[고2] 2024년 9월 모의고사 - 지문 출처 (29~35번)

[고2] 2024년 09월 – 29번: 경제 중심 사고에서 생태적 건강을 중시하는 관점으로의 변화

One well-known shift took place when the accepted view ― that the Earth was the center of the universe ― changed to one where we understood that we are only inhabitants on one planet orbiting the Sun. With each person who grasped the solar system view, it became easier for the next person to do so. So it is with the notion that the world revolves around the human economy. This is slowly being replaced by the view that the economy is a part of the larger system of material flows that connect all living things. When this perspective shifts into place, it will be obvious that our economic well-being requires that we account for, and respond to, factors of ecological health. Unfortunately we do not have a century or two to make the change. By clarifying the nature of the old and new perspectives, and by identifying actions on which we might cooperate to move the process along, we can help accelerate the shift.

 

 

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

 

 

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Problems arise, however, when circumstances in the world change and conventional wisdom does not. With its multitude of individual components, and its roots reaching back centuries and millennia, conventional wisdom does not shift easily. One well-known shift took place when the accepted view — that the Earth was the center of the universe — changed to one where we understood that we are only inhabitants on one planet orbiting the Sun. With each person who grasped the solar system view, it became easier for the next person to do so. So it is with the notion that the world revolves around the human economy. This is slowly being replaced by the view that the economy is a part of the larger system of material flows that connect all living things. When this perspective shifts into place, it will be obvious that our economic well-being requires that we account for, and respond to, factors of ecological health. Unfortunately, we do not have a century or two to make the change. By clarifying the nature of the old and new perspectives, and by identifying actions on which we might cooperate to move the process along, we can help accelerate the shift. Most people seek only to lead good lives. Without dedicating a lot of time to re-imagining the world, they accept the conventional wisdom and use it to make judgments. At present, the broad perception of what is good and proper is thoroughly saturated with conventional economic views. For effective change to take place, the goal of growth, which has been primary since ancient times, must move to second place, behind living within planetary limits.

 

 

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

 

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[고2] 2024년 09월 – 30번: 인류의 진화 과정에서 도구 사용과 식단 변화가 중요한 역할을 함

The first human beings probably evolved in tropical regions where survival was possible without clothing. It is likely that they had very dark skin because light skin would have given little protection against the burning rays of the sun. There is a debate about whether these people spread into other parts of the world or, instead, whether people developed independently in various parts of the world. Whichever the case, it is believed that in time they became capable of spreading out from Africa, eventually to most of the world. This was probably because their physical characteristics changed. For instance, early hominids probably did not walk upright, but when they developed that ability, they could travel more efficiently. More important, perhaps, was their development of tool making. With tools, they could hunt other animals, so they could consume more protein and fat than their low-energy vegetarian diet would have provided. Not only their bodies but also their brains would have been changed with more energy. The brain needs lots of energy to grow. As their diet expanded, hominids could physically and intellectually expand their territory.

 

 

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

 

 

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

The first human beings, or their humanlike precursors, probably evolved in tropical regions where survival was possible without clothing. It is likely that they had very dark skin because light skin would have given little protection against the burning rays of the sun. There is debate about whether these people spread into other parts of the world or, instead, whether people developed independently in various parts of the world. Whichever the case, it is believed that in time they became capable of spreading out from Africa, eventually to most of the world. This was probably because their physical characteristics changed. For instance, early hominids probably did not walk upright, but when they developed that ability, they could travel more efficiently. More important, perhaps, was their development of tool making. With tools, they could hunt or scavenge other animals, so they could consume more protein and fat than their low-energy vegetarian diet would have provided. Not only their bodies but also their brains would have been changed with more energy. The brain needs lots of energy to grow. As their diet expanded, hominids could physically and intellectually expand their territory. Although all early hominids were probably dark-skinned, as they moved, that changed. In the most northern of the territories into which they expanded, the sun was very weak, especially in the long winters, and was often hidden by clouds or fog. Dark skin, which had been an advantage in warm, sunny climates, became a disadvantage because the sun’s rays, by penetrating human skin, help produce vitamin D, which is an essential element in nutrition. Populations that remained in these colder regions for very long periods of time—perhaps 100,000 years or more—seem gradually, through gene mutations and the process of natural selection, to have developed much lighter shades of skin.

 

 

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

 

 

 

precursor (n) 선구자, 전임자, 전조

scavenge (v) (먹을 것 등을 찾아) 쓰레기 더미를 뒤지다, (직접 사냥한 것이 아닌) 죽은 고기를 먹다

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[고2] 2024년 09월 – 31번: 불공정한 절차가 위로를 제공하는 이유와 공정한 절차의 심리적 영향

When we get an unfavorable outcome, in some ways the last thing we want to hear is that the process was fair. As outraging as the combination of an unfavorable outcome and an unfair process is, this combination also brings with it a consolation prize: the possibility of attributing the bad outcome to something other than ourselves. We may reassure ourselves by believing that our bad outcome had little to do with us and everything to do with the unfair process. If the process is fair, however, we cannot nearly as easily externalize the outcome; we got what we got "fair and square." When the process is fair we believe that our outcome is deserved, which is another way of saying that there must have been something about ourselves (what we did or who we are) that caused the outcome.

 

 

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

 

 

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

When we get an unfavorable outcome, in some ways the last thing we want to hear is that the process was fair. As outraging as the combination of an unfavorable outcome and an unfair process is (it “multiplies insult times injury”), this combination also brings with it a consolation prize: the possibility of attributing the bad outcome to something other than ourselves. We may reassure ourselves by believing that our bad outcome had little to do with us and everything to do with the unfair process. If the process is fair, however, we cannot nearly as easily externalize the outcome; we got what we got “fair and square.” When the process is fair we believe that our outcome is deserved, which is another way of saying that there must have been something about ourselves (what we did or who we are) that caused the outcome.

 

 

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

 

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[고2] 2024년 09월 – 32번: 서양 여성 드레스의 형태 변화를 분석한 연구 결과

The well-known American ethnologist Alfred Louis Kroeber made a rich and in-depth study of women's evening dress in the West, stretching back about three centuries and using reproductions of engravings. Having adjusted the dimensions of these plates due to their diverse origins, he was able to analyse the constant elements in fashion features and to come up with a study that was neither intuitive nor approximate, but precise, mathematical and statistical. He reduced women's clothing to a certain number of features: length and size of the skirt, size and depth of the neckline, height of the waistline. He demonstrated unambiguously that fashion is a profoundly regular phenomenon which is not located at the level of annual variations but on the scale of history. For practically 300 years, women's dress was subject to a very precise periodic cycle: forms reach the furthest point in their variations every fifty years. If, at any one moment, skirts are at their longest, fifty years later they will be at their shortest; thus skirts become long again fifty years after being short and a hundred years after being long.

 

 

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

 

 

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Fashion poses a more acute and more paradoxical problematic to historians than it does to sociologists. The sort of public opinion maintained and promoted by the press and its letters pages, etc., presents fashion as an essentially capricious phenomenon, based on the creative faculty of the designer. According to public opinion, fashion is still located within a mythology of unfettered creativity that enables it to evade both the systematic and the habitual, resting upon a rather romantic notion of an inexhaustible abundance of spontaneous creativity. Isn't it said that fashion designers can do anything with nothing? Historians, or to be more accurate, ethnologists, have studied this creative aspect of fashion. The well-known American ethnologist Kroeber made a rich and in-depth study of women’s evening dress in the West, stretching back about three centuries and using reproductions of engravings. Having adjusted the dimensions of these plates due to their diverse origins, he was able to analyze the constant elements in fashion features and to come up with a study that was neither intuitive nor approximate, but precise, mathematical, and statistical. He reduced women's clothing to a certain number of features: the length and size of the skirt, the size and depth of the neckline, and the height of the waistline. He demonstrated unambiguously that fashion is a profoundly regular phenomenon, which is not located at the level of annual variations but on the scale of history. For practically 300 years, women’s dress was subject to a very precise periodic oscillation: forms reach the furthest point in their variations every fifty years. If, at any one moment, skirts are at their longest, fifty years later they will be at their shortest; thus, skirts become long again fifty years after being short, and a hundred years after being long.

 

 

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

 

cycle = oscillation 

 

cycle (n) 순환, 주기

oscillation (n) (두 가지 사이의 규칙적인) 진동

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[고2] 2024년 09월 – 33번: 기술 발전으로 인한 불평등과 노동 시장의 붕괴 가능성

Over the last few centuries, humanity's collective prosperity has skyrocketed, as technological progress has made us far wealthier than ever before. To share out those riches, almost all societies have settled upon the market mechanism, rewarding people in various ways for the work that they do and the things that they own. But rising inequality, itself often driven by technology, has started to put that mechanism under strain. Today, markets already provide immense rewards to some people but leave many others with very little. And now, technological unemployment threatens to become a more radical version of the same story, taking place in the particular market we rely upon the most: the labor market. As that market begins to break down, more and more people will be in danger of not receiving a share of society's prosperity at all.

 

 

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

 

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Over the last few centuries, humanity’s collective prosperity has skyrocketed, as technological progress has made us far wealthier than ever before. To share out those riches, almost all societies have settled upon the market mechanism, rewarding people in various ways for the work that they do and the things that they own. But rising inequality, itself often driven by technology, has started to put that mechanism under strain. Today, markets already provide immense rewards to some people but leave many others with very little. And now, technological unemployment threatens to become a more radical version of the same story, taking place in the particular market we rely upon the most: the labour market. As that market begins to break down, more and more people will be in danger of not receiving a share of society’s prosperity at all.

 

 

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

 

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[고2] 2024년 09월 – 34번: 전문가들이 기초 지식을 가르치기 어려운 이유

It's often said that those who can't do, teach. It would be more accurate to say that those who can do, can't teach the basics. A great deal of expert knowledge is implicit, not explicit. The further you progress toward mastery, the less conscious awareness you often have of the fundamentals. Experiments show that skilled golfers and wine aficionados have a hard time describing their putting and tasting techniques ― even asking them to explain their approaches is enough to interfere with their performance, so they often stay on autopilot. When I first saw an elite diver do four and a half somersaults, I asked how he managed to spin so fast. His answer: "Just go up in a ball." Experts often have an intuitive understanding of a route, but they struggle to clearly express all the steps to take. Their brain dump is partially filled with garbage.

 

 

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

 

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

It's often said that those who can’t do, teach. It would be more accurate to say that those who can do, can’t teach the basics. A great deal of expert knowledge is tacit—it’s implicit, not explicit. The further you progress toward mastery, the less conscious awareness you often have of the fundamentals. Experiments show that skilled golfers and wine aficionados have a hard time describing their putting and tasting techniques—even asking them to explain their approaches is enough to interfere with their performance, so they often stay on autopilot. When I first saw an elite diver do four and a half somersaults, I asked how he managed to spin so fast. His answer: “Just go up in a ball.” Experts often have an intuitive understanding of a route, but they struggle to articulate all the steps to take. Their brain dump is partially filled with garbage.

 

 

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

 

 

implicit = tacit

clearly express = articulate

 

implicit (a) 암시된, 내포된

tacit (a) 암묵적인, 무언의

articulate (v) (생각·감정을) 분명히 표현하다[설명하다]

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[고2] 2024년 09월 – 35번: 곡물 가공과 발효 과정이 영양소 보존에 미치는 영향

Minimal processing can be one of the best ways to keep original flavors and taste, without any need to add artificial flavoring or additives, or too much salt. This would also be the efficient way to keep most nutrients, especially the most sensitive ones such as many vitamins and anti-oxidants. Milling of cereals is one of the most harsh processes which dramatically affect nutrient content. While grains are naturally very rich in micronutrients, anti-oxidants and fiber (i.e. in wholemeal flour or flakes), milling usually removes the vast majority of minerals, vitamins and fibers to raise white flour. Such a spoilage of key nutrients and fiber is no longer acceptable in the context of a sustainable diet aiming at an optimal nutrient density and health protection. In contrast, fermentation of various foodstuffs or germination of grains are traditional, locally accessible, low-energy and highly nutritious processes of sounded interest.

 

 

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

 

 

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

3.3 Food quality, culinary skills, dietary patterns   and nutrition education As introduced before, an overall food quality is a prerequisite for optimal nutrition. Regarding produced raw food, an optimal quality lies in tasty products, with high nutrient content and no/minimal contaminations by chemical toxicants. The products raised through the agro-ecological methods such as certified organic ones generally fit these two requirements by improving the dry matter and some nutrients contents and minimizing chemical and nitrate contaminations as recently reviewed (Rembialkowska, 2007; FSA, 2009; Lairon, 2010). Minimal processing can be one of the best ways to keep original flavours and taste, without any need to add artificial flavouring or additives, or too much salt. This would also be the efficient way to keep most nutrients, especially the most sensitive ones such as many vitamins and anti-oxidants. Milling of cereals is one of the most stringent processes which dramatically affect nutrient content. While grains are naturally very rich in micronutrients, anti-oxidants and fibre (i.e. in wholemeal flour or flakes), milling usually removes the vast majority of minerals, vitamins and fibres to raise white flour.  Such a spoilage of key nutrients and fibre is no longer acceptable in the context of a sustainable diet aiming at an optimal nutrient density and health protection. In contrast, fermentation of various foodstuffs or germination of grains are traditional, locally accessible, low-energy and highly nutritious processes of sounded interest.

 

 

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

 

 

harsh = stringent

 

harsh (a) 가혹한, 혹독한

stringent (a) 엄격한, 긴박한

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관련 자료 바로가기

[고2] 2024년 9월 모의고사 - 지문 출처 (20~24번)

[고2] 2024년 9월 모의고사 - 지문 출처 (36~42번)