[고1] 2025년 03월 – 41~42번: 숫자로 사람을 평가하는 것의 한계와 윤리적 문제

Some researchers view spoken languages as incomplete devices for capturing precise differences. They think numbers represent the most neutral language of description. However, when our language of description is changed to numbers, we do not move toward greater accuracy. Numbers are no more appropriate 'pictures of the world' than words, music, or painting. While useful for specific purposes (e.g. census taking, income distribution), they eliminate information of enormous value. For example, the future lives of young students are tied to their scores on national tests. In effect, whether they can continue with their education, where, and at what cost depends importantly on a handful of numbers. These numbers do not account for the quality of schools they have attended, whether they have been tutored, have supportive parents, have test anxiety, and so on. Finally, putting aside the many ways in which statistical results can be manipulated, there are ways in which turning people's lives into numbers is morally insulating. Statistics on crime, homelessness, or the spread of a disease say nothing of people's suffering. We read the statistics as reports on events at a distance, thus allowing us to escape without being disturbed. Statistics are human beings with the tears wiped off. Quantify with caution.

* 원문 참고 어휘

• verbal 언어의, 말로 된 (= spoken)
• clumsy 서투른 (= incomplete 불완전한)
• convert 바꾸다 (= change)
• adequate 적절한 (= appropriate)
• assessing migration 이주 현황 평가
• come from unstable homes 불안정한 가정에서 자라다, 불안정한 가정 출신이다
• the conversion of A to B - A를 B로 바꾸는 것 (= turning A into B)
• numbers killed in an earthquake 지진 사망자 수

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[고1] 2025년 03월 – 40번: 문제 해결을 위한 창의적 사고의 중요성 강조

In the course of trying to solve a problem with an invention, you may encounter a brick wall of resistance when you try to think your way logically through the problem. Such logical thinking is a linear type of process, which uses our reasoning skills. This works fine when we're operating in the area of what we know or have experienced. However, when we need to deal with new information, ideas, and viewpoints, linear thinking will often come up short. On the other hand, creativity by definition involves the application of new information to old problems and the conception of new viewpoints and ideas. For this you will be most effective if you learn to operate in a nonlinear manner; that is, use your creative brain. Stated differently, if you think in a linear manner, you'll tend to be conservative and keep coming up with techniques which are already known. This, of course, is just what you don't want. [Summary] Logical thinking works well with familiar problems but falls short in dealing with new ideas, for which creative thinking is needed to come up with innovative solutions.

* 원문 참고 어휘

• utilize  활용하다 (= use)
• rational faculties 이성적 능력 (= reasoning skills)
• realm 영역 (= area)
• perspective 관점 (= viewpoint)

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[고1] 2025년 03월 – 39번: 공기 조절 기술이 전통 건축 지혜를 잊게 한 사례

The rise of air-conditioning accelerated the construction of sealed boxes, where the building's only airflow is through the filtered ducts of the air-conditioning unit. It doesn't have to be this way. Look at any old building in a hot climate, whether it's in Sicily or Marrakesh or Tehran. Architects understood the importance of shade, airflow, light colors. They oriented buildings to capture cool breezes and block the worst heat of the afternoon. They built with thick walls and white roofs and transoms over doors to encourage airflow. Anyone who has ever spent a few minutes in a mudbrick house in Tucson, or walked on the narrow streets of old Seville, knows how well these construction methods work. But all this wisdom about how to deal with heat, accumulated over centuries of practical experience, is all too often ignored. In this sense, air-conditioning is not just a technology of personal comfort; it is also a technology of forgetting.

* 원문 참고 어휘

• insulation 단열
• deflect 피하다, 방향을 바꾸다 (= block)
• adobe 흙벽돌, 흙집 (= mudbrick house)

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[고1] 2025년 03월 – 38번: Piaget의 놀이를 통한 도덕성 형성 이론

Piaget put the same amount of water into two different glasses: a tall narrow glass and a wide glass, then asked kids to compare two glasses. Kids younger than six or seven usually say that the tall narrow glass now holds more water, because the level is higher. And when they are ready, they figure out the conservation of volume for themselves just by playing with cups of water. Piaget argued that children's understanding of morality is like their understanding of those water glasses: we can't say that it is innate or kids learn it directly from adults. Rather, it is self-constructed as kids play with other kids. Taking turns in a game is like pouring water back and forth between glasses. Once kids have reached the age of five or six, then playing games and working things out together will help them learn about fairness far more effectively than any teaching from adults.

*원문 참고 어휘

• skinny 가느다란 (= narrow)
• have arguments 말다툼하다
• sermon 설교, 잔소리 (= teaching)

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[고1] 2025년 03월 – 37번: 보행 시 관절 연골의 작용 방식

Cartilage is extremely important for the healthy functioning of a joint, especially if that joint bears weight, like your knee. Imagine for a moment that you're looking into the inner workings of your left knee as you walk down the street. When you shift your weight from your left leg to your right, the pressure on your left knee is released. The cartilage in your left knee then "drinks in" synovial fluid, in much the same way that a sponge soaks up liquid when put in water. When you take another step and transfer the weight back onto your left leg, much of the fluid squeezes out of the cartilage. This squeezing of joint fluid into and out of the cartilage helps it respond to the off-and-on pressure of walking without breaking under the pressure.

* 원문 참고 어휘

• immerse 담그다 (= put)
• shatter 산산이 부서지다 (= break)
• strain 압력, 압박 (= pressure)

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[고1] 2025년 03월 – 36번: 언어 없이 사고하는 동물의 이미지 기반 사고

Let's assume that at least some animals are capable of thinking despite lacking a language. This doesn't necessarily mean that they possess concepts, for some forms of thought may be nonconceptual. We can imagine, for instance, a squirrel who is planning how to get from the branch she's currently standing on to a branch from the tree in front. To do this, in principle she doesn't need a concept of branch nor a concept of tree. It might be enough for her to have, for example, the ability to think in images; to make a mental map of the tree where she can imagine and try out different routes. This doesn't imply that squirrels lack concepts, simply that they don't need them for this concrete form of thinking. For us to be able to say that an animal has concepts, we have to show not just that she's capable of thinking, but also that she has certain specific abilities.

* 원문 참고 어휘

• capacity 능력 (= ability)

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[고1] 2025년 03월 – 35번: 관객의 감정 이입을 위한 주인공 설정의 중요성

What does it mean for a character to be a hero as opposed to a villain? In artistic and entertainment descriptions, it's essential for the author to establish a positive relationship between a protagonist and the audience. In order for tragedy or misfortune to draw out an emotional response in viewers, the character must be adjusted so as to be recognizable as either friend or enemy. Whether the portrayal is fictional or documentary, we must feel that the protagonist is someone whose actions benefit us; the protagonist is, or would be, a worthy companion or valued ally. Violent action films are often filled with dozens of incidental deaths of minor characters that draw out little response in the audience. In order to feel strong emotions, the audience must be emotionally invested in a character as either ally or enemy.

* 원문 참고 어휘

• depiction 묘사 (= description)
• evoke 불러일으키다 (= draw out 이끌어내다)
• tailored 조정된 (= adjusted)
• replete with 가득한 (= filled with)
• fleeting 순식간의, 덧없는 (= minor)
• vested in 몰입한 (= emotionally invested in 감정적으로 몰입한)
• adversary 적수 (= enemy)

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[고1] 2025년 03월 – 34번: 식물의 향기와 소리를 통한 생존 반응

Plants can communicate, although not in the same way we do. Some express their discontent through scents. You know that smell that hangs in the air after you've mowed the lawn? Yeah, that's actually an SOS. Some plants use sound. Yes, sound, though at a frequency that we can't hear. Researchers experimented with plants and microphones to see if they could record any trouble calls. They found that plants produce a high-frequency clicking noise when stressed and can make different sounds for different stressors. The sound a plant makes when it's not getting watered differs from the one it'll make when a leaf is cut. However, it's worth noting that experts don't think plants are crying out in pain. It's more likely that these reactions are knee-jerk survival actions. Plants are living organisms, and their main objective is to survive. Scents and sounds are their tools for defending against things that might harm them.

* 원문 참고 어휘

• albeit 비록 ~일지라도 (= though)
• distress 고통, 곤경 (= trouble)

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[고1] 2025년 03월 – 33번: 감정에 따른 땀 분비와 피부 전도율 변화 측정

Our skin conducts electricity more or less efficiently, depending on our emotions. We know that when we're emotionally stimulated ─stressed, sad, any intense emotion, really ─ our bodies sweat a tiny bit, so little we might not even notice. And when those tiny drops of sweat appear, our skin gets more electrically conductive. This change in sweat gland activity happens completely without your conscious mind having much say in the matter. If you feel emotionally intense, you're going to notice an increase in sweat gland activity. This is particularly useful from a scientific viewpoint, because it allows us to put an objective value on a subjective state of mind. We can actually measure your emotional state by tracking how your body subconsciously sweats, by running a bit of electricity through your skin. We can then turn the subjective, subconscious experience of emotional intensity into an objective number by figuring out how good your skin gets at transferring an electrical current.

* 원문 참고 어휘

• elated 마냥 행복해하는, 신이 난, 기쁜
• microbeads 미세한 땀방울 (= tiny drops)
• galvanic skin response 피부 전류 반응
• perspective 관점 (= viewpoint)

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[고1] 2025년 03월 – 32번: 아이의 감정을 끌어내는 관찰 중심의 대화 방식

As you listen to your child in an emotional moment, be aware that sharing simple observations usually works better than asking questions to get a conversation rolling. You may ask your child "Why do you feel sad?" and she may not have a clue. As a child, she may not have an answer on the tip of her tongue. Maybe she's feeling sad about her parents' arguments, or because she feels overtired, or she's worried about a piano recital. But she may or may not be able to explain any of this. And even when she does come up with an answer, she might be worried that the answer is not good enough to justify the feeling. Under these circumstances, a series of questions can just make a child silent. It's better to simply reflect what you notice. You can say, "You seem a little tired today," or, "I noticed that you frowned when I mentioned the recital," and wait for her response.

* 원문 참고 어휘

• probe 캐묻다, 캐다, 조사하다 (= ask)
• detriment 손해, 손실
• introspection 자기 성찰
• upcoming 다가오는
• articulate 명확히 표현하다 (= explain)
• interrogation 심문 (= a series of questions 일련의 질문들)
• clam up 입을 닫다, 침묵하다 (= silent)

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[고1] 2025년 03월 – 31번: Plato의 '아름다움의 이데아'에 대한 철학적 설명

Plato argued that when you see something that strikes you as beautiful, you are really just seeing a partial reflection of true beauty, just as a painting or even a photograph only captures part of the real thing. True beauty, or what Plato calls the Form of Beauty, has no particular color, shape, or size. Rather, it is an abstract idea, like the number five. You can make drawings of the number five in blue or red ink, big or small, but the number five itself is none of those things. It has no physical form. Think of the idea of a triangle, for example. Although it has no particular color or size, it somehow lies within each and every triangle you see. Plato thought the same was true of beauty. The Form of Beauty somehow lies within each and every beautiful thing you see.

* 원문 참고 어휘

• abstract idea 추상적 개념
• object of thought 사고의 대상

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[고1] 2025년 03월 – 30번: 소비자 심리를 고려한 정직한 홍보 전략의 중요성

Promotion deals with consumer psychology. We can't force people to think one way or another, and the clever marketer knows that promotion is used to provide information in the most clear, honest, and simple fashion possible. By doing so, the possibility of increasing sales goes up. Gone are the days when promotions were done in order to fool the consumer into purchasing something. The long‐term effect of getting a consumer to buy something they did not really want or need wasn't good. In fact, consumers fooled once can do damage to sales as they relate their experience to others. Instead, marketers now know that their goal is to identify the consumers who are most likely to appreciate a good or service, and to promote that good or service in a way that makes the value clear to the consumer. Therefore, marketers must know where the potential consumers are, and how to reach them.

* 원문 참고 어휘

• savvy 정통한, 요령 있는 (= clever)
• an awful lot of 아주 많은

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[고1] 2025년 03월 – 29번: 선수 루틴의 평가 및 조정 기능

Routines enable athletes to evaluate competition conditions. For example, bouncing a ball in a volleyball service routine supplies the server with information about the ball, the floor, and the state of her muscles. This information can then be used to properly prepare for her serve. Routines also enable athletes to adjust and fine-tune their preparations based on those evaluations or in pursuit of a particular competitive goal. This adaptation can involve adjustment to the conditions, rivals, competitive situation, or internal influences that can affect performance. Just like adjusting a race-car engine to the conditions of the track, air temperature, and weather, routines adjust all competitive components to achieve proper performance.

* 원문 참고 어휘

• optimally 최적으로 (= properly)
• opponent 상대 (= rival)
• calibrate 조정하다 (= adjust)
• optimal 최적의 (= proper)

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[고1] 2025년 03월 – 24번: 소리 내어 읽기가 뇌 활성화와 집중력 향상에 미치는 효과

Modern brain-scanning techniques such as fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) have revealed that reading aloud lights up many areas of the brain. There is intense activity in areas associated with pronunciation and hearing the sound of the spoken response, which strengthens the connective structures of your brain cells for more brainpower. This leads to an overall improvement in concentration. Reading aloud is also a good way to develop your public speaking skills because it forces you to read each and every word ─ something people don't often do when reading quickly, or reading in silence. Children, in particular, should be encouraged to read aloud because the brain is wired for learning through connections that are created by positive stimulation, such as singing, touching, and reading aloud.

* 원문 참고 어휘

• in both hemispheres 양쪽 뇌 반구에서
• articulation 발음, 조음 (= pronunciation)
• oratory 웅변, 연설 기술 (= public speaking)
• skimming 훑어읽기 (= reading quickly)

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[고1] 2025년 03월 – 23번: 동기 부여에 있어 관계 형성의 중요성

There is a wealth of evidence that when parents, teachers, supervisors, and coaches are perceived as involved and caring, people feel happier and more motivated. And it is not just those people with power ─ we need to feel valued and respected by peers and coworkers. Thus, when the need for relatedness is met, motivation and internalization are fueled, provided that support for autonomy and competence are also there. If we are trying to motivate others, a caring relationship is a crucial basis from which to begin. And when we are trying to motivate ourselves, doing things to enhance a sense of connectedness to others can be crucial to long-term persistence. So exercise with a friend, call someone when you have a difficult decision to make, and be there as a support for others as they take on challenges.

* 원문 참고 어휘

• people in authority roles 권력의 위치에 있는 사람들 (= those people with power)

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[고1] 2025년 03월 – 22번: 과학 지식이 형성되는 과정과 불확실성의 중요성

The science we learn in grade school is a collection of certainties about the natural world ─ the earth goes around the sun, DNA carries the information of an organism, and so on. Only when you start to learn the practice of science do you realize that each of these "facts" was hard won through a succession of logical inferences based upon many observations or experiments. The process of science is less about collecting pieces of knowledge than it is about reducing the uncertainties in what we know. Our uncertainties can be greater or lesser for any given piece of knowledge depending upon where we are in that process ─ today we are quite certain of how an apple will fall from a tree, but our understanding of the turbulent fluid flow remains a work in progress after more than a century of effort.

* 원문 참고 어휘

• revolve 회전하다, 공전하다 (= goes around)
• blueprint 청사진, 설계도 (= information)
• turbulent fluid flow 난류 유동
• convection 대류 현상

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[고1] 2025년 03월 – 21번: 인간 유전자 편집의 윤리적 문제와 경고

Assuming gene editing in humans proves to be safe and effective, it might seem logical, even preferable, to correct disease-causing mutations at the earliest possible stage of life, before harmful genes begin causing serious problems. Yet once it becomes possible to transform an embryo's mutated genes into "normal" ones, there will certainly be temptations to upgrade normal genes to superior versions. Should we begin editing genes in unborn children to lower their lifetime risk of heart disease or cancer? What about giving unborn children beneficial features, like greater strength and increased mental abilities, or changing physical characteristics, like eye and hair color? The pursuit for perfection seems almost natural to human nature, but if we start down this slippery slope, we may not like where we end up.

* 원문 참고 어휘

• wreak havoc 큰 피해를 입히다 (= cause serious problems)
• feasible 가능한 (= possible)
• supposedly 추정상, 아마 (=allegedly) 
• Alzheimer's 알츠하이머
• diabetes 당뇨
• endow A with B - A에게 B를 부여하다 (= give)
• trait 특징 (= feature, characteristic)
• cognitive 인지의 (= mental)
• quest 추구 (= pursuit)
• intrinsic 내재적인 (= natural)

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[고1] 2025년 03월 – 20번: 의사 전달을 위한 적절한 손짓의 중요성과 주의점

Improving your gestural communication involves more than just knowing when to nod or shake hands. It's about using gestures to complement your spoken messages, adding layers of meaning to your words. Open-handed gestures, for example, can indicate honesty, creating an atmosphere of trust. You invite openness and collaboration when you speak with your palms facing up. This simple yet powerful gesture can make others feel more comfortable and willing to engage in conversation. But be careful of the trap of overgesturing. Too many hand movements can distract from your message, drawing attention away from your words. Imagine a speaker whose hands move quickly like birds, their message lost in the chaos of their gestures. Balance is key. Your gestures should highlight your words, not overshadow them.

* 20번 지문 원문 검색 불가

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안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다.

오늘은 <2025년도 3월 고1 영어 모의고사>의 지문 요약 자료 올립니다.

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지문 분석하거나 자료 제작하실 때 참고하세요~♡

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안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다.

오늘은 <2025년도 3월 고1 영어 모의고사>의 한줄해석(좌지문 우해석) 자료 올립니다.
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안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다.
 
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[고1] 2024년 10월 – 35번: 물 부족 문제의 정치적 원인과 그로 인한 불평등

Today, the water crisis is political ─ which is to say, not inevitable or beyond our capacity to fix ─ and, therefore, functionally elective. That is one reason it is nevertheless distressing: an abundant resource made scarce through governmental neglect and indifference, bad infrastructure and contamination, and careless urbanization. There is no need for a water crisis, in other words, but we have one anyway, and aren't doing much to address it. Some cities lose more water to leaks than they deliver to homes: even in the United States, leaks and theft account for an estimated loss of 16 percent of freshwater; in Brazil, the estimate is 40 percent. Seen in both cases, as everywhere, the selective scarcity clearly highlights have-and-have-not inequities, leaving 2.1 billion people without safe drinking water and 4.5 billion without proper sanitation worldwide.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Today, the crisis is political—which is to say, not inevitable or necessary or beyond our capacity to fix—and, therefore, functionally elective. That is one reason it is nevertheless harrowing as a climate parable: an abundant resource made scarce through governmental neglect and indifference, bad infrastructure and contamination, careless urbanization and development. There is no need for a water crisis, in other words, but we have one anyway, and aren’t doing much to address it. Some cities lose more water to leaks than they deliver to homes: even in the United States, leaks and theft account for an estimated loss of 16 percent of freshwater; in Brazil, the estimate is 40 percent. In both cases, as everywhere, scarcity plays out so nakedly on a stage defined by have-and-have-not inequities that the resulting drama of resource competition can hardly be called, truly, a competition; the deck is so stacked that water shortage looks more like a tool of inequality. The global result is that as many as 2.1 billion people around the world do not have access to safe drinking water, and 4.5 billion don’t have safely managed water for sanitation.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 36번: 사회적 압력이 자존감 및 사회적 행동에 미치는 영향

As individuals, our ability to thrive depended on how well we navigated relationships in a group. If the group valued us, we could count on support, resources, and probably a mate. If it didn't, we might get none of these merits. It was a matter of survival, physically and genetically. Over millions of years, the pressure selected for people who are sensitive to and skilled at maximizing their standing. The result was the development of a tendency to unconsciously monitor how other people in our community perceive us. We process that information in the form of self-esteem and such related emotions as pride, shame, or insecurity. These emotions compel us to do more of what makes our community value us and less of what doesn't. And, crucially, they are meant to make that motivation feel like it is coming from within. If we realized, on a conscious level, that we were responding to social pressure, our performance might come off as grudging or cynical, making it less persuasive.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Human beings are some of the most complex social animals on earth. We evolved to live in leaderless collectives far larger than those of our fellow primates: up to about 150 members. As individuals, our ability to thrive depended on how well we navigated those 149 relationships—not to mention all of our peers’ relationships with one another. If the group valued us, we could count on support, resources, and probably a mate. If it didn’t, we might get none of those. It was a matter of survival, physically and genetically. Over millions of years, those pressures selected for people who are sensitive to and skilled at maximizing their standing. It’s what the anthropologist Brian Hare called “survival of the friendliest.” The result was the development of a sociometer: a tendency to unconsciously monitor how other people in our community seem to perceive us. We process that information in the form of self-esteem and such related emotions as pride, shame, or insecurity. These emotions compel us to do more of what makes our community value us and less of what doesn’t. And, crucially, they are meant to make that motivation feel like it is coming from within. If we realized, on a conscious level, that we were responding to social pressure, our performance might come off as grudging or cynical, making it less persuasive.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 37번: 의식의 문제로 우울증의 원인을 재정의하는 설명

Conventional medicine has long believed that depression is caused by an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain. However, there is a major problem with this explanation. This is because the imbalance of substances in the brain is a consequence of depression, not its cause. In other words, depression causes a decrease in brain substances such as serotonin and noradrenaline, not a decrease in brain substances causes depression. In this revised cause-and-effect, the key is to reframe depression as a problem of consciousness. Our consciousness is a more fundamental entity that goes beyond the functioning of the brain. The brain is no more than an organ of consciousness. If it is not consciousness itself, then the root cause of depression is also a distortion of our state of consciousness: a consciousness that has lost its sense of self and the meaning of life. Such a disease of consciousness may manifest itself in the form of depression.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭) - 구글 검색 불가

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 38번: 심리학이 인간 행동을 과학적으로 연구하는 방법 설명

The common accounts of human nature that float around in society are generally a mixture of assumptions, tales and sometimes plain silliness. However, psychology is different. It is the branch of science that is devoted to understanding people: how and why we act as we do; why we see things as we do; and how we interact with one another. The key word here is 'science.' Psychologists don't depend on opinions and hearsay, or the generally accepted views of society at the time, or even the considered opinions of deep thinkers. Instead, they look for evidence, to make sure that psychological ideas are firmly based, and not just derived from generally held beliefs or assumptions. In addition to this evidence-based approach, psychology deals with fundamental processes and principles that generate our rich cultural and social diversity, as well as those shared by all human beings. These are what modern psychology is all about.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

In the Beginning The Greeks, Galen and the Influence of the East Psychology is fascinating and, in many ways, it is at the heart of being human. After all, understanding – or trying to understand – other people’s minds and behaviour is something all of us do every day. It’s how we get along in families, social groups and societies. And, quite often, we get it wrong. We might think we know what other people are like, and then we’re astounded when they don’t seem to see things as we do, or they behave in a strange (to us) way. We form ideas about human nature around what we have read or watched, which can be misleading. We often fail to appreciate that our understanding of people is rooted in our particular time, place and culture, and might not apply to others. Or we take for granted beliefs that people have held for millennia, without questioning where they came from. The common accounts of human nature that float around in society are generally a mixture of assumption, anecdote and sometimes plain silliness. Psychology is different. Psychology is the branch of science that is devoted to understanding people: how and why we act as we do; why we see things as we do; and how we interact with one another. The key word here is ‘science’. Psychologists don’t depend on opinions and hearsay, or the generally accepted views of society at the time, or even the considered opinions of deep thinkers. Instead, we look for evidence, to make sure that psychological ideas are firmly based, and not just derived from generally held beliefs or conjecture. As different as human beings are, there are processes and principles that we all have in common, and there are processes and principles that produce our wonderful cultural and social differences. These are what modern psychology is all about.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 39번: 생물학적 채널화 이론을 통한 질병과 건강의 표현 방식

Life is what physicists might call a 'high-dimensional system,' which is their fancy way of saying that there's a lot going on. In just a single cell, the number of possible interactions between different molecules is enormous. Such a system can only hope to be stable if only a smaller number of collective ways of being may emerge. For example, it is only a limited number of tissues and body shapes that may result from the development of a human embryo. In 1942, the biologist Conrad Waddington called this drastic narrowing of outcomes canalization. The organism may switch between a small number of well-defined possible states, but can't exist in random states in between them, rather as a ball in a rough landscape must roll to the bottom of one valley or another. We'll see that this is true also of health and disease: there are many causes of illness, but their manifestations at the physiological and symptomatic levels are often strikingly similar.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭) - 구글 검색 불가

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 40번: '트릭 처벌'이 아동 행동에 부정적 영향을 미치는 이유

Punishing a child may not be effective due to what Alvaro Bilbao, a neuropsychologist, calls 'trick-punishments.' A trick-punishment is a scolding, a moment of anger or a punishment in the most classic sense of the word. Instead of discouraging the child from doing something, it encourages them to do it. For example, Hugh learns that when he hits his little brother, his mother scolds him. For a child who feels lonely, being scolded is much better than feeling invisible, so he will continue to hit his brother. In this case, his mother would be better adopting a different strategy. For instance, she could congratulate Hugh when he has not hit his brother for a certain length of time. The mother clearly cannot allow the child to hit his little brother, but instead of constantly pointing out the negatives, she can choose to reward the positives. In this way, any parent can avoid trick-punishments.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Trick-punishments Another reason that punishments may not be effective is due to what I call “trick-punishments”. A trick-punishment is a reprimand, a moment of anger or a punishment in the most classic sense of the word. Instead of discouraging the child from doing something, it encourages them to do it. Trick-punishments appear when the child, usually one who does not receive enough attention from their parents, as they spend little time with their child and don’t know how to reinforce positive behaviour, learns that they receive more attention by doing things wrong. For example, Hugh learns that when he hits his little brother, his mother scolds him. For a child who feels lonely, being scolded is much better than feeling invisible, so he will continue to hit his brother. In this case, his mother would be better adopting a different strategy. For example, she could congratulate Hugh when he has not hit his brother for a certain length of time. She could also spend a little time with Hugh every day, once she has put his little brother to bed. The mother clearly cannot allow the child to hit his little brother, but instead of constantly pointing out the negatives, she can choose to reward the positives. In this way, any parent can avoid trick-punishments; they can turn the situation on its head by focusing on the positives and not giving so much “prominence” to the negatives.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 41~42번: 인간이 생존을 위해 애매한 대상에도 의도를 부여하는 경향

From an early age, we assign purpose to objects and events, preferring this reasoning to random chance. Children assume, for instance, that pointy rocks are that way because they don't want you to sit on them. When we encounter something, we first need to determine what sort of thing it is. Inanimate objects and plants generally do not move and can be evaluated from physics alone. However, by attributing intention to animals and even objects, we are able to make fast decisions about the likely behaviour of that being. This was essential in our hunter-gatherer days to avoid being eaten by predators. The anthropologist Stewart Guthrie made the point that survival in our evolutionary past meant that we interpret ambiguous objects as agents with human mental characteristics, as those are the mental processes which we understand. Ambiguous events are caused by such agents. This results in a perceptual system strongly biased towards anthropomorphism. Therefore, we tend to assume intention even where there is none. This would have arisen as a survival mechanism. If a lion is about to attack you, you need to react quickly, given its probable intention to kill you. By the time you have realized that the design of its teeth and claws could kill you, you are dead. So, assuming intent, without detailed design analysis or understanding of the physics, has saved your life.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Agency Detection and Theory of Mind Our mind functions as it does as the result of millions of years of evolution, of responding to past problems. And because all humans have similar cognitive apparatus, we are able to communicate with each other, especially through language, resulting in different humans generating similar (though not identical) mental representations of a particular concept. From an early age, we ascribe purpose to objects and events, preferring this reasoning to random chance; we create purposes for things and things for purposes. Children assume, for instance, that pointy rocks are that way because they don’t want you to sit on them. When we encounter something, we first need to determine what sort of thing it is. Inanimate objects and plants generally do not move and can be evaluated from physics alone. However, by assuming a design purpose or, even more effectively, imputing intention to animals, other humans, and even objects, we are able to make fast decisions about the likely behaviour of that being. This was essential in our hunter-gatherer days to avoid being eaten by predators. The anthropologist Stewart Guthrie made the point that survival in our evolutionary past meant that we interpret ambiguous objects as agents with human mental characteristics, as those are the mental processes which we understand. Ambiguous events are caused by such agents. This results in a perceptual system strongly biased towards anthropomorphism. As a result, we tend to assume intention even where there is none. This would have arisen as a survival mechanism, aided by a theory of mind. If a lion is about to attack you, you need to react quickly, given its likely intention to kill you. By the time you have determined that the design of its teeth and claws could kill you, or calculated the physics of the working of its body when it leaps on you, you are dead. So, assuming intent, without detailed design analysis or understanding of the physics, has saved your life.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

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안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다.

오늘은 <2023년도 11월 고1 영어 모의고사(12월 시행)>의 지문 요약 자료 다시 제작해 올립니다.

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감사합니다~~♡

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[고1] 2023 11월 – 18번: 패션 매장의 판매직 지원을 위한 경험과 자격 소개

Dear Ms. MacAlpine, I was so excited to hear that your brand is opening a new shop on Bruns Street next month. I have always appreciated the way your brand helps women to feel more stylish and confident. I am writing in response to your ad in the Bruns Journal. I graduated from the Meline School of Fashion and have worked as a sales assistant at LoganMart for the last five years. During that time, I've developed strong customer service and sales skills, and now I would like to apply for the sales position in your clothing store. I am available for an interview at your earliest convenience. I look forward to hearing from you. Thank you for reading my letter. Yours sincerely, Grace Braddock

Possible Titles:

1. Application Letter for a Sales Position in a Fashion Store 

2. Grace Braddock's Professional Appeal for a Sales Role 

3. Aspiring Sales Assistant Highlighting Fashion Expertise and Experience 

4. Customer-Focused Application for a Stylish Brand's New Outlet 

Main Idea #1:

Grace Braddock applies for a sales assistant position at a fashion store. 

Main Idea #2:

Grace Braddock highlights her experience at LoganMart and her qualifications from the Meline School of Fashion to express her suitability for a sales position at a new shop opening soon. 

Summary:

Grace Braddock expresses enthusiasm about the brand's new store and applies for a sales assistant role, emphasizing her customer service and sales experience. She mentions her fashion school background and availability for an interview. 

Key Points:

1. Grace Braddock admires the brand for empowering women. 

2. She has five years of experience as a sales assistant at LoganMart. 

3. She graduated from the Meline School of Fashion. 

4. She expresses enthusiasm and requests an interview at the earliest convenience.

[고1] 2023 11월 – 19번: 신혼여행 중 결혼 반지를 잃고 찾으려 했던 경험

I had never seen a beach with such white sand or water that was such a beautiful shade of blue. Jane and I set up a blanket on the sand while looking forward to our ten days of honeymooning on an exotic island. "Look!" Jane waved her hand to point at the beautiful scene before us ― and her gold wedding ring went flying off her hand. I tried to see where it went, but the sun hit my eyes and I lost track of it. I didn't want to lose her wedding ring, so I started looking in the area where I thought it had landed. However, the sand was so fine and I realized that anything heavy, like gold, would quickly sink and might never be found again.

Possible Titles:

1. A Honeymoon Mishap on an Exotic Island 

2. Lost Wedding Ring in Fine White Sand 

3. The Challenge of Recovering a Precious Symbol of Love 

4. Searching for a Wedding Ring in Paradise 

Main Idea #1:

A honeymoon turns stressful when a wedding ring is lost on the beach. 

Main Idea #2:

While enjoying the start of their honeymoon on an exotic island, a couple faces the challenge of finding a lost wedding ring buried in fine, sinking sand. 

Summary:

A couple begins their honeymoon on a beach with white sand and blue water, but their joy is interrupted when the bride’s gold wedding ring accidentally flies off her hand. Despite efforts to locate it, the fine sand poses a significant challenge. 

Key Points:

1. The couple is on a honeymoon at a beach with white sand and blue water. 

2. Jane accidentally loses her gold wedding ring while pointing at a scene. 

3. The husband searches for the ring but struggles due to the sinking sand. 

4. The fine sand makes recovering the ring highly difficult.

[고1] 2023 11월 – 20번: 지속적인 자기 성장을 위해 의식적 노력이 필요함

Unfortunately, many people don't take personal responsibility for their own growth. Instead, they simply run the race laid out for them. They do well enough in school to keep advancing. Maybe they manage to get a good job at a well-run company. But so many think and act as if their learning journey ends with college. They have checked all the boxes in the life that was laid out for them and now lack a road map describing the right ways to move forward and continue to grow. In truth, that's when the journey really begins. When school is finished, your growth becomes voluntary. Like healthy eating habits or a regular exercise program, you need to commit to it and devote thought, time, and energy to it. Otherwise, it simply won't happen ― and your life and career are likely to stop progressing as a result.

Possible Titles:

1. The Importance of Voluntary Growth Beyond Formal Education 

2. Breaking Free from the Pre-Laid Path to Personal Development 

3. Why Lifelong Learning is Key to Personal and Career Success 

4. Moving Beyond the Checkboxes of Structured Education 

Main Idea #1:

Many people stop pursuing growth after completing their formal education. 

Main Idea #2:

True growth begins after formal education ends, requiring a voluntary commitment to continuous self-improvement, much like maintaining healthy habits, to ensure ongoing personal and professional progress. 

Summary:

Many individuals stop prioritizing growth after school, assuming their learning journey is complete. However, real progress requires voluntary efforts, like healthy habits, to ensure continued personal and career development. Without dedication, life and career advancement may stagnate. 

Key Points:

1. Many people rely solely on structured paths like school and jobs for growth. 

2. They often lack a plan for self-improvement after formal education. 

3. Lifelong growth requires conscious effort, similar to maintaining health. 

4. Neglecting personal growth can lead to stagnation in life and career.

[고1] 2023 11월 – 21번: 색은 객관적, 주관적 요소가 결합된 현상임

Many people take the commonsense view that color is an objective property of things, or of the light that bounces off them. They say a tree's leaves are green because they reflect green light ― a greenness that is just as real as the leaves. Others argue that color doesn't inhabit the physical world at all but exists only in the eye or mind of the viewer. They maintain that if a tree fell in a forest and no one was there to see it, its leaves would be colorless ― and so would everything else. They say there is no such thing as color; there are only the people who see it. Both positions are, in a way, correct. Color is objective and subjective ― "the place," as Paul Cezanne put it, "where our brain and the universe meet." Color is created when light from the world is registered by the eyes and interpreted by the brain.

Possible Titles:

1. Understanding Color as Both Objective and Subjective 

2. The Philosophical Debate on the Nature of Color 

3. How Color Exists at the Intersection of Light and Perception 

4. Reconciling the Physical and Mental Realities of Color 

Main Idea #1:

Color is debated as either an objective property of the world or a subjective experience in the mind. 

Main Idea #2:

Color exists as both an objective phenomenon involving light and an interpretation in the brain, representing a meeting point between the physical world and human perception. 

Summary:

Color is seen either as an inherent property of objects or as a perception in the mind. In reality, it is both objective and subjective, created when light interacts with the eyes and is interpreted by the brain. 

Key Points:

1. Some view color as an objective property of objects or reflected light. 

2. Others believe color exists only in the perception of the viewer. 

3. Both perspectives are valid, as color combines physical and mental elements. 

4. Color is formed through the interaction of light, the eyes, and the brain.

[고1] 2023 11월 – 22번: 소설 집필 시 과도한 세부정보보다 핵심 경험이 중요

When writing a novel, research for information needs to be done. The thing is that some kinds of fiction demand a higher level of detail: crime fiction, for example, or scientific thrillers. The information is never hard to find; one website for authors even organizes trips to police stations, so that crime writers can get it right. Often, a polite letter will earn you permission to visit a particular location and record all the details that you need. But remember that you will drive your readers to boredom if you think that you need to pack everything you discover into your work. The details that matter are those that reveal the human experience. The crucial thing is telling a story, finding the characters, the tension, and the conflict ― not the train timetable or the building blueprint.

Possible Titles:

1. Balancing Research and Storytelling in Novel Writing 

2. The Role of Research in Crafting Authentic Fiction 

3. How to Use Details Without Losing the Reader’s Interest 

4. Focusing on Human Experience in Research-Heavy Fiction 

Main Idea #1:

Research is essential for writing detailed fiction but should not overwhelm the story. 

Main Idea #2:

While research enhances authenticity in fiction, especially in genres like crime or science thrillers, the key to engaging readers lies in focusing on human experience, characters, and conflict rather than excessive factual details. 

Summary:

Detailed research is vital for authenticity in fiction, but overloading a story with facts can bore readers. Writers should focus on storytelling and human elements instead of emphasizing minor factual details. 

Key Points:

1. Some genres require more detailed research, such as crime fiction or scientific thrillers. 

2. Authors can access information through polite inquiries or organized visits. 

3. Overloading a story with facts risks losing reader engagement. 

4. The story's human aspects, like characters and conflict, are more important than excessive detail.

[고1] 2023 11월 – 23번: 구강 건강은 신체 건강과 밀접히 연관됨

Nearly everything has to go through your mouth to get to the rest of you, from food and air to bacteria and viruses. A healthy mouth can help your body get what it needs and prevent it from harm ― with adequate space for air to travel to your lungs, and healthy teeth and gums that prevent harmful microorganisms from entering your bloodstream. From the moment you are created, oral health affects every aspect of your life. What happens in the mouth is usually just the tip of the iceberg and a reflection of what is happening in other parts of the body. Poor oral health can be a cause of a disease that affects the entire body. The microorganisms in an unhealthy mouth can enter the bloodstream and travel anywhere in the body, posing serious health risks.

Possible Titles:

1. The Crucial Role of Oral Health in Overall Well-being 

2. How Poor Oral Hygiene Impacts the Entire Body 

3. Oral Health as a Gateway to Physical Health and Disease 

4. Preventing Systemic Illness Through Healthy Teeth and Gums 

Main Idea #1:

Oral health is essential for preventing harm and supporting overall body health. 

Main Idea #2:

A healthy mouth ensures the body receives necessary nutrients and protects against harmful microorganisms, while poor oral health can lead to systemic diseases by allowing harmful bacteria to enter the bloodstream. 

Summary:

Oral health is vital for overall health, as it supports essential functions and prevents harmful microorganisms from spreading. Poor oral hygiene can lead to systemic illnesses by allowing bacteria to enter the bloodstream and affect the entire body. 

Key Points:

1. Oral health ensures proper air passage and nutrient intake. 

2. Healthy teeth and gums prevent harmful microorganisms from entering the body. 

3. Poor oral hygiene can reflect and cause systemic health issues. 

4. Microorganisms from an unhealthy mouth can travel through the bloodstream, posing significant health risks.

[고1] 2023 11월 – 24번: 신경계는 변화에 민감하고 반복에는 쉽게 지루함

Kids tire of their toys, college students get sick of cafeteria food, and sooner or later most of us lose interest in our favorite TV shows. The bottom line is that we humans are easily bored. But why should this be true? The answer lies buried deep in our nerve cells, which are designed to reduce their initial excited response to stimuli each time they occur. At the same time, these neurons enhance their responses to things that change ― especially things that change quickly. We probably evolved this way because our ancestors got more survival value, for example, from attending to what was moving in a tree (such as a puma) than to the tree itself. Boredom in reaction to an unchanging environment turns down the level of neural excitation so that new stimuli (like our ancestor's hypothetical puma threat) stand out more. It's the neural equivalent of turning off a front door light to see the fireflies.

Possible Titles:

1. Understanding the Science Behind Human Boredom and Neural Responses 

2. How Our Nerve Cells Influence Perception and Boredom 

3. Evolutionary Advantages of Human Response to Change Over Stability 

4. The Role of Neural Adaptation in Managing Stimuli and Attention 

Main Idea #1:

Humans become bored due to nerve cells reducing their response to repetitive stimuli. 

Main Idea #2:

The neural mechanism of boredom evolved to enhance survival by decreasing attention to unchanging environments and sharpening focus on new, potentially critical changes. 

Summary:

Humans are naturally prone to boredom because nerve cells diminish their response to repeated stimuli while prioritizing changes in the environment. This neural adaptation likely developed as a survival mechanism, helping our ancestors notice potential threats. Boredom allows the brain to conserve energy and redirect attention to significant stimuli. 

Key Points:

1. Humans easily lose interest in repetitive stimuli like toys or TV shows. 

2. Neurons reduce responses to repeated stimuli while amplifying responses to new changes. 

3. This neural adaptation likely evolved to prioritize survival threats, such as predators. 

4. Boredom helps conserve neural energy and enhances focus on critical environmental shifts.

[고1] 2023 11월 – 25번: 2018~2022년 청정 에너지 투자 증가 분석

The above graph shows global energy investment in clean energy and in fossil fuels between 2018 and 2022. Since 2018 global energy investment in clean energy continued to rise, reaching its highest level in 2022. The investment gap between clean energy and fossil fuels in 2020 was larger than that in 2019. Investment in fossil fuels was highest in 2018 and lowest in 2020. In 2021, investment in clean energy exceeded 1,200 billion dollars, while investment in fossil fuels did not. In 2022, the global investment in clean energy was more than double that of fossil fuels.

Possible Titles:

1. Trends in Global Investment in Clean Energy and Fossil Fuels 

2. A Five-Year Analysis of Global Energy Investments 

3. Increasing Focus on Clean Energy Investment from 2018 to 2022 

4. The Growing Disparity Between Clean Energy and Fossil Fuel Investments 

Main Idea #1:

Global investment in clean energy consistently increased, reaching its peak in 2022. 

Main Idea #2:

The gap between clean energy and fossil fuel investments widened significantly over time, with clean energy investments surpassing fossil fuels, especially in 2022 when clean energy investments were more than double. 

Summary:

Global energy investment trends show a steady rise in clean energy funding from 2018 to 2022, reaching its highest level in 2022. Fossil fuel investments peaked in 2018 and dropped to their lowest in 2020. The investment gap between clean energy and fossil fuels widened over the years, with clean energy surpassing 1,200 billion dollars in 2021 and doubling fossil fuel investments by 2022. 

Key Points:

1. Clean energy investment rose steadily, peaking in 2022. 

2. Fossil fuel investment was highest in 2018 and lowest in 2020. 

3. The gap between clean energy and fossil fuel investment widened from 2019 to 2020. 

4. By 2022, clean energy investments were more than double those of fossil fuels.

[고1] 2023 11월 – 26번: Frederick Douglass의 노예제 폐지와 평등 활동

Frederick Douglass was born into slavery at a farm in Maryland. His full name at birth was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey. He changed his name to Frederick Douglass after he successfully escaped from slavery in 1838. He became a leader of the Underground Railroad ― a network of people, places, and routes that helped enslaved people escape to the north. He assisted other runaway slaves until they could safely get to other areas in the north. As a slave, he had taught himself to read and write and he spread that knowledge to other slaves as well. Once free, he became a well-known abolitionist and strong believer in equality for all people including Blacks, Native Americans, women, and recent immigrants. He wrote several autobiographies describing his experiences as a slave. In addition to all this, he became the first African-American candidate for vice president of the United States.

Possible Titles:

1. Frederick Douglass: From Slave to Abolitionist Leader and Advocate 

2. The Life and Legacy of Frederick Douglass in American History 

3. A Pioneer for Equality: Frederick Douglass's Remarkable Achievements 

4. Frederick Douglass and His Role in Abolishing Slavery and Promoting Justice 

Main Idea #1:

Frederick Douglass escaped slavery and became a leader in the fight for freedom and equality. 

Main Idea #2:

Frederick Douglass’s life journey included teaching himself and others to read, leading the Underground Railroad, advocating for equal rights for all people, and becoming a renowned abolitionist and political figure. 

Summary:

Born into slavery, Frederick Douglass escaped in 1838 and became a prominent leader of the Underground Railroad and a well-known abolitionist. He advocated for equality for all people and wrote autobiographies about his experiences. He also became the first African-American vice-presidential candidate, leaving a lasting legacy in the fight for justice. 

Key Points:

1. Frederick Douglass was born into slavery in Maryland and escaped in 1838. 

2. He became a leader of the Underground Railroad and helped runaway slaves. 

3. He advocated for equality for all, including women and immigrants. 

4. He wrote autobiographies about his life as a slave and was the first African-American vice-presidential candidate.

[고1] 2023 11월 – 29번: 뇌사 진단 기준의 엄격함이 신뢰와 의혹 모두 유발 가능

Some countries have proposed tougher guidelines for determining brain death when transplantation ― transferring organs to others ― is under consideration. In several European countries, there are legal requirements which specify that a whole team of doctors must agree over the diagnosis of death in the case of a potential donor. The reason for these strict regulations for diagnosing brain death in potential organ donors is, no doubt, to ease public fears of a premature diagnosis of brain death for the purpose of obtaining organs. But it is questionable whether these requirements reduce public suspicions as much as they create them. They certainly maintain mistaken beliefs that diagnosing brain death is an unreliable process lacking precision. As a matter of consistency, at least, criteria for diagnosing the deaths of organ donors should be exactly the same as for those for whom immediate burial or cremation is intended.

Possible Titles:

1. Balancing Public Trust and Accuracy in Brain Death Diagnosis 

2. The Debate Over Brain Death Guidelines for Organ Donors 

3. Challenges in Addressing Public Concerns About Brain Death Criteria 

4. Should Brain Death Criteria Differ for Organ Donors and Non-Donors? 

Main Idea #1:

Some countries enforce stricter guidelines for diagnosing brain death in potential organ donors to address public concerns. 

Main Idea #2:

Stricter brain death regulations aim to alleviate public fears but may inadvertently heighten suspicions, underscoring the need for consistent diagnostic criteria for organ donors and non-donors alike. 

Summary:

Stricter guidelines for diagnosing brain death in organ donors aim to address fears of premature diagnoses but may unintentionally increase public mistrust. These regulations suggest that diagnosing brain death is imprecise, reinforcing misconceptions. Consistent criteria for all cases of brain death, whether for organ donors or others, are essential to maintain trust. 

Key Points:

1. Tougher brain death guidelines are implemented in some countries for potential organ donors. 

2. Legal requirements in Europe include team agreement on brain death diagnosis. 

3. Strict regulations may increase public doubts about the reliability of brain death diagnoses. 

4. Uniform criteria for all brain death diagnoses can help ensure public trust and consistency.

[고1] 2023 11월 – 30번: 미니멀리즘은 불필요한 물건 제거로 삶의 명료함 제공

The term minimalism gives a negative impression to some people who think that it is all about sacrificing valuable possessions. This insecurity naturally stems from their attachment to their possessions. It is difficult to distance oneself from something that has been around for quite some time. Being an emotional animal, human beings give meaning to the things around them. So, the question arising here is that if minimalism will hurt one's emotions, why become a minimalist? The answer is very simple; the assumption of the question is fundamentally wrong. Minimalism does not hurt emotions. You might feel a bit sad while getting rid of a useless item but sooner than later, this feeling will be overcome by the joy of clarity. Minimalists never argue that you should leave every convenience of the modern era. They are of the view that you only need to eliminate stuff that is unused or not going to be used in the near future.

Possible Titles:

1. Understanding Minimalism: Separating Myths from Reality 

2. Emotional Misconceptions and the True Benefits of Minimalism 

3. Minimalism as a Path to Clarity Without Sacrifice 

4. Dispelling Myths About Minimalism and Emotional Attachments 

Main Idea #1:

Minimalism is often misunderstood as sacrificing valuable possessions, but this perception stems from emotional attachment to items. 

Main Idea #2:

Minimalism promotes eliminating unnecessary items, not essential conveniences, and offers emotional clarity and joy rather than harm, challenging misconceptions about its impact on emotions. 

Summary:

Minimalism is misunderstood by those attached to possessions, who see it as emotional sacrifice. In reality, minimalism encourages removing only unused items, providing clarity and joy over time. It focuses on keeping valuable necessities, not abandoning modern conveniences. 

Key Points:

1. Minimalism is wrongly perceived as sacrificing meaningful possessions. 

2. Emotional attachment to possessions creates resistance to minimalism. 

3. Minimalism involves eliminating unused items, not essential conveniences. 

4. The process ultimately leads to emotional clarity and joy, not harm.

[고1] 2023 11월 – 31번: 시각적 적응으로 새로운 환경에도 빠르게 적응 가능

A remarkable characteristic of the visual system is that it has the ability of adapting itself. Psychologist George M. Stratton made this clear in an impressive self-experiment. Stratton wore reversing glasses for several days, which literally turned the world upside down for him. In the beginning, this caused him great difficulties: just putting food in his mouth with a fork was a challenge for him. With time, however, his visual system adjusted to the new stimuli from reality, and he was able to act normally in his environment again, even seeing it upright when he concentrated. As he took off his reversing glasses, he was again confronted with problems: he used the wrong hand when he wanted to reach for something, for example. Fortunately, Stratton could reverse the perception, and he did not have to wear reversing glasses for the rest of his life. For him, everything returned to normal after one day.

Possible Titles:

1. The Adaptive Power of the Human Visual System 

2. George M. Stratton’s Experiment on Visual Adaptation 

3. Understanding Perceptual Adjustment Through Reversing Glasses 

4. How the Visual System Adjusts to Altered Realities 

Main Idea #1:

The human visual system can adapt to altered perceptions, as demonstrated by George M. Stratton's reversing glasses experiment. 

Main Idea #2:

Stratton's self-experiment revealed the remarkable adaptability of the visual system, which adjusted to upside-down stimuli and reverted to normal functioning after the removal of reversing glasses. 

Summary:

The visual system’s adaptability was demonstrated by George M. Stratton, who wore reversing glasses that flipped his perception upside down. Despite initial challenges, his visual system adapted, allowing him to function normally. After removing the glasses, he experienced temporary disorientation, but his perception returned to normal within a day.