목은 일시적 충동이 아니라 지속적인 도덕적 습관에서 형성됨
① Imagine that your usually stingy friend delights in buying you a Christmas present after taking a generosity booster.	평소에 인색한 여러분의 친구가 관대함 효능 촉진제를 먹고 난 이후에 여러분에게 크리스마스 선물을 사 주며 매우 기뻐한다고 상상해 보라.
② How would you feel?	여러분은 어떻게 느끼겠는가?
③ Undoubtedly, there is something praiseworthy about the action.	의심할 여지없이, 그 행동에는 칭찬할 만한 점이 있다.
④ You'd be pleased to receive the gift.	여러분은 선물을 받아서 기뻐할 것이다.
⑤ You'd say 'thank you', and mean it.	여러분은 '고마워'라고 말하고, 그것은 진심일 것이다.
⑥ But his change of heart is not entirely satisfying.	하지만 그의 마음의 변화는 완전히 만족스럽지는 않다.
⑦ According to Zagzebski, an American philosopher, he is not really generous.	미국의 철학자인 Zagzebski에 따르면, 그는 진정으로 관대한 것이 아니다.
⑧ When we praise someone's character, we use words for various virtues: 'generous', 'kind', 'courageous', etc.	우리가 누군가의 인품을 칭찬할 때 '관대한,' '친절한,' '용기있는' 등 다양한 미덕에 대한 단어를 사용한다.
⑨ A person who gives one gift isn't generous.	선물을 하나 준 사람이 관대한 것은 아니다.
⑩ Instead, generosity is a stable part of a person's 'moral identity', an emotional habit that is part of who you are.	대신에, 관대함은 누군가의 '도덕적 정체성'의 안정된 일부인데 그것은 여러분의 모습의 일부인 정서적 습관이다.
⑪ Thus virtues, as opposed to nontypical impulse, are the result of your personal history.	따라서 미덕은, 비전형적인 충동과는 달리, 여러분 개인 역사의 결과이다.
⑫ They are part of who you are, as they are part of how your character was formed.	그것들이 여러분의 인품이 형성되었던 방식의 일부이기 때문에 그것들은 여러분의 모습 중 일부이다.
⑬ Instant virtue is therefore impossible.	그러므로 즉각적인 미덕은 있을 수 없다.
⑭ Popping a pill cannot make you a better person.	약 한 알을 먹는 것이 여러분을 더 나은 사람으로 만들 수는 없다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 22번: 이중성 시스템을 활용해 별의 질량을 계산하는 방법 설명
① To determine the mass of my bowling ball, I might put it onto a balance and compare it with a known mass, such as a number of metal cubes each weighing 1, 10, or 100 grams.	볼링공 질량을 측정하기 위해, 나는 그것을 저울에 올려놓고 각 1g, 10g, 또는 100g이 나가는 여러 개의 금속 큐브 같은 이미 알고 있는 질량과 그것을 비교할 수 있다.
② Things get much more complicated if I want to know the mass of a distant star.	만약 내가 먼 별의 질량을 알고 싶다면 상황은 훨씬 더 복잡해진다.
③ How do I measure it?	나는 어떻게 그것을 측정할까?
④ We can roughly say that measuring the mass of a star involves various theories.	우리는 별의 질량을 측정하는 것은 다양한 이론을 포함한다고 대략적으로 말할 수 있다.
⑤ If we want to measure the mass of a binary star, we first determine a center of mass between the two stars, then their distance from that center which we can then use, together with a value for the period and a certain instance of Kepler's Third Law, to calculate the mass.	우리가 쌍성의 질량을 측정하기를 원한다면, 질량을 계산하기 위해 우리는 먼저 두 별들 사이의 질량 중심을, 그 다음에 우리가 그제서야 사용할 수 있는 그 중심으로부터 떨어진 그것들의 거리를 공전 주기의 값과 케플러 제3 법칙의 특정한 사례를 가지고 측정한다.
⑥ In other words, in order to "measure" the star mass, we measure other quantities and use those values, together with certain equations, to calculate the mass.	다시 말해서, 별의 질량을 '측정'하기 위해서 우리는 다양한 수치들을 측정하고 그 값들을 특정 방정식들과 함께 사용하여 질량을 계산한다.
⑦ Measurement is not a simple and unmediated estimation of independently existing properties, but a determination of certain magnitudes before the background of a number of accepted theories.	측정은 독립적으로 존재하는 값들의 단순하고 중재되지 않은 측정이 아니라, 이미 정립된 여러 이론들을 바탕으로 특정 크기들을 계산하는 것이다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 23번: 쾌락과 고통의 균형이 신체의 항상성을 유지하는 방식
① Based on discoveries in neuroscience, pain and pleasure are formed and processed in the same area of the brain.	뇌 과학의 발견들에 따르면, 고통과 쾌락은 뇌의 같은 영역에서 형성되고 처리된다.
② Our bodies constantly strive for homeostasis, which is defined as the balance of bodily functions.	우리 몸은 끊임없이 항상성을 추구하는데, 그것은 몸의 기능들의 균형이라고 정의된다.
③ Without the body's effective compensatory mechanisms, which may cushion potential highs and lows, we would not be capable of surviving.	잠재적인 변동을 완화시킬 수 있는 몸의 효과적인 보상 기제가 없다면 우리는 생존할 수 없을 것이다.
④ Pleasure and pain are like two sides of the same coin; they seem to work together and are heavily reliant on one another and keep balance.	쾌락과 고통은 동일한 동전의 두 면과 같아서 그들은 함께 작동하는 것 같으며 서로 상당히 의존하고 있고 균형을 유지한다.
⑤ If you imagine pleasure and pain as the two opposite points on a scale, you can easily understand that as one of the two points rises, the other must correspondingly fall.	만약에 여러분이 쾌락과 고통을 저울 위의 두 반대 지점으로 상상한다면, 여러분은 두 지점 중 한 지점이 올라가면 다른 한 지점이 상응하여 틀림없이 내려갈 것임을 쉽게 이해할 수 있을 것이다.
⑥ We've all heard the expression, "No pain, no gain."	우리는 '고통 없이는, 얻는 것도 없다.'라는 표현을 모두 들어본 적이 있다.
⑦ Well, according to psychiatrist Dr. Anna Lembke, there may be some truth to these words.	자, 정신과 의사인 Dr. Anna Lembke에 따르면, 이 말에는 어느 정도의 진실이 있을 수 있다.
⑧ She says that our attempts to escape being miserable are in fact making us even more miserable.	그녀는 우리가 비참함에서 벗어나려는 우리의 시도가 사실 우리를 훨씬 더 비참하게 만들고 있다고 말한다.
⑨ This is because pain is actually an essential component of our ability to maintain a neutral state, and allowing it will in turn reset our internal scale back to balance.	이는 고통이 실제로 중립적인 상태를 유지하기 위한 우리 능력의 필수적인 구성 요소이기 때문이고, 그것을 허용하는 것은 결과적으로 우리의 내부 저울을 균형 상태로 다시 맞출 것이다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 24번: 지속적인 제품 업그레이드 주기로 소비자의 욕구를 형성하는 방식
① Manufacturers masterfully sow seeds of doubt about the adequacy of our current devices.	생산자들은 노련하게 우리의 현재 기기들의 적절성에 대한 의심의 씨앗을 뿌린다.
② Suddenly, the phone that was your lifeline a year ago is now a museum piece, unable to keep pace with your digital demands.	갑자기, 1년 전의 당신의 목숨줄이었던 휴대폰이 지금은 당신의 디지털 수요를 따라가지 못하는, 시대에 뒤떨어진 것이 되었다.
③ And thus, the itch to upgrade begins, often before there's a genuine need.	그래서 종종 진짜 필요가 있기 이전에 업그레이드에 대한 욕구가 시작된다.
④ This cycle isn't just confined to our digital companions.	이러한 순환은 단지 우리의 디지털 용품에 국한되지 않는다.
⑤ It spills over into almost every aspect of consumer electronics, from the self-driving car to the smart fridge.	이것은 자율 주행 자동차부터 스마트 냉장고에 이르기까지 소비자 전자 기기들의 거의 모든 영역까지 번져나간다.
⑥ Every product seems to be on an unstoppable march towards the next version, the next generation that promises to revolutionize your life.	모든 제품은 다음 버전, 즉, 당신의 삶에 변혁을 일으키겠다는 약속을 하는 다음 세대를 향한 멈출 수 없는 행진을 하는 것으로 보인다.
⑦ What's fascinating, or perhaps disturbing, is the utter efficacy of this cycle in shaping our desires.	흥미로운 점, 또는 어쩌면 당황스러운 점은 우리의 욕구를 형성하는 이 순환의 절대적인 효과이다.
⑧ It's not so much that we want the newest device; we're led to believe we need it.	우리가 가장 최신기기를 원하는 것이 아니라, 우리가 그것을 원한다고 믿도록 유도된 것이다.
⑨ The distinction between want and need blurs, shifting our financial priorities in favor of staying current with trends.	최신 트렌드를 유지하는 것을 선호하는 쪽으로 우리의 재정적인 우선순위를 바꾸면서, 원하는 것과 필요한 것 사이의 구분이 흐릿해진다.
⑩ For all the logical arguments against this ceaseless upgrading, the temptation remains compelling.	이런 끊임없는 업그레이드를 하는 것에 대한 논리적인 논쟁에도 불구하고, 매력은 여전히 강력하다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 25번: 2023년과 2027년 제품 카테고리별 온라인 판매 비율 예측
① The graph above shows the shares of online sales out of total sales by each of five product categories in 2023 and the estimated ones in 2027.	위 그래프는 5개 제품군별 2023년 전체 판매 중 온라인 판매의 점유율과 2027년의 추정 점유율을 나타낸 것이다.
② The shares of all five categories are expected to increase by 2027 respectively, while not surpassing 50%.	5개 제품군 모두의 점유율은 2027년까지 각각 증가할 것으로 예상되나 50%를 넘기지는 못할 것으로 예상된다.
③ Based on the selected categories, consumer electronics is anticipated to show the biggest gap in the share of online sales between 2023 and 2027.	선정된 제품군 중에서 소비자 가전은 2023년과 2027년의 온라인 판매 점유율에서 가장 큰 격차를 보일 것으로 예상된다.
④ DIY and furniture showed the same share of online sales with 29% in 2023 but the share of DIY online sales is estimated to exceed that of furniture online sales by 2027.	DIY와 가구는 2023년에 29%로 동일한 온라인 판매 점유율을 나타냈지만, 2027년에는 DIY 온라인 판매 점유율이 가구 온라인 판매 점유율을 넘어설 것으로 추정된다.
⑤ The share of beauty care online sales was lower than 20% by 2 percentage points in 2023, but is estimated to be higher than 20% in 2027.	뷰티 케어 온라인 판매 점유율은 2023년에 20%보다2퍼센티지포인트 낮았지만 2027년에는 20%보다 높을 것으로 추정된다.
⑥ In 2023, food showed the lowest share of online sales among the categories, but that share is projected to more than double by 2027.	2023년에 식품은 제품군 중 가장 낮은 온라인 판매 점유율을 보였지만 그 점유율은 2027년에는 두 배 이상 증가할 것으로 예상된다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 26번: Helen Suzman의 인종차별 반대 운동과 평생에 걸친 업적
① Helen Suzman was an activist against apartheid, a racist political and social system in the Republic of South Africa.	Helen Suzman은 남아프리카 공화국의 인종 차별적인 정치 및 사회 체제인 아파르트헤이트에 대항하는 운동가였다.
② Suzman was born to Jewish immigrant parents in Germiston in the Union of South Africa in 1917.	1917년에 남아프리카 연방의 Germiston에서 유대인 이민자 부모 밑에서 태어났다.
③ While working as a lecturer on economic history at Witwatersrand University, she joined the South African Institute of Race Relations.	Witwaterstand 대학에서 경제사 강사로 일하던 중 그녀는 남아프리카 인종 관계 연구소에 들어갔다.
④ In 1953, she joined the United Party and was elected to Parliament, but when the United Party adopted a more moderate stance on apartheid, Suzman and other progressive members left it and formed the Progressive Party in 1959.	1953년에 그녀는 통합당에 가입했고 의회에 선출되었지만 통합당이 아파르트헤이트에 대해 더 온건한 입장을 채택했을 때, Suzman과 다른 진보적인 구성원들은 탈당하여 1959년에 진보당을 만들었다.
⑤ Suzman tirelessly fought against apartheid, exposing the government's abuses and challenging its laws for a total of 36 years in Parliament.	Suzman은 의회에서 총 36년 동안 정권의 남용을 폭로하고 그것의 법에 도전하며 아파르트헤이트에 맞서 지칠 줄 모르고 싸웠다.
⑥ Even after her retirement in 1989, she continued to advocate for a multi-racial democracy in the Republic of South Africa and influenced the drafting of the country's new constitution after the end of apartheid.	1989년에 그녀가 은퇴한 후에도, 그녀는 남아프리카 공화국의 다인종 민주주의를 계속해서 지지했고 아파르트헤이트가 끝난 후 그 나라의 새 헌법의 작성에 영향을 주었다.
⑦ She remained an active voice for human rights and democracy until her death in 2009.	그녀는 2009년에 사망할 때까지 인권과 민주주의의 적극적인 대변자로 남아 있었다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 29번: 동물이 특정 경험을 선호하거나 회피하는지 확인하는 방법
① Conditioned Place Preference is a way of finding out what animals want.	조건부 장소 선호도는 동물들이 무엇을 원하는지 알아내는 하나의 방법이다.
② Researchers train them to associate one place with an experience such as food or a loud noise and another place with something completely different, usually where nothing happens.	연구자들은 그것들이 한 장소를 음식이나 시끄러운 소리와 같은 경험과 연관시키고 또 다른 장소를 완벽히 다른 어떤 것과 연관시키도록 훈련시키는데 대개 그곳에서는 아무것도 일어나지 않는다.
③ The two places are made obviously different to make it as easy as possible for the animal to associate each place with what happened to it there.	그 두 장소는 그 동물이 각 장소를 거기에서 그것에게 일어난 일과 연관시키는 것을 가능한 한 쉽게 만들기 위해 명백히 다르게 만들어진다.
④ The animal's preference for being in one place or another is measured both before and after its experiences in the two places.	한 장소나 다른 장소에 있는 것에 대한 그 동물의 선호도는 두 장소에서 경험하기 전과 후에 모두 측정된다.
⑤ If there is a shift in where the animal chooses to spend its time for the reward, this suggests that it liked the experience and is trying to repeat it.	만약 동물이 보상을 위해 어디에서 시간을 보내기로 선택하는지에 변화가 있다면, 이것은 그것이 그 경험을 좋아했고 그것을 반복하려고 노력하는 중이라는 것을 시사한다.
⑥ Conversely, if it now avoids the place the stimulus appeared and starts to prefer the place it did not experience it, then this suggests that it found the stimulus unpleasant.	반대로, 만약 그것이 이제 자극이 나타났던 장소를 피하고 그것이 그것을 경험하지 않았던 장소를 선호하기 시작한다면, 그러면 이것은 그것이 그 자극을 불쾌하게 느꼈다는 것을 시사한다.
⑦ For example, mice with cancer show a preference for the place where they have been given morphine, a drug used to relieve pain, rather than where they have received saline whereas healthy mice developed no such preference.	예를 들어, 암에 걸린 쥐가 식염수를 받아 왔었던 곳보다 통증을 완화시키는 데 사용되는 약인 모르핀이 주어졌었던 장소에 대한 선호를 보여 준 반면, 건강한 쥐는 그러한 선호가 생기지 않았다.
⑧ This suggests that the mice with cancer wanted the morphine.	이것은 암에 걸린 쥐가 그 모르핀을 원했음을 시사한다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 30번: 새들의 번식 계절이 환경에 따라 어떻게 달라지는지 설명
① Near the equator, many species of bird breed all year round.	적도 근처에서, 새의 많은 종들은 일 년 내내 번식한다.
② But in temperate and polar regions, the breeding seasons of birds are often sharply defined.	하지만 온대와 극지방에서는 새들의 번식기들이 대개 뚜렷하게 정해진다.
③ They are triggered mainly by changes in day length.	그것들은 주로 낮의 길이의 변화에 의해 촉발된다.
④ If all goes well, the outcome is that birds raise their young when the food supply is at its peak.	만약에 모든 것이 잘 진행된다면, 결과는 새들이 먹이 공급이 최고조에 이를 때 새끼들을 기르는 것이다.
⑤ Most birds are not simply reluctant to breed at other times but they are also physically incapable of doing so.	대부분의 새들은 다른 때에 번식하기를 단지 꺼리는 것뿐만 아니라 또한 신체적으로 그렇게 할 수 없는 것이다.
⑥ This is because their reproductive system shrinks, which helps flying birds save weight.	이것은 왜냐하면 그들의 번식 기관이 줄어들기 때문이고, 이 사실은 나는 새들이 몸무게를 줄일 수 있도록 도와준다.
⑦ The main exception to this rule are nomadic desert species.	유목성 사막 종은 이 규칙의 주요 예외이다.
⑧ These can initiate their breeding cycle within days of rain.	이들은 비가 오는 날들에 번식 주기를 시작할 수 있다.
⑨ It's for making the most of the sudden breeding opportunity.	그것은 갑작스러운 번식 기회를 최대한으로 활용하기 위한 것이다.
⑩ Also, different species divide the breeding season up in different ways.	또한, 다른 종들은 번식 기간을 다른 방식으로 나눈다.
⑪ Most seabirds raise a single brood.	대부분의 바닷새들은 한 무리의 함께 태어난 새끼를 기른다.
⑫ In warm regions, however, songbirds may raise several families in a few months.	그러나, 따뜻한 지역에서는, 명금(鳴禽)들이 몇 달 안에 여러 자녀들을 기를 수도 있다.
⑬ In an exceptionally good year, a pair of House Sparrows, a kind of songbird, can raise successive broods through a marathon reproductive effort.	유난히 좋은 해에는 명금(鳴禽)의 한 종류인 참새 한 쌍은 마라톤과 같은 번식 노력을 통해 잇따라 태어난 여러 무리의 함께 태어난 새끼들을 기를 수 있다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 31번: 학습 자원 인식 부족이 학생들의 창의성에 미치는 영향
① One factor that may hinder creativity is unawareness of the resources required in each activity in students' learning.	창의성을 방해할 수도 있는 한 가지 요소는 학생들의 학습에서 각 활동에 요구되는 자원에 대한 인식이 없다는 것이다.
② Often students are unable to identify the resources they need to perform the task required of them.	종종 학생들은 그들에게 요구되는 과제를 수행하는 데 필요한 자원들을 식별할 수 없다.
③ Different resources may be compulsory for specific learning tasks, and recognizing them may simplify the activity's performance.	여러 가지의 자원들이 특정 학습 과제들에 대해 필수적일 수 있어서 그것들을 인식하는 것은 활동의 수행을 평이하게 해 줄 수도 있다.
④ For example, it may be that students desire to conduct some experiments in their projects.	예를 들어, 학생들이 프로젝트에서 어떤 실험을 수행하기를 원할 수도 있다.
⑤ There must be a prior investigation of whether the students will have access to the laboratory, equipment, and chemicals required for the experiment.	학생들이 실험에 요구되는 실험실, 장비, 그리고 화학 물질에 접근할 수 있을지 여부에 대한 사전 조사가 있어야 한다.
⑥ It means preparation is vital for the students to succeed, and it may be about human and financial resources such as laboratory technicians, money to purchase chemicals, and equipment for their learning where applicable.	그것은 학생들이 성공하기 위해 준비가 필수적이라는 것을 의미하며, 그들의 학습을 위해 적용할 수 있는 경우에 그것은 실험실 기술자, 화학 물질 구입 자금, 그리고 장비와 같은 인적 그리고 재정적 자원에 대한 것일 수도 있다.
⑦ Even if some of the resources required for a task may not be available, identifying them in advance may help students' creativity.	과제에 요구되는 자원들 중 일부가 이용 가능하지 않을 수도 있지만, 사전에 그것들을 식별하는 것은 학생들의 창의성에 도움이 될 수도 있다.
⑧ It may even lead to changing the topic, finding alternative resources, and other means.	그것은 심지어 주제 변경, 대체 자원들 찾기, 그리고 다른 방법으로 이어질 수도 있다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 32번: 번역 작업이 다양한 출처와 독자의 기대에 의존하는 방식
① All translators feel some pressure from the community of readers for whom they are doing their work.	모든 번역가들은 그들이 대상으로 작업하고 있는 독자들의 공동체로부터 약간의 압박을 느낀다.
② And all translators arrive at their interpretations in dialogue with other people.	그리고 모든 번역가들은 다른 사람들과의 대화에서 그들의 해석에 도달한다.
③ The English poet Alexander Pope had pretty good Greek, but when he set about translating Homer's Iliad in the early 18th century he was not on his own.	영국의 시인 알렉산더 포프는 그리스어를 꽤 잘했지만, 18세기 초에 호머의 'Iliad'를 번역하는 것에 대해 착수했을 때 그는 혼자 한 것이 아니었다.
④ He had Greek commentaries to refer to, and translations that had already been done in English, Latin, and French ─ and of course he had dictionaries.	그는 참고할 그리스어 해설과 이미 영어, 라틴어, 프랑스어로 된 번역본을 가지고 있었고, 물론 사전도 가지고 있었다.
⑤ Translators always draw on more than one source text.	번역가들은 항상 한 가지 이상의 원문을 활용한다.
⑥ Even when the scene of translation consists of just one person with a pen, paper, and the book that is being translated, or even when it is just one person translating orally for another, that person's linguistic knowledge arises from lots of other texts and other conversations.	심지어 번역 현장이 하나의 펜, 종이, 그리고 번역 중인 책을 가진 단 한 사람으로 구성되어 있거나, 한 사람이 다른 사람을 위해 구두로 번역 중일 때에도, 그 사람의 언어적 지식은 많은 다른 텍스트와 다른 대화에서 발생한다.
⑦ And then his or her idea of the translation's purpose will be influenced by the expectations of the person or people it is for.	그러고 나서 번역의 목적에 대한 그 또는 그녀의 생각은 이것의 대상이 되는 사람 또는 사람들의 기대에 의해 영향을 받는다.
⑧ In both these senses every translation is a crowd translation.	이 두 가지 의미에서 모든 번역은 군중 번역이다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 33번: 읽기 행위를 단일 개념으로 정의하기 어려운 이유
① Some people argue that there is a single, logically consistent concept known as reading that can be neatly set apart from everything else people do with books.	몇몇 사람들은 사람들이 책을 가지고 하는 모든 다른 행동들로부터 깔끔하게 분리될 수 있는, 읽기로 알려진 유일하고 논리적으로 일관성 있는 개념이 있다고 주장한다.
② Is reading really that simple?	읽기는 정말로 그렇게 단순할까?
③ The most productive way to think about reading is as a loosely related set of behaviors that belong together owing to family resemblances, as Ludwig Wittgenstein used the phrase, without having in common a single defining trait.	읽기에 대해 생각하는 가장 생산적인 방식은 하나의 명백한 특성을 공통적으로 가지지 않은 채 Ludwig Wittgenstein이 그 어구를 사용한 것처럼 가족 유사성 때문에 함께 속하게 되는 헐겁게 연결된 행동의 묶음으로서이다.
④ Consequently, efforts to distinguish reading from nonreading are destined to fail because there is no agreement on what qualifies as reading in the first place.	결론적으로, 읽기와 읽기가 아닌 것을 구분하려는 노력은 실패로 돌아가는데, 왜냐하면 애초에 무엇이 읽기로서의 자격을 주는가에 대한 동의가 없기 때문이다.
⑤ The more one tries to figure out where the border lies between reading and not-reading, the more edge cases will be found to stretch the term's flexible boundaries.	읽기와 읽기가 아닌 것 사이의 경계가 어디에 있는가를 알려고 하면 할수록, 더욱 많은 특이 사례들이 그 용어의 유연한 경계를 확장하고 있다는 것이 밝혀질 것이다.
⑥ Thus, it is worth attempting to collect together these exceptional forms of reading into a single forum, one highlighting the challenges faced by anyone wishing to establish the boundaries where reading begins and ends.	그러므로, 이러한 예외적인 읽기의 형태들을 모두 함께 하나의 토론의 장으로 모으려는 시도는 해 볼 가치가 있으며, 그 토론의 장은 어디서 읽기가 시작되고 끝나는가에 대한 경계를 정하기를 원하는 누구나에 의해 마주하게 될 어려움들을 돋보이게 한다.
⑦ The attempt moves toward an understanding of reading as a spectrum that is expansive enough to accommodate the distinct reading activities.	그러한 시도는 별개의 읽기 활동들을 다 수용할 만큼 충분히 광범위한 스펙트럼으로서 읽기를 이해하는 것으로 발전한다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 34번: Weber의 법칙으로 자극의 강도에 따른 차이 인식 설명
① Weber's law concerns the perception of difference between two stimuli.	베버의 법칙은 두 자극 사이의 차이에 대한 감지에 관한 것이다.
② It suggests that we might not be able to detect a 1-mm difference when we are looking at lines 466 mm and 467 mm in length, but we may be able to detect a 1-mm difference when we are comparing a line 2 mm long with one 3 mm long.	이것은 우리가 466mm와 467mm 길이인 선들을 볼 때1mm의 차이를 감지할 수 없지만, 우리가 2mm 길이와3mm 길이인 선을 비교할 때는 1mm의 차이를 감지할 수 있을지도 모른다는 것을 암시한다.
③ Another example of this principle is that we can detect 1 candle when it is lit in an otherwise dark room.	이 원리의 또 다른 예는 촛불이 켜지지 않았으면 어두웠을 방안에 하나의 촛불이 켜졌을 때 이것을 감지할 수 있다는 것이다.
④ But when 1 candle is lit in a room in which 100 candles are already burning, we may not notice the light from this candle.	그러나 100개의 촛불이 이미 타고 있는 방에 하나의 촛불이 켜졌을 때, 우리는 이 촛불의 빛을 알아차리지 못할지도 모른다.
⑤ Therefore, the Just-noticeable difference (JND) varies as a function of the strength of the signals.	그러므로, 겨우 알아차릴 수 있는 차이(JND)는 신호의 세기에 대한 함수에 의해 달라진다.
⑥ For example, the JND is greater for very loud noises than it is for much more quiet sounds.	예를 들어, JND는 훨씬 더 작은 소리에 대한 것보다 매우 큰 소음에 대해 더 크다.
⑦ When a sound is very weak, we can tell that another sound is louder, even if it is barely louder.	한 소리가 매우 약할 때, 우리는 그것이 간신히 더 클지라도, 또 다른 소리가 더 크다는 것을 구분할 수 있다.
⑧ When a sound is very loud, to tell that another sound is even louder, it has to be much louder.	어떤 소리가 매우 클 때, 다른 소리가 훨씬 더 크다는 것을 구분하기 위해서는, 그 소리는 훨씬 더 커야 한다.
⑨ Thus, Weber's law means that it is harder to distinguish between two samples when those samples are larger or stronger levels of the stimuli.	그러므로, 베버의 법칙은 그 표본들이 자극의 수준이 더 크거나 강할 때 두 표본을 구별하기가 더 어렵다는 것을 의미한다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 35번: 공공 자원의 과잉 사용으로 인한 '공유지의 비극' 설명
① Any new resource (e.g., a new airport, a new mall) always opens with people benefiting individually by sharing a common resource (e.g., the city or state budget).	어떤 새로운 자원(예를 들어, 새로운 공항, 새로운 쇼핑센터)은 항상 공동의 자원(예를 들어, 시 또는 주 예산)을 공유함으로써 사람들이 개별적으로 이익을 얻으면서 시작된다.
② Soon, at some point, the amount of traffic grows too large for the "commons" to support.	곧, 어느 시점에서, 교통량은 '공유지'가 견디기에 너무 커진다.
③ Traffic jams, overcrowding, and overuse lessen the benefits of the common resource for everyone ─ the tragedy of the commons!	교통 체증, 과밀, 그리고 과도한 사용은 모두를 위한 공유 자원의 혜택을 줄이는데, 이것은 즉 공유지의 비극이다!
④ If the new resource cannot be expanded or provided with additional space, it becomes a problem, and you cannot solve the problem on your own, in isolation from your fellow drivers or walkers or competing users.	만약 새로운 자원이 확장될 수 없거나 추가적인 공간이 제공될 수 없다면, 이것은 문제가 되고, 여러분은 여러분의 동료 운전자나 보행자 또는 경쟁 사용자들로부터 고립된 상태로 혼자서 문제를 해결할 수 없다.
⑤ The total activity on this new resource keeps increasing, and so does individual activity; but if the dynamic of common use and overuse continues too long, both begin to fall after a peak, leading to a crash.	이 새로운 자원에 대한 총활동은 계속 증가하고, 개인 활동도 증가한다. 그러나 만약 공동 사용과 과도한 사용의 역학이 너무 오래 지속되면, 둘 다 정점 이후에 떨어지기 시작하고, 몰락으로 이어진다.
⑥ What makes the "tragedy of commons" tragic is the crash dynamic ─the destruction or degeneration of the common resource's ability to regenerate itself.	'공유지의 비극'을 더 비극적이게 만드는 것은 몰락 역학, 즉 그 스스로를 재생산할 수 있는 공동 자원의 능력의 파괴 또는 퇴보이다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 36번: 뇌가 시각 정보를 단순화하고 일반화하는 방식으로 에너지를 절약
① Theoretically, our brain would have the capacity to store all experiences throughout life, reaching the quality of a DVD.	이론적으로는 우리의 뇌는 DVD의 품질에 도달할 정도로, 삶의 모든 경험들을 저장할 수 있는 수용력을 가지고 있을 것이다.
② However, this theoretical capacity is offset by the energy demand associated with the process of storing and retrieving information in memory.	그러나, 이 이론상의 수용력은 기억에 정보를 저장하고 상기하는 과정과 관련된 에너지 수요로 인해 상쇄된다.
③ As a result, the brain develops efficient strategies, becoming dependent on shortcuts.	그 결과, 뇌는 효율적인 전략들을 수립하고, 지름길에 의존하게 된다.
④ When we observe a face, the visual image captured by the eyes is highly variable, depending on the point of view, lighting conditions and other contextual factors.	우리가 얼굴을 관찰할 때, 눈에 의해 포착되는 시각적 이미지는 시점, 조명 조건 및 기타 상황적 요인들에 따라 매우 다양하다.
⑤ Nevertheless, we are able to recognize the face as the same, maintaining the underlying identity.	그럼에도 불구하고, 우리는 근본적인 정체성을 유지하면서 얼굴을 같은 것으로 인식할 수 있다.
⑥ The brain, rather than focusing on the details of visualization, creates and stores general patterns that allow for consistent recognition across diverse circumstances.	뇌는 시각화의 세부 사항에 집중하기보다 다양한 상황들에서 일관된 인식을 가능하게 하는 일반적인 패턴을 생성하고 저장한다.
⑦ This ability to match what we see with general visual memory patterns serves as an effective mechanism for optimizing brain performance and saving energy.	우리가 보는 것과 일반적인 시각 기억 패턴을 일치시키는 이 능력은 뇌의 수행을 최적화하고 에너지를 절약하는 효과적인 기제로 작용한다.
⑧ The brain, being naturally against unnecessary effort, constantly seeks to simplify and generalize information to facilitate the cognitive process.	불필요한 노력에 자연스럽게 대항하는 뇌는 인지 과정을 돕기 위해서 끊임없이 정보를 단순화하고 일반화하는 것을 추구한다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 37번: 과학 연구에서 창의적 해석이 이론 형성에 미치는 영향
① Where scientific research is concerned, explanatory tales are expected to adhere closely to experimental data and to illuminate the regular and predictable features of experience.	과학 연구에 관해서는, 설명하는 이야기들이 실험의 데이터에 엄밀히 충실할 것으로 기대되고 경험의 규칙적이고 예측 가능한 특징들을 밝힐 것으로 기대된다.
② However, this paradigm sometimes conceals the fact that theories are deeply loaded with creative elements that shape the construction of research projects and the interpretations of evidence.	그러나, 이러한 패러다임은 때때로 이론들이 연구 프로젝트의 구성과 증거의 해석을 형성하는 창의적인 요소들로 철저히 채워져 있다는 사실을 감춘다.
③ Scientific explanations do not just relate a chronology of facts.	과학적 설명들은 단순히 사실들의 연대기를 말하는 것은 아니다.
④ They construct frameworks for systematically chosen data in order to provide a consistent and meaningful explanation of what is observed.	그것들은 관찰된 것에 대한 일관적이고 의미 있는 설명을 제공하기 위해 체계적으로 선택된 데이터에 대한 틀을 구축한다.
⑤ Such constructions lead us to imagine specific kinds of subject matter in particular sorts of relations, and the storylines they inspire will prove more effective for analyzing some features of experience over others.	그러한 구성들은 우리가 특정한 유형의 관계에서 구체적인 종류의 주제를 상상하도록 하며, 그것들이 고취하는 줄거리는 다른 것들보다 경험의 일부 특징을 분석하는 데 더 효과적일 것으로 판명될 것이다.
⑥ When we neglect the creative contributions of such scientific imagination and treat models and interpretive explanations as straightforward facts ─ even worse, as facts including all of reality ─ we can blind ourselves to the limitations of a given model and fail to note its potential for misunderstanding a situation to which it ill applies.	우리가 그러한 과학적 상상의 창의적 기여를 무시하고 모델과 해석적 설명을 단순한 사실, 훨씬 더 심하게는 현실을 전부 포괄하는 사실로 간주할 때, 우리는 주어진 모델의 한계에 대해 우리 스스로를 눈멀게 하며 그것이 잘못 적용되는 상황에 대해 오해할 가능성을 알아차리지 못할 수 있다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 38번: 문학이 사회적 변화를 촉진하거나 방해할 수 있는 방식
① We encounter contrary claims about the relation of literature to action.	우리는 문학과 행동의 관계에 대한 상반된 주장들과 마주한다.
② Theorists have maintained that literature encourages solitary reading and reflection as the way to engage with the world and thus counters the social and political activities that might produce social change.	이론가들은 문학이 세상과 관계를 맺는 방법으로써 고독한 독서와 성찰을 장려하고 따라서 사회 변화를 일으킬 수 있을지도 모르는 사회적이고 정치적인 활동들에 거스른다고 주장해 왔다.
③ At best it encourages detachment or appreciation of complexity, and at worst passivity and acceptance of what is.	기껏해야 이것은 단절 또는 복잡성에 대한 인정을, 최악의 경우 수동성과 있는 그대로에 대한 수용을 조장한다.
④ But on the other hand, literature has historically been seen as dangerous: it promotes the questioning of authority and social arrangements.	그러나 다른 한편으로, 문학은 역사적으로 권위와 사회적 합의에 대한 의문을 제기하는 것을 조장하므로 위험하다고 여겨져 왔다.
⑤ Plato banned poets from his ideal republic because they could only do harm, and novels have long been credited with making people dissatisfied with their lives and eager for something new.	플라톤은 그들이 해를 끼치는 것만 할 수 있기 때문에 그의 이상적인 공화국으로부터 시인들을 추방했고, 소설은 사람들이 그들의 삶에 불만을 품게 만들고 새로운 무언가를 갈망하도록 하는 것으로 오랫동안 믿어져 왔다.
⑥ By promoting identification across divisions of class, gender, and race, books may promote a fellowship that discourages struggle; but they may also produce a keen sense of injustice that makes progressive struggles possible.	계급, 성별, 그리고 인종의 경계를 넘어 동일시를 촉진함으로써, 책들은 투쟁을 단념시키는 동료 의식을 장려할 수 있을지 모르지만, 이것들은 또한 진보적인 투쟁들을 가능하게 만드는 강한 불의의 감정을 일으킬 수 있다.
⑦ Historically, works of literature are credited with producing change: Uncle Tom's Cabin, a best-seller in its day, helped create a revulsion against slavery that made possible the American Civil War.	역사적으로, 문학 작품은 변화를 만드는 것으로 믿어져 왔는데 그 시대의 베스트셀러인 '톰 아저씨의 오두막'은 미국 남북 전쟁을 가능하게 만든 노예제에 대한 혐오감을 조성하는 것을 도왔다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 39번: Hobbes의 자연 상태에서 인간의 본성과 도덕적 자유의 한계
① According to Hobbes, man is not a being who can act morally in spite of his instinct to protect his existence in the state of nature.	홉스에 따르면, 인간은 자연 상태에서 자신의 존재를 보호하려는 그의 본능을 무릅쓰고 도덕적으로 행동할 수 있는 존재가 아니다.
② Hence, the only place where morality and moral liberty will begin to find an application begins in a place where a sovereign power, namely the state, emerges.	따라서, 도덕과 도덕적 자유가 적용을 찾기 시작하는 유일한 곳은 군림하는 권력, 즉 국가가 출현하는 곳에서 나타난다.
③ Hobbes thus describes the state of nature as a circumstance in which man's life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short".	따라서 홉스는 자연 상태를 인간의 삶이 '고독하고, 가난하며, 불결하고, 잔인하고, 짧은' 상황으로 묘사한다.
④ It means when people live without a general power to control them all, they are indeed in a state of war.	그것은 사람들이 그들 모두를 통제할 일반적인 권력 없이 살아갈 때, 그들은 실로 전쟁 상태에 놓여 있는 것임을 의미한다.
⑤ In other words, Hobbes, who accepted that human beings are not social and political beings in the state of nature, believes that without the power human beings in the state of nature are "antisocial and rational based on their selfishness".	즉 다시 말해, 자연 상태에 있는 인간은 사회적이고 정치적인 존재가 아니라는 것을 인정한 홉스는 그 권력이 없이 자연 상태에 있는 인간은 '이기심에 기초해 반사회적이고 이성적'이라고 믿는다.
⑥ Moreover, since society is not a natural phenomenon and there is no natural force bringing people together, what will bring them together as a society is not mutual affection according to Hobbes.	게다가, 사회는 자연적인 현상이 아니며 사람들을 하나로 모으는 자연적인 힘도 없기 때문에, 홉스에 따르면 그들을 사회로 함께 모이게 하는 것은 상호 간의 애정이 아니다.
⑦ It is, rather, mutual fear of men's present and future that assembles them, since the cause of fear is a common drive among people in the state of nature.	두려움으로부터의 동기가 자연 상태에 있는 사람들 사이의 공통된 추진력이기 때문에, 오히려, 그들을 모으는 것은 인간의 현재와 미래에 대한 상호 간의 두려움이다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 40번: 인지적 요소가 색 인식에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구
① There is research that supports the idea that cognitive factors influence the phenomenology of the perceived world.	인지적 요인들이 지각된 세계의 현상학에 영향을 미친다는 생각을 뒷받침하는 연구가 있다.
② Delk and Fillenbaum asked participants to match the color of figures with the color of their background.	Delk와 Fillenbaum은 참가자들에게 형상들의 색상을 배경 색상과 맞추도록 요청했다.
③ Some of the figures depicted objects associated with a particular color.	몇몇 형상들은 특정 색상과 연관된 물체들을 묘사했다.
④ These included typically red objects such as an apple, lips, and a symbolic heart.	그것들은 사과, 입술, 상징적인 하트 모양과 같이 전형적인 빨간색 물체를 포함했다.
⑤ Other objects were presented that are not usually associated with red, such as a mushroom or a bell.	버섯이나 종과 같이 빨간색과 일반적으로 연관이 되지 않는 다른 물체들도 제시되었다.
⑥ However, all the figures were made out of the same red-orange cardboard.	그러나, 모든 형상들은 동일한 다홍색 판지로 만들어졌다.
⑦ Participants then had to match the figure to a background varying from dark to light red.	그러고 나서 참가자들은 그 형상을 진한 빨간색에서 연한 빨간색까지 다양한 배경색과 맞춰야 했다.
⑧ They had to make the background color match the color of the figures.	그들은 배경색이 형상들의 색과 일치하게 해야 했다.
⑨ The researchers found that red-associated objects required more red in the background to be judged a match than did the objects that are not associated with the color red.	연구자들은 빨간색과 연관된 물체들이 빨간색과 연관이 없는 물체가 그러한 것보다 배경과 일치한다고 판단되기 위해서 배경에서 더 빨간 색을 요구한다는 것을 발견했다.
⑩ This implies that the cognitive association of objects to color influences how we perceive that color.	이것은 색과 물체의 인지적 연관성이 우리가 그 색을 어떻게 지각하는가에 영향을 미친다는 것을 함의한다.
⑪ [Summary] In one study, participants chose greater redness when asked to match the color of objects that are usually red to a background with the same color, which showed that their knowledge about the colors of objects influenced their perceptual judgment.	[Summary] 한 연구에서, 참가자들은 일반적으로 빨간색인 물체의 색상과 같은 색상의 배경을 일치시키도록 요청받았을 때, 더 진한 빨강을 선택했는데, 이는 물체들의 색상에 대한 그들의 지식이 그들의 지각적 판단에 영향을 미쳤다는 것을 보여 준다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 41~42번: 유전체 복제 과정에서 발생하는 돌연변이의 누적 원리 설명
① In each round of genome copying in our body, there is still about a 70 percent chance that at least one pair of chromosomes will have an error.	우리 몸속 게놈 복제의 각 과정마다, 적어도 한 쌍의 염색체들이 오류를 가질 확률이 여전히 약 70%이다.
② With each round of genome copying, errors accumulate.	게놈 복제의 각 과정마다, 오류들이 쌓인다.
③ This is similar to alterations in medieval books.	이것은 중세 서적에 있어서의 변화와 유사하다.
④ Each time a copy was made by hand, some changes were introduced accidentally; as changes stacked up, the copies may have acquired meanings at variance with the original.	하나의 복사본이 사람 손으로 만들어질 때마다, 일부 변화들이 우연히 도입되었고, 변화들이 쌓이면서, 복사본은 원본과 불일치하는 의미를 축적했을 것이다.
⑤ Similarly, genomes that have undergone more copying processes will have gathered more mistakes.	마찬가지로, 더 많은 복제 과정들을 거친 게놈은 더 많은 실수들을 축적하게 될 것이다.
⑥ To make things worse, mutations may damage genes responsible for error checking and repair of genomes, further accelerating the introduction of mutations.	설상가상으로, 변이들은 게놈의 오류 확인과 복구를 책임지는 유전자를 훼손해 변이들의 도입을 더욱 가속할 수도 있다.
⑦ Most genome mutations do not have any noticeable effects.	대부분의 게놈 변이들은 어떠한 뚜렷한 영향이 없다.
⑧ It is just like changing the i for a y in "kingdom" would not distort the word's readability.	그것은 마치 'kingdom'에서 'i'를 'y'로 변경하는 것이 그 단어의 가독성을 왜곡하지 않는 것과 같다.
⑨ But sometimes a mutation to a human gene results in, for example, an eye whose iris is of two different colors.	그러나 예를 들어, 때때로 인간 유전자에 대한 변이는 홍채가 두 가지 다른 색을 띠는 눈을 초래하기도 한다.
⑩ Similarly, almost everyone has birthmarks, which are due to mutations that occurred as our body's cells multiplied to form skin.	마찬가지로, 거의 모두가 모반이 있는데, 이는 우리 몸의 세포가 피부를 형성하기 위하여 증식하면서 발생한 변이들 때문이다.
⑪ If mutations are changes to the genome of one particular cell, how can a patch of cells in an iris or a whole patch of skin, consisting of many individual cells, be affected simultaneously?	만약 변이들이 하나의 특정 세포의 게놈에 대한 변화라면, 많은 개별적인 세포들로 구성된 홍채의 세포 집단이나 피부 전체 세포 집단이 어떻게 동시에 영향을 받을 수 있을까?
⑫ The answer lies in the cell lineage, the developmental history of a tissue from particular cells through to their fully differentiated state.	그 대답은 세포 계보, 즉 특정 세포에서 그들의 완전히 차별화된 상태까지의 조직 발달 변천에 있다.
⑬ If the mutation occurred early on in the lineage of the developing iris, then all cells in that patch have inherited that change.	만약 발달 중인 홍채의 계보 초기에 변이가 발생했다면, 그렇다면 그 세포 집단의 모든 세포는 그 변화를 물려받아 왔을 것이다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 43~45번: 완벽주의에 대한 부담과 문제 해결 능력을 배운 이야기
① Max awoke to the gentle sunlight of an autumn day.	Max는 가을날의 부드러운 햇빛에 잠에서 깼다.
② Right on schedule, he swung his legs off the bed and took a deep, satisfying breath.	시간에 맞추어 그는 다리를 침대 밖으로 휙 내려 놓았고 깊고 만족스러운 숨을 내쉬었다.
③ He began his morning the same way he usually did, getting dressed and going to school.	그는 평소와 똑같은 방식으로 아침을 시작했고 옷을 입고 학교에 갔다.
④ Today was going to be another perfect day until he ran into Mr. Kapoor, his science teacher.	오늘은 과학 선생님인 Kapoor 선생님을 만나기 전까지는 또 다른 완벽한 날이 될 예정이었다.
⑤ Just to remind you. Science fair projects are due next Wednesday.	그냥 너(Max)에게 알려 주는 거야. 과학 박람회 프로젝트가 다음 주 수요일까지야.
⑥ Don't forget to submit your final draft on time," Mr. Kapoor said.	제 시간에 최종안을 제출하는 것을 잊어 버리지 마."라고 Kapoor 선생님이 말했다.
⑦ Max froze.	Max는 얼어붙었다.
⑧ What? It can't be! It was due next Friday!	'뭐라고? 그럴 순 없어! 이건 다음 주 금요일까지였다고!'
⑨ After school, he came home worrying that his whole perfectly planned week was going to be ruined.	학교를 마친 후에, 그는 그의 완벽히 계획된 일주일이 망쳐질 것을 걱정하며 집으로 돌아왔다.
⑩ Without his usual greeting, Max headed to his room in haste.	그의 일상적인 인사 없이, Max는 급하게 그의 방으로 향했다.
⑪ What's wrong Max?, Jeremy, his dad, followed Max, worrying about him.	무슨 일이니 Max? 그의 아버지인 Jeremy는 그를 걱정하며 Max를 따라갔다.
⑫ Max furiously browsed through his planner without answering him, only to find the wrong date written in it.	Max는 그(Jeremy)에게 대답하지 않고 열성적으로 그의 일정표를 뒤적거렸지만, 거기에 잘못 적힌 날짜를 발견할 뿐이었다.
⑬ Fighting through tears, Max finally managed to explain the unending pressure to be perfect to his dad.	울음을 참으며, Max는 마침내 가까스로 그의(Max) 아버지에게 완벽해야 한다는 끝나지 않는 압박에 대해 설명했다.
⑭ To his surprise, Jeremy laughed.	놀랍게도, Jeremy는 웃었다.
⑮ Max, guess what? Perfect is a great goal, but nobody gets there all the time.	Max, 있잖아? 완벽은 훌륭한 목표지만, 누구도 항상 거기에 도달할 수는 없단다.
⑯ What matters is what we do when things get messy."	중요한 건 일이 어질러졌을 때 우리가 무엇을 하는가야."
⑰ That made him feel a little better.	그것이 그의 기분을 조금 더 나아지게 만들어 주었다.
⑱ You are saying I can fix this?	아빠는 제가(Max) 이것을 해결할 수 있다고 말씀하시는 거예요?
⑲ Absolutely, try to deal with problems in a logical way, Jeremy said.	물론이지. 논리적인 방식으로 문제를 처리해봐.라고Jeremy가 말했다.
⑳ Max thought for a moment.	Max는 잠시 동안 생각했다.
㉑ I guess.... I can do that by rescheduling tonight's baseball lesson.	아마.... 제가 오늘 밤 야구 레슨 일정을 변경함으로써 그렇게 할 수 있을 것 같아요.
㉒ Jeremy beamed.	Jeremy가 활짝 웃었다.
㉓ See? That's you finding a solution.	봤지? 네가 해결책을 찾아냈잖니.
㉔ Max felt a genuine smile spreading.	Max는 진심 어린 미소가 퍼지는 것을 느꼈다.
㉕ The next Wednesday, he successfully handed in the final draft on time with satisfaction.	다음 주 수요일에 그(Max)는 만족하며 성공적으로 최종안을 제시간에 제출했다.
㉖ From then on, he still loved order and routines, but also embraced the messy, unpredictable bits of life too.	그 이후로 그는 여전히 순서와 정해진 일과를 좋아했지만, 또한 어지럽고 예측 불가능한 삶의 부분들도 기꺼이 맞이했다.

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[고2] 2024년 10월 – 18번: 추가 예산이 필요한 이유와 해결을 요청하는 이메일

① Dear Executive Manager Schulz,

① Schulz 부장님께,

② It is a week before the internship program starts.

② 인턴십 프로그램을 시작하기 일주일 전입니다.

③ I am writing to bring your attention to a matter that requires immediate consideration regarding the issue my department has.

③ 저희 부서의 사안과 관련하여 즉각적인 고려가 필요한 문제에 대해 당신의 관심을 환기하기 위해 이 글을 씁니다.

④ As the coordinator, it is becoming apparent to me that the budget, previously approved by your department, needs some adjustments in order to meet the emerging modifications.

④ 업무 담당자로서 최근 생겨난 수정 사항을 충족시키기 위해서, 이전에 당신의 부서로부터 승인받은 예산은 약간의 조정이 필요함이 분명해지고 있습니다.

⑤ Since my department has hired three more interns than planned initially, the most expensive need is for additional funding to cover their wages, training costs, and materials.

⑤ 우리 부서에서 처음에 계획됐던 것보다 세 명의 인턴을 더 고용했기 때문에, 가장 비용이 많이 드는 부족한 부분은 그들의 임금, 훈련 비용, 물품들을 다루기 위한 추가적인 자금입니다.

⑥ I kindly request an additional budget allocation for these expenses.

⑥ 이 비용들을 위해 추가적인 예산 배당을 정중하게 요청합니다.

⑦ Please refer to the attachment for details.

⑦ 자세한 사항은 첨부물을 참고해 주세요.

⑧ Thank you for your attention.

⑧ 당신의 관심에 감사 드립니다.

⑨ Best regards, Matt Perry

⑨ Matt Perry 드림

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 19번: 이름 철자 실수로 인해 예약 확인이 지연된 경험

① Katie approached the hotel front desk to check-in but an unexpected event unfolded.

① Katie는 체크인을 하기 위해 호텔 안내 데스크에 다가갔으나 예상하지 못한 사건이 전개되었다.

② The receptionist couldn't find her reservation under the name 'Katie'.

② 접수 담당자는 'Katie'라는 이름으로 된 예약을 찾을 수 없었다.

③ I'm sorry, but I can't seem to locate a reservation under that name, the receptionist said.

③ 죄송하지만, 그 이름으로 된 예약을 찾을 수 없는 것 같습니다.라고 접수 담당자가 말했다.

④ No way, I definitely made a reservation on the phone, Katie said, puzzled.

④ 말도 안 돼요, 저는 분명히 전화로 예약했어요.라고 Katie가 어리둥절해하며 말했다.

⑤ The receptionist asked, "Can you tell me your phone number?" and Katie told it to him, thinking 'What happened? Did I make a mistake?'

⑤ 접수 담당자가 "당신의 전화번호를 말해 주실 수 있을까요?"라고 물어 보았고, Katie가 '무슨 일이지? 내가 실수를 저질렀나?'라고 생각하며 전화번호를 그에게 알려 주었다.

⑥ Just a moment, the receptionist said, typing deliberately on the keyboard.

⑥ 잠시만요.라고 접수 담당자가 키보드를 신중하게 치면서 말했다.

⑦ I found it! It seems there was a small misspelling. Your reservation is under 'K-A-T-Y', the receptionist explained.

⑦ 알아냈습니다! 작은 오타가 있었던 것 같습니다. 당신의 예약은 'K-A-T-Y'로 되어 있어요.라고 접수 담당자가 설명했다.

⑧ With a sense of ease, Katie watched her reservation appearing on the screen.

⑧ 편안한 기분으로 Katie는 그녀의 예약이 화면에 나타나는 것을 지켜봤다.

⑨ With her heart slowing to a gentle rhythm, she proceeded with her check-in, thinking that a simple misspelling might have ruined her plans.

⑨ 그녀의 심장이 완만한 리듬으로 느려지면서, 그녀는 단순한 오타가 그녀의 계획들을 망쳤을지도 모른다고 생각하며 체크인을 진행했다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 20번: 수학적 비판적 사고를 교육과 의사결정 과정에서 강조해야 함

① To be mathematically literate means to be able to think critically about societal issues on which mathematics has bearing so as to make informed decisions about how to solve these problems.

① 수학적 문해력이 있다는 것은 수학과 관련된 사회적 이슈에 대해 이러한 문제들을 어떻게 해결할지에 대한 정보에 입각한 결정을 하기 위해서 비판적으로 생각할 수 있다는 것을 의미한다.

② Dealing with such complex problems through interdisciplinary approaches, mirroring real-world problems requires innovative ways of planning and organizing mathematical teaching methods.

② 범교과적인 접근법을 통해 그러한 복잡한 문제들을 다루는 과정에서 실생활 문제들을 반영하는 것은 수학적 교수 방법을 계획하고 조직하는 혁신적인 방법들을 요구한다.

③ Navigating our world means being able to quantify, measure, estimate, classify, compare, find patterns, conjecture, justify, prove, and generalize within critical thinking and when using critical thinking.

③ 우리의 세계를 탐색한다는 것은 비판적 사고 안에서 그리고 비판적 사고를 사용할 때 수량화하고, 측정하고, 추산하고, 분류하고, 비교하고, 패턴을 찾고, 추측하고, 근거를 제시하고, 증명하고, 일반화할 수 있다는 것을 의미한다.

④ Therefore, making decisions, even qualitatively, is not possible without using mathematics and critical thinking.

④ 그러므로, 수학과 비판적 사고를 사용하지 않고 의사 결정을 하는 것은 질적 인 경우에라도 가능하지 않다.

⑤ Thus, teaching mathematics should be done in interaction with critical thinking along with a decision-making process.

⑤ 따라서, 수학을 가르치는 것은 의사 결정 과정과 함께 비판적 사고와의 상호 작용 안에서 이루어져야 한다.

⑥ They can be developed into the mathematical context, so that there is no excuse to not explicitly support students to develop them.

⑥ 그것들은 수학적인 맥락 안에서 발전될 수 있고, 학생들이 그것들을 발전시킬 수 있도록 명시적으로 도움을 주지 않을 경우 변명의 여지가 없다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 21번: 덕목은 일시적 충동이 아니라 지속적인 도덕적 습관에서 형성됨

① Imagine that your usually stingy friend delights in buying you a Christmas present after taking a generosity booster.

① 평소에 인색한 여러분의 친구가 관대함 효능 촉진제를 먹고 난 이후에 여러분에게 크리스마스 선물을 사 주며 매우 기뻐한다고 상상해 보라.

② How would you feel?

② 여러분은 어떻게 느끼겠는가?

③ Undoubtedly, there is something praiseworthy about the action.

③ 의심할 여지없이, 그 행동에는 칭찬할 만한 점이 있다.

④ You'd be pleased to receive the gift.

④ 여러분은 선물을 받아서 기뻐할 것이다.

⑤ You'd say 'thank you', and mean it.

⑤ 여러분은 '고마워'라고 말하고, 그것은 진심일 것이다.

⑥ But his change of heart is not entirely satisfying.

⑥ 하지만 그의 마음의 변화는 완전히 만족스럽지는 않다.

⑦ According to Zagzebski, an American philosopher, he is not really generous.

⑦ 미국의 철학자인 Zagzebski에 따르면, 그는 진정으로 관대한 것이 아니다.

⑧ When we praise someone's character, we use words for various virtues: 'generous', 'kind', 'courageous', etc.

⑧ 우리가 누군가의 인품을 칭찬할 때 '관대한,' '친절한,' '용기있는' 등 다양한 미덕에 대한 단어를 사용한다.

⑨ A person who gives one gift isn't generous.

⑨ 선물을 하나 준 사람이 관대한 것은 아니다.

⑩ Instead, generosity is a stable part of a person's 'moral identity', an emotional habit that is part of who you are.

⑩ 대신에, 관대함은 누군가의 '도덕적 정체성'의 안정된 일부인데 그것은 여러분의 모습의 일부인 정서적 습관이다.

⑪ Thus virtues, as opposed to nontypical impulse, are the result of your personal history.

⑪ 따라서 미덕은, 비전형적인 충동과는 달리, 여러분 개인 역사의 결과이다.

⑫ They are part of who you are, as they are part of how your character was formed.

⑫ 그것들이 여러분의 인품이 형성되었던 방식의 일부이기 때문에 그것들은 여러분의 모습 중 일부이다.

⑬ Instant virtue is therefore impossible.

⑬ 그러므로 즉각적인 미덕은 있을 수 없다.

⑭ Popping a pill cannot make you a better person.

⑭ 약 한 알을 먹는 것이 여러분을 더 나은 사람으로 만들 수는 없다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 22번: 이중성 시스템을 활용해 별의 질량을 계산하는 방법 설명

① To determine the mass of my bowling ball, I might put it onto a balance and compare it with a known mass, such as a number of metal cubes each weighing 1, 10, or 100 grams.

① 볼링공 질량을 측정하기 위해, 나는 그것을 저울에 올려놓고 각 1g, 10g, 또는 100g이 나가는 여러 개의 금속 큐브 같은 이미 알고 있는 질량과 그것을 비교할 수 있다.

② Things get much more complicated if I want to know the mass of a distant star.

② 만약 내가 먼 별의 질량을 알고 싶다면 상황은 훨씬 더 복잡해진다.

③ How do I measure it?

③ 나는 어떻게 그것을 측정할까?

④ We can roughly say that measuring the mass of a star involves various theories.

④ 우리는 별의 질량을 측정하는 것은 다양한 이론을 포함한다고 대략적으로 말할 수 있다.

⑤ If we want to measure the mass of a binary star, we first determine a center of mass between the two stars, then their distance from that center which we can then use, together with a value for the period and a certain instance of Kepler's Third Law, to calculate the mass.

⑤ 우리가 쌍성의 질량을 측정하기를 원한다면, 질량을 계산하기 위해 우리는 먼저 두 별들 사이의 질량 중심을, 그 다음에 우리가 그제서야 사용할 수 있는 그 중심으로부터 떨어진 그것들의 거리를 공전 주기의 값과 케플러 제3 법칙의 특정한 사례를 가지고 측정한다.

⑥ In other words, in order to "measure" the star mass, we measure other quantities and use those values, together with certain equations, to calculate the mass.

⑥ 다시 말해서, 별의 질량을 '측정'하기 위해서 우리는 다양한 수치들을 측정하고 그 값들을 특정 방정식들과 함께 사용하여 질량을 계산한다.

⑦ Measurement is not a simple and unmediated estimation of independently existing properties, but a determination of certain magnitudes before the background of a number of accepted theories.

⑦ 측정은 독립적으로 존재하는 값들의 단순하고 중재되지 않은 측정이 아니라, 이미 정립된 여러 이론들을 바탕으로 특정 크기들을 계산하는 것이다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 23번: 쾌락과 고통의 균형이 신체의 항상성을 유지하는 방식

① Based on discoveries in neuroscience, pain and pleasure are formed and processed in the same area of the brain.

① 뇌 과학의 발견들에 따르면, 고통과 쾌락은 뇌의 같은 영역에서 형성되고 처리된다.

② Our bodies constantly strive for homeostasis, which is defined as the balance of bodily functions.

② 우리 몸은 끊임없이 항상성을 추구하는데, 그것은 몸의 기능들의 균형이라고 정의된다.

③ Without the body's effective compensatory mechanisms, which may cushion potential highs and lows, we would not be capable of surviving.

③ 잠재적인 변동을 완화시킬 수 있는 몸의 효과적인 보상 기제가 없다면 우리는 생존할 수 없을 것이다.

④ Pleasure and pain are like two sides of the same coin; they seem to work together and are heavily reliant on one another and keep balance.

④ 쾌락과 고통은 동일한 동전의 두 면과 같아서 그들은 함께 작동하는 것 같으며 서로 상당히 의존하고 있고 균형을 유지한다.

⑤ If you imagine pleasure and pain as the two opposite points on a scale, you can easily understand that as one of the two points rises, the other must correspondingly fall.

⑤ 만약에 여러분이 쾌락과 고통을 저울 위의 두 반대 지점으로 상상한다면, 여러분은 두 지점 중 한 지점이 올라가면 다른 한 지점이 상응하여 틀림없이 내려갈 것임을 쉽게 이해할 수 있을 것이다.

⑥ We've all heard the expression, "No pain, no gain."

⑥ 우리는 '고통 없이는, 얻는 것도 없다.'라는 표현을 모두 들어본 적이 있다.

⑦ Well, according to psychiatrist Dr. Anna Lembke, there may be some truth to these words.

⑦ 자, 정신과 의사인 Dr. Anna Lembke에 따르면, 이 말에는 어느 정도의 진실이 있을 수 있다.

⑧ She says that our attempts to escape being miserable are in fact making us even more miserable.

⑧ 그녀는 우리가 비참함에서 벗어나려는 우리의 시도가 사실 우리를 훨씬 더 비참하게 만들고 있다고 말한다.

⑨ This is because pain is actually an essential component of our ability to maintain a neutral state, and allowing it will in turn reset our internal scale back to balance.

⑨ 이는 고통이 실제로 중립적인 상태를 유지하기 위한 우리 능력의 필수적인 구성 요소이기 때문이고, 그것을 허용하는 것은 결과적으로 우리의 내부 저울을 균형 상태로 다시 맞출 것이다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 24번: 지속적인 제품 업그레이드 주기로 소비자의 욕구를 형성하는 방식

① Manufacturers masterfully sow seeds of doubt about the adequacy of our current devices.

① 생산자들은 노련하게 우리의 현재 기기들의 적절성에 대한 의심의 씨앗을 뿌린다.

② Suddenly, the phone that was your lifeline a year ago is now a museum piece, unable to keep pace with your digital demands.

② 갑자기, 1년 전의 당신의 목숨줄이었던 휴대폰이 지금은 당신의 디지털 수요를 따라가지 못하는, 시대에 뒤떨어진 것이 되었다.

③ And thus, the itch to upgrade begins, often before there's a genuine need.

③ 그래서 종종 진짜 필요가 있기 이전에 업그레이드에 대한 욕구가 시작된다.

④ This cycle isn't just confined to our digital companions.

④ 이러한 순환은 단지 우리의 디지털 용품에 국한되지 않는다.

⑤ It spills over into almost every aspect of consumer electronics, from the self-driving car to the smart fridge.

⑤ 이것은 자율 주행 자동차부터 스마트 냉장고에 이르기까지 소비자 전자 기기들의 거의 모든 영역까지 번져나간다.

⑥ Every product seems to be on an unstoppable march towards the next version, the next generation that promises to revolutionize your life.

⑥ 모든 제품은 다음 버전, 즉, 당신의 삶에 변혁을 일으키겠다는 약속을 하는 다음 세대를 향한 멈출 수 없는 행진을 하는 것으로 보인다.

⑦ What's fascinating, or perhaps disturbing, is the utter efficacy of this cycle in shaping our desires.

⑦ 흥미로운 점, 또는 어쩌면 당황스러운 점은 우리의 욕구를 형성하는 이 순환의 절대적인 효과이다.

⑧ It's not so much that we want the newest device; we're led to believe we need it.

⑧ 우리가 가장 최신기기를 원하는 것이 아니라, 우리가 그것을 원한다고 믿도록 유도된 것이다.

⑨ The distinction between want and need blurs, shifting our financial priorities in favor of staying current with trends.

⑨ 최신 트렌드를 유지하는 것을 선호하는 쪽으로 우리의 재정적인 우선순위를 바꾸면서, 원하는 것과 필요한 것 사이의 구분이 흐릿해진다.

⑩ For all the logical arguments against this ceaseless upgrading, the temptation remains compelling.

⑩ 이런 끊임없는 업그레이드를 하는 것에 대한 논리적인 논쟁에도 불구하고, 매력은 여전히 강력하다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 25번: 2023년과 2027년 제품 카테고리별 온라인 판매 비율 예측

① The graph above shows the shares of online sales out of total sales by each of five product categories in 2023 and the estimated ones in 2027.

① 위 그래프는 5개 제품군별 2023년 전체 판매 중 온라인 판매의 점유율과 2027년의 추정 점유율을 나타낸 것이다.

② The shares of all five categories are expected to increase by 2027 respectively, while not surpassing 50%.

② 5개 제품군 모두의 점유율은 2027년까지 각각 증가할 것으로 예상되나 50%를 넘기지는 못할 것으로 예상된다.

③ Based on the selected categories, consumer electronics is anticipated to show the biggest gap in the share of online sales between 2023 and 2027.

③ 선정된 제품군 중에서 소비자 가전은 2023년과 2027년의 온라인 판매 점유율에서 가장 큰 격차를 보일 것으로 예상된다.

④ DIY and furniture showed the same share of online sales with 29% in 2023 but the share of DIY online sales is estimated to exceed that of furniture online sales by 2027.

④ DIY와 가구는 2023년에 29%로 동일한 온라인 판매 점유율을 나타냈지만, 2027년에는 DIY 온라인 판매 점유율이 가구 온라인 판매 점유율을 넘어설 것으로 추정된다.

⑤ The share of beauty care online sales was lower than 20% by 2 percentage points in 2023, but is estimated to be higher than 20% in 2027.

⑤ 뷰티 케어 온라인 판매 점유율은 2023년에 20%보다 2퍼센티지포인트 낮았지만 2027년에는 20%보다 높을 것으로 추정된다.

⑥ In 2023, food showed the lowest share of online sales among the categories, but that share is projected to more than double by 2027.

⑥ 2023년에 식품은 제품군 중 가장 낮은 온라인 판매 점유율을 보였지만 그 점유율은 2027년에는 두 배 이상 증가할 것으로 예상된다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 26번: Helen Suzman의 인종차별 반대 운동과 평생에 걸친 업적

① Helen Suzman was an activist against apartheid, a racist political and social system in the Republic of South Africa.

① Helen Suzman은 남아프리카 공화국의 인종 차별적인 정치 및 사회 체제인 아파르트헤이트에 대항하는 운동가였다.

② Suzman was born to Jewish immigrant parents in Germiston in the Union of South Africa in 1917.

② 1917년에 남아프리카 연방의 Germiston에서 유대인 이민자 부모 밑에서 태어났다.

③ While working as a lecturer on economic history at Witwatersrand University, she joined the South African Institute of Race Relations.

③ Witwaterstand 대학에서 경제사 강사로 일하던 중 그녀는 남아프리카 인종 관계 연구소에 들어갔다.

④ In 1953, she joined the United Party and was elected to Parliament, but when the United Party adopted a more moderate stance on apartheid, Suzman and other progressive members left it and formed the Progressive Party in 1959.

④ 1953년에 그녀는 통합당에 가입했고 의회에 선출되었지만 통합당이 아파르트헤이트에 대해 더 온건한 입장을 채택했을 때, Suzman과 다른 진보적인 구성원들은 탈당하여 1959년에 진보당을 만들었다.

⑤ Suzman tirelessly fought against apartheid, exposing the government's abuses and challenging its laws for a total of 36 years in Parliament.

⑤ Suzman은 의회에서 총 36년 동안 정권의 남용을 폭로하고 그것의 법에 도전하며 아파르트헤이트에 맞서 지칠 줄 모르고 싸웠다.

⑥ Even after her retirement in 1989, she continued to advocate for a multi-racial democracy in the Republic of South Africa and influenced the drafting of the country's new constitution after the end of apartheid.

⑥ 1989년에 그녀가 은퇴한 후에도, 그녀는 남아프리카 공화국의 다인종 민주주의를 계속해서 지지했고 아파르트헤이트가 끝난 후 그 나라의 새 헌법의 작성에 영향을 주었다.

⑦ She remained an active voice for human rights and democracy until her death in 2009.

⑦ 그녀는 2009년에 사망할 때까지 인권과 민주주의의 적극적인 대변자로 남아 있었다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 29번: 동물이 특정 경험을 선호하거나 회피하는지 확인하는 방법

① Conditioned Place Preference is a way of finding out what animals want.

① 조건부 장소 선호도는 동물들이 무엇을 원하는지 알아내는 하나의 방법이다.

② Researchers train them to associate one place with an experience such as food or a loud noise and another place with something completely different, usually where nothing happens.

② 연구자들은 그것들이 한 장소를 음식이나 시끄러운 소리와 같은 경험과 연관시키고 또 다른 장소를 완벽히 다른 어떤 것과 연관시키도록 훈련시키는데 대개 그곳에서는 아무것도 일어나지 않는다.

③ The two places are made obviously different to make it as easy as possible for the animal to associate each place with what happened to it there.

③ 그 두 장소는 그 동물이 각 장소를 거기에서 그것에게 일어난 일과 연관시키는 것을 가능한 한 쉽게 만들기 위해 명백히 다르게 만들어진다.

④ The animal's preference for being in one place or another is measured both before and after its experiences in the two places.

④ 한 장소나 다른 장소에 있는 것에 대한 그 동물의 선호도는 두 장소에서 경험하기 전과 후에 모두 측정된다.

⑤ If there is a shift in where the animal chooses to spend its time for the reward, this suggests that it liked the experience and is trying to repeat it.

⑤ 만약 동물이 보상을 위해 어디에서 시간을 보내기로 선택하는지에 변화가 있다면, 이것은 그것이 그 경험을 좋아했고 그것을 반복하려고 노력하는 중이라는 것을 시사한다.

⑥ Conversely, if it now avoids the place the stimulus appeared and starts to prefer the place it did not experience it, then this suggests that it found the stimulus unpleasant.

⑥ 반대로, 만약 그것이 이제 자극이 나타났던 장소를 피하고 그것이 그것을 경험하지 않았던 장소를 선호하기 시작한다면, 그러면 이것은 그것이 그 자극을 불쾌하게 느꼈다는 것을 시사한다.

⑦ For example, mice with cancer show a preference for the place where they have been given morphine, a drug used to relieve pain, rather than where they have received saline whereas healthy mice developed no such preference.

⑦ 예를 들어, 암에 걸린 쥐가 식염수를 받아 왔었던 곳보다 통증을 완화시키는 데 사용되는 약인 모르핀이 주어졌었던 장소에 대한 선호를 보여 준 반면, 건강한 쥐는 그러한 선호가 생기지 않았다.

⑧ This suggests that the mice with cancer wanted the morphine.

⑧ 이것은 암에 걸린 쥐가 그 모르핀을 원했음을 시사한다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 30번: 새들의 번식 계절이 환경에 따라 어떻게 달라지는지 설명

① Near the equator, many species of bird breed all year round.

① 적도 근처에서, 새의 많은 종들은 일 년 내내 번식한다.

② But in temperate and polar regions, the breeding seasons of birds are often sharply defined.

② 하지만 온대와 극지방에서는 새들의 번식기들이 대개 뚜렷하게 정해진다.

③ They are triggered mainly by changes in day length.

③ 그것들은 주로 낮의 길이의 변화에 의해 촉발된다.

④ If all goes well, the outcome is that birds raise their young when the food supply is at its peak.

④ 만약에 모든 것이 잘 진행된다면, 결과는 새들이 먹이 공급이 최고조에 이를 때 새끼들을 기르는 것이다.

⑤ Most birds are not simply reluctant to breed at other times but they are also physically incapable of doing so.

⑤ 대부분의 새들은 다른 때에 번식하기를 단지 꺼리는 것뿐만 아니라 또한 신체적으로 그렇게 할 수 없는 것이다.

⑥ This is because their reproductive system shrinks, which helps flying birds save weight.

⑥ 이것은 왜냐하면 그들의 번식 기관이 줄어들기 때문이고, 이 사실은 나는 새들이 몸무게를 줄일 수 있도록 도와준다.

⑦ The main exception to this rule are nomadic desert species.

⑦ 유목성 사막 종은 이 규칙의 주요 예외이다.

⑧ These can initiate their breeding cycle within days of rain.

⑧ 이들은 비가 오는 날들에 번식 주기를 시작할 수 있다.

⑨ It's for making the most of the sudden breeding opportunity.

⑨ 그것은 갑작스러운 번식 기회를 최대한으로 활용하기 위한 것이다.

⑩ Also, different species divide the breeding season up in different ways.

⑩ 또한, 다른 종들은 번식 기간을 다른 방식으로 나눈다.

⑪ Most seabirds raise a single brood.

⑪ 대부분의 바닷새들은 한 무리의 함께 태어난 새끼를 기른다.

⑫ In warm regions, however, songbirds may raise several families in a few months.

⑫ 그러나, 따뜻한 지역에서는, 명금(鳴禽)들이 몇 달 안에 여러 자녀들을 기를 수도 있다.

⑬ In an exceptionally good year, a pair of House Sparrows, a kind of songbird, can raise successive broods through a marathon reproductive effort.

⑬ 유난히 좋은 해에는 명금(鳴禽)의 한 종류인 참새 한 쌍은 마라톤과 같은 번식 노력을 통해 잇따라 태어난 여러 무리의 함께 태어난 새끼들을 기를 수 있다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 31번: 학습 자원 인식 부족이 학생들의 창의성에 미치는 영향

① One factor that may hinder creativity is unawareness of the resources required in each activity in students' learning.

① 창의성을 방해할 수도 있는 한 가지 요소는 학생들의 학습에서 각 활동에 요구되는 자원에 대한 인식이 없다는 것이다.

② Often students are unable to identify the resources they need to perform the task required of them.

② 종종 학생들은 그들에게 요구되는 과제를 수행하는 데 필요한 자원들을 식별할 수 없다.

③ Different resources may be compulsory for specific learning tasks, and recognizing them may simplify the activity's performance.

③ 여러 가지의 자원들이 특정 학습 과제들에 대해 필수적일 수 있어서 그것들을 인식하는 것은 활동의 수행을 평이하게 해 줄 수도 있다.

④ For example, it may be that students desire to conduct some experiments in their projects.

④ 예를 들어, 학생들이 프로젝트에서 어떤 실험을 수행하기를 원할 수도 있다.

⑤ There must be a prior investigation of whether the students will have access to the laboratory, equipment, and chemicals required for the experiment.

⑤ 학생들이 실험에 요구되는 실험실, 장비, 그리고 화학 물질에 접근할 수 있을지 여부에 대한 사전 조사가 있어야 한다.

⑥ It means preparation is vital for the students to succeed, and it may be about human and financial resources such as laboratory technicians, money to purchase chemicals, and equipment for their learning where applicable.

⑥ 그것은 학생들이 성공하기 위해 준비가 필수적이라는 것을 의미하며, 그들의 학습을 위해 적용할 수 있는 경우에 그것은 실험실 기술자, 화학 물질 구입 자금, 그리고 장비와 같은 인적 그리고 재정적자원에 대한 것일 수도 있다.

⑦ Even if some of the resources required for a task may not be available, identifying them in advance may help students' creativity.

⑦ 과제에 요구되는 자원들 중 일부가 이용 가능하지 않을 수도 있지만, 사전에 그것들을 식별하는 것은 학생들의 창의성에 도움이 될 수도 있다.

⑧ It may even lead to changing the topic, finding alternative resources, and other means.

⑧ 그것은 심지어 주제 변경, 대체 자원들 찾기, 그리고 다른 방법으로 이어질 수도 있다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 32번: 번역 작업이 다양한 출처와 독자의 기대에 의존하는 방식

① All translators feel some pressure from the community of readers for whom they are doing their work.

① 모든 번역가들은 그들이 대상으로 작업하고 있는 독자들의 공동체로부터 약간의 압박을 느낀다.

② And all translators arrive at their interpretations in dialogue with other people.

② 그리고 모든 번역가들은 다른 사람들과의 대화에서 그들의 해석에 도달한다.

③ The English poet Alexander Pope had pretty good Greek, but when he set about translating Homer's Iliad in the early 18th century he was not on his own.

③ 영국의 시인 알렉산더 포프는 그리스어를 꽤 잘했지만, 18세기 초에 호머의 'Iliad'를 번역하는 것에 대해 착수했을 때 그는 혼자 한 것이 아니었다.

④ He had Greek commentaries to refer to, and translations that had already been done in English, Latin, and French ─ and of course he had dictionaries.

④ 그는 참고할 그리스어 해설과 이미 영어, 라틴어, 프랑스어로 된 번역본을 가지고 있었고, 물론 사전도 가지고 있었다.

⑤ Translators always draw on more than one source text.

⑤ 번역가들은 항상 한 가지 이상의 원문을 활용한다.

⑥ Even when the scene of translation consists of just one person with a pen, paper, and the book that is being translated, or even when it is just one person translating orally for another, that person's linguistic knowledge arises from lots of other texts and other conversations.

⑥ 심지어 번역 현장이 하나의 펜, 종이, 그리고 번역 중인 책을 가진 단 한 사람으로 구성되어 있거나, 한 사람이 다른 사람을 위해 구두로 번역 중일 때에도, 그 사람의 언어적 지식은 많은 다른 텍스트와 다른 대화에서 발생한다.

⑦ And then his or her idea of the translation's purpose will be influenced by the expectations of the person or people it is for.

⑦ 그러고 나서 번역의 목적에 대한 그 또는 그녀의 생각은 이것의 대상이 되는 사람 또는 사람들의 기대에 의해 영향을 받는다.

⑧ In both these senses every translation is a crowd translation.

⑧ 이 두 가지 의미에서 모든 번역은 군중 번역이다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 33번: 읽기 행위를 단일 개념으로 정의하기 어려운 이유

① Some people argue that there is a single, logically consistent concept known as reading that can be neatly set apart from everything else people do with books.

① 몇몇 사람들은 사람들이 책을 가지고 하는 모든 다른 행동들로부터 깔끔하게 분리될 수 있는, 읽기로 알려진 유일하고 논리적으로 일관성 있는 개념이 있다고 주장한다.

② Is reading really that simple?

② 읽기는 정말로 그렇게 단순할까?

③ The most productive way to think about reading is as a loosely related set of behaviors that belong together owing to family resemblances, as Ludwig Wittgenstein used the phrase, without having in common a single defining trait.

③ 읽기에 대해 생각하는 가장 생산적인 방식은 하나의 명백한 특성을 공통적으로 가지지 않은 채 Ludwig Wittgenstein이 그 어구를 사용한 것처럼 가족 유사성 때문에 함께 속하게 되는 헐겁게 연결된행동의 묶음으로서이다.

④ Consequently, efforts to distinguish reading from nonreading are destined to fail because there is no agreement on what qualifies as reading in the first place.

④ 결론적으로, 읽기와 읽기가 아닌 것을 구분하려는 노력은 실패로 돌아가는데, 왜냐하면 애초에 무엇이 읽기로서의 자격을 주는가에 대한 동의가 없기 때문이다.

⑤ The more one tries to figure out where the border lies between reading and not-reading, the more edge cases will be found to stretch the term's flexible boundaries.

⑤ 읽기와 읽기가 아닌 것 사이의 경계가 어디에 있는가를 알려고 하면 할수록, 더욱 많은 특이 사례들이 그 용어의 유연한 경계를 확장하고 있다는 것이 밝혀질 것이다.

⑥ Thus, it is worth attempting to collect together these exceptional forms of reading into a single forum, one highlighting the challenges faced by anyone wishing to establish the boundaries where reading begins and ends.

⑥ 그러므로, 이러한 예외적인 읽기의 형태들을 모두 함께 하나의 토론의 장으로 모으려는 시도는 해 볼 가치가 있으며, 그 토론의 장은 어디서 읽기가 시작되고 끝나는가에 대한 경계를 정하기를 원하는누구나에 의해 마주하게 될 어려움들을 돋보이게 한다.

⑦ The attempt moves toward an understanding of reading as a spectrum that is expansive enough to accommodate the distinct reading activities.

⑦ 그러한 시도는 별개의 읽기 활동들을 다 수용할 만큼 충분히 광범위한 스펙트럼으로서 읽기를 이해하는 것으로 발전한다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 34번: Weber의 법칙으로 자극의 강도에 따른 차이 인식 설명

① Weber's law concerns the perception of difference between two stimuli.

① 베버의 법칙은 두 자극 사이의 차이에 대한 감지에 관한 것이다.

② It suggests that we might not be able to detect a 1-mm difference when we are looking at lines 466 mm and 467 mm in length, but we may be able to detect a 1-mm difference when we are comparing a line 2 mm long with one 3 mm long.

② 이것은 우리가 466mm와 467mm 길이인 선들을 볼 때 1mm의 차이를 감지할 수 없지만, 우리가 2mm 길이와 3mm 길이인 선을 비교할 때는 1mm의 차이를 감지할 수 있을지도 모른다는 것을암시한다.

③ Another example of this principle is that we can detect 1 candle when it is lit in an otherwise dark room.

③ 이 원리의 또 다른 예는 촛불이 켜지지 않았으면 어두웠을 방안에 하나의 촛불이 켜졌을 때 이것을 감지할 수 있다는 것이다.

④ But when 1 candle is lit in a room in which 100 candles are already burning, we may not notice the light from this candle.

④ 그러나 100개의 촛불이 이미 타고 있는 방에 하나의 촛불이 켜졌을 때, 우리는 이 촛불의 빛을 알아차리지 못할지도 모른다.

⑤ Therefore, the Just-noticeable difference (JND) varies as a function of the strength of the signals.

⑤ 그러므로, 겨우 알아차릴 수 있는 차이(JND)는 신호의 세기에 대한 함수에 의해 달라진다.

⑥ For example, the JND is greater for very loud noises than it is for much more quiet sounds.

⑥ 예를 들어, JND는 훨씬 더 작은 소리에 대한 것보다 매우 큰 소음에 대해 더 크다.

⑦ When a sound is very weak, we can tell that another sound is louder, even if it is barely louder.

⑦ 한 소리가 매우 약할 때, 우리는 그것이 간신히 더 클지라도, 또 다른 소리가 더 크다는 것을 구분할 수 있다.

⑧ When a sound is very loud, to tell that another sound is even louder, it has to be much louder.

⑧ 어떤 소리가 매우 클 때, 다른 소리가 훨씬 더 크다는 것을 구분하기 위해서는, 그 소리는 훨씬 더 커야 한다.

⑨ Thus, Weber's law means that it is harder to distinguish between two samples when those samples are larger or stronger levels of the stimuli.

⑨ 그러므로, 베버의 법칙은 그 표본들이 자극의 수준이 더 크거나 강할 때 두 표본을 구별하기가 더 어렵다는 것을 의미한다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 35번: 공공 자원의 과잉 사용으로 인한 '공유지의 비극' 설명

① Any new resource (e.g., a new airport, a new mall) always opens with people benefiting individually by sharing a common resource (e.g., the city or state budget).

① 어떤 새로운 자원(예를 들어, 새로운 공항, 새로운 쇼핑센터)은 항상 공동의 자원(예를 들어, 시 또는 주 예산)을 공유함으로써 사람들이 개별적으로 이익을 얻으면서 시작된다.

② Soon, at some point, the amount of traffic grows too large for the "commons" to support.

② 곧, 어느 시점에서, 교통량은 '공유지'가 견디기에 너무 커진다.

③ Traffic jams, overcrowding, and overuse lessen the benefits of the common resource for everyone ─ the tragedy of the commons!

③ 교통 체증, 과밀, 그리고 과도한 사용은 모두를 위한 공유 자원의 혜택을 줄이는데, 이것은 즉 공유지의 비극이다!

④ If the new resource cannot be expanded or provided with additional space, it becomes a problem, and you cannot solve the problem on your own, in isolation from your fellow drivers or walkers or competing users.

④ 만약 새로운 자원이 확장될 수 없거나 추가적인 공간이 제공될 수 없다면, 이것은 문제가 되고, 여러분은 여러분의 동료 운전자나 보행자 또는 경쟁 사용자들로부터 고립된 상태로 혼자서 문제를 해결할 수 없다.

⑤ The total activity on this new resource keeps increasing, and so does individual activity; but if the dynamic of common use and overuse continues too long, both begin to fall after a peak, leading to a crash.

⑤ 이 새로운 자원에 대한 총활동은 계속 증가하고, 개인 활동도 증가한다. 그러나 만약 공동 사용과 과도한 사용의 역학이 너무 오래 지속되면, 둘 다 정점 이후에 떨어지기 시작하고, 몰락으로 이어진다.

⑥ What makes the "tragedy of commons" tragic is the crash dynamic ─ the destruction or degeneration of the common resource's ability to regenerate itself.

⑥ '공유지의 비극'을 더 비극적이게 만드는 것은 몰락 역학, 즉 그 스스로를 재생산할 수 있는 공동 자원의 능력의 파괴 또는 퇴보이다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 36번: 뇌가 시각 정보를 단순화하고 일반화하는 방식으로 에너지를 절약

① Theoretically, our brain would have the capacity to store all experiences throughout life, reaching the quality of a DVD.

① 이론적으로는 우리의 뇌는 DVD의 품질에 도달할 정도로, 삶의 모든 경험들을 저장할 수 있는 수용력을 가지고 있을 것이다.

② However, this theoretical capacity is offset by the energy demand associated with the process of storing and retrieving information in memory.

② 그러나, 이 이론상의 수용력은 기억에 정보를 저장하고 상기하는 과정과 관련된 에너지 수요로 인해 상쇄된다.

③ As a result, the brain develops efficient strategies, becoming dependent on shortcuts.

③ 그 결과, 뇌는 효율적인 전략들을 수립하고, 지름길에 의존하게 된다.

④ When we observe a face, the visual image captured by the eyes is highly variable, depending on the point of view, lighting conditions and other contextual factors.

④ 우리가 얼굴을 관찰할 때, 눈에 의해 포착되는 시각적 이미지는 시점, 조명 조건 및 기타 상황적 요인들에 따라 매우 다양하다.

⑤ Nevertheless, we are able to recognize the face as the same, maintaining the underlying identity.

⑤ 그럼에도 불구하고, 우리는 근본적인 정체성을 유지하면서 얼굴을 같은 것으로 인식할 수 있다.

⑥ The brain, rather than focusing on the details of visualization, creates and stores general patterns that allow for consistent recognition across diverse circumstances.

⑥ 뇌는 시각화의 세부 사항에 집중하기보다 다양한 상황들에서 일관된 인식을 가능하게 하는 일반적인 패턴을 생성하고 저장한다.

⑦ This ability to match what we see with general visual memory patterns serves as an effective mechanism for optimizing brain performance and saving energy.

⑦ 우리가 보는 것과 일반적인 시각 기억 패턴을 일치시키는 이 능력은 뇌의 수행을 최적화하고 에너지를 절약하는 효과적인 기제로 작용한다.

⑧ The brain, being naturally against unnecessary effort, constantly seeks to simplify and generalize information to facilitate the cognitive process.

⑧ 불필요한 노력에 자연스럽게 대항하는 뇌는 인지 과정을 돕기 위해서 끊임없이 정보를 단순화하고 일반화하는 것을 추구한다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 37번: 과학 연구에서 창의적 해석이 이론 형성에 미치는 영향

① Where scientific research is concerned, explanatory tales are expected to adhere closely to experimental data and to illuminate the regular and predictable features of experience.

① 과학 연구에 관해서는, 설명하는 이야기들이 실험의 데이터에 엄밀히 충실할 것으로 기대되고 경험의 규칙적이고 예측 가능한 특징들을 밝힐 것으로 기대된다.

② However, this paradigm sometimes conceals the fact that theories are deeply loaded with creative elements that shape the construction of research projects and the interpretations of evidence.

② 그러나, 이러한 패러다임은 때때로 이론들이 연구 프로젝트의 구성과 증거의 해석을 형성하는 창의적인 요소들로 철저히 채워져 있다는 사실을 감춘다.

③ Scientific explanations do not just relate a chronology of facts.

③ 과학적 설명들은 단순히 사실들의 연대기를 말하는 것은 아니다.

④ They construct frameworks for systematically chosen data in order to provide a consistent and meaningful explanation of what is observed.

④ 그것들은 관찰된 것에 대한 일관적이고 의미 있는 설명을 제공하기 위해 체계적으로 선택된 데이터에 대한 틀을 구축한다.

⑤ Such constructions lead us to imagine specific kinds of subject matter in particular sorts of relations, and the storylines they inspire will prove more effective for analyzing some features of experience over others.

⑤ 그러한 구성들은 우리가 특정한 유형의 관계에서 구체적인 종류의 주제를 상상하도록 하며, 그것들이 고취하는 줄거리는 다른 것들보다 경험의 일부 특징을 분석하는 데 더 효과적일 것으로 판명될 것이다.

⑥ When we neglect the creative contributions of such scientific imagination and treat models and interpretive explanations as straightforward facts ─ even worse, as facts including all of reality ─ we can blind ourselves to the limitations of a given model and fail to note its potential for misunderstanding a situation to which it ill applies.

⑥ 우리가 그러한 과학적 상상의 창의적 기여를 무시하고 모델과 해석적 설명을 단순한 사실, 훨씬 더 심하게는 현실을 전부 포괄하는 사실로 간주할 때, 우리는 주어진 모델의 한계에 대해 우리 스스로를 눈멀게 하며 그것이 잘못 적용되는 상황에 대해 오해할 가능성을 알아차리지 못할 수 있다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 38번: 문학이 사회적 변화를 촉진하거나 방해할 수 있는 방식

① We encounter contrary claims about the relation of literature to action.

① 우리는 문학과 행동의 관계에 대한 상반된 주장들과 마주한다.

② Theorists have maintained that literature encourages solitary reading and reflection as the way to engage with the world and thus counters the social and political activities that might produce social change.

② 이론가들은 문학이 세상과 관계를 맺는 방법으로써 고독한 독서와 성찰을 장려하고 따라서 사회 변화를 일으킬 수 있을지도 모르는 사회적이고 정치적인 활동들에 거스른다고 주장해 왔다.

③ At best it encourages detachment or appreciation of complexity, and at worst passivity and acceptance of what is.

③ 기껏해야 이것은 단절 또는 복잡성에 대한 인정을, 최악의 경우 수동성과 있는 그대로에 대한 수용을 조장한다.

④ But on the other hand, literature has historically been seen as dangerous: it promotes the questioning of authority and social arrangements.

④ 그러나 다른 한편으로, 문학은 역사적으로 권위와 사회적 합의에 대한 의문을 제기하는 것을 조장하므로 위험하다고 여겨져 왔다.

⑤ Plato banned poets from his ideal republic because they could only do harm, and novels have long been credited with making people dissatisfied with their lives and eager for something new.

⑤ 플라톤은 그들이 해를 끼치는 것만 할 수 있기 때문에 그의 이상적인 공화국으로부터 시인들을 추방했고, 소설은 사람들이 그들의 삶에 불만을 품게 만들고 새로운 무언가를 갈망하도록 하는 것으로오랫동안 믿어져 왔다.

⑥ By promoting identification across divisions of class, gender, and race, books may promote a fellowship that discourages struggle; but they may also produce a keen sense of injustice that makes progressive struggles possible.

⑥ 계급, 성별, 그리고 인종의 경계를 넘어 동일시를 촉진함으로써, 책들은 투쟁을 단념시키는 동료 의식을 장려할 수 있을지 모르지만, 이것들은 또한 진보적인 투쟁들을 가능하게 만드는 강한 불의의감정을 일으킬 수 있다.

⑦ Historically, works of literature are credited with producing change: Uncle Tom's Cabin, a best-seller in its day, helped create a revulsion against slavery that made possible the American Civil War.

⑦ 역사적으로, 문학 작품은 변화를 만드는 것으로 믿어져 왔는데 그 시대의 베스트셀러인 '톰 아저씨의 오두막'은 미국 남북 전쟁을 가능하게 만든 노예제에 대한 혐오감을 조성하는 것을 도왔다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 39번: Hobbes의 자연 상태에서 인간의 본성과 도덕적 자유의 한계

① According to Hobbes, man is not a being who can act morally in spite of his instinct to protect his existence in the state of nature.

① 홉스에 따르면, 인간은 자연 상태에서 자신의 존재를 보호하려는 그의 본능을 무릅쓰고 도덕적으로 행동할 수 있는 존재가 아니다.

② Hence, the only place where morality and moral liberty will begin to find an application begins in a place where a sovereign power, namely the state, emerges.

② 따라서, 도덕과 도덕적 자유가 적용을 찾기 시작하는 유일한 곳은 군림하는 권력, 즉 국가가 출현하는 곳에서 나타난다.

③ Hobbes thus describes the state of nature as a circumstance in which man's life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short".

③ 따라서 홉스는 자연 상태를 인간의 삶이 '고독하고, 가난하며, 불결하고, 잔인하고, 짧은' 상황으로 묘사한다.

④ It means when people live without a general power to control them all, they are indeed in a state of war.

④ 그것은 사람들이 그들 모두를 통제할 일반적인 권력 없이 살아갈 때, 그들은 실로 전쟁 상태에 놓여 있는 것임을 의미한다.

⑤ In other words, Hobbes, who accepted that human beings are not social and political beings in the state of nature, believes that without the power human beings in the state of nature are "antisocial and rational based on their selfishness".

⑤ 즉 다시 말해, 자연 상태에 있는 인간은 사회적이고 정치적인 존재가 아니라는 것을 인정한 홉스는 그 권력이 없이 자연 상태에 있는 인간은 '이기심에 기초해 반사회적이고 이성적'이라고 믿는다.

⑥ Moreover, since society is not a natural phenomenon and there is no natural force bringing people together, what will bring them together as a society is not mutual affection according to Hobbes.

⑥ 게다가, 사회는 자연적인 현상이 아니며 사람들을 하나로 모으는 자연적인 힘도 없기 때문에, 홉스에 따르면 그들을 사회로 함께 모이게 하는 것은 상호 간의 애정이 아니다.

⑦ It is, rather, mutual fear of men's present and future that assembles them, since the cause of fear is a common drive among people in the state of nature.

⑦ 두려움으로부터의 동기가 자연 상태에 있는 사람들 사이의 공통된 추진력이기 때문에, 오히려, 그들을 모으는 것은 인간의 현재와 미래에 대한 상호 간의 두려움이다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 40번: 인지적 요소가 색 인식에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구

① There is research that supports the idea that cognitive factors influence the phenomenology of the perceived world.

① 인지적 요인들이 지각된 세계의 현상학에 영향을 미친다는 생각을 뒷받침하는 연구가 있다.

② Delk and Fillenbaum asked participants to match the color of figures with the color of their background.

② Delk와 Fillenbaum은 참가자들에게 형상들의 색상을 배경 색상과 맞추도록 요청했다.

③ Some of the figures depicted objects associated with a particular color.

③ 몇몇 형상들은 특정 색상과 연관된 물체들을 묘사했다.

④ These included typically red objects such as an apple, lips, and a symbolic heart.

④ 그것들은 사과, 입술, 상징적인 하트 모양과 같이 전형적인 빨간색 물체를 포함했다.

⑤ Other objects were presented that are not usually associated with red, such as a mushroom or a bell.

⑤ 버섯이나 종과 같이 빨간색과 일반적으로 연관이 되지 않는 다른 물체들도 제시되었다.

⑥ However, all the figures were made out of the same red-orange cardboard.

⑥ 그러나, 모든 형상들은 동일한 다홍색 판지로 만들어졌다.

⑦ Participants then had to match the figure to a background varying from dark to light red.

⑦ 그러고 나서 참가자들은 그 형상을 진한 빨간색에서 연한 빨간색까지 다양한 배경색과 맞춰야 했다.

⑧ They had to make the background color match the color of the figures.

⑧ 그들은 배경색이 형상들의 색과 일치하게 해야 했다.

⑨ The researchers found that red-associated objects required more red in the background to be judged a match than did the objects that are not associated with the color red.

⑨ 연구자들은 빨간색과 연관된 물체들이 빨간색과 연관이 없는 물체가 그러한 것보다 배경과 일치한다고 판단되기 위해서 배경에서 더 빨간 색을 요구한다는 것을 발견했다.

⑩ This implies that the cognitive association of objects to color influences how we perceive that color.

⑩ 이것은 색과 물체의 인지적 연관성이 우리가 그 색을 어떻게 지각하는가에 영향을 미친다는 것을 함의한다.

⑪ [Summary] In one study, participants chose greater redness when asked to match the color of objects that are usually red to a background with the same color, which showed that their knowledge about the colors of objects influenced their perceptual judgment.

⑪ [Summary] 한 연구에서, 참가자들은 일반적으로 빨간색인 물체의 색상과 같은 색상의 배경을 일치시키도록 요청받았을 때, 더 진한 빨강을 선택했는데, 이는 물체들의 색상에 대한 그들의 지식이그들의 지각적 판단에 영향을 미쳤다는 것을 보여 준다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 41~42번: 유전체 복제 과정에서 발생하는 돌연변이의 누적 원리 설명

① In each round of genome copying in our body, there is still about a 70 percent chance that at least one pair of chromosomes will have an error.

① 우리 몸속 게놈 복제의 각 과정마다, 적어도 한 쌍의 염색체들이 오류를 가질 확률이 여전히 약 70%이다.

② With each round of genome copying, errors accumulate.

② 게놈 복제의 각 과정마다, 오류들이 쌓인다.

③ This is similar to alterations in medieval books.

③ 이것은 중세 서적에 있어서의 변화와 유사하다.

④ Each time a copy was made by hand, some changes were introduced accidentally; as changes stacked up, the copies may have acquired meanings at variance with the original.

④ 하나의 복사본이 사람 손으로 만들어질 때마다, 일부 변화들이 우연히 도입되었고, 변화들이 쌓이면서, 복사본은 원본과 불일치하는 의미를 축적했을 것이다.

⑤ Similarly, genomes that have undergone more copying processes will have gathered more mistakes.

⑤ 마찬가지로, 더 많은 복제 과정들을 거친 게놈은 더 많은 실수들을 축적하게 될 것이다.

⑥ To make things worse, mutations may damage genes responsible for error checking and repair of genomes, further accelerating the introduction of mutations.

⑥ 설상가상으로, 변이들은 게놈의 오류 확인과 복구를 책임지는 유전자를 훼손해 변이들의 도입을 더욱 가속할 수도 있다.

⑦ Most genome mutations do not have any noticeable effects.

⑦ 대부분의 게놈 변이들은 어떠한 뚜렷한 영향이 없다.

⑧ It is just like changing the i for a y in "kingdom" would not distort the word's readability.

⑧ 그것은 마치 'kingdom'에서 'i'를 'y'로 변경하는 것이 그 단어의 가독성을 왜곡하지 않는 것과 같다.

⑨ But sometimes a mutation to a human gene results in, for example, an eye whose iris is of two different colors.

⑨ 그러나 예를 들어, 때때로 인간 유전자에 대한 변이는 홍채가 두 가지 다른 색을 띠는 눈을 초래하기도 한다.

⑩ Similarly, almost everyone has birthmarks, which are due to mutations that occurred as our body's cells multiplied to form skin.

⑩ 마찬가지로, 거의 모두가 모반이 있는데, 이는 우리 몸의 세포가 피부를 형성하기 위하여 증식하면서 발생한 변이들 때문이다.

⑪ If mutations are changes to the genome of one particular cell, how can a patch of cells in an iris or a whole patch of skin, consisting of many individual cells, be affected simultaneously?

⑪ 만약 변이들이 하나의 특정 세포의 게놈에 대한 변화라면, 많은 개별적인 세포들로 구성된 홍채의 세포 집단이나 피부 전체 세포 집단이 어떻게 동시에 영향을 받을 수 있을까?

⑫ The answer lies in the cell lineage, the developmental history of a tissue from particular cells through to their fully differentiated state.

⑫ 그 대답은 세포 계보, 즉 특정 세포에서 그들의 완전히 차별화된 상태까지의 조직 발달 변천에 있다.

⑬ If the mutation occurred early on in the lineage of the developing iris, then all cells in that patch have inherited that change.

⑬ 만약 발달 중인 홍채의 계보 초기에 변이가 발생했다면, 그렇다면 그 세포 집단의 모든 세포는 그 변화를 물려받아 왔을 것이다.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 43~45번: 완벽주의에 대한 부담과 문제 해결 능력을 배운 이야기

① Max awoke to the gentle sunlight of an autumn day.

① Max는 가을날의 부드러운 햇빛에 잠에서 깼다.

② Right on schedule, he swung his legs off the bed and took a deep, satisfying breath.

② 시간에 맞추어 그는 다리를 침대 밖으로 휙 내려 놓았고 깊고 만족스러운 숨을 내쉬었다.

③ He began his morning the same way he usually did, getting dressed and going to school.

③ 그는 평소와 똑같은 방식으로 아침을 시작했고 옷을 입고 학교에 갔다.

④ Today was going to be another perfect day until he ran into Mr. Kapoor, his science teacher.

④ 오늘은 과학 선생님인 Kapoor 선생님을 만나기 전까지는 또 다른 완벽한 날이 될 예정이었다.

⑤ Just to remind you. Science fair projects are due next Wednesday.

⑤ 그냥 너(Max)에게 알려 주는 거야. 과학 박람회 프로젝트가 다음 주 수요일까지야.

⑥ Don't forget to submit your final draft on time," Mr. Kapoor said.

⑥ 제 시간에 최종안을 제출하는 것을 잊어 버리지 마."라고 Kapoor 선생님이 말했다.

⑦ Max froze.

⑦ Max는 얼어붙었다.

⑧ What? It can't be! It was due next Friday!

⑧ '뭐라고? 그럴 순 없어! 이건 다음 주 금요일까지였다고!'

⑨ After school, he came home worrying that his whole perfectly planned week was going to be ruined.

⑨ 학교를 마친 후에, 그는 그의 완벽히 계획된 일주일이 망쳐질 것을 걱정하며 집으로 돌아왔다.

⑩ Without his usual greeting, Max headed to his room in haste.

⑩ 그의 일상적인 인사 없이, Max는 급하게 그의 방으로 향했다.

⑪ What's wrong Max?, Jeremy, his dad, followed Max, worrying about him.

⑪ 무슨 일이니 Max? 그의 아버지인 Jeremy는 그를 걱정하며 Max를 따라갔다.

⑫ Max furiously browsed through his planner without answering him, only to find the wrong date written in it.

⑫ Max는 그(Jeremy)에게 대답하지 않고 열성적으로 그의 일정표를 뒤적거렸지만, 거기에 잘못 적힌 날짜를 발견할 뿐이었다.

⑬ Fighting through tears, Max finally managed to explain the unending pressure to be perfect to his dad.

⑬ 울음을 참으며, Max는 마침내 가까스로 그의(Max) 아버지에게 완벽해야 한다는 끝나지 않는 압박에 대해 설명했다.

⑭ To his surprise, Jeremy laughed.

⑭ 놀랍게도, Jeremy는 웃었다.

⑮ Max, guess what? Perfect is a great goal, but nobody gets there all the time.

⑮ Max, 있잖아? 완벽은 훌륭한 목표지만, 누구도 항상 거기에 도달할 수는 없단다.

⑯ What matters is what we do when things get messy."

⑯ 중요한 건 일이 어질러졌을 때 우리가 무엇을 하는가야."

⑰ That made him feel a little better.

⑰ 그것이 그의 기분을 조금 더 나아지게 만들어 주었다.

⑱ You are saying I can fix this?

⑱ 아빠는 제가(Max) 이것을 해결할 수 있다고 말씀하시는 거예요?

⑲ Absolutely, try to deal with problems in a logical way, Jeremy said.

⑲ 물론이지. 논리적인 방식으로 문제를 처리해봐.라고 Jeremy가 말했다.

⑳ Max thought for a moment.

⑳ Max는 잠시 동안 생각했다.

㉑ I guess.... I can do that by rescheduling tonight's baseball lesson.

㉑ 아마.... 제가 오늘 밤 야구 레슨 일정을 변경함으로써 그렇게 할 수 있을 것 같아요.

㉒ Jeremy beamed.

㉒ Jeremy가 활짝 웃었다.

㉓ See? That's you finding a solution.

㉓ 봤지? 네가 해결책을 찾아냈잖니.

㉔ Max felt a genuine smile spreading.

㉔ Max는 진심 어린 미소가 퍼지는 것을 느꼈다.

㉕ The next Wednesday, he successfully handed in the final draft on time with satisfaction.

㉕ 다음 주 수요일에 그(Max)는 만족하며 성공적으로 최종안을 제시간에 제출했다.

㉖ From then on, he still loved order and routines, but also embraced the messy, unpredictable bits of life too.

㉖ 그 이후로 그는 여전히 순서와 정해진 일과를 좋아했지만, 또한 어지럽고 예측 불가능한 삶의 부분들도 기꺼이 맞이했다.

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