It would seem obvious that the more competent someone is, the more we will like that person. By "competence," I mean a cluster of qualities: smartness, the ability to get things done, wise decisions, etc. We stand a better chance of doing well at our life tasks if we surround ourselves with people who know what they're doing and have a lot to teach us. But the research evidence is paradoxical: In problem-solving groups, the participants who are considered the most competent and have the best ideas tend not to be the ones who are best liked. Why? One possibility is that, although we like to be around competent people, those who are too competent make us uncomfortable. They may seem unapproachable, distant, superhuman ― and make us look bad (and feel worse) by comparison. If this were true, we might like people more if they reveal some evidence of fallibility. For example, if your friend is a brilliant mathematician, superb athlete, and gourmet cook, you might like him or her better if, every once in a while, they screwed up.
문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)
원문 출처 검색 불가
원문 텍스트 및 OCR
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고2] 2024년 09월 – 37번: 꿀벌의 춤과 컴퓨터 알고리즘의 차이
A computational algorithm that takes input data and generates some output from it doesn't really embody any notion of meaning. Certainly, such a computation does not generally have as its purpose its own survival and well-being. It does not, in general, assign value to the inputs. Compare, for example, a computer algorithm with the waggle dance of the honeybee, by which means a foraging bee conveys to others in the hive information about the source of food (such as nectar) it has located. The "dance" ― a series of stylized movements on the comb ― shows the bees how far away the food is and in which direction. But this input does not simply program other bees to go out and look for it. Rather, they evaluate this information, comparing it with their own knowledge of the surroundings. Some bees might not bother to make the journey, considering it not worthwhile. The input, such as it is, is processed in the light of the organism's own internal states and history; there is nothing prescriptive about its effects.
Similarly with the idea of life as computation. A computational algorithm that takes input data and generates some output from it doesn't really embody any notion of meaning either. Certainly, such a computation does not generally have as its purpose its own survival and well-being. It does not, in general, assign value to the inputs. Compare, for example, a computer algorithm with the waggle dance of the honeybee, by which means a foraging bee conveys to others in the hive information about the source of food (such as nectar) it has located. The "dance" ― a series of stylized movements on the comb ― shows the bees how far away the food is and in which direction. But this input does not simply program other bees to go out and look for it. Rather, they evaluate this information, comparing it with their own knowledge of the surroundings. Some bees might not bother to make the journey, deeming it not worthwhile. The input, such as it is, is processed in the light of the organism's own internal states and history; there is nothing prescriptive about its effects.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
considering = deeming
consider (v) 고려하다, 여기다, 생각하다
deem (v) ~로 여기다, 생각하다
[고2] 2024년 09월 – 38번: 행동 전염과 바이러스 전염의 유사점과 차이점
There are deep similarities between viral contagion and behavioral contagion. For example, people in close or extended proximity to others infected by a virus are themselves more likely to become infected, just as people are more likely to drink excessively when they spend more time in the company of heavy drinkers. But there are also important differences between the two types of contagion. One is that visibility promotes behavioral contagion but inhibits the spread of infectious diseases. Solar panels that are visible from the street, for instance, are more likely to stimulate neighboring installations. In contrast, we try to avoid others who are visibly ill. Another important difference is that whereas viral contagion is almost always a bad thing, behavioral contagion is sometimes negative ― as in the case of smoking ― but sometimes positive, as in the case of solar installations.
There are deep similarities between viral contagion and behavioral contagion. For example, people in close or extended proximity to others infected by a virus are themselves more likely to become infected, just as people are more likely to drink excessively when they spend more time in the company of heavy drinkers. But there are also important differences between the two types of contagion. One is that visibility promotes behavioral contagion but inhibits the spread of infectious diseases. Solar panels that are visible from the street, for instance, are more likely to stimulate neighboring installations. In contrast, we try to avoid others who are visibly ill. Another important difference is that whereas viral contagion is almost always a bad thing, behavioral contagion is sometimes negative—as in the case of smoking—but sometimes positive, as in the case of solar installations.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고2] 2024년 09월 – 39번: 동물의 동면과 수면의 차이
Sleep is clearly about more than just resting. One curious fact is that animals that are hibernating also have periods of sleep. It comes as a surprise to most of us, but hibernation and sleep are not the same thing at all, at least not from a neurological and metabolic perspective. Hibernating is more like being anesthetized: the subject is unconscious but not actually asleep. So a hibernating animal needs to get a few hours of conventional sleep each day within the larger unconsciousness. A further surprise to most of us is that bears, the most famous of wintry sleepers, don't actually hibernate. Real hibernation involves profound unconsciousness and a dramatic fall in body temperature ― often to around 32 degrees Fahrenheit. By this definition, bears don't hibernate, because their body temperature stays near normal and they are easily awakened. Their winter sleeps are more accurately called a state of torpor.
Sleep is clearly about more than just resting.** One curious fact is that animals that are hibernating also have periods of sleep. It comes as a surprise to most of us, but hibernation and sleep are not the same thing at all, at least not from a neurological and metabolic perspective. Hibernating is more like being concussed or anesthetized: the subject is unconscious but not actually asleep. So a hibernating animal needs to get a few hours of conventional sleep each day within the larger unconsciousness. A further surprise to most of us is that bears, the most famous of wintry slumberers, don’t actually hibernate. Real hibernation involves profound unconsciousness and a dramatic fall in body temperature—often to around 0°C. By this definition, bears don’t hibernate because their body temperature stays near normal and they are easily roused. Their winter slumbers are more accurately called a state of torpor.
Whatever sleep gives us, it is more than just a period of recuperative inactivity. Something must make us crave it deeply to leave ourselves so vulnerable to attack by brigands or predators, yet as far as can be told sleep does nothing for us that couldn’t equally be done while we were awake but resting. We also do not know why we pass much of the night experiencing the surreal and often unsettling hallucinations that we call dreams. Being chased by zombies or finding yourself unaccountably naked at a bus stop doesn’t seem, on the face of it, a terribly restorative way to while away the hours of darkness.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
concussed
sleepers = slumberer
awakened = roused
concuss (v) 뇌진탕을 일으키다
concussed (a) 뇌진탕이 일어난
slumber (n) 잠, 수면 (v) 잠을 자다
slumberer (n) 잠자는 사람, 게으른 잠꾸러기
rouse (v) (특히 깊이 잠든 사람을) 깨우다
[고2] 2024년 09월 – 40번: 나이별로 타인의 평가를 의식하는 행동 차이
The concern about how we appear to others can be seen in children, though work by the psychologist Ervin Staub suggests that the effect may vary with age. In a study where children heard another child in distress, young children (kindergarten through second grade) were more likely to help the child in distress when with another child than when alone. But for older children ― in fourth and sixth grade ― the effect reversed: they were less likely to help a child in distress when they were with a peer than when they were alone. Staub suggested that younger children might feel more comfortable acting when they have the company of a peer, whereas older children might feel more concern about being judged by their peers and fear feeling embarrassed by overreacting. Staub noted that "older children seemed to discuss the distress sounds less and to react to them less openly than younger children." In other words, the older children were deliberately putting on a poker face in front of their peers.
This concern about how we appear to others can also be seen in children, though work by the psychologist Ervin Staub suggests that the effect may vary with age. In a study where children heard another child in distress, young children (kindergarten through second grade) were more likely to help the child in distress when with another child than when alone. But for older children—in fourth and sixth grade—the effect reversed: they were less likely to help a child in distress when they were with a peer than when they were alone. Staub suggested that younger children might feel more comfortable acting when they have the company of a peer, whereas older children might feel more concern about being judged by their peers and fear feeling embarrassed by overreacting. Staub noted that "older children seemed to discuss the distress sounds less and to react to them less openly than younger children." In other words, the older children were deliberately putting on a poker face in front of their peers.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고2] 2024년 09월 – 41~42번: 어린 시절 권위에 대한 질문의 중요성과 성인의 대응 방식
What makes questioning authority so hard? The difficulties start in childhood, when parents - the first and most powerful authority figures - show children "the way things are." This is a necessary element of learning language and socialization, and certainly most things learned in early childhood are noncontroversial: the English alphabet starts with A and ends with Z, the numbers 1 through 10 come before the numbers 11 through 20, and so on. Children, however, will spontaneously question things that are quite obvious to adults and even to older kids. The word "why?" becomes a challenge, as in, "Why is the sky blue?" Answers such as "because it just is" or "because I say so" tell children that they must unquestioningly accept what authorities say "just because," and children who persist in their questioning are likely to find themselves dismissed or yelled at for "bothering" adults with "meaningless" or "unimportant" questions. But these questions are in fact perfectly reasonable. Why is the sky blue? Many adults do not themselves know the answer. And who says the sky's color needs to be called "blue," anyway? How do we know that what one person calls "blue" is the same color that another calls "blue"? The scientific answers come from physics, but those are not the answers that children are seeking. They are trying to understand the world, and no matter how irritating the repeated questions may become to stressed and time-pressed parents, it is important to take them seriously to encourage kids to question authority to think for themselves.
What makes questioning authority so hard? The difficulties start in childhood, when parents—the first and most powerful authority figures—show children "the way things are." This is a necessary element of learning language and socialization, and certainly most things learned in early childhood are noncontroversial: the English alphabet starts with A and ends with Z, the numbers 1 through 10 come before the numbers 11 through 20, and so on. Children, however, will spontaneously question things that are quite obvious to adults and even to older kids. The word “why?” becomes a challenge, as in, “Why is the sky blue?” Answers such as “because it just is” or “because I say so” tell children that they must unquestioningly accept what authorities say “just because,” and children who persist in their questioning are likely to find themselves dismissed or yelled at for “bothering” adults with "meaningless" or "unimportant" questions. But these questions are in fact perfectly reasonable. Why is the sky blue? Many adults do not themselves know the answer. And who says the sky’s color needs to be called "blue," anyway? How do we know that what one person calls “blue” is the same color that another calls “blue”? The scientific answers come from physics, but those are not the answers that children are seeking. They are trying to understand the world, and no matter how irritating the repeated questions may become to stressed and time-pressed parents, it is important to take them seriously to encourage kids to question authority to think for themselves.
[고2] 2024년 09월 – 29번: 경제 중심 사고에서 생태적 건강을 중시하는 관점으로의 변화
One well-known shift took place when the accepted view ― that the Earth was the center of the universe ― changed to one where we understood that we are only inhabitants on one planet orbiting the Sun. With each person who grasped the solar system view, it became easier for the next person to do so. So it is with the notion that the world revolves around the human economy. This is slowly being replaced by the view that the economy is a part of the larger system of material flows that connect all living things. When this perspective shifts into place, it will be obvious that our economic well-being requires that we account for, and respond to, factors of ecological health. Unfortunately we do not have a century or two to make the change. By clarifying the nature of the old and new perspectives, and by identifying actions on which we might cooperate to move the process along, we can help accelerate the shift.
Problems arise, however, when circumstances in the world change and conventional wisdom does not. With its multitude of individual components, and its roots reaching back centuries and millennia, conventional wisdom does not shift easily.
One well-known shift took place when the accepted view — that the Earth was the center of the universe — changed to one where we understood that we are only inhabitants on one planet orbiting the Sun. With each person who grasped the solar system view, it became easier for the next person to do so. So it is with the notion that the world revolves around the human economy. This is slowly being replaced by the view that the economy is a part of the larger system of material flows that connect all living things. When this perspective shifts into place, it will be obvious that our economic well-being requires that we account for, and respond to, factors of ecological health. Unfortunately, we do not have a century or two to make the change. By clarifying the nature of the old and new perspectives, and by identifying actions on which we might cooperate to move the process along, we can help accelerate the shift.
Most people seek only to lead good lives. Without dedicating a lot of time to re-imagining the world, they accept the conventional wisdom and use it to make judgments. At present, the broad perception of what is good and proper is thoroughly saturated with conventional economic views. For effective change to take place, the goal of growth, which has been primary since ancient times, must move to second place, behind living within planetary limits.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고2] 2024년 09월 – 30번: 인류의 진화 과정에서 도구 사용과 식단 변화가 중요한 역할을 함
The first human beings probably evolved in tropical regions where survival was possible without clothing. It is likely that they had very dark skin because light skin would have given little protection against the burning rays of the sun. There is a debate about whether these people spread into other parts of the world or, instead, whether people developed independently in various parts of the world. Whichever the case, it is believed that in time they became capable of spreading out from Africa, eventually to most of the world. This was probably because their physical characteristics changed. For instance, early hominids probably did not walk upright, but when they developed that ability, they could travel more efficiently. More important, perhaps, was their development of tool making. With tools, they could hunt other animals, so they could consume more protein and fat than their low-energy vegetarian diet would have provided. Not only their bodies but also their brains would have been changed with more energy. The brain needs lots of energy to grow. As their diet expanded, hominids could physically and intellectually expand their territory.
The first human beings, or their humanlike precursors, probably evolved in tropical regions where survival was possible without clothing. It is likely that they had very dark skin because light skin would have given little protection against the burning rays of the sun. There is debate about whether these people spread into other parts of the world or, instead, whether people developed independently in various parts of the world. Whichever the case, it is believed that in time they became capable of spreading out from Africa, eventually to most of the world. This was probably because their physical characteristics changed. For instance, early hominids probably did not walk upright, but when they developed that ability, they could travel more efficiently. More important, perhaps, was their development of tool making. With tools, they could hunt or scavenge other animals, so they could consume more protein and fat than their low-energy vegetarian diet would have provided. Not only their bodies but also their brains would have been changed with more energy. The brain needs lots of energy to grow. As their diet expanded, hominids could physically and intellectually expand their territory.
Although all early hominids were probably dark-skinned, as they moved, that changed. In the most northern of the territories into which they expanded, the sun was very weak, especially in the long winters, and was often hidden by clouds or fog. Dark skin, which had been an advantage in warm, sunny climates, became a disadvantage because the sun’s rays, by penetrating human skin, help produce vitamin D, which is an essential element in nutrition. Populations that remained in these colder regions for very long periods of time—perhaps 100,000 years or more—seem gradually, through gene mutations and the process of natural selection, to have developed much lighter shades of skin.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
precursor (n) 선구자, 전임자, 전조
scavenge (v) (먹을 것 등을 찾아) 쓰레기 더미를 뒤지다, (직접 사냥한 것이 아닌) 죽은 고기를 먹다
[고2] 2024년 09월 – 31번: 불공정한 절차가 위로를 제공하는 이유와 공정한 절차의 심리적 영향
When we get an unfavorable outcome, in some ways the last thing we want to hear is that the process was fair. As outraging as the combination of an unfavorable outcome and an unfair process is, this combination also brings with it a consolation prize: the possibility of attributing the bad outcome to something other than ourselves. We may reassure ourselves by believing that our bad outcome had little to do with us and everything to do with the unfair process. If the process is fair, however, we cannot nearly as easily externalize the outcome; we got what we got "fair and square." When the process is fair we believe that our outcome is deserved, which is another way of saying that there must have been something about ourselves (what we did or who we are) that caused the outcome.
When we get an unfavorable outcome, in some ways the last thing we want to hear is that the process was fair. As outraging as the combination of an unfavorable outcome and an unfair process is (it “multiplies insult times injury”), this combination also brings with it a consolation prize: the possibility of attributing the bad outcome to something other than ourselves. We may reassure ourselves by believing that our bad outcome had little to do with us and everything to do with the unfair process. If the process is fair, however, we cannot nearly as easily externalize the outcome; we got what we got “fair and square.” When the process is fair we believe that our outcome is deserved, which is another way of saying that there must have been something about ourselves (what we did or who we are) that caused the outcome.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고2] 2024년 09월 – 32번: 서양 여성 드레스의 형태 변화를 분석한 연구 결과
The well-known American ethnologist Alfred Louis Kroeber made a rich and in-depth study of women's evening dress in the West, stretching back about three centuries and using reproductions of engravings. Having adjusted the dimensions of these plates due to their diverse origins, he was able to analyse the constant elements in fashion features and to come up with a study that was neither intuitive nor approximate, but precise, mathematical and statistical. He reduced women's clothing to a certain number of features: length and size of the skirt, size and depth of the neckline, height of the waistline. He demonstrated unambiguously that fashion is a profoundly regular phenomenon which is not located at the level of annual variations but on the scale of history. For practically 300 years, women's dress was subject to a very precise periodic cycle: forms reach the furthest point in their variations every fifty years. If, at any one moment, skirts are at their longest, fifty years later they will be at their shortest; thus skirts become long again fifty years after being short and a hundred years after being long.
Fashion poses a more acute and more paradoxical problematic to historians than it does to sociologists. The sort of public opinion maintained and promoted by the press and its letters pages, etc., presents fashion as an essentially capricious phenomenon, based on the creative faculty of the designer. According to public opinion, fashion is still located within a mythology of unfettered creativity that enables it to evade both the systematic and the habitual, resting upon a rather romantic notion of an inexhaustible abundance of spontaneous creativity. Isn't it said that fashion designers can do anything with nothing?
Historians, or to be more accurate, ethnologists, have studied this creative aspect of fashion. The well-known American ethnologist Kroeber made a rich and in-depth study of women’s evening dress in the West, stretching back about three centuries and using reproductions of engravings. Having adjusted the dimensions of these plates due to their diverse origins, he was able to analyze the constant elements in fashion features and to come up with a study that was neither intuitive nor approximate, but precise, mathematical, and statistical. He reduced women's clothing to a certain number of features: the length and size of the skirt, the size and depth of the neckline, and the height of the waistline. He demonstrated unambiguously that fashion is a profoundly regular phenomenon, which is not located at the level of annual variations but on the scale of history. For practically 300 years, women’s dress was subject to a very precise periodic oscillation: forms reach the furthest point in their variations every fifty years. If, at any one moment, skirts are at their longest, fifty years later they will be at their shortest; thus, skirts become long again fifty years after being short, and a hundred years after being long.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
cycle = oscillation
cycle (n) 순환, 주기
oscillation (n) (두 가지 사이의 규칙적인) 진동
[고2] 2024년 09월 – 33번: 기술 발전으로 인한 불평등과 노동 시장의 붕괴 가능성
Over the last few centuries, humanity's collective prosperity has skyrocketed, as technological progress has made us far wealthier than ever before. To share out those riches, almost all societies have settled upon the market mechanism, rewarding people in various ways for the work that they do and the things that they own. But rising inequality, itself often driven by technology, has started to put that mechanism under strain. Today, markets already provide immense rewards to some people but leave many others with very little. And now, technological unemployment threatens to become a more radical version of the same story, taking place in the particular market we rely upon the most: the labor market. As that market begins to break down, more and more people will be in danger of not receiving a share of society's prosperity at all.
Over the last few centuries, humanity’s collective prosperity has skyrocketed, as technological progress has made us far wealthier than ever before. To share out those riches, almost all societies have settled upon the market mechanism, rewarding people in various ways for the work that they do and the things that they own. But rising inequality, itself often driven by technology, has started to put that mechanism under strain. Today, markets already provide immense rewards to some people but leave many others with very little. And now, technological unemployment threatens to become a more radical version of the same story, taking place in the particular market we rely upon the most: the labour market. As that market begins to break down, more and more people will be in danger of not receiving a share of society’s prosperity at all.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고2] 2024년 09월 – 34번: 전문가들이 기초 지식을 가르치기 어려운 이유
It's often said that those who can't do, teach. It would be more accurate to say that those who can do, can't teach the basics. A great deal of expert knowledge is implicit, not explicit. The further you progress toward mastery, the less conscious awareness you often have of the fundamentals. Experiments show that skilled golfers and wine aficionados have a hard time describing their putting and tasting techniques ― even asking them to explain their approaches is enough to interfere with their performance, so they often stay on autopilot. When I first saw an elite diver do four and a half somersaults, I asked how he managed to spin so fast. His answer: "Just go up in a ball." Experts often have an intuitive understanding of a route, but they struggle to clearly express all the steps to take. Their brain dump is partially filled with garbage.
It's often said that those who can’t do, teach. It would be more accurate to say that those who can do, can’t teach the basics. A great deal of expert knowledge is tacit—it’s implicit, not explicit. The further you progress toward mastery, the less conscious awareness you often have of the fundamentals. Experiments show that skilled golfers and wine aficionados have a hard time describing their putting and tasting techniques—even asking them to explain their approaches is enough to interfere with their performance, so they often stay on autopilot. When I first saw an elite diver do four and a half somersaults, I asked how he managed to spin so fast. His answer: “Just go up in a ball.” Experts often have an intuitive understanding of a route, but they struggle to articulate all the steps to take. Their brain dump is partially filled with garbage.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
implicit = tacit
clearly express = articulate
implicit (a) 암시된, 내포된
tacit (a) 암묵적인, 무언의
articulate (v) (생각·감정을) 분명히 표현하다[설명하다]
[고2] 2024년 09월 – 35번: 곡물 가공과 발효 과정이 영양소 보존에 미치는 영향
Minimal processing can be one of the best ways to keep original flavors and taste, without any need to add artificial flavoring or additives, or too much salt. This would also be the efficient way to keep most nutrients, especially the most sensitive ones such as many vitamins and anti-oxidants. Milling of cereals is one of the most harsh processes which dramatically affect nutrient content. While grains are naturally very rich in micronutrients, anti-oxidants and fiber (i.e. in wholemeal flour or flakes), milling usually removes the vast majority of minerals, vitamins and fibers to raise white flour. Such a spoilage of key nutrients and fiber is no longer acceptable in the context of a sustainable diet aiming at an optimal nutrient density and health protection. In contrast, fermentation of various foodstuffs or germination of grains are traditional, locally accessible, low-energy and highly nutritious processes of sounded interest.
3.3 Food quality, culinary skills, dietary patterns and nutrition education
As introduced before, an overall food quality is a prerequisite for optimal nutrition.
Regarding produced raw food, an optimal quality lies in tasty products, with high nutrient content and no/minimal contaminations by chemical toxicants. The products raised through the agro-ecological methods such as certified organic ones generally fit these two requirements by improving the dry matter and some nutrients contents and minimizing chemical and nitrate contaminations as recently reviewed (Rembialkowska, 2007; FSA, 2009; Lairon, 2010).
Minimal processing can be one of the best ways to keep original flavours and taste, without any need to add artificial flavouring or additives, or too much salt. This would also be the efficient way to keep most nutrients, especially the most sensitive ones such as many vitamins and anti-oxidants. Milling of cereals is one of the most stringent processes which dramatically affect nutrient content. While grains are naturally very rich in micronutrients, anti-oxidants and fibre (i.e. in wholemeal flour or flakes), milling usually removes the vast majority of minerals, vitamins and fibres to raise white flour.
Such a spoilage of key nutrients and fibre is no longer acceptable in the context of a sustainable diet aiming at an optimal nutrient density and health protection. In contrast, fermentation of various foodstuffs or germination of grains are traditional, locally accessible, low-energy and highly nutritious processes of sounded interest.
[고2] 2024년 09월 – 20번: 걱정은 통제 가능한 감정이라는 점을 자녀에게 가르치는 방법
Merely convincing your children that worry is senseless and that they would be more content if they didn't worry isn't going to stop them from worrying. For some reason, young people seem to believe that worry is a fact of life over which they have little or no control. Consequently, they don't even try to stop. Therefore, you need to convince them that worry, like guilt and fear, is nothing more than an emotion, and like all emotions, is subject to the power of the will. Tell them that they can eliminate worry from their lives by simply refusing to attend to it. Explain to them that if they refuse to act worried regardless of how they feel, they will eventually stop feeling worried and will begin to experience the contentment that accompanies a worry-free life.
However, merely convincing your children that worry is senseless and that they would be more content if they didn’t worry isn’t going to stop them from worrying. For some reason, young people seem to believe that worry is a fact of life over which they have little or no control. Consequently, they don’t even try to stop. Therefore, you need to convince them that worry, like guilt and fear, is nothing more than an emotion, and like all emotions, is subject to the power of the will. Tell them that they can eliminate worry from their lives by simply refusing to attend to it. Explain to them that if they refuse to act worried regardless of how they feel, they will eventually stop feeling worried and will begin to experience the contentment that accompanies a worry-free life.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고2] 2024년 09월 – 21번: 산업 시대에서 창의성과 속도가 더 중요한 현대 기업의 특성
In today's information age, in many companies and on many teams, the objective is no longer error prevention and replicability. On the contrary, it's creativity, speed, and keenness. In the industrial era, the goal was to minimize variation. But in creative companies today, maximizing variation is more essential. In these situations, the biggest risk isn't making a mistake or losing consistency; it's failing to attract top talent, to invent new products, or to change direction quickly when the environment shifts. Consistency and repeatability are more likely to suppress fresh thinking than to bring your company profit. A lot of little mistakes, while sometimes painful, help the organization learn quickly and are a critical part of the innovation cycle. In these situations, rules and process are no longer the best answer. A symphony isn't what you're going for. Leave the conductor and the sheet music behind. Build a jazz band instead.
IT’S JAZZ, NOT A SYMPHONY Even during the industrial era there were pockets of the economy, such as advertising agencies, where creative thinking drove success, and they managed on the edge of chaos. Such organizations accounted for just a small percent of the economy. But now, with the growth in importance of intellectual property and creative services, the percentage of the economy that is dependent on nurturing inventiveness and innovation is much higher and continually increasing. Yet most companies are still following the paradigms of the Industrial Revolution that have dominated wealth creation for the last three hundred years.
In today’s information age, in many companies and on many teams, the objective is no longer error prevention and replicability. On the contrary, it’s creativity, speed, and agility. In the industrial era, the goal was to minimize variation. But in creative companies today, maximizing variation is more essential. In these situations, the biggest risk isn’t making a mistake or losing consistency; it’s failing to attract top talent, to invent new products, or to change direction quickly when the environment shifts. Consistency and repeatability are more likely to squash fresh thinking than to bring your company profit. A lot of little mistakes, while sometimes painful, help the organization learn quickly and are a critical part of the innovation cycle. In these situations, rules and process are no longer the best answer. A symphony isn’t what you're going for. Leave the conductor and the sheet music behind. Build a jazz band instead.
Jazz emphasizes individual spontaneity. The musicians know the overall structure of the song but have the freedom to improvise, riffing off one another, creating incredible music.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
keeness = agility
suppress = squash
keenness (n) 열렬, 열심; 날카로움, 예민함
agile (a) (생각이) 재빠른, 기민한; 민첩한, 날렵한
agility (n) 기민함, 민첩함, 날렵함
suppress (v) 억압하다
squash (v) 짓누르다
[고2] 2024년 09월 – 22번: 재난 상황에서 정보 소통의 중요성과 소문이 퍼지는 이유
Any new or threatening situation may require us to make decisions and this requires information. So important is communication during a disaster that normal social barriers are often lowered. We will talk to strangers in a way we would never consider normally. Even relatively low grade disruption of our life such as a fire drill or a very late train seems to give us the permission to break normal etiquette and talk to strangers. The more important an event to a particular public, the more detailed and urgent the requirement for news becomes. Without an authoritative source of facts, whether that is a newspaper or trusted broadcast station, rumours often run riot. Rumours start because people believe their group to be in danger and so, although the rumour is unproven, feel they should pass it on. For example, if a worker heard that their employer's business was doing badly and people were going to be made redundant, they would pass that information on to colleagues.
Any new or threatening situation may require us to make decisions and this requires information. So important is communication during a disaster that normal social barriers are often lowered. We will talk to strangers in a way we would never consider normally. Even relatively low grade disruption of our life such as a fire drill or a very late train seems to give us the permission to break normal etiquette and talk to strangers. The more important an event to a particular public, the more detailed and urgent the requirement for news becomes. Without an authoritative source of facts, whether that is a newspaper or trusted broadcast station, rumours often run riot. Rumours start because people believe their group to be in danger and so, although the rumour is unproven, feel they should pass it on. For example, if a worker heard that their employer's business was doing badly and people were going to be made redundant, they would pass that information on to colleagues.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고2] 2024년 09월 – 23번: 예술과 과학 모두가 문화적 맥락에서 이해되어야 하는 이유
People seem to recognize that the arts are cultural activities that draw on (or react against) certain cultural traditions, certain shared understanding, and certain values and ideas that are characteristic of the time and place in which the art is created. In the case of science, however, opinions differ. Some scientists, like the great biologist J. B. S. Haldane, see science in a similar light ― as a historical activity that occurs in a particular time and place, and that needs to be understood within that context. Others, however, see science as a purely "objective" pursuit, uninfluenced by the cultural viewpoint and values of those who create it. In describing this view of science, philosopher Hugh Lacey speaks of the belief that there is an underlying order of the world which is simply there to be discovered ― the world of pure "fact" stripped of any link with value. The aim of science according to this view is to represent this world of pure "fact", independently of any relationship it might bear contingently to human practices and experiences.
People seem to recognize that the arts are cultural activities that draw on (or react against) certain cultural traditions, certain shared understanding, and certain values and ideas that are characteristic of the time and place in which the art is created. In the case of science, however, opinions differ. Some scientists, like the great biologist J. B. S. Haldane, see science in a similar light ― as a historical activity that occurs in a particular time and place, and that needs to be understood within that context. Others, however, see science as a purely "objective" pursuit, uninfluenced by the cultural viewpoint and values of those who create it. In describing this view of science, philosopher Hugh Lacey speaks of the belief that there is an underlying order of the world which is simply there to be discovered ― the world of pure "fact" stripped of any link with value. The aim of science according to this view is to represent this world of pure "fact", independently of any relationship it might bear contingently to human practices and experiences.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고2] 2024년 09월 – 24번: 정신적 성숙과 책임감의 연령에 대한 사회적 기준의 문제
Mental development consists of individuals increasingly mastering social codes and signals themselves, which they can master only in social situations with the support of more competent individuals, typically adults. In this sense, mental development consists of internalizing social patterns and gradually becoming a responsible actor among other responsible actors. In Denmark, the age of criminal responsibility is 15 years, which means that we then say that people have developed sufficient mental maturity to be accountable for their actions at this point. And at the age of 18 people are given the right to vote and are thereby formally included in the basic democratic process. I do not know whether these age boundaries are optimal, but it is clear that mental development takes place at different rates for different individuals, and depends especially on the social and family environment they have been given. Therefore, having formal limits for responsibility from a specific age that apply to everyone is a somewhat questionable practice. But the question, of course, is whether it can be done any differently.
Mental development consists of individuals increasingly mastering social codes and signals themselves, which they can master only in social situations with the support of more competent individuals, typically adults. In this sense, mental development consists of internalizing social patterns and gradually becoming a responsible actor among other responsible actors. In Denmark, the age of criminal responsibility is 15 years, which means that we then say that people have developed sufficient mental maturity to be accountable for their actions at this point. And at the age of 18 people are given the right to vote and are thereby formally included in the basic democratic process. I do not know whether these age demarcations are optimal, but it is clear that mental development takes place at different rates for different individuals, and depends especially on the social and family environment they have been given. Therefore, having formal limits for responsibility from a specific age that apply to everyone is a somewhat questionable practice. But the question, of course, is whether it can be done any differently.
To whom it may concern, My name is Peter Jackson and I am thinking of applying for the Advanced Licensed Counselor Program that the university provides. I found that the certification for 100 hours of counseling experience is required for the application. However, I do not think I could possibly complete the required counseling experience by the current deadline. So, if possible, I kindly request an extension of the deadline until the end of this summer vacation. I am actively working on obtaining the certification, and I am sure I will be able to submit it by then. I understand the importance of following the application process, and would greatly appreciate your consideration of this request. I look forward to your response. Sincerely, Peter Jackson
[고2] 2024년09월–19번:공항입국심사에서예상치못한상황에긴장한경험
The passport control line was short and the inspectors looked relaxed; except the inspector at my window. He seemed to want to model the seriousness of the task at hand for the other inspectors. Maybe that's why I felt uneasy when he studied my passport more carefully than I expected. "You were here in September," he said. "Why are you back so soon?" "I came in September to prepare to return this month," I replied with a trembling voice, considering if I missed any Italian regulations. "For how long?" he asked. "One month, this time," I answered truthfully. I knew it was not against the rules to stay in Italy for three months. "Enjoy your stay," he finally said, as he stamped my passport. Whew! As I walked away, the burden I had carried, even though I did nothing wrong, vanished into the air. My shoulders, once weighed down, now stretched out with comfort.
[고2] 2024년09월–20번:걱정은통제가능한감정이라는점을자녀에게가르치는방법
Merely convincing your children that worry is senseless and that they would be more content if they didn't worry isn't going to stop them from worrying. For some reason, young people seem to believe that worry is a fact of life over which they have little or no control. Consequently, they don't even try to stop. Therefore, you need to convince them that worry, like guilt and fear, is nothing more than an emotion, and like all emotions, is subject to the power of the will. Tell them that they can eliminate worry from their lives by simply refusing to attend to it. Explain to them that if they refuse to act worried regardless of how they feel, they will eventually stop feeling worried and will begin to experience the contentment that accompanies a worry-free life.
[고2] 2024년09월–21번:산업시대에서창의성과속도가더중요한현대기업의특성
In today's information age, in many companies and on many teams, the objective is no longer error prevention and replicability. On the contrary, it's creativity, speed, and keenness. In the industrial era, the goal was to minimize variation. But in creative companies today, maximizing variation is more essential. In these situations, the biggest risk isn't making a mistake or losing consistency; it's failing to attract top talent, to invent new products, or to change direction quickly when the environment shifts. Consistency and repeatability are more likely to suppress fresh thinking than to bring your company profit. A lot of little mistakes, while sometimes painful, help the organization learn quickly and are a critical part of the innovation cycle. In these situations, rules and process are no longer the best answer. A symphony isn't what you're going for. Leave the conductor and the sheet music behind. Build a jazz band instead.
[고2] 2024년09월–22번:재난상황에서정보소통의중요성과소문이퍼지는이유
Any new or threatening situation may require us to make decisions and this requires information. So important is communication during a disaster that normal social barriers are often lowered. We will talk to strangers in a way we would never consider normally. Even relatively low grade disruption of our life such as a fire drill or a very late train seems to give us the permission to break normal etiquette and talk to strangers. The more important an event to a particular public, the more detailed and urgent the requirement for news becomes. Without an authoritative source of facts, whether that is a newspaper or trusted broadcast station, rumours often run riot. Rumours start because people believe their group to be in danger and so, although the rumour is unproven, feel they should pass it on. For example, if a worker heard that their employer's business was doing badly and people were going to be made redundant, they would pass that information on to colleagues.
[고2] 2024년09월–23번:예술과과학모두가문화적맥락에서이해되어야하는이유
People seem to recognize that the arts are cultural activities that draw on (or react against) certain cultural traditions, certain shared understanding, and certain values and ideas that are characteristic of the time and place in which the art is created. In the case of science, however, opinions differ. Some scientists, like the great biologist J. B. S. Haldane, see science in a similar light ― as a historical activity that occurs in a particular time and place, and that needs to be understood within that context. Others, however, see science as a purely "objective" pursuit, uninfluenced by the cultural viewpoint and values of those who create it. In describing this view of science, philosopher Hugh Lacey speaks of the belief that there is an underlying order of the world which is simply there to be discovered ― the world of pure "fact" stripped of any link with value. The aim of science according to this view is to represent this world of pure "fact", independently of any relationship it might bear contingently to human practices and experiences.
[고2] 2024년09월–24번:정신적성숙과책임감의연령에대한사회적기준의문제
Mental development consists of individuals increasingly mastering social codes and signals themselves, which they can master only in social situations with the support of more competent individuals, typically adults. In this sense, mental development consists of internalizing social patterns and gradually becoming a responsible actor among other responsible actors. In Denmark, the age of criminal responsibility is 15 years, which means that we then say that people have developed sufficient mental maturity to be accountable for their actions at this point. And at the age of 18 people are given the right to vote and are thereby formally included in the basic democratic process. I do not know whether these age boundaries are optimal, but it is clear that mental development takes place at different rates for different individuals, and depends especially on the social and family environment they have been given. Therefore, having formal limits for responsibility from a specific age that apply to everyone is a somewhat questionable practice. But the question, of course, is whether it can be done any differently.
[고2] 2024년09월–25번: 2022년캐나다의연령대별무급돌봄제공비율비교그래프
The graph above shows the percentage of people who provided unpaid care to children and adults by age group in Canada in 2022. Notably, the 35-44 group had the highest percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to children, reaching 59.5%. However, the highest percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to adults was found in the 55-64 group. Compared to the 25-34 group, the 1524 group had a lower percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to children and a higher percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to adults. The percentage of people providing unpaid care to adults in the 45-54 group was more than twice as high as that in the 35-44 group. The 55-64 group and the 65 and older group showed a similar percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to children, with a difference of less than 1 percentage point.
[고2] 2024년09월–26번:동물생태학발전에기여한Charles Elton의생애와업적
Born in the English city of Liverpool, Charles Elton studied zoology under Julian Huxley at Oxford University from 1918 to 1922. After graduating, he began teaching as a parttime instructor and had a long and distinguished teaching career at Oxford from 1922 to 1967. After a series of arctic expeditions with Huxley, he worked with a fur-collecting and trading company as a biological consultant, and examined the company's records to study animal populations. In 1927, he wrote his first and most important book, Animal Ecology, in which he demonstrated the nature of food chains and cycles. In 1932, he helped establish the Bureau of Animal Population at Oxford. In the same year he became the editor of the new Journal of Animal Ecology. Throughout his career, Elton wrote six books and played a major role in shaping the modern science of ecology.
[고2] 2024년09월–29번:경제중심사고에서생태적건강을중시하는관점으로의변화
One well-known shift took place when the accepted view ― that the Earth was the center of the universe ― changed to one where we understood that we are only inhabitants on one planet orbiting the Sun. With each person who grasped the solar system view, it became easier for the next person to do so. So it is with the notion that the world revolves around the human economy. This is slowly being replaced by the view that the economy is a part of the larger system of material flows that connect all living things. When this perspective shifts into place, it will be obvious that our economic well-being requires that we account for, and respond to, factors of ecological health. Unfortunately we do not have a century or two to make the change. By clarifying the nature of the old and new perspectives, and by identifying actions on which we might cooperate to move the process along, we can help accelerate the shift.
[고2] 2024년09월–30번:인류의진화과정에서도구사용과식단변화가중요한역할을함
The first human beings probably evolved in tropical regions where survival was possible without clothing. It is likely that they had very dark skin because light skin would have given little protection against the burning rays of the sun. There is a debate about whether these people spread into other parts of the world or, instead, whether people developed independently in various parts of the world. Whichever the case, it is believed that in time they became capable of spreading out from Africa, eventually to most of the world. This was probably because their physical characteristics changed. For instance, early hominids probably did not walk upright, but when they developed that ability, they could travel more efficiently. More important, perhaps, was their development of tool making. With tools, they could hunt other animals, so they could consume more protein and fat than their low-energy vegetarian diet would have provided. Not only their bodies but also their brains would have been changed with more energy. The brain needs lots of energy to grow. As their diet expanded, hominids could physically and intellectually expand their territory.
[고2] 2024년09월–31번:불공정한절차가위로를제공하는이유와공정한절차의심리적영향
When we get an unfavorable outcome, in some ways the last thing we want to hear is that the process was fair. As outraging as the combination of an unfavorable outcome and an unfair process is, this combination also brings with it a consolation prize: the possibility of attributing the bad outcome to something other than ourselves. We may reassure ourselves by believing that our bad outcome had little to do with us and everything to do with the unfair process. If the process is fair, however, we cannot nearly as easily externalize the outcome; we got what we got "fair and square." When the process is fair we believe that our outcome is deserved, which is another way of saying that there must have been something about ourselves (what we did or who we are) that caused the outcome.
[고2] 2024년09월–32번:서양여성드레스의형태변화를분석한연구결과
The well-known American ethnologist Alfred Louis Kroeber made a rich and in-depth study of women's evening dress in the West, stretching back about three centuries and using reproductions of engravings. Having adjusted the dimensions of these plates due to their diverse origins, he was able to analyse the constant elements in fashion features and to come up with a study that was neither intuitive nor approximate, but precise, mathematical and statistical. He reduced women's clothing to a certain number of features: length and size of the skirt, size and depth of the neckline, height of the waistline. He demonstrated unambiguously that fashion is a profoundly regular phenomenon which is not located at the level of annual variations but on the scale of history. For practically 300 years, women's dress was subject to a very precise periodic cycle: forms reach the furthest point in their variations every fifty years. If, at any one moment, skirts are at their longest, fifty years later they will be at their shortest; thus skirts become long again fifty years after being short and a hundred years after being long.
[고2] 2024년09월–33번:기술발전으로인한불평등과노동시장의붕괴가능성
Over the last few centuries, humanity's collective prosperity has skyrocketed, as technological progress has made us far wealthier than ever before. To share out those riches, almost all societies have settled upon the market mechanism, rewarding people in various ways for the work that they do and the things that they own. But rising inequality, itself often driven by technology, has started to put that mechanism under strain. Today, markets already provide immense rewards to some people but leave many others with very little. And now, technological unemployment threatens to become a more radical version of the same story, taking place in the particular market we rely upon the most: the labor market. As that market begins to break down, more and more people will be in danger of not receiving a share of society's prosperity at all.
[고2] 2024년09월–34번:전문가들이기초지식을가르치기어려운이유
It's often said that those who can't do, teach. It would be more accurate to say that those who can do, can't teach the basics. A great deal of expert knowledge is implicit, not explicit. The further you progress toward mastery, the less conscious awareness you often have of the fundamentals. Experiments show that skilled golfers and wine aficionados have a hard time describing their putting and tasting techniques ― even asking them to explain their approaches is enough to interfere with their performance, so they often stay on autopilot. When I first saw an elite diver do four and a half somersaults, I asked how he managed to spin so fast. His answer: "Just go up in a ball." Experts often have an intuitive understanding of a route, but they struggle to clearly express all the steps to take. Their brain dump is partially filled with garbage.
[고2] 2024년09월–35번:곡물가공과발효과정이영양소보존에미치는영향
Minimal processing can be one of the best ways to keep original flavors and taste, without any need to add artificial flavoring or additives, or too much salt. This would also be the efficient way to keep most nutrients, especially the most sensitive ones such as many vitamins and anti-oxidants. Milling of cereals is one of the most harsh processes which dramatically affect nutrient content. While grains are naturally very rich in micronutrients, anti-oxidants and fiber (i.e. in wholemeal flour or flakes), milling usually removes the vast majority of minerals, vitamins and fibers to raise white flour. Such a spoilage of key nutrients and fiber is no longer acceptable in the context of a sustainable diet aiming at an optimal nutrient density and health protection. In contrast, fermentation of various foodstuffs or germination of grains are traditional, locally accessible, low-energy and highly nutritious processes of sounded interest.
[고2] 2024년09월–36번:너무유능한사람은오히려덜호감가는이유
It would seem obvious that the more competent someone is, the more we will like that person. By "competence," I mean a cluster of qualities: smartness, the ability to get things done, wise decisions, etc. We stand a better chance of doing well at our life tasks if we surround ourselves with people who know what they're doing and have a lot to teach us. But the research evidence is paradoxical: In problem-solving groups, the participants who are considered the most competent and have the best ideas tend not to be the ones who are best liked. Why? One possibility is that, although we like to be around competent people, those who are too competent make us uncomfortable. They may seem unapproachable, distant, superhuman ― and make us look bad (and feel worse) by comparison. If this were true, we might like people more if they reveal some evidence of fallibility. For example, if your friend is a brilliant mathematician, superb athlete, and gourmet cook, you might like him or her better if, every once in a while, they screwed up.
[고2] 2024년09월–37번:꿀벌의춤과컴퓨터알고리즘의차이
A computational algorithm that takes input data and generates some output from it doesn't really embody any notion of meaning. Certainly, such a computation does not generally have as its purpose its own survival and wellbeing. It does not, in general, assign value to the inputs. Compare, for example, a computer algorithm with the waggle dance of the honeybee, by which means a foraging bee conveys to others in the hive information about the source of food (such as nectar) it has located. The "dance" ― a series of stylized movements on the comb ― shows the bees how far away the food is and in which direction. But this input does not simply program other bees to go out and look for it. Rather, they evaluate this information, comparing it with their own knowledge of the surroundings. Some bees might not bother to make the journey, considering it not worthwhile. The input, such as it is, is processed in the light of the organism's own internal states and history; there is nothing prescriptive about its effects.
[고2] 2024년09월–38번:행동전염과바이러스전염의유사점과차이점
There are deep similarities between viral contagion and behavioral contagion. For example, people in close or extended proximity to others infected by a virus are themselves more likely to become infected, just as people are more likely to drink excessively when they spend more time in the company of heavy drinkers. But there are also important differences between the two types of contagion. One is that visibility promotes behavioral contagion but inhibits the spread of infectious diseases. Solar panels that are visible from the street, for instance, are more likely to stimulate neighboring installations. In contrast, we try to avoid others who are visibly ill. Another important difference is that whereas viral contagion is almost always a bad thing, behavioral contagion is sometimes negative ― as in the case of smoking ― but sometimes positive, as in the case of solar installations.
[고2] 2024년09월–39번:동물의동면과수면의차이
Sleep is clearly about more than just resting. One curious fact is that animals that are hibernating also have periods of sleep. It comes as a surprise to most of us, but hibernation and sleep are not the same thing at all, at least not from a neurological and metabolic perspective. Hibernating is more like being anesthetized: the subject is unconscious but not actually asleep. So a hibernating animal needs to get a few hours of conventional sleep each day within the larger unconsciousness. A further surprise to most of us is that bears, the most famous of wintry sleepers, don't actually hibernate. Real hibernation involves profound unconsciousness and a dramatic fall in body temperature ― often to around 32 degrees Fahrenheit. By this definition, bears don't hibernate, because their body temperature stays near normal and they are easily awakened. Their winter sleeps are more accurately called a state of torpor.
[고2] 2024년09월–40번:나이별로타인의평가를의식하는행동차이
The concern about how we appear to others can be seen in children, though work by the psychologist Ervin Staub suggests that the effect may vary with age. In a study where children heard another child in distress, young children (kindergarten through second grade) were more likely to help the child in distress when with another child than when alone. But for older children ― in fourth and sixth grade ― the effect reversed: they were less likely to help a child in distress when they were with a peer than when they were alone. Staub suggested that younger children might feel more comfortable acting when they have the company of a peer, whereas older children might feel more concern about being judged by their peers and fear feeling embarrassed by overreacting. Staub noted that "older children seemed to discuss the distress sounds less and to react to them less openly than younger children." In other words, the older children were deliberately putting on a poker face in front of their peers.
[고2] 2024년09월–41~42번:어린시절권위에대한질문의중요성과성인의대응방식
What makes questioning authority so hard? The difficulties start in childhood, when parents - the first and most powerful authority figures - show children "the way things are." This is a necessary element of learning language and socialization, and certainly most things learned in early childhood are noncontroversial: the English alphabet starts with A and ends with Z, the numbers 1 through 10 come before the numbers 11 through 20, and so on. Children, however, will spontaneously question things that are quite obvious to adults and even to older kids. The word "why?" becomes a challenge, as in, "Why is the sky blue?" Answers such as "because it just is" or "because I say so" tell children that they must unquestioningly accept what authorities say "just because," and children who persist in their questioning are likely to find themselves dismissed or yelled at for "bothering" adults with "meaningless" or "unimportant" questions. But these questions are in fact perfectly reasonable. Why is the sky blue? Many adults do not themselves know the answer. And who says the sky's color needs to be called "blue," anyway? How do we know that what one person calls "blue" is the same color that another calls "blue"? The scientific answers come from physics, but those are not the answers that children are seeking. They are trying to understand the world, and no matter how irritating the repeated questions may become to stressed and time-pressed parents, it is important to take them seriously to encourage kids to question authority to think for themselves.
[고2] 2024년09월–43~45번:어린시절의특이한책경험이자녀의성장에미친긍정적영향
My two girls grew up without challenges with respect to development and social interaction. My son Benjamin, however, was quite delayed. He struggled through his childhood, not fitting in with the other children and wondering what he was doing wrong at every turn. He was teased by the other children and frowned upon by a number of unsympathetic adults. But his Grade 1 teacher was a wonderful, caring person who took the time to ask why Benjamin behaved the way he did. The teacher was determined to understand Benjamin and to accept him as he was. One day he came home with a note from his teacher. He suggested I go to the school library. They were having a sale, and he thought my son would like one of the books. I couldn't go for a couple of days and was concerned I'd missed the opportunity. When I finally went to the school, his teacher told me that the sale had ended but that the library had saved the book for my little boy. I suspected the teacher had paid for it out of his own pocket. It was a storyboard book with a place for a photo. On each page there was an outline of an animal and a hole so that the face in the photo appeared to be the face of the animal. Wondering if Benjamin would really be interested in the book, I brought it home. He loved it! Through that book, he saw that he could be anything he wanted to be: a cat, an octopus, a dinosaur─even a frog! Benjamin joyfully embarked on an imaginative journey through the book, and little did we know, it laid the groundwork for his future successes. And thankfully, his teacher had taken the time to observe and understand him and had discovered a way to help him reach out of his own world and join ours through a storyboard book. My son later became a child actor and performed for seven years with a Toronto casting agency. He is now a published author who writes fantasy and science-fiction! Who would have guessed?
To whom it may concern, My name is Peter Jackson and I am thinking of applying for the Advanced Licensed Counselor Program that the university provides. I found that the certification for 100 hours of counseling experience is required for the application. However, I do not think I could possibly complete the required counseling experience by the current deadline. So, if possible, I kindly request an extension of the deadline until the end of this summer vacation. I am actively working on obtaining the certification, and I am sure I will be able to submit it by then. I understand the importance of following the application process, and would greatly appreciate your consideration of this request. I look forward to your response. Sincerely, Peter Jackson
Possible Titles:
1. Request for Extension of Application Deadline for Counselor Program
2. Deadline Extension Request for Advanced Licensed Counselor Program Application
3. Peter Jackson's Request for Extension to Submit Counseling Certification
4. Request for Deadline Adjustment Due to Incomplete Counseling Experience Hours
Main Idea #1:
Peter Jackson requests an extension of the deadline for submitting his application to the Advanced Licensed Counselor Program.
Main Idea #2:
Due to his inability to complete the required 100 hours of counseling experience by the current deadline, Peter Jackson is seeking an extension until the end of summer vacation to fulfill the certification requirement.
Summary:
Peter Jackson asks for an extension of the application deadline for the Advanced Licensed Counselor Program because he has not completed the required 100 hours of counseling experience. He assures that he will meet the requirement by the end of the summer vacation.
Key Points:
1. Peter Jackson plans to apply for the Advanced Licensed Counselor Program.
2. The application requires 100 hours of counseling experience.
3. He requests an extension of the deadline to complete the requirement.
4. He expects to fulfill the requirement by the end of summer vacation.
[고2] 2024년09월–19번:공항입국심사에서예상치못한상황에긴장한경험
The passport control line was short and the inspectors looked relaxed; except the inspector at my window. He seemed to want to model the seriousness of the task at hand for the other inspectors. Maybe that's why I felt uneasy when he studied my passport more carefully than I expected. "You were here in September," he said. "Why are you back so soon?" "I came in September to prepare to return this month," I replied with a trembling voice, considering if I missed any Italian regulations. "For how long?" he asked. "One month, this time," I answered truthfully. I knew it was not against the rules to stay in Italy for three months. "Enjoy your stay," he finally said, as he stamped my passport. Whew! As I walked away, the burden I had carried, even though I did nothing wrong, vanished into the air. My shoulders, once weighed down, now stretched out with comfort.
Possible Titles:
1. A Nervous Encounter with a Passport Inspector in Italy
2. Overcoming Anxiety at Passport Control Despite Following the Rules
3. A Close Call: Navigating Tension at Italian Passport Control
4. The Unexpected Pressure of Returning to Italy After a Short Stay
Main Idea #1:
The narrator feels uneasy during a strict inspection at passport control despite knowing they followed all the regulations.
Main Idea #2:
Although the narrator's stay in Italy was entirely within legal limits, the inspector's scrutiny creates unnecessary tension, but relief follows when the passport is finally stamped, allowing the narrator to relax and enjoy their visit.
Summary:
The narrator faces unexpected scrutiny at Italian passport control, feeling nervous despite adhering to all the rules. After a tense interaction, the inspector approves the stay, and the narrator feels relieved and relaxed.
Key Points:
1. The narrator faces extra scrutiny at passport control, causing unease.
2. They are questioned about returning to Italy shortly after a previous visit.
3. Despite feeling anxious, the narrator has followed the regulations.
4. After passing through, the narrator feels relieved and at ease.
[고2] 2024년09월–20번:걱정은통제가능한감정이라는점을자녀에게가르치는방법
Merely convincing your children that worry is senseless and that they would be more content if they didn't worry isn't going to stop them from worrying. For some reason, young people seem to believe that worry is a fact of life over which they have little or no control. Consequently, they don't even try to stop. Therefore, you need to convince them that worry, like guilt and fear, is nothing more than an emotion, and like all emotions, is subject to the power of the will. Tell them that they can eliminate worry from their lives by simply refusing to attend to it. Explain to them that if they refuse to act worried regardless of how they feel, they will eventually stop feeling worried and will begin to experience the contentment that accompanies a worry-free life.
Possible Titles:
1. Helping Children Understand the Power of Will Over Worry
2. Teaching Children to Overcome Worry Through Conscious Effort
3. Guiding Young People to a Worry-Free Life by Changing Their Mindset
4. How Parents Can Empower Children to Control Worry and Find Peace
Main Idea #1:
Simply telling children not to worry won't work unless they understand that worry is an emotion they can control.
Main Idea #2:
Parents must teach children that worry, like other emotions, can be controlled through willpower, and by refusing to act on worry, they can gradually eliminate it and find contentment.
Summary:
To help children stop worrying, parents must teach them that worry is an emotion they can control through their will. By refusing to act on worry, children can gradually overcome it and experience a more content and peaceful life.
Key Points:
1. Children often believe they cannot control their worries.
2. Worry, like other emotions, can be managed through willpower.
3. Refusing to act on worry can lead to eliminating it over time.
4. Parents should explain how overcoming worry leads to greater contentment.
[고2] 2024년09월–21번:산업시대에서창의성과속도가더중요한현대기업의특성
In today's information age, in many companies and on many teams, the objective is no longer error prevention and replicability. On the contrary, it's creativity, speed, and keenness. In the industrial era, the goal was to minimize variation. But in creative companies today, maximizing variation is more essential. In these situations, the biggest risk isn't making a mistake or losing consistency; it's failing to attract top talent, to invent new products, or to change direction quickly when the environment shifts. Consistency and repeatability are more likely to suppress fresh thinking than to bring your company profit. A lot of little mistakes, while sometimes painful, help the organization learn quickly and are a critical part of the innovation cycle. In these situations, rules and process are no longer the best answer. A symphony isn't what you're going for. Leave the conductor and the sheet music behind. Build a jazz band instead.
Possible Titles:
1. Embracing Creativity and Flexibility Over Consistency in Modern Companies
2. Why Innovation Requires Maximizing Variation and Accepting Mistakes
3. Shifting from Error Prevention to Innovation in the Information Age
4. Building a Creative Team: Jazz Bands Over Symphonies in Business
Main Idea #1:
The focus of modern companies has shifted from error prevention to creativity and flexibility.
Main Idea #2:
In today's rapidly changing environment, maximizing variation and embracing small mistakes are crucial for innovation, as consistency and repeatability can stifle creativity and limit a company's ability to adapt and grow.
Summary:
In the modern business world, creativity and quick adaptation are more important than error prevention. Companies that prioritize variation and allow small mistakes are more likely to innovate and thrive in changing environments, as strict adherence to rules can suppress fresh ideas.
Key Points:
1. The focus has shifted from minimizing errors to encouraging creativity and speed.
2. Modern companies benefit from maximizing variation rather than consistency.
3. Small mistakes are essential for learning and innovation.
4. A flexible, improvisational approach is better than rigid adherence to processes.
[고2] 2024년09월–22번:재난상황에서정보소통의중요성과소문이퍼지는이유
Any new or threatening situation may require us to make decisions and this requires information. So important is communication during a disaster that normal social barriers are often lowered. We will talk to strangers in a way we would never consider normally. Even relatively low grade disruption of our life such as a fire drill or a very late train seems to give us the permission to break normal etiquette and talk to strangers. The more important an event to a particular public, the more detailed and urgent the requirement for news becomes. Without an authoritative source of facts, whether that is a newspaper or trusted broadcast station, rumours often run riot. Rumours start because people believe their group to be in danger and so, although the rumour is unproven, feel they should pass it on. For example, if a worker heard that their employer's business was doing badly and people were going to be made redundant, they would pass that information on to colleagues.
Possible Titles:
1. The Role of Communication and Rumors During Disruptive Events
2. How Disasters Lower Social Barriers and Spread Information
3. The Power of Rumors in Crisis Situations and Their Impact on Communication
4. Breaking Social Norms: The Urgent Need for Information During Disasters
Main Idea #1:
Disasters lower social barriers, making people more willing to communicate with strangers for information.
Main Idea #2:
In crises, the lack of reliable information leads to the spread of rumors, as people feel compelled to pass on unverified news to protect their group, heightening the urgency for authoritative sources.
Summary:
In disruptive situations, people are more likely to communicate with strangers to gather information. The absence of reliable news often leads to the spread of rumors, as individuals feel the need to share potential dangers, even if unverified.
Key Points:
1. Disasters encourage communication between strangers.
2. Urgent events increase the need for reliable information.
3. The absence of authoritative news sources fuels the spread of rumors.
4. People spread rumors to protect their group from perceived danger.
[고2] 2024년09월–23번:예술과과학모두가문화적맥락에서이해되어야하는이유
People seem to recognize that the arts are cultural activities that draw on (or react against) certain cultural traditions, certain shared understanding, and certain values and ideas that are characteristic of the time and place in which the art is created. In the case of science, however, opinions differ. Some scientists, like the great biologist J. B. S. Haldane, see science in a similar light ― as a historical activity that occurs in a particular time and place, and that needs to be understood within that context. Others, however, see science as a purely "objective" pursuit, uninfluenced by the cultural viewpoint and values of those who create it. In describing this view of science, philosopher Hugh Lacey speaks of the belief that there is an underlying order of the world which is simply there to be discovered ― the world of pure "fact" stripped of any link with value. The aim of science according to this view is to represent this world of pure "fact", independently of any relationship it might bear contingently to human practices and experiences.
Possible Titles:
1. The Debate Over Whether Science Is Influenced by Culture
2. Is Science Objective or Shaped by Its Historical Context?
3. Exploring Different Views on the Role of Culture in Science
4. Science as a Cultural Activity or an Objective Pursuit: A Philosophical Discussion
Main Idea #1:
There are differing opinions on whether science is influenced by the cultural context in which it is practiced.
Main Idea #2:
While some view science as a historical activity shaped by time and place, others argue that it is an objective pursuit, focused solely on discovering a world of pure facts independent of human values or practices.
Summary:
Some scientists and philosophers believe that science is shaped by the cultural and historical context in which it is created, while others view it as an objective pursuit, aiming to uncover pure facts without influence from human values or experiences.
Key Points:
1. The arts are widely recognized as being influenced by cultural traditions and values.
2. Opinions differ on whether science is influenced by culture or purely objective.
3. Some believe science must be understood within its historical context.
4. Others argue that science aims to discover facts independent of human practices.
[고2] 2024년09월–24번:정신적성숙과책임감의연령에대한사회적기준의문제
Mental development consists of individuals increasingly mastering social codes and signals themselves, which they can master only in social situations with the support of more competent individuals, typically adults. In this sense, mental development consists of internalizing social patterns and gradually becoming a responsible actor among other responsible actors. In Denmark, the age of criminal responsibility is 15 years, which means that we then say that people have developed sufficient mental maturity to be accountable for their actions at this point. And at the age of 18 people are given the right to vote and are thereby formally included in the basic democratic process. I do not know whether these age boundaries are optimal, but it is clear that mental development takes place at different rates for different individuals, and depends especially on the social and family environment they have been given. Therefore, having formal limits for responsibility from a specific age that apply to everyone is a somewhat questionable practice. But the question, of course, is whether it can be done any differently.
Possible Titles:
1. The Relationship Between Mental Development and Legal Responsibility
2. Questioning Age Limits for Responsibility: Mental Development and Social Context
3. Can Age-Based Boundaries Truly Reflect Mental Maturity?
4. Understanding Mental Development and Its Role in Defining Responsibility
Main Idea #1:
Mental development involves mastering social codes with the help of more competent individuals, like adults.
Main Idea #2:
Although formal age limits, such as 15 for criminal responsibility and 18 for voting in Denmark, mark mental maturity, mental development varies for individuals based on their social and family environments, making age-based boundaries for responsibility questionable.
Summary:
Mental development occurs through mastering social norms with adult support, and while age limits for responsibility are set in Denmark, individual mental maturity varies based on social factors, raising questions about the fairness of universal age boundaries.
Key Points:
1. Mental development involves internalizing social patterns with guidance from others.
2. Denmark sets age limits of 15 for criminal responsibility and 18 for voting.
3. Mental maturity varies based on individual social and family environments.
4. Universal age limits for responsibility may not accurately reflect individual development.
[고2] 2024년09월–25번: 2022년캐나다의연령대별무급돌봄제공비율비교그래프
The graph above shows the percentage of people who provided unpaid care to children and adults by age group in Canada in 2022. Notably, the 35-44 group had the highest percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to children, reaching 59.5%. However, the highest percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to adults was found in the 55-64 group. Compared to the 25-34 group, the 1524 group had a lower percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to children and a higher percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to adults. The percentage of people providing unpaid care to adults in the 45-54 group was more than twice as high as that in the 35-44 group. The 55-64 group and the 65 and older group showed a similar percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to children, with a difference of less than 1 percentage point.
Possible Titles:
1. Age Group Differences in Unpaid Care for Children and Adults in Canada, 2022
2. The Distribution of Unpaid Care Responsibilities Across Age Groups in Canada
3. A Closer Look at Unpaid Care for Children and Adults by Age in 2022 Canada
4. How Different Age Groups Contribute to Unpaid Care for Children and Adults in Canada
Main Idea #1:
The 35-44 age group had the highest percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to children in 2022.
Main Idea #2:
The percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to adults peaked in the 55-64 age group, while other age groups showed varying levels of care provision for both children and adults, with notable differences between certain age groups.
Summary:
In Canada in 2022, unpaid care for children was most commonly provided by the 35-44 age group, while unpaid care for adults was highest in the 55-64 group. There were also significant differences between age groups in terms of care provision for both children and adults, with the 45-54 group showing particularly high rates of care for adults.
Key Points:
1. The 35-44 age group had the highest percentage of people providing unpaid care to children (59.5%).
2. The 55-64 age group had the highest percentage of people providing unpaid care to adults.
3. The 15-24 group provided less care to children but more to adults than the 25-34 group.
4. The 45-54 group provided over twice as much unpaid care to adults as the 35-44 group.
[고2] 2024년09월–26번:동물생태학발전에기여한Charles Elton의생애와업적
Born in the English city of Liverpool, Charles Elton studied zoology under Julian Huxley at Oxford University from 1918 to 1922. After graduating, he began teaching as a parttime instructor and had a long and distinguished teaching career at Oxford from 1922 to 1967. After a series of arctic expeditions with Huxley, he worked with a fur-collecting and trading company as a biological consultant, and examined the company's records to study animal populations. In 1927, he wrote his first and most important book, Animal Ecology, in which he demonstrated the nature of food chains and cycles. In 1932, he helped establish the Bureau of Animal Population at Oxford. In the same year he became the editor of the new Journal of Animal Ecology. Throughout his career, Elton wrote six books and played a major role in shaping the modern science of ecology.
Possible Titles:
1. Charles Elton: Pioneering Ecologist and Founder of Animal Population Studies
2. The Legacy of Charles Elton: From Zoology Student to Ecological Innovator
3. Charles Elton's Contributions to Animal Ecology and Population Research
4. Shaping Modern Ecology: The Life and Achievements of Charles Elton
Main Idea #1:
Charles Elton made significant contributions to the field of ecology, particularly in the study of animal populations and food chains.
Main Idea #2:
Through his work as a biological consultant, his founding of the Bureau of Animal Population, and his role as an author and editor, Charles Elton played a pivotal role in developing the modern science of ecology and animal population studies.
Summary:
Charles Elton, a zoologist educated at Oxford, made lasting contributions to the field of ecology. His pioneering work on food chains, population studies, and the founding of the Bureau of Animal Population helped shape modern ecology. He authored six books and had a long, influential teaching career.
Key Points:
1. Charles Elton studied zoology at Oxford under Julian Huxley.
2. He led arctic expeditions and worked as a biological consultant studying animal populations.
3. His 1927 book, Animal Ecology, introduced key concepts like food chains and cycles.
4. Elton helped establish the Bureau of Animal Population and played a key role in shaping modern ecology.
[고2] 2024년09월–29번:경제중심사고에서생태적건강을중시하는관점으로의변화
One well-known shift took place when the accepted view ― that the Earth was the center of the universe ― changed to one where we understood that we are only inhabitants on one planet orbiting the Sun. With each person who grasped the solar system view, it became easier for the next person to do so. So it is with the notion that the world revolves around the human economy. This is slowly being replaced by the view that the economy is a part of the larger system of material flows that connect all living things. When this perspective shifts into place, it will be obvious that our economic well-being requires that we account for, and respond to, factors of ecological health. Unfortunately we do not have a century or two to make the change. By clarifying the nature of the old and new perspectives, and by identifying actions on which we might cooperate to move the process along, we can help accelerate the shift.
Possible Titles:
1. Shifting Perspectives: From Human-Centric Economies to Ecological Integration
2. The Evolution of Thought: Economy as Part of Earth's Ecological Systems
3. Accelerating the Transition from Economic Dominance to Ecological Awareness
4. From Earth-Centered to Eco-Centered: Changing Views on Economy and Environment
Main Idea #1:
A shift is occurring from viewing the economy as central to understanding it as part of a larger ecological system.
Main Idea #2:
As people adopt the perspective that the economy is just one aspect of a broader system of material flows, it will become clear that economic well-being depends on ecological health, and we must act quickly to accelerate this shift in thinking.
Summary:
The perspective that the economy is central is gradually being replaced by the view that it is part of a broader ecological system. This shift is crucial for recognizing the connection between economic well-being and ecological health, and we must act quickly to accelerate this change.
Key Points:
1. The old view that Earth was the center of the universe parallels the current view of the economy's centrality.
2. The economy is now seen as part of a larger ecological system.
3. Economic well-being is dependent on ecological health.
4. Action is needed to accelerate this shift in thinking.
[고2] 2024년09월–30번:인류의진화과정에서도구사용과식단변화가중요한역할을함
The first human beings probably evolved in tropical regions where survival was possible without clothing. It is likely that they had very dark skin because light skin would have given little protection against the burning rays of the sun. There is a debate about whether these people spread into other parts of the world or, instead, whether people developed independently in various parts of the world. Whichever the case, it is believed that in time they became capable of spreading out from Africa, eventually to most of the world. This was probably because their physical characteristics changed. For instance, early hominids probably did not walk upright, but when they developed that ability, they could travel more efficiently. More important, perhaps, was their development of tool making. With tools, they could hunt other animals, so they could consume more protein and fat than their low-energy vegetarian diet would have provided. Not only their bodies but also their brains would have been changed with more energy. The brain needs lots of energy to grow. As their diet expanded, hominids could physically and intellectually expand their territory.
Possible Titles:
1. The Evolutionary Journey of Early Hominids and Their Global Expansion
2. How Physical and Intellectual Developments Enabled Early Human Migration
3. The Role of Diet and Tools in the Evolution of Early Humans
4. From Africa to the World: The Evolution and Spread of Early Humans
Main Idea #1:
Early humans likely evolved in tropical regions, with dark skin for sun protection.
Main Idea #2:
The development of tool-making and upright walking allowed early humans to hunt and travel more efficiently, leading to physical and intellectual evolution that enabled them to expand beyond Africa.
Summary:
Early humans likely originated in tropical regions with dark skin for sun protection. Their ability to walk upright and make tools allowed them to hunt and consume more energy-rich foods, which fueled physical and intellectual growth, enabling them to spread across the globe.
Key Points:
1. Early humans likely had dark skin to protect against the sun in tropical regions.
2. There is debate about whether humans spread from Africa or evolved independently in different parts of the world.
3. Walking upright and tool-making allowed for more efficient travel and hunting.
4. A protein-rich diet helped fuel brain development and territorial expansion.
[고2] 2024년09월–31번:불공정한절차가위로를제공하는이유와공정한절차의심리적영향
When we get an unfavorable outcome, in some ways the last thing we want to hear is that the process was fair. As outraging as the combination of an unfavorable outcome and an unfair process is, this combination also brings with it a consolation prize: the possibility of attributing the bad outcome to something other than ourselves. We may reassure ourselves by believing that our bad outcome had little to do with us and everything to do with the unfair process. If the process is fair, however, we cannot nearly as easily externalize the outcome; we got what we got "fair and square." When the process is fair we believe that our outcome is deserved, which is another way of saying that there must have been something about ourselves (what we did or who we are) that caused the outcome.
Possible Titles:
1. The Psychological Impact of Fairness on Unfavorable Outcomes
2. How Fair Processes Force Us to Accept Responsibility for Bad Results
3. The Consolation of Unfairness: Avoiding Blame for Unfavorable Outcomes
4. Why Fairness Can Make Unfavorable Outcomes Harder to Accept
Main Idea #1:
Unfavorable outcomes are easier to accept if we can attribute them to an unfair process.
Main Idea #2:
When the process is fair, individuals struggle to externalize unfavorable outcomes and are more likely to internalize blame, believing that the result was deserved based on their own actions or characteristics.
Summary:
Unfavorable outcomes are easier to accept when they can be attributed to an unfair process, allowing individuals to avoid self-blame. When the process is fair, people tend to internalize responsibility for the result, believing it reflects their own actions or characteristics.
Key Points:
1. People often find comfort in blaming an unfair process for bad outcomes.
2. Fair processes make it harder to externalize unfavorable results.
3. A fair process leads people to believe their outcome was deserved.
4. Internalizing responsibility is more likely when the outcome results from a fair process.
[고2] 2024년09월–32번:서양여성드레스의형태변화를분석한연구결과
The well-known American ethnologist Alfred Louis Kroeber made a rich and in-depth study of women's evening dress in the West, stretching back about three centuries and using reproductions of engravings. Having adjusted the dimensions of these plates due to their diverse origins, he was able to analyse the constant elements in fashion features and to come up with a study that was neither intuitive nor approximate, but precise, mathematical and statistical. He reduced women's clothing to a certain number of features: length and size of the skirt, size and depth of the neckline, height of the waistline. He demonstrated unambiguously that fashion is a profoundly regular phenomenon which is not located at the level of annual variations but on the scale of history. For practically 300 years, women's dress was subject to a very precise periodic cycle: forms reach the furthest point in their variations every fifty years. If, at any one moment, skirts are at their longest, fifty years later they will be at their shortest; thus skirts become long again fifty years after being short and a hundred years after being long.
Possible Titles:
1. Alfred Kroeber's Study of Fashion Cycles in Women's Evening Dress
2. The Mathematical Regularity of Women's Fashion Over Three Centuries
3. How Women's Evening Dress Follows a 50-Year Fashion Cycle
4. Alfred Kroeber's Precise Analysis of Fashion Trends in Women's Clothing
Main Idea #1:
Alfred Kroeber conducted a precise, mathematical study of women's evening dress over 300 years, analyzing fashion cycles.
Main Idea #2:
Kroeber demonstrated that women's fashion, particularly in evening dress, follows a regular 50-year cycle, with elements like skirt length and neckline depth changing in predictable ways over time, reflecting a deeper historical pattern rather than annual trends.
Summary:
Alfred Kroeber's study of women's evening dress revealed that fashion trends follow a regular 50-year cycle, with predictable changes in skirt length, neckline, and waistline height. His analysis showed that fashion operates on a historical scale rather than annual variations.
Key Points:
1. Kroeber studied 300 years of women's evening dress using engravings.
2. He reduced fashion to specific features like skirt length and neckline depth.
3. Fashion follows a 50-year cycle, with regular changes in style.
4. His analysis was mathematical, revealing a precise historical pattern in fashion trends.
[고2] 2024년09월–33번:기술발전으로인한불평등과노동시장의붕괴가능성
Over the last few centuries, humanity's collective prosperity has skyrocketed, as technological progress has made us far wealthier than ever before. To share out those riches, almost all societies have settled upon the market mechanism, rewarding people in various ways for the work that they do and the things that they own. But rising inequality, itself often driven by technology, has started to put that mechanism under strain. Today, markets already provide immense rewards to some people but leave many others with very little. And now, technological unemployment threatens to become a more radical version of the same story, taking place in the particular market we rely upon the most: the labor market. As that market begins to break down, more and more people will be in danger of not receiving a share of society's prosperity at all.
Possible Titles:
1. The Impact of Technological Progress on Rising Inequality and Labor Markets
2. How Technological Unemployment Threatens Market Mechanisms in Modern Society
3. The Strain of Inequality: Technology's Role in Disrupting Prosperity Distribution
4. Markets Under Pressure: Technological Advancements and the Future of Labor
Main Idea #1:
Technological progress has increased prosperity but also heightened inequality, straining the market mechanism.
Main Idea #2:
As technology leads to rising inequality and the potential for widespread technological unemployment, the labor market, which is key to distributing prosperity, may begin to break down, leaving many without a share in society's wealth.
Summary:
Technological progress has increased overall prosperity but has also intensified inequality, straining the market mechanism that distributes wealth. As technological unemployment rises, the labor market may collapse, leaving many without access to society's prosperity.
Key Points:
1. Technological progress has increased humanity's wealth.
2. The market mechanism distributes this wealth but is under strain due to rising inequality.
3. Technology has contributed to both increased inequality and the risk of technological unemployment.
4. As the labor market falters, many may be excluded from sharing in collective prosperity.
[고2] 2024년09월–34번:전문가들이기초지식을가르치기어려운이유
It's often said that those who can't do, teach. It would be more accurate to say that those who can do, can't teach the basics. A great deal of expert knowledge is implicit, not explicit. The further you progress toward mastery, the less conscious awareness you often have of the fundamentals. Experiments show that skilled golfers and wine aficionados have a hard time describing their putting and tasting techniques ― even asking them to explain their approaches is enough to interfere with their performance, so they often stay on autopilot. When I first saw an elite diver do four and a half somersaults, I asked how he managed to spin so fast. His answer: "Just go up in a ball." Experts often have an intuitive understanding of a route, but they struggle to clearly express all the steps to take. Their brain dump is partially filled with garbage.
Possible Titles:
1. The Struggles Experts Face When Teaching the Basics
2. Why Mastery Makes It Harder to Teach: The Implicit Knowledge Problem
3. The Paradox of Expertise: Difficulty in Explaining What Comes Naturally
4. The Gap Between Doing and Teaching: Why Experts Struggle to Share Fundamentals
Main Idea #1:
Experts often struggle to teach the basics because much of their knowledge is implicit.
Main Idea #2:
As individuals progress toward mastery, they become less conscious of the fundamental steps they follow, making it difficult to teach those steps to others. Experts often rely on intuition and struggle to explain their processes clearly.
Summary:
Experts often have difficulty teaching the basics because much of their knowledge is implicit and intuitive. As they master a skill, they become less aware of the fundamental steps involved, making it hard to explain their techniques clearly to others.
Key Points:
1. Experts often have implicit knowledge that is difficult to verbalize.
2. Skilled individuals may struggle to explain basic steps without disrupting their own performance.
3. Mastery leads to intuitive understanding, making it harder to teach beginners.
4. Attempts to teach can result in unclear explanations and incomplete steps.
[고2] 2024년09월–35번:곡물가공과발효과정이영양소보존에미치는영향
Minimal processing can be one of the best ways to keep original flavors and taste, without any need to add artificial flavoring or additives, or too much salt. This would also be the efficient way to keep most nutrients, especially the most sensitive ones such as many vitamins and anti-oxidants. Milling of cereals is one of the most harsh processes which dramatically affect nutrient content. While grains are naturally very rich in micronutrients, anti-oxidants and fiber (i.e. in wholemeal flour or flakes), milling usually removes the vast majority of minerals, vitamins and fibers to raise white flour. Such a spoilage of key nutrients and fiber is no longer acceptable in the context of a sustainable diet aiming at an optimal nutrient density and health protection. In contrast, fermentation of various foodstuffs or germination of grains are traditional, locally accessible, low-energy and highly nutritious processes of sounded interest.
Possible Titles:
1. The Benefits of Minimal Processing for Nutrient Retention and Flavor
2. How Milling and Minimal Processing Affect Nutrient Content in Grains
3. Sustainable Diets: Preserving Nutrients Through Minimal Processing and Fermentation
4. Why Minimal Processing and Traditional Methods Are Key for Nutrient-Rich Foods
Main Idea #1:
Minimal processing helps retain the original flavors and nutrients of foods without the need for artificial additives.
Main Idea #2:
While harsh processes like cereal milling remove essential nutrients and fiber, traditional methods such as fermentation and germination offer nutritious, low-energy alternatives that align with sustainable diets.
Summary:
Minimal processing preserves the original flavors and nutrients of foods, especially sensitive vitamins and antioxidants. In contrast, harsh processes like milling remove vital nutrients from grains, while traditional methods like fermentation and germination maintain nutrient density and align with sustainable, healthy diets.
Key Points:
1. Minimal processing retains original flavors and nutrients without additives.
2. Milling significantly reduces the nutrient content of grains.
3. Whole grains are rich in micronutrients, antioxidants, and fiber.
4. Traditional methods like fermentation and germination are nutrient-rich, sustainable alternatives.
[고2] 2024년09월–36번:너무유능한사람은오히려덜호감가는이유
It would seem obvious that the more competent someone is, the more we will like that person. By "competence," I mean a cluster of qualities: smartness, the ability to get things done, wise decisions, etc. We stand a better chance of doing well at our life tasks if we surround ourselves with people who know what they're doing and have a lot to teach us. But the research evidence is paradoxical: In problem-solving groups, the participants who are considered the most competent and have the best ideas tend not to be the ones who are best liked. Why? One possibility is that, although we like to be around competent people, those who are too competent make us uncomfortable. They may seem unapproachable, distant, superhuman ― and make us look bad (and feel worse) by comparison. If this were true, we might like people more if they reveal some evidence of fallibility. For example, if your friend is a brilliant mathematician, superb athlete, and gourmet cook, you might like him or her better if, every once in a while, they screwed up.
Possible Titles:
1. The Competence Paradox: Why Highly Capable People Aren't Always the Most Liked
2. Competence vs. Likability: How Perfection Can Make Others Uncomfortable
3. The Influence of Competence and Fallibility on Social Connections
4. Why Flaws in Competence May Increase Likability in Group Dynamics
Main Idea #1:
Highly competent individuals are not always the most liked in social or problem-solving groups.
Main Idea #2:
While competence is valued, overly competent people can make others feel uncomfortable or inferior. Revealing occasional fallibility can make them more approachable and likable, as it reduces the discomfort others may feel in comparison.
Summary:
Competence is generally desirable, but overly competent individuals may not be well-liked in group settings due to the discomfort they create. People tend to prefer those who reveal occasional fallibility, as it makes them more relatable and approachable.
Key Points:
1. Competence includes qualities like intelligence, decision-making, and efficiency.
2. Highly competent individuals are often less liked in problem-solving groups.
3. Excessive competence can make others feel inferior or uncomfortable.
4. Occasional fallibility in competent people can increase their likability.
[고2] 2024년09월–37번:꿀벌의춤과컴퓨터알고리즘의차이
A computational algorithm that takes input data and generates some output from it doesn't really embody any notion of meaning. Certainly, such a computation does not generally have as its purpose its own survival and wellbeing. It does not, in general, assign value to the inputs. Compare, for example, a computer algorithm with the waggle dance of the honeybee, by which means a foraging bee conveys to others in the hive information about the source of food (such as nectar) it has located. The "dance" ― a series of stylized movements on the comb ― shows the bees how far away the food is and in which direction. But this input does not simply program other bees to go out and look for it. Rather, they evaluate this information, comparing it with their own knowledge of the surroundings. Some bees might not bother to make the journey, considering it not worthwhile. The input, such as it is, is processed in the light of the organism's own internal states and history; there is nothing prescriptive about its effects.
Possible Titles:
1. The Difference Between Computational Algorithms and Biological Communication
2. Why Meaning and Evaluation Set Biological Systems Apart from Algorithms
3. Comparing Computer Algorithms and the Honeybee's Waggle Dance: A Study in Information Processing
4. From Inputs to Decisions: The Role of Evaluation in Honeybee Communication
Main Idea #1:
Computational algorithms process input without assigning meaning or value to it, unlike biological systems such as honeybees.
Main Idea #2:
The waggle dance of honeybees conveys information about food sources, but unlike computer algorithms, bees evaluate the information based on their internal states and past experiences, making decisions that are not simply prescriptive responses to input.
Summary:
Unlike computer algorithms, which process input without assigning meaning, honeybees use the waggle dance to convey information that is evaluated in light of individual experiences and internal states, demonstrating that biological systems assign value and meaning to input.
Key Points:
1. Algorithms process input without assigning value or meaning.
2. The honeybee's waggle dance communicates information about food sources.
3. Bees evaluate the input based on their own knowledge and internal states.
4. Biological systems process information in a non-prescriptive, evaluative way.
[고2] 2024년09월–38번:행동전염과바이러스전염의유사점과차이점
There are deep similarities between viral contagion and behavioral contagion. For example, people in close or extended proximity to others infected by a virus are themselves more likely to become infected, just as people are more likely to drink excessively when they spend more time in the company of heavy drinkers. But there are also important differences between the two types of contagion. One is that visibility promotes behavioral contagion but inhibits the spread of infectious diseases. Solar panels that are visible from the street, for instance, are more likely to stimulate neighboring installations. In contrast, we try to avoid others who are visibly ill. Another important difference is that whereas viral contagion is almost always a bad thing, behavioral contagion is sometimes negative ― as in the case of smoking ― but sometimes positive, as in the case of solar installations.
Possible Titles:
1. Comparing Viral and Behavioral Contagion: Similarities and Key Differences
2. The Influence of Visibility in Viral and Behavioral Contagion
3. Viral vs. Behavioral Contagion: When Imitation Helps or Hurts
4. How Visibility and Social Proximity Shape Viral and Behavioral Contagion
Main Idea #1:
Viral contagion and behavioral contagion share similarities but also have important differences.
Main Idea #2:
While proximity increases the likelihood of both viral and behavioral contagion, visibility encourages behavioral contagion but inhibits viral contagion. Furthermore, viral contagion is generally harmful, whereas behavioral contagion can be either positive or negative.
Summary:
Viral and behavioral contagion are similar in that both are more likely to spread through proximity, but they differ in key ways. Visibility promotes behavioral contagion but discourages viral contagion, and while viral contagion is usually harmful, behavioral contagion can be either beneficial or detrimental.
Key Points:
1. Proximity increases the likelihood of both viral and behavioral contagion.
2. Visibility encourages behavioral contagion but discourages viral contagion.
3. Viral contagion is typically harmful.
4. Behavioral contagion can be either negative, like smoking, or positive, like solar panel adoption.
[고2] 2024년09월–39번:동물의동면과수면의차이
Sleep is clearly about more than just resting. One curious fact is that animals that are hibernating also have periods of sleep. It comes as a surprise to most of us, but hibernation and sleep are not the same thing at all, at least not from a neurological and metabolic perspective. Hibernating is more like being anesthetized: the subject is unconscious but not actually asleep. So a hibernating animal needs to get a few hours of conventional sleep each day within the larger unconsciousness. A further surprise to most of us is that bears, the most famous of wintry sleepers, don't actually hibernate. Real hibernation involves profound unconsciousness and a dramatic fall in body temperature ― often to around 32 degrees Fahrenheit. By this definition, bears don't hibernate, because their body temperature stays near normal and they are easily awakened. Their winter sleeps are more accurately called a state of torpor.
Possible Titles:
1. The Difference Between Hibernation and Sleep: A Neurological Perspective
3. Sleep vs. Hibernation: The Surprising Distinctions in Animal Dormancy
4. Hibernation and Torpor: Exploring the Misconceptions About Winter Sleep
Main Idea #1:
Hibernation and sleep are distinct states, with hibernation being more similar to anesthesia.
Main Idea #2:
Hibernation involves deep unconsciousness and a significant drop in body temperature, whereas animals like bears experience torpor, a lighter form of dormancy where they remain easily awakened and maintain near-normal body temperatures.
Summary:
Hibernation is not the same as sleep; it resembles anesthesia, with animals needing regular sleep during hibernation. Bears, often thought to hibernate, actually enter a state of torpor, where their body temperature remains near normal and they can wake easily.
Key Points:
1. Sleep and hibernation are neurologically and metabolically different.
2. Hibernating animals still require conventional sleep periods.
3. True hibernation involves deep unconsciousness and a dramatic drop in body temperature.
4. Bears experience torpor, not true hibernation, as their body temperature stays near normal.
[고2] 2024년09월–40번:나이별로타인의평가를의식하는행동차이
The concern about how we appear to others can be seen in children, though work by the psychologist Ervin Staub suggests that the effect may vary with age. In a study where children heard another child in distress, young children (kindergarten through second grade) were more likely to help the child in distress when with another child than when alone. But for older children ― in fourth and sixth grade ― the effect reversed: they were less likely to help a child in distress when they were with a peer than when they were alone. Staub suggested that younger children might feel more comfortable acting when they have the company of a peer, whereas older children might feel more concern about being judged by their peers and fear feeling embarrassed by overreacting. Staub noted that "older children seemed to discuss the distress sounds less and to react to them less openly than younger children." In other words, the older children were deliberately putting on a poker face in front of their peers.
[요약문] The study suggests that, contrary to younger children, older children are less likely to help those in distress in the presence of others because they care more about how they are evaluated.
Possible Titles:
1. The Role of Peer Influence on Children's Willingness to Help
2. How Concern for Peer Judgment Affects Older Children's Behavior
3. Age Differences in Children's Responses to Helping Peers in Distress
4. Why Older Children Are Less Likely to Help in the Presence of Others
Main Idea #1:
Younger children are more likely to help when with a peer, while older children are less likely to do so.
Main Idea #2:
As children grow older, they become more concerned about how they are judged by their peers, which leads them to suppress their willingness to help others in distress, fearing embarrassment or overreaction in front of others.
Summary:
Younger children are more likely to help when accompanied by a peer, but older children tend to suppress their helping behavior in the presence of others, as they are more concerned about peer judgment and potential embarrassment.
Key Points:
1. Younger children are more likely to help when with another child.
2. Older children are less likely to help when a peer is present.
4. Older children deliberately hide their reactions to avoid embarrassment.
[고2] 2024년09월–41~42번:어린시절권위에대한질문의중요성과성인의대응방식
What makes questioning authority so hard? The difficulties start in childhood, when parents - the first and most powerful authority figures - show children "the way things are." This is a necessary element of learning language and socialization, and certainly most things learned in early childhood are noncontroversial: the English alphabet starts with A and ends with Z, the numbers 1 through 10 come before the numbers 11 through 20, and so on. Children, however, will spontaneously question things that are quite obvious to adults and even to older kids. The word "why?" becomes a challenge, as in, "Why is the sky blue?" Answers such as "because it just is" or "because I say so" tell children that they must unquestioningly accept what authorities say "just because," and children who persist in their questioning are likely to find themselves dismissed or yelled at for "bothering" adults with "meaningless" or "unimportant" questions. But these questions are in fact perfectly reasonable. Why is the sky blue? Many adults do not themselves know the answer. And who says the sky's color needs to be called "blue," anyway? How do we know that what one person calls "blue" is the same color that another calls "blue"? The scientific answers come from physics, but those are not the answers that children are seeking. They are trying to understand the world, and no matter how irritating the repeated questions may become to stressed and time-pressed parents, it is important to take them seriously to encourage kids to question authority to think for themselves.
Possible Titles:
1. Encouraging Critical Thinking: Why Children Should Question Authority
2. The Challenges of Questioning Authority and How It Starts in Childhood
3. Why Early Dismissal of Children's Questions Stifles Independent Thinking
4. From Childhood Curiosity to Adult Obedience: The Struggle to Question Authority
Main Idea #1:
Questioning authority begins in childhood but is often discouraged by adults through dismissive responses.
Main Idea #2:
Children's natural curiosity leads them to question even obvious facts, but they are often met with dismissive or frustrated responses, which teaches them to accept authority without question. Encouraging children to ask questions helps them develop critical thinking and independence.
Summary:
Questioning authority is difficult because children are often discouraged from asking questions by adults, who dismiss their curiosity as unimportant. Encouraging children to ask questions fosters independent thinking and helps them challenge accepted norms as they grow.
Key Points:
1. Questioning authority begins in childhood when children challenge basic facts.
2. Parents often dismiss children's questions with unsatisfactory answers.
3. This discouragement teaches children to accept authority without questioning.
4. Encouraging children to question fosters critical thinking and independence.
[고2] 2024년09월–43~45번:어린시절의특이한책경험이자녀의성장에미친긍정적영향
My two girls grew up without challenges with respect to development and social interaction. My son Benjamin, however, was quite delayed. He struggled through his childhood, not fitting in with the other children and wondering what he was doing wrong at every turn. He was teased by the other children and frowned upon by a number of unsympathetic adults. But his Grade 1 teacher was a wonderful, caring person who took the time to ask why Benjamin behaved the way he did. The teacher was determined to understand Benjamin and to accept him as he was. One day he came home with a note from his teacher. He suggested I go to the school library. They were having a sale, and he thought my son would like one of the books. I couldn't go for a couple of days and was concerned I'd missed the opportunity. When I finally went to the school, his teacher told me that the sale had ended but that the library had saved the book for my little boy. I suspected the teacher had paid for it out of his own pocket. It was a storyboard book with a place for a photo. On each page there was an outline of an animal and a hole so that the face in the photo appeared to be the face of the animal. Wondering if Benjamin would really be interested in the book, I brought it home. He loved it! Through that book, he saw that he could be anything he wanted to be: a cat, an octopus, a dinosaur─even a frog! Benjamin joyfully embarked on an imaginative journey through the book, and little did we know, it laid the groundwork for his future successes. And thankfully, his teacher had taken the time to observe and understand him and had discovered a way to help him reach out of his own world and join ours through a storyboard book. My son later became a child actor and performed for seven years with a Toronto casting agency. He is now a published author who writes fantasy and science-fiction! Who would have guessed?
Possible Titles:
1. How a Thoughtful Teacher Helped Benjamin Find His Path to Success
2. The Power of Understanding: A Teacher’s Role in Benjamin’s Journey
3. From Struggles to Success: How One Book Changed Benjamin’s Life
4. The Impact of a Caring Teacher on a Child’s Development and Future
Main Idea #1:
Benjamin faced developmental challenges but found support and encouragement through the kindness of his Grade 1 teacher.
Main Idea #2:
With the help of a caring teacher who took the time to understand him, Benjamin discovered his creativity through a special book, which sparked his imagination and eventually led to a successful career as an actor and writer.
Summary:
Benjamin, who struggled with developmental delays, found support from a compassionate teacher who introduced him to a special book that ignited his imagination. This simple gesture laid the foundation for his later success as a child actor and published author.
Key Points:
1. Benjamin faced developmental and social challenges during his childhood.
2. His Grade 1 teacher took the time to understand and support him.
3. A special book from the teacher helped spark Benjamin’s creativity.
4. Benjamin later became a successful child actor and published author.
③I found that the certification for 100 hours of counseling experience is required for the application.
저는 지원을 위해100시간의 상담 경력 증명서가 필요하다는 것을 알았습니다.
④However, I do not think I could possibly complete the required counseling experience by the current deadline.
그러나 저는 아마도 현재 마감 기한까지 필요한 상담 경험을 완료할 수 없다고 생각합니다.
⑤So, if possible, I kindly request an extension of the deadline until the end of this summer vacation.
그래서 가능하시다면 저는 이번 여름 방학 말까지 마감 기한의 연장을 정중하게 요청합니다.
⑥I am actively working on obtaining the certification, and I am sure I will be able to submit it by then.
저는 증명서를 얻으려고 열심히 노력하고 있고,저는 제가 그때까지 그것을 제출할 수 있을 것이라고 확신합니다.
⑦I understand the importance of following the application process, and would greatly appreciate your consideration of this request.
저는 지원 과정을 따르는 것의 중요성을 이해하며,이 요청에 대한 귀하의 고려에 대단히 감사하겠습니다.
⑧I look forward to your response.
저는 귀하의 회신을 기다리겠습니다.
⑨Sincerely, Peter Jackson
진심을 담아, Peter Jackson드림
[고2] 2024년09월–19번:공항입국심사에서예상치못한상황에긴장한경험
①The passport control line was short and the inspectors looked relaxed; except the inspector at my window.
입국 심사 줄은 짧았고 심사관들은 편안해 보였는데,내 창구의 심사관은 예외였다.
②He seemed to want to model the seriousness of the task at hand for the other inspectors.
그는 다른 심사관들에게 당면한 업무의 심각성에 대해 모 범을 보여주고 싶어 하는 것 같았다.
③Maybe that's why I felt uneasy when he studied my passport more carefully than I expected.
아마 그것이 내가 예상했던 것보다 그가 내 여권을 더 꼼꼼히 살펴볼 때 불안감을 느꼈던 이유였다.
④"You were here in September," he said.
"9월에 여기 계셨네요."라고 그가 말했다.
⑤"Why are you back so soon?"
"왜 이렇게 빨리 돌아오셨나요?"
⑥"I came in September to prepare to return this month," I replied with a trembling voice, considering if I missed any Italian regulations.
나는 내가 이탈리아의 규정을 놓친 것이 아닌지 생각하면서"이번 달에 돌아올 것을 준비하기 위해9월에 왔었어요."라고 떨리는 목소리로 대답했다.
⑦"For how long?" he asked.
"얼마나 오래요?"라고 그가 물었다.
⑧"One month, this time," I answered truthfully.
나는"이번에는 한 달 동안입니다."라고 정직하게 대답했다.
⑨I knew it was not against the rules to stay in Italy for three months.
나는 이탈리아에 세 달 동안 체류하는 것이 규정에 어긋나지 않는다는 것을 알고 있었다.
⑩"Enjoy your stay," he finally said, as he stamped my passport.
"즐거운 여행 되세요."그가 마침내 내 여권에 도장을 찍으며 말했다.
⑪Whew! As I walked away, the burden I had carried, even though I did nothing wrong, vanished into the air.
휴!내가 걸어 나갈 때,나는 아무 잘못도 하지 않았는데도,내가 짊어지고 있던 짐이 허공으로 사라졌다.
⑫My shoulders, once weighed down, now stretched out with comfort.
한때 눌렸던 내 어깨가 이제 편한 마음과 함께 쭉 펴졌다.
[고2] 2024년09월–20번:걱정은통제가능한감정이라는점을자녀에게가르치는방법
①Merely convincing your children that worry is senseless and that they would be more content if they didn't worry isn't going to stop them from worrying.
걱정은 의미 없고 그들이 걱정하지 않는다면 더 만족할 것이라고 여러분의 아이들을 설득하는 것만으로는 그들이 걱정하는 것을 멈추게 하지 않을 것이다.
②For some reason, young people seem to believe that worry is a fact of life over which they have little or no control.
어떤 이유로,아이들은 걱정이 자신이 거의 통제할 수 없거나 아예 통제할 수 없는 삶의 사실이라고 믿는 것 같다.
③Consequently, they don't even try to stop.
결과적으로,그들은 멈추려고 노력하지도 않는다.
④Therefore, you need to convince them that worry, like guilt and fear, is nothing more than an emotion, and like all emotions, is subject to the power of the will.
따라서,여러분은 걱정이 죄책감과 두려움처럼 감정에 지나지 않고,모든 감정과 같이 의지의 힘에 영향을 받기 쉽다고 그들을 설득할 필요가 있다.
⑤Tell them that they can eliminate worry from their lives by simply refusing to attend to it.
아이들에게 단순히 걱정에 주의를 기울이려 하지 않음으로써 그들이 자신의 삶으로부터 걱정을 없앨 수 있다는 것을 알려주어라.
⑥Explain to them that if they refuse to act worried regardless of how they feel, they will eventually stop feeling worried and will begin to experience the contentment that accompanies a worry-free life.
아이들에게 그들이 어떻게 느끼는지와 상관없이 걱정하며 행동하는 것을 거부한다면,그들은 결국 걱정하는 것을 멈추고 걱정 없는 삶을 수반하는 만족감을 경험하기 시작할 것이라고 설명하라.
[고2] 2024년09월–21번:산업시대에서창의성과속도가더중요한현대기업의특성
①In today's information age, in many companies and on many teams, the objective is no longer error prevention and replicability.
오늘날 정보화 시대에는,많은 기업과 팀에서 목표는 더 이상 오류 방지와 반복 가능성이 아니다.
②On the contrary, it's creativity, speed, and keenness.
반대로,그것은 창의성,속도 그리고 명민함이다.
③In the industrial era, the goal was to minimize variation.
산업화 시대에서,목표는 변화를 최소화 하는 것이었다.
④But in creative companies today, maximizing variation is more essential.
그런데 오늘날의 창의적 기업에서는 변화를 극대화하는 것이 더 필수적이다.
⑤In these situations, the biggest risk isn't making a mistake or losing consistency; it's failing to attract top talent, to invent new products, or to change direction quickly when the environment shifts.
이러한 상황에서,가장 큰 위험은 실수를 하거나 일관 성을 잃는 것이 아니라,가장 재능 있는 사람을 끌어들이는 것,새로운 제품을 만드는 것,혹은 상황이 변할 때 방향을 빠르게 바꾸는 것에 실패 하는 것이다.
⑥Consistency and repeatability are more likely to suppress fresh thinking than to bring your company profit.
일관성과 반복 가능성은 여러분의 회사에 이익을 가져오기보다 새로운 생각을 짓누를 가능성이 더 높다.
⑦A lot of little mistakes, while sometimes painful, help the organization learn quickly and are a critical part of the innovation cycle.
많은 작은 실수는 때때로 고통스럽지만,조직이 빠르게 배우는 것을 돕고 혁신 주기의 중요한 부분이다.
⑧In these situations, rules and process are no longer the best answer.
이러한 상황에서,규칙과 과정은 더 이상 최선의 답이 아니다.
⑨A symphony isn't what you're going for.
교향 악단은 여러분이 추구하는 것이 아니다.
⑩Leave the conductor and the sheet music behind.
지휘자와 악보는 내버려 두어라.
⑪Build a jazz band instead.
대신 재즈 밴드를 구성하라.
[고2] 2024년09월–22번:재난상황에서정보소통의중요성과소문이퍼지는이유
①Any new or threatening situation may require us to make decisions and this requires information.
어떤 새롭거나 긴박한 상황은 우리가 결정을 내리도록 하고 이것은 정보를 요한다.
②So important is communication during a disaster that normal social barriers are often lowered.
재난 상황 중에는 소통이 매우 중요해서 보통의 사회적 장벽이 자주 낮아진다.
③We will talk to strangers in a way we would never consider normally.
우리는 평상시에는 전혀 고려하지 않을 방식으로 낯선 사람에게 말을 걸 것이다.
④Even relatively low grade disruption of our life such as a fire drill or a very late train seems to give us the permission to break normal etiquette and talk to strangers.
소방 훈련이나 매우 연착된 기차와 같은 우리 삶에서의 비교적 낮은 수준의 혼란조차도 보통의 에티켓을 어기고 낯선 사람에게 말을 거는 것을 허용해 주는 것처럼 보인다.
⑤The more important an event to a particular public, the more detailed and urgent the requirement for news becomes.
어떠한 사건이 특정 사람들에게 중요할수록,소식에 대한 요구가 더 상세하고 긴박해진다.
⑥Without an authoritative source of facts, whether that is a newspaper or trusted broadcast station, rumours often run riot.
그것이 신문이든 신뢰할 만한 방송국이든,사실에 대한 공신력 있는 출처없이,소문은 자주 제멋대로 뻗어 나간다.
⑦Rumours start because people believe their group to be in danger and so, although the rumour is unproven, feel they should pass it on.
소문은 사람들이 자신이 속한 집단이 위험에 처해 있다고 믿어서,입증되지 않은 소문임에도 불구하고,이를 전달해야 한다고 생각하기 때문에 시작된다.
⑧For example, if a worker heard that their employer's business was doing badly and people were going to be made redundant, they would pass that information on to colleagues.
예를 들어,한 근로자가 그의 고용주의 사업이 잘 안되어서 사람들이 해고될 것이라고 들으면,그들은 그 정보를 동료들에게 전달할 것이다.
[고2] 2024년09월–23번:예술과과학모두가문화적맥락에서이해되어야하는이유
①People seem to recognize that the arts are cultural activities that draw on (or react against) certain cultural traditions, certain shared understanding, and certain values and ideas that are characteristic of the time and place in which the art is created.
사람들은 예술을 예술이 만들어진 시기와 장소에 특유한 특정 문화적 전통,특정 공유 지식,그리고 특정 가치와 아이디어에 기반한(또는 이에 반하는)문화적 활동이라고 인식하는 것 같다.
②In the case of science, however, opinions differ.
하지만 과학의 경우에는 의견이 갈린다.
③Some scientists, like the great biologist J. B. S. Haldane, see science in a similar light ― as a historical activity that occurs in a particular time and place, and that needs to be understood within that context.
위대한 생물학자J. B. S. Haldane과 같은 일부 과학자들은 유사한 관점에서 과학을 보는데,특정한 시기와 장소에서 발생하고 그 맥락 안에서 이해될 필요가 있는 역사적 활동으로 보는 것이다.
④Others, however, see science as a purely "objective" pursuit, uninfluenced by the cultural viewpoint and values of those who create it.
하지만 다른 사람들은 과학을 그것을 만들어 내는 사람들의 문화적 관점과 가치에 의해 영향을 받지 않는 순전히'객관적인'일로 본다.
⑤In describing this view of science, philosopher Hugh Lacey speaks of the belief that there is an underlying order of the world which is simply there to be discovered ― the world of pure "fact" stripped of any link with value.
과학에 대한 이러한 관점을 묘사할 때,철학자Hugh Lacey는 단순히 거기에 있어서 발견되는 세계의 근원적인 질서가 있다는 믿음에 대해 말하는데,이것은 가치와 어떠한 연관도 없는 순전한'사실'의 세계이다.
⑥The aim of science according to this view is to represent this world of pure "fact", independently of any relationship it might bear contingently to human practices and experiences.
이러한 관점에 따라 과학의 목적은 이러한 순전한'사실'의 세계를 나타내는 것인데,그것이 인간의 관습 및 경험과 혹여라도 맺을 수 있는 어떠한 관계와도 무관하게 말이다.
[고2] 2024년09월–24번:정신적성숙과책임감의연령에대한사회적기준의문제
①Mental development consists of individuals increasingly mastering social codes and signals themselves, which they can master only in social situations with the support of more competent individuals, typically adults.
정신적 발달은 개인들이 점점 더 사회적 규범과 신호를 스스로 습득하는 것으로 이루어지는데,그들은 더 유능한 개인들,일반적으로 성인들의 도움을 받는 사회적 상황에서만 이를 습득할 수 있다.
②In this sense, mental development consists of internalizing social patterns and gradually becoming a responsible actor among other responsible actors.
이러한 의미에서 정신적 발달은 사회적 양식을 내면화하고 다른 책임 있는 행위자들 사이에서 점차 책임 있는 행위자가 되는 것으로 이루어진다.
③In Denmark, the age of criminal responsibility is 15 years, which means that we then say that people have developed sufficient mental maturity to be accountable for their actions at this point.
덴마크에서 형사 책임 연령은15세인데,이는 그러면 우리가 사람들이 이 시점에서 자신의 행위에 책임을 지기에 충분한 정신적 성숙을 발현했다고 말할 수 있음을 의미한다.
④And at the age of 18 people are given the right to vote and are thereby formally included in the basic democratic process.
그리고18세에 사람들은 투표권을 받고,그것에 의해 기본적인 민주적 과정에 공식적으로 포함된다.
⑤I do not know whether these age boundaries are optimal, but it is clear that mental development takes place at different rates for different individuals, and depends especially on the social and family environment they have been given.
나는 이러한 연령 경계가 최적인지는 모르겠지만,정신적 발달이 다른 개인에게 다른 속도로 일어나고,특히 그들에게 주어져 있는 사회적 환경과 가정 환경에 따라 달라진다는 것은 분명하다.
⑥Therefore, having formal limits for responsibility from a specific age that apply to everyone is a somewhat questionable practice.
따라서 특정 연령부터 모든 사람에게 적용되는 책임에 대한 공식적인 제한을 두는 것은 다소 의심스러운 관행이다.
⑦But the question, of course, is whether it can be done any differently.
그러나 물론 문제는 그것이 조금이나마 다르게 행해질 수 있는지이다.
[고2] 2024년09월–25번: 2022년캐나다의연령대별무급돌봄제공비율비교그래프
①The graph above shows the percentage of people who provided unpaid care to children and adults by age group in Canada in 2022.
위 그래프는2022년 캐나다의 연령 집단별 아동과 성인에게 무급 돌봄을 제공한 사람의 비율을 보여준다.
②Notably, the 35-44 group had the highest percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to children, reaching 59.5%.
특히35~44세 집단은 아동에게 무급 돌봄을 제공하는 사람의 비율이 가장 높았는데,이는59.5퍼센트에 달했다.
③However, the highest percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to adults was found in the 55-64 group.
하지만 성인에게 무급 돌봄을 제공하는 사람의 가장 높은 비율은55~64세 집단에서 발견되었다.
④Compared to the 25-34 group, the 1524 group had a lower percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to children and a higher percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to adults.
25~34세 집단에 비해, 15~24세 집단은 아동에게 무급 돌봄을 제공하는 사람의 비율이 더 낮았고,성인에게 무급 돌봄을 제공하는 사람의 비율이 더 높았다.
⑤The percentage of people providing unpaid care to adults in the 45-54 group was more than twice as high as that in the 35-44 group.
45~54세 집단에서 성인에게 무급 돌봄을 제공하는 사람의 비율은35~44세 집단의 비율보다 두 배 넘게 높았다.
⑥The 55-64 group and the 65 and older group showed a similar percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to children, with a difference of less than 1 percentage point.
55~64세 집단과65세 이상 집단은 아동에게 무급 돌봄을 제공하는 사람의 비율이1퍼센트포인트 미만의 차이로 비슷한 비율을 보였다.
[고2] 2024년09월–26번:동물생태학발전에기여한Charles Elton의생애와업적
①Born in the English city of Liverpool, Charles Elton studied zoology under Julian Huxley at Oxford University from 1918 to 1922.
영국의 도시Liverpool에서 태어난Charles Elton은1918년부터1922년까지Oxford대학에서Julian Huxley아래에서 동물학을 공부했다.
②After graduating, he began teaching as a parttime instructor and had a long and distinguished teaching career at Oxford from 1922 to 1967.
졸업 후 그는 시간제 강사로 가르치는 일을 시작했고1922년부터1967년까지Oxford대학에서 장기간의 훌륭한 교수 경력을 가졌다.
③After a series of arctic expeditions with Huxley, he worked with a fur-collecting and trading company as a biological consultant, and examined the company's records to study animal populations.
Huxley와 함께한 일련의 북극 탐험 후,그는 생물학 컨설턴트로서 한 모피 수집 및 무역 회사와 함께 일했고,동물 개체군을 연구하기 위해 그 회사의 기록을 검토했다.
④In 1927, he wrote his first and most important book, Animal Ecology, in which he demonstrated the nature of food chains and cycles.
1927년 그의 처음이자 가장 중요한 저서인Animal Ecology를 썼고,그 저서에서 그는 먹이사슬과 순환의 본질을 설명했다.
⑤In 1932, he helped establish the Bureau of Animal Population at Oxford.
1932년에 그는Oxford대학에서Bureau of Animal Population을 설립하는 것을 도왔다.
⑥In the same year he became the editor of the new Journal of Animal Ecology.
같은 해에 그는 새로운Journal of Animal Ecology의 편집자가 되었다.
⑦Throughout his career, Elton wrote six books and played a major role in shaping the modern science of ecology.
그의 경력을 통틀어서Elton은 여섯 권의 저서를 썼고,현대 생태학을 형성하는 데 주요한 역할을 했다.
[고2] 2024년09월–29번:경제중심사고에서생태적건강을중시하는관점으로의변화
①One well-known shift took place when the accepted view ― that the Earth was the center of the universe ― changed to one where we understood that we are only inhabitants on one planet orbiting the Sun.
지구가 우주의 중심이라는 용인된 관점이 우리가 태양을 공전하는 하나의 행성에 사는 거주자일 뿐이라고 이해하는 관점으로 바뀌었을 때 잘 알려진 한 가지 변화가 일어났다.
②With each person who grasped the solar system view, it became easier for the next person to do so.
태양계의 관점을 이해하는 각각의 사람이 있어서,그 다음 사람이 그렇게 하는 것이 더 쉬워졌다.
③So it is with the notion that the world revolves around the human economy.
세계가 인간의 경제를 중심으로 돌아간다는 개념도 마찬가지이다.
④This is slowly being replaced by the view that the economy is a part of the larger system of material flows that connect all living things.
이것은 경제가 모든 생명체를 연결하는 물질 흐름의 더 거대한 시스템의 일부라는 관점으로 서서히 대체되고 있다.
⑤When this perspective shifts into place, it will be obvious that our economic well-being requires that we account for, and respond to, factors of ecological health.
이러한 관점이 바뀌어 자리를 잡으면,우리의 경제적 안녕이 우리가 생태학적 건강의 요인에 책임지고,대응하는 것을 필요로 한다는 것이 분명해질 것이다.
⑥Unfortunately we do not have a century or two to make the change.
불행하게도 우리는 변화를 만들어 낼 한두 세기의 시간이 없다.
⑦By clarifying the nature of the old and new perspectives, and by identifying actions on which we might cooperate to move the process along, we can help accelerate the shift.
오래된 관점과 새로운 관점의 본질을 명확히 하고,그 과정을 진전시키기 위해 협력할지도 모를 행동을 밝힘으로써 우리는 그 변화를 가속화하는데 도움을 줄 수 있다.
[고2] 2024년09월–30번:인류의진화과정에서도구사용과식단변화가중요한역할을함
①The first human beings probably evolved in tropical regions where survival was possible without clothing.
최초의 인간은 아마도 의복 없이 생존이 가능한 열대 지역에서 진화했다.
②It is likely that they had very dark skin because light skin would have given little protection against the burning rays of the sun.
밝은 피부는 강렬한 태양 광선에 대한 보호를 거의 제공하지 못했을 것이기 때문에 그들은 매우 어두운 피부를 가졌을 가능성이 있다.
③There is a debate about whether these people spread into other parts of the world or, instead, whether people developed independently in various parts of the world.
이 사람들이 세계의 다른 지역으로 퍼져나갔는지,아니면 대신에 사람들이 세계의 다른 지역에서 독립적으로 발생했는지에 대해서는 논쟁이 있다.
④Whichever the case, it is believed that in time they became capable of spreading out from Africa, eventually to most of the world.
어느 경우이든,언젠가 그들은 아프리카에서부터,결국 세계 대부분의 지역으로 퍼져 나갈 수 있게 되었다고 믿어진다.
⑤This was probably because their physical characteristics changed.
이것은 아마도 그들의 신체적 특성이 바뀌었기 때문일 것이다.
⑥For instance, early hominids probably did not walk upright, but when they developed that ability, they could travel more efficiently.
예를 들어,초기 인류는 아마도 직립 보행을 하지 않았을 것이지만,그들이 그 능력을 발달시켰을 때,그들은 더 효율적으로 이동할 수 있었다.
⑦More important, perhaps, was their development of tool making.
더 중요한 것은 아마도 그들의 도구 제작의 발달이었다.
⑧With tools, they could hunt other animals, so they could consume more protein and fat than their low-energy vegetarian diet would have provided.
도구를 이용하여,그들은 다른 동물을 사냥할 수 있어서,그들의 저에너지 채식 식단이 제공했을 것보다 더 많은 단백질과 지방을 섭취할 수 있었다.
⑨Not only their bodies but also their brains would have been changed with more energy.
그들의 신체뿐만 아니라 뇌도 더 많은 에너지와 함께 변화되었을 것이다.
⑩The brain needs lots of energy to grow.
뇌는 성장하기 위해 많은 에너지가 필요하다.
⑪As their diet expanded, hominids could physically and intellectually expand their territory.
초기 인류의 식단이 확장되면서 그들은 신체적으로 그리고 지적으로 그들의 영역을 확장할 수 있었다.
[고2] 2024년09월–31번:불공정한절차가위로를제공하는이유와공정한절차의심리적영향
①When we get an unfavorable outcome, in some ways the last thing we want to hear is that the process was fair.
우리가 불리한 결과를 얻을 때,어떤 면에서 우리가'가장 듣고 싶지 않은'말은 그 과정이 공정했다는 말이다.
②As outraging as the combination of an unfavorable outcome and an unfair process is, this combination also brings with it a consolation prize: the possibility of attributing the bad outcome to something other than ourselves.
불리한 결과와 불공정한 과정의 결합이 분노를 불러일으키지만,이 결합은 또한 위로의 상,즉 나쁜 결과를 우리 자신 이외의 다른 무언가의 탓으로 돌릴 가능성을 더불어 가져다준다.
③We may reassure ourselves by believing that our bad outcome had little to do with us and everything to do with the unfair process.
우리는 우리의 나쁜 결과가 우리와는 거의 관련이 없었고 불공정한 과정과 전적으로 관련이 있었다고 믿음으로써 우리 자신을 안심시킬지도 모른다.
④If the process is fair, however, we cannot nearly as easily externalize the outcome; we got what we got "fair and square."
하지만 그 과정이 공정하다면,우리는 결과를 거의 마찬가지로 쉽게 외부화할 수 없으며,우리는 우리가 얻은 것을'정정당당하게'얻은 것이다.
⑤When the process is fair we believe that our outcome is deserved, which is another way of saying that there must have been something about ourselves (what we did or who we are) that caused the outcome.
그 과정이 공정할 때 우리는 우리의 결과가 마땅하다고 믿게 되는데,이는 그 결과를 초래한 우리 자신(우리가 무엇을 했는지 또는 우리가 누구인지)에 관한 무언가가 틀림없이 있었을 것이라고 말하는 또 다른 방식이다.
[고2] 2024년09월–32번:서양여성드레스의형태변화를분석한연구결과
①The well-known American ethnologist Alfred Louis Kroeber made a rich and in-depth study of women's evening dress in the West, stretching back about three centuries and using reproductions of engravings.
미국의 잘 알려진 민속학자인Alfred Louis Kroeber는 약3세기 전으로 거슬러 올라가 판화 복제품을 사용하여 서양의 여성 이브닝 드레스에 대한 풍부하고 심도 있는 연구를 수행했다.
②Having adjusted the dimensions of these plates due to their diverse origins, he was able to analyse the constant elements in fashion features and to come up with a study that was neither intuitive nor approximate, but precise, mathematical and statistical.
다양한 기원 때문에 이 판들의 크기를 조정하여,그는 패션 특징에서의 일정한 요소를 분석해서 직관적이지도 대략적이지도 않은,정확하고 수학적이며 통계적인 연구를 구상할 수 있었다.
③He reduced women's clothing to a certain number of features: length and size of the skirt, size and depth of the neckline, height of the waistline.
그는 여성 의류를 스커트의 길이와 크기,목선의 크기와 깊이,허리선의 높이와 같은 몇 가지 특징들로 정리했다.
④He demonstrated unambiguously that fashion is a profoundly regular phenomenon which is not located at the level of annual variations but on the scale of history.
그는 패션이 매년 일어나는 변화의 수준이 아니라 역사의 척도에 위치하는 매우 규칙적인 현상이라는 것을 분명하게 보여주었다.
⑤For practically 300 years, women's dress was subject to a very precise periodic cycle: forms reach the furthest point in their variations every fifty years.
거의300년 동안 여성 드레스는 매우 정확한 주기적인 순환의 영향을 받았는데,형식은50년마다 변화의 정점에 도달했다.
⑥If, at any one moment, skirts are at their longest, fifty years later they will be at their shortest; thus skirts become long again fifty years after being short and a hundred years after being long.
어느 한 시기에 스커트가 가장 길었다면50년 후에 가장 짧아질 것이고,따라서 스커트는 짧아진 데서50년 후에 다시 길어지고,길어진 데서100년 후에 길어진다.
[고2] 2024년09월–33번:기술발전으로인한불평등과노동시장의붕괴가능성
①Over the last few centuries, humanity's collective prosperity has skyrocketed, as technological progress has made us far wealthier than ever before.
지난 몇 세기 동안 기술 발전이 우리를 그 어느 때보다 훨씬 더 부유하게 만듦에 따라,인류의 집합적 부가 급증했다.
②To share out those riches, almost all societies have settled upon the market mechanism, rewarding people in various ways for the work that they do and the things that they own.
이러한 부를 나누기 위해 거의 모든 사회는 사람들에게 그들이 하는 일과 그들이 소유한 것에 대해 다양한 방식으로 보상하는 시장 메커니즘을 채택했다.
③But rising inequality, itself often driven by technology, has started to put that mechanism under strain.
그러나 증가하는 불평등은,그 자체가 기술로 인해 자주 생기는데,그 메커니즘에 부담을 주기 시작했다.
④Today, markets already provide immense rewards to some people but leave many others with very little.
오늘날 시장은 이미 일부 사람들에게는 막대한 보상을 제공하지만 많은 다른 사람들에게는 거의 아무것도 남기지 않는다.
⑤And now, technological unemployment threatens to become a more radical version of the same story, taking place in the particular market we rely upon the most: the labor market.
그리고 이제,기술 혁신에 의한 실업은 우리가 가장 의존하는 특정 시장,즉 노동 시장에서 발생하여,같은 이야기의 좀 더 급진적인 형태가 될 우려가 있다.
⑥As that market begins to break down, more and more people will be in danger of not receiving a share of society's prosperity at all.
그 시장이 무너짐에 따라 점점 더 많은 사람들이 사회의 부의 몫을 전혀 받지 않을 위험에 처하게 될 것이다.
[고2] 2024년09월–34번:전문가들이기초지식을가르치기어려운이유
①It's often said that those who can't do, teach.
흔히 할 줄 모르는 사람이 가르친다는 말이 있다.
②It would be more accurate to say that those who can do, can't teach the basics.
할 수 있는 사람은 기본을 가르칠 수 없다고 말하는 것이 더 정확할 것이다.
③A great deal of expert knowledge is implicit, not explicit.
많은 전문 지식은 명시적이지 않고 암시적이다.
④The further you progress toward mastery, the less conscious awareness you often have of the fundamentals.
숙달을 향해 더 나아갈수록 여러분은 흔히 기본에 대해 덜 의식적인 인식을 지닌다.
⑤Experiments show that skilled golfers and wine aficionados have a hard time describing their putting and tasting techniques ― even asking them to explain their approaches is enough to interfere with their performance, so they often stay on autopilot.
실험들에 따르면 숙련된 골퍼와 와인 애호가들은 자신의 퍼팅과 시음 기술을 설명하는 데 어려움을 겪으며,심지어 그들의 접근 방식을 설명해 달라고 요청하는 것은 그들의 수행에 방해가 되기에 충분하기 때문에 그들은 자주 자동 조종 상태에 있다.
⑥When I first saw an elite diver do four and a half somersaults, I asked how he managed to spin so fast.
내가 한 엘리트 다이버가 공중제비를4회 반 도는 것을 처음 봤을 때,나는 어떻게 그렇게 빨리 회전할 수 있었는지 물었다.
⑦His answer: "Just go up in a ball."
그의 대답은"그냥 공 모양으로 올라가기만 하면 돼요."였다.
⑧Experts often have an intuitive understanding of a route, but they struggle to clearly express all the steps to take.
전문가들은 자주 방법에 대해 직관적인 지식을 가지고 있지만,취해야 할 모든 단계를 분명하게 표현하는 데 고전한다.
⑨Their brain dump is partially filled with garbage.
그들이 이것저것 표현하는 것은 부분적으로는 쓰레기로 차있다.
[고2] 2024년09월–35번:곡물가공과발효과정이영양소보존에미치는영향
①Minimal processing can be one of the best ways to keep original flavors and taste, without any need to add artificial flavoring or additives, or too much salt.
최소한의 가공은 인공 향료나 첨가물,또는 과도한 소금을 넣을 필요 없이 본연의 풍미와 맛을 유지하는 가장 좋은 방법 중 하나일 수 있다.
②This would also be the efficient way to keep most nutrients, especially the most sensitive ones such as many vitamins and anti-oxidants.
이것은 또한 대부분의 영양소,특히 많은 비타민과 항산화물질과 같은 가장 민감한 영양소를 유지하는 효율적인 방법일 수 있다.
③Milling of cereals is one of the most harsh processes which dramatically affect nutrient content.
곡물을 제분하는 것은 영양소 함량에 크게 영향을 미치는 가장 가혹한 과정 중 하나이다.
④While grains are naturally very rich in micronutrients, anti-oxidants and fiber (i.e. in wholemeal flour or flakes), milling usually removes the vast majority of minerals, vitamins and fibers to raise white flour.
곡물에는(즉 통밀가루 또는 플레이크에는)미량 영양소,항산화물질,그리고 섬유질이 자연적으로 매우 풍부하지만,제분이 일반적으로 흰 밀가루를 만들기 위해 대부분의 미네랄,비타민 그리고 섬유질을 제거한다.
⑤Such a spoilage of key nutrients and fiber is no longer acceptable in the context of a sustainable diet aiming at an optimal nutrient density and health protection.
주요 영양소와 섬유질의 그러한 손상은 최적의 영양소 밀도와 건강 보호를 목표로 하는 지속 가능한 식단의 맥락에서 더 이상 받아들여질 수 없다.
⑥In contrast, fermentation of various foodstuffs or germination of grains are traditional, locally accessible, low-energy and highly nutritious processes of sounded interest.
대조적으로,다양한 식품의 발효나 곡물의 발아는 알려진 관심을 받는 전통적이고,현지에서 접근 가능하며,에너지가 적게 들고,매우 영양가 있는 과정이다.
[고2] 2024년09월–36번:너무유능한사람은오히려덜호감가는이유
①It would seem obvious that the more competent someone is, the more we will like that person.
누군가가 더 능력이 있을수록,우리가 그 사람을 더 많이 좋아할 것이라는 점은 명확해 보일 것이다.
②By "competence," I mean a cluster of qualities: smartness, the ability to get things done, wise decisions, etc.
나는, '능력'이라는 것을,똑똑함,일을 수행하는 능력,지혜로운 결정 등과 같은 총체적인 특징을 뜻하는 것으로 말한다.
③We stand a better chance of doing well at our life tasks if we surround ourselves with people who know what they're doing and have a lot to teach us.
우리는 자신이 무엇을 하고 있는지를 알고 우리를 가르칠 많은 것들을 갖고 있는 사람 주변에 있을 때,우리의 인생 과업에서 잘할 더 나은 가능성이 있다.
④But the research evidence is paradoxical:
그러나 연구 증거는 역설적이다.
⑤In problem-solving groups, the participants who are considered the most competent and have the best ideas tend not to be the ones who are best liked.
문제 해결 집단에서,가장 능력이 있다고 여겨지고 가장 좋은 생각을 갖고 있는 참여자들은 가장 선호되는 사람들이 아닌 경향이 있다.
⑥Why?
왜 그럴까?
⑦One possibility is that, although we like to be around competent people, those who are too competent make us uncomfortable.
하나의 가능성은,비록 우리는 능력 있는 사람들 주위에 있고 싶어하지만, '너무'능력 있는 사람들은 우리를 불편하게 만든다는 것이다.
⑧They may seem unapproachable, distant, superhuman ― and make us look bad (and feel worse) by comparison.
그들은 접근할 수 없고,멀고,초인간적으로 보일 수가 있어서,비교해보면 우리가 형편없어 보이게(그리고 기분이 더 나쁘게)만든다.
⑨If this were true, we might like people more if they reveal some evidence of fallibility.
만약에 이것이 사실이라면,사람들이 실수를 저지를 수 있다는 어떤 증거를 드러낼 때 그들을 더 좋아할지도 모른다.
⑩For example, if your friend is a brilliant mathematician, superb athlete, and gourmet cook, you might like him or her better if, every once in a while, they screwed up.
예를 들면,여러분의 친구가 훌륭한 수학자,뛰어난 운동 선수,그리고 미식 요리사라면,여러분은 가끔 그들이 일을 망친다면 그들을 더 좋아할지도 모른다.
[고2] 2024년09월–37번:꿀벌의춤과컴퓨터알고리즘의차이
①A computational algorithm that takes input data and generates some output from it doesn't really embody any notion of meaning.
입력 데이터를 받아 그것으로부터 어떤 출력을 생성하는 컴퓨터를 사용하는 알고리즘은 실제로 의미라는 그 어떤 개념도 구현하지 않는다.
②Certainly, such a computation does not generally have as its purpose its own survival and wellbeing.
분명히,그러한 컴퓨터 계산은 일반적으로 그 자체의 생존과 안녕을 목적으로 하지 않는다.
③It does not, in general, assign value to the inputs.
이것은 일반적으로 입력에 가치를 부여하지 않는다.
④Compare, for example, a computer algorithm with the waggle dance of the honeybee, by which means a foraging bee conveys to others in the hive information about the source of food (such as nectar) it has located.
예를 들어,컴퓨터 알고리즘을,먹이를 찾아다니는 벌이 벌집 안의 다른 벌들에게 그것이 위치를 찾아낸(꿀과 같은)먹이의 출처에 대한 정보를 알려주는 수단인 꿀벌의8자의 춤과 비교해 보라.
⑤The "dance" ― a series of stylized movements on the comb ― shows the bees how far away the food is and in which direction.
그'춤',즉 벌집에서의 일련의 양식화된 움직임은 벌들에게 먹이가 얼마나 멀리 있고 어느 방향으로 있는지 보여준다.
⑥But this input does not simply program other bees to go out and look for it.
그러나 이 입력은 다른 벌들이 나가서 먹이를 찾도록 단순히 프로그래밍하는 것이 아니다.
⑦Rather, they evaluate this information, comparing it with their own knowledge of the surroundings.
오히려 그것들은 이 정보를 주변 환경에 대한 그들 자신의 지식과 비교하면서 정보를 평가한다.
⑧Some bees might not bother to make the journey, considering it not worthwhile.
일부 벌들은 그 이동이 가치가 없다고 생각해서 굳이 그 이동을 하지 않을 수도 있다.
⑨The input, such as it is, is processed in the light of the organism's own internal states and history; there is nothing prescriptive about its effects.
그 입력은,대단한 것은 아니지만,유기체 자체의 내부 상태와 역사에 비추어 처리되며,그 결과에 대해 규정하는 것은 없다.
[고2] 2024년09월–38번:행동전염과바이러스전염의유사점과차이점
①There are deep similarities between viral contagion and behavioral contagion.
바이러스성의 전염과 행동의 전염 사이에 깊은 유사성이 있다.
②For example, people in close or extended proximity to others infected by a virus are themselves more likely to become infected, just as people are more likely to drink excessively when they spend more time in the company of heavy drinkers.
예를 들어,바이러스에 감염된 다른 사람들과 아주 근접해 있거나 어느 정도 근접해 있는 사람들은 그들도 감염될 가능성이 더 높은데,이는 사람들이 술을 많이 마시는 사람들과 함께 시간을 많이 보낼 때 술을 과도하게 마실 가능성이 더 높은 것과 마찬가지이다.
③But there are also important differences between the two types of contagion.
하지만 두 종류의 전염 사이에 중요한 차이점들도 있다.
④One is that visibility promotes behavioral contagion but inhibits the spread of infectious diseases.
한가지는 가시성이 행동의 전염을 촉진하지만,감염성 질병의 확산은 억제한다는 것이다.
⑤Solar panels that are visible from the street, for instance, are more likely to stimulate neighboring installations.
예를 들어,거리에서 볼 수 있는 태양 전지판은 이웃의 설치를 북돋을 가능성이 더 높다.
⑥In contrast, we try to avoid others who are visibly ill.
대조적으로,우리는 눈에 띄게 몸이 아픈 다른 사람들을 피하려고 노력한다.
⑦Another important difference is that whereas viral contagion is almost always a bad thing, behavioral contagion is sometimes negative ― as in the case of smoking ― but sometimes positive, as in the case of solar installations.
또 다른 중요한 차이는 바이러스성의 전염은 거의 항상 나쁜 것인 반면,행동의 전염은 흡연의 경우와 같이,때로는 부정적이지만,태양 전지판 설치의 경우와 같이,때때로 긍정적이라는 것이다.
[고2] 2024년09월–39번:동물의동면과수면의차이
①Sleep is clearly about more than just resting.
잠은 분명 단지 휴식하는 것 이상이다.
②One curious fact is that animals that are hibernating also have periods of sleep.
한가지 호기심을 끄는 사실은 동면하고 있는 동물들 또한 잠자는 기간을 가진다는 점이다.
③It comes as a surprise to most of us, but hibernation and sleep are not the same thing at all, at least not from a neurological and metabolic perspective.
그것은 우리 대부분에게 놀라움으로 다가오지만,동면과 수면은 적어도 신경학적이고 신진대사적인 관점에서 볼 때 전혀 같은 것이 아니다.
④Hibernating is more like being anesthetized: the subject is unconscious but not actually asleep.
동면은 마취되는 것과 더욱 비슷한데,그 대상은 의식이 없지만 실제로 잠들어 있지는 않다.
⑤So a hibernating animal needs to get a few hours of conventional sleep each day within the larger unconsciousness.
그래서 동면하고 있는 동물은 더 큰 무의식 속에서 매일 몇 시간의 전형적인 잠을 잘 필요가 있다.
⑥A further surprise to most of us is that bears, the most famous of wintry sleepers, don't actually hibernate.
우리 대부분에게 더욱 놀라운 점은 겨울에 잠을 자는 동물 중 가장 유명한 곰도 실제로는 동면하지 않는다는 것이다.
⑦Real hibernation involves profound unconsciousness and a dramatic fall in body temperature ― often to around 32 degrees Fahrenheit.
실제 동면은 깊은 무의식과 체온의 급격한 하락을 포함하는데,자주 대략 화씨32도로 떨어진다.
⑧By this definition, bears don't hibernate, because their body temperature stays near normal and they are easily awakened.
이러한 정의에 따르면,곰의 체온은 정상 근처를 유지하고 쉽게 잠에서 깨어나기 때문에 그것들은 동면하지 않는다.
⑨Their winter sleeps are more accurately called a state of torpor.
그것들의 겨울잠은 더 정확하게는 휴면 상태라고 불린다.
[고2] 2024년09월–40번:나이별로타인의평가를의식하는행동차이
①The concern about how we appear to others can be seen in children, though work by the psychologist Ervin Staub suggests that the effect may vary with age.
우리가 다른 사람들에게 어떻게 보이는지에 대한 걱정은 아이들에게서 보일 수 있지만,심리학자Ervin Staub의 연구는 그 영향이 나이에 따라 달라질 수도 있다고 시사한다.
②In a study where children heard another child in distress, young children (kindergarten through second grade) were more likely to help the child in distress when with another child than when alone.
아이들이 곤경에 처한 다른 아이의 소리를 들었던 한 연구에서,어린 아이들(유치원에서2학년까지)은 혼자 있을 때보다 다른 아이와 함께 있을 때 곤경에 처한 아이를 도울 가능성이 더 높았다.
③But for older children ― in fourth and sixth grade ― the effect reversed: they were less likely to help a child in distress when they were with a peer than when they were alone.
하지만4학년과6학년과 같이 나이가 더 많은 아이들의 경우에는,그 결과가 뒤바뀌었는데,그들은 혼자 있을 때보다 또래와 함께 있을 때 곤경에 처한 아이를 도울 가능성이 더 낮았다.
④Staub suggested that younger children might feel more comfortable acting when they have the company of a peer, whereas older children might feel more concern about being judged by their peers and fear feeling embarrassed by overreacting.
Staub은 더 어린 아이들은 또래와 함께 있을 때 행동하는 데 더 편안함을 느낄지도 모르는 데 반해,나이가 더 많은 아이들은 자기 또래들에게 판단받는 것을 더욱 걱정하며 과잉 반응에 의해 창피함을 느끼는 것을 두려워할지도 모른다고 말했다.
⑤Staub noted that "older children seemed to discuss the distress sounds less and to react to them less openly than younger children."
Staub은'나이가 더 많은 아이들은 더 어린 아이들에 비해 곤경(에 처한 아이들)의 소리에 대해 덜 이야기하고,덜 공공연하게 반응하는 것처럼 보였다.'라고 언급했다.
⑥In other words, the older children were deliberately putting on a poker face in front of their peers.
다시 말해서,더 나이가 많은 아이들은 의도적으로 자기 또래들 앞에서 무표정한 얼굴을 하고 있었다.
⑦[요약문] The study suggests that, contrary to younger children, older children are less likely to help those in distress in the presence of others because they care more about how they are evaluated.
[요약문]연구는 더 어린 아이들과는 반대로,나이가 더 많은 아이들은 다른 사람들이 있을 때 곤경에 처한 아이들을 도울 가능성이 더 낮으며,그 이유는 그들은 자신이 어떻게 평가받는지에 대해 더 많이 신경 쓰기 때문이라고 시사한다.
[고2] 2024년09월–41~42번:어린시절권위에대한질문의중요성과성인의대응방식
①What makes questioning authority so hard?
무엇이 권위에 의문을 제기하는 것을 그토록 어렵게 만들까?
②The difficulties start in childhood, when parents - the first and most powerful authority figures - show children "the way things are."
그 어려움은 유년 시절에 시작하는데,이는 최초이자 가장 영향력 있는 권위자인 부모가 아이들에게'사물이 존재하는 방식'을 제시하는 때이다.
③This is a necessary element of learning language and socialization, and certainly most things learned in early childhood are noncontroversial: the English alphabet starts with A and ends with Z, the numbers 1 through 10 come before the numbers 11 through 20, and so on.
이것은 언어 학습과 사회화의 필수적인 요소이고,확실히 초기 유년기에 학습되는 것 대부분은 논쟁의 여지가 없는데,영어 알파벳은A에서 시작해서Z로 끝난다는 것,숫자1부터10은 숫자11부터20보다 이전에 나온다는 것 등등처럼 말이다.
④Children, however, will spontaneously question things that are quite obvious to adults and even to older kids.
하지만 아이들은 어른들과 심지어 더 나이 많은 아이들에게도 꽤 명백한 것들에 즉흥적으로 의문을 제기할 것이다.
⑤The word "why?" becomes a challenge, as in, "Why is the sky blue?"
"왜요?"라는 말은"왜 하늘은 파랄까요?"에서처럼 도전이 된다.
⑥Answers such as "because it just is" or "because I say so" tell children that they must unquestioningly accept what authorities say "just because," and children who persist in their questioning are likely to find themselves dismissed or yelled at for "bothering" adults with "meaningless" or "unimportant" questions.
"그냥 그러니까"혹은"내가 그렇다고 하니까"와 같은 대답들은 권위자들이"단지 그러니까"라고 말하는 것을 아이들이 의심 없이 받아들여야 한다고 아이들에게 말해주며,의문을 제기하는 것을 지속하는 아이들은'무의미한'혹은'중요하지 않은'질문으로 어른들을'성가시게 하는 것'때문에 그들 자신이 쫓겨나거나 고함을 듣는다는 것을 알게 될 가능성이 높다.
⑦But these questions are in fact perfectly reasonable.
하지만 이러한 질문들은 실제로 완벽하게 합리적이다.
⑧Why is the sky blue?
왜 하늘은 파랄까?
⑨Many adults do not themselves know the answer.
많은 어른들은 자신도 그 대답을 알지 못한다.
⑩And who says the sky's color needs to be called "blue," anyway?
그리고 어쨌든 누가 하늘의 색깔이'파란색'으로 불려야 한다고 말하는가?
⑪How do we know that what one person calls "blue" is the same color that another calls "blue"?
한 사람이'파란색'이라고 부르는 것이 또 다른 사람이'파란색'이라고 부르는 것과 같은 색깔인지 어떻게 우리가 아는가?
⑫The scientific answers come from physics, but those are not the answers that children are seeking.
과학적인 답은 물리학에서 나오지만,그것들은 아이들이 찾고 있는 답은 아니다.
⑬They are trying to understand the world, and no matter how irritating the repeated questions may become to stressed and time-pressed parents, it is important to take them seriously to encourage kids to question authority to think for themselves.
그들은 세계를 이해하려고 노력하고 있고,반복되는 질문들이 스트레스가 쌓이고 시간에 쫓기는 부모들에게 아무리 짜증스러울지라도,아이들이 권위에 의문을 제기하도록 독려하여 스스로 생각하도록 그것들을 진지하게 받아들이는 것이 중요하다.
[고2] 2024년09월–43~45번:어린시절의특이한책경험이자녀의성장에미친긍정적영향
①My two girls grew up without challenges with respect to development and social interaction.
나의 두 딸은 발달과 사회적 상호 작용에 있어서 어려움 없이 성장했다.
②My son Benjamin, however, was quite delayed.
하지만,나의 아들Benjamin은 꽤 더뎠다.
③He struggled through his childhood, not fitting in with the other children and wondering what he was doing wrong at every turn.
그는 다른 아이들과 잘 어울리지 않고 언제나 그가 무엇을 잘못했는지 궁금해하며,어린 시절 동안 고생했다.
④He was teased by the other children and frowned upon by a number of unsympathetic adults.
그는 다른 아이들에게 괴롭힘을 받았고 인정 없는 많은 어른들의 눈살을 찌푸리게 했다.
⑤But his Grade 1 teacher was a wonderful, caring person who took the time to ask why Benjamin behaved the way he did.
하지만 그의1학년 선생님은 왜Benjamin이 그가 했던 방식으로 행동했는지 물어보는 시간을 갖는,훌륭하고 친절한 사람이었다.
⑥The teacher was determined to understand Benjamin and to accept him as he was.
그 선생님은Benjamin을 이해하고 그를 있는 그대로 받아들이겠다고 결심했다.
⑦One day he came home with a note from his teacher.
어느 날 그는 그의 선생님으로부터 받은 한 쪽지를 가지고 집으로 왔다.
⑧He suggested I go to the school library.
그는 내가 학교 도서관에 방문할 것을 제안했다.
⑨They were having a sale, and he thought my son would like one of the books.
그들은 판매를 하고 있었고,그는 나의 아들이 책 중 하나를 좋아할 거라고 생각했다.
⑩I couldn't go for a couple of days and was concerned I'd missed the opportunity.
나는 며칠 동안 갈 수 없었고,기회를 놓쳤을까 봐 걱정했다.
⑪When I finally went to the school, his teacher told me that the sale had ended but that the library had saved the book for my little boy.
내가 마침내 학교에 갔을 때,그의 선생님은 나에게 판매는 끝났지만 도서관이 내 아이를 위해 책을 남겨 두었다고 말했다.
⑫I suspected the teacher had paid for it out of his own pocket.
나는 선생님이 그것을 자비로 지불한 것이 아닌가 짐작했다.
⑬It was a storyboard book with a place for a photo.
그것은 사진을 위한 공간이 있는 스토리보드 책이었다.
⑭On each page there was an outline of an animal and a hole so that the face in the photo appeared to be the face of the animal.
쪽마다 동물의 윤곽과 구멍이 있어서 사진 속의 얼굴이 그 동물의 얼굴인 것처럼 보였다.
⑮Wondering if Benjamin would really be interested in the book, I brought it home.
Benjamin이 그 책에 정말로 흥미가 있을지 궁금해하며 나는 그것을 집으로 가져왔다.
⑯He loved it!
그는 그것을 좋아했다!
⑰Through that book, he saw that he could be anything he wanted to be: a cat, an octopus, a dinosaur─even a frog!
그 책을 통해 그는 그가 자신이 되길 원하는 어떠한 것도 될 수 있음을 알았는데,고양이,문어,공룡 그리고 심지어 개구리까지 말이다!
⑱Benjamin joyfully embarked on an imaginative journey through the book, and little did we know, it laid the groundwork for his future successes.
Benjamin은 그 책을 통해 상상의 여행을 즐겁게 시작했고,우리가 거의 알지는 못했지만,그것은 그의 미래 성공을 위한 토대를 마련했다.
⑲And thankfully, his teacher had taken the time to observe and understand him and had discovered a way to help him reach out of his own world and join ours through a storyboard book.
그리고 감사하게도,그의 선생님은 그를 관찰하고 이해하기 위한 시간을 가졌고,스토리보드 책을 통해 그가 자신만의 세상을 벗어나 우리의 세상에 참여하도록 돕는 방법을 발견했다.
⑳My son later became a child actor and performed for seven years with a Toronto casting agency.
내 아들은 나중에 아역 배우가 되었고Toronto에 있는 캐스팅 회사와 함께7년 동안 공연을 했다.
㉑He is now a published author who writes fantasy and science-fiction!
③I found that the certification for 100 hours of counseling experience is required for the application.
③저는 지원을 위해100시간의 상담 경력 증명서가 필요하다는 것을 알았습니다.
④However, I do not think I could possibly complete the required counseling experience by the current deadline.
④그러나 저는 아마도 현재 마감 기한까지 필요한 상담 경험을 완료할 수 없다고 생각합니다.
⑤So, if possible, I kindly request an extension of the deadline until the end of this summer vacation.
⑤그래서 가능하시다면 저는 이번 여름 방학 말까지 마감 기한의 연장을 정중하게 요청합니다.
⑥I am actively working on obtaining the certification, and I am sure I will be able to submit it by then.
⑥저는 증명서를 얻으려고 열심히 노력하고 있고,저는 제가 그때까지 그것을 제출할 수 있을 것이라고 확신합니다.
⑦I understand the importance of following the application process, and would greatly appreciate your consideration of this request.
⑦저는 지원 과정을 따르는 것의 중요성을 이해하며,이 요청에 대한 귀하의 고려에 대단히 감사하겠습니다.
⑧I look forward to your response.
⑧저는 귀하의 회신을 기다리겠습니다.
⑨Sincerely, Peter Jackson
⑨진심을 담아, Peter Jackson드림
[고2] 2024년09월–19번:공항입국심사에서예상치못한상황에긴장한경험
①The passport control line was short and the inspectors looked relaxed; except the inspector at my window.
①입국 심사 줄은 짧았고 심사관들은 편안해 보였는데,내 창구의 심사관은 예외였다.
②He seemed to want to model the seriousness of the task at hand for the other inspectors.
②그는 다른 심사관들에게 당면한 업무의 심각성에 대해 모 범을 보여주고 싶어 하는 것 같았다.
③Maybe that's why I felt uneasy when he studied my passport more carefully than I expected.
③아마 그것이 내가 예상했던 것보다 그가 내 여권을 더 꼼꼼히 살펴볼 때 불안감을 느꼈던 이유였다.
④"You were here in September," he said.
④"9월에 여기 계셨네요."라고 그가 말했다.
⑤"Why are you back so soon?"
⑤"왜 이렇게 빨리 돌아오셨나요?"
⑥"I came in September to prepare to return this month," I replied with a trembling voice, considering if I missed any Italian regulations.
⑥나는 내가 이탈리아의 규정을 놓친 것이 아닌지 생각하면서"이번 달에 돌아올 것을 준비하기 위해9월에 왔었어요."라고 떨리는 목소리로 대답했다.
⑦"For how long?" he asked.
⑦"얼마나 오래요?"라고 그가 물었다.
⑧"One month, this time," I answered truthfully.
⑧나는"이번에는 한 달 동안입니다."라고 정직하게 대답했다.
⑨I knew it was not against the rules to stay in Italy for three months.
⑨나는 이탈리아에 세 달 동안 체류하는 것이 규정에 어긋나지 않는다는 것을 알고 있었다.
⑩"Enjoy your stay," he finally said, as he stamped my passport.
⑩"즐거운 여행 되세요."그가 마침내 내 여권에 도장을 찍으며 말했다.
⑪Whew! As I walked away, the burden I had carried, even though I did nothing wrong, vanished into the air.
⑪휴!내가 걸어 나갈 때,나는 아무 잘못도 하지 않았는데도,내가 짊어지고 있던 짐이 허공으로 사라졌다.
⑫My shoulders, once weighed down, now stretched out with comfort.
⑫한때 눌렸던 내 어깨가 이제 편한 마음과 함께 쭉 펴졌다.
[고2] 2024년09월–20번:걱정은통제가능한감정이라는점을자녀에게가르치는방법
①Merely convincing your children that worry is senseless and that they would be more content if they didn't worry isn't going to stop them from worrying.
①걱정은 의미 없고 그들이 걱정하지 않는다면 더 만족할 것이라고 여러분의 아이들을 설득하는 것만으로는 그들이 걱정하는 것을 멈추게 하지 않을 것이다.
②For some reason, young people seem to believe that worry is a fact of life over which they have little or no control.
②어떤 이유로,아이들은 걱정이 자신이 거의 통제할 수 없거나 아예 통제할 수 없는 삶의 사실이라고 믿는 것 같다.
③Consequently, they don't even try to stop.
③결과적으로,그들은 멈추려고 노력하지도 않는다.
④Therefore, you need to convince them that worry, like guilt and fear, is nothing more than an emotion, and like all emotions, is subject to the power of the will.
④따라서,여러분은 걱정이 죄책감과 두려움처럼 감정에 지나지 않고,모든 감정과 같이 의지의 힘에 영향을 받기 쉽다고 그들을 설득할 필요가 있다.
⑤Tell them that they can eliminate worry from their lives by simply refusing to attend to it.
⑤아이들에게 단순히 걱정에 주의를 기울이려 하지 않음으로써 그들이 자신의 삶으로부터 걱정을 없앨 수 있다는 것을 알려주어라.
⑥Explain to them that if they refuse to act worried regardless of how they feel, they will eventually stop feeling worried and will begin to experience the contentment that accompanies a worry-free life.
⑥아이들에게 그들이 어떻게 느끼는지와 상관없이 걱정하며 행동하는 것을 거부한다면,그들은 결국 걱정하는 것을 멈추고 걱정 없는 삶을 수반하는 만족감을 경험하기 시작할 것이라고 설명하라.
[고2] 2024년09월–21번:산업시대에서창의성과속도가더중요한현대기업의특성
①In today's information age, in many companies and on many teams, the objective is no longer error prevention and replicability.
①오늘날 정보화 시대에는,많은 기업과 팀에서 목표는 더 이상 오류 방지와 반복 가능성이 아니다.
②On the contrary, it's creativity, speed, and keenness.
②반대로,그것은 창의성,속도 그리고 명민함이다.
③In the industrial era, the goal was to minimize variation.
③산업화 시대에서,목표는 변화를 최소화 하는 것이었다.
④But in creative companies today, maximizing variation is more essential.
④그런데 오늘날의 창의적 기업에서는 변화를 극대화하는 것이 더 필수적이다.
⑤In these situations, the biggest risk isn't making a mistake or losing consistency; it's failing to attract top talent, to invent new products, or to change direction quickly when the environment shifts.
⑤이러한 상황에서,가장 큰 위험은 실수를 하거나 일관 성을 잃는 것이 아니라,가장 재능 있는 사람을 끌어들이는 것,새로운 제품을 만드는 것,혹은 상황이 변할 때 방향을 빠르게 바꾸는 것에 실패 하는 것이다.
⑥Consistency and repeatability are more likely to suppress fresh thinking than to bring your company profit.
⑥일관성과 반복 가능성은 여러분의 회사에 이익을 가져오기보다 새로운 생각을 짓누를 가능성이 더 높다.
⑦A lot of little mistakes, while sometimes painful, help the organization learn quickly and are a critical part of the innovation cycle.
⑦많은 작은 실수는 때때로 고통스럽지만,조직이 빠르게 배우는 것을 돕고 혁신 주기의 중요한 부분이다.
⑧In these situations, rules and process are no longer the best answer.
⑧이러한 상황에서,규칙과 과정은 더 이상 최선의 답이 아니다.
⑨A symphony isn't what you're going for.
⑨교향 악단은 여러분이 추구하는 것이 아니다.
⑩Leave the conductor and the sheet music behind.
⑩지휘자와 악보는 내버려 두어라.
⑪Build a jazz band instead.
⑪대신 재즈 밴드를 구성하라.
[고2] 2024년09월–22번:재난상황에서정보소통의중요성과소문이퍼지는이유
①Any new or threatening situation may require us to make decisions and this requires information.
①어떤 새롭거나 긴박한 상황은 우리가 결정을 내리도록 하고 이것은 정보를 요한다.
②So important is communication during a disaster that normal social barriers are often lowered.
②재난 상황 중에는 소통이 매우 중요해서 보통의 사회적 장벽이 자주 낮아진다.
③We will talk to strangers in a way we would never consider normally.
③우리는 평상시에는 전혀 고려하지 않을 방식으로 낯선 사람에게 말을 걸 것이다.
④Even relatively low grade disruption of our life such as a fire drill or a very late train seems to give us the permission to break normal etiquette and talk to strangers.
④소방 훈련이나 매우 연착된 기차와 같은 우리 삶에서의 비교적 낮은 수준의 혼란조차도 보통의 에티켓을 어기고 낯선 사람에게 말을 거는 것을 허용해 주는 것처럼 보인다.
⑤The more important an event to a particular public, the more detailed and urgent the requirement for news becomes.
⑤어떠한 사건이 특정 사람들에게 중요할수록,소식에 대한 요구가 더 상세하고 긴박해진다.
⑥Without an authoritative source of facts, whether that is a newspaper or trusted broadcast station, rumours often run riot.
⑥그것이 신문이든 신뢰할 만한 방송국이든,사실에 대한 공신력 있는 출처없이,소문은 자주 제멋대로 뻗어 나간다.
⑦Rumours start because people believe their group to be in danger and so, although the rumour is unproven, feel they should pass it on.
⑦소문은 사람들이 자신이 속한 집단이 위험에 처해 있다고 믿어서,입증되지 않은 소문임에도 불구하고,이를 전달해야 한다고 생각하기 때문에 시작된다.
⑧For example, if a worker heard that their employer's business was doing badly and people were going to be made redundant, they would pass that information on to colleagues.
⑧예를 들어,한 근로자가 그의 고용주의 사업이 잘 안되어서 사람들이 해고될 것이라고 들으면,그들은 그 정보를 동료들에게 전달할 것이다.
[고2] 2024년09월–23번:예술과과학모두가문화적맥락에서이해되어야하는이유
①People seem to recognize that the arts are cultural activities that draw on (or react against) certain cultural traditions, certain shared understanding, and certain values and ideas that are characteristic of the time and place in which the art is created.
①사람들은 예술을 예술이 만들어진 시기와 장소에 특유한 특정 문화적 전통,특정 공유 지식,그리고 특정 가치와 아이디어에 기반한(또는 이에 반하는)문화적 활동이라고 인식하는 것 같다.
②In the case of science, however, opinions differ.
②하지만 과학의 경우에는 의견이 갈린다.
③Some scientists, like the great biologist J. B. S. Haldane, see science in a similar light ― as a historical activity that occurs in a particular time and place, and that needs to be understood within that context.
③위대한 생물학자J. B. S. Haldane과 같은 일부 과학자들은 유사한 관점에서 과학을 보는데,특정한 시기와 장소에서 발생하고 그 맥락 안에서 이해될 필요가 있는 역사적 활동으로 보는 것이다.
④Others, however, see science as a purely "objective" pursuit, uninfluenced by the cultural viewpoint and values of those who create it.
④하지만 다른 사람들은 과학을 그것을 만들어 내는 사람들의 문화적 관점과 가치에 의해 영향을 받지 않는 순전히'객관적인'일로 본다.
⑤In describing this view of science, philosopher Hugh Lacey speaks of the belief that there is an underlying order of the world which is simply there to be discovered ― the world of pure "fact" stripped of any link with value.
⑤과학에 대한 이러한 관점을 묘사할 때,철학자Hugh Lacey는 단순히 거기에 있어서 발견되는 세계의 근원적인 질서가 있다는 믿음에 대해 말하는데,이것은 가치와 어떠한 연관도 없는 순전한'사실'의 세계이다.
⑥The aim of science according to this view is to represent this world of pure "fact", independently of any relationship it might bear contingently to human practices and experiences.
⑥이러한 관점에 따라 과학의 목적은 이러한 순전한'사실'의 세계를 나타내는 것인데,그것이 인간의 관습 및 경험과 혹여라도 맺을 수 있는 어떠한 관계와도 무관하게 말이다.
[고2] 2024년09월–24번:정신적성숙과책임감의연령에대한사회적기준의문제
①Mental development consists of individuals increasingly mastering social codes and signals themselves, which they can master only in social situations with the support of more competent individuals, typically adults.
①정신적 발달은 개인들이 점점 더 사회적 규범과 신호를 스스로 습득하는 것으로 이루어지는데,그들은 더 유능한 개인들,일반적으로 성인들의 도움을 받는 사회적 상황에서만 이를 습득할 수 있다.
②In this sense, mental development consists of internalizing social patterns and gradually becoming a responsible actor among other responsible actors.
②이러한 의미에서 정신적 발달은 사회적 양식을 내면화하고 다른 책임 있는 행위자들 사이에서 점차 책임 있는 행위자가 되는 것으로 이루어진다.
③In Denmark, the age of criminal responsibility is 15 years, which means that we then say that people have developed sufficient mental maturity to be accountable for their actions at this point.
③덴마크에서 형사 책임 연령은15세인데,이는 그러면 우리가 사람들이 이 시점에서 자신의 행위에 책임을 지기에 충분한 정신적 성숙을 발현했다고 말할 수 있음을 의미한다.
④And at the age of 18 people are given the right to vote and are thereby formally included in the basic democratic process.
④그리고18세에 사람들은 투표권을 받고,그것에 의해 기본적인 민주적 과정에 공식적으로 포함된다.
⑤I do not know whether these age boundaries are optimal, but it is clear that mental development takes place at different rates for different individuals, and depends especially on the social and family environment they have been given.
⑤나는 이러한 연령 경계가 최적인지는 모르겠지만,정신적 발달이 다른 개인에게 다른 속도로 일어나고,특히 그들에게 주어져 있는 사회적 환경과 가정 환경에 따라 달라진다는 것은 분명하다.
⑥Therefore, having formal limits for responsibility from a specific age that apply to everyone is a somewhat questionable practice.
⑥따라서 특정 연령부터 모든 사람에게 적용되는 책임에 대한 공식적인 제한을 두는 것은 다소 의심스러운 관행이다.
⑦But the question, of course, is whether it can be done any differently.
⑦그러나 물론 문제는 그것이 조금이나마 다르게 행해질 수 있는지이다.
[고2] 2024년09월–25번: 2022년캐나다의연령대별무급돌봄제공비율비교그래프
①The graph above shows the percentage of people who provided unpaid care to children and adults by age group in Canada in 2022.
①위 그래프는2022년 캐나다의 연령 집단별 아동과 성인에게 무급 돌봄을 제공한 사람의 비율을 보여준다.
②Notably, the 35-44 group had the highest percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to children, reaching 59.5%.
②특히35~44세 집단은 아동에게 무급 돌봄을 제공하는 사람의 비율이 가장 높았는데,이는59.5퍼센트에 달했다.
③However, the highest percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to adults was found in the 55-64 group.
③하지만 성인에게 무급 돌봄을 제공하는 사람의 가장 높은 비율은55~64세 집단에서 발견되었다.
④Compared to the 25-34 group, the 1524 group had a lower percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to children and a higher percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to adults.
④25~34세 집단에 비해, 15~24세 집단은 아동에게 무급 돌봄을 제공하는 사람의 비율이 더 낮았고,성인에게 무급 돌봄을 제공하는 사람의 비율이 더 높았다.
⑤The percentage of people providing unpaid care to adults in the 45-54 group was more than twice as high as that in the 35-44 group.
⑤45~54세 집단에서 성인에게 무급 돌봄을 제공하는 사람의 비율은35~44세 집단의 비율보다 두 배 넘게 높았다.
⑥The 55-64 group and the 65 and older group showed a similar percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to children, with a difference of less than 1 percentage point.
⑥55~64세 집단과65세 이상 집단은 아동에게 무급 돌봄을 제공하는 사람의 비율이1퍼센트포인트 미만의 차이로 비슷한 비율을 보였다.
[고2] 2024년09월–26번:동물생태학발전에기여한Charles Elton의생애와업적
①Born in the English city of Liverpool, Charles Elton studied zoology under Julian Huxley at Oxford University from 1918 to 1922.
①영국의 도시Liverpool에서 태어난Charles Elton은1918년부터1922년까지Oxford대학에서Julian Huxley아래에서 동물학을 공부했다.
②After graduating, he began teaching as a parttime instructor and had a long and distinguished teaching career at Oxford from 1922 to 1967.
②졸업 후 그는 시간제 강사로 가르치는 일을 시작했고1922년부터1967년까지Oxford대학에서 장기간의 훌륭한 교수 경력을 가졌다.
③After a series of arctic expeditions with Huxley, he worked with a fur-collecting and trading company as a biological consultant, and examined the company's records to study animal populations.
③Huxley와 함께한 일련의 북극 탐험 후,그는 생물학 컨설턴트로서 한 모피 수집 및 무역 회사와 함께 일했고,동물 개체군을 연구하기 위해 그 회사의 기록을 검토했다.
④In 1927, he wrote his first and most important book, Animal Ecology, in which he demonstrated the nature of food chains and cycles.
④1927년 그의 처음이자 가장 중요한 저서인Animal Ecology를 썼고,그 저서에서 그는 먹이사슬과 순환의 본질을 설명했다.
⑤In 1932, he helped establish the Bureau of Animal Population at Oxford.
⑤1932년에 그는Oxford대학에서Bureau of Animal Population을 설립하는 것을 도왔다.
⑥In the same year he became the editor of the new Journal of Animal Ecology.
⑥같은 해에 그는 새로운Journal of Animal Ecology의 편집자가 되었다.
⑦Throughout his career, Elton wrote six books and played a major role in shaping the modern science of ecology.
⑦그의 경력을 통틀어서Elton은 여섯 권의 저서를 썼고,현대 생태학을 형성하는 데 주요한 역할을 했다.
[고2] 2024년09월–29번:경제중심사고에서생태적건강을중시하는관점으로의변화
①One well-known shift took place when the accepted view ― that the Earth was the center of the universe ― changed to one where we understood that we are only inhabitants on one planet orbiting the Sun.
①지구가 우주의 중심이라는 용인된 관점이 우리가 태양을 공전하는 하나의 행성에 사는 거주자일 뿐이라고 이해하는 관점으로 바뀌었을 때 잘 알려진 한 가지 변화가 일어났다.
②With each person who grasped the solar system view, it became easier for the next person to do so.
②태양계의 관점을 이해하는 각각의 사람이 있어서,그 다음 사람이 그렇게 하는 것이 더 쉬워졌다.
③So it is with the notion that the world revolves around the human economy.
③세계가 인간의 경제를 중심으로 돌아간다는 개념도 마찬가지이다.
④This is slowly being replaced by the view that the economy is a part of the larger system of material flows that connect all living things.
④이것은 경제가 모든 생명체를 연결하는 물질 흐름의 더 거대한 시스템의 일부라는 관점으로 서서히 대체되고 있다.
⑤When this perspective shifts into place, it will be obvious that our economic well-being requires that we account for, and respond to, factors of ecological health.
⑤이러한 관점이 바뀌어 자리를 잡으면,우리의 경제적 안녕이 우리가 생태학적 건강의 요인에 책임지고,대응하는 것을 필요로 한다는 것이 분명해질 것이다.
⑥Unfortunately we do not have a century or two to make the change.
⑥불행하게도 우리는 변화를 만들어 낼 한두 세기의 시간이 없다.
⑦By clarifying the nature of the old and new perspectives, and by identifying actions on which we might cooperate to move the process along, we can help accelerate the shift.
⑦오래된 관점과 새로운 관점의 본질을 명확히 하고,그 과정을 진전시키기 위해 협력할지도 모를 행동을 밝힘으로써 우리는 그 변화를 가속화하는데 도움을 줄 수 있다.
[고2] 2024년09월–30번:인류의진화과정에서도구사용과식단변화가중요한역할을함
①The first human beings probably evolved in tropical regions where survival was possible without clothing.
①최초의 인간은 아마도 의복 없이 생존이 가능한 열대 지역에서 진화했다.
②It is likely that they had very dark skin because light skin would have given little protection against the burning rays of the sun.
②밝은 피부는 강렬한 태양 광선에 대한 보호를 거의 제공하지 못했을 것이기 때문에 그들은 매우 어두운 피부를 가졌을 가능성이 있다.
③There is a debate about whether these people spread into other parts of the world or, instead, whether people developed independently in various parts of the world.
③이 사람들이 세계의 다른 지역으로 퍼져나갔는지,아니면 대신에 사람들이 세계의 다른 지역에서 독립적으로 발생했는지에 대해서는 논쟁이 있다.
④Whichever the case, it is believed that in time they became capable of spreading out from Africa, eventually to most of the world.
④어느 경우이든,언젠가 그들은 아프리카에서부터,결국 세계 대부분의 지역으로 퍼져 나갈 수 있게 되었다고 믿어진다.
⑤This was probably because their physical characteristics changed.
⑤이것은 아마도 그들의 신체적 특성이 바뀌었기 때문일 것이다.
⑥For instance, early hominids probably did not walk upright, but when they developed that ability, they could travel more efficiently.
⑥예를 들어,초기 인류는 아마도 직립 보행을 하지 않았을 것이지만,그들이 그 능력을 발달시켰을 때,그들은 더 효율적으로 이동할 수 있었다.
⑦More important, perhaps, was their development of tool making.
⑦더 중요한 것은 아마도 그들의 도구 제작의 발달이었다.
⑧With tools, they could hunt other animals, so they could consume more protein and fat than their low-energy vegetarian diet would have provided.
⑧도구를 이용하여,그들은 다른 동물을 사냥할 수 있어서,그들의 저에너지 채식 식단이 제공했을 것보다 더 많은 단백질과 지방을 섭취할 수 있었다.
⑨Not only their bodies but also their brains would have been changed with more energy.
⑨그들의 신체뿐만 아니라 뇌도 더 많은 에너지와 함께 변화되었을 것이다.
⑩The brain needs lots of energy to grow.
⑩뇌는 성장하기 위해 많은 에너지가 필요하다.
⑪As their diet expanded, hominids could physically and intellectually expand their territory.
⑪초기 인류의 식단이 확장되면서 그들은 신체적으로 그리고 지적으로 그들의 영역을 확장할 수 있었다.
[고2] 2024년09월–31번:불공정한절차가위로를제공하는이유와공정한절차의심리적영향
①When we get an unfavorable outcome, in some ways the last thing we want to hear is that the process was fair.
①우리가 불리한 결과를 얻을 때,어떤 면에서 우리가'가장 듣고 싶지 않은'말은 그 과정이 공정했다는 말이다.
②As outraging as the combination of an unfavorable outcome and an unfair process is, this combination also brings with it a consolation prize: the possibility of attributing the bad outcome to something other than ourselves.
②불리한 결과와 불공정한 과정의 결합이 분노를 불러일으키지만,이 결합은 또한 위로의 상,즉 나쁜 결과를 우리 자신 이외의 다른 무언가의 탓으로 돌릴 가능성을 더불어 가져다준다.
③We may reassure ourselves by believing that our bad outcome had little to do with us and everything to do with the unfair process.
③우리는 우리의 나쁜 결과가 우리와는 거의 관련이 없었고 불공정한 과정과 전적으로 관련이 있었다고 믿음으로써 우리 자신을 안심시킬지도 모른다.
④If the process is fair, however, we cannot nearly as easily externalize the outcome; we got what we got "fair and square."
④하지만 그 과정이 공정하다면,우리는 결과를 거의 마찬가지로 쉽게 외부화할 수 없으며,우리는 우리가 얻은 것을'정정당당하게'얻은 것이다.
⑤When the process is fair we believe that our outcome is deserved, which is another way of saying that there must have been something about ourselves (what we did or who we are) that caused the outcome.
⑤그 과정이 공정할 때 우리는 우리의 결과가 마땅하다고 믿게 되는데,이는 그 결과를 초래한 우리 자신(우리가 무엇을 했는지 또는 우리가 누구인지)에 관한 무언가가 틀림없이 있었을 것이라고 말하는 또 다른 방식이다.
[고2] 2024년09월–32번:서양여성드레스의형태변화를분석한연구결과
①The well-known American ethnologist Alfred Louis Kroeber made a rich and in-depth study of women's evening dress in the West, stretching back about three centuries and using reproductions of engravings.
①미국의 잘 알려진 민속학자인Alfred Louis Kroeber는 약3세기 전으로 거슬러 올라가 판화 복제품을 사용하여 서양의 여성 이브닝 드레스에 대한 풍부하고 심도 있는 연구를 수행했다.
②Having adjusted the dimensions of these plates due to their diverse origins, he was able to analyse the constant elements in fashion features and to come up with a study that was neither intuitive nor approximate, but precise, mathematical and statistical.
②다양한 기원 때문에 이 판들의 크기를 조정하여,그는 패션 특징에서의 일정한 요소를 분석해서 직관적이지도 대략적이지도 않은,정확하고 수학적이며 통계적인 연구를 구상할 수 있었다.
③He reduced women's clothing to a certain number of features: length and size of the skirt, size and depth of the neckline, height of the waistline.
③그는 여성 의류를 스커트의 길이와 크기,목선의 크기와 깊이,허리선의 높이와 같은 몇 가지 특징들로 정리했다.
④He demonstrated unambiguously that fashion is a profoundly regular phenomenon which is not located at the level of annual variations but on the scale of history.
④그는 패션이 매년 일어나는 변화의 수준이 아니라 역사의 척도에 위치하는 매우 규칙적인 현상이라는 것을 분명하게 보여주었다.
⑤For practically 300 years, women's dress was subject to a very precise periodic cycle: forms reach the furthest point in their variations every fifty years.
⑤거의300년 동안 여성 드레스는 매우 정확한 주기적인 순환의 영향을 받았는데,형식은50년마다 변화의 정점에 도달했다.
⑥If, at any one moment, skirts are at their longest, fifty years later they will be at their shortest; thus skirts become long again fifty years after being short and a hundred years after being long.
⑥어느 한 시기에 스커트가 가장 길었다면50년 후에 가장 짧아질 것이고,따라서 스커트는 짧아진 데서50년 후에 다시 길어지고,길어진 데서100년 후에 길어진다.
[고2] 2024년09월–33번:기술발전으로인한불평등과노동시장의붕괴가능성
①Over the last few centuries, humanity's collective prosperity has skyrocketed, as technological progress has made us far wealthier than ever before.
①지난 몇 세기 동안 기술 발전이 우리를 그 어느 때보다 훨씬 더 부유하게 만듦에 따라,인류의 집합적 부가 급증했다.
②To share out those riches, almost all societies have settled upon the market mechanism, rewarding people in various ways for the work that they do and the things that they own.
②이러한 부를 나누기 위해 거의 모든 사회는 사람들에게 그들이 하는 일과 그들이 소유한 것에 대해 다양한 방식으로 보상하는 시장 메커니즘을 채택했다.
③But rising inequality, itself often driven by technology, has started to put that mechanism under strain.
③그러나 증가하는 불평등은,그 자체가 기술로 인해 자주 생기는데,그 메커니즘에 부담을 주기 시작했다.
④Today, markets already provide immense rewards to some people but leave many others with very little.
④오늘날 시장은 이미 일부 사람들에게는 막대한 보상을 제공하지만 많은 다른 사람들에게는 거의 아무것도 남기지 않는다.
⑤And now, technological unemployment threatens to become a more radical version of the same story, taking place in the particular market we rely upon the most: the labor market.
⑤그리고 이제,기술 혁신에 의한 실업은 우리가 가장 의존하는 특정 시장,즉 노동 시장에서 발생하여,같은 이야기의 좀 더 급진적인 형태가 될 우려가 있다.
⑥As that market begins to break down, more and more people will be in danger of not receiving a share of society's prosperity at all.
⑥그 시장이 무너짐에 따라 점점 더 많은 사람들이 사회의 부의 몫을 전혀 받지 않을 위험에 처하게 될 것이다.
[고2] 2024년09월–34번:전문가들이기초지식을가르치기어려운이유
①It's often said that those who can't do, teach.
①흔히 할 줄 모르는 사람이 가르친다는 말이 있다.
②It would be more accurate to say that those who can do, can't teach the basics.
②할 수 있는 사람은 기본을 가르칠 수 없다고 말하는 것이 더 정확할 것이다.
③A great deal of expert knowledge is implicit, not explicit.
③많은 전문 지식은 명시적이지 않고 암시적이다.
④The further you progress toward mastery, the less conscious awareness you often have of the fundamentals.
④숙달을 향해 더 나아갈수록 여러분은 흔히 기본에 대해 덜 의식적인 인식을 지닌다.
⑤Experiments show that skilled golfers and wine aficionados have a hard time describing their putting and tasting techniques ― even asking them to explain their approaches is enough to interfere with their performance, so they often stay on autopilot.
⑤실험들에 따르면 숙련된 골퍼와 와인 애호가들은 자신의 퍼팅과 시음 기술을 설명하는 데 어려움을 겪으며,심지어 그들의 접근 방식을 설명해 달라고 요청하는 것은 그들의 수행에 방해가 되기에 충분하기 때문에 그들은 자주 자동 조종 상태에 있다.
⑥When I first saw an elite diver do four and a half somersaults, I asked how he managed to spin so fast.
⑥내가 한 엘리트 다이버가 공중제비를4회 반 도는 것을 처음 봤을 때,나는 어떻게 그렇게 빨리 회전할 수 있었는지 물었다.
⑦His answer: "Just go up in a ball."
⑦그의 대답은"그냥 공 모양으로 올라가기만 하면 돼요."였다.
⑧Experts often have an intuitive understanding of a route, but they struggle to clearly express all the steps to take.
⑧전문가들은 자주 방법에 대해 직관적인 지식을 가지고 있지만,취해야 할 모든 단계를 분명하게 표현하는 데 고전한다.
⑨Their brain dump is partially filled with garbage.
⑨그들이 이것저것 표현하는 것은 부분적으로는 쓰레기로 차있다.
[고2] 2024년09월–35번:곡물가공과발효과정이영양소보존에미치는영향
①Minimal processing can be one of the best ways to keep original flavors and taste, without any need to add artificial flavoring or additives, or too much salt.
①최소한의 가공은 인공 향료나 첨가물,또는 과도한 소금을 넣을 필요 없이 본연의 풍미와 맛을 유지하는 가장 좋은 방법 중 하나일 수 있다.
②This would also be the efficient way to keep most nutrients, especially the most sensitive ones such as many vitamins and anti-oxidants.
②이것은 또한 대부분의 영양소,특히 많은 비타민과 항산화물질과 같은 가장 민감한 영양소를 유지하는 효율적인 방법일 수 있다.
③Milling of cereals is one of the most harsh processes which dramatically affect nutrient content.
③곡물을 제분하는 것은 영양소 함량에 크게 영향을 미치는 가장 가혹한 과정 중 하나이다.
④While grains are naturally very rich in micronutrients, anti-oxidants and fiber (i.e. in wholemeal flour or flakes), milling usually removes the vast majority of minerals, vitamins and fibers to raise white flour.
④곡물에는(즉 통밀가루 또는 플레이크에는)미량 영양소,항산화물질,그리고 섬유질이 자연적으로 매우 풍부하지만,제분이 일반적으로 흰 밀가루를 만들기 위해 대부분의 미네랄,비타민 그리고 섬유질을 제거한다.
⑤Such a spoilage of key nutrients and fiber is no longer acceptable in the context of a sustainable diet aiming at an optimal nutrient density and health protection.
⑤주요 영양소와 섬유질의 그러한 손상은 최적의 영양소 밀도와 건강 보호를 목표로 하는 지속 가능한 식단의 맥락에서 더 이상 받아들여질 수 없다.
⑥In contrast, fermentation of various foodstuffs or germination of grains are traditional, locally accessible, low-energy and highly nutritious processes of sounded interest.
⑥대조적으로,다양한 식품의 발효나 곡물의 발아는 알려진 관심을 받는 전통적이고,현지에서 접근 가능하며,에너지가 적게 들고,매우 영양가 있는 과정이다.
[고2] 2024년09월–36번:너무유능한사람은오히려덜호감가는이유
①It would seem obvious that the more competent someone is, the more we will like that person.
①누군가가 더 능력이 있을수록,우리가 그 사람을 더 많이 좋아할 것이라는 점은 명확해 보일 것이다.
②By "competence," I mean a cluster of qualities: smartness, the ability to get things done, wise decisions, etc.
②나는, '능력'이라는 것을,똑똑함,일을 수행하는 능력,지혜로운 결정 등과 같은 총체적인 특징을 뜻하는 것으로 말한다.
③We stand a better chance of doing well at our life tasks if we surround ourselves with people who know what they're doing and have a lot to teach us.
③우리는 자신이 무엇을 하고 있는지를 알고 우리를 가르칠 많은 것들을 갖고 있는 사람 주변에 있을 때,우리의 인생 과업에서 잘할 더 나은 가능성이 있다.
④But the research evidence is paradoxical:
④그러나 연구 증거는 역설적이다.
⑤In problem-solving groups, the participants who are considered the most competent and have the best ideas tend not to be the ones who are best liked.
⑤문제 해결 집단에서,가장 능력이 있다고 여겨지고 가장 좋은 생각을 갖고 있는 참여자들은 가장 선호되는 사람들이 아닌 경향이 있다.
⑥Why?
⑥왜 그럴까?
⑦One possibility is that, although we like to be around competent people, those who are too competent make us uncomfortable.
⑦하나의 가능성은,비록 우리는 능력 있는 사람들 주위에 있고 싶어하지만, '너무'능력 있는 사람들은 우리를 불편하게 만든다는 것이다.
⑧They may seem unapproachable, distant, superhuman ― and make us look bad (and feel worse) by comparison.
⑧그들은 접근할 수 없고,멀고,초인간적으로 보일 수가 있어서,비교해보면 우리가 형편없어 보이게(그리고 기분이 더 나쁘게)만든다.
⑨If this were true, we might like people more if they reveal some evidence of fallibility.
⑨만약에 이것이 사실이라면,사람들이 실수를 저지를 수 있다는 어떤 증거를 드러낼 때 그들을 더 좋아할지도 모른다.
⑩For example, if your friend is a brilliant mathematician, superb athlete, and gourmet cook, you might like him or her better if, every once in a while, they screwed up.
⑩예를 들면,여러분의 친구가 훌륭한 수학자,뛰어난 운동 선수,그리고 미식 요리사라면,여러분은 가끔 그들이 일을 망친다면 그들을 더 좋아할지도 모른다.
[고2] 2024년09월–37번:꿀벌의춤과컴퓨터알고리즘의차이
①A computational algorithm that takes input data and generates some output from it doesn't really embody any notion of meaning.
①입력 데이터를 받아 그것으로부터 어떤 출력을 생성하는 컴퓨터를 사용하는 알고리즘은 실제로 의미라는 그 어떤 개념도 구현하지 않는다.
②Certainly, such a computation does not generally have as its purpose its own survival and wellbeing.
②분명히,그러한 컴퓨터 계산은 일반적으로 그 자체의 생존과 안녕을 목적으로 하지 않는다.
③It does not, in general, assign value to the inputs.
③이것은 일반적으로 입력에 가치를 부여하지 않는다.
④Compare, for example, a computer algorithm with the waggle dance of the honeybee, by which means a foraging bee conveys to others in the hive information about the source of food (such as nectar) it has located.
④예를 들어,컴퓨터 알고리즘을,먹이를 찾아다니는 벌이 벌집 안의 다른 벌들에게 그것이 위치를 찾아낸(꿀과 같은)먹이의 출처에 대한 정보를 알려주는 수단인 꿀벌의8자의 춤과 비교해 보라.
⑤The "dance" ― a series of stylized movements on the comb ― shows the bees how far away the food is and in which direction.
⑤그'춤',즉 벌집에서의 일련의 양식화된 움직임은 벌들에게 먹이가 얼마나 멀리 있고 어느 방향으로 있는지 보여준다.
⑥But this input does not simply program other bees to go out and look for it.
⑥그러나 이 입력은 다른 벌들이 나가서 먹이를 찾도록 단순히 프로그래밍하는 것이 아니다.
⑦Rather, they evaluate this information, comparing it with their own knowledge of the surroundings.
⑦오히려 그것들은 이 정보를 주변 환경에 대한 그들 자신의 지식과 비교하면서 정보를 평가한다.
⑧Some bees might not bother to make the journey, considering it not worthwhile.
⑧일부 벌들은 그 이동이 가치가 없다고 생각해서 굳이 그 이동을 하지 않을 수도 있다.
⑨The input, such as it is, is processed in the light of the organism's own internal states and history; there is nothing prescriptive about its effects.
⑨그 입력은,대단한 것은 아니지만,유기체 자체의 내부 상태와 역사에 비추어 처리되며,그 결과에 대해 규정하는 것은 없다.
[고2] 2024년09월–38번:행동전염과바이러스전염의유사점과차이점
①There are deep similarities between viral contagion and behavioral contagion.
①바이러스성의 전염과 행동의 전염 사이에 깊은 유사성이 있다.
②For example, people in close or extended proximity to others infected by a virus are themselves more likely to become infected, just as people are more likely to drink excessively when they spend more time in the company of heavy drinkers.
②예를 들어,바이러스에 감염된 다른 사람들과 아주 근접해 있거나 어느 정도 근접해 있는 사람들은 그들도 감염될 가능성이 더 높은데,이는 사람들이 술을 많이 마시는 사람들과 함께 시간을 많이 보낼 때 술을 과도하게 마실 가능성이 더 높은 것과 마찬가지이다.
③But there are also important differences between the two types of contagion.
③하지만 두 종류의 전염 사이에 중요한 차이점들도 있다.
④One is that visibility promotes behavioral contagion but inhibits the spread of infectious diseases.
④한가지는 가시성이 행동의 전염을 촉진하지만,감염성 질병의 확산은 억제한다는 것이다.
⑤Solar panels that are visible from the street, for instance, are more likely to stimulate neighboring installations.
⑤예를 들어,거리에서 볼 수 있는 태양 전지판은 이웃의 설치를 북돋을 가능성이 더 높다.
⑥In contrast, we try to avoid others who are visibly ill.
⑥대조적으로,우리는 눈에 띄게 몸이 아픈 다른 사람들을 피하려고 노력한다.
⑦Another important difference is that whereas viral contagion is almost always a bad thing, behavioral contagion is sometimes negative ― as in the case of smoking ― but sometimes positive, as in the case of solar installations.
⑦또 다른 중요한 차이는 바이러스성의 전염은 거의 항상 나쁜 것인 반면,행동의 전염은 흡연의 경우와 같이,때로는 부정적이지만,태양 전지판 설치의 경우와 같이,때때로 긍정적이라는 것이다.
[고2] 2024년09월–39번:동물의동면과수면의차이
①Sleep is clearly about more than just resting.
①잠은 분명 단지 휴식하는 것 이상이다.
②One curious fact is that animals that are hibernating also have periods of sleep.
②한가지 호기심을 끄는 사실은 동면하고 있는 동물들 또한 잠자는 기간을 가진다는 점이다.
③It comes as a surprise to most of us, but hibernation and sleep are not the same thing at all, at least not from a neurological and metabolic perspective.
③그것은 우리 대부분에게 놀라움으로 다가오지만,동면과 수면은 적어도 신경학적이고 신진대사적인 관점에서 볼 때 전혀 같은 것이 아니다.
④Hibernating is more like being anesthetized: the subject is unconscious but not actually asleep.
④동면은 마취되는 것과 더욱 비슷한데,그 대상은 의식이 없지만 실제로 잠들어 있지는 않다.
⑤So a hibernating animal needs to get a few hours of conventional sleep each day within the larger unconsciousness.
⑤그래서 동면하고 있는 동물은 더 큰 무의식 속에서 매일 몇 시간의 전형적인 잠을 잘 필요가 있다.
⑥A further surprise to most of us is that bears, the most famous of wintry sleepers, don't actually hibernate.
⑥우리 대부분에게 더욱 놀라운 점은 겨울에 잠을 자는 동물 중 가장 유명한 곰도 실제로는 동면하지 않는다는 것이다.
⑦Real hibernation involves profound unconsciousness and a dramatic fall in body temperature ― often to around 32 degrees Fahrenheit.
⑦실제 동면은 깊은 무의식과 체온의 급격한 하락을 포함하는데,자주 대략 화씨32도로 떨어진다.
⑧By this definition, bears don't hibernate, because their body temperature stays near normal and they are easily awakened.
⑧이러한 정의에 따르면,곰의 체온은 정상 근처를 유지하고 쉽게 잠에서 깨어나기 때문에 그것들은 동면하지 않는다.
⑨Their winter sleeps are more accurately called a state of torpor.
⑨그것들의 겨울잠은 더 정확하게는 휴면 상태라고 불린다.
[고2] 2024년09월–40번:나이별로타인의평가를의식하는행동차이
①The concern about how we appear to others can be seen in children, though work by the psychologist Ervin Staub suggests that the effect may vary with age.
①우리가 다른 사람들에게 어떻게 보이는지에 대한 걱정은 아이들에게서 보일 수 있지만,심리학자Ervin Staub의 연구는 그 영향이 나이에 따라 달라질 수도 있다고 시사한다.
②In a study where children heard another child in distress, young children (kindergarten through second grade) were more likely to help the child in distress when with another child than when alone.
②아이들이 곤경에 처한 다른 아이의 소리를 들었던 한 연구에서,어린 아이들(유치원에서2학년까지)은 혼자 있을 때보다 다른 아이와 함께 있을 때 곤경에 처한 아이를 도울 가능성이 더 높았다.
③But for older children ― in fourth and sixth grade ― the effect reversed: they were less likely to help a child in distress when they were with a peer than when they were alone.
③하지만4학년과6학년과 같이 나이가 더 많은 아이들의 경우에는,그 결과가 뒤바뀌었는데,그들은 혼자 있을 때보다 또래와 함께 있을 때 곤경에 처한 아이를 도울 가능성이 더 낮았다.
④Staub suggested that younger children might feel more comfortable acting when they have the company of a peer, whereas older children might feel more concern about being judged by their peers and fear feeling embarrassed by overreacting.
④Staub은 더 어린 아이들은 또래와 함께 있을 때 행동하는 데 더 편안함을 느낄지도 모르는 데 반해,나이가 더 많은 아이들은 자기 또래들에게 판단받는 것을 더욱 걱정하며 과잉 반응에 의해 창피함을 느끼는 것을 두려워할지도 모른다고 말했다.
⑤Staub noted that "older children seemed to discuss the distress sounds less and to react to them less openly than younger children."
⑤Staub은'나이가 더 많은 아이들은 더 어린 아이들에 비해 곤경(에 처한 아이들)의 소리에 대해 덜 이야기하고,덜 공공연하게 반응하는 것처럼 보였다.'라고 언급했다.
⑥In other words, the older children were deliberately putting on a poker face in front of their peers.
⑥다시 말해서,더 나이가 많은 아이들은 의도적으로 자기 또래들 앞에서 무표정한 얼굴을 하고 있었다.
⑦[요약문] The study suggests that, contrary to younger children, older children are less likely to help those in distress in the presence of others because they care more about how they are evaluated.
⑦[요약문]연구는 더 어린 아이들과는 반대로,나이가 더 많은 아이들은 다른 사람들이 있을 때 곤경에 처한 아이들을 도울 가능성이 더 낮으며,그 이유는 그들은 자신이 어떻게 평가받는지에 대해 더 많이 신경 쓰기 때문이라고 시사한다.
[고2] 2024년09월–41~42번:어린시절권위에대한질문의중요성과성인의대응방식
①What makes questioning authority so hard?
①무엇이 권위에 의문을 제기하는 것을 그토록 어렵게 만들까?
②The difficulties start in childhood, when parents - the first and most powerful authority figures - show children "the way things are."
②그 어려움은 유년 시절에 시작하는데,이는 최초이자 가장 영향력 있는 권위자인 부모가 아이들에게'사물이 존재하는 방식'을 제시하는 때이다.
③This is a necessary element of learning language and socialization, and certainly most things learned in early childhood are noncontroversial: the English alphabet starts with A and ends with Z, the numbers 1 through 10 come before the numbers 11 through 20, and so on.
③이것은 언어 학습과 사회화의 필수적인 요소이고,확실히 초기 유년기에 학습되는 것 대부분은 논쟁의 여지가 없는데,영어 알파벳은A에서 시작해서Z로 끝난다는 것,숫자1부터10은 숫자11부터20보다 이전에 나온다는 것 등등처럼 말이다.
④Children, however, will spontaneously question things that are quite obvious to adults and even to older kids.
④하지만 아이들은 어른들과 심지어 더 나이 많은 아이들에게도 꽤 명백한 것들에 즉흥적으로 의문을 제기할 것이다.
⑤The word "why?" becomes a challenge, as in, "Why is the sky blue?"
⑤"왜요?"라는 말은"왜 하늘은 파랄까요?"에서처럼 도전이 된다.
⑥Answers such as "because it just is" or "because I say so" tell children that they must unquestioningly accept what authorities say "just because," and children who persist in their questioning are likely to find themselves dismissed or yelled at for "bothering" adults with "meaningless" or "unimportant" questions.
⑥"그냥 그러니까"혹은"내가 그렇다고 하니까"와 같은 대답들은 권위자들이"단지 그러니까"라고 말하는 것을 아이들이 의심 없이 받아들여야 한다고 아이들에게 말해주며,의문을 제기하는 것을 지속하는 아이들은'무의미한'혹은'중요하지 않은'질문으로 어른들을'성가시게 하는 것'때문에 그들 자신이 쫓겨나거나 고함을 듣는다는 것을 알게 될 가능성이 높다.
⑦But these questions are in fact perfectly reasonable.
⑦하지만 이러한 질문들은 실제로 완벽하게 합리적이다.
⑧Why is the sky blue?
⑧왜 하늘은 파랄까?
⑨Many adults do not themselves know the answer.
⑨많은 어른들은 자신도 그 대답을 알지 못한다.
⑩And who says the sky's color needs to be called "blue," anyway?
⑩그리고 어쨌든 누가 하늘의 색깔이'파란색'으로 불려야 한다고 말하는가?
⑪How do we know that what one person calls "blue" is the same color that another calls "blue"?
⑪한 사람이'파란색'이라고 부르는 것이 또 다른 사람이'파란색'이라고 부르는 것과 같은 색깔인지 어떻게 우리가 아는가?
⑫The scientific answers come from physics, but those are not the answers that children are seeking.
⑫과학적인 답은 물리학에서 나오지만,그것들은 아이들이 찾고 있는 답은 아니다.
⑬They are trying to understand the world, and no matter how irritating the repeated questions may become to stressed and time-pressed parents, it is important to take them seriously to encourage kids to question authority to think for themselves.
⑬그들은 세계를 이해하려고 노력하고 있고,반복되는 질문들이 스트레스가 쌓이고 시간에 쫓기는 부모들에게 아무리 짜증스러울지라도,아이들이 권위에 의문을 제기하도록 독려하여 스스로 생각하도록 그것들을 진지하게 받아들이는 것이 중요하다.
[고2] 2024년09월–43~45번:어린시절의특이한책경험이자녀의성장에미친긍정적영향
①My two girls grew up without challenges with respect to development and social interaction.
①나의 두 딸은 발달과 사회적 상호 작용에 있어서 어려움 없이 성장했다.
②My son Benjamin, however, was quite delayed.
②하지만,나의 아들Benjamin은 꽤 더뎠다.
③He struggled through his childhood, not fitting in with the other children and wondering what he was doing wrong at every turn.
③그는 다른 아이들과 잘 어울리지 않고 언제나 그가 무엇을 잘못했는지 궁금해하며,어린 시절 동안 고생했다.
④He was teased by the other children and frowned upon by a number of unsympathetic adults.
④그는 다른 아이들에게 괴롭힘을 받았고 인정 없는 많은 어른들의 눈살을 찌푸리게 했다.
⑤But his Grade 1 teacher was a wonderful, caring person who took the time to ask why Benjamin behaved the way he did.
⑤하지만 그의1학년 선생님은 왜Benjamin이 그가 했던 방식으로 행동했는지 물어보는 시간을 갖는,훌륭하고 친절한 사람이었다.
⑥The teacher was determined to understand Benjamin and to accept him as he was.
⑥그 선생님은Benjamin을 이해하고 그를 있는 그대로 받아들이겠다고 결심했다.
⑦One day he came home with a note from his teacher.
⑦어느 날 그는 그의 선생님으로부터 받은 한 쪽지를 가지고 집으로 왔다.
⑧He suggested I go to the school library.
⑧그는 내가 학교 도서관에 방문할 것을 제안했다.
⑨They were having a sale, and he thought my son would like one of the books.
⑨그들은 판매를 하고 있었고,그는 나의 아들이 책 중 하나를 좋아할 거라고 생각했다.
⑩I couldn't go for a couple of days and was concerned I'd missed the opportunity.
⑩나는 며칠 동안 갈 수 없었고,기회를 놓쳤을까 봐 걱정했다.
⑪When I finally went to the school, his teacher told me that the sale had ended but that the library had saved the book for my little boy.
⑪내가 마침내 학교에 갔을 때,그의 선생님은 나에게 판매는 끝났지만 도서관이 내 아이를 위해 책을 남겨 두었다고 말했다.
⑫I suspected the teacher had paid for it out of his own pocket.
⑫나는 선생님이 그것을 자비로 지불한 것이 아닌가 짐작했다.
⑬It was a storyboard book with a place for a photo.
⑬그것은 사진을 위한 공간이 있는 스토리보드 책이었다.
⑭On each page there was an outline of an animal and a hole so that the face in the photo appeared to be the face of the animal.
⑭쪽마다 동물의 윤곽과 구멍이 있어서 사진 속의 얼굴이 그 동물의 얼굴인 것처럼 보였다.
⑮Wondering if Benjamin would really be interested in the book, I brought it home.
⑮Benjamin이 그 책에 정말로 흥미가 있을지 궁금해하며 나는 그것을 집으로 가져왔다.
⑯He loved it!
⑯그는 그것을 좋아했다!
⑰Through that book, he saw that he could be anything he wanted to be: a cat, an octopus, a dinosaur─even a frog!
⑰그 책을 통해 그는 그가 자신이 되길 원하는 어떠한 것도 될 수 있음을 알았는데,고양이,문어,공룡 그리고 심지어 개구리까지 말이다!
⑱Benjamin joyfully embarked on an imaginative journey through the book, and little did we know, it laid the groundwork for his future successes.
⑱Benjamin은 그 책을 통해 상상의 여행을 즐겁게 시작했고,우리가 거의 알지는 못했지만,그것은 그의 미래 성공을 위한 토대를 마련했다.
⑲And thankfully, his teacher had taken the time to observe and understand him and had discovered a way to help him reach out of his own world and join ours through a storyboard book.
⑲그리고 감사하게도,그의 선생님은 그를 관찰하고 이해하기 위한 시간을 가졌고,스토리보드 책을 통해 그가 자신만의 세상을 벗어나 우리의 세상에 참여하도록 돕는 방법을 발견했다.
⑳My son later became a child actor and performed for seven years with a Toronto casting agency.
⑳내 아들은 나중에 아역 배우가 되었고Toronto에 있는 캐스팅 회사와 함께7년 동안 공연을 했다.
㉑He is now a published author who writes fantasy and science-fiction!
