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[고1] 2024년 9월 모의고사 - 한줄해석
안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다. 2024년도 9월 고1 영어 모의고사>의 한줄해석 자료 올립니다.설명문/실용문을 제외한 모든 지문을 포함했습니다. 자료는 PDF와 워드 파일 모두 올립니다.
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[고1] 2024년 9월 모의고사 - 한줄해석 (좌지문 우해석)
안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다. 오늘은 2024년도 9월 고1 영어 모의고사>의 한줄해석(좌지문 우해석) 자료 올립니다.설명문/실용문을 제외한 전지문 작업했습니다. 자료는 PDF와 워드
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[고1] 2024년 09월 – 18번: 피츠버그 기차역의 직원 있는 매표소 재개 요청 편지
To whom it may concern, I am writing to express my deep concern about the recent change made by Pittsburgh Train Station. The station had traditional ticket offices with staff before, but these have been replaced with ticket vending machines. However, individuals who are unfamiliar with these machines are now experiencing difficulty accessing the railway services. Since these individuals heavily relied on the staff assistance to be able to travel, they are in great need of ticket offices with staff in the station. Therefore, I am urging you to consider reopening the ticket offices. With the staff back in their positions, many people would regain access to the railway services. I look forward to your prompt attention to this matter and a positive resolution. Sincerely, Sarah Roberts
Possible Titles:
1. Reinstating Staffed Ticket Offices at Pittsburgh Train Station for Accessibility
2. Addressing Concerns Over the Shift to Ticket Vending Machines in Pittsburgh
3. The Impact of Automated Systems on Passenger Access at Pittsburgh Train Station
4. Ensuring Equal Access to Railway Services: The Need for Staffed Ticket Offices
Main Idea #1:
The replacement of staffed ticket offices with machines has caused difficulties for individuals unfamiliar with the technology.
Main Idea #2:
Reopening ticket offices with staff would help those who struggle with ticket vending machines regain access to railway services and ensure inclusive travel.
Summary:
Replacing staffed ticket offices with vending machines at Pittsburgh Train Station has made it hard for some passengers to travel. Sarah Roberts urges the station to bring back the staff to assist those who rely on human help. Reopening the offices would restore access to railway services for many.
Key Points:
1. Ticket offices were replaced with vending machines at Pittsburgh Train Station.
2. Some passengers are struggling to use the vending machines.
3. Sarah Roberts is requesting the reopening of ticket offices with staff.
4. Reinstating staff would improve access to railway services for many passengers.
[고1] 2024년 09월 – 19번: 무대에서 쓰러진 Arthur를 구조한 Jeevan의 이야기
All the actors on the stage were focused on their acting. Then, suddenly, Arthur fell into the corner of the stage. Jeevan immediately approached Arthur and found his heart wasn't beating. Jeevan began CPR. Jeevan worked silently, glancing sometimes at Arthur's face. He thought, "Please, start breathing again, please." Arthur's eyes were closed. Moments later, an older man in a grey suit appeared, swiftly kneeling beside Arthur's chest. "I'm Walter Jacobi. I'm a doctor." He announced with a calm voice. Jeevan wiped the sweat off his forehead. With combined efforts, Jeevan and Dr. Jacobi successfully revived Arthur. Arthur's eyes slowly opened. Finally, Jeevan was able to hear Arthur's breath again, thinking to himself, "Thank goodness. You're back."
Possible Titles:
1. The Dramatic Rescue of Arthur by Jeevan and Dr. Jacobi
2. A Tense Moment: Reviving Arthur Onstage with Team Effort
3. When Acting Turns into Reality: Jeevan and Dr. Jacobi's Life-saving Actions
4. Arthur’s Near-Fatal Collapse and the Swift Response of Jeevan and Dr. Jacobi
Main Idea #1:
Jeevan immediately began CPR after Arthur collapsed during a stage performance.
Main Idea #2:
With Jeevan and Dr. Jacobi's teamwork, Arthur was successfully revived after his heart stopped during a play, offering relief to those involved.
Summary:
Arthur collapsed on stage, prompting Jeevan to begin CPR. Dr. Jacobi arrived, and together they revived Arthur, who eventually regained consciousness. Jeevan felt relieved to see Arthur breathe again.
Key Points:
1. Arthur collapsed during the performance.
2. Jeevan initiated CPR immediately after noticing Arthur’s heart had stopped.
3. Dr. Jacobi arrived and assisted Jeevan in the revival.
4. Arthur was successfully revived through their combined efforts.
[고1] 2024년 09월 – 20번: 부모의 과도한 자랑이 자녀에게 주는 압박과 부정적 영향
As the parent of a gifted child, you need to be aware of a certain common parent trap. Of course you are a proud parent, and you should be. While it is very easy to talk nonstop about your little genius and his or her remarkable behavior, this can be very stressful on your child. It is extremely important to limit your bragging behavior to your very close friends, or your parents. Gifted children feel pressured when their parents show them off too much. This behavior creates expectations that they may not be able to live up to, and also creates a false sense of self for your child. You want your child to be who they are, not who they seem to be as defined by their incredible achievements. If not, you could end up with a driven perfectionist child or perhaps a dropout, or worse.
Possible Titles:
1. Avoiding Parental Pressure: Nurturing Gifted Children Without Overemphasis
2. Balancing Pride and Pressure: The Dangers of Over-bragging About Gifted Children
3. How Parental Bragging Can Impact a Gifted Child's Development
4. Raising a Gifted Child: Why Moderation in Praise Is Essential for Healthy Growth
Main Idea #1:
Constantly bragging about a gifted child can create unnecessary pressure on them.
Main Idea #2:
Parents should avoid showing off their child’s achievements excessively, as it can lead to unrealistic expectations, perfectionism, or even negative outcomes like burnout or dropping out.
Summary:
Excessive bragging about a gifted child can put undue pressure on them to meet high expectations. Limiting praise to close circles helps maintain a healthy balance, ensuring the child develops without feeling defined solely by their achievements.
Key Points:
1. Excessive parental bragging can stress gifted children.
2. Parents should limit praise to close friends or family.
3. Overemphasis on achievements may lead to perfectionism or burnout.
4. Maintaining realistic expectations helps foster healthy development.
[고1] 2024년 09월 – 21번: 부정적 상황에서 자조 그룹의 긍정적 에너지의 중요성
One valuable technique for getting out of helplessness, depression, and situations which are predominantly being run by the thought, "I can't," is to choose to be with other persons who have resolved the problem with which we struggle. This is one of the great powers of self-help groups. When we are in a negative state, we have given a lot of energy to negative thought forms, and the positive thought forms are weak. Those who are in a higher vibration are free of the energy from their negative thoughts and have energized positive thought forms. Merely to be in their presence is beneficial. In some self-help groups, this is called "hanging out with the winners." The benefit here is on the psychic level of consciousness, and there is a transfer of positive energy and relighting of one's own latent positive thought forms.
Possible Titles:
1. The Power of Positive Influence: Overcoming Negativity Through Supportive Communities
2. Breaking Free from Helplessness: How Self-help Groups Transform Mindsets
3. The Role of Positive Energy in Recovering from Depression and Negative Thinking
4. Reclaiming Positive Thoughts: The Impact of "Hanging Out with the Winners"
Main Idea #1:
Spending time with those who have overcome similar struggles can help counter negative thinking.
Main Idea #2:
Self-help groups allow individuals to benefit from the positive energy of others, which helps reignite their own positive thoughts and break free from negativity and helplessness.
Summary:
Being around people who have conquered the struggles you face helps weaken negative thoughts and strengthen positive ones. Self-help groups offer this benefit by allowing a transfer of positive energy, referred to as "hanging out with the winners."
Key Points:
1. Spending time with positive individuals helps counter negative thinking.
2. Self-help groups offer a transfer of positive energy.
3. Positive energy strengthens weak positive thought forms in those struggling.
4. "Hanging out with the winners" refers to being in the presence of those with strong positive energy.
[고1] 2024년 09월 – 22번: 인간의 감정이 생존에 기여한 진화적 역할
Our emotions are thought to exist because they have contributed to our survival as a species. Fear has helped us avoid dangers, expressing anger helps us scare off threats, and expressing positive emotions helps us bond with others. From an evolutionary perspective, an emotion is a kind of "program" that, when triggered, directs many of our activities (including attention, perception, memory, movement, expressions, etc.). For example, fear makes us very attentive, narrows our perceptual focus to threatening stimuli, will cause us either to face a situation (fight) or avoid it (flight), and may cause us to remember an experience more acutely (so that we avoid the threat in the future). Regardless of the specific ways in which they activate our systems, the specific emotions we possess are thought to exist because they have helped us (as a species) survive challenges within our environment long ago. If they had not helped us adapt and survive, they would not have evolved with us.
Possible Titles:
1. The Evolutionary Role of Emotions in Human Survival and Adaptation
2. How Emotions Shape Human Behavior: An Evolutionary Perspective
3. Understanding Emotions as Evolutionary Programs for Survival
4. Emotions as Survival Tools: The Evolutionary Benefits of Fear, Anger, and Joy
Main Idea #1:
Emotions exist because they have contributed to human survival throughout evolution.
Main Idea #2:
Emotions like fear, anger, and joy function as evolutionary "programs" that trigger various responses, such as attention, perception, and memory, to help humans adapt and survive challenges in their environment.
Summary:
Emotions have evolved because they helped humans survive, directing behaviors and responses to challenges. Fear, for instance, sharpens focus on danger, while positive emotions aid in social bonding. These emotional "programs" helped humans adapt to threats and survive over time.
Key Points:
1. Emotions contributed to human survival and adaptation.
2. Fear, anger, and positive emotions serve specific functions for survival.
3. Emotions trigger multiple activities like perception and memory.
4. Emotions evolved because they helped humans face environmental challenges.
[고1] 2024년 09월 – 23번: AI 기술이 장애인을 포함한 노동 시장에서의 포용성 증대
By improving accessibility of the workplace for workers that are typically at a disadvantage in the labour market, AI can improve inclusiveness in the workplace. AI-powered assistive devices to aid workers with visual, speech or hearing difficulties are becoming more widespread, improving the access to, and the quality of work for people with disabilities. For example, speech recognition solutions for people with dysarthric voices, or live captioning systems for deaf and hard of hearing people can facilitate communication with colleagues and access to jobs where inter-personal communication is necessary. AI can also enhance the capabilities of low-skilled workers, with potentially positive effects on their wages and career prospects. For example, AI's capacity to translate written and spoken word in real-time can improve the performance of non-native speakers in the workplace. Moreover, recent developments in AI-powered text generators can instantly improve the performance of lower-skilled individuals in domains such as writing, coding or customer service.
Possible Titles:
1. How AI is Enhancing Workplace Inclusivity for Disadvantaged Workers
2. The Role of AI in Empowering Workers with Disabilities and Low Skills
3. AI's Potential to Improve Accessibility and Career Prospects for All Workers
4. Inclusive Workplaces Through AI: Supporting Disabled and Low-skilled Workers
Main Idea #1:
AI is making workplaces more inclusive by improving accessibility for workers with disabilities.
Main Idea #2:
AI-powered assistive devices and tools enhance the capabilities of disadvantaged workers, such as those with disabilities or low skills, helping them improve performance and career prospects in various domains like communication, writing, and coding.
Summary:
AI improves workplace inclusivity by providing assistive devices for disabled workers and enhancing the skills of low-skilled workers. Tools like speech recognition, live captioning, and real-time translation help disadvantaged workers communicate and perform better in their jobs.
Key Points:
1. AI improves workplace accessibility for disabled workers.
2. Assistive devices, such as speech recognition and live captioning, enhance communication.
3. AI helps low-skilled workers improve performance in tasks like writing and coding.
4. Real-time translation aids nonnative speakers in workplace communication.
[고1] 2024년 09월 – 24번: 고래가 기후 변화 완화에 기여하는 방식과 그 가치
Whales are highly efficient at carbon storage. When they die, each whale sequesters an average of 30 tons of carbon dioxide, taking that carbon out of the atmosphere for centuries. For comparison, the average tree absorbs only 48 pounds of CO2 a year. From a climate perspective, each whale is the marine equivalent of thousands of trees. Whales also help sequester carbon by fertilizing the ocean as they release nutrient-rich waste, in turn increasing phytoplankton populations, which also sequester carbon ― leading some scientists to call them the "engineers of marine ecosystems." In 2019, economists from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimated the value of the ecosystem services provided by each whale at over $2 million USD. They called for a new global program of economic incentives to return whale populations to preindustrial whaling levels as one example of a "nature-based solution" to climate change. Calls are now being made for a global whale restoration program, to slow down climate change.
Possible Titles:
1. Whales: Nature's Key to Carbon Sequestration and Climate Solutions
2. The Crucial Role of Whales in Combating Climate Change
3. How Whales Store Carbon and Help Restore Marine Ecosystems
4. Whale Restoration as a Nature-based Solution to Climate Change
Main Idea #1:
Whales play a crucial role in carbon sequestration, each storing vast amounts of carbon dioxide.
Main Idea #2:
In addition to directly sequestering carbon, whales boost marine ecosystems by fertilizing the ocean, which supports phytoplankton growth, and economists value these ecosystem services highly, advocating for a global whale restoration program to combat climate change.
Summary:
Whales sequester large amounts of carbon dioxide and help marine ecosystems thrive by increasing phytoplankton populations. Economists have highlighted the value of these ecosystem services, leading to calls for a global whale restoration program to address climate change.
Key Points:
1. Each whale sequesters an average of 30 tons of carbon dioxide.
2. Whales support phytoplankton populations, which also sequester carbon.
3. Economists estimate each whale's ecosystem services to be worth over $2 million.
4. A global whale restoration program is proposed to help combat climate change.
[고1] 2024년 09월 – 25번: 2022년 주요 국가들의 1인당 CO2 배출량 비교 그래프
The above graph shows per capita CO2 emissions from coal, oil, and gas by countries in 2022. The United States had the highest total per capita CO2 emissions, even though its emissions from coal were the second lowest among the five countries shown. South Korea's total per capita CO2 emissions were over 10 tons, ranking it the second highest among the countries shown. Germany had lower CO2 emissions per capita than South Korea in all three major sources respectively. The per capita CO2 emissions from coal in South Africa were over three times higher than those in Germany. In Brazil, oil was the largest source of CO2 emissions per capita among its three major sources, just as it was in the United States and Germany.
Possible Titles:
1. A Comparative Analysis of CO2 Emissions Per Capita by Energy Source in 2022
2. Understanding Global CO2 Emissions: A Look at Per Capita Emissions by Country
3. How Coal, Oil, and Gas Contributed to CO2 Emissions in Major Countries in 2022
4. The Distribution of CO2 Emissions by Energy Source Across Key Countries in 2022
Main Idea #1:
The United States had the highest total per capita CO2 emissions despite having relatively low coal emissions.
Main Idea #2:
South Korea ranked second in total per capita CO2 emissions, and South Africa had significantly higher coal emissions per capita than Germany, while oil was the leading source of emissions in the United States, Brazil, and Germany.
Summary:
In 2022, the United States had the highest per capita CO2 emissions, with oil being a dominant source, while South Korea ranked second. South Africa’s coal emissions per capita were more than three times those of Germany, and in Brazil, oil was the largest contributor to CO2 emissions, as it was in the United States and Germany.
Key Points:
1. The United States had the highest per capita CO2 emissions despite lower coal use.
2. South Korea ranked second in total per capita CO2 emissions.
3. South Africa’s coal emissions per capita were over three times higher than Germany’s.
4. Oil was the largest source of CO2 emissions in the United States, Brazil, and Germany.
[고1] 2024년 09월 – 26번: 프랑스의 여성 과학자 Emilie du Chatelet의 업적과 영향
Emilie du Chatelet, a French mathematician and physicist, was born in Paris in 1706. During her childhood, with her father's support, she was able to get mathematical and scientific education that most women of her time did not receive. In 1737, she submitted her paper on the nature of fire to a contest sponsored by the French Academy of Sciences, and it was published a year later. In her book, Institutions de Physique, Emilie du Chatelet explained the ideas of space and time in a way that is closer to what we understand in modern relativity than what was common during her time. Her most significant achievement was translating Isaac Newton's Principia into French near the end of her life. Emilie du Chatelet's work was not recognized in her time, but she is now remembered as a symbol of the Enlightenment and the struggle for women's participation in science.
Possible Titles:
1. Emilie du Chatelet: A Pioneer in Physics and Mathematics During the Enlightenment
2. Breaking Barriers: Emilie du Chatelet's Contributions to Science and Her Legacy
3. From Fire to Relativity: The Scientific Achievements of Emilie du Chatelet
4. Emilie du Chatelet's Groundbreaking Work in Physics and Translation of Newton's Principia
Main Idea #1:
Emilie du Chatelet received an uncommon scientific education for women of her time, thanks to her father's support.
Main Idea #2:
Emilie du Chatelet made significant contributions to physics and mathematics, including a groundbreaking explanation of space and time and her translation of Newton's Principia, though her work was not recognized until long after her death.
Summary:
Emilie du Chatelet, a French mathematician and physicist, made important contributions to science, including her work on fire and space-time and her translation of Newton’s Principia into French. Although her work went unrecognized during her life, she is now celebrated for her role in advancing science and advocating for women’s involvement in it.
Key Points:
1. Emilie du Chatelet received scientific education uncommon for women in her time.
2. She submitted a paper on the nature of fire to the French Academy of Sciences.
3. Her explanation of space and time foreshadowed modern concepts of relativity.
4. Her translation of Newton's Principia is considered her most significant achievement.
[고1] 2024년 09월 – 29번: 조직 내 다양한 부서들이 갈등을 일으키는 구조적 요인
From an organizational viewpoint, one of the most fascinating examples of how any organization may contain many different types of culture is to recognize the functional operations of different departments within the organization. The varying departments and divisions within an organization will inevitably view any given situation from their own biased and prejudiced perspective. A department and its members will acquire "tunnel vision" which disallows them to see things as others see them. The very structure of organizations can create conflict. The choice of whether the structure is "mechanistic" or "organic" can have a profound influence on conflict management. A mechanistic structure has a vertical hierarchy with many rules, many procedures, and many levels of management involved in decision making. Organic structures are more horizontal in nature, where decision making is less centralized and spread across the plane of the organization.
Possible Titles:
1. Understanding Departmental Culture and Conflict in Organizational Structures
2. The Impact of Organizational Structures on Conflict and Decision Making
3. How Mechanistic and Organic Structures Influence Departmental Perspectives
4. The Role of Tunnel Vision and Structure in Organizational Conflict
Main Idea #1:
Different departments within an organization develop their own biased perspectives, leading to conflicts.
Main Idea #2:
The structure of an organization, whether mechanistic or organic, significantly influences conflict management, with mechanistic structures having a rigid hierarchy and organic structures promoting decentralized decision making.
Summary:
Departments within organizations often develop biased perspectives, causing conflict due to differing views. The type of organizational structure, whether mechanistic with a rigid hierarchy or organic with decentralized decision making, affects how conflicts are managed.
Key Points:
1. Departments develop tunnel vision, leading to biased perspectives.
2. Organizational structures can influence how conflicts are managed.
3. Mechanistic structures have rigid hierarchies and centralized decision making.
4. Organic structures have decentralized, horizontal decision-making processes.
[고1] 2024년 09월 – 30번: 자전거 전용 도로 확장으로 교통을 줄이는 도시 계획의 이점
An excellent alternative to calming traffic is removing it. Some cities reserve an extensive network of lanes and streets for bikes, pedestrians, and the occasional service vehicle. This motivates people to travel by bike rather than by car, making streets safer for everyone. As bicycles become more popular in a city, planners can convert more automobile lanes and entire streets to accommodate more of them. Nevertheless, even the most bikeable cities still require motor vehicle lanes for taxis, emergency vehicles, and delivery trucks. Delivery vehicles are frequently a target of animus, but they are actually an essential component to making cities greener. A tightly packed delivery truck is a far more efficient transporter of goods than several hybrids carrying a few shopping bags each. Distributing food and other goods to neighborhood vendors allows them to operate smaller stores close to homes so that residents can walk, rather than drive, to get their groceries.
Possible Titles:
1. Transforming Streets: The Benefits of Reducing Traffic for Bikes and Pedestrians
2. How Reducing Car Traffic Can Create Safer, More Efficient Cities
3. Making Streets Safer: The Role of Bicycles and Delivery Vehicles in Urban Planning
4. The Balance Between Bikeable Cities and Essential Vehicle Lanes
Main Idea #1:
Removing car traffic and reserving streets for bikes and pedestrians makes cities safer and encourages biking.
Main Idea #2:
Despite reducing car traffic, cities still need lanes for essential vehicles like delivery trucks, which contribute to a greener environment by efficiently transporting goods and supporting neighborhood stores.
Summary:
Cities can promote biking and safety by converting streets for bikes and pedestrians. Although motor vehicle lanes are still necessary for taxis, emergency vehicles, and delivery trucks, these trucks help make cities greener by efficiently delivering goods and supporting local stores, reducing the need for individual car trips.
Key Points:
1. Removing car traffic encourages biking and makes streets safer.
2. Bikes can replace cars on some streets, but motor vehicles are still needed.
3. Delivery trucks are essential for efficient transportation of goods.
4. Local stores supported by deliveries reduce the need for residents to drive.
[고1] 2024년 09월 – 31번: 유명 작곡가들의 초기 작품이 받아들여지기 어려웠던 이유
You hear again and again that some of the greatest composers were misunderstood in their own day. Not everyone could understand the compositions of Beethoven, Brahms, or Stravinsky in their day. The reason for this initial lack of acceptance is unfamiliarity. The musical forms, or ideas expressed within them, were completely new. And yet, this is exactly one of the things that makes them so great. Effective composers have their own ideas. Have you ever seen the classic movie Amadeus? The composer Antonio Salieri is the "host" of this movie; he's depicted as one of the most famous non-great composers ― he lived at the time of Mozart and was completely overshadowed by him. Now, Salieri wasn't a bad composer; in fact, he was a very good one. But he wasn't one of the world's great composers because his work wasn't original. What he wrote sounded just like what everyone else was composing at the time.
Possible Titles:
1. The Role of Originality in Defining the World's Greatest Composers
2. How Familiarity and Originality Shape Musical Greatness
3. Why Some Composers Were Misunderstood in Their Time but Later Revered
4. The Difference Between Good and Great Composers: Originality as the Key Factor
Main Idea #1:
Great composers were often misunderstood in their time due to the unfamiliarity of their ideas.
Main Idea #2:
Originality is a defining characteristic of great composers, as demonstrated by figures like Beethoven and Mozart, whose work was initially misunderstood but ultimately recognized for its uniqueness, unlike more conventional composers like Salieri.
Summary:
Many great composers, such as Beethoven and Mozart, were initially misunderstood because their compositions introduced unfamiliar ideas. Unlike conventional composers like Salieri, they are celebrated for their originality, which sets them apart as true musical innovators.
Key Points:
1. Many great composers were misunderstood due to the novelty of their ideas.
2. Originality is essential for a composer to be considered great.
3. Salieri, while a good composer, lacked the originality that defined Mozart.
4. Great composers like Beethoven, Brahms, and Stravinsky introduced new musical forms.
[고1] 2024년 09월 – 32번: 새로운 매체가 인간의 사고 방식을 변화시키는 과정
Every time a new medium comes along ─ whether it's the invention of the printed book, or TV, or SNS ─ and you start to use it, it's like you are putting on a new kind of goggles, with their own special colors and lenses. Each set of goggles you put on makes you see things differently. So when you start to watch television, before you absorb the message of any particular TV show ─ whether it's Wheel of Fortune or The Wire ─ you start to see the world as being shaped like television itself. That's why Marshall McLuhan said that every time a new medium comes along ─a new way for humans to communicate ─ it has buried in it a message. It is gently guiding us to see the world according to a new set of codes. The way information gets to you, McLuhan argued, is more important than the information itself. TV teaches you that the world is fast; that it's about surfaces and appearances.
Possible Titles:
1. How New Media Shapes Our Perception: The Impact of Communication Tools
2. Understanding Marshall McLuhan: The Medium as a Message in Modern Media
3. The Influence of Media on Worldview: How TV and SNS Change Perception
4. Seeing Through New Lenses: How Media Guides Our Understanding of the World
Main Idea #1:
New forms of media change the way we perceive the world, much like putting on a new set of goggles.
Main Idea #2:
Marshall McLuhan argued that the way information is delivered through a medium is more important than the content itself, as each medium subtly alters how we see the world and shapes our understanding according to its own codes.
Summary:
New forms of media, like TV or SNS, change how we perceive the world by altering the way we receive information. Marshall McLuhan believed that the medium itself carries a hidden message, guiding us to view the world in a particular way, often more influential than the content it delivers.
Key Points:
1. New media changes how we see the world, like wearing different goggles.
2. Marshall McLuhan believed that the medium is more important than the message.
3. TV, for example, teaches us to perceive the world as fast and appearance-driven.
4. Each medium guides us to view the world according to its own codes and structure.
[고1] 2024년 09월 – 33번: 개념의 중요성과 잘못된 개념이 과학적 오류를 초래할 수 있는 위험성
Concepts are vital to human survival, but we must also be careful with them because concepts open the door to essentialism. They encourage us to see things that aren't present. Stuart Firestein opens his book, Ignorance, with an old proverb, "It is very difficult to find a black cat in a dark room, especially when there is no cat." This statement beautifully sums up the search for essences. History has many examples of scientists who searched fruitlessly for an essence because they used the wrong concept to guide their hypotheses. Firestein gives the example of luminiferous ether, a mysterious substance that was thought to fill the universe so that light would have a medium to move through. The ether was a black cat, writes Firestein, and physicists had been theorizing in a dark room, and then experimenting in it, looking for evidence of a cat that did not exist.
Possible Titles:
1. The Dangers of Essentialism in Scientific Inquiry: Lessons from History
2. How Concepts Can Mislead: The Search for Nonexistent Essences in Science
3. Stuart Firestein's Insights on Ignorance and the Pitfalls of Misguided Concepts
4. The Black Cat in the Dark Room: The Perils of Essentialism in Science
Main Idea #1:
Concepts are essential for human understanding, but they can lead to misguided searches for nonexistent essences.
Main Idea #2:
Stuart Firestein illustrates how essentialism can mislead scientific inquiry, using the historical example of physicists searching for the nonexistent ether, much like searching for a black cat in a dark room when no cat is present.
Summary:
Concepts are important but can lead to essentialism, where scientists search for nonexistent things, as illustrated by the historical search for luminiferous ether. Stuart Firestein likens this to looking for a black cat in a dark room when there is no cat.
Key Points:
1. Concepts can lead to misguided searches for essences that don’t exist.
2. Stuart Firestein uses the proverb of a black cat in a dark room to illustrate this.
3. Scientists once searched for the nonexistent luminiferous ether, misled by a false concept.
4. Essentialism can misguide scientific inquiry by focusing on nonexistent phenomena.
[고1] 2024년 09월 – 34번: 소셜미디어에서의 '일반적 유명인'과 전통적 유명인의 차이
While social media attention is potentially an instrument to achieve ends like elite celebrity, some content creators desire ordinary fame as a social end in itself. Not unlike reality television stars, social media celebrities are often criticized for not having skills and talents associated with traditional, elite celebrity, such as acting or singing ability. This criticism highlights the fact that digital content creators face real barriers to crossing over to the sphere of elite celebrity. However, the criticism also misses the point that the phenomenon of ordinary celebrity reconstructs the meaning of fame. The elite celebrity is symbolized by the metaphor of the star, characterized by mystery and hierarchical distance and associated with naturalized qualities of talent and class. The ordinary celebrity attracts attention through regular and frequent interactions with other ordinary people. Achieving ordinary fame as a social media celebrity is like doing well at a game, because in this sphere, fame is nothing more nor less than relatively high scores on attention scales, the metrics of subscribers, followers, Likes, or clicks built into social media applications.
Possible Titles:
1. Redefining Fame: The Rise of Ordinary Celebrities in the Social Media Era
2. Ordinary Fame vs. Elite Celebrity: How Social Media Changes the Game of Fame
3. Social Media Celebrities: Challenging Traditional Notions of Talent and Stardom
4. The Metrics of Fame: How Social Media Transforms Celebrity into a Numbers Game
Main Idea #1:
Social media celebrities often seek fame for its own sake, rather than for elite recognition based on traditional talent.
Main Idea #2:
While social media celebrities face barriers to crossing into elite celebrity status, their fame reconstructs the meaning of celebrity, as it is driven by frequent interactions with ordinary people and measured by attention metrics like followers and Likes.
Summary:
Social media celebrities seek ordinary fame, which differs from traditional elite celebrity by focusing on frequent interactions with followers rather than naturalized talents. Fame in this realm is measured by attention metrics such as Likes and followers, shifting the meaning of celebrity.
Key Points:
1. Social media celebrities seek fame as an end in itself.
2. They are often criticized for lacking traditional talents like acting or singing.
3. Ordinary celebrity redefines fame, focusing on regular interaction with followers.
4. Fame in social media is measured by attention metrics like followers and Likes.
[고1] 2024년 09월 – 35번: 시험 준비에서 벼락치기가 효과적이지 않은 이유
Why do we have the illusion that cramming for an exam is the best learning strategy? Because we are unable to differentiate between the various sections of our memory. Immediately after reading our textbook or our class notes, information is fully present in our mind. It sits in our conscious working memory, in an active form. We feel as if we know it, because it is present in our short-term storage space ... but this short-term section has nothing to do with the long-term memory that we will need in order to recall the same information a few days later. After a few seconds or minutes, working memory already starts disappearing, and after a few days, the effect becomes enormous: unless you retest your knowledge, memory vanishes. To get information into long-term memory, it is essential to study the material, then test yourself, rather than spend all your time studying.
Possible Titles:
1. The Illusion of Cramming: Why Short-Term Memory Doesn't Guarantee Long-Term Recall
2. Understanding the Difference Between Short-Term and Long-Term Memory in Learning
3. Why Cramming Fails: The Importance of Self-Testing for Long-Term Retention
4. How to Overcome the Pitfalls of Cramming: Strategies for Lasting Learning
Main Idea #1:
Cramming feels effective because information remains temporarily in our short-term memory, giving us the illusion of mastery.
Main Idea #2:
To transfer information into long-term memory, it is crucial to study material over time and retest yourself, as short-term memory fades quickly and is not sufficient for long-term recall.
Summary:
Cramming feels effective because it fills short-term memory, giving the illusion of learning. However, short-term memory fades quickly. To ensure long-term retention, it is important to study over time and test yourself regularly.
Key Points:
1. Cramming fills short-term memory, creating an illusion of knowing the material.
2. Short-term memory is not connected to long-term recall.
3. Memory fades quickly unless reinforced through self-testing.
4. Effective learning strategies involve both studying and self-testing for long-term retention.
[고1] 2024년 09월 – 36번: 거울 뉴런이 관찰 학습에 미치는 영향
The discovery of mirror neurons has profoundly changed the way we think of a fundamental human capacity, learning by observation. As children we learn a lot by observing what our parents and friends do. Newborns, in the first week of life, have an inborn tendency to stick out their tongue if their parents stick out theirs. Such imitation is not perfect. You may not see the tongue stick out each time you stick yours out at your newborn, but if you do it many times, the tongue will come out more often than if you do something different. Babies babble and later start to imitate the sounds their parents produce. Later still, they play with vacuum cleaners and hammers in imitation of their parents. Our modern cultures, in which we write, speak, read, build spaceships and go to school, can work only because we are not restricted to the behavior we are born with or learn by trial and error. We can learn a lot by simply watching others.
Possible Titles:
1. How Mirror Neurons Revolutionize Our Understanding of Learning by Observation
2. The Role of Mirror Neurons in Human Development: Learning Through Imitation
3. From Babbling to Building: How Observational Learning Shapes Human Culture
4. The Science Behind Imitation: Mirror Neurons and the Power of Observational Learning
Main Idea #1:
Mirror neurons help explain how humans learn through observation, especially from infancy.
Main Idea #2:
Observational learning, driven by mirror neurons, allows humans to go beyond innate behaviors, enabling cultural practices such as language, tool use, and complex societal activities, which are fundamental to modern life.
Summary:
Mirror neurons reveal how humans, starting as infants, learn by observing and imitating others. This ability to learn through observation enables us to adopt complex cultural behaviors, like language and tool use, that go far beyond innate actions or trial-and-error learning.
Key Points:
1. Mirror neurons explain the ability to learn by observing others.
2. Infants begin imitating behaviors, such as sticking out their tongue, from a young age.
3. Observational learning allows humans to learn complex behaviors without trial and error.
4. This capacity is essential for cultural practices, such as language, tool use, and education.
[고1] 2024년 09월 – 37번: 자신의 목소리를 다르게 인식하는 이유
Have you ever been surprised to hear a recording of your own voice? You might have thought, "Is that really what my voice sounds like?" Maybe your accent is more pronounced in the recording than you realized, or your voice is higher than it seems to your own ears. This is of course quite a common experience. The explanation is actually fairly simple. There are two pathways through which we perceive our own voice when we speak. One is the route through which we perceive most external sounds, like waves that travel from the air through the outer, middle and inner ear. But because our vocal cords vibrate when we speak, there is a second internal path. Vibrations are conducted through our bones and stimulate our inner ears directly. Lower frequencies are emphasized along this pathway. That makes your voice sound deeper and richer to yourself than it may sound to other people.
Possible Titles:
1. Why Your Voice Sounds Different in Recordings: The Science Behind the Surprise
2. Hearing Your Own Voice: Understanding the Difference Between Internal and External Sound Perception
3. The Two Pathways of Hearing: Why Your Voice Sounds Deeper to Yourself
4. Bone Vibrations and Sound Waves: The Reason Your Voice Surprises You in Recordings
Main Idea #1:
Hearing your own recorded voice sounds different because of the two ways we perceive sound when we speak.
Main Idea #2:
While external sounds travel through the air to the ears, our voice also reaches us through vibrations conducted by our bones, which emphasize lower frequencies, making our voice sound deeper to ourselves than it does to others.
Summary:
When we speak, we hear our voice through two pathways: air conduction and bone conduction. The latter emphasizes lower frequencies, making our voice sound deeper to ourselves than it does to others, which explains why recordings of our voice often sound unfamiliar.
Key Points:
1. Hearing your recorded voice can be surprising due to differences in sound perception.
2. We perceive sound through both external air waves and internal bone conduction.
3. Bone conduction emphasizes lower frequencies, making your voice sound deeper to you.
4. This explains why your recorded voice often sounds higher or different than expected.
[고1] 2024년 09월 – 38번: 생물의 유사성에서 아날로그와 호몰로그의 차이
Biologists distinguish two kinds of similarity. "Analogous" traits are ones that have a common function but arose on different branches of the evolutionary tree and are in an important sense not "the same" organ. The wings of birds and the wings of bees are both used for flight and are similar in some ways because anything used for flight has to be built in those ways, but they arose independently in evolution and have nothing in common beyond their use in flight. "Homologous" traits, in contrast, may or may not have a common function, but they descended from a common ancestor and hence have some common structure that indicates their being "the same" organ. The wing of a bat and the front leg of a horse have very different functions, but they are all modifications of the forelimb of the ancestor of all mammals. As a result, they share nonfunctional traits like the number of bones and the ways they are connected. To distinguish analogy from homology, biologists usually look at the overall architecture of the organs and focus on their most useless properties.
Possible Titles:
1. Homology vs. Analogy: Understanding Biological Similarities in Evolution
2. The Difference Between Analogous and Homologous Traits in Evolutionary Biology
3. How Biologists Distinguish Between Traits: Homology and Analogy Explained
4. Wings and Limbs: Comparing Analogous and Homologous Traits in Evolution
Main Idea #1:
Analogous traits serve similar functions but evolved independently on different branches of the evolutionary tree.
Main Idea #2:
Homologous traits share a common ancestral origin, regardless of their current function, and biologists use nonfunctional similarities, such as bone structure, to identify them and differentiate them from analogous traits.
Summary:
Biologists distinguish between analogous traits, which perform similar functions but evolved independently, and homologous traits, which share a common ancestor despite having different functions. To identify homology, biologists focus on structural features that are not related to the organ’s current function.
Key Points:
1. Analogous traits have similar functions but evolved separately.
2. Homologous traits share a common ancestor despite differences in function.
3. Examples include bird and bee wings (analogous) and bat wings and horse legs (homologous).
4. Biologists look at nonfunctional properties, like bone structure, to differentiate traits.
[고1] 2024년 09월 – 39번: 기후 변화로 인한 해양 산소 감소의 위험성
Seawater contains an abundance of dissolved oxygen that all marine animals breathe to stay alive. It has long been established in physics that cold water holds more dissolved oxygen than warm water does ― this is one reason that cold polar seas are full of life while tropical oceans are blue, clear, and relatively poorly populated with living creatures. Thus, as global warming raises the temperature of marine waters, it is self-evident that the amount of dissolved oxygen will decrease. This is a worrisome and potentially disastrous consequence if allowed to continue to an ecosystem-threatening level. Now scientists have analyzed data indicating that the amount of dissolved oxygen in the oceans has been declining for more than a half century. The data show that the ocean oxygen level has been falling more rapidly than the corresponding rise in water temperature. Falling oxygen levels in water have the potential to impact the habitat of marine organisms worldwide and in recent years this has led to more frequent anoxic events that killed or displaced populations of fish, crabs, and many other organisms.
Possible Titles:
1. The Decline of Ocean Oxygen Levels: A Growing Threat to Marine Life
2. Global Warming and Ocean Oxygen Depletion: Understanding the Consequences
3. How Rising Temperatures Are Depleting Oxygen in Marine Ecosystems
4. The Impact of Falling Oxygen Levels on Marine Life: A Global Environmental Challenge
Main Idea #1:
Cold water holds more dissolved oxygen than warm water, which is why colder seas support more marine life.
Main Idea #2:
As global warming raises ocean temperatures, oxygen levels in the water are decreasing faster than expected, leading to habitat loss and more frequent anoxic events, which are harmful to marine organisms.
Summary:
Colder waters hold more oxygen, supporting more marine life, but global warming is reducing oxygen levels in the oceans. This decline is faster than temperature increases and is causing anoxic events that threaten marine ecosystems by killing or displacing species.
Key Points:
1. Cold water holds more dissolved oxygen than warm water.
2. Rising ocean temperatures due to global warming decrease oxygen levels.
3. Oxygen levels have been declining more rapidly than expected for over 50 years.
4. Declining oxygen levels are causing anoxic events, harming marine life.
[고1] 2024년 09월 – 40번: 원숭이 실험에서 불공정한 대우에 대한 반응
Capuchins ― New World Monkeys that live in large social groups ― will, in captivity, trade with people all day long, especially if food is involved. I give you this rock and you give me a treat to eat. If you put two monkeys in cages next to each other, and offer them both slices of cucumber for the rocks they already have, they will happily eat the cucumbers. If, however, you give one monkey grapes instead ― grapes being universally preferred to cucumbers ― the monkey that is still receiving cucumbers will begin to throw them back at the experimenter. Even though she is still getting "paid" the same amount for her effort of sourcing rocks, and so her particular situation has not changed, the comparison to another makes the situation unfair. Furthermore, she is now willing to abandon all gains ― the cucumbers themselves ― to communicate her displeasure to the experimenter.
[요약문] According to the passage, if the Capuchin monkey realizes the inequality in rewards compared to another monkey, she will reject her rewards to express her feelings about the treatment, despite getting exactly the same rewards as before.
Possible Titles:
1. Capuchin Monkeys' Reaction to Perceived Inequality in Rewards
2. Social Comparison and Fairness Among Capuchin Monkeys in Captivity
3. Behavioral Response of Capuchins to Unfair Treatment in Reward Systems
4. The Impact of Inequity on Capuchin Monkeys' Trading Behavior
Main Idea #1:
Capuchin monkeys become dissatisfied when they perceive unequal treatment in rewards.
Main Idea #2:
Even when their own rewards do not change, Capuchin monkeys are willing to reject them if they notice another monkey receiving something better, indicating their sensitivity to fairness.
Summary:
Capuchin monkeys react negatively when they perceive an imbalance in rewards, rejecting their own reward if another monkey gets something better. This response occurs despite no changes to their own compensation, highlighting their sensitivity to fairness in social comparisons.
Key Points:
1. Capuchin monkeys happily trade for food in captivity.
2. They react strongly to unfair treatment when rewards are unequal.
3. Monkeys will reject rewards if they perceive another monkey getting better compensation.
4. Social comparison drives the monkeys' decision to express displeasure with unequal rewards.
[고1] 2024년 09월 – 41~42번: 고등 교육의 확산과 그로 인한 평가 시스템의 모순
Higher education has grown from an elite to a mass system across the world. In Europe and the USA, increased rates of participation occurred in the decades after the Second World War. Between 2000 and 2014, rates of participation in higher education almost doubled from 19% to 34% across the world among the members of the population in the school-leaving age category (typically 18-23). The dramatic expansion of higher education has been marked by a wider range of institutions of higher learning and a more diverse demographic of students. Changes from an elite system to a mass higher education system are associated with political needs to build a specialized workforce for the economy. In theory, the expansion of higher education to develop a highly skilled workforce should diminish the role of examinations in the selection and control of students, initiating approaches to assessment which enable lifelong learning: assessment for learning and a focus on feedback for development. In reality, socio-political changes to expand higher education have set up a 'field of contradictions' for assessment in higher education. Mass higher education requires efficient approaches to assessment, such as examinations and multiple-choice quizzes, with minimalist, impersonal, or standardised feedback, often causing students to focus more on grades than feedback. In contrast, the relatively small numbers of students in elite systems in the past allowed for closer relationships between students and their teachers, with formative feedback shaping the minds, academic skills, and even the characters of students.
Possible Titles:
1. The Transition from Elite to Mass Higher Education Systems Worldwide
2. Challenges in Assessment Practices in Expanding Higher Education Systems
3. Contradictions in Student Assessment Amidst Higher Education Expansion
4. The Impact of Mass Higher Education on Student-Teacher Dynamics and Feedback
Main Idea #1:
Higher education has expanded globally from an elite to a mass system, with a larger and more diverse student body.
Main Idea #2:
Although the massification of higher education aims to develop a skilled workforce, it has created contradictions in assessment practices, prioritizing efficiency over meaningful feedback and focusing students on grades instead of learning.
Summary:
The shift from elite to mass higher education has expanded participation and diversity. However, this expansion has led to challenges in assessment, where the need for efficiency often compromises personalized feedback, causing students to prioritize grades over learning.
Key Points:
1. Higher education has transformed from an elite to a mass system globally.
2. This expansion is driven by the need for a specialized workforce.
3. Mass higher education has created contradictions in assessment practices.
4. Efficiency in assessments often limits meaningful feedback, affecting student focus.
[고1] 2024년 09월 – 43~45번: 이란 시인 Sheikh Saadi의 옷을 통해 사람의 평가가 달라지는 이야기
Once upon a time in the Iranian city of Shiraz, there lived the famous poet Sheikh Saadi. Like most other poets and philosophers, he led a very simple life. A rich merchant of Shiraz was preparing for his daughter's wedding and invited him along with a lot of big businessmen of the town. The poet accepted the invitation and decided to attend. On the day of the wedding, the rich merchant, the host of the wedding, was receiving the guests at the gate. Many rich people of the town attended the wedding. They had come out in their best clothes. The poet wore simple clothes which were neither grand nor expensive. He waited for someone to approach him but no one gave him as much as even a second glance. Even the host did not greet him and looked away. Seeing all this, the poet quietly left the party and went to a shop where he could rent clothes. There he chose a richly decorated coat, which made him look like a new person. With this coat, he entered the party and this time was welcomed with open arms. The host embraced him as he would do to an old friend and complimented him on the clothes he was wearing. The poet did not say a word and allowed the host to lead him to the dining room. The host personally led the poet to his seat and served out chicken soup to him. After a moment, the poet suddenly dipped the corner of his coat in the soup as if he fed it. All the guests were now staring at him in surprise. The host said, "Sir, what are you doing?" The poet very calmly replied, "Now that I have put on expensive clothes, I see a world of difference here. All that I can say now is that this feast is meant for my clothes, not for me."
Possible Titles:
1. The Lesson of Appearance and Perception in Saadi's Story
2. Sheikh Saadi's Tale of How Clothes Influence Respect
3. The Power of External Appearance in Social Status and Treatment
4. Saadi's Clever Response to Being Judged by His Clothing at a Wedding
Main Idea #1:
Sheikh Saadi teaches a lesson about how people judge others based on their appearance rather than their true worth.
Main Idea #2:
Through his experience at the wedding, Saadi highlights the superficiality of society, where he is ignored in simple clothes but warmly welcomed when dressed in rich attire, prompting him to demonstrate that respect is given to clothes, not the person.
Summary:
Sheikh Saadi attends a wedding in simple clothes and is ignored, but when he returns in expensive attire, he is welcomed with honor. His action of feeding his coat illustrates how people often judge others based on appearance rather than character.
Key Points:
1. Sheikh Saadi was invited to a wedding but ignored due to his simple clothes.
2. When he wore expensive clothes, he was treated with respect.
3. Saadi's actions demonstrated society's superficial judgment based on appearance.
4. The poet cleverly showed that the respect given was for his clothes, not for him.
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