The discovery of mirror neurons has profoundly changed the way we think of a fundamental human capacity, learning by observation. As children we learn a lot by observing what our parents and friends do. Newborns, in the first week of life, have an inborn tendency to stick out their tongue if their parents stick out theirs. Such imitation is not perfect. You may not see the tongue stick out each time you stick yours out at your newborn, but if you do it many times, the tongue will come out more often than if you do something different. Babies babble and later start to imitate the sounds their parents produce. Later still, they play with vacuum cleaners and hammers in imitation of their parents. Our modern cultures, in which we write, speak, read, build spaceships and go to school, can work only because we are not restricted to the behavior we are born with or learn by trial and error. We can learn a lot by simply watching others.
LEARNING BY OBSERVATION The discovery of mirror neurons has also profoundly changed the way we think of another fundamental human capacity, learning by observation. As children we learn a lot by observing what our parents and friends do. Newborns, in the first week of life, have an inborn tendency to stick out their tongue if their parents stick out theirs. Such imitation is not perfect. You may not see the tongue stick out each time you stick yours out at your newborn, but if you do it many times, the tongue will come out more often than if you do something different. Babies babble and later start to imitate the sounds their parents produce. Later still, they play with vacuum cleaners and hammers in imitation of their parents. Our modern cultures, in which we write, speak, read, build spaceships and go to school, can work only because we are not restricted to the behavior we are born with or learn by trial and error. We can learn a lot by simply watching others. Cultural transmission refers to this amazing capacity to acquire skills and knowledge rapidly from other people. The culture of the Stone Age, for instance, required the capacity to learn how to make a blade out of a rock.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고1] 2024년 09월 – 37번: 자신의 목소리를 다르게 인식하는 이유
Have you ever been surprised to hear a recording of your own voice? You might have thought, "Is that really what my voice sounds like?" Maybe your accent is more pronounced in the recording than you realized, or your voice is higher than it seems to your own ears. This is of course quite a common experience. The explanation is actually fairly simple. There are two pathways through which we perceive our own voice when we speak. One is the route through which we perceive most external sounds, like waves that travel from the air through the outer, middle and inner ear. But because our vocal cords vibrate when we speak, there is a second internal path. Vibrations are conducted through our bones and stimulate our inner ears directly. Lower frequencies are emphasized along this pathway. That makes your voice sound deeper and richer to yourself than it may sound to other people.
Have you ever heard a recording of your voice and had a double take? You might have thought, “Is that really what my voice sounds like?” Maybe your accent is more pronounced in the recording than you realized, or your voice is higher than it seems to your own ears.
Many of us have had that experience. Why is that?
The explanation is actually fairly simple. There are two pathways through which we perceive our own voice when we speak. One is the route through which we perceive most external sounds, like waves that travel from the air through the outer, middle, and inner ear.
But because our vocal cords vibrate when we speak, there is a second internal path. Vibrations are conducted through our bones and stimulate our inner ears directly. Lower frequencies are emphasized along this pathway. That makes your voice sound deeper and richer to yourself than it may sound to other people.
That explanation makes sense for many people, but it doesn’t quite explain some variations in this phenomenon—like people whose voices sound higher to themselves than it does to others. These variations occur simply because every person’s hearing is different.
There are more nuanced ways for sounds to be perceived by the inner ear, which creates different perceptions between ourselves and others. For example, vibrations of your voice may encounter cerebrospinal fluid, the clear liquid that sits within the brain and spine, which can influence how you perceive your voice.
All these variations and many more make it so that your voice will always sound different to your own ears than it sounds to others.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고1] 2024년 09월 – 38번: 생물의 유사성에서 아날로그와 호몰로그의 차이
Biologists distinguish two kinds of similarity. "Analogous" traits are ones that have a common function but arose on different branches of the evolutionary tree and are in an important sense not "the same" organ. The wings of birds and the wings of bees are both used for flight and are similar in some ways because anything used for flight has to be built in those ways, but they arose independently in evolution and have nothing in common beyond their use in flight. "Homologous" traits, in contrast, may or may not have a common function, but they descended from a common ancestor and hence have some common structure that indicates their being "the same" organ. The wing of a bat and the front leg of a horse have very different functions, but they are all modifications of the forelimb of the ancestor of all mammals. As a result, they share nonfunctional traits like the number of bones and the ways they are connected. To distinguish analogy from homology, biologists usually look at the overall architecture of the organs and focus on their most useless properties.
Biologists distinguish two kinds of similarity. “Analogous” traits are ones that have a common function but arose on different branches of the evolutionary tree and are in an important sense not “the same” organ. The wings of birds and the wings of bees are a textbook example; they are both used for flight and are similar in some ways because anything used for flight has to be built in those ways, but they arose independently in evolution and have nothing in common beyond their use in flight. “Homologous” traits, in contrast, may or may not have a common function, but they descended from a common ancestor and hence have some common structure that bespeaks their being “the same” organ. The wing of a bat, the front leg of a horse, the flipper of a seal, the claw of a mole, and the hand of a human have very different functions, but they are all modifications of the forelimb of the ancestor of all mammals, and as a result they share nonfunctional traits like the number of bones and the ways they are connected. To distinguish analogy from homology, biologists usually look at the overall architecture of the organs and focus on their most useless properties—the useful ones could have arisen independently in two lineagesbecausethey are useful (a nuisance to taxonomists called convergent evolution). We deduce that bat wings are really hands because we can see the wrist and count the joints in the fingers, and because that is not the only way that nature could have built a wing.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고1] 2024년 09월 – 39번: 기후 변화로 인한 해양 산소 감소의 위험성
Seawater contains an abundance of dissolved oxygen that all marine animals breathe to stay alive. It has long been established in physics that cold water holds more dissolved oxygen than warm water does ― this is one reason that cold polar seas are full of life while tropical oceans are blue, clear, and relatively poorly populated with living creatures. Thus, as global warming raises the temperature of marine waters, it is self-evident that the amount of dissolved oxygen will decrease. This is a worrisome and potentially disastrous consequence if allowed to continue to an ecosystem-threatening level. Now scientists have analyzed data indicating that the amount of dissolved oxygen in the oceans has been declining for more than a half century. The data show that the ocean oxygen level has been falling more rapidly than the corresponding rise in water temperature. Falling oxygen levels in water have the potential to impact the habitat of marine organisms worldwide and in recent years this has led to more frequent anoxic events that killed or displaced populations of fish, crabs, and many other organisms.
Seawater contains an abundance of dissolved oxygen that all marine animals breathe to stay alive. It has long been established in physics that cold water holds more dissolved oxygen than warm water does—this is one reason that cold polar seas are teeming with life while tropical oceans are blue, clear, and relatively poorly populated with living creatures. Thus, as global warming raises the temperature of marine waters, it is self-evident that the amount of dissolved oxygen will decrease. This is a worrisome and potentially disastrous consequence if allowed to continue to an ecosystem-threatening level. Now scientists have analyzed data indicating that the amount of dissolved oxygen in the oceans has been declining for more than a half-century (Figure 3.27). The data show that the ocean oxygen level has been falling more rapidly than the corresponding rise in water temperature. Falling oxygen levels in water have the potential to impact the habitat of marine organisms worldwide and in recent years has led to more frequent anoxic events that killed or displaced populations of fish, crabs, and many other organisms.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고1] 2024년 09월 – 40번: 원숭이 실험에서 불공정한 대우에 대한 반응
Capuchins ― New World Monkeys that live in large social groups ― will, in captivity, trade with people all day long, especially if food is involved. I give you this rock and you give me a treat to eat. If you put two monkeys in cages next to each other, and offer them both slices of cucumber for the rocks they already have, they will happily eat the cucumbers. If, however, you give one monkey grapes instead ― grapes being universally preferred to cucumbers ― the monkey that is still receiving cucumbers will begin to throw them back at the experimenter. Even though she is still getting "paid" the same amount for her effort of sourcing rocks, and so her particular situation has not changed, the comparison to another makes the situation unfair. Furthermore, she is now willing to abandon all gains ― the cucumbers themselves ― to communicate her displeasure to the experimenter.
One thing that theory of mind provides potential access to is a sense of fairness. The concept of what's "fair" didn’t originate with philosophers. It didn’t emerge with city-states, or with agriculture. It wasn’t new to hunter-gatherers, either, or to our first bipedal ancestors. Monkeys keep track of what's fair, and what's not, and they have decided opinions about unfair practices in their social realm. Capuchins—New World Monkeys that live in large social groups—will, in captivity, barter with people all day long, especially if food is involved. I give you this rock and you give me a treat to eat. If you put two monkeys in cages next to each other, and offer them both slices of cucumber for the rocks they already have, they will happily eat the cucumbers. If, however, you give one monkey grapes instead—grapes being universally preferred to cucumbers—the monkey that is still receiving cucumbers will begin to hurl them back at the experimenter. Even though she is still getting “paid” the same amount for her effort of sourcing rocks, and so her particular situation has not changed, the comparison to another renders the situation unfair. Furthermore, she is now willing to forfeit all gains—the cucumbers themselves—to communicate her displeasure to the experimenter. Markets prey on our sense of fairness. They fool us into thinking that everyone else is getting grapes, while we are stuck with cucumber. If other people already have those better things, why don’t we? Our sense of fairness is thus kept off balance, always threatened by the invisible other consumers who already have the next big thing, and thus must be doing better than we are. We are still trying to keep up with the Joneses, but the Joneses are no longer our neighbors. They are now a tiny fraction of the world’s elite piped into our screens, and photoshopped to boot.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고1] 2024년 09월 – 41~42번: 고등 교육의 확산과 그로 인한 평가 시스템의 모순
Higher education has grown from an elite to a mass system across the world. In Europe and the USA, increased rates of participation occurred in the decades after the Second World War. Between 2000 and 2014, rates of participation in higher education almost doubled from 19% to 34% across the world among the members of the population in the school-leaving age category (typically 18-23). The dramatic expansion of higher education has been marked by a wider range of institutions of higher learning and a more diverse demographic of students. Changes from an elite system to a mass higher education system are associated with political needs to build a specialized workforce for the economy. In theory, the expansion of higher education to develop a highly skilled workforce should diminish the role of examinations in the selection and control of students, initiating approaches to assessment which enable lifelong learning: assessment for learning and a focus on feedback for development. In reality, socio-political changes to expand higher education have set up a 'field of contradictions' for assessment in higher education. Mass higher education requires efficient approaches to assessment, such as examinations and multiple-choice quizzes, with minimalist, impersonal, or standardised feedback, often causing students to focus more on grades than feedback. In contrast, the relatively small numbers of students in elite systems in the past allowed for closer relationships between students and their teachers, with formative feedback shaping the minds, academic skills, and even the characters of students.
Factor #1: Mass Higher Education Higher education has grown from an elite to a mass system across the world. In Europe, the USA, and high-income countries, increased rates of participation occurred in the decades after the Second World War (UNESCO 2017). Between 2000 and 2014, rates of participation in higher education almost doubled from 19% to 34% across the world among the members of the population in the school-leaving age bracket (typically 18-23). While there are huge disparities globally in participation rates, women and men now attend Bachelors’ and Masters’ programmes at the same rate. The dramatic expansion of higher education has been marked by a wider range of institutions of higher learning, a more diverse demographic of students, changing modes of delivery, and diverse and sometimes conflicting interests between the state, the economy, industry, and even universities themselves (Willetts 2017). Changes from an elite system to a mass higher education system are associated with political imperatives to build a skilled and specialized workforce for the economy (Dearing 1997; Department for Education 2021; Kvale 2007). In theory, the expansion of higher education to develop a highly skilled workforce should diminish the role of examinations in the selection and control of students, initiating approaches to assessment which enable lifelong learning: assessment for learning, innovation in assessment, and a focus on feedback for development. In reality, socio-political changes to expand higher education have set up a ‘field of contradictions’ for assessment in higher education (Kvale 2007, p. 57). Mass higher education requires efficient approaches to assessment, such as examinations and multiple-choice quizzes, with minimalist, impersonal, or standardized feedback, often causing students to focus more on grades than feedback. In contrast, the relatively small numbers of students in elite systems in the past allowed for closer relationships between students and their teachers, with formative feedback shaping the minds, academic skills, and even the characters of students (Quinlan 2016). However, reflecting further on the ‘field of contradictions’ should prevent a romanticized view of elite higher education as a golden age. In elite systems, traditional examinations were the most common form of assessment, and their authoritarian, selective, secretive, and anxiety-provoking tendencies brought their own forms of alienation to student learning.
Every time a new medium comes along ─ whether it's the invention of the printed book, or TV, or SNS ─ and you start to use it, it's like you are putting on a new kind of goggles, with their own special colors and lenses. Each set of goggles you put on makes you see things differently. So when you start to watch television, before you absorb the message of any particular TV show ─ whether it's Wheel of Fortune or The Wire ─ you start to see the world as being shaped like television itself. That's why Marshall McLuhan said that every time a new medium comes along ─ a new way for humans to communicate ─ it has buried in it a message. It is gently guiding us to see the world according to a new set of codes. The way information gets to you, McLuhan argued, is more important than the information itself. TV teaches you that the world is fast; that it's about surfaces and appearances.
As I wandered the streets of Provincetown contemplating some of these questions, I found myself thinking back over a famous idea that I now realised I had never really understood before - one that was also mulled, in a different way, by Nicholas Carr in his book. In the 1960s, the Canadian professor Marshall McLuhan talked a lot about how the arrival of television was transforming the way we see the world. He said these changes were so deep and so profound that it was hard to really see them. When he tried to distil this down into a phrase, he explained that ‘the medium is the message.’ What he meant, I think, was that when a new technology comes along, you think of it as like a pipe - somebody pours in information at one end, and you receive it unfiltered at the other. But it’s not like that. Every time a new medium comes along - whether it’s the invention of the printed book, or TV, or Twitter - and you start to use it, it’s like you are putting on a new kind of goggles, each with their own special colours and lenses. Each set of goggles you put on makes you see things differently. So (for example) when you start to watch television, before you absorb the message of any particular TV show - whether it’s Wheel of Fortune or The Wire - you start to see the world as being shaped like television itself. That's why McLuhan said that every time a new medium comes along - a new way for humans to communicate - it has buried in it a message. It is gently guiding us to see the world according to a new set of codes. The way information gets to you, McLuhan argued, is more important than the information itself. TV teaches you that the world is fast; that it’s about surfaces and appearances; that everything in the world is happening all at once.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고1] 2024년 09월 – 33번: 개념의 중요성과 잘못된 개념이 과학적 오류를 초래할 수 있는 위험성
Concepts are vital to human survival, but we must also be careful with them because concepts open the door to essentialism. They encourage us to see things that aren't present. Stuart Firestein opens his book, Ignorance, with an old proverb, "It is very difficult to find a black cat in a dark room, especially when there is no cat." This statement beautifully sums up the search for essences. History has many examples of scientists who searched fruitlessly for an essence because they used the wrong concept to guide their hypotheses. Firestein gives the example of luminiferous ether, a mysterious substance that was thought to fill the universe so that light would have a medium to move through. The ether was a black cat, writes Firestein, and physicists had been theorizing in a dark room, and then experimenting in it, looking for evidence of a cat that did not exist.
Concepts are vital to human survival, but we must also be careful with them because concepts open the door to essentialism. They encourage us to see things that aren’t present. Firestein opens Ignorance with an old proverb, “It is very difficult to find a black cat in a dark room, especially when there is no cat.” This statement beautifully sums up the search for essences. History has many examples of scientists who searched fruitlessly for an essence because they used the wrong concept to guide their hypotheses. Firestein gives the example of luminiferous ether, a mysterious substance that was thought to fill the universe so that light would have a medium to move through. The ether was a black cat, writes Firestein, and physicists had been theorizing in a dark room, and then experimenting in it, looking for evidence of a cat that did not exist. The same applies to the classical view of emotion, whose mental organs are a human invention that mistakes the question for the answer.
Concepts also encourage us not to see things that are present. One illusory stripe of a rainbow contains an infinite number of frequencies, but your concepts for “Red,” “Blue,” and other colors cause your brain to ignore the variability. Likewise, the frowny-faced stereotype of “Sadness” is a concept that downplays the great variation in that emotion category.
While social media attention is potentially an instrument to achieve ends like elite celebrity, some content creators desire ordinary fame as a social end in itself. Not unlike reality television stars, social media celebrities are often criticized for not having skills and talents associated with traditional, elite celebrity, such as acting or singing ability. This criticism highlights the fact that digital content creators face real barriers to crossing over to the sphere of elite celebrity. However, the criticism also misses the point that the phenomenon of ordinary celebrity reconstructs the meaning of fame. The elite celebrity is symbolized by the metaphor of the star, characterized by mystery and hierarchical distance and associated with naturalized qualities of talent and class. The ordinary celebrity attracts attention through regular and frequent interactions with other ordinary people. Achieving ordinary fame as a social media celebrity is like doing well at a game, because in this sphere, fame is nothing more nor less than relatively high scores on attention scales, the metrics of subscribers, followers, Likes, or clicks built into social media applications.
While social media attention is potentially an instrument to achieve ends like elite celebrity, some content creators desire ordinary fame as a social end in itself. Not unlike reality television stars, social media celebrities are often criticized for not having skills and talents associated with traditional, elite celebrity, such as acting or singing ability. This criticism highlights the fact that digital content creators face real barriers to crossing over to the sphere of elite celebrity. However, the criticism also misses the point that the phenomenon of ordinary celebrity reconstructs the meaning of fame. The elite celebrity is symbolized by the metaphor of the star, characterized by mystery and hierarchical distance and associated with naturalized qualities of talent and class. The ordinary celebrity attracts attention through regular and frequent interactions with other ordinary people. Achieving ordinary fame as a social media celebrity is like doing well at a game, because in this sphere, fame is nothing more nor less than relatively high scores on attention scales, the metrics of subscribers, followers, Likes, or clicks built into social media applications.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
지문 동일하고 변경 사항 없음
[고1] 2024년 09월 – 35번: 시험 준비에서 벼락치기가 효과적이지 않은 이유
Why do we have the illusion that cramming for an exam is the best learning strategy? Because we are unable to differentiate between the various sections of our memory. Immediately after reading our textbook or our class notes, information is fully present in our mind. It sits in our conscious working memory, in an active form. We feel as if we know it, because it is present in our short-term storage space ... but this short-term section has nothing to do with the long-term memory that we will need in order to recall the same information a few days later. After a few seconds or minutes, working memory already starts disappearing, and after a few days, the effect becomes enormous: unless you retest your knowledge, memory vanishes. To get information into long-term memory, it is essential to study the material, then test yourself, rather than spend all your time studying.
Why do we have the illusion that cramming for an exam is the best learning strategy? Because we are unable to differentiate between the various compartments of our memory. Immediately after reading our textbook or our class notes, information is fully present in our mind. It sits in our conscious working memory, in an active form. We feel as if we know it, because it is present in our short-term storage space... but this short-term compartment has nothing to do with the long-term memory that we will need in order to retrieve the same information a few days later. After a few seconds or minutes, working memory already starts dissipating, and after a few days, the effect becomes enormous: unless you retest your knowledge, memory vanishes. To get information into long-term memory, it is essential to study the material, then test yourself, rather than spend all your time studying.
From an organizational viewpoint, one of the most fascinating examples of how any organization may contain many different types of culture is to recognize the functional operations of different departments within the organization. The varying departments and divisions within an organization will inevitably view any given situation from their own biased and prejudiced perspective. A department and its members will acquire "tunnel vision" which disallows them to see things as others see them. The very structure of organizations can create conflict. The choice of whether the structure is "mechanistic" or "organic" can have a profound influence on conflict management. A mechanistic structure has a vertical hierarchy with many rules, many procedures, and many levels of management involved in decision making. Organic structures are more horizontal in nature, where decision making is less centralized and spread across the plane of the organization.
Organizational culture and conflict From an organizational viewpoint, one of the most fascinating examples of how any organization may contain many different types of culture is to recognize the functional operations of different departments within the organization. The varying departments and divisions within an organization will inevitably view any given situation from their own biased and prejudiced perspective. A department and its members will acquire "tunnel vision" which disallows them to see things as others see them. The very structure of organizations can create conflict. The choice of whether the structure is "mechanistic" or "organic" can have a profound influence on conflict management. A mechanistic structure has a vertical hierarchy with many rules and procedures and many levels of management involved in decision making. Organic structures are more horizontal in nature, where decision making is less centralized and spread across the plane of the organization. Employees in a mechanistic structure are burdened with more rules and regulations than in an organic structure. This inevitably restricts innovation and creativity. Because there are expected behavior patterns in mechanistic structures, it is often difficult for employees to adjust to new situations. New ideas and processes are therefore more difficult to implement.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고1] 2024년 09월– 30번: 자전거전용도로확장으로교통을줄이는도시계획의이점
An excellent alternative to calming traffic is removing it. Some cities reserve an extensive network of lanes and streets for bikes, pedestrians, and the occasional service vehicle. This motivates people to travel by bike rather than by car, making streets safer for everyone. As bicycles become more popular in a city, planners can convert more automobile lanes and entire streets to accommodate more of them. Nevertheless, even the most bikeable cities still require motor vehicle lanes for taxis, emergency vehicles, and delivery trucks. Delivery vehicles are frequently a target of animus, but they are actually an essential component to making cities greener. A tightly packed delivery truck is a far more efficient transporter of goods than several hybrids carrying a few shopping bags each. Distributing food and other goods to neighborhood vendors allows them to operate smaller stores close to homes so that residents can walk, rather than drive, to get their groceries.
An excellent alternative to calming traffic is removing it. Some cities reserve an extensive grid of lanes and streets for bikes, pedestrians, and the occasional service vehicle. This motivates people to travel by bike rather than by car, making streets safer for everyone. As bicycles become more popular in a city, planners can convert more automobile lanes and entire streets to accommodate more of them. Nevertheless, even the most bikeable cities still require motor vehicle lanes for taxis, emergency vehicles, and delivery trucks. Delivery vehicles are frequently a target of animus, but they are actually an essential component to making cities greener. A tightly packed delivery truck is a far more efficient transporter of goods than several hybrids carrying a few shopping bags each. Distributing food and other goods to neighborhood vendors allows them to operate smaller outlets close to homes so that residents can walk, rather than drive, to get their groceries.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고1] 2024년 09월–31번: 유명작곡가들의초기작품이받아들여지기어려웠던이유
You hear again and again that some of the greatest composers were misunderstood in their own day. Not everyone could understand the compositions of Beethoven, Brahms, or Stravinsky in their day. The reason for this initial lack of acceptance is unfamiliarity. The musical forms, or ideas expressed within them, were completely new. And yet, this is exactly one of the things that makes them so great. Effective composers have their own ideas. Have you ever seen the classic movie Amadeus? The composer Antonio Salieri is the "host" of this movie; he's depicted as one of the most famous non-great composers ― he lived at the time of Mozart and was completely overshadowed by him. Now, Salieri wasn't a bad composer; in fact, he was a very good one. But he wasn't one of the world's great composers because his work wasn't original. What he wrote sounded just like what everyone else was composing at the time.
You hear again and again that some of the greatest composers — even those whose works sound tame and easily accessible to us — were misunderstood in their own day. Not everyone could relate to the compositions of Ludwig van Beethoven, Johannes Brahms, Gustav Mahler, Richard Strauss, Claude Debussy, Stravinsky, or Charles Ives in their day. (Actually, that’s the understatement of the year; the audience at Stravinsky’s The Rite of Spring actually rioted, trashing the theater and bolting for the exits.) The reason for this original lack of acceptance is unfamiliarity. The musical forms, or ideas expressed within them, were completely new. And yet, this is exactly one of the things that makes them so great. Effective composers have their own ideas. Have you ever seen the classic movie Amadeus, which won eight Oscars including Best Picture in 1984? The composer Antonio Salieri is the “host” of this movie; he’s depicted as one of the most famous non-great composers — he lived at the time of Mozart and was completely overshadowed by him. Now, Salieri wasn’t a bad composer; in fact, he was a very good one. But he wasn’t one of the world’s great composers because his work wasn’t original. What he wrote sounded just like what everyone else was composing at the time.
One valuable technique for getting out of helplessness, depression, and situations which are predominantly being run by the thought, "I can't," is to choose to be with other persons who have resolved the problem with which we struggle. This is one of the great powers of self-help groups. When we are in a negative state, we have given a lot of energy to negative thought forms, and the positive thought forms are weak. Those who are in a higher vibration are free of the energy from their negative thoughts and have energized positive thought forms. Merely to be in their presence is beneficial. In some self-help groups, this is called "hanging out with the winners." The benefit here is on the psychic level of consciousness, and there is a transfer of positive energy and relighting of one's own latent positive thought forms.
The Company We Keep Another valuable technique for getting out of apathy, depression, and situations which are predominantly being run by the thought, "I can't," is to choose to be with other persons who have resolved the problem with which we struggle. This is one of the great powers of self-help groups. When we are in a negative state, we have given a lot of energy to negative thought forms, and the positive thought forms are weak. Those who are in a higher vibration are free of the energy from their negative thoughts and have energized positive thought forms. Merely to be in their presence is beneficial. In some self-help groups, this is called "hanging out with the winners." The benefit here is on the psychic level of consciousness, and there is a transfer of positive energy and relighting of one's own latent positive thought forms.In some self-help groups this is called "getting it by osmosis." It is not necessary to know how it happens, but merely that it does happen.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
helplessness = apathy
helplessness (n) 무력감, 난감함
apathy (n) 무관심, 냉담함
[고1] 2024년 09월– 22번: 인간의감정이생존에기여한진화적역할
Our emotions are thought to exist because they have contributed to our survival as a species. Fear has helped us avoid dangers, expressing anger helps us scare off threats, and expressing positive emotions helps us bond with others. From an evolutionary perspective, an emotion is a kind of "program" that, when triggered, directs many of our activities (including attention, perception, memory, movement, expressions, etc.). For example, fear makes us very attentive, narrows our perceptual focus to threatening stimuli, will cause us either to face a situation (fight) or avoid it (flight), and may cause us to remember an experience more acutely (so that we avoid the threat in the future). Regardless of the specific ways in which they activate our systems, the specific emotions we possess are thought to exist because they have helped us (as a species) survive challenges within our environment long ago. If they had not helped us adapt and survive, they would not have evolved with us.
Our nonverbal messages are strongly linked to our emotions (Anderson & Guerrero, 1998). And these emotions are thought to exist because they have contributed to our survival as a species. Fear has helped us avoid dangers, expressing anger helps us ward off threats, and expressing positive emotions helps us bond with others. From an evolutionary perspective, an emotion is a kind of “program” that, when elicited, directs many of our activities (including attention, perception, memory, movement, expressions, etc.) (Cosmides & Tooby, 2000). For example, fear makes us very attentive, narrows our perceptual focus to threatening stimuli, will cause us either to address a situation head on (fight) or avoid it (flight), and may cause us to remember an experience more acutely (so that we avoid the threat in the future). Regardless of the specific ways in which they activate our systems, the specific emotions we possess are thought to exist because they have helped us (as a species) survive challenges within our environment long ago. If they had not helped us adapt and survive, they would not have evolved with us (Anderson & Guerrero, 1998).
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
scare off = ward off
trigger = elicit
face = address + O + head on
scare off 겁을 주어 ~를 쫓아 버리다
ward off피하다, 물리치다, 가까이 오지 못하게 하다
trigger (v) 촉발시키다, 작동시키다
elicit (v) (정보·반응을 어렵게) 끌어내다
face (v) 대면하다, 마주하다
address (v) (문제·상황 등에 대해) 고심하다[다루다]
head on정면으로
[고1] 2024년 09월– 23번: AI 기술이장애인을포함한노동시장에서의포용성증대
By improving accessibility of the workplace for workers that are typically at a disadvantage in the labour market, AI can improve inclusiveness in the workplace. AI-powered assistive devices to aid workers with visual, speech or hearing difficulties are becoming more widespread, improving the access to, and the quality of work for people with disabilities. For example, speech recognition solutions for people with dysarthric voices, or live captioning systems for deaf and hard of hearing people can facilitate communication with colleagues and access to jobs where inter-personal communication is necessary. AI can also enhance the capabilities of low-skilled workers, with potentially positive effects on their wages and career prospects. For example, AI's capacity to translate written and spoken word in real-time can improve the performance of non-native speakers in the workplace. Moreover, recent developments in AI-powered text generators can instantly improve the performance of lower-skilled individuals in domains such as writing, coding or customer service.
4.4.1. AI can improve inclusiveness for some disadvantaged groups but not for others
By improving accessibility of the workplace for workers that are typically at a disadvantage in the labour market, AI can improve inclusiveness in the workplace. AI-powered assistive devices to aid workers with visual, speech or hearing impairments, or prosthetic limbs, are becoming more widespread, improving the access to, and the quality of work for people with disabilities (Smith and Smith, 2021[50]; Touzet, forthcoming[51]). For example, speech recognition solutions for people with dysarthric voices, or live captioning systems for deaf and hard of hearing people can facilitate communication with colleagues and access to jobs where inter-personal communication is necessary. AI can also enhance the capabilities of low-skilled workers, with potentially positive effects on their wages and career prospects. For example, AI's capacity to translate written and spoken word in real-time can improve the performance of non-native speakers in the workplace. Moreover, recent developments in AI-powered text generators, such as ChatGPT, can instantly improve the performance of lower-skilled individuals in domains such as writing, coding or customer service (see Box 4.2).
텍스트 비교 (문제 vs. 원문 )
hearing difficulties = hearing impairments 청각 장애
prosthetic limbs 의수, 의족
[고1] 2024년 09월– 24번: 고래가기후변화완화에기여하는방식과그가치
Whales are highly efficient at carbon storage. When they die, each whale sequesters an average of 30 tons of carbon dioxide, taking that carbon out of the atmosphere for centuries. For comparison, the average tree absorbs only 48 pounds of CO₂a year. From a climate perspective, each whale is the marine equivalent of thousands of trees. Whales also help sequester carbon by fertilizing the ocean as they release nutrient-rich waste, in turn increasing phytoplankton populations, which also sequester carbon ― leading some scientists to call them the "engineers of marine ecosystems." In 2019, economists from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimated the value of the ecosystem services provided by each whale at over $2 million USD. They called for a new global program of economic incentives to return whale populations to preindustrial whaling levels as one example of a "nature-based solution" to climate change. Calls are now being made for a global whale restoration program, to slow down climate change.
Visalli points out that when ships slow down, the wider community benefits; slower ships not only hit fewer whales but also create less noise pollution, release fewer environmental pollutants, and emit less carbon dioxide. Saving whales from ship strikes also benefits the global environment by helping mitigate climate change. Whales are highly efficient at carbon storage. When they die, each whale sequesters an average of 30 tons of carbon dioxide, taking that carbon out of the atmosphere for centuries. For comparison, the average tree absorbs only 48 pounds of CO₂ a year. From a climate perspective, each whale is the marine equivalent of thousands of trees. Whales also help sequester carbon by fertilizing the ocean as they excrete nutrient-rich waste, in turn increasing phytoplankton populations, which also sequester carbon—leading some scientists to call them the “engineers of marine ecosystems.” In 2019, economists from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimated the value of the ecosystem services provided by each whale at over $2 million USD. They called for a new global program of economic incentives to return whale populations to preindustrial whaling levels as one example of a “nature-based solution” to climate change. Calls are now being made for a global whale restoration program, to support both marine biodiversity and climate change mitigation. Researchers are currently developing the governance architecture that would extend bioacoustics monitoring, and protected areas, across the entirety of the world’s oceans. Today, bioacoustics whale protection systems exist in isolated areas. But in the future, a network of bioacoustics listening stations could create flexible “whale lanes” across the world’s oceans, controlled by the whales themselves.
위 확장 프로그램을 설치하고, 크롬에서 텍스트를 Read Aloud 하도록 실행했더니 자동으로 음원이 다운로드 됐습니다.
예전에는 이런 작업을 하려면 전문 성우분을 섭외해 음향실에서 엔지니어가 작업을 했는데,
이제는 간단한 작업으로 이런 음성을 쉽게 제작할 수 있는 세상이 되었네요. 좋은 세상입니다 :)
ps.
블로그 콘텐츠가 마음에 드신다면, '좋아요' 클릭과광고 지원으로 응원해 주세요.
여러분의 작은 도움이 큰 힘이 됩니다!
감사합니다~~♡
[고1] 2024년09월–18번:피츠버그기차역의직원있는매표소재개요청편지
To whom it may concern, I am writing to express my deep concern about the recent change made by Pittsburgh Train Station. The station had traditional ticket offices with staff before, but these have been replaced with ticket vending machines. However, individuals who are unfamiliar with these machines are now experiencing difficulty accessing the railway services. Since these individuals heavily relied on the staff assistance to be able to travel, they are in great need of ticket offices with staff in the station. Therefore, I am urging you to consider reopening the ticket offices. With the staff back in their positions, many people would regain access to the railway services. I look forward to your prompt attention to this matter and a positive resolution. Sincerely, Sarah Roberts
[고1] 2024년09월–19번:무대에서쓰러진Arthur를구조한Jeevan의이야기
All the actors on the stage were focused on their acting. Then, suddenly, Arthur fell into the corner of the stage. Jeevan immediately approached Arthur and found his heart wasn't beating. Jeevan began CPR. Jeevan worked silently, glancing sometimes at Arthur's face. He thought, "Please, start breathing again, please." Arthur's eyes were closed. Moments later, an older man in a grey suit appeared, swiftly kneeling beside Arthur's chest. "I'm Walter Jacobi. I'm a doctor." He announced with a calm voice. Jeevan wiped the sweat off his forehead. With combined efforts, Jeevan and Dr. Jacobi successfully revived Arthur. Arthur's eyes slowly opened. Finally, Jeevan was able to hear Arthur's breath again, thinking to himself, "Thank goodness. You're back."
[고1] 2024년09월–20번:부모의과도한자랑이자녀에게주는압박과부정적영향
As the parent of a gifted child, you need to be aware of a certain common parent trap. Of course you are a proud parent, and you should be. While it is very easy to talk nonstop about your little genius and his or her remarkable behavior, this can be very stressful on your child. It is extremely important to limit your bragging behavior to your very close friends, or your parents. Gifted children feel pressured when their parents show them off too much. This behavior creates expectations that they may not be able to live up to, and also creates a false sense of self for your child. You want your child to be who they are, not who they seem to be as defined by their incredible achievements. If not, you could end up with a driven perfectionist child or perhaps a dropout, or worse.
[고1] 2024년09월–21번:부정적상황에서자조그룹의긍정적에너지의중요성
One valuable technique for getting out of helplessness, depression, and situations which are predominantly being run by the thought, "I can't," is to choose to be with other persons who have resolved the problem with which we struggle. This is one of the great powers of self-help groups. When we are in a negative state, we have given a lot of energy to negative thought forms, and the positive thought forms are weak. Those who are in a higher vibration are free of the energy from their negative thoughts and have energized positive thought forms. Merely to be in their presence is beneficial. In some self-help groups, this is called "hanging out with the winners." The benefit here is on the psychic level of consciousness, and there is a transfer of positive energy and relighting of one's own latent positive thought forms.
[고1] 2024년09월–22번:인간의감정이생존에기여한진화적역할
Our emotions are thought to exist because they have contributed to our survival as a species. Fear has helped us avoid dangers, expressing anger helps us scare off threats, and expressing positive emotions helps us bond with others. From an evolutionary perspective, an emotion is a kind of "program" that, when triggered, directs many of our activities (including attention, perception, memory, movement, expressions, etc.). For example, fear makes us very attentive, narrows our perceptual focus to threatening stimuli, will cause us either to face a situation (fight) or avoid it (flight), and may cause us to remember an experience more acutely (so that we avoid the threat in the future). Regardless of the specific ways in which they activate our systems, the specific emotions we possess are thought to exist because they have helped us (as a species) survive challenges within our environment long ago. If they had not helped us adapt and survive, they would not have evolved with us.
[고1] 2024년09월–23번: AI기술이장애인을포함한노동시장에서의포용성증대
By improving accessibility of the workplace for workers that are typically at a disadvantage in the labour market, AI can improve inclusiveness in the workplace. AI-powered assistive devices to aid workers with visual, speech or hearing difficulties are becoming more widespread, improving the access to, and the quality of work for people with disabilities. For example, speech recognition solutions for people with dysarthric voices, or live captioning systems for deaf and hard of hearing people can facilitate communication with colleagues and access to jobs where interpersonal communication is necessary. AI can also enhance the capabilities of low-skilled workers, with potentially positive effects on their wages and career prospects. For example, AI's capacity to translate written and spoken word in real-time can improve the performance of nonnative speakers in the workplace. Moreover, recent developments in AI-powered text generators can instantly improve the performance of lower-skilled individuals in domains such as writing, coding or customer service.
[고1] 2024년09월–24번:고래가기후변화완화에기여하는방식과그가치
Whales are highly efficient at carbon storage. When they die, each whale sequesters an average of 30 tons of carbon dioxide, taking that carbon out of the atmosphere for centuries. For comparison, the average tree absorbs only 48 pounds of CO₂a year. From a climate perspective, each whale is the marine equivalent of thousands of trees. Whales also help sequester carbon by fertilizing the ocean as they release nutrient-rich waste, in turn increasing phytoplankton populations, which also sequester carbon ― leading some scientists to call them the "engineers of marine ecosystems." In 2019, economists from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimated the value of the ecosystem services provided by each whale at over $2 million USD. They called for a new global program of economic incentives to return whale populations to preindustrial whaling levels as one example of a "nature-based solution" to climate change. Calls are now being made for a global whale restoration program, to slow down climate change.
[고1] 2024년09월–25번: 2022년주요국가들의1인당CO₂배출량비교그래프
The above graph shows per capita CO₂emissions from coal, oil, and gas by countries in 2022. The United States had the highest total per capita CO₂emissions, even though its emissions from coal were the second lowest among the five countries shown. South Korea's total per capita CO₂emissions were over 10 tons, ranking it the second highest among the countries shown. Germany had lower CO₂emissions per capita than South Korea in all three major sources respectively. The per capita CO₂emissions from coal in South Africa were over three times higher than those in Germany. In Brazil, oil was the largest source of CO₂emissions per capita among its three major sources, just as it was in the United States and Germany.
[고1] 2024년09월–26번:프랑스의여성과학자Emilie du Chatelet의업적과영향
Emilie du Chatelet, a French mathematician and physicist, was born in Paris in 1706. During her childhood, with her father's support, she was able to get mathematical and scientific education that most women of her time did not receive. In 1737, she submitted her paper on the nature of fire to a contest sponsored by the French Academy of Sciences, and it was published a year later. In her book, Institutions de Physique, Emilie du Chatelet explained the ideas of space and time in a way that is closer to what we understand in modern relativity than what was common during her time. Her most significant achievement was translating Isaac Newton's Principia into French near the end of her life. Emilie du Chatelet's work was not recognized in her time, but she is now remembered as a symbol of the Enlightenment and the struggle for women's participation in science.
[고1] 2024년09월–29번:조직내다양한부서들이갈등을일으키는구조적요인
From an organizational viewpoint, one of the most fascinating examples of how any organization may contain many different types of culture is to recognize the functional operations of different departments within the organization. The varying departments and divisions within an organization will inevitably view any given situation from their own biased and prejudiced perspective. A department and its members will acquire "tunnel vision" which disallows them to see things as others see them. The very structure of organizations can create conflict. The choice of whether the structure is "mechanistic" or "organic" can have a profound influence on conflict management. A mechanistic structure has a vertical hierarchy with many rules, many procedures, and many levels of management involved in decision making. Organic structures are more horizontal in nature, where decision making is less centralized and spread across the plane of the organization.
[고1] 2024년09월–30번:자전거전용도로확장으로교통을줄이는도시계획의이점
An excellent alternative to calming traffic is removing it. Some cities reserve an extensive network of lanes and streets for bikes, pedestrians, and the occasional service vehicle. This motivates people to travel by bike rather than by car, making streets safer for everyone. As bicycles become more popular in a city, planners can convert more automobile lanes and entire streets to accommodate more of them. Nevertheless, even the most bikeable cities still require motor vehicle lanes for taxis, emergency vehicles, and delivery trucks. Delivery vehicles are frequently a target of animus, but they are actually an essential component to making cities greener. A tightly packed delivery truck is a far more efficient transporter of goods than several hybrids carrying a few shopping bags each. Distributing food and other goods to neighborhood vendors allows them to operate smaller stores close to homes so that residents can walk, rather than drive, to get their groceries.
[고1] 2024년09월–31번:유명작곡가들의초기작품이받아들여지기어려웠던이유
You hear again and again that some of the greatest composers were misunderstood in their own day. Not everyone could understand the compositions of Beethoven, Brahms, or Stravinsky in their day. The reason for this initial lack of acceptance is unfamiliarity. The musical forms, or ideas expressed within them, were completely new. And yet, this is exactly one of the things that makes them so great. Effective composers have their own ideas. Have you ever seen the classic movie Amadeus? The composer Antonio Salieri is the "host" of this movie; he's depicted as one of the most famous Nongreat composers ― he lived at the time of Mozart and was completely overshadowed by him. Now, Salieri wasn't a bad composer; in fact, he was a very good one. But he wasn't one of the world's great composers because his work wasn't original. What he wrote sounded just like what everyone else was composing at the time.
[고1] 2024년09월–32번:새로운매체가인간의사고방식을변화시키는과정
Every time a new medium comes along─whether it's the invention of the printed book, or TV, or SNS─and you start to use it, it's like you are putting on a new kind of goggles, with their own special colors and lenses. Each set of goggles you put on makes you see things differently. So when you start to watch television, before you absorb the message of any particular TV show─whether it's Wheel of Fortune or The Wire─you start to see the world as being shaped like television itself. That's why Marshall McLuhan said that every time a new medium comes along─a new way for humans to communicate─it has buried in it a message. It is gently guiding us to see the world according to a new set of codes. The way information gets to you, McLuhan argued, is more important than the information itself. TV teaches you that the world is fast; that it's about surfaces and appearances.
[고1] 2024년09월–33번:개념의중요성과잘못된개념이과학적오류를초래할수있는위험성
Concepts are vital to human survival, but we must also be careful with them because concepts open the door to essentialism. They encourage us to see things that aren't present. Stuart Firestein opens his book, Ignorance, with an old proverb, "It is very difficult to find a black cat in a dark room, especially when there is no cat." This statement beautifully sums up the search for essences. History has many examples of scientists who searched fruitlessly for an essence because they used the wrong concept to guide their hypotheses. Firestein gives the example of luminiferous ether, a mysterious substance that was thought to fill the universe so that light would have a medium to move through. The ether was a black cat, writes Firestein, and physicists had been theorizing in a dark room, and then experimenting in it, looking for evidence of a cat that did not exist.
[고1] 2024년09월–34번:소셜미디어에서의'일반적유명인'과전통적유명인의차이
While social media attention is potentially an instrument to achieve ends like elite celebrity, some content creators desire ordinary fame as a social end in itself. Not unlike reality television stars, social media celebrities are often criticized for not having skills and talents associated with traditional, elite celebrity, such as acting or singing ability. This criticism highlights the fact that digital content creators face real barriers to crossing over to the sphere of elite celebrity. However, the criticism also misses the point that the phenomenon of ordinary celebrity reconstructs the meaning of fame. The elite celebrity is symbolized by the metaphor of the star, characterized by mystery and hierarchical distance and associated with naturalized qualities of talent and class. The ordinary celebrity attracts attention through regular and frequent interactions with other ordinary people. Achieving ordinary fame as a social media celebrity is like doing well at a game, because in this sphere, fame is nothing more nor less than relatively high scores on attention scales, the metrics of subscribers, followers, Likes, or clicks built into social media applications.
[고1] 2024년09월–35번:시험준비에서벼락치기가효과적이지않은이유
Why do we have the illusion that cramming for an exam is the best learning strategy? Because we are unable to differentiate between the various sections of our memory. Immediately after reading our textbook or our class notes, information is fully present in our mind. It sits in our conscious working memory, in an active form. We feel as if we know it, because it is present in our short-term storage space ... but this short-term section has nothing to do with the long-term memory that we will need in order to recall the same information a few days later. After a few seconds or minutes, working memory already starts disappearing, and after a few days, the effect becomes enormous: unless you retest your knowledge, memory vanishes. To get information into long-term memory, it is essential to study the material, then test yourself, rather than spend all your time studying.
[고1] 2024년09월–36번:거울뉴런이관찰학습에미치는영향
The discovery of mirror neurons has profoundly changed the way we think of a fundamental human capacity, learning by observation. As children we learn a lot by observing what our parents and friends do. Newborns, in the first week of life, have an inborn tendency to stick out their tongue if their parents stick out theirs. Such imitation is not perfect. You may not see the tongue stick out each time you stick yours out at your newborn, but if you do it many times, the tongue will come out more often than if you do something different. Babies babble and later start to imitate the sounds their parents produce. Later still, they play with vacuum cleaners and hammers in imitation of their parents. Our modern cultures, in which we write, speak, read, build spaceships and go to school, can work only because we are not restricted to the behavior we are born with or learn by trial and error. We can learn a lot by simply watching others.
[고1] 2024년09월–37번:자신의목소리를다르게인식하는이유
Have you ever been surprised to hear a recording of your own voice? You might have thought, "Is that really what my voice sounds like?" Maybe your accent is more pronounced in the recording than you realized, or your voice is higher than it seems to your own ears. This is of course quite a common experience. The explanation is actually fairly simple. There are two pathways through which we perceive our own voice when we speak. One is the route through which we perceive most external sounds, like waves that travel from the air through the outer, middle and inner ear. But because our vocal cords vibrate when we speak, there is a second internal path. Vibrations are conducted through our bones and stimulate our inner ears directly. Lower frequencies are emphasized along this pathway. That makes your voice sound deeper and richer to yourself than it may sound to other people.
[고1] 2024년09월–38번:생물의유사성에서아날로그와호몰로그의차이
Biologists distinguish two kinds of similarity. "Analogous" traits are ones that have a common function but arose on different branches of the evolutionary tree and are in an important sense not "the same" organ. The wings of birds and the wings of bees are both used for flight and are similar in some ways because anything used for flight has to be built in those ways, but they arose independently in evolution and have nothing in common beyond their use in flight. "Homologous" traits, in contrast, may or may not have a common function, but they descended from a common ancestor and hence have some common structure that indicates their being "the same" organ. The wing of a bat and the front leg of a horse have very different functions, but they are all modifications of the forelimb of the ancestor of all mammals. As a result, they share nonfunctional traits like the number of bones and the ways they are connected. To distinguish analogy from homology, biologists usually look at the overall architecture of the organs and focus on their most useless properties.
[고1] 2024년09월–39번:기후변화로인한해양산소감소의위험성
Seawater contains an abundance of dissolved oxygen that all marine animals breathe to stay alive. It has long been established in physics that cold water holds more dissolved oxygen than warm water does ― this is one reason that cold polar seas are full of life while tropical oceans are blue, clear, and relatively poorly populated with living creatures. Thus, as global warming raises the temperature of marine waters, it is self-evident that the amount of dissolved oxygen will decrease. This is a worrisome and potentially disastrous consequence if allowed to continue to an ecosystem-threatening level. Now scientists have analyzed data indicating that the amount of dissolved oxygen in the oceans has been declining for more than a half century. The data show that the ocean oxygen level has been falling more rapidly than the corresponding rise in water temperature. Falling oxygen levels in water have the potential to impact the habitat of marine organisms worldwide and in recent years this has led to more frequent anoxic events that killed or displaced populations of fish, crabs, and many other organisms.
[고1] 2024년09월–40번:원숭이실험에서불공정한대우에대한반응
Capuchins ― New World Monkeys that live in large social groups ― will, in captivity, trade with people all day long, especially if food is involved. I give you this rock and you give me a treat to eat. If you put two monkeys in cages next to each other, and offer them both slices of cucumber for the rocks they already have, they will happily eat the cucumbers. If, however, you give one monkey grapes instead ― grapes being universally preferred to cucumbers ― the monkey that is still receiving cucumbers will begin to throw them back at the experimenter. Even though she is still getting "paid" the same amount for her effort of sourcing rocks, and so her particular situation has not changed, the comparison to another makes the situation unfair. Furthermore, she is now willing to abandon all gains―the cucumbers themselves―to communicate her displeasure to the experimenter.
[고1] 2024년09월–41~42번:고등교육의확산과그로인한평가시스템의모순
Higher education has grown from an elite to a mass system across the world. In Europe and the USA, increased rates of participation occurred in the decades after the Second World War. Between 2000 and 2014, rates of participation in higher education almost doubled from 19% to 34% across the world among the members of the population in the school-leaving age category (typically 18-23). The dramatic expansion of higher education has been marked by a wider range of institutions of higher learning and a more diverse demographic of students. Changes from an elite system to a mass higher education system are associated with political needs to build a specialized workforce for the economy. In theory, the expansion of higher education to develop a highly skilled workforce should diminish the role of examinations in the selection and control of students, initiating approaches to assessment which (c)block lifelong learning: assessment for learning and a focus on feedback for development. In reality, sociopolitical changes to expand higher education have set up a 'field of contradictions' for assessment in higher education. Mass higher education requires efficient approaches to assessment, such as examinations and multiple-choice quizzes, with minimalist, impersonal, or standardised feedback, often causing students to focus more on grades than feedback. In contrast, the relatively small numbers of students in elite systems in the past allowed for closer relationships between students and their teachers, with formative feedback shaping the minds, academic skills, and even the characters of students.
Once upon a time in the Iranian city of Shiraz, there lived the famous poet Sheikh Saadi. Like most other poets and philosophers, he led a very simple life. A rich merchant of Shiraz was preparing for his daughter's wedding and invited him along with a lot of big businessmen of the town. The poet accepted the invitation and decided to attend. On the day of the wedding, the rich merchant, the host of the wedding, was receiving the guests at the gate. Many rich people of the town attended the wedding. They had come out in their best clothes. The poet wore simple clothes which were neither grand nor expensive. He waited for someone to approach him but no one gave him as much as even a second glance. Even the host did not greet him and looked away. Seeing all this, the poet quietly left the party and went to a shop where he could rent clothes. There he chose a richly decorated coat, which made him look like a new person. With this coat, he entered the party and this time was welcomed with open arms. The host embraced him as he would do to an old friend and complimented him on the clothes he was wearing. The poet did not say a word and allowed the host to lead him to the dining room. The host personally led the poet to his seat and served out chicken soup to him. After a moment, the poet suddenly dipped the corner of his coat in the soup as if he fed it. All the guests were now staring at him in surprise. The host said, "Sir, what are you doing?" The poet very calmly replied, "Now that I have put on expensive clothes, I see a world of difference here. All that I can say now is that this feast is meant for my clothes, not for me."
To whom it may concern, I am writing to express my deep concern about the recent change made by Pittsburgh Train Station. The station had traditional ticket offices with staff before, but these have been replaced with ticket vending machines. However, individuals who are unfamiliar with these machines are now experiencing difficulty accessing the railway services. Since these individuals heavily relied on the staff assistance to be able to travel, they are in great need of ticket offices with staff in the station. Therefore, I am urging you to consider reopening the ticket offices. With the staff back in their positions, many people would regain access to the railway services. I look forward to your prompt attention to this matter and a positive resolution. Sincerely, Sarah Roberts
Possible Titles:
1. Reinstating Staffed Ticket Offices at Pittsburgh Train Station for Accessibility
2. Addressing Concerns Over the Shift to Ticket Vending Machines in Pittsburgh
3. The Impact of Automated Systems on Passenger Access at Pittsburgh Train Station
4. Ensuring Equal Access to Railway Services: The Need for Staffed Ticket Offices
Main Idea #1:
The replacement of staffed ticket offices with machines has caused difficulties for individuals unfamiliar with the technology.
Main Idea #2:
Reopening ticket offices with staff would help those who struggle with ticket vending machines regain access to railway services and ensure inclusive travel.
Summary:
Replacing staffed ticket offices with vending machines at Pittsburgh Train Station has made it hard for some passengers to travel. Sarah Roberts urges the station to bring back the staff to assist those who rely on human help. Reopening the offices would restore access to railway services for many.
Key Points:
1. Ticket offices were replaced with vending machines at Pittsburgh Train Station.
2. Some passengers are struggling to use the vending machines.
3. Sarah Roberts is requesting the reopening of ticket offices with staff.
4. Reinstating staff would improve access to railway services for many passengers.
[고1] 2024년09월–19번:무대에서쓰러진Arthur를구조한Jeevan의이야기
All the actors on the stage were focused on their acting. Then, suddenly, Arthur fell into the corner of the stage. Jeevan immediately approached Arthur and found his heart wasn't beating. Jeevan began CPR. Jeevan worked silently, glancing sometimes at Arthur's face. He thought, "Please, start breathing again, please." Arthur's eyes were closed. Moments later, an older man in a grey suit appeared, swiftly kneeling beside Arthur's chest. "I'm Walter Jacobi. I'm a doctor." He announced with a calm voice. Jeevan wiped the sweat off his forehead. With combined efforts, Jeevan and Dr. Jacobi successfully revived Arthur. Arthur's eyes slowly opened. Finally, Jeevan was able to hear Arthur's breath again, thinking to himself, "Thank goodness. You're back."
Possible Titles:
1. The Dramatic Rescue of Arthur by Jeevan and Dr. Jacobi
2. A Tense Moment: Reviving Arthur Onstage with Team Effort
3. When Acting Turns into Reality: Jeevan and Dr. Jacobi's Life-saving Actions
4. Arthur’s Near-Fatal Collapse and the Swift Response of Jeevan and Dr. Jacobi
Main Idea #1:
Jeevan immediately began CPR after Arthur collapsed during a stage performance.
Main Idea #2:
With Jeevan and Dr. Jacobi's teamwork, Arthur was successfully revived after his heart stopped during a play, offering relief to those involved.
Summary:
Arthur collapsed on stage, prompting Jeevan to begin CPR. Dr. Jacobi arrived, and together they revived Arthur, who eventually regained consciousness. Jeevan felt relieved to see Arthur breathe again.
Key Points:
1. Arthur collapsed during the performance.
2. Jeevan initiated CPR immediately after noticing Arthur’s heart had stopped.
3. Dr. Jacobi arrived and assisted Jeevan in the revival.
4. Arthur was successfully revived through their combined efforts.
[고1] 2024년09월–20번:부모의과도한자랑이자녀에게주는압박과부정적영향
As the parent of a gifted child, you need to be aware of a certain common parent trap. Of course you are a proud parent, and you should be. While it is very easy to talk nonstop about your little genius and his or her remarkable behavior, this can be very stressful on your child. It is extremely important to limit your bragging behavior to your very close friends, or your parents. Gifted children feel pressured when their parents show them off too much. This behavior creates expectations that they may not be able to live up to, and also creates a false sense of self for your child. You want your child to be who they are, not who they seem to be as defined by their incredible achievements. If not, you could end up with a driven perfectionist child or perhaps a dropout, or worse.
Possible Titles:
1. Avoiding Parental Pressure: Nurturing Gifted Children Without Overemphasis
2. Balancing Pride and Pressure: The Dangers of Over-bragging About Gifted Children
3. How Parental Bragging Can Impact a Gifted Child's Development
4. Raising a Gifted Child: Why Moderation in Praise Is Essential for Healthy Growth
Main Idea #1:
Constantly bragging about a gifted child can create unnecessary pressure on them.
Main Idea #2:
Parents should avoid showing off their child’s achievements excessively, as it can lead to unrealistic expectations, perfectionism, or even negative outcomes like burnout or dropping out.
Summary:
Excessive bragging about a gifted child can put undue pressure on them to meet high expectations. Limiting praise to close circles helps maintain a healthy balance, ensuring the child develops without feeling defined solely by their achievements.
Key Points:
1. Excessive parental bragging can stress gifted children.
2. Parents should limit praise to close friends or family.
3. Overemphasis on achievements may lead to perfectionism or burnout.
One valuable technique for getting out of helplessness, depression, and situations which are predominantly being run by the thought, "I can't," is to choose to be with other persons who have resolved the problem with which we struggle. This is one of the great powers of self-help groups. When we are in a negative state, we have given a lot of energy to negative thought forms, and the positive thought forms are weak. Those who are in a higher vibration are free of the energy from their negative thoughts and have energized positive thought forms. Merely to be in their presence is beneficial. In some self-help groups, this is called "hanging out with the winners." The benefit here is on the psychic level of consciousness, and there is a transfer of positive energy and relighting of one's own latent positive thought forms.
Possible Titles:
1. The Power of Positive Influence: Overcoming Negativity Through Supportive Communities
2. Breaking Free from Helplessness: How Self-help Groups Transform Mindsets
3. The Role of Positive Energy in Recovering from Depression and Negative Thinking
4. Reclaiming Positive Thoughts: The Impact of "Hanging Out with the Winners"
Main Idea #1:
Spending time with those who have overcome similar struggles can help counter negative thinking.
Main Idea #2:
Self-help groups allow individuals to benefit from the positive energy of others, which helps reignite their own positive thoughts and break free from negativity and helplessness.
Summary:
Being around people who have conquered the struggles you face helps weaken negative thoughts and strengthen positive ones. Self-help groups offer this benefit by allowing a transfer of positive energy, referred to as "hanging out with the winners."
Key Points:
1. Spending time with positive individuals helps counter negative thinking.
2. Self-help groups offer a transfer of positive energy.
3. Positive energy strengthens weak positive thought forms in those struggling.
4. "Hanging out with the winners" refers to being in the presence of those with strong positive energy.
[고1] 2024년09월–22번:인간의감정이생존에기여한진화적역할
Our emotions are thought to exist because they have contributed to our survival as a species. Fear has helped us avoid dangers, expressing anger helps us scare off threats, and expressing positive emotions helps us bond with others. From an evolutionary perspective, an emotion is a kind of "program" that, when triggered, directs many of our activities (including attention, perception, memory, movement, expressions, etc.). For example, fear makes us very attentive, narrows our perceptual focus to threatening stimuli, will cause us either to face a situation (fight) or avoid it (flight), and may cause us to remember an experience more acutely (so that we avoid the threat in the future). Regardless of the specific ways in which they activate our systems, the specific emotions we possess are thought to exist because they have helped us (as a species) survive challenges within our environment long ago. If they had not helped us adapt and survive, they would not have evolved with us.
Possible Titles:
1. The Evolutionary Role of Emotions in Human Survival and Adaptation
2. How Emotions Shape Human Behavior: An Evolutionary Perspective
3. Understanding Emotions as Evolutionary Programs for Survival
4. Emotions as Survival Tools: The Evolutionary Benefits of Fear, Anger, and Joy
Main Idea #1:
Emotions exist because they have contributed to human survival throughout evolution.
Main Idea #2:
Emotions like fear, anger, and joy function as evolutionary "programs" that trigger various responses, such as attention, perception, and memory, to help humans adapt and survive challenges in their environment.
Summary:
Emotions have evolved because they helped humans survive, directing behaviors and responses to challenges. Fear, for instance, sharpens focus on danger, while positive emotions aid in social bonding. These emotional "programs" helped humans adapt to threats and survive over time.
Key Points:
1. Emotions contributed to human survival and adaptation.
2. Fear, anger, and positive emotions serve specific functions for survival.
3. Emotions trigger multiple activities like perception and memory.
4. Emotions evolved because they helped humans face environmental challenges.
[고1] 2024년09월–23번: AI기술이장애인을포함한노동시장에서의포용성증대
By improving accessibility of the workplace for workers that are typically at a disadvantage in the labour market, AI can improve inclusiveness in the workplace. AI-powered assistive devices to aid workers with visual, speech or hearing difficulties are becoming more widespread, improving the access to, and the quality of work for people with disabilities. For example, speech recognition solutions for people with dysarthric voices, or live captioning systems for deaf and hard of hearing people can facilitate communication with colleagues and access to jobs where interpersonal communication is necessary. AI can also enhance the capabilities of low-skilled workers, with potentially positive effects on their wages and career prospects. For example, AI's capacity to translate written and spoken word in real-time can improve the performance of nonnative speakers in the workplace. Moreover, recent developments in AI-powered text generators can instantly improve the performance of lower-skilled individuals in domains such as writing, coding or customer service.
Possible Titles:
1. How AI is Enhancing Workplace Inclusivity for Disadvantaged Workers
2. The Role of AI in Empowering Workers with Disabilities and Low Skills
3. AI's Potential to Improve Accessibility and Career Prospects for All Workers
4. Inclusive Workplaces Through AI: Supporting Disabled and Low-skilled Workers
Main Idea #1:
AI is making workplaces more inclusive by improving accessibility for workers with disabilities.
Main Idea #2:
AI-powered assistive devices and tools enhance the capabilities of disadvantaged workers, such as those with disabilities or low skills, helping them improve performance and career prospects in various domains like communication, writing, and coding.
Summary:
AI improves workplace inclusivity by providing assistive devices for disabled workers and enhancing the skills of low-skilled workers. Tools like speech recognition, live captioning, and real-time translation help disadvantaged workers communicate and perform better in their jobs.
Key Points:
1. AI improves workplace accessibility for disabled workers.
2. Assistive devices, such as speech recognition and live captioning, enhance communication.
3. AI helps low-skilled workers improve performance in tasks like writing and coding.
4. Real-time translation aids nonnative speakers in workplace communication.
[고1] 2024년09월–24번:고래가기후변화완화에기여하는방식과그가치
Whales are highly efficient at carbon storage. When they die, each whale sequesters an average of 30 tons of carbon dioxide, taking that carbon out of the atmosphere for centuries. For comparison, the average tree absorbs only 48 pounds of CO2a year. From a climate perspective, each whale is the marine equivalent of thousands of trees. Whales also help sequester carbon by fertilizing the ocean as they release nutrient-rich waste, in turn increasing phytoplankton populations, which also sequester carbon ― leading some scientists to call them the "engineers of marine ecosystems." In 2019, economists from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimated the value of the ecosystem services provided by each whale at over $2 million USD. They called for a new global program of economic incentives to return whale populations to preindustrial whaling levels as one example of a "nature-based solution" to climate change. Calls are now being made for a global whale restoration program, to slow down climate change.
Possible Titles:
1. Whales: Nature's Key to Carbon Sequestration and Climate Solutions
2. The Crucial Role of Whales in Combating Climate Change
3. How Whales Store Carbon and Help Restore Marine Ecosystems
4. Whale Restoration as a Nature-based Solution to Climate Change
Main Idea #1:
Whales play a crucial role in carbon sequestration, each storing vast amounts of carbon dioxide.
Main Idea #2:
In addition to directly sequestering carbon, whales boost marine ecosystems by fertilizing the ocean, which supports phytoplankton growth, and economists value these ecosystem services highly, advocating for a global whale restoration program to combat climate change.
Summary:
Whales sequester large amounts of carbon dioxide and help marine ecosystems thrive by increasing phytoplankton populations. Economists have highlighted the value of these ecosystem services, leading to calls for a global whale restoration program to address climate change.
Key Points:
1. Each whale sequesters an average of 30 tons of carbon dioxide.
2. Whales support phytoplankton populations, which also sequester carbon.
3. Economists estimate each whale's ecosystem services to be worth over $2 million.
4. A global whale restoration program is proposed to help combat climate change.
[고1] 2024년09월–25번: 2022년주요국가들의1인당CO2배출량비교그래프
The above graph shows per capitaCO2emissions from coal, oil, and gas by countries in 2022. The United States had the highest total per capita CO2emissions, even though its emissions from coal were the second lowest among the five countries shown. South Korea's total per capita CO2emissions were over 10 tons, ranking it the second highest among the countries shown. Germany had lower CO2emissions per capita than South Korea in all three major sources respectively. The per capita CO2emissions from coal in South Africa were over three times higher than those in Germany. In Brazil, oil was the largest source of CO2emissions per capita among its three major sources, just as it was in the United States and Germany.
1. A Comparative Analysis of CO2Emissions Per Capita by Energy Source in 2022
2. Understanding Global CO2Emissions: A Look at Per Capita Emissions by Country
3. How Coal, Oil, and Gas Contributed to CO2Emissions in Major Countries in 2022
4. The Distribution of CO2Emissions by Energy Source Across Key Countries in 2022
Main Idea #1:
The United States had the highest total per capita CO2emissions despite having relatively low coal emissions.
Main Idea #2:
South Korea ranked second in total per capita CO2emissions, and South Africa had significantly higher coal emissions per capita than Germany, while oil was the leading source of emissions in the United States, Brazil, and Germany.
Summary:
In 2022, the United States had the highest per capita CO2emissions, with oil being a dominant source, while South Korea ranked second. South Africa’s coal emissions per capita were more than three times those of Germany, and in Brazil, oil was the largest contributor to CO2emissions, as it was in the United States and Germany.
Key Points:
1. The United States had the highest per capita CO2emissions despite lower coal use.
2. South Korea ranked second in total per capita CO2emissions.
3. South Africa’s coal emissions per capita were over three times higher than Germany’s.
4. Oil was the largest source of CO2emissions in the United States, Brazil, and Germany.
[고1] 2024년09월–26번:프랑스의여성과학자Emilie du Chatelet의업적과영향
Emilie du Chatelet, a French mathematician and physicist, was born in Paris in 1706. During her childhood, with her father's support, she was able to get mathematical and scientific education that most women of her time did not receive. In 1737, she submitted her paper on the nature of fire to a contest sponsored by the French Academy of Sciences, and it was published a year later. In her book, Institutions de Physique, Emilie du Chatelet explained the ideas of space and time in a way that is closer to what we understand in modern relativity than what was common during her time. Her most significant achievement was translating Isaac Newton's Principia into French near the end of her life. Emilie du Chatelet's work was not recognized in her time, but she is now remembered as a symbol of the Enlightenment and the struggle for women's participation in science.
Possible Titles:
1. Emilie du Chatelet: A Pioneer in Physics and Mathematics During the Enlightenment
2. Breaking Barriers: Emilie du Chatelet's Contributions to Science and Her Legacy
3. From Fire to Relativity: The Scientific Achievements of Emilie du Chatelet
4. Emilie du Chatelet's Groundbreaking Work in Physics and Translation of Newton's Principia
Main Idea #1:
Emilie du Chatelet received an uncommon scientific education for women of her time, thanks to her father's support.
Main Idea #2:
Emilie du Chatelet made significant contributions to physics and mathematics, including a groundbreaking explanation of space and time and her translation of Newton's Principia, though her work was not recognized until long after her death.
Summary:
Emilie du Chatelet, a French mathematician and physicist, made important contributions to science, including her work on fire and space-time and her translation of Newton’s Principia into French. Although her work went unrecognized during her life, she is now celebrated for her role in advancing science and advocating for women’s involvement in it.
Key Points:
1. Emilie du Chatelet received scientific education uncommon for women in her time.
2. She submitted a paper on the nature of fire to the French Academy of Sciences.
3. Her explanation of space and time foreshadowed modern concepts of relativity.
4. Her translation of Newton's Principia is considered her most significant achievement.
[고1] 2024년09월–29번:조직내다양한부서들이갈등을일으키는구조적요인
From an organizational viewpoint, one of the most fascinating examples of how any organization may contain many different types of culture is to recognize the functional operations of different departments within the organization. The varying departments and divisions within an organization will inevitably view any given situation from their own biased and prejudiced perspective. A department and its members will acquire "tunnel vision" which disallows them to see things as others see them. The very structure of organizations can create conflict. The choice of whether the structure is "mechanistic" or "organic" can have a profound influence on conflict management. A mechanistic structure has a vertical hierarchy with many rules, many procedures, and many levels of management involved in decision making. Organic structures are more horizontal in nature, where decision making is less centralized and spread across the plane of the organization.
Possible Titles:
1. Understanding Departmental Culture and Conflict in Organizational Structures
2. The Impact of Organizational Structures on Conflict and Decision Making
3. How Mechanistic and Organic Structures Influence Departmental Perspectives
4. The Role of Tunnel Vision and Structure in Organizational Conflict
Main Idea #1:
Different departments within an organization develop their own biased perspectives, leading to conflicts.
Main Idea #2:
The structure of an organization, whether mechanistic or organic, significantly influences conflict management, with mechanistic structures having a rigid hierarchy and organic structures promoting decentralized decision making.
Summary:
Departments within organizations often develop biased perspectives, causing conflict due to differing views. The type of organizational structure, whether mechanistic with a rigid hierarchy or organic with decentralized decision making, affects how conflicts are managed.
Key Points:
1. Departments develop tunnel vision, leading to biased perspectives.
2. Organizational structures can influence how conflicts are managed.
3. Mechanistic structures have rigid hierarchies and centralized decision making.
4. Organic structures have decentralized, horizontal decision-making processes.
[고1] 2024년09월–30번:자전거전용도로확장으로교통을줄이는도시계획의이점
An excellent alternative to calming traffic is removing it. Some cities reserve an extensive network of lanes and streets for bikes, pedestrians, and the occasional service vehicle. This motivates people to travel by bike rather than by car, making streets safer for everyone. As bicycles become more popular in a city, planners can convert more automobile lanes and entire streets to accommodate more of them. Nevertheless, even the most bikeable cities still require motor vehicle lanes for taxis, emergency vehicles, and delivery trucks. Delivery vehicles are frequently a target of animus, but they are actually an essential component to making cities greener. A tightly packed delivery truck is a far more efficient transporter of goods than several hybrids carrying a few shopping bags each. Distributing food and other goods to neighborhood vendors allows them to operate smaller stores close to homes so that residents can walk, rather than drive, to get their groceries.
Possible Titles:
1. Transforming Streets: The Benefits of Reducing Traffic for Bikes and Pedestrians
2. How Reducing Car Traffic Can Create Safer, More Efficient Cities
3. Making Streets Safer: The Role of Bicycles and Delivery Vehicles in Urban Planning
4. The Balance Between Bikeable Cities and Essential Vehicle Lanes
Main Idea #1:
Removing car traffic and reserving streets for bikes and pedestrians makes cities safer and encourages biking.
Main Idea #2:
Despite reducing car traffic, cities still need lanes for essential vehicles like delivery trucks, which contribute to a greener environment by efficiently transporting goods and supporting neighborhood stores.
Summary:
Cities can promote biking and safety by converting streets for bikes and pedestrians. Although motor vehicle lanes are still necessary for taxis, emergency vehicles, and delivery trucks, these trucks help make cities greener by efficiently delivering goods and supporting local stores, reducing the need for individual car trips.
Key Points:
1. Removing car traffic encourages biking and makes streets safer.
2. Bikes can replace cars on some streets, but motor vehicles are still needed.
3. Delivery trucks are essential for efficient transportation of goods.
4. Local stores supported by deliveries reduce the need for residents to drive.
[고1] 2024년09월–31번:유명작곡가들의초기작품이받아들여지기어려웠던이유
You hear again and again that some of the greatest composers were misunderstood in their own day. Not everyone could understand the compositions of Beethoven, Brahms, or Stravinsky in their day. The reason for this initial lack of acceptance is unfamiliarity. The musical forms, or ideas expressed within them, were completely new. And yet, this is exactly one of the things that makes them so great. Effective composers have their own ideas. Have you ever seen the classic movie Amadeus? The composer Antonio Salieri is the "host" of this movie; he's depicted as one of the most famous Nongreat composers ― he lived at the time of Mozart and was completely overshadowed by him. Now, Salieri wasn't a bad composer; in fact, he was a very good one. But he wasn't one of the world's great composers because his work wasn't original. What he wrote sounded just like what everyone else was composing at the time.
Possible Titles:
1. The Role of Originality in Defining the World's Greatest Composers
2. How Familiarity and Originality Shape Musical Greatness
3. Why Some Composers Were Misunderstood in Their Time but Later Revered
4. The Difference Between Good and Great Composers: Originality as the Key Factor
Main Idea #1:
Great composers were often misunderstood in their time due to the unfamiliarity of their ideas.
Main Idea #2:
Originality is a defining characteristic of great composers, as demonstrated by figures like Beethoven and Mozart, whose work was initially misunderstood but ultimately recognized for its uniqueness, unlike more conventional composers like Salieri.
Summary:
Many great composers, such as Beethoven and Mozart, were initially misunderstood because their compositions introduced unfamiliar ideas. Unlike conventional composers like Salieri, they are celebrated for their originality, which sets them apart as true musical innovators.
Key Points:
1. Many great composers were misunderstood due to the novelty of their ideas.
2. Originality is essential for a composer to be considered great.
3. Salieri, while a good composer, lacked the originality that defined Mozart.
4. Great composers like Beethoven, Brahms, and Stravinsky introduced new musical forms.
[고1] 2024년09월–32번:새로운매체가인간의사고방식을변화시키는과정
Every time a new medium comes along─whether it's the invention of the printed book, or TV, or SNS─and you start to use it, it's like you are putting on a new kind of goggles, with their own special colors and lenses. Each set of goggles you put on makes you see things differently. So when you start to watch television, before you absorb the message of any particular TV show─whether it's Wheel of Fortune or The Wire─you start to see the world as being shaped like television itself. That's why Marshall McLuhan said that every time a new medium comes along─a new way for humans to communicate─it has buried in it a message. It is gently guiding us to see the world according to a new set of codes. The way information gets to you, McLuhan argued, is more important than the information itself. TV teaches you that the world is fast; that it's about surfaces and appearances.
Possible Titles:
1. How New Media Shapes Our Perception: The Impact of Communication Tools
2. Understanding Marshall McLuhan: The Medium as a Message in Modern Media
3. The Influence of Media on Worldview: How TV and SNS Change Perception
4. Seeing Through New Lenses: How Media Guides Our Understanding of the World
Main Idea #1:
New forms of media change the way we perceive the world, much like putting on a new set of goggles.
Main Idea #2:
Marshall McLuhan argued that the way information is delivered through a medium is more important than the content itself, as each medium subtly alters how we see the world and shapes our understanding according to its own codes.
Summary:
New forms of media, like TV or SNS, change how we perceive the world by altering the way we receive information. Marshall McLuhan believed that the medium itself carries a hidden message, guiding us to view the world in a particular way, often more influential than the content it delivers.
Key Points:
1. New media changes how we see the world, like wearing different goggles.
2. Marshall McLuhan believed that the medium is more important than the message.
3. TV, for example, teaches us to perceive the world as fast and appearance-driven.
4. Each medium guides us to view the world according to its own codes and structure.
[고1] 2024년09월–33번:개념의중요성과잘못된개념이과학적오류를초래할수있는위험성
Concepts are vital to human survival, but we must also be careful with them because concepts open the door to essentialism. They encourage us to see things that aren't present. Stuart Firestein opens his book, Ignorance, with an old proverb, "It is very difficult to find a black cat in a dark room, especially when there is no cat." This statement beautifully sums up the search for essences. History has many examples of scientists who searched fruitlessly for an essence because they used the wrong concept to guide their hypotheses. Firestein gives the example of luminiferous ether, a mysterious substance that was thought to fill the universe so that light would have a medium to move through. The ether was a black cat, writes Firestein, and physicists had been theorizing in a dark room, and then experimenting in it, looking for evidence of a cat that did not exist.
Possible Titles:
1. The Dangers of Essentialism in Scientific Inquiry: Lessons from History
2. How Concepts Can Mislead: The Search for Nonexistent Essences in Science
3. Stuart Firestein's Insights on Ignorance and the Pitfalls of Misguided Concepts
4. The Black Cat in the Dark Room: The Perils of Essentialism in Science
Main Idea #1:
Concepts are essential for human understanding, but they can lead to misguided searches for nonexistent essences.
Main Idea #2:
Stuart Firestein illustrates how essentialism can mislead scientific inquiry, using the historical example of physicists searching for the nonexistent ether, much like searching for a black cat in a dark room when no cat is present.
Summary:
Concepts are important but can lead to essentialism, where scientists search for nonexistent things, as illustrated by the historical search for luminiferous ether. Stuart Firestein likens this to looking for a black cat in a dark room when there is no cat.
Key Points:
1. Concepts can lead to misguided searches for essences that don’t exist.
2. Stuart Firestein uses the proverb of a black cat in a dark room to illustrate this.
3. Scientists once searched for the nonexistent luminiferous ether, misled by a false concept.
4. Essentialism can misguide scientific inquiry by focusing on nonexistent phenomena.
[고1] 2024년09월–34번:소셜미디어에서의'일반적유명인'과전통적유명인의차이
While social media attention is potentially an instrument to achieve ends like elite celebrity, some content creators desire ordinary fame as a social end in itself. Not unlike reality television stars, social media celebrities are often criticized for not having skills and talents associated with traditional, elite celebrity, such as acting or singing ability. This criticism highlights the fact that digital content creators face real barriers to crossing over to the sphere of elite celebrity. However, the criticism also misses the point that the phenomenon of ordinary celebrity reconstructs the meaning of fame. The elite celebrity is symbolized by the metaphor of the star, characterized by mystery and hierarchical distance and associated with naturalized qualities of talent and class. The ordinary celebrity attracts attention through regular and frequent interactions with other ordinary people. Achieving ordinary fame as a social media celebrity is like doing well at a game, because in this sphere, fame is nothing more nor less than relatively high scores on attention scales, the metrics of subscribers, followers, Likes, or clicks built into social media applications.
Possible Titles:
1. Redefining Fame: The Rise of Ordinary Celebrities in the Social Media Era
2. Ordinary Fame vs. Elite Celebrity: How Social Media Changes the Game of Fame
3. Social Media Celebrities: Challenging Traditional Notions of Talent and Stardom
4. The Metrics of Fame: How Social Media Transforms Celebrity into a Numbers Game
Main Idea #1:
Social media celebrities often seek fame for its own sake, rather than for elite recognition based on traditional talent.
Main Idea #2:
While social media celebrities face barriers to crossing into elite celebrity status, their fame reconstructs the meaning of celebrity, as it is driven by frequent interactions with ordinary people and measured by attention metrics like followers and Likes.
Summary:
Social media celebrities seek ordinary fame, which differs from traditional elite celebrity by focusing on frequent interactions with followers rather than naturalized talents. Fame in this realm is measured by attention metrics such as Likes and followers, shifting the meaning of celebrity.
Key Points:
1. Social media celebrities seek fame as an end in itself.
2. They are often criticized for lacking traditional talents like acting or singing.
3. Ordinary celebrity redefines fame, focusing on regular interaction with followers.
4. Fame in social media is measured by attention metrics like followers and Likes.
[고1] 2024년09월–35번:시험준비에서벼락치기가효과적이지않은이유
Why do we have the illusion that cramming for an exam is the best learning strategy? Because we are unable to differentiate between the various sections of our memory. Immediately after reading our textbook or our class notes, information is fully present in our mind. It sits in our conscious working memory, in an active form. We feel as if we know it, because it is present in our short-term storage space ... but this short-term section has nothing to do with the long-term memory that we will need in order to recall the same information a few days later. After a few seconds or minutes, working memory already starts disappearing, and after a few days, the effect becomes enormous: unless you retest your knowledge, memory vanishes. To get information into long-term memory, it is essential to study the material, then test yourself, rather than spend all your time studying.
Possible Titles:
1. The Illusion of Cramming: Why Short-Term Memory Doesn't Guarantee Long-Term Recall
2. Understanding the Difference Between Short-Term and Long-Term Memory in Learning
3. Why Cramming Fails: The Importance of Self-Testing for Long-Term Retention
4. How to Overcome the Pitfalls of Cramming: Strategies for Lasting Learning
Main Idea #1:
Cramming feels effective because information remains temporarily in our short-term memory, giving us the illusion of mastery.
Main Idea #2:
To transfer information into long-term memory, it is crucial to study material over time and retest yourself, as short-term memory fades quickly and is not sufficient for long-term recall.
Summary:
Cramming feels effective because it fills short-term memory, giving the illusion of learning. However, short-term memory fades quickly. To ensure long-term retention, it is important to study over time and test yourself regularly.
Key Points:
1. Cramming fills short-term memory, creating an illusion of knowing the material.
2. Short-term memory is not connected to long-term recall.
3. Memory fades quickly unless reinforced through self-testing.
4. Effective learning strategies involve both studying and self-testing for long-term retention.
[고1] 2024년09월–36번:거울뉴런이관찰학습에미치는영향
The discovery of mirror neurons has profoundly changed the way we think of a fundamental human capacity, learning by observation. As children we learn a lot by observing what our parents and friends do. Newborns, in the first week of life, have an inborn tendency to stick out their tongue if their parents stick out theirs. Such imitation is not perfect. You may not see the tongue stick out each time you stick yours out at your newborn, but if you do it many times, the tongue will come out more often than if you do something different. Babies babble and later start to imitate the sounds their parents produce. Later still, they play with vacuum cleaners and hammers in imitation of their parents. Our modern cultures, in which we write, speak, read, build spaceships and go to school, can work only because we are not restricted to the behavior we are born with or learn by trial and error. We can learn a lot by simply watching others.
Possible Titles:
1. How Mirror Neurons Revolutionize Our Understanding of Learning by Observation
2. The Role of Mirror Neurons in Human Development: Learning Through Imitation
3. From Babbling to Building: How Observational Learning Shapes Human Culture
4. The Science Behind Imitation: Mirror Neurons and the Power of Observational Learning
Main Idea #1:
Mirror neurons help explain how humans learn through observation, especially from infancy.
Main Idea #2:
Observational learning, driven by mirror neurons, allows humans to go beyond innate behaviors, enabling cultural practices such as language, tool use, and complex societal activities, which are fundamental to modern life.
Summary:
Mirror neurons reveal how humans, starting as infants, learn by observing and imitating others. This ability to learn through observation enables us to adopt complex cultural behaviors, like language and tool use, that go far beyond innate actions or trial-and-error learning.
Key Points:
1. Mirror neurons explain the ability to learn by observing others.
2. Infants begin imitating behaviors, such as sticking out their tongue, from a young age.
3. Observational learning allows humans to learn complex behaviors without trial and error.
4. This capacity is essential for cultural practices, such as language, tool use, and education.
[고1] 2024년09월–37번:자신의목소리를다르게인식하는이유
Have you ever been surprised to hear a recording of your own voice? You might have thought, "Is that really what my voice sounds like?" Maybe your accent is more pronounced in the recording than you realized, or your voice is higher than it seems to your own ears. This is of course quite a common experience. The explanation is actually fairly simple. There are two pathways through which we perceive our own voice when we speak. One is the route through which we perceive most external sounds, like waves that travel from the air through the outer, middle and inner ear. But because our vocal cords vibrate when we speak, there is a second internal path. Vibrations are conducted through our bones and stimulate our inner ears directly. Lower frequencies are emphasized along this pathway. That makes your voice sound deeper and richer to yourself than it may sound to other people.
Possible Titles:
1. Why Your Voice Sounds Different in Recordings: The Science Behind the Surprise
2. Hearing Your Own Voice: Understanding the Difference Between Internal and External Sound Perception
3. The Two Pathways of Hearing: Why Your Voice Sounds Deeper to Yourself
4. Bone Vibrations and Sound Waves: The Reason Your Voice Surprises You in Recordings
Main Idea #1:
Hearing your own recorded voice sounds different because of the two ways we perceive sound when we speak.
Main Idea #2:
While external sounds travel through the air to the ears, our voice also reaches us through vibrations conducted by our bones, which emphasize lower frequencies, making our voice sound deeper to ourselves than it does to others.
Summary:
When we speak, we hear our voice through two pathways: air conduction and bone conduction. The latter emphasizes lower frequencies, making our voice sound deeper to ourselves than it does to others, which explains why recordings of our voice often sound unfamiliar.
Key Points:
1. Hearing your recorded voice can be surprising due to differences in sound perception.
2. We perceive sound through both external air waves and internal bone conduction.
3. Bone conduction emphasizes lower frequencies, making your voice sound deeper to you.
4. This explains why your recorded voice often sounds higher or different than expected.
[고1] 2024년09월–38번:생물의유사성에서아날로그와호몰로그의차이
Biologists distinguish two kinds of similarity. "Analogous" traits are ones that have a common function but arose on different branches of the evolutionary tree and are in an important sense not "the same" organ. The wings of birds and the wings of bees are both used for flight and are similar in some ways because anything used for flight has to be built in those ways, but they arose independently in evolution and have nothing in common beyond their use in flight. "Homologous" traits, in contrast, may or may not have a common function, but they descended from a common ancestor and hence have some common structure that indicates their being "the same" organ. The wing of a bat and the front leg of a horse have very different functions, but they are all modifications of the forelimb of the ancestor of all mammals. As a result, they share nonfunctional traits like the number of bones and the ways they are connected. To distinguish analogy from homology, biologists usually look at the overall architecture of the organs and focus on their most useless properties.
Possible Titles:
1. Homology vs. Analogy: Understanding Biological Similarities in Evolution
2. The Difference Between Analogous and Homologous Traits in Evolutionary Biology
3. How Biologists Distinguish Between Traits: Homology and Analogy Explained
4. Wings and Limbs: Comparing Analogous and Homologous Traits in Evolution
Main Idea #1:
Analogous traits serve similar functions but evolved independently on different branches of the evolutionary tree.
Main Idea #2:
Homologous traits share a common ancestral origin, regardless of their current function, and biologists use nonfunctional similarities, such as bone structure, to identify them and differentiate them from analogous traits.
Summary:
Biologists distinguish between analogous traits, which perform similar functions but evolved independently, and homologous traits, which share a common ancestor despite having different functions. To identify homology, biologists focus on structural features that are not related to the organ’s current function.
Key Points:
1. Analogous traits have similar functions but evolved separately.
2. Homologous traits share a common ancestor despite differences in function.
3. Examples include bird and bee wings (analogous) and bat wings and horse legs (homologous).
4. Biologists look at nonfunctional properties, like bone structure, to differentiate traits.
[고1] 2024년09월–39번:기후변화로인한해양산소감소의위험성
Seawater contains an abundance of dissolved oxygen that all marine animals breathe to stay alive. It has long been established in physics that cold water holds more dissolved oxygen than warm water does ― this is one reason that cold polar seas are full of life while tropical oceans are blue, clear, and relatively poorly populated with living creatures. Thus, as global warming raises the temperature of marine waters, it is self-evident that the amount of dissolved oxygen will decrease. This is a worrisome and potentially disastrous consequence if allowed to continue to an ecosystem-threatening level. Now scientists have analyzed data indicating that the amount of dissolved oxygen in the oceans has been declining for more than a half century. The data show that the ocean oxygen level has been falling more rapidly than the corresponding rise in water temperature. Falling oxygen levels in water have the potential to impact the habitat of marine organisms worldwide and in recent years this has led to more frequent anoxic events that killed or displaced populations of fish, crabs, and many other organisms.
Possible Titles:
1. The Decline of Ocean Oxygen Levels: A Growing Threat to Marine Life
2. Global Warming and Ocean Oxygen Depletion: Understanding the Consequences
3. How Rising Temperatures Are Depleting Oxygen in Marine Ecosystems
4. The Impact of Falling Oxygen Levels on Marine Life: A Global Environmental Challenge
Main Idea #1:
Cold water holds more dissolved oxygen than warm water, which is why colder seas support more marine life.
Main Idea #2:
As global warming raises ocean temperatures, oxygen levels in the water are decreasing faster than expected, leading to habitat loss and more frequent anoxic events, which are harmful to marine organisms.
Summary:
Colder waters hold more oxygen, supporting more marine life, but global warming is reducing oxygen levels in the oceans. This decline is faster than temperature increases and is causing anoxic events that threaten marine ecosystems by killing or displacing species.
Key Points:
1. Cold water holds more dissolved oxygen than warm water.
2. Rising ocean temperatures due to global warming decrease oxygen levels.
3. Oxygen levels have been declining more rapidly than expected for over 50 years.
4. Declining oxygen levels are causing anoxic events, harming marine life.
[고1] 2024년09월–40번:원숭이실험에서불공정한대우에대한반응
Capuchins ― New World Monkeys that live in large social groups ― will, in captivity, trade with people all day long, especially if food is involved. I give you this rock and you give me a treat to eat. If you put two monkeys in cages next to each other, and offer them both slices of cucumber for the rocks they already have, they will happily eat the cucumbers. If, however, you give one monkey grapes instead ― grapes being universally preferred to cucumbers ― the monkey that is still receiving cucumbers will begin to throw them back at the experimenter. Even though she is still getting "paid" the same amount for her effort of sourcing rocks, and so her particular situation has not changed, the comparison to another makes the situation unfair. Furthermore, she is now willing to abandon all gains―the cucumbers themselves―to communicate her displeasure to the experimenter.
[요약문] According to the passage, if the Capuchin monkey realizes the inequality in rewards compared to another monkey, she will reject her rewards to express her feelings about the treatment, despite getting exactly the same rewards as before.
Possible Titles:
1. Capuchin Monkeys' Reaction to Perceived Inequality in Rewards
2. Social Comparison and Fairness Among Capuchin Monkeys in Captivity
3. Behavioral Response of Capuchins to Unfair Treatment in Reward Systems
4. The Impact of Inequity on Capuchin Monkeys' Trading Behavior
Main Idea #1:
Capuchin monkeys become dissatisfied when they perceive unequal treatment in rewards.
Main Idea #2:
Even when their own rewards do not change, Capuchin monkeys are willing to reject them if they notice another monkey receiving something better, indicating their sensitivity to fairness.
Summary:
Capuchin monkeys react negatively when they perceive an imbalance in rewards, rejecting their own reward if another monkey gets something better. This response occurs despite no changes to their own compensation, highlighting their sensitivity to fairness in social comparisons.
Key Points:
1. Capuchin monkeys happily trade for food in captivity.
2. They react strongly to unfair treatment when rewards are unequal.
3. Monkeys will reject rewards if they perceive another monkey getting better compensation.
4. Social comparison drives the monkeys' decision to express displeasure with unequal rewards.
[고1] 2024년09월–41~42번:고등교육의확산과그로인한평가시스템의모순
Higher education has grown from an elite to a mass system across the world. In Europe and the USA, increased rates of participation occurred in the decades after the Second World War. Between 2000 and 2014, rates of participation in higher education almost doubled from 19% to 34% across the world among the members of the population in the school-leaving age category (typically 18-23). The dramatic expansion of higher education has been marked by a wider range of institutions of higher learning and a more diverse demographic of students. Changes from an elite system to a mass higher education system are associated with political needs to build a specialized workforce for the economy. In theory, the expansion of higher education to develop a highly skilled workforce should diminish the role of examinations in the selection and control of students, initiating approaches to assessment which (c)block lifelong learning: assessment for learning and a focus on feedback for development. In reality, sociopolitical changes to expand higher education have set up a 'field of contradictions' for assessment in higher education. Mass higher education requires efficient approaches to assessment, such as examinations and multiple-choice quizzes, with minimalist, impersonal, or standardised feedback, often causing students to focus more on grades than feedback. In contrast, the relatively small numbers of students in elite systems in the past allowed for closer relationships between students and their teachers, with formative feedback shaping the minds, academic skills, and even the characters of students.
Possible Titles:
1. The Transition from Elite to Mass Higher Education Systems Worldwide
2. Challenges in Assessment Practices in Expanding Higher Education Systems
3. Contradictions in Student Assessment Amidst Higher Education Expansion
4. The Impact of Mass Higher Education on Student-Teacher Dynamics and Feedback
Main Idea #1:
Higher education has expanded globally from an elite to a mass system, with a larger and more diverse student body.
Main Idea #2:
Although the massification of higher education aims to develop a skilled workforce, it has created contradictions in assessment practices, prioritizing efficiency over meaningful feedback and focusing students on grades instead of learning.
Summary:
The shift from elite to mass higher education has expanded participation and diversity. However, this expansion has led to challenges in assessment, where the need for efficiency often compromises personalized feedback, causing students to prioritize grades over learning.
Key Points:
1. Higher education has transformed from an elite to a mass system globally.
2. This expansion is driven by the need for a specialized workforce.
3. Mass higher education has created contradictions in assessment practices.
4. Efficiency in assessments often limits meaningful feedback, affecting student focus.
Once upon a time in the Iranian city of Shiraz, there lived the famous poet Sheikh Saadi. Like most other poets and philosophers, he led a very simple life. A rich merchant of Shiraz was preparing for his daughter's wedding and invited him along with a lot of big businessmen of the town. The poet accepted the invitation and decided to attend. On the day of the wedding, the rich merchant, the host of the wedding, was receiving the guests at the gate. Many rich people of the town attended the wedding. They had come out in their best clothes. The poet wore simple clothes which were neither grand nor expensive. He waited for someone to approach him but no one gave him as much as even a second glance. Even the host did not greet him and looked away. Seeing all this, the poet quietly left the party and went to a shop where he could rent clothes. There he chose a richly decorated coat, which made him look like a new person. With this coat, he entered the party and this time was welcomed with open arms. The host embraced him as he would do to an old friend and complimented him on the clothes he was wearing. The poet did not say a word and allowed the host to lead him to the dining room. The host personally led the poet to his seat and served out chicken soup to him. After a moment, the poet suddenly dipped the corner of his coat in the soup as if he fed it. All the guests were now staring at him in surprise. The host said, "Sir, what are you doing?" The poet very calmly replied, "Now that I have put on expensive clothes, I see a world of difference here. All that I can say now is that this feast is meant for my clothes, not for me."
Possible Titles:
1. The Lesson of Appearance and Perception in Saadi's Story
2. Sheikh Saadi's Tale of How Clothes Influence Respect
3. The Power of External Appearance in Social Status and Treatment
4. Saadi's Clever Response to Being Judged by His Clothing at a Wedding
Main Idea #1:
Sheikh Saadi teaches a lesson about how people judge others based on their appearance rather than their true worth.
Main Idea #2:
Through his experience at the wedding, Saadi highlights the superficiality of society, where he is ignored in simple clothes but warmly welcomed when dressed in rich attire, prompting him to demonstrate that respect is given to clothes, not the person.
Summary:
Sheikh Saadi attends a wedding in simple clothes and is ignored, but when he returns in expensive attire, he is welcomed with honor. His action of feeding his coat illustrates how people often judge others based on appearance rather than character.
Key Points:
1. Sheikh Saadi was invited to a wedding but ignored due to his simple clothes.
2. When he wore expensive clothes, he was treated with respect.
3. Saadi's actions demonstrated society's superficial judgment based on appearance.
4. The poet cleverly showed that the respect given was for his clothes, not for him.
②I am writing to express my deep concern about the recent change made by Pittsburgh Train Station.
저는Pittsburgh Train Station에 의한 최근의 변경에 대해 저의 깊은 우려를 표하기 위해 글을 쓰고 있습니다.
③The station had traditional ticket offices with staff before, but these have been replaced with ticket vending machines.
이전에는 역에 직원이 있는 전통적인 매표소가 있었지만,이것들은 승차권 발매기로 대체되었습니다.
④However, individuals who are unfamiliar with these machines are now experiencing difficulty accessing the railway services.
그러나 이러한 기계에 익숙하지 않은 사람들은 현재 철도 서비스에 접근하는 데 어려움을 겪고 있습니다.
⑤Since these individuals heavily relied on the staff assistance to be able to travel, they are in great need of ticket offices with staff in the station.
이 사람들은 이동할 수 있기 위해 직원의 도움에 크게 의존했기 때문에,그들은 역 내에 직원이 있는 매표소를 매우 필요로 합니다.
⑥Therefore, I am urging you to consider reopening the ticket offices.
그러므로 저는 당신에게 매표소 재운영을 고려할 것을 촉구합니다.
⑦With the staff back in their positions, many people would regain access to the railway services.
직원이 그들의 자리로 돌아오면 많은 사람이 철도 서비스에 대한 접근을 다시 얻을 것입니다.
⑧I look forward to your prompt attention to this matter and a positive resolution.
저는 이 문제에 대한 당신의 신속한 관심과 긍정적인 해결을 기대합니다.
⑨Sincerely, Sarah Roberts
진심을 담아, Sarah Roberts
[고1] 2024년09월–19번:무대에서쓰러진Arthur를구조한Jeevan의이야기
①All the actors on the stage were focused on their acting.
무대 위의 모든 배우가 그들의 연기에 집중하고 있었다.
②Then, suddenly, Arthur fell into the corner of the stage.
그 때 갑자기Arthur가 무대의 한쪽 구석에 쓰러졌다.
③Jeevan immediately approached Arthur and found his heart wasn't beating.
Jeevan이 즉각Arthur에게 다가갔고 그의 심장이 뛰지 않는 것을 알아차렸다.
④Jeevan began CPR.
Jeevan은CPR을 시작했다.
⑤Jeevan worked silently, glancing sometimes at Arthur's face.
⑧Moments later, an older man in a grey suit appeared, swiftly kneeling beside Arthur's chest.
잠시 뒤,회색 정장 차림의 한 노인이 나타났고, Arthur의 가슴 옆에 재빠르게 무릎을 꿇었다.
⑨"I'm Walter Jacobi. I'm a doctor."
"저는Walter Jacobi입니다.저는 의사입니다."
⑩He announced with a calm voice.
그는 차분한 목소리로 전했다.
⑪Jeevan wiped the sweat off his forehead.
Jeevan은 그의 이마에서 땀을 닦아냈다.
⑫With combined efforts, Jeevan and Dr. Jacobi successfully revived Arthur.
협력하여, Jeevan과Dr. Jacobi는Arthur를 성공적으로 소생시켰다.
⑬Arthur's eyes slowly opened.
Arthur의 눈이 천천히 떠졌다.
⑭Finally, Jeevan was able to hear Arthur's breath again, thinking to himself, "Thank goodness. You're back."
마침내Jeevan은Arthur의 숨을 다시 들을 수 있었고, '다행이다.깨어났다.'라고 자신에게 되뇌었다.
[고1] 2024년09월–20번:부모의과도한자랑이자녀에게주는압박과부정적영향
①As the parent of a gifted child, you need to be aware of a certain common parent trap.
영재의 부모로서,당신은 어떤 흔한 부모의 덫을 주의할 필요가 있다.
②Of course you are a proud parent, and you should be.
물론,당신은 자랑스러워하는 부모이고,그리고 그래야 한다.
③While it is very easy to talk nonstop about your little genius and his or her remarkable behavior, this can be very stressful on your child.
당신의 작은 천재와 그 또는 그녀의 놀라운 행동에 대해서 쉬지 않고 말하는 것은 매우 쉬우나,이것은 당신의 아이에게 매우 스트레스가 될 수 있다.
④It is extremely important to limit your bragging behavior to your very close friends, or your parents.
당신의 자랑하는 행동을 당신의 아주 가까운 친구나,당신의 부모에게로 제한하는 것이 매우 중요하다.
⑤Gifted children feel pressured when their parents show them off too much.
영재는 그들의 부모가 지나치게 그들을 자랑할 때 부담을 느낀다.
⑥This behavior creates expectations that they may not be able to live up to, and also creates a false sense of self for your child.
이러한 행동은 그들이 부응할 수 없을지도 모르는 기대를 만들고,또한 당신의 자녀에게 있어 잘못된 자의식을 만든다.
⑦You want your child to be who they are, not who they seem to be as defined by their incredible achievements.
당신은 당신의 자녀가 그들의 엄청난 업적에 의해서 규정지어진 대로 보이는 누군가가 아니라 있는 그대로의 그들이기를 바란다.
⑧If not, you could end up with a driven perfectionist child or perhaps a dropout, or worse.
그렇지 않으면,당신은 결국 지나친 완벽주의자 아이 또는 아마도 학업 중단자이거나 그보다 더 안 좋은 것을 마주하게 될 것이다.
[고1] 2024년09월–21번:부정적상황에서자조그룹의긍정적에너지의중요성
①One valuable technique for getting out of helplessness, depression, and situations which are predominantly being run by the thought, "I can't," is to choose to be with other persons who have resolved the problem with which we struggle.
무력함,우울감,그리고'나는 할 수 없다'는 생각에 의해 현저히 지배당하는 상황에서 벗어나기 위한 한 가지 유용한 기술은 우리가 분투하고 있는 문제를 해결해 본 타인과 함께 있기로 선택하는 것이다.
②This is one of the great powers of self-help groups.
이것은 자조 집단의 큰 힘 중 하나이다.
③When we are in a negative state, we have given a lot of energy to negative thought forms, and the positive thought forms are weak.
우리가 부정적인 상태에 있을 때,우리는 부정적인 사고 형태에 많은 에너지를 투입해 왔고 긍정적인 사고 형태는 약하다.
④Those who are in a higher vibration are free of the energy from their negative thoughts and have energized positive thought forms.
더 높은 진동에 있는 사람들은 그들의 부정적인 사고에서 나오는 에너지가 없고,긍정적인 사고 형태를 활기 띠게 했다.
⑤Merely to be in their presence is beneficial.
단지 그들이 있는 자리에 있기만 하는 것도 유익하다.
⑥In some self-help groups, this is called "hanging out with the winners."
일부 자조 집단에서 이것은'승자들과 어울리기'라고 불린다.
⑦The benefit here is on the psychic level of consciousness, and there is a transfer of positive energy and relighting of one's own latent positive thought forms.
여기에서의 이점은 의식의 정신적 수준에 있으며,긍정적인 에너지의 전달과 자신의 잠재적인 긍정적인 사고 형태의 재점화가 있다.
[고1] 2024년09월–22번:인간의감정이생존에기여한진화적역할
①Our emotions are thought to exist because they have contributed to our survival as a species.
우리의 감정은 그것들이 종으로서 우리의 생존에 기여해 왔기 때문에 존재한다고 여겨진다.
②Fear has helped us avoid dangers, expressing anger helps us scare off threats, and expressing positive emotions helps us bond with others.
두려움은 우리가 위험을 피하는 데 도움을 주어 왔고,분노를 표현하는 것은 우리가 위협을 쫓아내도록 돕고,긍정적인 감정을 표현하는 것은 우리가 다른 사람과 유대하도록 돕는다.
③From an evolutionary perspective, an emotion is a kind of "program" that, when triggered, directs many of our activities (including attention, perception, memory, movement, expressions, etc.).
진화적 관점에서,감정은 유발될 때(주의,지각,기억,움직임,표현 등을 포함하는)우리의 많은 활동을 지시하는 일종의'프로그램'이다.
④For example, fear makes us very attentive, narrows our perceptual focus to threatening stimuli, will cause us either to face a situation (fight) or avoid it (flight), and may cause us to remember an experience more acutely (so that we avoid the threat in the future).
예를 들어,두려움은 우리를 매우 주의 깊게 만들고,우리의 지각의 초점을 위협적인 자극으로 좁히고,우리로 하여금 상황을 정면으로 대하거나(싸우거나)그것을 피하도록(도피하도록)하며,우리로 하여금 경험을 더 강렬하게 기억하도록(그래서 우리가 미래에 위협을 피하도록)할 수도 있다.
⑤Regardless of the specific ways in which they activate our systems, the specific emotions we possess are thought to exist because they have helped us (as a species) survive challenges within our environment long ago.
그것들이 우리의 시스템을 활성화하는 구체적인 방식과는 관계없이,우리가 소유한 특정한 감정은 그것들이 오래전에 우리의 환경 내에서 우리가(종으로서)힘든 상황에서 생존하도록 도움을 주어 왔기 때문에 존재한다고 여겨진다.
⑥If they had not helped us adapt and survive, they would not have evolved with us.
만약 그것들이 우리가 적응하고 생존하도록 도움을 주지 않았었더라면 그것들은 우리와 함께 진화해 오지 않았을 것이다.
[고1] 2024년09월–23번: AI기술이장애인을포함한노동시장에서의포용성증대
①By improving accessibility of the workplace for workers that are typically at a disadvantage in the labour market, AI can improve inclusiveness in the workplace.
노동 시장에서 일반적으로 불리한 위치에 있는 노동자를 위한 일터로의 접근성을 향상시킴으로써, AI는 일터에서 포괄성을 향상시킬 수 있다.
②AI-powered assistive devices to aid workers with visual, speech or hearing difficulties are becoming more widespread, improving the access to, and the quality of work for people with disabilities.
시각,발화 또는 청각 장애가 있는 노동자들을 돕기 위핸AI동력의 보조 장치들이 더 널리 보급되어,장애를 지닌 사람들의 업무 접근성과 업무의 질을 향상시키고 있다.
③For example, speech recognition solutions for people with dysarthric voices, or live captioning systems for deaf and hard of hearing people can facilitate communication with colleagues and access to jobs where interpersonal communication is necessary.
예를 들어,구음 장애가 있는 사람들을 위한 발화 인식 솔루션이나 청각 장애인과 난청인을 위한 실시간 자막 시스템은 동료와의 의사소통과 대인 의사소통이 필요한 일에 대한 접근을 용이하게 할 수 있다.
④AI can also enhance the capabilities of low-skilled workers, with potentially positive effects on their wages and career prospects.
AI는 또한 그들의 임금과 경력 전망에 잠재적으로 긍정적인 영향과 함께 저숙련 노동자들의 능력을 향상시킬 수 있다.
⑤For example, AI's capacity to translate written and spoken word in real-time can improve the performance of nonnative speakers in the workplace.
예를 들어,문자 언어와 음성 언어를 실시간으로 번역하는AI의 능력은 일터에서 비원어민의 수행을 향상시킬 수 있다.
⑥Moreover, recent developments in AI-powered text generators can instantly improve the performance of lower-skilled individuals in domains such as writing, coding or customer service.
게다가,최근의AI동력의 텍스트 생성기의 발전은 글쓰기,코딩,고객 서비스와 같은 영역에서 저숙련된 개인의 수행을 즉시 향상시킬 수 있다.
[고1] 2024년09월–24번:고래가기후변화완화에기여하는방식과그가치
①Whales are highly efficient at carbon storage.
고래는 탄소 저장에 매우 효율적이다.
②When they die, each whale sequesters an average of 30 tons of carbon dioxide, taking that carbon out of the atmosphere for centuries.
그들이 죽을 때,각각의 고래는 평균30톤의 이산화탄소를 격리하며,수 세기 동안 대기로부터 그 탄소를 빼내어 둔다.
③For comparison, the average tree absorbs only 48 pounds of CO₂a year.
비교하자면,평균적인 나무는 연간48파운드의 이산화탄소만을 흡수한다.
④From a climate perspective, each whale is the marine equivalent of thousands of trees.
기후의 관점에서 각각의 고래는 수천 그루의 나무에 상응하는 바다에 사는 것이다.
⑤Whales also help sequester carbon by fertilizing the ocean as they release nutrient-rich waste, in turn increasing phytoplankton populations, which also sequester carbon ― leading some scientists to call them the "engineers of marine ecosystems."
고래는 또한 영양이 풍부한 배설물을 내보내면서 바다를 비옥하게 함으로써 탄소를 격리하는 데 도움을 주는데,결과적으로 식물성 플랑크톤 개체를 증가시키고 이는 또한 탄소를 격리한다.그리하여 몇몇 과학자들은 그들을'해양 생태계의 기술자'라고 부르게 되었다.
⑥In 2019, economists from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimated the value of the ecosystem services provided by each whale at over $2 million USD.
2019년 국제 통화 기극(IMF)의 경제학자들은 각각의 고래에 의해서 제공되는 생태계 서비스의 가치를 미화200만 달러가 넘게 추정했다.
⑦They called for a new global program of economic incentives to return whale populations to preindustrial whaling levels as one example of a "nature-based solution" to climate change.
그들은 기후 변화에 대한'자연 기반 해결책'의 한 예로서 고래 개체수를 산업화 이전의 고래잡이 수준으로 되돌리기 위한 새로운 글로벌 경제적 인센티브 프로그램을 요구했다.
⑧Calls are now being made for a global whale restoration program, to slow down climate change.
기후 변화를 늦추기 위해 세계적인 고래 복원 프로그램에 대한 요구가 현재 제기되고 있다.
[고1] 2024년09월–25번: 2022년주요국가들의1인당CO₂배출량비교그래프
①The above graph shows per capita CO₂emissions from coal, oil, and gas by countries in 2022.
위 그래프는2022년의 국가별 석탄,석유,천연가스에서 나온1인당 이산화탄소 배출량을 보여 준다.
②The United States had the highest total per capita CO₂emissions, even though its emissions from coal were the second lowest among the five countries shown.
석탄에서 나온 배출량은 보여진 다섯 개의 국가 중 두 번째로 낮았음에도 불구하고,미국은 가장 높은1인당 이산화탄소 총배출량을 가졌다.
③South Korea's total per capita CO₂emissions were over 10 tons, ranking it the second highest among the countries shown.
한국의1인당 이산화탄소 총배출량은10톤이 넘고,보여진 국가 중 두 번째로 높은 순위를 차지했다.
④Germany had lower CO₂emissions per capita than South Korea in all three major sources respectively.
독일은 한국보다 각각의 모든 세 가지 주요한 원천에서 더 낮은1인당 이산화탄소 배출량을 가졌다.
⑤The per capita CO₂emissions from coal in South Africa were over three times higher than those in Germany.
남아프리카 공화국의 석탄으로부터의1인당 이산화탄소 배출량은 독일의 그것보다 세 배보다 더 높았다.
⑥In Brazil, oil was the largest source of CO₂emissions per capita among its three major sources, just as it was in the United States and Germany.
브라질에서 석유는 브라질의 세 가지 주요한 원천 중에서1인당 이산화탄소 배출량의 가장 큰 원천이었고,그것은 미국과 독일에서도 마찬가지였다.
[고1] 2024년09월–26번:프랑스의여성과학자Emilie du Chatelet의업적과영향
①Emilie du Chatelet, a French mathematician and physicist, was born in Paris in 1706.
프랑스 수학자이자 물리학자인Emilie du Chatelet는1706년에 파리에서 태어났다.
②During her childhood, with her father's support, she was able to get mathematical and scientific education that most women of her time did not receive.
어린 시절에 아버지의 도움으로 그녀는 당대 대부분의 여성들은 받지 못했던 수학과 과학 교육을 받을 수 있었다.
③In 1737, she submitted her paper on the nature of fire to a contest sponsored by the French Academy of Sciences, and it was published a year later.
1737년에 그녀는 불의 속성에 관한 논문을French Academy of Sciences에 의해 후원되는 대회에 제출했으며,그것은1년 후에 출간되었다.
④In her book, Institutions de Physique, Emilie du Chatelet explained the ideas of space and time in a way that is closer to what we understand in modern relativity than what was common during her time.
그녀의 책Institutions de Physique에서Emilie du Chatelet는 당대에 일반적이었던 것보다 현대의 상대성 이론에서 우리가 이해하는 것에 더 가까운 방식으로 공간과 시간의 개념을 설명했다.
⑤Her most significant achievement was translating Isaac Newton's Principia into French near the end of her life.
그녀의 가장 주요한 성과는 그녀의 말년 무렵 아이작 뉴턴의Principia를 프랑스어로 번역한 것이었다.
⑥Emilie du Chatelet's work was not recognized in her time, but she is now remembered as a symbol of the Enlightenment and the struggle for women's participation in science.
Emilie du Chatelet의 업적은 당대에 인정받지 못했지만,현재 그녀는 계몽주의와 여성의 과학 분야 참여를 위한 투쟁의 상징으로 기억된다.
[고1] 2024년09월–29번:조직내다양한부서들이갈등을일으키는구조적요인
①From an organizational viewpoint, one of the most fascinating examples of how any organization may contain many different types of culture is to recognize the functional operations of different departments within the organization.
조직의 관점에서,어떤 조직이 어떻게 많은 다른 문화 유형들을 포함할 수 있는지에 대한 가장 매력적인 예시 중 하나는 조직 내 다른 부서들의 기능적 운영을 인식하는 것이다.
②The varying departments and divisions within an organization will inevitably view any given situation from their own biased and prejudiced perspective.
조직 내 다양한 부서와 과는 필연적으로 어떤 주어진 상황이라도 그들 자신만의 편향적이고 편파적인 관점에서 볼 것이다.
③A department and its members will acquire "tunnel vision" which disallows them to see things as others see them.
한 부서와 그 구성원들은 그들을 다른 이들이 그것들을 보는 대로 볼 수 없게 하는'터널 시야 현상'을 갖게 될 것이다.
④The very structure of organizations can create conflict.
조직의 구조 자체가 갈등을 만들어낼 수 있다.
⑤The choice of whether the structure is "mechanistic" or "organic" can have a profound influence on conflict management.
구조가'기계적'인지 또는'유기적'인지의 선택은 갈등 관리에 깊은 영향을 미칠 수 있다.
⑥A mechanistic structure has a vertical hierarchy with many rules, many procedures, and many levels of management involved in decision making.
기계적 구조는 많은 규칙,많은 절차 그리고 의사결정에 포함된 많은 수준의 관리를 가진 수직적 위계를 갖는다.
⑦Organic structures are more horizontal in nature, where decision making is less centralized and spread across the plane of the organization.
유기적 구조는 본래 더 수평적이고,여기서는 의사결정이 덜 중앙 집중화되고,조직 전반에 걸쳐 펼처진다.
[고1] 2024년09월–30번:자전거전용도로확장으로교통을줄이는도시계획의이점
①An excellent alternative to calming traffic is removing it.
교통을 진정시키는 훌륭한 대안은 그것을 제거하는 것이다.
②Some cities reserve an extensive network of lanes and streets for bikes, pedestrians, and the occasional service vehicle.
몇몇 도시는 자전거,보행자,그리고 수시 서비스 차량을 위한 광범위한 망의 도로와 거리를 마련해 둔다.
③This motivates people to travel by bike rather than by car, making streets safer for everyone.
이것은 사람들이 자동차보다 자전거로 이동을 하도록 동기를 부여하여 거리를 모두에게 더 안전하게 만든다.
④As bicycles become more popular in a city, planners can convert more automobile lanes and entire streets to accommodate more of them.
자전거가 도시에서 더 대중적이 되면,계획자들은 더 많은 자동차 도로와 전체 거리를 더 많은 자전거를 수용할 수 있도록 전환할 수 있다.
⑤Nevertheless, even the most bikeable cities still require motor vehicle lanes for taxis, emergency vehicles, and delivery trucks.
그럼에도 불구하고,가장 자전거를 타기 좋은 도시들조차도 여전히 택시,긴급 차량,그리고 배달 트럭을 위한 자동차 도로를 필요로 한다.
⑥Delivery vehicles are frequently a target of animus, but they are actually an essential component to making cities greener.
배달 차량은 자주 반감의 대상이지만,그것들은 실제로 도시를 더 친환경적으로 만드는 필수 구성요소이다.
⑦A tightly packed delivery truck is a far more efficient transporter of goods than several hybrids carrying a few shopping bags each.
짐이 빽빽하게 들어찬 배달 트럭은 각각 몇 개의 쇼핑백을 실은 여러 하이브리드 차량보다 훨씬 더 효율적인 상품 운송 수단이다.
⑧Distributing food and other goods to neighborhood vendors allows them to operate smaller stores close to homes so that residents can walk, rather than drive, to get their groceries.
음식과 다른 상품을 동네 상인에게 배포하는 것은 그들이 집에 가까운 더 작은 상점을 운영할 수 있게 하고 그 결과 주민들은 식료품을 사기 위해 운전하기보다는 걸어갈 수 있다.
[고1] 2024년09월–31번:유명작곡가들의초기작품이받아들여지기어려웠던이유
①You hear again and again that some of the greatest composers were misunderstood in their own day.
여러분은 몇몇 가장 위대한 작곡가들이 그들의 시대에 진가를 인정받지 못했다고 몇 번이고 듣는다.
②Not everyone could understand the compositions of Beethoven, Brahms, or Stravinsky in their day.
그들의 시대에 베토벤,브람스,스트라빈스키의 곡들을 모든 사람이 이해할 수 있었던 것은 아니었다.
③The reason for this initial lack of acceptance is unfamiliarity.
이러한 초기의 수용 부족의 이유는 낯섦이다.
④The musical forms, or ideas expressed within them, were completely new.
음악적 형식,또는 그 안에 표현된 생각은 완전히 새로운 것이었다.
⑤And yet, this is exactly one of the things that makes them so great.
그럼에도 불구하고 이것이 바로 그들을 그토록 위대하게 만드는 것들 중 하나이다.
⑥Effective composers have their own ideas.
유능한 작곡가는 그들 자신만의 생각을 갖는다.
⑦Have you ever seen the classic movie Amadeus?
당신은 고전 영화Amadeus를 본 적이 있는가?
⑧The composer Antonio Salieri is the "host" of this movie; he's depicted as one of the most famous Nongreat composers ― he lived at the time of Mozart and was completely overshadowed by him.
작곡가Antonio Salieri가 이 영화의'주인공'이다.그는 가장 유명한 위대하지 않은 작곡가 중 한 명으로 묘사된다.그는 모차르트 시대에 살았고 그에 의해 완전히 가려졌다.
⑨Now, Salieri wasn't a bad composer; in fact, he was a very good one.
인제 보니Salieri는 형편없는 작곡가가 아니었다.사실,그는 매우 훌륭한 작곡가였다.
⑩But he wasn't one of the world's great composers because his work wasn't original.
하지만 그의 작품이 독창적이지 않았기 때문에 그는 세계의 위대한 작곡가들 중 한 명은 아니었다.
⑪What he wrote sounded just like what everyone else was composing at the time.
그가 쓴 곡은 마치 그 당시 모든 다른 사람들이 작곡했던 것처럼 들렸다.
[고1] 2024년09월–32번:새로운매체가인간의사고방식을변화시키는과정
①Every time a new medium comes along─whether it's the invention of the printed book, or TV, or SNS─and you start to use it, it's like you are putting on a new kind of goggles, with their own special colors and lenses.
인쇄된 책의 발명이든 텔레비전의 발명이든SNS의 발명이든,새로운 매체가 나타나 여러분이 그것을 쓰기 시작할 때마다 여러분은 고유의 색깔과 렌즈를 가진 새 고글을 쓰는 것과 같다.
②Each set of goggles you put on makes you see things differently.
여러분이 쓰는 각각의 고글은 세상을 다른 방식으로 바라보게 한다.
③So when you start to watch television, before you absorb the message of any particular TV show─whether it's Wheel of Fortune or The Wire─you start to see the world as being shaped like television itself.
그러므로 여러분이 텔레비전을 보기 시작하면,그것이Wheel of Fortune이든The Wire든,특정 텔레비전 프로그램의 메시지를 흡수하기 이전에 이미 세상을 텔레비전 그 자체처럼 형성된 것으로 바라보게 된다.
④That's why Marshall McLuhan said that every time a new medium comes along─a new way for humans to communicate─it has buried in it a message.
이러한 이유로Marshall McLuhan이 새로운 매체,즉,인간이 의사소통하는 새로운 방식이 나타날 때마다 그 안에 메시지가 담겨 있다고 말한 것이다.
⑤It is gently guiding us to see the world according to a new set of codes.
새로운 매체는 자연스럽게 우리가 새로운 일련의 방식에 따라 세상을 바라보게 한다.
⑥The way information gets to you, McLuhan argued, is more important than the information itself.
McLuhan은 정보가 여러분에게 도달하는 방식이 정보 자체보다 더 중요하다고 주장했다.
⑦TV teaches you that the world is fast; that it's about surfaces and appearances.
텔레비전은 우리에게 세상은 빠르고,중요한 것은 표면과 겉모습이라고 가르친다.
[고1] 2024년09월–33번:개념의중요성과잘못된개념이과학적오류를초래할수있는위험성
①Concepts are vital to human survival, but we must also be careful with them because concepts open the door to essentialism.
개념은 인간의 생존에 필수적이지만,개념이 본질주의로 향하는 문을 열기 때문에 우리는 또한 그것들을 주의해야 한다.
②They encourage us to see things that aren't present.
그것들은 존재하지 않는 것들을 보도록 우리를 부추긴다.
③Stuart Firestein opens his book, Ignorance, with an old proverb, "It is very difficult to find a black cat in a dark room, especially when there is no cat."
Stuart Firestein은"어두운 방에서 검은 고양이를 찾는 것은 특히 고양이가 없을 때 매우 어렵다."라는 옛 속담으로 그의 책Ignorance를 시작한다.
④This statement beautifully sums up the search for essences.
이 말은 본질에 대한 탐구를 훌륭하게 요약한다.
⑤History has many examples of scientists who searched fruitlessly for an essence because they used the wrong concept to guide their hypotheses.
역사는 가설을 이끄는 잘못된 개념을 사용했기 때문에 헛되이 본질을 탐색했던 과학자들의 많은 예를 가지고 있다.
⑥Firestein gives the example of luminiferous ether, a mysterious substance that was thought to fill the universe so that light would have a medium to move through.
Firestein은 빛이 통과할 수 있는 매개체를 갖도록 우주를 가득 채워줄 것이라 여겨진 신비한 물질인 발광 에테르의 예를 제시한다.
⑦The ether was a black cat, writes Firestein, and physicists had been theorizing in a dark room, and then experimenting in it, looking for evidence of a cat that did not exist.
Firestein이 쓰기를,에테르는 검은 고양이였고,물리학자들은 어두운 방에서 이론을 세우고,그러고 나서 존재하지 않았던 고양이라는 증거를 찾으며,그 안에서 실험을 하고 있었던 것이었다.
[고1] 2024년09월–34번:소셜미디어에서의'일반적유명인'과전통적유명인의차이
①While social media attention is potentially an instrument to achieve ends like elite celebrity, some content creators desire ordinary fame as a social end in itself.
소셜 미디어 관심은 잠재적으로 엘리트 명성과 같은 목적을 달성하기 위한 도구인 반면,일부 콘텐츠 제작자들은 사회적 목적 그 자체로서 평범한 명성을 원한다.
②Not unlike reality television stars, social media celebrities are often criticized for not having skills and talents associated with traditional, elite celebrity, such as acting or singing ability.
리얼리티 텔레비전 스타들과 다르지 않게,소셜 미디어 유명인들은 연기나 가창력과 같은 전통적인 엘리트 명성과 관련된 기술과 재능을 가지고 있지 않다는 이유로 종종 비판을 받는다.
③This criticism highlights the fact that digital content creators face real barriers to crossing over to the sphere of elite celebrity.
이러한 비판은 디지털 콘텐츠 제작자들이 엘리트 명성의 영역으로 넘어가는 데 있어 실질적인 장벽에 직면하고 있다는 사실을 강조한다.
④However, the criticism also misses the point that the phenomenon of ordinary celebrity reconstructs the meaning of fame.
그러나 이 비판은 또한 평범한 명성 현상이 명성의 의미를 재구성한다는 점을 놓친다.
⑤The elite celebrity is symbolized by the metaphor of the star, characterized by mystery and hierarchical distance and associated with naturalized qualities of talent and class.
엘리트 유명인은 스타라는 은유로 상징되고,신비로움과 계층적 거리로 특징지어지며,타고난 자질의 재능과 계층에 연관되어 있다.
⑥The ordinary celebrity attracts attention through regular and frequent interactions with other ordinary people.
평범한 유명인은 다른 평범한 사람들과의 정기적이고 빈번한 상호작용을 통해 관심을 끈다.
⑦Achieving ordinary fame as a social media celebrity is like doing well at a game, because in this sphere, fame is nothing more nor less than relatively high scores on attention scales, the metrics of subscribers, followers, Likes, or clicks built into social media applications.
소셜 미디어 유명인으로서 평범한 명성을 얻는 것은 게임에서 잘하는 것과 같은데,왜냐하면 이 영역에서 명성은 관심 척도,즉,소셜 미디어 애플리케이션에 내장된 구독자,팔로워,좋아요 또는 클릭의 측정 기준에서 상대적으로 높은 점수 그 이상도 그 이하도 아니기 때문이다.
[고1] 2024년09월–35번:시험준비에서벼락치기가효과적이지않은이유
①Why do we have the illusion that cramming for an exam is the best learning strategy?
왜 우리는 시험을 위해 벼락 공부를 하는 것이 최고의 학습 전략이라는 착각을 하는 것일까?
②Because we are unable to differentiate between the various sections of our memory.
우리가 우리의 기억의 다양한 구획을 구별할 수 없기 때문이다.
③Immediately after reading our textbook or our class notes, information is fully present in our mind.
우리의 교과서나 수업 노트를 읽은 직후에는 정보가 우리 머릿속에 완전히 존재한다.
④It sits in our conscious working memory, in an active form.
그것은 우리의 의식적인 작업 기억에 활동적인 형태로 자리한다.
⑤We feel as if we know it, because it is present in our short-term storage space ... but this short-term section has nothing to do with the long-term memory that we will need in order to recall the same information a few days later.
그것은 우리의 단기 저장 공간에 존재하기 때문에 우리는 마치 우리가 그것을 알고 있는 것처럼 느끼지만,이 단기 구획은 며칠 후 같은 정보를 기억하기 위해 우리가 필요로 할 장기 기억과는 아무런 관련이 없다.
⑥After a few seconds or minutes, working memory already starts disappearing, and after a few days, the effect becomes enormous: unless you retest your knowledge, memory vanishes.
몇 초 또는 몇 분 후,작업 기억은 이미 사라지기 시작하고,며칠 후 그 영향은 엄청나게 되어,여러분이 자신의 지식을 다시 테스트하지 않으면 기억은 사라진다.
⑦To get information into long-term memory, it is essential to study the material, then test yourself, rather than spend all your time studying.
정보를 장기 기억에 넣으려면,여러분의 모든 시간을 공부하는 데에 쓰기보다는 자료를 공부하고 나서 스스로를 테스트하는 것이 필수적이다.
[고1] 2024년09월–36번:거울뉴런이관찰학습에미치는영향
①The discovery of mirror neurons has profoundly changed the way we think of a fundamental human capacity, learning by observation.
거울 뉴런의 발견은 관찰에 의한 학습이라는 근본적인 인간의 능력에 대해 우리가 생각하는 방식을 완전히 바꾸어 놓았다.
②As children we learn a lot by observing what our parents and friends do.
어린이일 때 우리는 우리의 부모와 친구들이 하는 것을 관찰하면서 많이 배운다.
③Newborns, in the first week of life, have an inborn tendency to stick out their tongue if their parents stick out theirs.
갓난아기들은 생의 첫 주에 그들의 부모가 그들의 것(혀)을 내밀면 자신의 혀를 내미는 선천적인 성향을 갖고 있다.
④Such imitation is not perfect.
그러한 모방은 완벽하지 않다.
⑤You may not see the tongue stick out each time you stick yours out at your newborn, but if you do it many times, the tongue will come out more often than if you do something different.
당신은 당신의 갓난아기에게 당신의 것(혀)을 내밀 때마다(아기의)혀가 내밀어 나오는 것을 보지 못할 수도 있지만,만약 당신이 그것을 여러 번 한다면 당신이 다른 것을 할 때보다(아기의)혀가 더 자주 나올 것이다.
⑥Babies babble and later start to imitate the sounds their parents produce.
아기들은 옹알이하고 이후에 그들의 부모가 내는 소리를 모방하기 시작한다.
⑦Later still, they play with vacuum cleaners and hammers in imitation of their parents.
이후에도 여전히,그들은 부모들을 흉내 내어 진공청소기와 망치를 갖고 논다.
⑧Our modern cultures, in which we write, speak, read, build spaceships and go to school, can work only because we are not restricted to the behavior we are born with or learn by trial and error.
쓰고 말하고 읽고 우주선을 만들고 학교에 가는 우리의 현대 문화는 단지 우리가 가지고 태어나는 또는 시행착오를 통해 배우는 행동에 국한되지 않기 때문에 작동할 수 있다.
⑨We can learn a lot by simply watching others.
우리는 그저 다른 사람들을 관찰하는 것을 통해 많이 배울 수 있다.
[고1] 2024년09월–37번:자신의목소리를다르게인식하는이유
①Have you ever been surprised to hear a recording of your own voice?
당신은 당신의 음성 녹음을 듣고 놀랐던 적이 있는가?
②You might have thought, "Is that really what my voice sounds like?"
당신은'내 목소리가 정말 이렇게 들리는가?'라고 생각했을지도 모른다.
③Maybe your accent is more pronounced in the recording than you realized, or your voice is higher than it seems to your own ears.
어쩌면 녹음에서는 당신이 인식한 것보다 당신의 억양이 더 강조되거나,당신의 목소리가 당신의 귀에 들리는 것 같은 것보다 더 높다.
④This is of course quite a common experience.
이것은 당연히 꽤 흔한 경험이다.
⑤The explanation is actually fairly simple.
이 설명은 사실 꽤 간단하다.
⑥There are two pathways through which we perceive our own voice when we speak.
우리가 말할 때 우리 자신의 목소리를 인지하는 데는 두 가지 경로가 있다.
⑦One is the route through which we perceive most external sounds, like waves that travel from the air through the outer, middle and inner ear.
하나는 외이,중이,내이를 통하는 공기로부터 이동하는 파동처럼 우리가 대부분의 외부의 소리를 인지하는 경로이다.
⑧But because our vocal cords vibrate when we speak, there is a second internal path.
그러나 우리가 말할 때 우리의 성대가 진동하기 때문에 두 번째 내부의 경로가 있다.
⑨Vibrations are conducted through our bones and stimulate our inner ears directly.
진동은 뼈를 통해 전해지고,우리의 내이를 직접 자극한다.
⑩Lower frequencies are emphasized along this pathway.
낮은 주파수는 이 경로를 따라 두드러진다.
⑪That makes your voice sound deeper and richer to yourself than it may sound to other people.
그것은 당신의 목소리가 다른 사람에게 들릴 수 있는 것보다 당신 자신에게 더 깊고 풍부하게 들리게 한다.
[고1] 2024년09월–38번:생물의유사성에서아날로그와호몰로그의차이
①Biologists distinguish two kinds of similarity.
생물학자들은 두 종류의 유사성을 구별한다.
②"Analogous" traits are ones that have a common function but arose on different branches of the evolutionary tree and are in an important sense not "the same" organ.
'상사'형질은 공통된 기능을 가지는 것들이지만,진화 계보의 다른 가지에서 생겨났고 중요한 면에서'동일한'기관이 아닌 형질이다.
③The wings of birds and the wings of bees are both used for flight and are similar in some ways because anything used for flight has to be built in those ways, but they arose independently in evolution and have nothing in common beyond their use in flight.
새의 날개들과 벌의 날개들은 둘 다 비행에 쓰이고 비행에 쓰이는 것은 어떤 것이든 그러한 방식으로 만들어져야 하기 때문에 일부 방식에서 유사하지만,그것들은 진화상에 별개로 생겨났고,비행에서 그것들의 쓰임 외에는 공통점이 없다.
④"Homologous" traits, in contrast, may or may not have a common function, but they descended from a common ancestor and hence have some common structure that indicates their being "the same" organ.
대조적으로, '상동'형질은 공통된 기능이 있을 수도 없을 수도 있으나 그것들은 공통의 조상으로부터 내려왔으므로 그들이'동일한'기관임을 보여주는 어떠한 공통된 구조를 가진다.
⑤The wing of a bat and the front leg of a horse have very different functions, but they are all modifications of the forelimb of the ancestor of all mammals.
박쥐의 날개와 말의 앞다리는 매우 다른 기능들을 가지나,그것들은 모든 포유류의 조상의 앞다리가 모두 변형된 것들이다.
⑥As a result, they share nonfunctional traits like the number of bones and the ways they are connected.
그 결과,그들은 뼈의 개수와 그것들이 연결된 방식과 같은 비기능적 형질을 공유한다.
⑦To distinguish analogy from homology, biologists usually look at the overall architecture of the organs and focus on their most useless properties.
상사성과 상동성을 구별하기 위해,생물학자들은 주로 그 기관의 전체적인 구성을 살펴보고 그들의 가장 쓰임이 없는 특성에 집중한다.
[고1] 2024년09월–39번:기후변화로인한해양산소감소의위험성
①Seawater contains an abundance of dissolved oxygen that all marine animals breathe to stay alive.
해수는 모든 해양 동물이 살아있기 위해 호흡하는 다량의 용존 산소를 포함한다.
②It has long been established in physics that cold water holds more dissolved oxygen than warm water does ― this is one reason that cold polar seas are full of life while tropical oceans are blue, clear, and relatively poorly populated with living creatures.
따뜻한 물이 보유하고 있는 것보다 차가운 물이 더 많은 용존 산소를 보유하고 있다는 사실은 물리학에서 오랫동안 확립되어 왔으며,이는 열대 해양은 푸르고 맑고 생물이 상대적으로 적게 서식하는 반면 차가운 극지의 바다는 생명으로 가득한 하나의 이유이다.
③Thus, as global warming raises the temperature of marine waters, it is self-evident that the amount of dissolved oxygen will decrease.
따라서 지구 온난화가 해양 수온을 높임에 따라 용존 산소의 양이 감소할 것은 자명하다.
④This is a worrisome and potentially disastrous consequence if allowed to continue to an ecosystem-threatening level.
만약 생태계를 위협하는 수준까지 계속되도록 허용된다면 이는 걱정스럽고 잠재적으로 파괴적인 결과다.
⑤Now scientists have analyzed data indicating that the amount of dissolved oxygen in the oceans has been declining for more than a half century.
현재 과학자들은 해양에서 용존 산소의 양이 반세기가 넘는 기간 동안 감소해 왔다는 것을 보여 주는 데이터를 분석해 왔다.
⑥The data show that the ocean oxygen level has been falling more rapidly than the corresponding rise in water temperature.
이 데이터는 해양 산소 농도가 상응하는 수온 상승보다 더 빠르게 감소해 오고 있음을 보여 준다.
⑦Falling oxygen levels in water have the potential to impact the habitat of marine organisms worldwide and in recent years this has led to more frequent anoxic events that killed or displaced populations of fish, crabs, and many other organisms.
감소하는 수중 산소 농도는 세계적으로 해양 생물의 서식지에 영향을 끼칠 가능성을 갖고 있으며 최근에 이것은 물고기,게,그리고 많은 다른 생물의 개체군을 죽이거나 쫓아낸 더 빈번한 산소 결핍 사건을 초래해 왔다.
[고1] 2024년09월–40번:원숭이실험에서불공정한대우에대한반응
①Capuchins ― New World Monkeys that live in large social groups ― will, in captivity, trade with people all day long, especially if food is involved.
대규모의 사회 집단으로 서식하는New World Monkey인Capuchin은 갇힌 상태에서 온종일 사람들과 거래를 할 것인데 특히 먹이가 연관된다면 그러할 것이다.
②I give you this rock and you give me a treat to eat.
'내가 너에게 이 돌을 주고 너는 나에게 먹을 간식을 준다.'
③If you put two monkeys in cages next to each other, and offer them both slices of cucumber for the rocks they already have, they will happily eat the cucumbers.
만약 당신이 두 마리의 원숭이들을 나란히 있는 우리에 넣고 그들이 이미 가지고 있는 돌의 대가로 오이 조각을 둘 모두에게 주었을 때 그들은 그 오이를 기쁘게 먹을 것이다.
④If, however, you give one monkey grapes instead ― grapes being universally preferred to cucumbers ― the monkey that is still receiving cucumbers will begin to throw them back at the experimenter.
하지만 만약 당신이 한 원숭이에게는 포도를 대신 준다면,일반적으로 포도는 오이보다 더 선호되는데,여전히 오이를 받은 원숭이는 그것들을 실험자에게 던지기 시작할 것이다.
⑤Even though she is still getting "paid" the same amount for her effort of sourcing rocks, and so her particular situation has not changed, the comparison to another makes the situation unfair.
비록 그녀가 돌을 모은 그녀의 수고에 대한 대가로 같은 양을 여전히'받고',그래서 그녀의 특정한 상황이 변화가 없더라도,다른 원숭이와의 비교는 그 상황을 부당하게 만든다.
⑥Furthermore, she is now willing to abandon all gains ― the cucumbers themselves ― to communicate her displeasure to the experimenter.
게다가,그녀는 실험자에게 그녀의 불쾌함을 전달하기 위해 모든 얻은 것들,즉,오이 자체를 이제 기꺼이 포기한다.
⑦[요약문] According to the passage, if the Capuchin monkey realizes the inequality in rewards compared to another monkey, she will reject her rewards to express her feelings about the treatment, despite getting exactly the same rewards as before.
[요약문]이 글에 따르면,만약Capuchin원숭이가 다른 원숭이와 비교하여 보상에서의 불평등을 알아차린다면,그녀는 이전과 정확히 똑같은 보상을 받더라도 대우에 대한 그녀의 감정을 표현하기 위해 그녀의 보상을 거부할 것이다.
[고1] 2024년09월–41~42번:고등교육의확산과그로인한평가시스템의모순
①Higher education has grown from an elite to a mass system across the world.
고등 교육은 전 세계에 걸쳐 엘리트에서 대중 체제로 성장해 왔다.
②In Europe and the USA, increased rates of participation occurred in the decades after the Second World War.
유럽과 미국에서는2차 세계 대전 이후 수십 년 동안 증가된 참여율이 나타났다.
③Between 2000 and 2014, rates of participation in higher education almost doubled from 19% to 34% across the world among the members of the population in the school-leaving age category (typically 18-23).
2000년과2014년 사이에 졸업 연령 범주 내 집단 구성원 사이에서의 고등 교육 참여율은 전 세계에 걸쳐19%에서34%로 거의 두 배가 되었다.
④The dramatic expansion of higher education has been marked by a wider range of institutions of higher learning and a more diverse demographic of students.
고등 교육의 극적인 확대는 더 광범위한 고등 학습 기관과 더 다양한 학생 인구 집단으로 특징지어져 왔다.
⑤Changes from an elite system to a mass higher education system are associated with political needs to build a specialized workforce for the economy.
엘리트 체제에서 대중 고등 교육 체제로의 변화는 경제를 위한 전문화된 노동력을 구축하려는 정치적 필요성과 관련이 있다.
⑥In theory, the expansion of higher education to develop a highly skilled workforce should diminish the role of examinations in the selection and control of students, initiating approaches to assessment which (c)block lifelong learning: assessment for learning and a focus on feedback for development.
이론적으로,고도로 숙련된 노동력을 개발하기 위한 고등 교육의 확대는 평생학습을 가능하게 하는 평가로의 접근 방법,즉,학습을'위한'평가와 발달을 위한 피드백에 집중을 시작하면서,학생의 선발과 통제에 있어 시험의 역할을 감소시킬 것이다.
⑦In reality, sociopolitical changes to expand higher education have set up a 'field of contradictions' for assessment in higher education.
실제로는 고등 교육을 확대하기 위한 사회 정치적 변화는 고등 교육에서의 평가에 있어'모순의 장'을 조성해 왔다.
⑧Mass higher education requires efficient approaches to assessment, such as examinations and multiple-choice quizzes, with minimalist, impersonal, or standardised feedback, often causing students to focus more on grades than feedback.
대중 고등 교육은 최소한이거나 비개인적이거나 표준화된 피드백을 갖춘,시험과 선다형 퀴즈와 같은,평가로의 효율적인 접근 방법을 필요로 하며,이는 종종 학생이 피드백보다 성적에 더 집중하게 만든다.
⑨In contrast, the relatively small numbers of students in elite systems in the past allowed for closer relationships between students and their teachers, with formative feedback shaping the minds, academic skills, and even the characters of students.
대조적으로,과거에 엘리트 체제의 상대적으로 적은 학생의 수는 형성적 피드백이 학생의 마음,학업 기술,그리고 심지어 학생의 성격을 형성하면서,학생과 그들의 선생님 사이의 더 긴밀한 관계를 허용했다.
②I am writing to express my deep concern about the recent change made by Pittsburgh Train Station.
②저는Pittsburgh Train Station에 의한 최근의 변경에 대해 저의 깊은 우려를 표하기 위해 글을 쓰고 있습니다.
③The station had traditional ticket offices with staff before, but these have been replaced with ticket vending machines.
③이전에는 역에 직원이 있는 전통적인 매표소가 있었지만,이것들은 승차권 발매기로 대체되었습니다.
④However, individuals who are unfamiliar with these machines are now experiencing difficulty accessing the railway services.
④그러나 이러한 기계에 익숙하지 않은 사람들은 현재 철도 서비스에 접근하는 데 어려움을 겪고 있습니다.
⑤Since these individuals heavily relied on the staff assistance to be able to travel, they are in great need of ticket offices with staff in the station.
⑤이 사람들은 이동할 수 있기 위해 직원의 도움에 크게 의존했기 때문에,그들은 역 내에 직원이 있는 매표소를 매우 필요로 합니다.
⑥Therefore, I am urging you to consider reopening the ticket offices.
⑥그러므로 저는 당신에게 매표소 재운영을 고려할 것을 촉구합니다.
⑦With the staff back in their positions, many people would regain access to the railway services.
⑦직원이 그들의 자리로 돌아오면 많은 사람이 철도 서비스에 대한 접근을 다시 얻을 것입니다.
⑧I look forward to your prompt attention to this matter and a positive resolution.
⑧저는 이 문제에 대한 당신의 신속한 관심과 긍정적인 해결을 기대합니다.
⑨Sincerely, Sarah Roberts
⑨진심을 담아, Sarah Roberts
[고1] 2024년09월–19번:무대에서쓰러진Arthur를구조한Jeevan의이야기
①All the actors on the stage were focused on their acting.
①무대 위의 모든 배우가 그들의 연기에 집중하고 있었다.
②Then, suddenly, Arthur fell into the corner of the stage.
②그 때 갑자기Arthur가 무대의 한쪽 구석에 쓰러졌다.
③Jeevan immediately approached Arthur and found his heart wasn't beating.
③Jeevan이 즉각Arthur에게 다가갔고 그의 심장이 뛰지 않는 것을 알아차렸다.
④Jeevan began CPR.
④Jeevan은CPR을 시작했다.
⑤Jeevan worked silently, glancing sometimes at Arthur's face.
⑧Moments later, an older man in a grey suit appeared, swiftly kneeling beside Arthur's chest.
⑧잠시 뒤,회색 정장 차림의 한 노인이 나타났고, Arthur의 가슴 옆에 재빠르게 무릎을 꿇었다.
⑨"I'm Walter Jacobi. I'm a doctor."
⑨"저는Walter Jacobi입니다.저는 의사입니다."
⑩He announced with a calm voice.
⑩그는 차분한 목소리로 전했다.
⑪Jeevan wiped the sweat off his forehead.
⑪Jeevan은 그의 이마에서 땀을 닦아냈다.
⑫With combined efforts, Jeevan and Dr. Jacobi successfully revived Arthur.
⑫협력하여, Jeevan과Dr. Jacobi는Arthur를 성공적으로 소생시켰다.
⑬Arthur's eyes slowly opened.
⑬Arthur의 눈이 천천히 떠졌다.
⑭Finally, Jeevan was able to hear Arthur's breath again, thinking to himself, "Thank goodness. You're back."
⑭마침내Jeevan은Arthur의 숨을 다시 들을 수 있었고, '다행이다.깨어났다.'라고 자신에게 되뇌었다.
[고1] 2024년09월–20번:부모의과도한자랑이자녀에게주는압박과부정적영향
①As the parent of a gifted child, you need to be aware of a certain common parent trap.
①영재의 부모로서,당신은 어떤 흔한 부모의 덫을 주의할 필요가 있다.
②Of course you are a proud parent, and you should be.
②물론,당신은 자랑스러워하는 부모이고,그리고 그래야 한다.
③While it is very easy to talk nonstop about your little genius and his or her remarkable behavior, this can be very stressful on your child.
③당신의 작은 천재와 그 또는 그녀의 놀라운 행동에 대해서 쉬지 않고 말하는 것은 매우 쉬우나,이것은 당신의 아이에게 매우 스트레스가 될 수 있다.
④It is extremely important to limit your bragging behavior to your very close friends, or your parents.
④당신의 자랑하는 행동을 당신의 아주 가까운 친구나,당신의 부모에게로 제한하는 것이 매우 중요하다.
⑤Gifted children feel pressured when their parents show them off too much.
⑤영재는 그들의 부모가 지나치게 그들을 자랑할 때 부담을 느낀다.
⑥This behavior creates expectations that they may not be able to live up to, and also creates a false sense of self for your child.
⑥이러한 행동은 그들이 부응할 수 없을지도 모르는 기대를 만들고,또한 당신의 자녀에게 있어 잘못된 자의식을 만든다.
⑦You want your child to be who they are, not who they seem to be as defined by their incredible achievements.
⑦당신은 당신의 자녀가 그들의 엄청난 업적에 의해서 규정지어진 대로 보이는 누군가가 아니라 있는 그대로의 그들이기를 바란다.
⑧If not, you could end up with a driven perfectionist child or perhaps a dropout, or worse.
⑧그렇지 않으면,당신은 결국 지나친 완벽주의자 아이 또는 아마도 학업 중단자이거나 그보다 더 안 좋은 것을 마주하게 될 것이다.
[고1] 2024년09월–21번:부정적상황에서자조그룹의긍정적에너지의중요성
①One valuable technique for getting out of helplessness, depression, and situations which are predominantly being run by the thought, "I can't," is to choose to be with other persons who have resolved the problem with which we struggle.
①무력함,우울감,그리고'나는 할 수 없다'는 생각에 의해 현저히 지배당하는 상황에서 벗어나기 위한 한 가지 유용한 기술은 우리가 분투하고 있는 문제를 해결해 본 타인과 함께 있기로 선택하는 것이다.
②This is one of the great powers of self-help groups.
②이것은 자조 집단의 큰 힘 중 하나이다.
③When we are in a negative state, we have given a lot of energy to negative thought forms, and the positive thought forms are weak.
③우리가 부정적인 상태에 있을 때,우리는 부정적인 사고 형태에 많은 에너지를 투입해 왔고 긍정적인 사고 형태는 약하다.
④Those who are in a higher vibration are free of the energy from their negative thoughts and have energized positive thought forms.
④더 높은 진동에 있는 사람들은 그들의 부정적인 사고에서 나오는 에너지가 없고,긍정적인 사고 형태를 활기 띠게 했다.
⑤Merely to be in their presence is beneficial.
⑤단지 그들이 있는 자리에 있기만 하는 것도 유익하다.
⑥In some self-help groups, this is called "hanging out with the winners."
⑥일부 자조 집단에서 이것은'승자들과 어울리기'라고 불린다.
⑦The benefit here is on the psychic level of consciousness, and there is a transfer of positive energy and relighting of one's own latent positive thought forms.
⑦여기에서의 이점은 의식의 정신적 수준에 있으며,긍정적인 에너지의 전달과 자신의 잠재적인 긍정적인 사고 형태의 재점화가 있다.
[고1] 2024년09월–22번:인간의감정이생존에기여한진화적역할
①Our emotions are thought to exist because they have contributed to our survival as a species.
①우리의 감정은 그것들이 종으로서 우리의 생존에 기여해 왔기 때문에 존재한다고 여겨진다.
②Fear has helped us avoid dangers, expressing anger helps us scare off threats, and expressing positive emotions helps us bond with others.
②두려움은 우리가 위험을 피하는 데 도움을 주어 왔고,분노를 표현하는 것은 우리가 위협을 쫓아내도록 돕고,긍정적인 감정을 표현하는 것은 우리가 다른 사람과 유대하도록 돕는다.
③From an evolutionary perspective, an emotion is a kind of "program" that, when triggered, directs many of our activities (including attention, perception, memory, movement, expressions, etc.).
③진화적 관점에서,감정은 유발될 때(주의,지각,기억,움직임,표현 등을 포함하는)우리의 많은 활동을 지시하는 일종의'프로그램'이다.
④For example, fear makes us very attentive, narrows our perceptual focus to threatening stimuli, will cause us either to face a situation (fight) or avoid it (flight), and may cause us to remember an experience more acutely (so that we avoid the threat in the future).
④예를 들어,두려움은 우리를 매우 주의 깊게 만들고,우리의 지각의 초점을 위협적인 자극으로 좁히고,우리로 하여금 상황을 정면으로 대하거나(싸우거나)그것을 피하도록(도피하도록)하며,우리로 하여금 경험을 더 강렬하게 기억하도록(그래서 우리가 미래에 위협을 피하도록)할 수도 있다.
⑤Regardless of the specific ways in which they activate our systems, the specific emotions we possess are thought to exist because they have helped us (as a species) survive challenges within our environment long ago.
⑤그것들이 우리의 시스템을 활성화하는 구체적인 방식과는 관계없이,우리가 소유한 특정한 감정은 그것들이 오래전에 우리의 환경 내에서 우리가(종으로서)힘든 상황에서 생존하도록 도움을 주어 왔기 때문에 존재한다고 여겨진다.
⑥If they had not helped us adapt and survive, they would not have evolved with us.
⑥만약 그것들이 우리가 적응하고 생존하도록 도움을 주지 않았었더라면 그것들은 우리와 함께 진화해 오지 않았을 것이다.
[고1] 2024년09월–23번: AI기술이장애인을포함한노동시장에서의포용성증대
①By improving accessibility of the workplace for workers that are typically at a disadvantage in the labour market, AI can improve inclusiveness in the workplace.
①노동 시장에서 일반적으로 불리한 위치에 있는 노동자를 위한 일터로의 접근성을 향상시킴으로써, AI는 일터에서 포괄성을 향상시킬 수 있다.
②AI-powered assistive devices to aid workers with visual, speech or hearing difficulties are becoming more widespread, improving the access to, and the quality of work for people with disabilities.
②시각,발화 또는 청각 장애가 있는 노동자들을 돕기 위핸AI동력의 보조 장치들이 더 널리 보급되어,장애를 지닌 사람들의 업무 접근성과 업무의 질을 향상시키고 있다.
③For example, speech recognition solutions for people with dysarthric voices, or live captioning systems for deaf and hard of hearing people can facilitate communication with colleagues and access to jobs where interpersonal communication is necessary.
③예를 들어,구음 장애가 있는 사람들을 위한 발화 인식 솔루션이나 청각 장애인과 난청인을 위한 실시간 자막 시스템은 동료와의 의사소통과 대인 의사소통이 필요한 일에 대한 접근을 용이하게 할 수 있다.
④AI can also enhance the capabilities of low-skilled workers, with potentially positive effects on their wages and career prospects.
④AI는 또한 그들의 임금과 경력 전망에 잠재적으로 긍정적인 영향과 함께 저숙련 노동자들의 능력을 향상시킬 수 있다.
⑤For example, AI's capacity to translate written and spoken word in real-time can improve the performance of nonnative speakers in the workplace.
⑤예를 들어,문자 언어와 음성 언어를 실시간으로 번역하는AI의 능력은 일터에서 비원어민의 수행을 향상시킬 수 있다.
⑥Moreover, recent developments in AI-powered text generators can instantly improve the performance of lower-skilled individuals in domains such as writing, coding or customer service.
⑥게다가,최근의AI동력의 텍스트 생성기의 발전은 글쓰기,코딩,고객 서비스와 같은 영역에서 저숙련된 개인의 수행을 즉시 향상시킬 수 있다.
[고1] 2024년09월–24번:고래가기후변화완화에기여하는방식과그가치
①Whales are highly efficient at carbon storage.
①고래는 탄소 저장에 매우 효율적이다.
②When they die, each whale sequesters an average of 30 tons of carbon dioxide, taking that carbon out of the atmosphere for centuries.
②그들이 죽을 때,각각의 고래는 평균30톤의 이산화탄소를 격리하며,수 세기 동안 대기로부터 그 탄소를 빼내어 둔다.
③For comparison, the average tree absorbs only 48 pounds of CO₂a year.
③비교하자면,평균적인 나무는 연간48파운드의 이산화탄소만을 흡수한다.
④From a climate perspective, each whale is the marine equivalent of thousands of trees.
④기후의 관점에서 각각의 고래는 수천 그루의 나무에 상응하는 바다에 사는 것이다.
⑤Whales also help sequester carbon by fertilizing the ocean as they release nutrient-rich waste, in turn increasing phytoplankton populations, which also sequester carbon ― leading some scientists to call them the "engineers of marine ecosystems."
⑤고래는 또한 영양이 풍부한 배설물을 내보내면서 바다를 비옥하게 함으로써 탄소를 격리하는 데 도움을 주는데,결과적으로 식물성 플랑크톤 개체를 증가시키고 이는 또한 탄소를 격리한다.그리하여 몇몇 과학자들은 그들을'해양 생태계의 기술자'라고 부르게 되었다.
⑥In 2019, economists from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimated the value of the ecosystem services provided by each whale at over $2 million USD.
⑥2019년 국제 통화 기극(IMF)의 경제학자들은 각각의 고래에 의해서 제공되는 생태계 서비스의 가치를 미화200만 달러가 넘게 추정했다.
⑦They called for a new global program of economic incentives to return whale populations to preindustrial whaling levels as one example of a "nature-based solution" to climate change.
⑦그들은 기후 변화에 대한'자연 기반 해결책'의 한 예로서 고래 개체수를 산업화 이전의 고래잡이 수준으로 되돌리기 위한 새로운 글로벌 경제적 인센티브 프로그램을 요구했다.
⑧Calls are now being made for a global whale restoration program, to slow down climate change.
⑧기후 변화를 늦추기 위해 세계적인 고래 복원 프로그램에 대한 요구가 현재 제기되고 있다.
[고1] 2024년09월–25번: 2022년주요국가들의1인당CO₂배출량비교그래프
①The above graph shows per capita CO₂emissions from coal, oil, and gas by countries in 2022.
①위 그래프는2022년의 국가별 석탄,석유,천연가스에서 나온1인당 이산화탄소 배출량을 보여 준다.
②The United States had the highest total per capita CO₂emissions, even though its emissions from coal were the second lowest among the five countries shown.
②석탄에서 나온 배출량은 보여진 다섯 개의 국가 중 두 번째로 낮았음에도 불구하고,미국은 가장 높은1인당 이산화탄소 총배출량을 가졌다.
③South Korea's total per capita CO₂emissions were over 10 tons, ranking it the second highest among the countries shown.
③한국의1인당 이산화탄소 총배출량은10톤이 넘고,보여진 국가 중 두 번째로 높은 순위를 차지했다.
④Germany had lower CO₂emissions per capita than South Korea in all three major sources respectively.
④독일은 한국보다 각각의 모든 세 가지 주요한 원천에서 더 낮은1인당 이산화탄소 배출량을 가졌다.
⑤The per capita CO₂emissions from coal in South Africa were over three times higher than those in Germany.
⑤남아프리카 공화국의 석탄으로부터의1인당 이산화탄소 배출량은 독일의 그것보다 세 배보다 더 높았다.
⑥In Brazil, oil was the largest source of CO₂emissions per capita among its three major sources, just as it was in the United States and Germany.
⑥브라질에서 석유는 브라질의 세 가지 주요한 원천 중에서1인당 이산화탄소 배출량의 가장 큰 원천이었고,그것은 미국과 독일에서도 마찬가지였다.
[고1] 2024년09월–26번:프랑스의여성과학자Emilie du Chatelet의업적과영향
①Emilie du Chatelet, a French mathematician and physicist, was born in Paris in 1706.
①프랑스 수학자이자 물리학자인Emilie du Chatelet는1706년에 파리에서 태어났다.
②During her childhood, with her father's support, she was able to get mathematical and scientific education that most women of her time did not receive.
②어린 시절에 아버지의 도움으로 그녀는 당대 대부분의 여성들은 받지 못했던 수학과 과학 교육을 받을 수 있었다.
③In 1737, she submitted her paper on the nature of fire to a contest sponsored by the French Academy of Sciences, and it was published a year later.
③1737년에 그녀는 불의 속성에 관한 논문을French Academy of Sciences에 의해 후원되는 대회에 제출했으며,그것은1년 후에 출간되었다.
④In her book, Institutions de Physique, Emilie du Chatelet explained the ideas of space and time in a way that is closer to what we understand in modern relativity than what was common during her time.
④그녀의 책Institutions de Physique에서Emilie du Chatelet는 당대에 일반적이었던 것보다 현대의 상대성 이론에서 우리가 이해하는 것에 더 가까운 방식으로 공간과 시간의 개념을 설명했다.
⑤Her most significant achievement was translating Isaac Newton's Principia into French near the end of her life.
⑤그녀의 가장 주요한 성과는 그녀의 말년 무렵 아이작 뉴턴의Principia를 프랑스어로 번역한 것이었다.
⑥Emilie du Chatelet's work was not recognized in her time, but she is now remembered as a symbol of the Enlightenment and the struggle for women's participation in science.
⑥Emilie du Chatelet의 업적은 당대에 인정받지 못했지만,현재 그녀는 계몽주의와 여성의 과학 분야 참여를 위한 투쟁의 상징으로 기억된다.
[고1] 2024년09월–29번:조직내다양한부서들이갈등을일으키는구조적요인
①From an organizational viewpoint, one of the most fascinating examples of how any organization may contain many different types of culture is to recognize the functional operations of different departments within the organization.
①조직의 관점에서,어떤 조직이 어떻게 많은 다른 문화 유형들을 포함할 수 있는지에 대한 가장 매력적인 예시 중 하나는 조직 내 다른 부서들의 기능적 운영을 인식하는 것이다.
②The varying departments and divisions within an organization will inevitably view any given situation from their own biased and prejudiced perspective.
②조직 내 다양한 부서와 과는 필연적으로 어떤 주어진 상황이라도 그들 자신만의 편향적이고 편파적인 관점에서 볼 것이다.
③A department and its members will acquire "tunnel vision" which disallows them to see things as others see them.
③한 부서와 그 구성원들은 그들을 다른 이들이 그것들을 보는 대로 볼 수 없게 하는'터널 시야 현상'을 갖게 될 것이다.
④The very structure of organizations can create conflict.
④조직의 구조 자체가 갈등을 만들어낼 수 있다.
⑤The choice of whether the structure is "mechanistic" or "organic" can have a profound influence on conflict management.
⑤구조가'기계적'인지 또는'유기적'인지의 선택은 갈등 관리에 깊은 영향을 미칠 수 있다.
⑥A mechanistic structure has a vertical hierarchy with many rules, many procedures, and many levels of management involved in decision making.
⑥기계적 구조는 많은 규칙,많은 절차 그리고 의사결정에 포함된 많은 수준의 관리를 가진 수직적 위계를 갖는다.
⑦Organic structures are more horizontal in nature, where decision making is less centralized and spread across the plane of the organization.
⑦유기적 구조는 본래 더 수평적이고,여기서는 의사결정이 덜 중앙 집중화되고,조직 전반에 걸쳐 펼처진다.
[고1] 2024년09월–30번:자전거전용도로확장으로교통을줄이는도시계획의이점
①An excellent alternative to calming traffic is removing it.
①교통을 진정시키는 훌륭한 대안은 그것을 제거하는 것이다.
②Some cities reserve an extensive network of lanes and streets for bikes, pedestrians, and the occasional service vehicle.
②몇몇 도시는 자전거,보행자,그리고 수시 서비스 차량을 위한 광범위한 망의 도로와 거리를 마련해 둔다.
③This motivates people to travel by bike rather than by car, making streets safer for everyone.
③이것은 사람들이 자동차보다 자전거로 이동을 하도록 동기를 부여하여 거리를 모두에게 더 안전하게 만든다.
④As bicycles become more popular in a city, planners can convert more automobile lanes and entire streets to accommodate more of them.
④자전거가 도시에서 더 대중적이 되면,계획자들은 더 많은 자동차 도로와 전체 거리를 더 많은 자전거를 수용할 수 있도록 전환할 수 있다.
⑤Nevertheless, even the most bikeable cities still require motor vehicle lanes for taxis, emergency vehicles, and delivery trucks.
⑤그럼에도 불구하고,가장 자전거를 타기 좋은 도시들조차도 여전히 택시,긴급 차량,그리고 배달 트럭을 위한 자동차 도로를 필요로 한다.
⑥Delivery vehicles are frequently a target of animus, but they are actually an essential component to making cities greener.
⑥배달 차량은 자주 반감의 대상이지만,그것들은 실제로 도시를 더 친환경적으로 만드는 필수 구성요소이다.
⑦A tightly packed delivery truck is a far more efficient transporter of goods than several hybrids carrying a few shopping bags each.
⑦짐이 빽빽하게 들어찬 배달 트럭은 각각 몇 개의 쇼핑백을 실은 여러 하이브리드 차량보다 훨씬 더 효율적인 상품 운송 수단이다.
⑧Distributing food and other goods to neighborhood vendors allows them to operate smaller stores close to homes so that residents can walk, rather than drive, to get their groceries.
⑧음식과 다른 상품을 동네 상인에게 배포하는 것은 그들이 집에 가까운 더 작은 상점을 운영할 수 있게 하고 그 결과 주민들은 식료품을 사기 위해 운전하기보다는 걸어갈 수 있다.
[고1] 2024년09월–31번:유명작곡가들의초기작품이받아들여지기어려웠던이유
①You hear again and again that some of the greatest composers were misunderstood in their own day.
①여러분은 몇몇 가장 위대한 작곡가들이 그들의 시대에 진가를 인정받지 못했다고 몇 번이고 듣는다.
②Not everyone could understand the compositions of Beethoven, Brahms, or Stravinsky in their day.
②그들의 시대에 베토벤,브람스,스트라빈스키의 곡들을 모든 사람이 이해할 수 있었던 것은 아니었다.
③The reason for this initial lack of acceptance is unfamiliarity.
③이러한 초기의 수용 부족의 이유는 낯섦이다.
④The musical forms, or ideas expressed within them, were completely new.
④음악적 형식,또는 그 안에 표현된 생각은 완전히 새로운 것이었다.
⑤And yet, this is exactly one of the things that makes them so great.
⑤그럼에도 불구하고 이것이 바로 그들을 그토록 위대하게 만드는 것들 중 하나이다.
⑥Effective composers have their own ideas.
⑥유능한 작곡가는 그들 자신만의 생각을 갖는다.
⑦Have you ever seen the classic movie Amadeus?
⑦당신은 고전 영화Amadeus를 본 적이 있는가?
⑧The composer Antonio Salieri is the "host" of this movie; he's depicted as one of the most famous Nongreat composers ― he lived at the time of Mozart and was completely overshadowed by him.
⑧작곡가Antonio Salieri가 이 영화의'주인공'이다.그는 가장 유명한 위대하지 않은 작곡가 중 한 명으로 묘사된다.그는 모차르트 시대에 살았고 그에 의해 완전히 가려졌다.
⑨Now, Salieri wasn't a bad composer; in fact, he was a very good one.
⑨인제 보니Salieri는 형편없는 작곡가가 아니었다.사실,그는 매우 훌륭한 작곡가였다.
⑩But he wasn't one of the world's great composers because his work wasn't original.
⑩하지만 그의 작품이 독창적이지 않았기 때문에 그는 세계의 위대한 작곡가들 중 한 명은 아니었다.
⑪What he wrote sounded just like what everyone else was composing at the time.
⑪그가 쓴 곡은 마치 그 당시 모든 다른 사람들이 작곡했던 것처럼 들렸다.
[고1] 2024년09월–32번:새로운매체가인간의사고방식을변화시키는과정
①Every time a new medium comes along─whether it's the invention of the printed book, or TV, or SNS─and you start to use it, it's like you are putting on a new kind of goggles, with their own special colors and lenses.
①인쇄된 책의 발명이든 텔레비전의 발명이든SNS의 발명이든,새로운 매체가 나타나 여러분이 그것을 쓰기 시작할 때마다 여러분은 고유의 색깔과 렌즈를 가진 새 고글을 쓰는 것과 같다.
②Each set of goggles you put on makes you see things differently.
②여러분이 쓰는 각각의 고글은 세상을 다른 방식으로 바라보게 한다.
③So when you start to watch television, before you absorb the message of any particular TV show─whether it's Wheel of Fortune or The Wire─you start to see the world as being shaped like television itself.
③그러므로 여러분이 텔레비전을 보기 시작하면,그것이Wheel of Fortune이든The Wire든,특정 텔레비전 프로그램의 메시지를 흡수하기 이전에 이미 세상을 텔레비전 그 자체처럼 형성된 것으로 바라보게 된다.
④That's why Marshall McLuhan said that every time a new medium comes along─a new way for humans to communicate─it has buried in it a message.
④이러한 이유로Marshall McLuhan이 새로운 매체,즉,인간이 의사소통하는 새로운 방식이 나타날 때마다 그 안에 메시지가 담겨 있다고 말한 것이다.
⑤It is gently guiding us to see the world according to a new set of codes.
⑤새로운 매체는 자연스럽게 우리가 새로운 일련의 방식에 따라 세상을 바라보게 한다.
⑥The way information gets to you, McLuhan argued, is more important than the information itself.
⑥McLuhan은 정보가 여러분에게 도달하는 방식이 정보 자체보다 더 중요하다고 주장했다.
⑦TV teaches you that the world is fast; that it's about surfaces and appearances.
⑦텔레비전은 우리에게 세상은 빠르고,중요한 것은 표면과 겉모습이라고 가르친다.
[고1] 2024년09월–33번:개념의중요성과잘못된개념이과학적오류를초래할수있는위험성
①Concepts are vital to human survival, but we must also be careful with them because concepts open the door to essentialism.
①개념은 인간의 생존에 필수적이지만,개념이 본질주의로 향하는 문을 열기 때문에 우리는 또한 그것들을 주의해야 한다.
②They encourage us to see things that aren't present.
②그것들은 존재하지 않는 것들을 보도록 우리를 부추긴다.
③Stuart Firestein opens his book, Ignorance, with an old proverb, "It is very difficult to find a black cat in a dark room, especially when there is no cat."
③Stuart Firestein은"어두운 방에서 검은 고양이를 찾는 것은 특히 고양이가 없을 때 매우 어렵다."라는 옛 속담으로 그의 책Ignorance를 시작한다.
④This statement beautifully sums up the search for essences.
④이 말은 본질에 대한 탐구를 훌륭하게 요약한다.
⑤History has many examples of scientists who searched fruitlessly for an essence because they used the wrong concept to guide their hypotheses.
⑤역사는 가설을 이끄는 잘못된 개념을 사용했기 때문에 헛되이 본질을 탐색했던 과학자들의 많은 예를 가지고 있다.
⑥Firestein gives the example of luminiferous ether, a mysterious substance that was thought to fill the universe so that light would have a medium to move through.
⑥Firestein은 빛이 통과할 수 있는 매개체를 갖도록 우주를 가득 채워줄 것이라 여겨진 신비한 물질인 발광 에테르의 예를 제시한다.
⑦The ether was a black cat, writes Firestein, and physicists had been theorizing in a dark room, and then experimenting in it, looking for evidence of a cat that did not exist.
⑦Firestein이 쓰기를,에테르는 검은 고양이였고,물리학자들은 어두운 방에서 이론을 세우고,그러고 나서 존재하지 않았던 고양이라는 증거를 찾으며,그 안에서 실험을 하고 있었던 것이었다.
[고1] 2024년09월–34번:소셜미디어에서의'일반적유명인'과전통적유명인의차이
①While social media attention is potentially an instrument to achieve ends like elite celebrity, some content creators desire ordinary fame as a social end in itself.
①소셜 미디어 관심은 잠재적으로 엘리트 명성과 같은 목적을 달성하기 위한 도구인 반면,일부 콘텐츠 제작자들은 사회적 목적 그 자체로서 평범한 명성을 원한다.
②Not unlike reality television stars, social media celebrities are often criticized for not having skills and talents associated with traditional, elite celebrity, such as acting or singing ability.
②리얼리티 텔레비전 스타들과 다르지 않게,소셜 미디어 유명인들은 연기나 가창력과 같은 전통적인 엘리트 명성과 관련된 기술과 재능을 가지고 있지 않다는 이유로 종종 비판을 받는다.
③This criticism highlights the fact that digital content creators face real barriers to crossing over to the sphere of elite celebrity.
③이러한 비판은 디지털 콘텐츠 제작자들이 엘리트 명성의 영역으로 넘어가는 데 있어 실질적인 장벽에 직면하고 있다는 사실을 강조한다.
④However, the criticism also misses the point that the phenomenon of ordinary celebrity reconstructs the meaning of fame.
④그러나 이 비판은 또한 평범한 명성 현상이 명성의 의미를 재구성한다는 점을 놓친다.
⑤The elite celebrity is symbolized by the metaphor of the star, characterized by mystery and hierarchical distance and associated with naturalized qualities of talent and class.
⑤엘리트 유명인은 스타라는 은유로 상징되고,신비로움과 계층적 거리로 특징지어지며,타고난 자질의 재능과 계층에 연관되어 있다.
⑥The ordinary celebrity attracts attention through regular and frequent interactions with other ordinary people.
⑥평범한 유명인은 다른 평범한 사람들과의 정기적이고 빈번한 상호작용을 통해 관심을 끈다.
⑦Achieving ordinary fame as a social media celebrity is like doing well at a game, because in this sphere, fame is nothing more nor less than relatively high scores on attention scales, the metrics of subscribers, followers, Likes, or clicks built into social media applications.
⑦소셜 미디어 유명인으로서 평범한 명성을 얻는 것은 게임에서 잘하는 것과 같은데,왜냐하면 이 영역에서 명성은 관심 척도,즉,소셜 미디어 애플리케이션에 내장된 구독자,팔로워,좋아요 또는 클릭의 측정 기준에서 상대적으로 높은 점수 그 이상도 그 이하도 아니기 때문이다.
[고1] 2024년09월–35번:시험준비에서벼락치기가효과적이지않은이유
①Why do we have the illusion that cramming for an exam is the best learning strategy?
①왜 우리는 시험을 위해 벼락 공부를 하는 것이 최고의 학습 전략이라는 착각을 하는 것일까?
②Because we are unable to differentiate between the various sections of our memory.
②우리가 우리의 기억의 다양한 구획을 구별할 수 없기 때문이다.
③Immediately after reading our textbook or our class notes, information is fully present in our mind.
③우리의 교과서나 수업 노트를 읽은 직후에는 정보가 우리 머릿속에 완전히 존재한다.
④It sits in our conscious working memory, in an active form.
④그것은 우리의 의식적인 작업 기억에 활동적인 형태로 자리한다.
⑤We feel as if we know it, because it is present in our short-term storage space ... but this short-term section has nothing to do with the long-term memory that we will need in order to recall the same information a few days later.
⑤그것은 우리의 단기 저장 공간에 존재하기 때문에 우리는 마치 우리가 그것을 알고 있는 것처럼 느끼지만,이 단기 구획은 며칠 후 같은 정보를 기억하기 위해 우리가 필요로 할 장기 기억과는 아무런 관련이 없다.
⑥After a few seconds or minutes, working memory already starts disappearing, and after a few days, the effect becomes enormous: unless you retest your knowledge, memory vanishes.
⑥몇 초 또는 몇 분 후,작업 기억은 이미 사라지기 시작하고,며칠 후 그 영향은 엄청나게 되어,여러분이 자신의 지식을 다시 테스트하지 않으면 기억은 사라진다.
⑦To get information into long-term memory, it is essential to study the material, then test yourself, rather than spend all your time studying.
⑦정보를 장기 기억에 넣으려면,여러분의 모든 시간을 공부하는 데에 쓰기보다는 자료를 공부하고 나서 스스로를 테스트하는 것이 필수적이다.
[고1] 2024년09월–36번:거울뉴런이관찰학습에미치는영향
①The discovery of mirror neurons has profoundly changed the way we think of a fundamental human capacity, learning by observation.
①거울 뉴런의 발견은 관찰에 의한 학습이라는 근본적인 인간의 능력에 대해 우리가 생각하는 방식을 완전히 바꾸어 놓았다.
②As children we learn a lot by observing what our parents and friends do.
②어린이일 때 우리는 우리의 부모와 친구들이 하는 것을 관찰하면서 많이 배운다.
③Newborns, in the first week of life, have an inborn tendency to stick out their tongue if their parents stick out theirs.
③갓난아기들은 생의 첫 주에 그들의 부모가 그들의 것(혀)을 내밀면 자신의 혀를 내미는 선천적인 성향을 갖고 있다.
④Such imitation is not perfect.
④그러한 모방은 완벽하지 않다.
⑤You may not see the tongue stick out each time you stick yours out at your newborn, but if you do it many times, the tongue will come out more often than if you do something different.
⑤당신은 당신의 갓난아기에게 당신의 것(혀)을 내밀 때마다(아기의)혀가 내밀어 나오는 것을 보지 못할 수도 있지만,만약 당신이 그것을 여러 번 한다면 당신이 다른 것을 할 때보다(아기의)혀가 더 자주 나올 것이다.
⑥Babies babble and later start to imitate the sounds their parents produce.
⑥아기들은 옹알이하고 이후에 그들의 부모가 내는 소리를 모방하기 시작한다.
⑦Later still, they play with vacuum cleaners and hammers in imitation of their parents.
⑦이후에도 여전히,그들은 부모들을 흉내 내어 진공청소기와 망치를 갖고 논다.
⑧Our modern cultures, in which we write, speak, read, build spaceships and go to school, can work only because we are not restricted to the behavior we are born with or learn by trial and error.
⑧쓰고 말하고 읽고 우주선을 만들고 학교에 가는 우리의 현대 문화는 단지 우리가 가지고 태어나는 또는 시행착오를 통해 배우는 행동에 국한되지 않기 때문에 작동할 수 있다.
⑨We can learn a lot by simply watching others.
⑨우리는 그저 다른 사람들을 관찰하는 것을 통해 많이 배울 수 있다.
[고1] 2024년09월–37번:자신의목소리를다르게인식하는이유
①Have you ever been surprised to hear a recording of your own voice?
①당신은 당신의 음성 녹음을 듣고 놀랐던 적이 있는가?
②You might have thought, "Is that really what my voice sounds like?"
②당신은'내 목소리가 정말 이렇게 들리는가?'라고 생각했을지도 모른다.
③Maybe your accent is more pronounced in the recording than you realized, or your voice is higher than it seems to your own ears.
③어쩌면 녹음에서는 당신이 인식한 것보다 당신의 억양이 더 강조되거나,당신의 목소리가 당신의 귀에 들리는 것 같은 것보다 더 높다.
④This is of course quite a common experience.
④이것은 당연히 꽤 흔한 경험이다.
⑤The explanation is actually fairly simple.
⑤이 설명은 사실 꽤 간단하다.
⑥There are two pathways through which we perceive our own voice when we speak.
⑥우리가 말할 때 우리 자신의 목소리를 인지하는 데는 두 가지 경로가 있다.
⑦One is the route through which we perceive most external sounds, like waves that travel from the air through the outer, middle and inner ear.
⑦하나는 외이,중이,내이를 통하는 공기로부터 이동하는 파동처럼 우리가 대부분의 외부의 소리를 인지하는 경로이다.
⑧But because our vocal cords vibrate when we speak, there is a second internal path.
⑧그러나 우리가 말할 때 우리의 성대가 진동하기 때문에 두 번째 내부의 경로가 있다.
⑨Vibrations are conducted through our bones and stimulate our inner ears directly.
⑨진동은 뼈를 통해 전해지고,우리의 내이를 직접 자극한다.
⑩Lower frequencies are emphasized along this pathway.
⑩낮은 주파수는 이 경로를 따라 두드러진다.
⑪That makes your voice sound deeper and richer to yourself than it may sound to other people.
⑪그것은 당신의 목소리가 다른 사람에게 들릴 수 있는 것보다 당신 자신에게 더 깊고 풍부하게 들리게 한다.
[고1] 2024년09월–38번:생물의유사성에서아날로그와호몰로그의차이
①Biologists distinguish two kinds of similarity.
①생물학자들은 두 종류의 유사성을 구별한다.
②"Analogous" traits are ones that have a common function but arose on different branches of the evolutionary tree and are in an important sense not "the same" organ.
②'상사'형질은 공통된 기능을 가지는 것들이지만,진화 계보의 다른 가지에서 생겨났고 중요한 면에서'동일한'기관이 아닌 형질이다.
③The wings of birds and the wings of bees are both used for flight and are similar in some ways because anything used for flight has to be built in those ways, but they arose independently in evolution and have nothing in common beyond their use in flight.
③새의 날개들과 벌의 날개들은 둘 다 비행에 쓰이고 비행에 쓰이는 것은 어떤 것이든 그러한 방식으로 만들어져야 하기 때문에 일부 방식에서 유사하지만,그것들은 진화상에 별개로 생겨났고,비행에서 그것들의 쓰임 외에는 공통점이 없다.
④"Homologous" traits, in contrast, may or may not have a common function, but they descended from a common ancestor and hence have some common structure that indicates their being "the same" organ.
④대조적으로, '상동'형질은 공통된 기능이 있을 수도 없을 수도 있으나 그것들은 공통의 조상으로부터 내려왔으므로 그들이'동일한'기관임을 보여주는 어떠한 공통된 구조를 가진다.
⑤The wing of a bat and the front leg of a horse have very different functions, but they are all modifications of the forelimb of the ancestor of all mammals.
⑤박쥐의 날개와 말의 앞다리는 매우 다른 기능들을 가지나,그것들은 모든 포유류의 조상의 앞다리가 모두 변형된 것들이다.
⑥As a result, they share nonfunctional traits like the number of bones and the ways they are connected.
⑥그 결과,그들은 뼈의 개수와 그것들이 연결된 방식과 같은 비기능적 형질을 공유한다.
⑦To distinguish analogy from homology, biologists usually look at the overall architecture of the organs and focus on their most useless properties.
⑦상사성과 상동성을 구별하기 위해,생물학자들은 주로 그 기관의 전체적인 구성을 살펴보고 그들의 가장 쓰임이 없는 특성에 집중한다.
[고1] 2024년09월–39번:기후변화로인한해양산소감소의위험성
①Seawater contains an abundance of dissolved oxygen that all marine animals breathe to stay alive.
①해수는 모든 해양 동물이 살아있기 위해 호흡하는 다량의 용존 산소를 포함한다.
②It has long been established in physics that cold water holds more dissolved oxygen than warm water does ― this is one reason that cold polar seas are full of life while tropical oceans are blue, clear, and relatively poorly populated with living creatures.
②따뜻한 물이 보유하고 있는 것보다 차가운 물이 더 많은 용존 산소를 보유하고 있다는 사실은 물리학에서 오랫동안 확립되어 왔으며,이는 열대 해양은 푸르고 맑고 생물이 상대적으로 적게 서식하는 반면 차가운 극지의 바다는 생명으로 가득한 하나의 이유이다.
③Thus, as global warming raises the temperature of marine waters, it is self-evident that the amount of dissolved oxygen will decrease.
③따라서 지구 온난화가 해양 수온을 높임에 따라 용존 산소의 양이 감소할 것은 자명하다.
④This is a worrisome and potentially disastrous consequence if allowed to continue to an ecosystem-threatening level.
⑤Now scientists have analyzed data indicating that the amount of dissolved oxygen in the oceans has been declining for more than a half century.
⑤현재 과학자들은 해양에서 용존 산소의 양이 반세기가 넘는 기간 동안 감소해 왔다는 것을 보여 주는 데이터를 분석해 왔다.
⑥The data show that the ocean oxygen level has been falling more rapidly than the corresponding rise in water temperature.
⑥이 데이터는 해양 산소 농도가 상응하는 수온 상승보다 더 빠르게 감소해 오고 있음을 보여 준다.
⑦Falling oxygen levels in water have the potential to impact the habitat of marine organisms worldwide and in recent years this has led to more frequent anoxic events that killed or displaced populations of fish, crabs, and many other organisms.
⑦감소하는 수중 산소 농도는 세계적으로 해양 생물의 서식지에 영향을 끼칠 가능성을 갖고 있으며 최근에 이것은 물고기,게,그리고 많은 다른 생물의 개체군을 죽이거나 쫓아낸 더 빈번한 산소 결핍 사건을 초래해 왔다.
[고1] 2024년09월–40번:원숭이실험에서불공정한대우에대한반응
①Capuchins ― New World Monkeys that live in large social groups ― will, in captivity, trade with people all day long, especially if food is involved.
①대규모의 사회 집단으로 서식하는New World Monkey인Capuchin은 갇힌 상태에서 온종일 사람들과 거래를 할 것인데 특히 먹이가 연관된다면 그러할 것이다.
②I give you this rock and you give me a treat to eat.
②'내가 너에게 이 돌을 주고 너는 나에게 먹을 간식을 준다.'
③If you put two monkeys in cages next to each other, and offer them both slices of cucumber for the rocks they already have, they will happily eat the cucumbers.
③만약 당신이 두 마리의 원숭이들을 나란히 있는 우리에 넣고 그들이 이미 가지고 있는 돌의 대가로 오이 조각을 둘 모두에게 주었을 때 그들은 그 오이를 기쁘게 먹을 것이다.
④If, however, you give one monkey grapes instead ― grapes being universally preferred to cucumbers ― the monkey that is still receiving cucumbers will begin to throw them back at the experimenter.
④하지만 만약 당신이 한 원숭이에게는 포도를 대신 준다면,일반적으로 포도는 오이보다 더 선호되는데,여전히 오이를 받은 원숭이는 그것들을 실험자에게 던지기 시작할 것이다.
⑤Even though she is still getting "paid" the same amount for her effort of sourcing rocks, and so her particular situation has not changed, the comparison to another makes the situation unfair.
⑤비록 그녀가 돌을 모은 그녀의 수고에 대한 대가로 같은 양을 여전히'받고',그래서 그녀의 특정한 상황이 변화가 없더라도,다른 원숭이와의 비교는 그 상황을 부당하게 만든다.
⑥Furthermore, she is now willing to abandon all gains ― the cucumbers themselves ― to communicate her displeasure to the experimenter.
⑥게다가,그녀는 실험자에게 그녀의 불쾌함을 전달하기 위해 모든 얻은 것들,즉,오이 자체를 이제 기꺼이 포기한다.
⑦[요약문] According to the passage, if the Capuchin monkey realizes the inequality in rewards compared to another monkey, she will reject her rewards to express her feelings about the treatment, despite getting exactly the same rewards as before.
⑦[요약문]이 글에 따르면,만약Capuchin원숭이가 다른 원숭이와 비교하여 보상에서의 불평등을 알아차린다면,그녀는 이전과 정확히 똑같은 보상을 받더라도 대우에 대한 그녀의 감정을 표현하기 위해 그녀의 보상을 거부할 것이다.
[고1] 2024년09월–41~42번:고등교육의확산과그로인한평가시스템의모순
①Higher education has grown from an elite to a mass system across the world.
①고등 교육은 전 세계에 걸쳐 엘리트에서 대중 체제로 성장해 왔다.
②In Europe and the USA, increased rates of participation occurred in the decades after the Second World War.
②유럽과 미국에서는2차 세계 대전 이후 수십 년 동안 증가된 참여율이 나타났다.
③Between 2000 and 2014, rates of participation in higher education almost doubled from 19% to 34% across the world among the members of the population in the school-leaving age category (typically 18-23).
③2000년과2014년 사이에 졸업 연령 범주 내 집단 구성원 사이에서의 고등 교육 참여율은 전 세계에 걸쳐19%에서34%로 거의 두 배가 되었다.
④The dramatic expansion of higher education has been marked by a wider range of institutions of higher learning and a more diverse demographic of students.
④고등 교육의 극적인 확대는 더 광범위한 고등 학습 기관과 더 다양한 학생 인구 집단으로 특징지어져 왔다.
⑤Changes from an elite system to a mass higher education system are associated with political needs to build a specialized workforce for the economy.
⑤엘리트 체제에서 대중 고등 교육 체제로의 변화는 경제를 위한 전문화된 노동력을 구축하려는 정치적 필요성과 관련이 있다.
⑥In theory, the expansion of higher education to develop a highly skilled workforce should diminish the role of examinations in the selection and control of students, initiating approaches to assessment which (c)block lifelong learning: assessment for learning and a focus on feedback for development.
⑥이론적으로,고도로 숙련된 노동력을 개발하기 위한 고등 교육의 확대는 평생학습을 가능하게 하는 평가로의 접근 방법,즉,학습을'위한'평가와 발달을 위한 피드백에 집중을 시작하면서,학생의 선발과 통제에 있어 시험의 역할을 감소시킬 것이다.
⑦In reality, sociopolitical changes to expand higher education have set up a 'field of contradictions' for assessment in higher education.
⑦실제로는 고등 교육을 확대하기 위한 사회 정치적 변화는 고등 교육에서의 평가에 있어'모순의 장'을 조성해 왔다.
⑧Mass higher education requires efficient approaches to assessment, such as examinations and multiple-choice quizzes, with minimalist, impersonal, or standardised feedback, often causing students to focus more on grades than feedback.
⑧대중 고등 교육은 최소한이거나 비개인적이거나 표준화된 피드백을 갖춘,시험과 선다형 퀴즈와 같은,평가로의 효율적인 접근 방법을 필요로 하며,이는 종종 학생이 피드백보다 성적에 더 집중하게 만든다.
⑨In contrast, the relatively small numbers of students in elite systems in the past allowed for closer relationships between students and their teachers, with formative feedback shaping the minds, academic skills, and even the characters of students.
⑨대조적으로,과거에 엘리트 체제의 상대적으로 적은 학생의 수는 형성적 피드백이 학생의 마음,학업 기술,그리고 심지어 학생의 성격을 형성하면서,학생과 그들의 선생님 사이의 더 긴밀한 관계를 허용했다.
