②I would like to draw your attention to a problem that frequently occurs with the No. 35 buses.
②35번버스에서자주발생하는문제에대해귀하의주의를환기하고싶습니다.
③There is a bus stop about halfway along Fenny Road, at which the No. 35 buses are supposed to stop.
③Fenny Road를따라중간쯤버스정류장이있고,그곳에서35번버스가정차하게되어있습니다.
④It would appear, however, that some of your drivers are either unaware of this bus stop or for some reason choose to ignore it, driving past even though the buses are not full.
④Avoid making suggestions to employees about personal traits they should change; instead suggest more acceptable ways of performing.
④직원들에게그들이바꿔야할인격적특성에대해제안하는것을피하라.대신에더용인되는수행방법을제안하라.
⑤For example, instead of focusing on a person's "unreliability," a manager might focus on the fact that the employee "has been late to work seven times this month."
⑥It is difficult for employees to change who they are; it is usually much easier for them to change how they act.
⑥직원들은자신이어떤사람인지를바꾸기는어렵다.일반적으로자신이행동하는방식을바꾸기가훨씬쉽다.
[고2] 2023년09월– 21번:균형잡힌숲생태계를위한다양한나무종의중요성
①I suspect fungi are a little more forward "thinking" than their larger partners.
①나는균류가자신의더큰상대보다조금더앞서'생각한다'고짐작한다.
②Among trees, each species fights other species.
②나무들사이에서각종은다른종들과싸운다.
③Let's assume the beeches native to Central Europe could emerge victorious in most forests there.
③중부유럽태생의너도밤나무가그곳의숲대부분에서우세하게나타날수있다고가정해보자.
④Would this really be an advantage?
④이게정말이점일까?
⑤What would happen if a new pathogen came along that infected most of the beeches and killed them?
⑤만약대부분의너도밤나무를감염시켜죽게만드는새로운병원균이나타나면어떻게될까?
⑥In that case, wouldn't it be more advantageous if there were a certain number of other species around ― oaks, maples, or firs ― that would continue to grow and provide the shade needed for a new generation of young beeches to sprout and grow up?
⑧Because fungi are also very dependent on stable conditions, they support other species underground and protect them from complete collapse to ensure that one species of tree doesn't manage to dominate.
①It's remarkable that positive fantasies help us relax to such an extent that it shows up in physiological tests.
①낙관적인상상이생리학적검사에서나타날정도로우리가긴장을푸는데도움이된다는것은주목할만하다.
②If you want to unwind, you can take some deep breaths, get a massage, or go for a walk ― but you can also try simply closing your eyes and fantasizing about some future outcome that you might enjoy.
③But what about when your objective is to make your wish a reality?
③하지만여러분의목표가소망을실현하는것인경우라면어떨까?
④The last thing you want to be is relaxed.
④여러분이'가장피해야할'상태는긴장이풀려있는것이다.
⑤You want to be energized enough to get off the couch and lose those pounds or find that job or study for that test, and you want to be motivated enough to stay engaged even when the inevitable obstacles or challenges arise.
⑦You put yourself in a temporary state of complete happiness, calmness ― and inactivity.
⑦여러분은스스로를완전한행복,고요,그리고비활동의일시적인상태에빠지게한다.
[고2] 2023년09월– 23번:요리의외주화가현대생활에미친긍정적영향
①If cooking is as central to human identity, biology, and culture as the biological anthropologist Richard Wrangham suggests, it stands to reason that the decline of cooking in our time would have serious consequences for modern life, and so it has.
③The outsourcing of much of the work of cooking to corporations has relieved women of what has traditionally been their exclusive responsibility for feeding the family, making it easier for them to work outside the home and have careers.
④It has headed off many of the domestic conflicts that such a large shift in gender roles and family dynamics was bound to spark.
④그것은성역할과가족역학의그렇게큰변화가촉발할많은가정내갈등을막아냈다.
⑤It has relieved other pressures in the household, including longer workdays and overscheduled children, and saved us time that we can now invest in other pursuits.
⑥It has also allowed us to diversify our diets substantially, making it possible even for people with no cooking skills and little money to enjoy a whole different cuisine.
⑧They contribute 50 percent of their profits to the construction of toilets around the world, and we're genuinely happy to spend our money on this special toilet paper each month.
⑨Remember that the corporate world is built on consumers, so as a consumer you have the power to vote with your wallet and encourage companies to embrace healthier and more sustainable practices with every purchase you choose to make.
②In each year from 2013 to 2020, the percentage of male respondents who used smart TVs to access the Internet was higher than that of female respondents.
⑤For male respondents, 2017 was the only year that saw a decrease in the percentage of those accessing the Internet via smart TVs compared to the previous year, during the given period.
⑥In 2014, the percentage of females using smart TVs to access the Internet was the lowest during the given period at 6%, and it was still below 10% in 2015.
①Camille Flammarion was born at Montigny-le-Roi, France.
①Camille Flammarion은프랑스Montigny-le-Roi에서태어났다.
②He became interested in astronomy at an early age, and when he was only sixteen he wrote a book on the origin of the world.
②그는어린나이에천문학에흥미가생겼고,불과16세에그는세상의기원에관한책을썼다.
③The manuscript was not published at the time, but it came to the attention of Urbain Le Verrier, the director of the Paris Observatory.
③그원고는그당시출판되지않았지만, Paris Observatory의관리자인Urbain Le Verrier의관심을끌게되었다.
④He became an assistant to Le Verrier in 1858 and worked as a calculator.
④그는1858년에Le Verrier의조수가되었고계산원으로일했다.
⑤At nineteen, he wrote another book called The Plurality of Inhabited Worlds, in which he passionately claimed that life exists outside the planet Earth.
⑤19세에그는The Plurality of Inhabited Worlds라는또다른책을썼는데,이책에서그는외계에생명체가존재한다고열정적으로주장했다.
⑥His most successful work, Popular Astronomy, was published in 1880, and eventually sold 130,000 copies.
④But we all make our own judgement about sell-by dates; those brought up during the Second World War are often scornful of the terrible waste they believe such caution encourages.
⑤The manufacturer of the food has a view when making or growing something that by the time the product reaches the shelves it has already been travelling for so many days and possibly many miles.
⑥The manufacturer then decides that a product can reasonably be consumed within say 90 days and 90 days minus so many days for travelling gives the sell-by date.
③Based in large part on genetics, some people have a more efficient version of the enzyme that degrades caffeine, allowing the liver to rapidly clear it from the bloodstream.
④These rare individuals can drink an espresso with dinner and fall fast asleep at midnight without a problem.
④이몇안되는사람들은저녁과함께에스프레소를마시고도아무문제없이한밤중에깊이잠들수있다.
⑤Others, however, have a slower-acting version of the enzyme.
⑤그러나다른사람들은더느리게작용하는형태의효소를가지고있다.
⑥It takes far longer for their system to eliminate the same amount of caffeine.
⑥그들의신체가같은양의카페인을제거하는데훨씬더오랜시간이걸린다.
⑦As a result, they are very sensitive to caffeine's effects.
⑦결과적으로,그들은카페인의효과에매우민감하다.
⑧One cup of tea or coffee in the morning will last much of the day, and should they have a second cup, even early in the afternoon, they will find it difficult to fall asleep in the evening.
⑨Aging also alters the speed of caffeine clearance: the older we are, the longer it takes our brain and body to remove caffeine, and thus the more sensitive we become in later life to caffeine's sleep-disrupting influence.
④If I want you to consider an idea, and know you strongly reject popular opinion in favor of maintaining your independence and uniqueness, I would present the majority option first, which you would reject in favor of my actual preference.
⑤We are often tricked when we try to maintain a position of defiance.
⑤우리는반항의입장을유지하려고할때종종속는다.
⑥People use this reversal to make us "independently" choose an option which suits their purposes.
⑥사람들은우리가그들의목적에맞는선택지를'독자적으로'택하도록만들기위해이러한반전을사용한다.
⑦Some brands have taken full effect of our defiance towards the mainstream and positioned themselves as rebels; which has created even stronger brand loyalty.
①A typical soap opera creates an abstract world, in which a highly complex web of relationships connects fictional characters that exist first only in the minds of the program's creators and are then recreated in the minds of the viewer.
②If you were to think about how much human psychology, law, and even everyday physics the viewer must know in order to follow and speculate about the plot, you would discover it is considerable ─ at least as much as the knowledge required to follow and speculate about a piece of modern mathematics, and in most cases, much more.
⑤Because, of course, the abstraction is built on an extremely familiar framework.
⑤왜냐하면,당연하게도,그추상은매우친숙한틀위에서만들어졌기때문이다.
⑥The characters in a soap opera and the relationships between them are very much like the real people and relationships we experience every day.
⑥드라마속인물들과그들사이의관계는우리가매일경험하는실제사람들및관계와매우흡사하다.
⑦The abstraction of a soap opera is only a step removed from the real world.
⑦드라마의추상은현실세계에서불과한걸음떨어져있다.
⑧The mental "training" required to follow a soap opera is provided by our everyday lives.
⑧드라마를따라가기위해필요한정신적'훈련'은우리의일상에의해제공된다.
[고2] 2023년09월– 33번:박쥐와나방의감각적군비경쟁
①As always happens with natural selection, bats and their prey have been engaged in a life-or-death sensory arms race for millions of years.
①자연선택에서항상그렇듯이,박쥐와그먹잇감은수백만년동안생사를가르는감각군비경쟁에참여해왔다.
②It's believed that hearing in moths arose specifically in response to the threat of being eaten by bats.
②나방의청력은특히박쥐에게잡아먹히는위협에대한반응으로생겨난것으로여겨진다.
③(Not all insects can hear.)
③(모든곤충이들을수있는것은아니다.)
④Over millions of years, moths have evolved the ability to detect sounds at ever higher frequencies, and, as they have, the frequencies of bats' vocalizations have risen, too.
⑤Some moth species have also evolved scales on their wings and a fur-like coat on their bodies; both act as "acoustic camouflage," by absorbing sound waves in the frequencies emitted by bats, thereby preventing those sound waves from bouncing back.
①Much of human thought is designed to screen out information and to sort the rest into a manageable condition.
①인간사고의많은부분은정보를걸러내고나머지는처리하기쉬운상태로분류하도록설계된다.
②The inflow of data from our senses could create an overwhelming chaos, especially given the enormous amount of information available in culture and society.
③Out of all the sensory impressions and possible information, it is vital to find a small amount that is most relevant to our individual needs and to organize that into a usable stock of knowledge.
④Expectancies accomplish some of this work, helping to screen out information that is irrelevant to what is expected, and focusing our attention on clear contradictions.
②For more than a millennium after the fall of Rome, European rulers lacked the ability to assess what their people were producing and to levy substantial taxes based on this.
③The most striking way to illustrate European weakness is to show how little revenue they collected.
③유럽의약함을설명하는가장눈에띄는방법은그들이거둔세입이얼마나적은지를보여주는것이다.
④Europeans would eventually develop strong systems of revenue collection, but it took them an awfully long time to do so.
④유럽인들은결국강력한세입징수시스템을개발했지만,그렇게하는데는엄청나게오랜시간이걸렸다.
⑤In medieval times, and for part of the early modern era, Chinese emperors and Muslim caliphs were able to extract much more of economic production than any European ruler with the exception of small city-states.
④The temptation is to see advertising as driving up the price of a product without any benefit to the consumer.
④광고를소비자에게어떤혜택도없이제품의가격을올리는것으로보기쉽다.
⑤However, this misconception doesn't account for why firms advertise.
⑤그러나이러한오해는회사들이광고하는이유를설명하지않는다.
⑥In markets where competitors sell slightly differentiated products, advertising enables firms to inform their customers about new products and services.
⑦Yes, costs rise, but consumers also gain information to help make purchasing decisions.
⑦물론가격이상승하기는하지만,소비자들은구매결정을내리는데도움이되는정보도얻는다.
⑧Consumers also benefit from added variety, and we all get a product that's pretty close to our vision of a perfect good ─ and no other market structure delivers that outcome.
②Yet consider the Elbphilharmonie, a new concert hall in Hamburg, which contains a remarkably beautiful auditorium composed of ten thousand interlocking acoustic panels.
③It is the sort of space that makes one instinctively think that only a human being ─ and a human with a remarkably refined creative sensibility, at that ─ could design something so aesthetically impressive.
①The brain is a high-energy consumer of glucose, which is its fuel.
①뇌는그것의연료인포도당의고에너지소비자이다.
②Although the brain accounts for merely 3 percent of a person's body weight, it consumes 20 percent of the available fuel.
②비록뇌는사람체중의단지3퍼센트를차지하지만,사용가능한연료의20퍼센트를소비한다.
③Your brain can't store fuel, however, so it has to "pay as it goes."
③그러나여러분의뇌는연료를저장할수없고,따라서'활동하는대로대가를지불'해야한다.
④Since your brain is incredibly adaptive, it economizes its fuel resources.
④여러분의뇌는놀라울정도로적응력이뛰어나기때문에,그것의연료자원을경제적으로사용한다.
⑤Thus, during a period of high stress, it shifts away from the analysis of the nuances of a situation to a singular and fixed focus on the stressful situation at hand.
⑥You don't sit back and speculate about the meaning of life when you are stressed.
⑥여러분은스트레스를받을때앉아서삶의의미에대해사색하지않는다.
⑦Instead, you devote all your energy to trying to figure out what action to take.
⑦대신에,여러분은어떤행동을취해야할지알아내려고노력하는데모든에너지를쏟는다.
⑧Sometimes, however, this shift from the higher-thinking parts of the brain to the automatic and reflexive parts of the brain can lead you to do something too quickly, without thinking.
①Much research has been carried out on the causes of engagement, an issue that is important from both a theoretical and practical standpoint: identifying the drivers of work engagement may enable us to manipulate or influence it.
②The causes of engagement fall into two major camps: situational and personal.
②몰입의원인은상황적인것과개인적인것두가지주요한분야로나뉜다.
③The most influential situational causes are job resources, feedback and leadership, the latter, of course, being responsible for job resources and feedback.
④Indeed, leaders influence engagement by giving their employees honest and constructive feedback on their performance, and by providing them with the necessary resources that enable them to perform their job well.
⑤It is, however, noteworthy that although engagement drives job performance, job performance also drives engagement.
⑤그러나주목할점은몰입이직무수행의동기가되지만,직무수행도몰입의동기가된다는것이다.
⑥In other words, when employees are able to do their jobs well ─ to the point that they match or exceed their own expectations and ambitions ─ they will engage more, be proud of their achievements, and find work more meaningful.
⑦This is especially evident when people are employed in jobs that align with their values.
⑦이것은사람들이그들의가치와일치하는직무에종사했을때특히분명하다.
[고2] 2023년09월– 40번:이타적동기가지속적인지원을유발하는이유
①In 2006, researchers conducted a study on the motivations for helping after the September 11th terrorist attacks against the United States.
①2006년에연구자들은미국을향한9.11테러공격이후에도움을주려는동기에대한연구를수행했다.
②In the study, they found that individuals who gave money, blood, goods, or other forms of assistance because of other-focused motives (giving to reduce another's discomfort) were almost four times more likely to still be giving support one year later than those whose original motivation was to reduce personal distress.
⑦[요약문] A study found that the act of giving was less likely to be sustained when driven by self-centered motives rather than by other-focused motives, possibly because of the decline in emotional arousal.
①In England in the 1680s, it was unusual to live to the age of fifty.
①1680년대영국에서는50세까지사는것은이례적인일이었다.
②This was a period when knowledge was not spread widely, there were few books and most people could not read.
②이시기는지식이널리보급되지않았고,책이거의없었으며,대부분의사람들이읽을수없었던때였다.
③As a consequence, knowledge passed down through the oral traditions of stories and shared experiences.
③결과적으로,지식은이야기와공유된경험이라는구전전통을통해전수되었다.
④And since older people had accumulated more knowledge, the social norm was that to be over fifty was to be wise.
④그리고더나이든사람들이더많은지식을축적했기때문에사회적규범은50세가넘으면지혜롭다는것이었다.
⑤This social perception of age began to shift with the advent of new technologies such as the printing press.
⑤나이에대한이런사회적인식은인쇄기와같은새로운기술의출현으로변화하기시작했다.
⑥Over time, as more books were printed, literacy increased, and the oral traditions of knowledge transfer began to fade.
⑥시간이지나면서더많은책이인쇄됨에따라문해력이증가했고,지식전달의구전전통이사라지기시작했다.
⑦With the fading of oral traditions, the wisdom of the old became less important and as a consequence being over fifty was no longer seen as signifying wisdom.
⑨In a video produced by the AARP (formerly the American Association of Retired Persons), young people were asked to do various activities 'just like an old person'.
⑨AARP(이전의American Association of Retired Persons)에의해제작된영상에서젊은이들은다양한활동을'마치꼭노인처럼'하도록요청받았다.
⑩When older people joined them in the video, the gap between the stereotype and the older people's actual behaviour was striking.
⑩영상에서노인들이그들에합류했을때,고정관념과노인들의실제행동사이의격차는눈에두드러졌다.
⑪It is clear that in today's world our social norms need to be updated quickly.
⑪오늘날의세상에서우리의사회적규범은신속하게최신화되어야한다는것이분명하다.
[고2] 2023년09월– 43~45번:본인의길을선택한Jack의용기와그로인한성취
①When Jack was a young man in his early twenties during the 1960s, he had tried to work in his father's insurance business, as was expected of him.
⑩In the face of his father's fury, Jack felt confusion and fear.
⑩아버지의분노앞에서, Jack은혼란과두려움을느꼈다.
⑪His resolve became weak.
⑪그의결심은약해졌다.
⑫But then a force filled his chest and he stood firm in his decision.
⑫그러나그때어떤힘이그의가슴을채웠고그는자신의결정에확고했다.
⑬In following his path, Jack not only ran three flourishing hair shops, but also helped his clients experience their inner beauty by listening and encouraging them when they faced dark times.
⑭His love for his work led to donating time and talent at nursing homes, which in turn led to becoming a hospice volunteer, and eventually to starting fundraising efforts for the hospice program in his community.
⑮And all this laid a strong stepping stone for another courageous move in his life.
⑮그리고이모든것은그의삶에서또다른용기있는움직임을위한견고한디딤돌을놓았다.
⑯When, after having two healthy children of their own, Jack and his wife, Michele, decided to bring an orphaned child into their family, his father threatened to disown them.
