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[고2] 2024년 9월 모의고사 - 한줄해석
안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다. 2024년도 9월 고2 영어 모의고사>의 한줄해석 자료 올립니다.설명문/실용문을 제외한 모든 지문을 포함했습니다. 자료는 PDF와 워드 파일 모두 올립니
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[고2] 2024년 9월 모의고사 - 한줄해석 (좌지문 우해석)
안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다. 오늘은 2024년도 9월 고2 영어 모의고사>의 한줄해석(좌지문 우해석) 자료 올립니다.설명문/실용문을 제외한 전지문 작업했습니다. 자료는 PDF와 워드
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[고2] 2024년 09월 – 18번: Advanced Licensed Counselor Program의 상담 경험 요건 연장 요청 편지
To whom it may concern, My name is Peter Jackson and I am thinking of applying for the Advanced Licensed Counselor Program that the university provides. I found that the certification for 100 hours of counseling experience is required for the application. However, I do not think I could possibly complete the required counseling experience by the current deadline. So, if possible, I kindly request an extension of the deadline until the end of this summer vacation. I am actively working on obtaining the certification, and I am sure I will be able to submit it by then. I understand the importance of following the application process, and would greatly appreciate your consideration of this request. I look forward to your response. Sincerely, Peter Jackson
Possible Titles:
1. Request for Extension of Application Deadline for Counselor Program
2. Deadline Extension Request for Advanced Licensed Counselor Program Application
3. Peter Jackson's Request for Extension to Submit Counseling Certification
4. Request for Deadline Adjustment Due to Incomplete Counseling Experience Hours
Main Idea #1:
Peter Jackson requests an extension of the deadline for submitting his application to the Advanced Licensed Counselor Program.
Main Idea #2:
Due to his inability to complete the required 100 hours of counseling experience by the current deadline, Peter Jackson is seeking an extension until the end of summer vacation to fulfill the certification requirement.
Summary:
Peter Jackson asks for an extension of the application deadline for the Advanced Licensed Counselor Program because he has not completed the required 100 hours of counseling experience. He assures that he will meet the requirement by the end of the summer vacation.
Key Points:
1. Peter Jackson plans to apply for the Advanced Licensed Counselor Program.
2. The application requires 100 hours of counseling experience.
3. He requests an extension of the deadline to complete the requirement.
4. He expects to fulfill the requirement by the end of summer vacation.
[고2] 2024년 09월 – 19번: 공항 입국 심사에서 예상치 못한 상황에 긴장한 경험
The passport control line was short and the inspectors looked relaxed; except the inspector at my window. He seemed to want to model the seriousness of the task at hand for the other inspectors. Maybe that's why I felt uneasy when he studied my passport more carefully than I expected. "You were here in September," he said. "Why are you back so soon?" "I came in September to prepare to return this month," I replied with a trembling voice, considering if I missed any Italian regulations. "For how long?" he asked. "One month, this time," I answered truthfully. I knew it was not against the rules to stay in Italy for three months. "Enjoy your stay," he finally said, as he stamped my passport. Whew! As I walked away, the burden I had carried, even though I did nothing wrong, vanished into the air. My shoulders, once weighed down, now stretched out with comfort.
Possible Titles:
1. A Nervous Encounter with a Passport Inspector in Italy
2. Overcoming Anxiety at Passport Control Despite Following the Rules
3. A Close Call: Navigating Tension at Italian Passport Control
4. The Unexpected Pressure of Returning to Italy After a Short Stay
Main Idea #1:
The narrator feels uneasy during a strict inspection at passport control despite knowing they followed all the regulations.
Main Idea #2:
Although the narrator's stay in Italy was entirely within legal limits, the inspector's scrutiny creates unnecessary tension, but relief follows when the passport is finally stamped, allowing the narrator to relax and enjoy their visit.
Summary:
The narrator faces unexpected scrutiny at Italian passport control, feeling nervous despite adhering to all the rules. After a tense interaction, the inspector approves the stay, and the narrator feels relieved and relaxed.
Key Points:
1. The narrator faces extra scrutiny at passport control, causing unease.
2. They are questioned about returning to Italy shortly after a previous visit.
3. Despite feeling anxious, the narrator has followed the regulations.
4. After passing through, the narrator feels relieved and at ease.
[고2] 2024년 09월 – 20번: 걱정은 통제 가능한 감정이라는 점을 자녀에게 가르치는 방법
Merely convincing your children that worry is senseless and that they would be more content if they didn't worry isn't going to stop them from worrying. For some reason, young people seem to believe that worry is a fact of life over which they have little or no control. Consequently, they don't even try to stop. Therefore, you need to convince them that worry, like guilt and fear, is nothing more than an emotion, and like all emotions, is subject to the power of the will. Tell them that they can eliminate worry from their lives by simply refusing to attend to it. Explain to them that if they refuse to act worried regardless of how they feel, they will eventually stop feeling worried and will begin to experience the contentment that accompanies a worry-free life.
Possible Titles:
1. Helping Children Understand the Power of Will Over Worry
2. Teaching Children to Overcome Worry Through Conscious Effort
3. Guiding Young People to a Worry-Free Life by Changing Their Mindset
4. How Parents Can Empower Children to Control Worry and Find Peace
Main Idea #1:
Simply telling children not to worry won't work unless they understand that worry is an emotion they can control.
Main Idea #2:
Parents must teach children that worry, like other emotions, can be controlled through willpower, and by refusing to act on worry, they can gradually eliminate it and find contentment.
Summary:
To help children stop worrying, parents must teach them that worry is an emotion they can control through their will. By refusing to act on worry, children can gradually overcome it and experience a more content and peaceful life.
Key Points:
1. Children often believe they cannot control their worries.
2. Worry, like other emotions, can be managed through willpower.
3. Refusing to act on worry can lead to eliminating it over time.
4. Parents should explain how overcoming worry leads to greater contentment.
[고2] 2024년 09월 – 21번: 산업 시대에서 창의성과 속도가 더 중요한 현대 기업의 특성
In today's information age, in many companies and on many teams, the objective is no longer error prevention and replicability. On the contrary, it's creativity, speed, and keenness. In the industrial era, the goal was to minimize variation. But in creative companies today, maximizing variation is more essential. In these situations, the biggest risk isn't making a mistake or losing consistency; it's failing to attract top talent, to invent new products, or to change direction quickly when the environment shifts. Consistency and repeatability are more likely to suppress fresh thinking than to bring your company profit. A lot of little mistakes, while sometimes painful, help the organization learn quickly and are a critical part of the innovation cycle. In these situations, rules and process are no longer the best answer. A symphony isn't what you're going for. Leave the conductor and the sheet music behind. Build a jazz band instead.
Possible Titles:
1. Embracing Creativity and Flexibility Over Consistency in Modern Companies
2. Why Innovation Requires Maximizing Variation and Accepting Mistakes
3. Shifting from Error Prevention to Innovation in the Information Age
4. Building a Creative Team: Jazz Bands Over Symphonies in Business
Main Idea #1:
The focus of modern companies has shifted from error prevention to creativity and flexibility.
Main Idea #2:
In today's rapidly changing environment, maximizing variation and embracing small mistakes are crucial for innovation, as consistency and repeatability can stifle creativity and limit a company's ability to adapt and grow.
Summary:
In the modern business world, creativity and quick adaptation are more important than error prevention. Companies that prioritize variation and allow small mistakes are more likely to innovate and thrive in changing environments, as strict adherence to rules can suppress fresh ideas.
Key Points:
1. The focus has shifted from minimizing errors to encouraging creativity and speed.
2. Modern companies benefit from maximizing variation rather than consistency.
3. Small mistakes are essential for learning and innovation.
4. A flexible, improvisational approach is better than rigid adherence to processes.
[고2] 2024년 09월 – 22번: 재난 상황에서 정보 소통의 중요성과 소문이 퍼지는 이유
Any new or threatening situation may require us to make decisions and this requires information. So important is communication during a disaster that normal social barriers are often lowered. We will talk to strangers in a way we would never consider normally. Even relatively low grade disruption of our life such as a fire drill or a very late train seems to give us the permission to break normal etiquette and talk to strangers. The more important an event to a particular public, the more detailed and urgent the requirement for news becomes. Without an authoritative source of facts, whether that is a newspaper or trusted broadcast station, rumours often run riot. Rumours start because people believe their group to be in danger and so, although the rumour is unproven, feel they should pass it on. For example, if a worker heard that their employer's business was doing badly and people were going to be made redundant, they would pass that information on to colleagues.
Possible Titles:
1. The Role of Communication and Rumors During Disruptive Events
2. How Disasters Lower Social Barriers and Spread Information
3. The Power of Rumors in Crisis Situations and Their Impact on Communication
4. Breaking Social Norms: The Urgent Need for Information During Disasters
Main Idea #1:
Disasters lower social barriers, making people more willing to communicate with strangers for information.
Main Idea #2:
In crises, the lack of reliable information leads to the spread of rumors, as people feel compelled to pass on unverified news to protect their group, heightening the urgency for authoritative sources.
Summary:
In disruptive situations, people are more likely to communicate with strangers to gather information. The absence of reliable news often leads to the spread of rumors, as individuals feel the need to share potential dangers, even if unverified.
Key Points:
1. Disasters encourage communication between strangers.
2. Urgent events increase the need for reliable information.
3. The absence of authoritative news sources fuels the spread of rumors.
4. People spread rumors to protect their group from perceived danger.
[고2] 2024년 09월 – 23번: 예술과 과학 모두가 문화적 맥락에서 이해되어야 하는 이유
People seem to recognize that the arts are cultural activities that draw on (or react against) certain cultural traditions, certain shared understanding, and certain values and ideas that are characteristic of the time and place in which the art is created. In the case of science, however, opinions differ. Some scientists, like the great biologist J. B. S. Haldane, see science in a similar light ― as a historical activity that occurs in a particular time and place, and that needs to be understood within that context. Others, however, see science as a purely "objective" pursuit, uninfluenced by the cultural viewpoint and values of those who create it. In describing this view of science, philosopher Hugh Lacey speaks of the belief that there is an underlying order of the world which is simply there to be discovered ― the world of pure "fact" stripped of any link with value. The aim of science according to this view is to represent this world of pure "fact", independently of any relationship it might bear contingently to human practices and experiences.
Possible Titles:
1. The Debate Over Whether Science Is Influenced by Culture
2. Is Science Objective or Shaped by Its Historical Context?
3. Exploring Different Views on the Role of Culture in Science
4. Science as a Cultural Activity or an Objective Pursuit: A Philosophical Discussion
Main Idea #1:
There are differing opinions on whether science is influenced by the cultural context in which it is practiced.
Main Idea #2:
While some view science as a historical activity shaped by time and place, others argue that it is an objective pursuit, focused solely on discovering a world of pure facts independent of human values or practices.
Summary:
Some scientists and philosophers believe that science is shaped by the cultural and historical context in which it is created, while others view it as an objective pursuit, aiming to uncover pure facts without influence from human values or experiences.
Key Points:
1. The arts are widely recognized as being influenced by cultural traditions and values.
2. Opinions differ on whether science is influenced by culture or purely objective.
3. Some believe science must be understood within its historical context.
4. Others argue that science aims to discover facts independent of human practices.
[고2] 2024년 09월 – 24번: 정신적 성숙과 책임감의 연령에 대한 사회적 기준의 문제
Mental development consists of individuals increasingly mastering social codes and signals themselves, which they can master only in social situations with the support of more competent individuals, typically adults. In this sense, mental development consists of internalizing social patterns and gradually becoming a responsible actor among other responsible actors. In Denmark, the age of criminal responsibility is 15 years, which means that we then say that people have developed sufficient mental maturity to be accountable for their actions at this point. And at the age of 18 people are given the right to vote and are thereby formally included in the basic democratic process. I do not know whether these age boundaries are optimal, but it is clear that mental development takes place at different rates for different individuals, and depends especially on the social and family environment they have been given. Therefore, having formal limits for responsibility from a specific age that apply to everyone is a somewhat questionable practice. But the question, of course, is whether it can be done any differently.
Possible Titles:
1. The Relationship Between Mental Development and Legal Responsibility
2. Questioning Age Limits for Responsibility: Mental Development and Social Context
3. Can Age-Based Boundaries Truly Reflect Mental Maturity?
4. Understanding Mental Development and Its Role in Defining Responsibility
Main Idea #1:
Mental development involves mastering social codes with the help of more competent individuals, like adults.
Main Idea #2:
Although formal age limits, such as 15 for criminal responsibility and 18 for voting in Denmark, mark mental maturity, mental development varies for individuals based on their social and family environments, making age-based boundaries for responsibility questionable.
Summary:
Mental development occurs through mastering social norms with adult support, and while age limits for responsibility are set in Denmark, individual mental maturity varies based on social factors, raising questions about the fairness of universal age boundaries.
Key Points:
1. Mental development involves internalizing social patterns with guidance from others.
2. Denmark sets age limits of 15 for criminal responsibility and 18 for voting.
3. Mental maturity varies based on individual social and family environments.
4. Universal age limits for responsibility may not accurately reflect individual development.
[고2] 2024년 09월 – 25번: 2022년 캐나다의 연령대별 무급 돌봄 제공 비율 비교 그래프
The graph above shows the percentage of people who provided unpaid care to children and adults by age group in Canada in 2022. Notably, the 35-44 group had the highest percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to children, reaching 59.5%. However, the highest percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to adults was found in the 55-64 group. Compared to the 25-34 group, the 1524 group had a lower percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to children and a higher percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to adults. The percentage of people providing unpaid care to adults in the 45-54 group was more than twice as high as that in the 35-44 group. The 55-64 group and the 65 and older group showed a similar percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to children, with a difference of less than 1 percentage point.
Possible Titles:
1. Age Group Differences in Unpaid Care for Children and Adults in Canada, 2022
2. The Distribution of Unpaid Care Responsibilities Across Age Groups in Canada
3. A Closer Look at Unpaid Care for Children and Adults by Age in 2022 Canada
4. How Different Age Groups Contribute to Unpaid Care for Children and Adults in Canada
Main Idea #1:
The 35-44 age group had the highest percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to children in 2022.
Main Idea #2:
The percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to adults peaked in the 55-64 age group, while other age groups showed varying levels of care provision for both children and adults, with notable differences between certain age groups.
Summary:
In Canada in 2022, unpaid care for children was most commonly provided by the 35-44 age group, while unpaid care for adults was highest in the 55-64 group. There were also significant differences between age groups in terms of care provision for both children and adults, with the 45-54 group showing particularly high rates of care for adults.
Key Points:
1. The 35-44 age group had the highest percentage of people providing unpaid care to children (59.5%).
2. The 55-64 age group had the highest percentage of people providing unpaid care to adults.
3. The 15-24 group provided less care to children but more to adults than the 25-34 group.
4. The 45-54 group provided over twice as much unpaid care to adults as the 35-44 group.
[고2] 2024년 09월 – 26번: 동물 생태학 발전에 기여한 Charles Elton의 생애와 업적
Born in the English city of Liverpool, Charles Elton studied zoology under Julian Huxley at Oxford University from 1918 to 1922. After graduating, he began teaching as a parttime instructor and had a long and distinguished teaching career at Oxford from 1922 to 1967. After a series of arctic expeditions with Huxley, he worked with a fur-collecting and trading company as a biological consultant, and examined the company's records to study animal populations. In 1927, he wrote his first and most important book, Animal Ecology, in which he demonstrated the nature of food chains and cycles. In 1932, he helped establish the Bureau of Animal Population at Oxford. In the same year he became the editor of the new Journal of Animal Ecology. Throughout his career, Elton wrote six books and played a major role in shaping the modern science of ecology.
Possible Titles:
1. Charles Elton: Pioneering Ecologist and Founder of Animal Population Studies
2. The Legacy of Charles Elton: From Zoology Student to Ecological Innovator
3. Charles Elton's Contributions to Animal Ecology and Population Research
4. Shaping Modern Ecology: The Life and Achievements of Charles Elton
Main Idea #1:
Charles Elton made significant contributions to the field of ecology, particularly in the study of animal populations and food chains.
Main Idea #2:
Through his work as a biological consultant, his founding of the Bureau of Animal Population, and his role as an author and editor, Charles Elton played a pivotal role in developing the modern science of ecology and animal population studies.
Summary:
Charles Elton, a zoologist educated at Oxford, made lasting contributions to the field of ecology. His pioneering work on food chains, population studies, and the founding of the Bureau of Animal Population helped shape modern ecology. He authored six books and had a long, influential teaching career.
Key Points:
1. Charles Elton studied zoology at Oxford under Julian Huxley.
2. He led arctic expeditions and worked as a biological consultant studying animal populations.
3. His 1927 book, Animal Ecology, introduced key concepts like food chains and cycles.
4. Elton helped establish the Bureau of Animal Population and played a key role in shaping modern ecology.
[고2] 2024년 09월 – 29번: 경제 중심 사고에서 생태적 건강을 중시하는 관점으로의 변화
One well-known shift took place when the accepted view ― that the Earth was the center of the universe ― changed to one where we understood that we are only inhabitants on one planet orbiting the Sun. With each person who grasped the solar system view, it became easier for the next person to do so. So it is with the notion that the world revolves around the human economy. This is slowly being replaced by the view that the economy is a part of the larger system of material flows that connect all living things. When this perspective shifts into place, it will be obvious that our economic well-being requires that we account for, and respond to, factors of ecological health. Unfortunately we do not have a century or two to make the change. By clarifying the nature of the old and new perspectives, and by identifying actions on which we might cooperate to move the process along, we can help accelerate the shift.
Possible Titles:
1. Shifting Perspectives: From Human-Centric Economies to Ecological Integration
2. The Evolution of Thought: Economy as Part of Earth's Ecological Systems
3. Accelerating the Transition from Economic Dominance to Ecological Awareness
4. From Earth-Centered to Eco-Centered: Changing Views on Economy and Environment
Main Idea #1:
A shift is occurring from viewing the economy as central to understanding it as part of a larger ecological system.
Main Idea #2:
As people adopt the perspective that the economy is just one aspect of a broader system of material flows, it will become clear that economic well-being depends on ecological health, and we must act quickly to accelerate this shift in thinking.
Summary:
The perspective that the economy is central is gradually being replaced by the view that it is part of a broader ecological system. This shift is crucial for recognizing the connection between economic well-being and ecological health, and we must act quickly to accelerate this change.
Key Points:
1. The old view that Earth was the center of the universe parallels the current view of the economy's centrality.
2. The economy is now seen as part of a larger ecological system.
3. Economic well-being is dependent on ecological health.
4. Action is needed to accelerate this shift in thinking.
[고2] 2024년 09월 – 30번: 인류의 진화 과정에서 도구 사용과 식단 변화가 중요한 역할을 함
The first human beings probably evolved in tropical regions where survival was possible without clothing. It is likely that they had very dark skin because light skin would have given little protection against the burning rays of the sun. There is a debate about whether these people spread into other parts of the world or, instead, whether people developed independently in various parts of the world. Whichever the case, it is believed that in time they became capable of spreading out from Africa, eventually to most of the world. This was probably because their physical characteristics changed. For instance, early hominids probably did not walk upright, but when they developed that ability, they could travel more efficiently. More important, perhaps, was their development of tool making. With tools, they could hunt other animals, so they could consume more protein and fat than their low-energy vegetarian diet would have provided. Not only their bodies but also their brains would have been changed with more energy. The brain needs lots of energy to grow. As their diet expanded, hominids could physically and intellectually expand their territory.
Possible Titles:
1. The Evolutionary Journey of Early Hominids and Their Global Expansion
2. How Physical and Intellectual Developments Enabled Early Human Migration
3. The Role of Diet and Tools in the Evolution of Early Humans
4. From Africa to the World: The Evolution and Spread of Early Humans
Main Idea #1:
Early humans likely evolved in tropical regions, with dark skin for sun protection.
Main Idea #2:
The development of tool-making and upright walking allowed early humans to hunt and travel more efficiently, leading to physical and intellectual evolution that enabled them to expand beyond Africa.
Summary:
Early humans likely originated in tropical regions with dark skin for sun protection. Their ability to walk upright and make tools allowed them to hunt and consume more energy-rich foods, which fueled physical and intellectual growth, enabling them to spread across the globe.
Key Points:
1. Early humans likely had dark skin to protect against the sun in tropical regions.
2. There is debate about whether humans spread from Africa or evolved independently in different parts of the world.
3. Walking upright and tool-making allowed for more efficient travel and hunting.
4. A protein-rich diet helped fuel brain development and territorial expansion.
[고2] 2024년 09월 – 31번: 불공정한 절차가 위로를 제공하는 이유와 공정한 절차의 심리적 영향
When we get an unfavorable outcome, in some ways the last thing we want to hear is that the process was fair. As outraging as the combination of an unfavorable outcome and an unfair process is, this combination also brings with it a consolation prize: the possibility of attributing the bad outcome to something other than ourselves. We may reassure ourselves by believing that our bad outcome had little to do with us and everything to do with the unfair process. If the process is fair, however, we cannot nearly as easily externalize the outcome; we got what we got "fair and square." When the process is fair we believe that our outcome is deserved, which is another way of saying that there must have been something about ourselves (what we did or who we are) that caused the outcome.
Possible Titles:
1. The Psychological Impact of Fairness on Unfavorable Outcomes
2. How Fair Processes Force Us to Accept Responsibility for Bad Results
3. The Consolation of Unfairness: Avoiding Blame for Unfavorable Outcomes
4. Why Fairness Can Make Unfavorable Outcomes Harder to Accept
Main Idea #1:
Unfavorable outcomes are easier to accept if we can attribute them to an unfair process.
Main Idea #2:
When the process is fair, individuals struggle to externalize unfavorable outcomes and are more likely to internalize blame, believing that the result was deserved based on their own actions or characteristics.
Summary:
Unfavorable outcomes are easier to accept when they can be attributed to an unfair process, allowing individuals to avoid self-blame. When the process is fair, people tend to internalize responsibility for the result, believing it reflects their own actions or characteristics.
Key Points:
1. People often find comfort in blaming an unfair process for bad outcomes.
2. Fair processes make it harder to externalize unfavorable results.
3. A fair process leads people to believe their outcome was deserved.
4. Internalizing responsibility is more likely when the outcome results from a fair process.
[고2] 2024년 09월 – 32번: 서양 여성 드레스의 형태 변화를 분석한 연구 결과
The well-known American ethnologist Alfred Louis Kroeber made a rich and in-depth study of women's evening dress in the West, stretching back about three centuries and using reproductions of engravings. Having adjusted the dimensions of these plates due to their diverse origins, he was able to analyse the constant elements in fashion features and to come up with a study that was neither intuitive nor approximate, but precise, mathematical and statistical. He reduced women's clothing to a certain number of features: length and size of the skirt, size and depth of the neckline, height of the waistline. He demonstrated unambiguously that fashion is a profoundly regular phenomenon which is not located at the level of annual variations but on the scale of history. For practically 300 years, women's dress was subject to a very precise periodic cycle: forms reach the furthest point in their variations every fifty years. If, at any one moment, skirts are at their longest, fifty years later they will be at their shortest; thus skirts become long again fifty years after being short and a hundred years after being long.
Possible Titles:
1. Alfred Kroeber's Study of Fashion Cycles in Women's Evening Dress
2. The Mathematical Regularity of Women's Fashion Over Three Centuries
3. How Women's Evening Dress Follows a 50-Year Fashion Cycle
4. Alfred Kroeber's Precise Analysis of Fashion Trends in Women's Clothing
Main Idea #1:
Alfred Kroeber conducted a precise, mathematical study of women's evening dress over 300 years, analyzing fashion cycles.
Main Idea #2:
Kroeber demonstrated that women's fashion, particularly in evening dress, follows a regular 50-year cycle, with elements like skirt length and neckline depth changing in predictable ways over time, reflecting a deeper historical pattern rather than annual trends.
Summary:
Alfred Kroeber's study of women's evening dress revealed that fashion trends follow a regular 50-year cycle, with predictable changes in skirt length, neckline, and waistline height. His analysis showed that fashion operates on a historical scale rather than annual variations.
Key Points:
1. Kroeber studied 300 years of women's evening dress using engravings.
2. He reduced fashion to specific features like skirt length and neckline depth.
3. Fashion follows a 50-year cycle, with regular changes in style.
4. His analysis was mathematical, revealing a precise historical pattern in fashion trends.
[고2] 2024년 09월 – 33번: 기술 발전으로 인한 불평등과 노동 시장의 붕괴 가능성
Over the last few centuries, humanity's collective prosperity has skyrocketed, as technological progress has made us far wealthier than ever before. To share out those riches, almost all societies have settled upon the market mechanism, rewarding people in various ways for the work that they do and the things that they own. But rising inequality, itself often driven by technology, has started to put that mechanism under strain. Today, markets already provide immense rewards to some people but leave many others with very little. And now, technological unemployment threatens to become a more radical version of the same story, taking place in the particular market we rely upon the most: the labor market. As that market begins to break down, more and more people will be in danger of not receiving a share of society's prosperity at all.
Possible Titles:
1. The Impact of Technological Progress on Rising Inequality and Labor Markets
2. How Technological Unemployment Threatens Market Mechanisms in Modern Society
3. The Strain of Inequality: Technology's Role in Disrupting Prosperity Distribution
4. Markets Under Pressure: Technological Advancements and the Future of Labor
Main Idea #1:
Technological progress has increased prosperity but also heightened inequality, straining the market mechanism.
Main Idea #2:
As technology leads to rising inequality and the potential for widespread technological unemployment, the labor market, which is key to distributing prosperity, may begin to break down, leaving many without a share in society's wealth.
Summary:
Technological progress has increased overall prosperity but has also intensified inequality, straining the market mechanism that distributes wealth. As technological unemployment rises, the labor market may collapse, leaving many without access to society's prosperity.
Key Points:
1. Technological progress has increased humanity's wealth.
2. The market mechanism distributes this wealth but is under strain due to rising inequality.
3. Technology has contributed to both increased inequality and the risk of technological unemployment.
4. As the labor market falters, many may be excluded from sharing in collective prosperity.
[고2] 2024년 09월 – 34번: 전문가들이 기초 지식을 가르치기 어려운 이유
It's often said that those who can't do, teach. It would be more accurate to say that those who can do, can't teach the basics. A great deal of expert knowledge is implicit, not explicit. The further you progress toward mastery, the less conscious awareness you often have of the fundamentals. Experiments show that skilled golfers and wine aficionados have a hard time describing their putting and tasting techniques ― even asking them to explain their approaches is enough to interfere with their performance, so they often stay on autopilot. When I first saw an elite diver do four and a half somersaults, I asked how he managed to spin so fast. His answer: "Just go up in a ball." Experts often have an intuitive understanding of a route, but they struggle to clearly express all the steps to take. Their brain dump is partially filled with garbage.
Possible Titles:
1. The Struggles Experts Face When Teaching the Basics
2. Why Mastery Makes It Harder to Teach: The Implicit Knowledge Problem
3. The Paradox of Expertise: Difficulty in Explaining What Comes Naturally
4. The Gap Between Doing and Teaching: Why Experts Struggle to Share Fundamentals
Main Idea #1:
Experts often struggle to teach the basics because much of their knowledge is implicit.
Main Idea #2:
As individuals progress toward mastery, they become less conscious of the fundamental steps they follow, making it difficult to teach those steps to others. Experts often rely on intuition and struggle to explain their processes clearly.
Summary:
Experts often have difficulty teaching the basics because much of their knowledge is implicit and intuitive. As they master a skill, they become less aware of the fundamental steps involved, making it hard to explain their techniques clearly to others.
Key Points:
1. Experts often have implicit knowledge that is difficult to verbalize.
2. Skilled individuals may struggle to explain basic steps without disrupting their own performance.
3. Mastery leads to intuitive understanding, making it harder to teach beginners.
4. Attempts to teach can result in unclear explanations and incomplete steps.
[고2] 2024년 09월 – 35번: 곡물 가공과 발효 과정이 영양소 보존에 미치는 영향
Minimal processing can be one of the best ways to keep original flavors and taste, without any need to add artificial flavoring or additives, or too much salt. This would also be the efficient way to keep most nutrients, especially the most sensitive ones such as many vitamins and anti-oxidants. Milling of cereals is one of the most harsh processes which dramatically affect nutrient content. While grains are naturally very rich in micronutrients, anti-oxidants and fiber (i.e. in wholemeal flour or flakes), milling usually removes the vast majority of minerals, vitamins and fibers to raise white flour. Such a spoilage of key nutrients and fiber is no longer acceptable in the context of a sustainable diet aiming at an optimal nutrient density and health protection. In contrast, fermentation of various foodstuffs or germination of grains are traditional, locally accessible, low-energy and highly nutritious processes of sounded interest.
Possible Titles:
1. The Benefits of Minimal Processing for Nutrient Retention and Flavor
2. How Milling and Minimal Processing Affect Nutrient Content in Grains
3. Sustainable Diets: Preserving Nutrients Through Minimal Processing and Fermentation
4. Why Minimal Processing and Traditional Methods Are Key for Nutrient-Rich Foods
Main Idea #1:
Minimal processing helps retain the original flavors and nutrients of foods without the need for artificial additives.
Main Idea #2:
While harsh processes like cereal milling remove essential nutrients and fiber, traditional methods such as fermentation and germination offer nutritious, low-energy alternatives that align with sustainable diets.
Summary:
Minimal processing preserves the original flavors and nutrients of foods, especially sensitive vitamins and antioxidants. In contrast, harsh processes like milling remove vital nutrients from grains, while traditional methods like fermentation and germination maintain nutrient density and align with sustainable, healthy diets.
Key Points:
1. Minimal processing retains original flavors and nutrients without additives.
2. Milling significantly reduces the nutrient content of grains.
3. Whole grains are rich in micronutrients, antioxidants, and fiber.
4. Traditional methods like fermentation and germination are nutrient-rich, sustainable alternatives.
[고2] 2024년 09월 – 36번: 너무 유능한 사람은 오히려 덜 호감 가는 이유
It would seem obvious that the more competent someone is, the more we will like that person. By "competence," I mean a cluster of qualities: smartness, the ability to get things done, wise decisions, etc. We stand a better chance of doing well at our life tasks if we surround ourselves with people who know what they're doing and have a lot to teach us. But the research evidence is paradoxical: In problem-solving groups, the participants who are considered the most competent and have the best ideas tend not to be the ones who are best liked. Why? One possibility is that, although we like to be around competent people, those who are too competent make us uncomfortable. They may seem unapproachable, distant, superhuman ― and make us look bad (and feel worse) by comparison. If this were true, we might like people more if they reveal some evidence of fallibility. For example, if your friend is a brilliant mathematician, superb athlete, and gourmet cook, you might like him or her better if, every once in a while, they screwed up.
Possible Titles:
1. The Competence Paradox: Why Highly Capable People Aren't Always the Most Liked
2. Competence vs. Likability: How Perfection Can Make Others Uncomfortable
3. The Influence of Competence and Fallibility on Social Connections
4. Why Flaws in Competence May Increase Likability in Group Dynamics
Main Idea #1:
Highly competent individuals are not always the most liked in social or problem-solving groups.
Main Idea #2:
While competence is valued, overly competent people can make others feel uncomfortable or inferior. Revealing occasional fallibility can make them more approachable and likable, as it reduces the discomfort others may feel in comparison.
Summary:
Competence is generally desirable, but overly competent individuals may not be well-liked in group settings due to the discomfort they create. People tend to prefer those who reveal occasional fallibility, as it makes them more relatable and approachable.
Key Points:
1. Competence includes qualities like intelligence, decision-making, and efficiency.
2. Highly competent individuals are often less liked in problem-solving groups.
3. Excessive competence can make others feel inferior or uncomfortable.
4. Occasional fallibility in competent people can increase their likability.
[고2] 2024년 09월 – 37번: 꿀벌의 춤과 컴퓨터 알고리즘의 차이
A computational algorithm that takes input data and generates some output from it doesn't really embody any notion of meaning. Certainly, such a computation does not generally have as its purpose its own survival and wellbeing. It does not, in general, assign value to the inputs. Compare, for example, a computer algorithm with the waggle dance of the honeybee, by which means a foraging bee conveys to others in the hive information about the source of food (such as nectar) it has located. The "dance" ― a series of stylized movements on the comb ― shows the bees how far away the food is and in which direction. But this input does not simply program other bees to go out and look for it. Rather, they evaluate this information, comparing it with their own knowledge of the surroundings. Some bees might not bother to make the journey, considering it not worthwhile. The input, such as it is, is processed in the light of the organism's own internal states and history; there is nothing prescriptive about its effects.
Possible Titles:
1. The Difference Between Computational Algorithms and Biological Communication
2. Why Meaning and Evaluation Set Biological Systems Apart from Algorithms
3. Comparing Computer Algorithms and the Honeybee's Waggle Dance: A Study in Information Processing
4. From Inputs to Decisions: The Role of Evaluation in Honeybee Communication
Main Idea #1:
Computational algorithms process input without assigning meaning or value to it, unlike biological systems such as honeybees.
Main Idea #2:
The waggle dance of honeybees conveys information about food sources, but unlike computer algorithms, bees evaluate the information based on their internal states and past experiences, making decisions that are not simply prescriptive responses to input.
Summary:
Unlike computer algorithms, which process input without assigning meaning, honeybees use the waggle dance to convey information that is evaluated in light of individual experiences and internal states, demonstrating that biological systems assign value and meaning to input.
Key Points:
1. Algorithms process input without assigning value or meaning.
2. The honeybee's waggle dance communicates information about food sources.
3. Bees evaluate the input based on their own knowledge and internal states.
4. Biological systems process information in a non-prescriptive, evaluative way.
[고2] 2024년 09월 – 38번: 행동 전염과 바이러스 전염의 유사점과 차이점
There are deep similarities between viral contagion and behavioral contagion. For example, people in close or extended proximity to others infected by a virus are themselves more likely to become infected, just as people are more likely to drink excessively when they spend more time in the company of heavy drinkers. But there are also important differences between the two types of contagion. One is that visibility promotes behavioral contagion but inhibits the spread of infectious diseases. Solar panels that are visible from the street, for instance, are more likely to stimulate neighboring installations. In contrast, we try to avoid others who are visibly ill. Another important difference is that whereas viral contagion is almost always a bad thing, behavioral contagion is sometimes negative ― as in the case of smoking ― but sometimes positive, as in the case of solar installations.
Possible Titles:
1. Comparing Viral and Behavioral Contagion: Similarities and Key Differences
2. The Influence of Visibility in Viral and Behavioral Contagion
3. Viral vs. Behavioral Contagion: When Imitation Helps or Hurts
4. How Visibility and Social Proximity Shape Viral and Behavioral Contagion
Main Idea #1:
Viral contagion and behavioral contagion share similarities but also have important differences.
Main Idea #2:
While proximity increases the likelihood of both viral and behavioral contagion, visibility encourages behavioral contagion but inhibits viral contagion. Furthermore, viral contagion is generally harmful, whereas behavioral contagion can be either positive or negative.
Summary:
Viral and behavioral contagion are similar in that both are more likely to spread through proximity, but they differ in key ways. Visibility promotes behavioral contagion but discourages viral contagion, and while viral contagion is usually harmful, behavioral contagion can be either beneficial or detrimental.
Key Points:
1. Proximity increases the likelihood of both viral and behavioral contagion.
2. Visibility encourages behavioral contagion but discourages viral contagion.
3. Viral contagion is typically harmful.
4. Behavioral contagion can be either negative, like smoking, or positive, like solar panel adoption.
[고2] 2024년 09월 – 39번: 동물의 동면과 수면의 차이
Sleep is clearly about more than just resting. One curious fact is that animals that are hibernating also have periods of sleep. It comes as a surprise to most of us, but hibernation and sleep are not the same thing at all, at least not from a neurological and metabolic perspective. Hibernating is more like being anesthetized: the subject is unconscious but not actually asleep. So a hibernating animal needs to get a few hours of conventional sleep each day within the larger unconsciousness. A further surprise to most of us is that bears, the most famous of wintry sleepers, don't actually hibernate. Real hibernation involves profound unconsciousness and a dramatic fall in body temperature ― often to around 32 degrees Fahrenheit. By this definition, bears don't hibernate, because their body temperature stays near normal and they are easily awakened. Their winter sleeps are more accurately called a state of torpor.
Possible Titles:
1. The Difference Between Hibernation and Sleep: A Neurological Perspective
2. Why Bears Don’t Truly Hibernate: Understanding Torpor and Winter Sleep
3. Sleep vs. Hibernation: The Surprising Distinctions in Animal Dormancy
4. Hibernation and Torpor: Exploring the Misconceptions About Winter Sleep
Main Idea #1:
Hibernation and sleep are distinct states, with hibernation being more similar to anesthesia.
Main Idea #2:
Hibernation involves deep unconsciousness and a significant drop in body temperature, whereas animals like bears experience torpor, a lighter form of dormancy where they remain easily awakened and maintain near-normal body temperatures.
Summary:
Hibernation is not the same as sleep; it resembles anesthesia, with animals needing regular sleep during hibernation. Bears, often thought to hibernate, actually enter a state of torpor, where their body temperature remains near normal and they can wake easily.
Key Points:
1. Sleep and hibernation are neurologically and metabolically different.
2. Hibernating animals still require conventional sleep periods.
3. True hibernation involves deep unconsciousness and a dramatic drop in body temperature.
4. Bears experience torpor, not true hibernation, as their body temperature stays near normal.
[고2] 2024년 09월 – 40번: 나이별로 타인의 평가를 의식하는 행동 차이
The concern about how we appear to others can be seen in children, though work by the psychologist Ervin Staub suggests that the effect may vary with age. In a study where children heard another child in distress, young children (kindergarten through second grade) were more likely to help the child in distress when with another child than when alone. But for older children ― in fourth and sixth grade ― the effect reversed: they were less likely to help a child in distress when they were with a peer than when they were alone. Staub suggested that younger children might feel more comfortable acting when they have the company of a peer, whereas older children might feel more concern about being judged by their peers and fear feeling embarrassed by overreacting. Staub noted that "older children seemed to discuss the distress sounds less and to react to them less openly than younger children." In other words, the older children were deliberately putting on a poker face in front of their peers.
[요약문] The study suggests that, contrary to younger children, older children are less likely to help those in distress in the presence of others because they care more about how they are evaluated.
Possible Titles:
1. The Role of Peer Influence on Children's Willingness to Help
2. How Concern for Peer Judgment Affects Older Children's Behavior
3. Age Differences in Children's Responses to Helping Peers in Distress
4. Why Older Children Are Less Likely to Help in the Presence of Others
Main Idea #1:
Younger children are more likely to help when with a peer, while older children are less likely to do so.
Main Idea #2:
As children grow older, they become more concerned about how they are judged by their peers, which leads them to suppress their willingness to help others in distress, fearing embarrassment or overreaction in front of others.
Summary:
Younger children are more likely to help when accompanied by a peer, but older children tend to suppress their helping behavior in the presence of others, as they are more concerned about peer judgment and potential embarrassment.
Key Points:
1. Younger children are more likely to help when with another child.
2. Older children are less likely to help when a peer is present.
3. Peer judgment influences older children's behavior.
4. Older children deliberately hide their reactions to avoid embarrassment.
[고2] 2024년 09월 – 41~42번: 어린 시절 권위에 대한 질문의 중요성과 성인의 대응 방식
What makes questioning authority so hard? The difficulties start in childhood, when parents - the first and most powerful authority figures - show children "the way things are." This is a necessary element of learning language and socialization, and certainly most things learned in early childhood are noncontroversial: the English alphabet starts with A and ends with Z, the numbers 1 through 10 come before the numbers 11 through 20, and so on. Children, however, will spontaneously question things that are quite obvious to adults and even to older kids. The word "why?" becomes a challenge, as in, "Why is the sky blue?" Answers such as "because it just is" or "because I say so" tell children that they must unquestioningly accept what authorities say "just because," and children who persist in their questioning are likely to find themselves dismissed or yelled at for "bothering" adults with "meaningless" or "unimportant" questions. But these questions are in fact perfectly reasonable. Why is the sky blue? Many adults do not themselves know the answer. And who says the sky's color needs to be called "blue," anyway? How do we know that what one person calls "blue" is the same color that another calls "blue"? The scientific answers come from physics, but those are not the answers that children are seeking. They are trying to understand the world, and no matter how irritating the repeated questions may become to stressed and time-pressed parents, it is important to take them seriously to encourage kids to question authority to think for themselves.
Possible Titles:
1. Encouraging Critical Thinking: Why Children Should Question Authority
2. The Challenges of Questioning Authority and How It Starts in Childhood
3. Why Early Dismissal of Children's Questions Stifles Independent Thinking
4. From Childhood Curiosity to Adult Obedience: The Struggle to Question Authority
Main Idea #1:
Questioning authority begins in childhood but is often discouraged by adults through dismissive responses.
Main Idea #2:
Children's natural curiosity leads them to question even obvious facts, but they are often met with dismissive or frustrated responses, which teaches them to accept authority without question. Encouraging children to ask questions helps them develop critical thinking and independence.
Summary:
Questioning authority is difficult because children are often discouraged from asking questions by adults, who dismiss their curiosity as unimportant. Encouraging children to ask questions fosters independent thinking and helps them challenge accepted norms as they grow.
Key Points:
1. Questioning authority begins in childhood when children challenge basic facts.
2. Parents often dismiss children's questions with unsatisfactory answers.
3. This discouragement teaches children to accept authority without questioning.
4. Encouraging children to question fosters critical thinking and independence.
[고2] 2024년 09월 – 43~45번: 어린 시절의 특이한 책 경험이 자녀의 성장에 미친 긍정적 영향
My two girls grew up without challenges with respect to development and social interaction. My son Benjamin, however, was quite delayed. He struggled through his childhood, not fitting in with the other children and wondering what he was doing wrong at every turn. He was teased by the other children and frowned upon by a number of unsympathetic adults. But his Grade 1 teacher was a wonderful, caring person who took the time to ask why Benjamin behaved the way he did. The teacher was determined to understand Benjamin and to accept him as he was. One day he came home with a note from his teacher. He suggested I go to the school library. They were having a sale, and he thought my son would like one of the books. I couldn't go for a couple of days and was concerned I'd missed the opportunity. When I finally went to the school, his teacher told me that the sale had ended but that the library had saved the book for my little boy. I suspected the teacher had paid for it out of his own pocket. It was a storyboard book with a place for a photo. On each page there was an outline of an animal and a hole so that the face in the photo appeared to be the face of the animal. Wondering if Benjamin would really be interested in the book, I brought it home. He loved it! Through that book, he saw that he could be anything he wanted to be: a cat, an octopus, a dinosaur ─ even a frog! Benjamin joyfully embarked on an imaginative journey through the book, and little did we know, it laid the groundwork for his future successes. And thankfully, his teacher had taken the time to observe and understand him and had discovered a way to help him reach out of his own world and join ours through a storyboard book. My son later became a child actor and performed for seven years with a Toronto casting agency. He is now a published author who writes fantasy and science-fiction! Who would have guessed?
Possible Titles:
1. How a Thoughtful Teacher Helped Benjamin Find His Path to Success
2. The Power of Understanding: A Teacher’s Role in Benjamin’s Journey
3. From Struggles to Success: How One Book Changed Benjamin’s Life
4. The Impact of a Caring Teacher on a Child’s Development and Future
Main Idea #1:
Benjamin faced developmental challenges but found support and encouragement through the kindness of his Grade 1 teacher.
Main Idea #2:
With the help of a caring teacher who took the time to understand him, Benjamin discovered his creativity through a special book, which sparked his imagination and eventually led to a successful career as an actor and writer.
Summary:
Benjamin, who struggled with developmental delays, found support from a compassionate teacher who introduced him to a special book that ignited his imagination. This simple gesture laid the foundation for his later success as a child actor and published author.
Key Points:
1. Benjamin faced developmental and social challenges during his childhood.
2. His Grade 1 teacher took the time to understand and support him.
3. A special book from the teacher helped spark Benjamin’s creativity.
4. Benjamin later became a successful child actor and published author.
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