안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다.

오늘은 <2024년도 9월 고3 영어 모의고사>의 지문 음원 자료를 올립니다.

ChatGPT 유료 버전(ChatGPT-4o)으로 작업했고,
설명문/실용문을 제외한 전지문을 포함했습니다. 

유용하게 사용하세요~♡

ps.

블로그 콘텐츠가 마음에 드신다면, '좋아요' 클릭과 광고 지원으로 응원해 주세요. 

여러분의 작은 도움이 큰 힘이 됩니다! 

감사합니다~~♡

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 18번: Royal Ocean Cruises의 할인 혜택 안내

Dear Valued Members, We have exciting news here at Royal Ocean Cruises! To thank you for your loyalty, we are thrilled to offer you an exclusive promotion! Make a reservation for any cruise departing within the next six months and enjoy a 15% discount. Additionally, we are offering a free specialty dining package and a $20 coupon to use at the onboard gift shop. To take advantage of this offer, simply go to our website and enter the promotion code 'ROC25'. We look forward to welcoming you back aboard for another unforgettable journey. Thank you for your continued loyalty and support. Sincerely, Cindy Robins Customer Relations Manager

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 19번: 비행기 지연으로 인한 Sophie의 혼란스러운 아침

The whole morning had been chaotic. Sophie's day began with her alarm clock failing to ring, which had thrown her into an intense rush. After terrible traffic, her taxi finally arrived at the airport, where she was met with endless security lines. Sophie kept glancing at her watch with each second feeling like an hour. Worried that she could not get to the boarding gate in time, she rushed through the crowds of people. Just then, she heard an announcement saying that her flight had been "delayed." Letting out a deep sigh, she finally felt at ease. With an unexpected hour to spare, she would have time to relax and browse the airport shops before her journey.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 20번: 소셜 미디어에서의 잘못된 정보 확산의 위험성

Truth is essential for progress and the development of knowledge, as it serves as the foundation upon which reliable and accurate understanding is built. However, one of the greatest threats to the accumulation of knowledge can now be found on social media platforms. As social media becomes a primary source of information for millions, its unregulated nature allows misinformation to spread rapidly. Social media users may unknowingly participate in creating and circulating misinformation, which can influence elections, cause violence, and create widespread panic, as seen in various global incidents. As creators and consumers, it is our responsibility to take on a greater role in the enhancement of fact-checking protocols in order to ensure accuracy. It is critical that participants safeguard the reliability of information, supporting a more informed and rational public community.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 21번: 문화적 맥락에서 인류학자들이 현지 관찰의 중요성을 인식한 사례

Around the turn of the twentieth century, anthropologists trained in the natural sciences began to reimagine what a science of humanity should look like and how social scientists ought to go about studying cultural groups. Some of those anthropologists insisted that one should at least spend significant time actually observing and talking to the people studied. Early ethnographers such as Franz Boas and Alfred Cort Haddon typically traveled to the remote locations where the people in question lived and spent a few weeks to a few months there. They sought out a local Western host who was familiar with the people and the area (such as a colonial official, missionary, or businessman) and found accommodations through them. Although they did at times venture into the community without a guide, they generally did not spend significant time with the local people. Thus, their observations were primarily conducted from their verandas.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 22번: 도덕적 책임이 인간 사회에서 형성된 개념이라는 주장

Even though there is good reason to consider a dog a sentient being capable of making choices and plans ― so that we might suppose 'it could have conceived of acting otherwise' ― we're unlikely to think it is wicked and immoral for attacking a child. Moral responsibility is not some universal concept like entropy or temperature ― something that applies equally, and can be measured similarly, everywhere in the cosmos. It is a notion developed specifically for human use, no more or less than languages are. While sentience and volition are aspects of mind and agency, morals are cultural tools developed to influence social behaviour: to cultivate the desirable and discourage the harmful. They are learnt, not given at birth. It's possible, indeed likely, that we are born with a predisposition to cooperate with others ― but only within human society do we come to understand this as moral behaviour.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 23번: 일상적 현상과 이례적 현상에 대한 인간의 반응 차이

It is much more natural to be surprised by unusual phenomena like eclipses than ordinary phenomena like falling bodies or the succession of night into day and day into night. Many cultures invented gods to explain these eclipses that shocked, frightened, or surprised them; but very few imagined a god of falling bodies ― to which they were so accustomed that they did not even notice them. But the reason for eclipses is ultimately the same as that of the succession of night and day: the movement of celestial bodies, which itself is based on the Newtonian law of attraction and how it explains why things fall when we let them go. For the physicist, understanding the ordinary, the habitual, and the frequent thus allows us to account for the frightening and the singular. As such, it was thus necessary to ask "Why do things fall?" and to have Newton's response to understand a broad range of much more bizarre phenomena occurring at every level of the universe.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 24번: 사무실 설계에서 변화의 중요성

There are good reasons why open-office plans have gained currency, but open offices may not be the plan of choice for all times. Instead, the right plan seems to be building a culture of change. Overly rigid habits and conventions, no matter how well-considered or well-intentioned, threaten innovation. The crucial take-away from analyzing office plans over time is that the answers keep changing. It might seem that there is a straight line of progress, but it's a myth. Surveying office spaces from the past eighty years, one can see a cycle that repeats. Comparing the offices of the 1940s with contemporary office spaces shows that they have circled back around to essentially the same style, via a period in the 1980s when partitions and cubicles were more the norm. The technologies and colors may differ, but the 1940s and 2000s plans are alike, right down to the pillars running down the middle.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 25번: 2022년 4개국의 VR과 AR 인지도 비교 그래프

The graph above shows the percentages of respondents who were familiar with the concept of virtual reality (VR) and those who were familiar with the concept of augmented reality (AR) in four countries in 2022. For each country, the percentage of respondents familiar with VR was greater than the percentage of respondents familiar with AR. The country with the highest percentage of respondents familiar with AR was South Korea. The country with the largest gap between the percentage of respondents familiar with VR and that of respondents familiar with AR was Canada. In Japan, the percentage of respondents familiar with VR was greater than 60%. The percentage of respondents familiar with VR and that of respondents familiar with AR were lower in Switzerland than in Japan, respectively.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 26번: 예술과 과학을 연결한 Gyorgy Kepes의 생애와 업적

Gyorgy Kepes was an artist and educator born in Selyp, Hungary in 1906. He studied painting at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Budapest, Hungary. Then, he studied design and film in Berlin, Germany. He went to the United States in 1937, and about a decade later, he started teaching visual design at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He founded the Center for Advanced Visual Studies at MIT to form a community composed of artists and scientists. His exhibition in 1951 titled The New Landscape became the basis of his book The New Landscape in Art and Science, which was published several years later. In the book, he presented images that were not previously available, captured by the latest scientific devices. In 1995, a museum to house his works was established in Eger, Hungary. He was a great pioneer in connecting art and technology.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 29번: 산업 혁명 시기의 영국 사회 변화와 문제점

Victorian England is characterised by the full development of the Industrial Revolution. England became the first industrial nation in the world and, by 1850, the first nation to have more people employed in industry than in agriculture. Expanding trade coincided with the growth of the Empire and brought great wealth to Britain, but this wealth was not evenly distributed. Many enterprising individuals (the 'self-made men') rose from humble origins to positions of wealth and influence, but large sections of the working class were forced into the overcrowded slums of large cities where they worked long hours for low wages in unhealthy conditions. The manufacturing towns of the north of England provided some of the worst examples and inspired such socially conscious novels as Kingsley's Alton Locke, Gaskell's Mary Barton, and Dickens's Hard Times. In the south there was London, already the largest city in the world, showing all the crime, evil, and misery which result from overpopulation and unplanned growth.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 30번: 인간의 사고방식이 예측 가능한 오류로 인해 비합리적일 수 있는 이유

We all like to think of ourselves as rational actors, careful and considered in our thinking, capable of sound and reliable judgments. We might believe that we generally consider different points of view and make informed decisions. We are, in fact, "predictably irrational," as psychologist Dan Ariely titled his book on the topic. All of us engage in automatic, reflexive thinking, typically taking the easier path and conserving mental effort. Although we each may have the subjective impression that we are careful thinkers, we often make snap judgments or no real judgments at all. In addition, numerous biases inhibit or override reflective, deliberative thought; intuitive theories can also interfere with acceptance of accurate scientific explanations. Understanding more about how our minds work and how biases may operate can make us each less subject to fallacious reasoning, more rational, and more aware of the problems in others' thinking. Learning to understand the built-in limitations of our mental processes can also help us improve our ability to inform others more effectively.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 31번: 나방이 빛에 끌리는 이유에 대한 이론들

There has been a lot of discussion on why moths are attracted to light. The consensus seems to hold that moths are not so much attracted to lights as they are trapped by them. The light becomes a sensory overload that disorients the insects and sends them into a holding pattern. A hypothesis called the Mach band theory suggests that moths see a dark area around a light source and head for it to escape the light. Another theory suggests that moths perceive the light coming from a source as a diffuse halo with a dark spot in the center. The moths, attempting to escape the light, fly toward that imagined "portal," bringing them closer to the source. As they approach the light, their reference point changes and they circle the light hopelessly trying to reach the portal. Everyone is familiar with moths circling their porch lights. Their flight appears to have no purpose, but they are, it is believed, trying to escape the pull of the light.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 32번: 커뮤니케이션 기술 발전에서 투자와 수익 기대의 문제

One of the factors determining the use of technologies of communication will be the kinds of investments made in equipment and personnel; who makes them, and what they expect in return. There is no guarantee that the investment will necessarily be in forms of communication that are most appropriate for the majority of people. Because the ownership of investment funds tends to be in the hands of commercial organisations, the modernisation of communications infrastructure only takes place on the basis of potential profitability. Take, for example, the installation of fibre-optic communications cable across the African continent. A number of African nations are involved in the development but its operational structures will be oriented to those who can pay for access. Many states that might wish to use it for education and information may not only find it too expensive but also simply unavailable to them. There can be no doubt that the development has been led by investment opportunity rather than community demand.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 33번: 도시의 공간 질과 머무는 활동의 상관관계

City quality is so crucial for optional activities that the extent of staying activities can often be used as a measuring stick for the quality of the city as well as of its space. Many pedestrians in a city are not necessarily an indication of good city quality ― many people walking around can often be a sign of insufficient transit options or long distances between the various functions in the city. Conversely, it can be claimed that a city in which many people are not walking often indicates good city quality. In a city like Rome, it is the large number of people standing or sitting in squares rather than walking that is conspicuous. And it's not due to necessity but rather that the city quality is so inviting. It is hard to keep moving in city space with so many temptations to stay. In contrast are many new quarters and complexes that many people walk through but rarely stop or stay in.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 34번: Rousseau가 주장한 인간 발달의 사회적 의존성

That people need other people is hardly news, but for Rousseau this dependence extended far beyond companionship or even love, into the very process of becoming human. Rousseau believed that people are not born but made, every individual a bundle of potentials whose realization requires the active involvement of other people. Self-development is a social process. Self-sufficiency is an impossible fantasy. Much of the time Rousseau wished passionately that it were not: Robinson Crusoe was a favorite book, and he yearned to be free from the pains and uncertainties of social life. But his writings document with extraordinary clarity the shaping of the individual by his emotional attachments. "Our sweetest existence is relative and collective, and our true self is not entirely within us." And it is kindness ― which Rousseau analyzed under the rubric of pitié, which translates as "pity" but is much closer to "sympathy" as Hume and Smith defined it ― that is the key to this collective existence.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 35번: 전문적 수집가를 위한 딜러의 광범위한 역할

The best dealers offer a much broader service than merely having their goods on display and 'selling from stock'. Once they know the needs of a particular collector they can actively seek specific items to fill gaps in the collection. Because it is their business, to which they devote themselves full-time, they will inevitably have a much wider network than any non-professional collector can ever develop. As a matter of course they can enquire about the availability of pieces from dealers in other cities and, most crucially in some categories, from overseas. They will be routinely informed of news of all auctions and important private sales, and should be well-enough connected to hear occasionally of items which are not yet quite on sale but might be available for a certain price. In turn, they can circulate their own contacts with 'want-lists' of desired items or subjects, multiplying their client collectors' chances of expanding their collections.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 36번: 학습은 새로운 정보가 기존 지식 패턴에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지에 대한 설명

If learning were simply a matter of accumulating lists of facts, then it shouldn't make any difference if we are presented with information that is just a little bit beyond what we already know or totally new information. Each fact would simply be stored separately. According to connectionist theory, however, our knowledge is organized into patterns of activity, and each time we learn something new we have to modify the old patterns so as to keep the old material while adding the new information. The adjustments are clearly smallest when the new information is only slightly new ― when it is compatible with what we already know, so that the old patterns need only a little bit of adjustment to accommodate the new knowledge. If we are trying to understand something totally new, however, we need to make larger adjustments to the units of the patterns we already have, which requires changing the strengths of large numbers of connections in our brain, and this is a difficult, tiring process.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 37번: 동물의 건강을 유지하는 선천적 본능과 행동

The generally close connection between health and what animals want exists because wanting to obtain the right things and wanting to avoid the wrong ones are major ways in which animals keep themselves healthy. Animals have evolved many different ways of maintaining their health and then regaining it again once it has been damaged, such as an ability to heal wounds when they are injured and an amazingly complex immune system for warding off infection. Animals are equally good, however, at dealing with injury and disease before they even happen. They have evolved a complex set of mechanisms for anticipating and avoiding danger altogether. They can take pre-emptive action so that the worst never happens. They start to want things that will be necessary for their health and survival not for now but for some time in the future.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 38번: 로봇 설계에서 자기 인식 능력의 중요성

People involved in the conception and engineering of robots designed to perceive and act know how fundamental is the ability to discriminate oneself from other entities in the environment. Without such an ability, no goal-oriented action would be possible. Imagine that you have to build a robot able to search for blocks scattered in a room in order to pile them. Even this simple task would require that your machine be able to discriminate between stimulation that originates from its own machinery and stimulation that originates from the blocks in the environment. Suppose that you equip your robot with an artificial eye and an artificial arm to detect, grab, and pile the blocks. To be successful, your machine will have to have some built-in system enabling it to discriminate between the detection of a block and the detection of its own arm. If not, the robot might endlessly chase itself rather than the blocks. Your robot would engage in circular, self-centered acts that would drive it away from the target or external goal.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 39번: 미래 생태계를 예측하고 관리하는 데 있어 불확실성

To decide whether and how to intervene in ecosystems, protected area managers normally need a reasonably clear idea of what future ecosystems would be like if they did not intervene. Management practices usually involve defining a more desirable future condition and implementing management actions designed to push or guide ecosystems toward that condition. Managers need confidence in the likely outcomes of their interventions. This traditional and inherently logical approach requires a high degree of predictive ability, and predictions must be developed at appropriate spatial and temporal scales, often localized and near-term. Unfortunately, at the scales, accuracy, and precision most useful to protected area management, the future not only promises to be unprecedented, but it also promises to be unpredictable. To illustrate this, consider the uncertainties involved in predicting climatic changes, how ecosystems are likely to respond to climatic changes, and the likely efficacy of actions that might be taken to counter adverse effects of climatic changes. Comparable uncertainties surround the nature and magnitude of future changes in other ecosystem stressors.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 40번: 인간 언어가 다른 동물의 소통 방식과 차별화되는 이유

Human speech differs from the cries of other species in many ways. One very important distinction is that all other animals use one call for one message as the general principle of communication. This means that the number of possible messages is very restricted. If a new message is to be included in the system, a new sound has to be introduced, too. After the first few tens of sounds it becomes difficult to invent new distinctive sounds, and also to remember them for the next time they are needed. Human speech builds on the principle of combining a restricted number of sounds into an unlimited number of messages. In a typical human language there are something like thirty or forty distinctive speech sounds. These sounds can be combined into chains to form a literally unlimited number of words. Even a small child, who can communicate by only one word at a time, uses a system for communication that is infinitely superior to any system utilized by any other animal. 

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 41~42번: 시와 일상 언어의 차이와 시의 새로운 언어적 가능성

People are correct when they feel that the written poetry of literate societies and the oral poetry of non-literate ones differ considerably from the everyday language spoken in the community. Listeners not only accept the strange use of words, rearrangement of word order, assonance, alliteration, rhythm, rhyme, compression of thought, and so on ― they actually expect to find these things in poetry and they are disappointed when poetry does not sound "poetic." But those who regard poetry as a different category of language altogether are deaf to the true achievements of the poet. Rather, the poet artfully manipulates the same raw materials of his language as are used in everyday speech; his skill is to find new possibilities in the resources already in the language. In much the same way that people living at the seashore become so accustomed to the sound of waves that they no longer hear it, most of us have become insensitive to the flood tide of words, millions of them every day, that hit our eardrums. One function of poetry is to depict the world with a fresh perception ― to make it strange ― so that we will listen to language once again. But the successful poet never departs so far into the strange world of language that none of his listeners can follow him. He still remains the communicator, the man of speech.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 43~45번: 두 번째 손 구매 앱을 통해 식물을 구매한 경험

Helen was thrilled when she received a notification on a second-hand shopping app from a seller named Anna. For months, she had been looking for a Philodendron gloriosum, a Colombian plant with dark, velvety leaves shaped like hearts. She had almost given up on getting one. Anna, though, had put one up for sale. The posting read, "I'm selling my favorite plant, because I'm moving abroad. If you pick it up today from Edincester Heights, you can have it for the current price, which is half the market rate." Helen immediately messaged the seller. "Hello! I'm interested in purchasing your plant. If it works for your schedule, I can be there in 10 minutes!" Anna replied, "Hi, there! I am at work right now, but my housemate, Julia, can meet you in front of the building." Unable to believe her good luck, Helen typed back in excitement, "Great! I can leave now. I'll wear a black baseball cap." Arriving at the building, Helen could identify Julia by the large paper bag she was holding. The bag had leaves sticking out of the top. She said, "You must be Julia!" Laughing, the woman said, "Yes! Please take good care of this plant. Anna had it for six years, so she considers it family." From the bag, she pulled out another plant, a tiny one with thick, glossy leaves. "Are you familiar with this? It's called a Dragon's Tail. My housemate said you could take it too, if you'd like." Helen exclaimed, "Yes, I'd love to! Please thank Anna for me. Both are in such wonderful condition. Do you have any tips for keeping them in good shape?" Handing over the bag, Julia replied, "I'm not a plant expert, but I know that Anna kept them away from windows to avoid direct sunlight. Why don't you message her? She would be happy to offer advice." "I'll be sure to do that," Helen said, as she handed over the cash.

관련 자료 바로가기

안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다.

오늘은 <2024년도 9월 고3 영어 모의고사>의 지문 요약 자료 올립니다.

ChatGPT 유료 버전(ChatGPT-4o)으로 작업했고,
설명문/실용문을 제외한 전지문을 포함했습니다. 
(PDF 및 Word 파일)  

지문 분석하거나 자료 제작하실 때 참고하세요~♡

ps.

블로그 콘텐츠가 마음에 드신다면, '좋아요' 클릭과 광고 지원으로 응원해 주세요. 

여러분의 작은 도움이 큰 힘이 됩니다! 

감사합니다~~♡

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[고3] 2024년 09월 – 18번: Royal Ocean Cruises의 할인 혜택 안내

Dear Valued Members, We have exciting news here at Royal Ocean Cruises! To thank you for your loyalty, we are thrilled to offer you an exclusive promotion! Make a reservation for any cruise departing within the next six months and enjoy a 15% discount. Additionally, we are offering a free specialty dining package and a $20 coupon to use at the onboard gift shop. To take advantage of this offer, simply go to our website and enter the promotion code 'ROC25'. We look forward to welcoming you back aboard for another unforgettable journey. Thank you for your continued loyalty and support. Sincerely, Cindy Robins Customer Relations Manager

Possible Titles:

1. Exclusive Offer for Royal Ocean Cruises Members: 15% Discount and More! 

2. Special Loyalty Promotion: Save on Your Next Royal Ocean Cruise 

3. Enjoy a 15% Discount, Free Dining, and a Gift Shop Coupon with Your Next Cruise

4. Thank You for Your Loyalty: Royal Ocean Cruises Exclusive Member Offer 

Main Idea #1:

Royal Ocean Cruises is offering an exclusive promotion for loyal members. 

Main Idea #2:

Members who book a cruise within the next six months can enjoy a 15% discount, a free specialty dining package, and a $20 gift shop coupon by using the promotion code 'ROC25'. 

Summary:

Royal Ocean Cruises is offering loyal members a 15% discount, a free dining package, and a $20 gift shop coupon for cruises booked in the next six months. To claim the offer, use the code 'ROC25' on their website. 

Key Points:

1. Exclusive offer for Royal Ocean Cruises members. 

2. 15% discount on any cruise departing in the next six months. 

3. Free specialty dining package and $20 gift shop coupon included. 

4. Use promotion code 'ROC25' to take advantage of the offer.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 19번: 비행기 지연으로 인한 Sophie의 혼란스러운 아침

The whole morning had been chaotic. Sophie's day began with her alarm clock failing to ring, which had thrown her into an intense rush. After terrible traffic, her taxi finally arrived at the airport, where she was met with endless security lines. Sophie kept glancing at her watch with each second feeling like an hour. Worried that she could not get to the boarding gate in time, she rushed through the crowds of people. Just then, she heard an announcement saying that her flight had been "delayed." Letting out a deep sigh, she finally felt at ease. With an unexpected hour to spare, she would have time to relax and browse the airport shops before her journey.

Possible Titles:

1. A Chaotic Morning Turns Calm with a Delayed Flight 

2. From Stress to Relief: Sophie's Unexpected Extra Hour 

3. The Morning Rush: How a Flight Delay Saved Sophie’s Day 

4. A Rushed Journey to the Airport Ends in Relief with a Delay 

Main Idea #1:

Sophie’s stressful morning was unexpectedly relieved by a flight delay. 

Main Idea #2:

After a chaotic start to her day and racing to make her flight, Sophie finally experienced relief when she learned her flight was delayed, giving her time to relax and enjoy the airport. 

Summary:

Sophie’s morning was filled with chaos as she rushed to the airport, fearing she’d miss her flight. However, she felt a sense of relief when she discovered her flight was delayed, giving her time to unwind before her journey. 

Key Points:

1. Sophie’s alarm didn’t ring, causing her to rush through the morning. 

2. She encountered heavy traffic and long security lines. 

3. Sophie feared missing her flight but learned it was delayed. 

4. The delay allowed her to relax and enjoy extra time at the airport.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 20번: 소셜 미디어에서의 잘못된 정보 확산의 위험성

Truth is essential for progress and the development of knowledge, as it serves as the foundation upon which reliable and accurate understanding is built. However, one of the greatest threats to the accumulation of knowledge can now be found on social media platforms. As social media becomes a primary source of information for millions, its unregulated nature allows misinformation to spread rapidly. Social media users may unknowingly participate in creating and circulating misinformation, which can influence elections, cause violence, and create widespread panic, as seen in various global incidents. As creators and consumers, it is our responsibility to take on a greater role in the enhancement of fact-checking protocols in order to ensure accuracy. It is critical that participants safeguard the reliability of information, supporting a more informed and rational public community.

Possible Titles:

1. The Role of Truth in Combating Misinformation on Social Media 

2. Safeguarding Knowledge: The Threat of Misinformation on Social Media 

3. The Importance of Fact-Checking to Preserve Truth in the Digital Age 

4. How Misinformation on Social Media Undermines Knowledge and Progress 

Main Idea #1:

Truth is essential for the development of reliable knowledge, but social media platforms pose a significant threat to this process. 

Main Idea #2:

The unregulated spread of misinformation on social media can have serious consequences, such as influencing elections and causing public panic. Therefore, it is crucial for both creators and consumers to enhance fact-checking efforts to maintain the integrity of information. 

Summary:

Truth is vital for knowledge, but social media's unregulated nature allows misinformation to spread, which can have severe consequences. It is important for users to take responsibility in fact-checking to ensure the reliability of information and support an informed public. 

Key Points:

1. Truth is essential for knowledge and progress. 

2. Social media allows misinformation to spread rapidly. 

3. Misinformation can have serious societal impacts, including influencing elections. 

4. Enhancing fact-checking is crucial to ensuring the accuracy of information shared.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 21번: 문화적 맥락에서 인류학자들이 현지 관찰의 중요성을 인식한 사례

Around the turn of the twentieth century, anthropologists trained in the natural sciences began to reimagine what a science of humanity should look like and how social scientists ought to go about studying cultural groups. Some of those anthropologists insisted that one should at least spend significant time actually observing and talking to the people studied. Early ethnographers such as Franz Boas and Alfred Cort Haddon typically traveled to the remote locations where the people in question lived and spent a few weeks to a few months there. They sought out a local Western host who was familiar with the people and the area (such as a colonial official, missionary, or businessman) and found accommodations through them. Although they did at times venture into the community without a guide, they generally did not spend significant time with the local people. Thus, their observations were primarily conducted from their verandas.

Possible Titles:

1. The Early Days of Anthropology: Ethnography from the Veranda 

2. How Early Anthropologists Studied Cultures from a Distance 

3. Ethnography at the Turn of the Twentieth Century: The Limited Immersion of Early Anthropologists 

4. Franz Boas and Alfred Cort Haddon: Pioneers of Early Ethnographic Observation

Main Idea #1:

Early anthropologists redefined the study of humanity by observing cultural groups but often did so from a limited, detached perspective. 

Main Idea #2:

While early ethnographers like Franz Boas and Alfred Cort Haddon traveled to remote areas to study cultures, they generally observed from a distance, relying on local hosts and spending minimal time directly engaging with the communities they studied. 

Summary:

At the turn of the twentieth century, early anthropologists sought to observe cultural groups firsthand, but figures like Franz Boas and Alfred Cort Haddon often conducted their research from a distance, relying on local hosts and rarely immersing themselves fully in the communities they studied. 

Key Points:

1. Early anthropologists aimed to study humanity by observing cultural groups. 

2. Figures like Franz Boas and Alfred Cort Haddon traveled to remote areas for research. 

3. Their observations were often conducted from a distance, with limited direct engagement. 

4. Local hosts, such as colonial officials or missionaries, facilitated their stays and guided their research.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 22번: 도덕적 책임이 인간 사회에서 형성된 개념이라는 주장

Even though there is good reason to consider a dog a sentient being capable of making choices and plans ― so that we might suppose 'it could have conceived of acting otherwise' ― we're unlikely to think it is wicked and immoral for attacking a child. Moral responsibility is not some universal concept like entropy or temperature ― something that applies equally, and can be measured similarly, everywhere in the cosmos. It is a notion developed specifically for human use, no more or less than languages are. While sentience and volition are aspects of mind and agency, morals are cultural tools developed to influence social behaviour: to cultivate the desirable and discourage the harmful. They are learnt, not given at birth. It's possible, indeed likely, that we are born with a predisposition to cooperate with others ― but only within human society do we come to understand this as moral behaviour.

Possible Titles:

1. Moral Responsibility: A Human Concept Shaped by Culture and Society 

2. The Distinction Between Sentience and Morality: Why Dogs Aren’t Morally Accountable 

3. Understanding Morality as a Cultural Tool Rather Than a Universal Law 

4. The Role of Morality in Human Society: Beyond Sentience and Agency 

Main Idea #1:

Moral responsibility is a human construct developed to guide social behavior, not a universal concept like temperature or entropy. 

Main Idea #2:

While animals like dogs can exhibit sentience and make choices, moral responsibility is a cultural tool unique to human society, developed to promote desirable behavior and discourage harmful actions. It is learned rather than innate, emerging through social interaction. 

Summary:

Moral responsibility is a human construct, developed to regulate social behavior, unlike universal concepts like entropy. While animals like dogs exhibit sentience, morality is a cultural tool learned within human society, designed to cultivate cooperation and discourage harm. 

Key Points:

1. Moral responsibility is not a universal concept but a human-developed tool. 

2. Sentience and volition do not automatically imply moral accountability. 

3. Morals are cultural constructs used to influence social behavior. 

4. Humans may have a predisposition for cooperation, but moral behavior is learned within society.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 23번: 일상적 현상과 이례적 현상에 대한 인간의 반응 차이

It is much more natural to be surprised by unusual phenomena like eclipses than ordinary phenomena like falling bodies or the succession of night into day and day into night. Many cultures invented gods to explain these eclipses that shocked, frightened, or surprised them; but very few imagined a god of falling bodies ― to which they were so accustomed that they did not even notice them. But the reason for eclipses is ultimately the same as that of the succession of night and day: the movement of celestial bodies, which itself is based on the Newtonian law of attraction and how it explains why things fall when we let them go. For the physicist, understanding the ordinary, the habitual, and the frequent thus allows us to account for the frightening and the singular. As such, it was thus necessary to ask "Why do things fall?" and to have Newton's response to understand a broad range of much more bizarre phenomena occurring at every level of the universe.

Possible Titles:

1. From Ordinary to Extraordinary: How Newton’s Laws Explain the Bizarre 

2. Why Understanding Everyday Phenomena Helps Explain the Unusual 

3. The Connection Between Ordinary Events and Unusual Phenomena in Physics 

4. How Newton’s Law of Attraction Explains Both the Familiar and the Mysterious 

Main Idea #1:

Understanding ordinary phenomena, like falling objects, is key to explaining unusual events, such as eclipses. 

Main Idea #2:

While unusual phenomena like eclipses surprised many cultures, their causes are rooted in the same principles that explain ordinary events like falling bodies. Newton’s law of attraction helps account for both common and bizarre occurrences in the universe, revealing that the familiar can provide insight into the extraordinary. 

Summary:

Unusual events like eclipses once shocked people, but their causes are linked to the same principles that govern ordinary phenomena like falling objects. Newton’s law of attraction offers an explanation for both, demonstrating that understanding everyday occurrences helps us make sense of more extraordinary events. 

Key Points:

1. People are more surprised by unusual phenomena like eclipses than ordinary events. 

2. The causes of both ordinary and unusual events are rooted in the movement of celestial bodies. 

3. Newton’s law of attraction explains why things fall and helps account for bizarre phenomena. 

4. Understanding everyday phenomena allows physicists to explain extraordinary events.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 24번: 사무실 설계에서 변화의 중요성

There are good reasons why open-office plans have gained currency, but open offices may not be the plan of choice for all times. Instead, the right plan seems to be building a culture of change. Overly rigid habits and conventions, no matter how well-considered or well-intentioned, threaten innovation. The crucial take-away from analyzing office plans over time is that the answers keep changing. It might seem that there is a straight line of progress, but it's a myth. Surveying office spaces from the past eighty years, one can see a cycle that repeats. Comparing the offices of the 1940s with contemporary office spaces shows that they have circled back around to essentially the same style, via a period in the 1980s when partitions and cubicles were more the norm. The technologies and colors may differ, but the 1940s and 2000s plans are alike, right down to the pillars running down the middle.

Possible Titles:

1. The Evolution of Office Plans: A Cycle of Change and Innovation 

2. Why Office Design Cycles Repeat: From Open Spaces to Cubicles and Back 

3. The Myth of Linear Progress in Office Plans: A Look at Eighty Years of Design 

4. Building a Culture of Change: The Shifting Trends in Office Layouts Over Time 

Main Idea #1:

Office design trends change over time, and there is no single ideal layout that remains effective for all periods. 

Main Idea #2:

The history of office plans shows a repeating cycle of change, with contemporary open-office designs resembling those of the 1940s, despite the shift to partitions and cubicles in the 1980s. This demonstrates that flexibility and adaptability are key to fostering innovation in office spaces. 

Summary:

Office design trends do not follow a straight line of progress but instead cycle over time. Comparing office layouts from the 1940s to today reveals similarities, despite a shift to cubicles in the 1980s. The key takeaway is the need for adaptable office environments to foster innovation. 

Key Points:

1. Open-office plans are not always the best choice for every era. 

2. Office designs change in cycles rather than following a straight line of progress. 

3. Contemporary offices resemble those of the 1940s, despite changes in technology and colors. 

4. Flexibility and adaptability in office spaces are essential for promoting innovation.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 25번: 2022년 4개국의 VR과 AR 인지도 비교 그래프

The graph above shows the percentages of respondents who were familiar with the concept of virtual reality (VR) and those who were familiar with the concept of augmented reality (AR) in four countries in 2022. For each country, the percentage of respondents familiar with VR was greater than the percentage of respondents familiar with AR. The country with the highest percentage of respondents familiar with AR was South Korea. The country with the largest gap between the percentage of respondents familiar with VR and that of respondents familiar with AR was Canada. In Japan, the percentage of respondents familiar with VR was greater than 60%. The percentage of respondents familiar with VR and that of respondents familiar with AR were lower in Switzerland than in Japan, respectively.

Possible Titles:

1. Global Familiarity with Virtual and Augmented Reality in 2022 

2. VR vs. AR Awareness: A Comparative Study Across Four Countries 

3. South Korea Leads in AR Familiarity, Canada Shows Largest VR-AR Gap 

4. Virtual and Augmented Reality Awareness: Insights from Four Countries in 2022 

Main Idea #1:

In 2022, respondents in four countries were more familiar with VR than AR. 

Main Idea #2:

While VR familiarity exceeded AR familiarity in all four countries, South Korea had the highest percentage of respondents familiar with AR, and Canada showed the largest gap between VR and AR awareness. Japan’s respondents had over 60% familiarity with VR, with Switzerland lagging behind both Japan and South Korea in awareness of both VR and AR. 

Summary:

In 2022, respondents in all four countries were more familiar with VR than AR. South Korea led in AR familiarity, while Canada had the largest gap between VR and AR awareness. Japan had over 60% familiarity with VR, while Switzerland trailed behind Japan in familiarity with both VR and AR. 

Key Points:

1. Familiarity with VR was higher than with AR in all four countries. 

2. South Korea had the highest percentage of respondents familiar with AR. 

3. Canada had the largest gap between VR and AR awareness. 

4. Japan had over 60% familiarity with VR, with Switzerland having lower awareness of both VR and AR compared to Japan.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 26번: 예술과 과학을 연결한 Gyorgy Kepes의 생애와 업적

Gyorgy Kepes was an artist and educator born in Selyp, Hungary in 1906. He studied painting at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Budapest, Hungary. Then, he studied design and film in Berlin, Germany. He went to the United States in 1937, and about a decade later, he started teaching visual design at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He founded the Center for Advanced Visual Studies at MIT to form a community composed of artists and scientists. His exhibition in 1951 titled The New Landscape became the basis of his book The New Landscape in Art and Science, which was published several years later. In the book, he presented images that were not previously available, captured by the latest scientific devices. In 1995, a museum to house his works was established in Eger, Hungary. He was a great pioneer in connecting art and technology.

Possible Titles:

1. Gyorgy Kepes: A Pioneer in Bridging Art and Science 

2. The Life and Legacy of Gyorgy Kepes: Connecting Visual Design and Technology 

3. Gyorgy Kepes and His Contributions to Art, Science, and Education 

4. From Hungary to MIT: Gyorgy Kepes' Journey in Art and Technology

Main Idea #1:

Gyorgy Kepes was an influential artist and educator who connected art and science through his work. 

Main Idea #2:

Gyorgy Kepes, a Hungarian artist and educator, played a pioneering role in integrating art and technology, founding the Center for Advanced Visual Studies at MIT and publishing his influential book *The New Landscape in Art and Science*. His work remains recognized in a museum dedicated to him in Hungary. 

Summary:

Gyorgy Kepes, a Hungarian-born artist and educator, is known for integrating art and science. He founded the Center for Advanced Visual Studies at MIT and published *The New Landscape in Art and Science*, which showcased images captured by scientific devices. A museum in Hungary was later established to house his works. 

Key Points:

1. Gyorgy Kepes studied painting, design, and film in Hungary and Germany. 

2. He taught visual design at MIT and founded the Center for Advanced Visual Studies. 

3. His book *The New Landscape in Art and Science* highlighted the connection between art and science using scientific imagery. 

4. A museum in Eger, Hungary, was established in 1995 to honor his works and legacy.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 29번: 산업 혁명 시기의 영국 사회 변화와 문제점

Victorian England is characterised by the full development of the Industrial Revolution. England became the first industrial nation in the world and, by 1850, the first nation to have more people employed in industry than in agriculture. Expanding trade coincided with the growth of the Empire and brought great wealth to Britain, but this wealth was not evenly distributed. Many enterprising individuals (the 'self-made men') rose from humble origins to positions of wealth and influence, but large sections of the working class were forced into the overcrowded slums of large cities where they worked long hours for low wages in unhealthy conditions. The manufacturing towns of the north of England provided some of the worst examples and inspired such socially conscious novels as Kingsley's Alton Locke, Gaskell's Mary Barton, and Dickens's Hard Times. In the south there was London, already the largest city in the world, showing all the crime, evil, and misery which result from overpopulation and unplanned growth.

Possible Titles:

1. The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on Victorian England's Society 

2. Wealth and Poverty in Victorian England: The Rise of Industry and Urban Slums 

3. Victorian England: The Birth of Industry and the Struggles of the Working Class

4. The Duality of Victorian England: Industrial Growth and Social Inequality 

Main Idea #1:

Victorian England saw the full development of the Industrial Revolution, with a shift from agriculture to industry. 

Main Idea #2:

While the Industrial Revolution brought great wealth to some, it also led to severe social inequality. Large sections of the working class lived in overcrowded slums, working long hours in unhealthy conditions, inspiring socially conscious literature that depicted the struggles of the poor in both northern industrial towns and overcrowded London. 

Summary:

Victorian England marked the height of the Industrial Revolution, shifting the economy from agriculture to industry. Though it brought wealth to Britain, it also created severe inequality, as many working-class families lived in overcrowded slums and faced harsh working conditions. This social divide inspired novels that highlighted the struggles of the poor in both the industrial north and overcrowded London. 

Key Points:

1. Victorian England was shaped by the Industrial Revolution. 

2. By 1850, more people were employed in industry than in agriculture. 

3. Wealth from expanding trade and industry was unevenly distributed. 

4. The working class faced harsh living and working conditions, which inspired socially conscious novels. 

5. London, as the largest city, reflected the consequences of overpopulation and unplanned growth.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 30번: 인간의 사고방식이 예측 가능한 오류로 인해 비합리적일 수 있는 이유

We all like to think of ourselves as rational actors, careful and considered in our thinking, capable of sound and reliable judgments. We might believe that we generally consider different points of view and make informed decisions. We are, in fact, "predictably irrational," as psychologist Dan Ariely titled his book on the topic. All of us engage in automatic, reflexive thinking, typically taking the easier path and conserving mental effort. Although we each may have the subjective impression that we are careful thinkers, we often make snap judgments or no real judgments at all. In addition, numerous biases inhibit or override reflective, deliberative thought; intuitive theories can also interfere with acceptance of accurate scientific explanations. Understanding more about how our minds work and how biases may operate can make us each less subject to fallacious reasoning, more rational, and more aware of the problems in others' thinking. Learning to understand the built-in limitations of our mental processes can also help us improve our ability to inform others more effectively.

Possible Titles:

1. Understanding Our Predictable Irrationality and Mental Biases 

2. How Automatic Thinking and Biases Affect Our Decision-Making 

3. The Path to Rational Thinking: Overcoming Biases and Snap Judgments 

4. Predictably Irrational: How Understanding Our Minds Can Improve Decision-Making

Main Idea #1:

Despite thinking of ourselves as rational, we often engage in automatic, reflexive thinking that is influenced by biases. 

Main Idea #2:

While we believe we make careful decisions, biases and intuitive theories often override our reflective thinking, leading to fallacious reasoning. By understanding how these mental processes work, we can become more rational and effective in both our thinking and in helping others avoid flawed reasoning. 

Summary:

Though we may believe we are rational thinkers, biases and automatic thinking often lead us to make snap judgments. Understanding these mental limitations can help us improve our reasoning and better inform others. 

Key Points:

1. We often engage in reflexive, automatic thinking rather than deliberate reasoning. 

2. Biases and intuitive theories interfere with rational thought and scientific understanding. 

3. Understanding how our minds work can reduce fallacious reasoning and improve decision-making. 

4. Recognizing our mental limitations can also help us communicate more effectively with others.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 31번: 나방이 빛에 끌리는 이유에 대한 이론들

There has been a lot of discussion on why moths are attracted to light. The consensus seems to hold that moths are not so much attracted to lights as they are trapped by them. The light becomes a sensory overload that disorients the insects and sends them into a holding pattern. A hypothesis called the Mach band theory suggests that moths see a dark area around a light source and head for it to escape the light. Another theory suggests that moths perceive the light coming from a source as a diffuse halo with a dark spot in the center. The moths, attempting to escape the light, fly toward that imagined "portal," bringing them closer to the source. As they approach the light, their reference point changes and they circle the light hopelessly trying to reach the portal. Everyone is familiar with moths circling their porch lights. Their flight appears to have no purpose, but they are, it is believed, trying to escape the pull of the light.

Possible Titles:

1. The Mystery of Moths and Light: Understanding Their Attraction 

2. Why Moths Circle Lights: Exploring Theories of Sensory Overload 

3. Trapped by Light: The Disorientation of Moths Around Light Sources 

4. Moths and Light: Theories Behind Their Perpetual Circling Behavior 

Main Idea #1:

Moths are not necessarily attracted to light, but rather disoriented and trapped by it. 

Main Idea #2:

Theories like the Mach band theory suggest that moths perceive dark areas around light sources and attempt to escape toward them, only to be continuously disoriented, resulting in their circling pattern. This behavior is driven by a futile attempt to escape the light rather than a purposeful attraction to it. 

Summary:

Moths are believed to circle lights not because they are attracted to them but because they are disoriented by sensory overload. Theories suggest that moths attempt to escape the light by flying toward dark areas they perceive near the light source, trapping them in a continuous circling pattern. 

Key Points:

1. Moths are disoriented rather than attracted to lights. 

2. The Mach band theory suggests moths fly toward perceived dark areas around lights. 

3. Moths continuously circle lights in an attempt to escape the light’s pull. 

4. Their flight patterns are driven by disorientation, not purposeful behavior.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 32번: 커뮤니케이션 기술 발전에서 투자와 수익 기대의 문제

One of the factors determining the use of technologies of communication will be the kinds of investments made in equipment and personnel; who makes them, and what they expect in return. There is no guarantee that the investment will necessarily be in forms of communication that are most appropriate for the majority of people. Because the ownership of investment funds tends to be in the hands of commercial organisations, the modernisation of communications infrastructure only takes place on the basis of potential profitability. Take, for example, the installation of fibre-optic communications cable across the African continent. A number of African nations are involved in the development but its operational structures will be oriented to those who can pay for access. Many states that might wish to use it for education and information may not only find it too expensive but also simply unavailable to them. There can be no doubt that the development has been led by investment opportunity rather than community demand.

Possible Titles:

1. The Profit-Driven Nature of Communication Technology Investments 

2. How Commercial Interests Shape the Development of Communication Infrastructure 

3. The Role of Profitability in the Modernization of Communication Technologies 

4. Investment Priorities vs. Community Needs in Communication Infrastructure Development 

Main Idea #1:

Investment in communication technologies is driven by profitability rather than community needs. 

Main Idea #2:

The modernization of communication infrastructure, such as the installation of fiber-optic cables in Africa, is led by commercial investments seeking profit, rather than addressing the communication needs of the majority. This can limit access to education and information for many, as the cost of the technology may be too high for widespread use. 

Summary:

Investment in communication technology is primarily driven by profit rather than community needs. As seen in the installation of fiber-optic cables in Africa, access is often limited to those who can afford it, while states seeking to use it for education and information may be priced out. 

Key Points:

1. Investment in communication technology is focused on profitability. 

2. Modernization of communication infrastructure may not serve the majority. 

3. Fiber-optic installation in Africa is driven by commercial interests. 

4. High costs may limit access to communication infrastructure for education and information purposes.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 33번: 도시의 공간 질과 머무는 활동의 상관관계

City quality is so crucial for optional activities that the extent of staying activities can often be used as a measuring stick for the quality of the city as well as of its space. Many pedestrians in a city are not necessarily an indication of good city quality ― many people walking around can often be a sign of insufficient transit options or long distances between the various functions in the city. Conversely, it can be claimed that a city in which many people are not walking often indicates good city quality. In a city like Rome, it is the large number of people standing or sitting in squares rather than walking that is conspicuous. And it's not due to necessity but rather that the city quality is so inviting. It is hard to keep moving in city space with so many temptations to stay. In contrast are many new quarters and complexes that many people walk through but rarely stop or stay in.

Possible Titles:

1. Measuring City Quality: The Role of Staying Activities vs. Walking 

2. Why Pedestrians Aren’t Always a Sign of Good City Quality 

3. The Power of Staying: How Public Spaces Reflect City Quality 

4. City Design and Social Interaction: Walking vs. Staying in Urban Spaces 

Main Idea #1:

The extent of staying activities, such as people sitting or standing in public spaces, can be a better indicator of city quality than the number of pedestrians. 

Main Idea #2:

Cities where people choose to stay, like Rome, indicate inviting spaces and good city quality, while cities with many pedestrians may reflect poor transit options or long distances between urban functions. Spaces where people rarely stop or stay tend to lack the qualities that make cities inviting. 

Summary:

The quality of a city can be measured by how inviting it is for people to stay in public spaces rather than simply walk through them. In cities like Rome, people are drawn to linger, while in less inviting spaces, people pass through without stopping, reflecting lower city quality. 

Key Points:

1. Staying activities are a better measure of city quality than pedestrian traffic. 

2. High pedestrian numbers can indicate poor transit options or long distances between city functions. 

3. Inviting cities, like Rome, encourage people to stay and enjoy public spaces. 

4. Newer urban complexes often see people walking through but not staying, indicating lower city quality.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 34번: Rousseau가 주장한 인간 발달의 사회적 의존성

That people need other people is hardly news, but for Rousseau this dependence extended far beyond companionship or even love, into the very process of becoming human. Rousseau believed that people are not born but made, every individual a bundle of potentials whose realization requires the active involvement of other people. Self-development is a social process. Self-sufficiency is an impossible fantasy. Much of the time Rousseau wished passionately that it were not: Robinson Crusoe was a favorite book, and he yearned to be free from the pains and uncertainties of social life. But his writings document with extraordinary clarity the shaping of the individual by his emotional attachments. "Our sweetest existence is relative and collective, and our true self is not entirely within us." And it is kindness ― which Rousseau analyzed under the rubric of pitié, which translates as "pity" but is much closer to "sympathy" as Hume and Smith defined it ― that is the key to this collective existence.

Possible Titles:

1. Rousseau’s View on Human Development: The Social Process of Becoming 

2. The Role of Kindness in Rousseau’s Philosophy of Self-Development 

3. Rousseau’s Argument: Why Self-Sufficiency is an Impossible Fantasy 

4. Human Growth Through Social Bonds: Rousseau’s Perspective on Collective Existence 

Main Idea #1:

Rousseau believed that self-development is a social process, and people become human through their interactions with others. 

Main Idea #2:

Rousseau argued that humans are shaped by their emotional attachments and social interactions, with self-sufficiency being an unattainable ideal. Kindness, or pitié, is essential to this collective existence, as it fosters the relationships that define individual growth. 

Summary:

Rousseau believed that self-development depends on social interactions, and individuals are shaped by their relationships with others. He emphasized that true selfhood is collective, not individual, and kindness plays a crucial role in the process of human growth. 

Key Points:

1. Rousseau argued that people are "made" through social interactions, not born complete. 

2. He believed self-sufficiency is an impossible fantasy, despite wishing for it at times. 

3. Emotional attachments are central to shaping individuals. 

4. Kindness, or pitié, is key to the collective existence Rousseau saw as fundamental to human development.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 35번: 전문적 수집가를 위한 딜러의 광범위한 역할

The best dealers offer a much broader service than merely having their goods on display and 'selling from stock'. Once they know the needs of a particular collector they can actively seek specific items to fill gaps in the collection. Because it is their business, to which they devote themselves full-time, they will inevitably have a much wider network than any non-professional collector can ever develop. As a matter of course they can enquire about the availability of pieces from dealers in other cities and, most crucially in some categories, from overseas. They will be routinely informed of news of all auctions and important private sales, and should be well-enough connected to hear occasionally of items which are not yet quite on sale but might be available for a certain price. In turn, they can circulate their own contacts with 'want-lists' of desired items or subjects, multiplying their client collectors' chances of expanding their collections.

Possible Titles:

1. The Expanded Role of Art Dealers: Beyond Selling from Stock 

2. How Professional Dealers Help Collectors Build Specialized Collections 

3. The Advantages of Working with Expert Dealers to Expand Collections 

4. The Networking Power of Dealers in Finding Rare and Desired Items 

Main Idea #1:

Professional dealers provide more than just selling from stock; they actively seek specific items for collectors. 

Main Idea #2:

Dealers use their extensive networks, both locally and internationally, to help collectors acquire rare items. Their full-time commitment allows them to stay informed about auctions, private sales, and exclusive opportunities, thus greatly expanding a collector's chances of finding desired pieces. 

Summary:

Professional dealers go beyond selling from stock by using their vast networks to help collectors find specific items. They stay informed about auctions and private sales, both locally and internationally, increasing collectors' opportunities to acquire rare pieces. 

Key Points:

1. Dealers actively seek specific items for collectors. 

2. They have extensive networks that surpass those of non-professional collectors.

3. Dealers stay informed about auctions, private sales, and rare opportunities. 

4. They can circulate want-lists, further expanding collectors' chances of success.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 36번: 학습은 새로운 정보가 기존 지식 패턴에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지에 대한 설명

If learning were simply a matter of accumulating lists of facts, then it shouldn't make any difference if we are presented with information that is just a little bit beyond what we already know or totally new information. Each fact would simply be stored separately. According to connectionist theory, however, our knowledge is organized into patterns of activity, and each time we learn something new we have to modify the old patterns so as to keep the old material while adding the new information. The adjustments are clearly smallest when the new information is only slightly new ― when it is compatible with what we already know, so that the old patterns need only a little bit of adjustment to accommodate the new knowledge. If we are trying to understand something totally new, however, we need to make larger adjustments to the units of the patterns we already have, which requires changing the strengths of large numbers of connections in our brain, and this is a difficult, tiring process.

Possible Titles:

1. How Connectionist Theory Explains the Challenge of Learning New Information 

2. The Cognitive Strain of Learning: Adapting Old Knowledge to New Concepts 

3. Why Learning is Easier When Information is Familiar: Insights from Connectionist Theory 

4. Understanding the Mental Effort Behind Learning New and Complex Information 

Main Idea #1:

Learning new information is easier when it is only slightly different from what we already know. 

Main Idea #2:

Connectionist theory suggests that our knowledge is organized into patterns, and learning something new requires adjusting these patterns. Minor adjustments are easier when the new information is compatible with existing knowledge, but completely new concepts require larger, more tiring changes in the brain's connections. 

Summary:

According to connectionist theory, learning is easier when new information is only slightly different from what we already know, as it requires minor adjustments to our existing knowledge patterns. In contrast, understanding entirely new information requires more significant changes to our brain's connections, making the process more difficult and tiring. 

Key Points:

1. Learning is not just about accumulating facts; it involves adjusting existing knowledge patterns. 

2. New information that is compatible with old knowledge requires minor adjustments. 

3. Completely new information requires larger adjustments, which is a more challenging process. 

4. Connectionist theory explains why learning new and unfamiliar information can be tiring.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 37번: 동물의 건강을 유지하는 선천적 본능과 행동

The generally close connection between health and what animals want exists because wanting to obtain the right things and wanting to avoid the wrong ones are major ways in which animals keep themselves healthy. Animals have evolved many different ways of maintaining their health and then regaining it again once it has been damaged, such as an ability to heal wounds when they are injured and an amazingly complex immune system for warding off infection. Animals are equally good, however, at dealing with injury and disease before they even happen. They have evolved a complex set of mechanisms for anticipating and avoiding danger altogether. They can take pre-emptive action so that the worst never happens. They start to want things that will be necessary for their health and survival not for now but for some time in the future.

Possible Titles:

1. How Animals Anticipate and Avoid Health Risks Through Evolved Behaviors 

2. The Connection Between Health and What Animals Want for Survival 

3. Evolutionary Mechanisms: How Animals Maintain Health by Avoiding Danger 

4. Pre-emptive Actions in Animals: Evolved Strategies for Health and Survival 

Main Idea #1:

Animals maintain their health by wanting to obtain beneficial things and avoid harmful ones. 

Main Idea #2:

Animals have evolved complex mechanisms to maintain their health, not only by healing and fighting infections but also by anticipating and avoiding danger before it occurs. They develop desires for things that will ensure their future health and survival. 

Summary:

Animals maintain their health by seeking beneficial things and avoiding harm. They have evolved mechanisms to heal and ward off infections, but they also prevent injury and disease by anticipating danger and taking pre-emptive actions that ensure their future health and survival. 

Key Points:

1. Animals maintain their health by seeking what is good for them and avoiding harm. 

2. Evolution has equipped animals with mechanisms to heal and fight infections. 

3. Animals also anticipate and avoid danger before it occurs. 

4. They develop desires for things that will ensure their health in the future.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 38번: 로봇 설계에서 자기 인식 능력의 중요성

People involved in the conception and engineering of robots designed to perceive and act know how fundamental is the ability to discriminate oneself from other entities in the environment. Without such an ability, no goal-oriented action would be possible. Imagine that you have to build a robot able to search for blocks scattered in a room in order to pile them. Even this simple task would require that your machine be able to discriminate between stimulation that originates from its own machinery and stimulation that originates from the blocks in the environment. Suppose that you equip your robot with an artificial eye and an artificial arm to detect, grab, and pile the blocks. To be successful, your machine will have to have some built-in system enabling it to discriminate between the detection of a block and the detection of its own arm. If not, the robot might endlessly chase itself rather than the blocks. Your robot would engage in circular, self-centered acts that would drive it away from the target or external goal.

Possible Titles:

1. The Importance of Self-Discrimination in Goal-Oriented Robot Design 

2. Why Robots Must Differentiate Themselves from Their Environment 

3. Building Robots That Can Tell Themselves Apart from Their Surroundings 

4. How Self-Perception Enables Robots to Perform Goal-Oriented Tasks 

Main Idea #1:

For robots to perform goal-oriented tasks, they must be able to distinguish between their own actions and external stimuli. 

Main Idea #2:

Robots designed for tasks like detecting and piling blocks need a system to differentiate between their own machinery and external objects. Without this ability, the robot may confuse its own actions with environmental stimuli, leading to self-centered actions that prevent it from achieving its goal. 

Summary:

To perform tasks successfully, robots must discriminate between their own machinery and external stimuli. This self-awareness is essential for goal-oriented actions, such as detecting and interacting with objects in the environment, to prevent the robot from becoming confused by its own actions. 

Key Points:

1. Robots must distinguish themselves from other entities in the environment. 

2. This self-discrimination is essential for goal-oriented actions. 

3. Without such ability, robots might confuse their own machinery with external objects. 

4. A lack of self-discrimination could cause a robot to engage in circular, ineffective behavior.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 39번: 미래 생태계를 예측하고 관리하는 데 있어 불확실성

To decide whether and how to intervene in ecosystems, protected area managers normally need a reasonably clear idea of what future ecosystems would be like if they did not intervene. Management practices usually involve defining a more desirable future condition and implementing management actions designed to push or guide ecosystems toward that condition. Managers need confidence in the likely outcomes of their interventions. This traditional and inherently logical approach requires a high degree of predictive ability, and predictions must be developed at appropriate spatial and temporal scales, often localized and near-term. Unfortunately, at the scales, accuracy, and precision most useful to protected area management, the future not only promises to be unprecedented, but it also promises to be unpredictable. To illustrate this, consider the uncertainties involved in predicting climatic changes, how ecosystems are likely to respond to climatic changes, and the likely efficacy of actions that might be taken to counter adverse effects of climatic changes. Comparable uncertainties surround the nature and magnitude of future changes in other ecosystem stressors.

Possible Titles:

1. The Challenges of Predicting Ecosystem Changes for Effective Management 

2. Uncertainty in Ecosystem Management: Balancing Intervention and Prediction 

3. Why Future Ecosystem Conditions are Difficult to Predict for Conservation Management 

4. The Role of Uncertainty in Managing Protected Ecosystems Amid Climatic Changes 

Main Idea #1:

Protected area managers rely on predictions of future ecosystem conditions to decide how to intervene, but these predictions are often uncertain. 

Main Idea #2:

Ecosystem management typically requires managers to predict future conditions to guide ecosystems toward desired outcomes. However, due to uncertainties in predicting climate changes and their effects, along with other ecosystem stressors, the future is unpredictable, complicating efforts to plan effective interventions. 

Summary:

Protected area managers aim to guide ecosystems toward desired future conditions, but predicting future changes, particularly in response to climate and other stressors, is highly uncertain. This unpredictability challenges traditional management practices that rely on accurate, localized predictions. 

Key Points:

1. Managers need to predict future ecosystem conditions to guide interventions. 

2. Predictions must be made at appropriate spatial and temporal scales for management. 

3. The future of ecosystems is unpredictable due to uncertainties like climate change. 

4. These uncertainties complicate the effectiveness of traditional management practices.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 40번: 인간 언어가 다른 동물의 소통 방식과 차별화되는 이유

Human speech differs from the cries of other species in many ways. One very important distinction is that all other animals use one call for one message as the general principle of communication. This means that the number of possible messages is very restricted. If a new message is to be included in the system, a new sound has to be introduced, too. After the first few tens of sounds it becomes difficult to invent new distinctive sounds, and also to remember them for the next time they are needed. Human speech builds on the principle of combining a restricted number of sounds into an unlimited number of messages. In a typical human language there are something like thirty or forty distinctive speech sounds. These sounds can be combined into chains to form a literally unlimited number of words. Even a small child, who can communicate by only one word at a time, uses a system for communication that is infinitely superior to any system utilized by any other animal. 

[요약문] In animal cries, each call represents a different message, which limits the number of possible messages, whereas human language creates an unlimited number of messages using a finite set of distinctive sounds.

Possible Titles:

1. The Unique Flexibility of Human Speech Compared to Animal Calls 

2. Human Language: A System of Infinite Messages from Limited Sounds 

3. How Human Speech Surpasses Animal Communication in Complexity 

4. The Principle of Combination in Human Speech: Unlimited Communication from Finite Sounds 

Main Idea #1:

Animal calls have a one-to-one correspondence between sound and message, which limits the number of possible messages. 

Main Idea #2:

Human language, in contrast to animal communication, uses a limited number of distinctive sounds to form an unlimited number of messages by combining these sounds in different ways. This system allows humans to communicate far more complex and varied information than any other species. 

Summary:

Animal communication is restricted by a one-to-one correspondence between calls and messages, limiting the number of messages. Human language, however, combines a finite set of speech sounds to create an unlimited number of messages, making it far more versatile. 

Key Points:

1. Animal calls are limited because each sound corresponds to a specific message. 

2. Human speech uses a finite set of sounds to create an unlimited number of messages. 

3. The combination of sounds in human language allows for complex and varied communication. 

4. Human language is vastly more flexible and powerful than animal communication systems.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 41~42번: 시와 일상 언어의 차이와 시의 새로운 언어적 가능성

People are correct when they feel that the written poetry of literate societies and the oral poetry of non-literate ones differ considerably from the everyday language spoken in the community. Listeners not only accept the strange use of words, rearrangement of word order, assonance, alliteration, rhythm, rhyme, compression of thought, and so on ― they actually expect to find these things in poetry and they are disappointed when poetry does not sound "poetic." But those who regard poetry as a different category of language altogether are deaf to the true achievements of the poet. Rather, the poet artfully manipulates the same raw materials of his language as are used in everyday speech; his skill is to find new possibilities in the resources already in the language. In much the same way that people living at the seashore become so accustomed to the sound of waves that they no longer hear it, most of us have become insensitive to the flood tide of words, millions of them every day, that hit our eardrums. One function of poetry is to depict the world with a fresh perception ― to make it strange ― so that we will listen to language once again. But the successful poet never departs so far into the strange world of language that none of his listeners can follow him. He still remains the communicator, the man of speech.

Possible Titles:

1. The Art of Poetry: Rediscovering Language Through Skilled Manipulation 

2. How Poets Use Everyday Language to Create Fresh Perceptions 

3. The Balance Between Familiarity and Strangeness in Poetic Language 

4. Poetry as a Fresh Take on Everyday Language: A Communicator’s Craft 

Main Idea #1:

Poetry differs from everyday language, but it uses the same linguistic materials in a more artful and skillful way. 

Main Idea #2:

While poetry may sound strange compared to everyday speech, it manipulates the same raw materials of language. The poet's task is to find new possibilities within the familiar language, offering fresh perceptions without departing too far from what is understandable. Listeners expect poetry to sound different, but successful poets remain communicators. 

Summary:

Poetry uses the same language as everyday speech but manipulates it in an artful way to offer fresh perspectives. Poets balance strangeness with familiarity, using language's resources to make us listen to it anew, while still remaining communicators that their audience can follow. 

Key Points:

1. Poetry is expected to sound different from everyday language. 

2. Poets use the same language as in daily life but manipulate it creatively. 

3. The function of poetry is to make language fresh and perceptive again. 

4. Poets balance making language strange while still being communicators.

[고3] 2024년 09월 – 43~45번: 두 번째 손 구매 앱을 통해 식물을 구매한 경험

Helen was thrilled when she received a notification on a second-hand shopping app from a seller named Anna. For months, she had been looking for a Philodendron gloriosum, a Colombian plant with dark, velvety leaves shaped like hearts. She had almost given up on getting one. Anna, though, had put one up for sale. The posting read, "I'm selling my favorite plant, because I'm moving abroad. If you pick it up today from Edincester Heights, you can have it for the current price, which is half the market rate." Helen immediately messaged the seller. "Hello! I'm interested in purchasing your plant. If it works for your schedule, I can be there in 10 minutes!" Anna replied, "Hi, there! I am at work right now, but my housemate, Julia, can meet you in front of the building." Unable to believe her good luck, Helen typed back in excitement, "Great! I can leave now. I'll wear a black baseball cap." Arriving at the building, Helen could identify Julia by the large paper bag she was holding. The bag had leaves sticking out of the top. She said, "You must be Julia!" Laughing, the woman said, "Yes! Please take good care of this plant. Anna had it for six years, so she considers it family." From the bag, she pulled out another plant, a tiny one with thick, glossy leaves. "Are you familiar with this? It's called a Dragon's Tail. My housemate said you could take it too, if you'd like." Helen exclaimed, "Yes, I'd love to! Please thank Anna for me. Both are in such wonderful condition. Do you have any tips for keeping them in good shape?" Handing over the bag, Julia replied, "I'm not a plant expert, but I know that Anna kept them away from windows to avoid direct sunlight. Why don't you message her? She would be happy to offer advice." "I'll be sure to do that," Helen said, as she handed over the cash.

Possible Titles:

1. A Lucky Find: Helen's Journey to Owning the Perfect Philodendron 

2. An Unexpected Gift: Helen’s Fortunate Encounter with Two Beautiful Plants 

3. The Quest for a Philodendron Gloriosum and a Surprise Addition 

4. Helen’s Exciting Plant Purchase: A Philodendron and a Dragon’s Tail 

Main Idea #1:

Helen excitedly secures a long-sought-after plant through a second-hand shopping app.

Main Idea #2:

After months of searching, Helen finally finds a Philodendron gloriosum at a bargain price. She quickly arranges to pick it up from Anna's housemate, Julia, who surprises her with an additional plant. Helen leaves thrilled with her purchase and eager to care for both plants. 

Summary:

After searching for months, Helen finally finds a rare plant for sale at a discount and arranges to pick it up from the seller’s housemate. To her surprise, she receives an additional plant and leaves delighted with both her new acquisitions. 

Key Points:

1. Helen finds a Philodendron gloriosum on a second-hand shopping app. 

2. She quickly arranges to pick it up from the seller’s housemate, Julia. 

3. Julia offers Helen an additional plant, a Dragon’s Tail, as a gift. 

4. Helen is excited about her new plants and plans to seek care advice from Anna.

안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다.

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