Today, the water crisis is political ─ which is to say, not inevitable or beyond our capacity to fix ─ and, therefore, functionally elective. That is one reason it is nevertheless distressing: an abundant resource made scarce through governmental neglect and indifference, bad infrastructure and contamination, and careless urbanization. There is no need for a water crisis, in other words, but we have one anyway, and aren't doing much to address it. Some cities lose more water to leaks than they deliver to homes: even in the United States, leaks and theft account for an estimated loss of 16 percent of freshwater; in Brazil, the estimate is 40 percent. Seen in both cases, as everywhere, the selective scarcity clearly highlights have-and-have-not inequities, leaving 2.1 billion people without safe drinking water and 4.5 billion without proper sanitation worldwide.
Today, the crisis is political—which is to say, not inevitable or necessary or beyond our capacity to fix—and, therefore, functionally elective. That is one reason it is nevertheless harrowing as a climate parable: an abundant resource made scarce through governmental neglect and indifference, bad infrastructure and contamination, careless urbanization and development. There is no need for a water crisis, in other words, but we have one anyway, and aren’t doing much to address it. Some cities lose more water to leaks than they deliver to homes: even in the United States, leaks and theft account for an estimated loss of 16 percent of freshwater; in Brazil, the estimate is 40 percent. In both cases, as everywhere, scarcity plays out so nakedly on a stage defined by have-and-have-not inequities that the resulting drama of resource competition can hardly be called, truly, a competition; the deck is so stacked that water shortage looks more like a tool of inequality. The global result is that as many as 2.1 billion people around the world do not have access to safe drinking water, and 4.5 billion don’t have safely managed water for sanitation.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고1] 2024년10월– 36번:사회적압력이자존감및사회적행동에미치는영향
As individuals, our ability to thrive depended on how well we navigated relationships in a group. If the group valued us, we could count on support, resources, and probably a mate. If it didn't, we might get none of these merits. It was a matter of survival, physically and genetically. Over millions of years, the pressure selected for people who are sensitive to and skilled at maximizing their standing. The result was the development of a tendency to unconsciously monitor how other people in our community perceive us. We process that information in the form of self-esteem and such related emotions as pride, shame, or insecurity. These emotions compel us to do more of what makes our community value us and less of what doesn't. And, crucially, they are meant to make that motivation feel like it is coming from within. If we realized, on a conscious level, that we were responding to social pressure, our performance might come off as grudging or cynical, making it less persuasive.
Human beings are some of the most complex social animals on earth. We evolved to live in leaderless collectives far larger than those of our fellow primates: up to about 150 members. As individuals, our ability to thrive depended on how well we navigated those 149 relationships—not to mention all of our peers’ relationships with one another. If the group valued us, we could count on support, resources, and probably a mate. If it didn’t, we might get none of those. It was a matter of survival, physically and genetically. Over millions of years, those pressures selected for people who are sensitive to and skilled at maximizing their standing. It’s what the anthropologist Brian Hare called “survival of the friendliest.” The result was the development of a sociometer: a tendency to unconsciously monitor how other people in our community seem to perceive us. We process that information in the form of self-esteem and such related emotions as pride, shame, or insecurity. These emotions compel us to do more of what makes our community value us and less of what doesn’t. And, crucially, they are meant to make that motivation feel like it is coming from within. If we realized, on a conscious level, that we were responding to social pressure, our performance might come off as grudging or cynical, making it less persuasive.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고1] 2024년10월– 37번:의식의문제로우울증의원인을재정의하는설명
Conventional medicine has long believed that depression is caused by an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain. However, there is a major problem with this explanation. This is because the imbalance of substances in the brain is a consequence of depression, not its cause. In other words, depression causes a decrease in brain substances such as serotonin and noradrenaline, not a decrease in brain substances causes depression. In this revised cause-and-effect, the key is to reframe depression as a problem of consciousness. Our consciousness is a more fundamental entity that goes beyond the functioning of the brain. The brain is no more than an organ of consciousness. If it is not consciousness itself, then the root cause of depression is also a distortion of our state of consciousness: a consciousness that has lost its sense of self and the meaning of life. Such a disease of consciousness may manifest itself in the form of depression.
문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭) - 구글 검색 불가
원문 텍스트 및 OCR
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고1] 2024년10월– 38번:심리학이인간행동을과학적으로연구하는방법설명
The common accounts of human nature that float around in society are generally a mixture of assumptions, tales and sometimes plain silliness. However, psychology is different. It is the branch of science that is devoted to understanding people: how and why we act as we do; why we see things as we do; and how we interact with one another. The key word here is 'science.' Psychologists don't depend on opinions and hearsay, or the generally accepted views of society at the time, or even the considered opinions of deep thinkers. Instead, they look for evidence, to make sure that psychological ideas are firmly based, and not just derived from generally held beliefs or assumptions. In addition to this evidence-based approach, psychology deals with fundamental processes and principles that generate our rich cultural and social diversity, as well as those shared by all human beings. These are what modern psychology is all about.
In the Beginning The Greeks, Galen and the Influence of the East
Psychology is fascinating and, in many ways, it is at the heart of being human. After all, understanding – or trying to understand – other people’s minds and behaviour is something all of us do every day. It’s how we get along in families, social groups and societies. And, quite often, we get it wrong. We might think we know what other people are like, and then we’re astounded when they don’t seem to see things as we do, or they behave in a strange (to us) way. We form ideas about human nature around what we have read or watched, which can be misleading. We often fail to appreciate that our understanding of people is rooted in our particular time, place and culture, and might not apply to others. Or we take for granted beliefs that people have held for millennia, without questioning where they came from. The common accounts of human nature that float around in society are generally a mixture of assumption, anecdote and sometimes plain silliness. Psychology is different. Psychology is the branch of science that is devoted to understanding people: how and why we act as we do; why we see things as we do; and how we interact with one another. The key word here is ‘science’. Psychologists don’t depend on opinions and hearsay, or the generally accepted views of society at the time, or even the considered opinions of deep thinkers. Instead, we look for evidence, to make sure that psychological ideas are firmly based, and not just derived from generally held beliefs or conjecture. As different as human beings are, there are processes and principles that we all have in common, and there are processes and principles that produce our wonderful cultural and social differences. These are what modern psychology is all about.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고1] 2024년10월– 39번:생물학적채널화이론을통한질병과건강의표현방식
Life is what physicists might call a 'high-dimensional system,' which is their fancy way of saying that there's a lot going on. In just a single cell, the number of possible interactions between different molecules is enormous. Such a system can only hope to be stable if only a smaller number of collective ways of being may emerge. For example, it is only a limited number of tissues and body shapes that may result from the development of a human embryo. In 1942, the biologist Conrad Waddington called this drastic narrowing of outcomes canalization. The organism may switch between a small number of well-defined possible states, but can't exist in random states in between them, rather as a ball in a rough landscape must roll to the bottom of one valley or another. We'll see that this is true also of health and disease: there are many causes of illness, but their manifestations at the physiological and symptomatic levels are often strikingly similar.
문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭) - 구글 검색 불가
원문 텍스트 및 OCR
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고1] 2024년10월– 40번: '트릭처벌'이아동행동에부정적영향을미치는이유
Punishing a child may not be effective due to what Alvaro Bilbao, a neuropsychologist, calls 'trick-punishments.' A trick-punishment is a scolding, a moment of anger or a punishment in the most classic sense of the word. Instead of discouraging the child from doing something, it encourages them to do it. For example, Hugh learns that when he hits his little brother, his mother scolds him. For a child who feels lonely, being scolded is much better than feeling invisible, so he will continue to hit his brother. In this case, his mother would be better adopting a different strategy. For instance, she could congratulate Hugh when he has not hit his brother for a certain length of time. The mother clearly cannot allow the child to hit his little brother, but instead of constantly pointing out the negatives, she can choose to reward the positives. In this way, any parent can avoid trick-punishments.
Another reason that punishments may not be effective is due to what I call “trick-punishments”. A trick-punishment is a reprimand, a moment of anger or a punishment in the most classic sense of the word. Instead of discouraging the child from doing something, it encourages them to do it. Trick-punishments appear when the child, usually one who does not receive enough attention from their parents, as they spend little time with their child and don’t know how to reinforce positive behaviour, learns that they receive more attention by doing things wrong. For example, Hugh learns that when he hits his little brother, his mother scolds him. For a child who feels lonely, being scolded is much better than feeling invisible, so he will continue to hit his brother. In this case, his mother would be better adopting a different strategy. For example, she could congratulate Hugh when he has not hit his brother for a certain length of time. She could also spend a little time with Hugh every day, once she has put his little brother to bed. The mother clearly cannot allow the child to hit his little brother, but instead of constantly pointing out the negatives, she can choose to reward the positives. In this way, any parent can avoid trick-punishments; they can turn the situation on its head by focusing on the positives and not giving so much “prominence” to the negatives.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고1] 2024년10월– 41~42번:인간이생존을위해애매한대상에도의도를부여하는경향
From an early age, we assign purpose to objects and events, preferring this reasoning to random chance. Children assume, for instance, that pointy rocks are that way because they don't want you to sit on them. When we encounter something, we first need to determine what sort of thing it is. Inanimate objects and plants generally do not move and can be evaluated from physics alone. However, by attributing intention to animals and even objects, we are able to make fast decisions about the likely behaviour of that being. This was essential in our hunter-gatherer days to avoid being eaten by predators. The anthropologist Stewart Guthrie made the point that survival in our evolutionary past meant that we interpret ambiguous objects as agents with human mental characteristics, as those are the mental processes which we understand. Ambiguous events are caused by such agents. This results in a perceptual system strongly biased towards anthropomorphism. Therefore, we tend to assume intention even where there is none. This would have arisen as a survival mechanism. If a lion is about to attack you, you need to react quickly, given its probable intention to kill you. By the time you have realized that the design of its teeth and claws could kill you, you are dead. So, assuming intent, without detailed design analysis or understanding of the physics, has saved your life.
Agency Detection and Theory of Mind Our mind functions as it does as the result of millions of years of evolution, of responding to past problems. And because all humans have similar cognitive apparatus, we are able to communicate with each other, especially through language, resulting in different humans generating similar (though not identical) mental representations of a particular concept. From an early age, we ascribe purpose to objects and events, preferring this reasoning to random chance; we create purposes for things and things for purposes. Children assume, for instance, that pointy rocks are that way because they don’t want you to sit on them. When we encounter something, we first need to determine what sort of thing it is. Inanimate objects and plants generally do not move and can be evaluated from physics alone. However, by assuming a design purpose or, even more effectively, imputing intention to animals, other humans, and even objects, we are able to make fast decisions about the likely behaviour of that being. This was essential in our hunter-gatherer days to avoid being eaten by predators. The anthropologist Stewart Guthrie made the point that survival in our evolutionary past meant that we interpret ambiguous objects as agents with human mental characteristics, as those are the mental processes which we understand. Ambiguous events are caused by such agents. This results in a perceptual system strongly biased towards anthropomorphism. As a result, we tend to assume intention even where there is none. This would have arisen as a survival mechanism, aided by a theory of mind. If a lion is about to attack you, you need to react quickly, given its likely intention to kill you. By the time you have determined that the design of its teeth and claws could kill you, or calculated the physics of the working of its body when it leaps on you, you are dead. So, assuming intent, without detailed design analysis or understanding of the physics, has saved your life.
Digital technologies are essentially related to metaphors, but digital metaphors are different from linguistic ones in important ways. Linguistic metaphors are passive, in the sense that the audience needs to choose to actively enter the world proposed by metaphor. In the Shakespearean metaphor "time is a beggar," the audience is unlikely to understand the metaphor without cognitive effort and without further engaging Shakespeare's prose. Technological metaphors, on the other hand, are active (and often imposing) in the sense that they are realized in digital artifacts that are actively doing things, forcefully changing a user's meaning horizon. Technological creators cannot generally afford to require their potential audience to wonder how the metaphor works; normally the selling point is that the usefulness of the technology is obvious at first glance. Shakespeare, on the other hand, is beloved in part because the meaning of his works is not immediately obvious and requires some thought on the part of the audience.
Digital technologies are essentially related to metaphors, but digital metaphors are different from linguistic ones in important ways. Linguistic metaphors are passive, in the sense that the audience needs to choose to actively engage the world proposed by metaphor. Returning to the Shakespearean metaphor “time is a beggar,” the audience is unlikely to understand the metaphor without cognitive effort and without further engaging Shakespeare’s prose. Technological metaphors, on the other hand, are active (and often imposing) in the sense that they are realized in digital artifacts that are actively doing things, forcefully changing a user’s meaning horizon. Technological creators cannot generally afford to require their potential audience to wonder how the metaphor works; normally the selling point is that the usefulness of the technology is obvious at first glance. Shakespeare, on the other hand, is beloved in part because the meaning of his works is not superficially obvious and requires some thought on the part of the audience.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고1] 2024년10월– 30번: Herbert Simon의정보처리한계와집단학습의중요성
Herbert Simon won his Nobel Prize for recognizing our limitations in information, time, and cognitive capacity. As we lack the resources to compute answers independently, we distribute the computation across the population and solve the answer slowly, generation by generation. Then all we have to do is socially learn the right answers. You don't need to understand how your computer or toilet works; you just need to be able to use the interface and flush. All that needs to be transmitted is which button to push ─ essentially how to interact with technologies rather than how they work. And so instead of holding more information than we have mental capacity for and indeed need to know, we could dedicate our large brains to a small piece of a giant calculation. We understand things well enough to benefit from them, but all the while we are making small calculations that contribute to a larger whole. We are just doing our part in a larger computation for our societies' collective brains.
Herbert Simon won his Nobel Prize for realizing that we have limited information, limited time, and limited cognitive capacity. But long before Simon, evolution realized it too. Since we didn’t have information, time, or intelligence to compute the answers by ourselves, we distributed the computation across the population and solved the answer slowly, generation by generation. Then all we had to do was socially learn the right answers. Using this approach, we could limit our reason and causal understanding to minor tweaks with partial causal models of the world. You don’t need to understand how your computer or toilet works, you just need to be able to use the interface and flush. All that needs to be transmitted are which buttons to push - essentially how to interact with technologies rather than how they work. And so instead of holding more information than we have mental capacity for and indeed need to know, we could dedicate our large brains to a small sliver of a giant calculation. We understand things well enough to benefit from them or attempt to make improvements, but all the while we are making small calculations that contribute to a larger whole - like a wisdom of the crowds. We are just doing our part in a larger computation for our societies’ collective brains. Yet sometimes our societies’ wisdom of the crowds is instead madness of the masses.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고1] 2024년10월– 31번:문어의위장술과이를관찰한사진작가들의경험이야기
The best defence most species of octopus have is to stay hidden as much as possible and do their own hunting at night. So to find one in full view in the shallows in daylight was a surprise for two Australian underwater photographers. Actually, what they saw at first was a flounder. It was only when they looked again that they saw a medium-sized octopus, with all eight of its arms folded and its two eyes staring upwards to create the illusion. An octopus has a big brain, excellent eyesight and the ability to change colour and pattern, and this one was using these assets to turn itself into a completely different creature. Many more of this species have been found since then, and there are now photographs of octopuses that could be said to be transforming into sea snakes. And while they mimic, they hunt ─ producing the spectacle of, say, a flounder suddenly developing an octopodian arm, sticking it down a hole and grabbing whatever's hiding there.
문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭) - 구글 검색 불가. 다른 경로로 검색.
원문 텍스트 및 OCR
If you are a medium-sized predator, the average octopus is one of the most edible animals in the sea. It’s substantial and meaty, and without a shell, bones, spines, poisons or any other unpleasant defence mechanisms. In fact, the best defence most species of octopus have is to stay hidden as much as possible and do their own hunting at night.
So to find one in full view in the shallows in daylight was a surprise for two Australian underwater photographers, swimming off the Indonesian island of Flores in the early 1990s. Actually, what they saw at first was a flounder. It was only when they looked again that they saw a medium-sized octopus, with all eight of its arms folded and its two eyes staring upwards to create the illusion of a fishy body. An octopus has a big brain, excellent eyesight and the ability to change colour and pattern, and this one was using these assets to turn itself into a completely different creature.
Many more of this species have been found since then, and there are now photographs of octopuses that could be said to be morphing into sea snakes (six arms down a hole, and two undulating menacingly), hermit crabs, stingrays, crinoids, holothurians, snake eels, brittlestars, ghost crabs, mantis shrimp, blennies, jawfish, jellyfish, lionfish and sand anemones. And while they mimic, they hunt – producing the spectacle of, say, a flounder suddenly developing an octopodian arm, sticking it down a hole and grabbing whatever’s hiding there.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고1] 2024년10월– 32번:고통의해석이심리적고통의정도에미치는영향
How much we suffer relates to how we frame the pain in our mind. When 1500m runners push themselves into extreme pain to win a race ─ their muscles screaming and their lungs exploding with oxygen deficit, they don't psychologically suffer much. In fact, ultra-marathon runners ─ those people who are crazy enough to push themselves beyond the normal boundaries of human endurance, covering distances of 50-100km or more over many hours, talk about making friends with their pain. When a patient has paid for some form of passive back pain therapy and the practitioner pushes deeply into a painful part of a patient's back to mobilise it, the patient calls that good pain if he or she believes this type of deep pressure treatment will be of value, even though the practitioner is pushing right into the patient's sore tissues.
How much we suffer relates to how we frame the pain in our mind. We can endure great pain if we believe at that it is purposeful. For instance, when a patient has paid for some form of passive back pain therapy and the practitioner pushes deeply into a painful part of a patient’s back to 'mobilise' it, the patient calls that 'good' pain if he or she believes this type of deep pressure treatment will be of value, even though the practitioner is pushing right into the patient’s sore tissues. When 1500m runners push themselves into extreme pain to win a race - their muscles screaming and their lungs exploding with oxygen deficit, they don’t psychologically suffer much from their pain. In fact, ultra-marathon runners - those people who are crazy enough to push themselves beyond the normal boundaries of human endurance, covering distances of 50-100km or more over many hours, talk about 'making friends' with their pain.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고1] 2024년10월– 33번:다양한가격대의제품제공이소비자선택에미치는영향
When I worked for a large electronics company that manufactured laser and ink-jet printers, I soon discovered why there are often three versions of many consumer goods. If the manufacturer makes only one version of its product, people who bought it might have been willing to spend more money, so the company is losing some income. If the company offers two versions, one with more features and more expensive than the other, people will compare the two models and still buy the less expensive one. But if the company introduces a third model with even more features and more expensive than the other two, sales of the second model go up; many people like the features of the most expensive model, but not the price. The middle item has more features than the least expensive one, and it is less expensive than the fanciest model. They buy the middle item, unaware that they have been manipulated by the presence of the higher-priced item.
When I worked for a large electronics company that manufactured laser and ink-jet printers for industry and households, I soon discovered why there are often three versions of many consumer goods, especially large items such as computer printers and so-called white goods: kitchen and laundry appliances that were traditionally manufactured with white enamel finishes. If the manufacturer makes only one version of its product, people who bought it might have been willing to spend more money, so the company is losing some income. If the company offers two versions, one with more features and more expensive than the other, people will compare the two models and still buy the less expensive one. But if the company introduces a third model with even more features and more expensive than the other two, sales of the second model go up. Why? The company doesn’t expect many people to buy the third, more expensive model, but its very presence makes them choose among the alternatives. They like the features of the most expensive model, but not the price. The middle item has more features than the least expensive one, and it is less expensive than the fanciest model. They buy the middle item (bragging about how much money they have saved), unaware that they have been manipulated by the presence of the higher-priced item.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고1] 2024년10월– 34번:기후변화가기후소설장르에미치는영향예측
On-screen, climate disaster is everywhere you look, but the scope of the world's climate transformation may just as quickly eliminate the climate-fiction genre ─ indeed eliminate any effort to tell the story of warming, which could grow too large and too obvious even for Hollywood. You can tell stories 'about' climate change while it still seems a marginal feature of human life. But when the temperature rises by three or four more degrees, hardly anyone will be able to feel isolated from its impacts. And so as climate change expands across the horizon, it may cease to be a story. Why watch or read climate fiction about the world you can see plainly out your own window? At the moment, stories illustrating global warming can still offer an escapist pleasure, even if that pleasure often comes in the form of horror. But when we can no longer pretend that climate suffering is distant ─ in time or in place ─ we will stop pretending about it and start pretending within it.
But the scope of the world’s transformation may just as quickly eliminate the genre—indeed eliminate any effort to tell the story of warming, which could grow too large and too obvious even for Hollywood. You can tell stories “about” climate change while it still seems a marginal feature of human life, or an overwhelming feature of lives marginal to your own. But at three degrees of warming, or four, hardly anyone will be able to feel insulated from its impacts—or want to watch it on-screen as they watch it out their windows. And so as climate change expands across the horizon—as it begins to seem inescapable, total—it may cease to be a story and become, instead, an all-encompassing setting. Why watch or read science fiction about the world you can see plainly out your own window? At the moment, stories illustrating global warming can still offer an escapist pleasure, even if that pleasure often comes in the form of horror. But when we can no longer pretend that climate suffering is distant—in time or in place—we will stop pretending about it and start pretending within it.
For many of us, making time for exercise is a continuing challenge. Between work commitments and family obligations, it often feels like there's no room in our packed schedules for a dedicated workout. But what if the workout came to you, right in the midst of your daily routine? That's where the beauty of integrating mini-exercises into household chores comes into play. Let's be realistic; chores are inevitable. Whether it's washing dishes or taking out the trash, these tasks are an essential part of daily life. But rather than viewing chores as purely obligatory activities, why not seize these moments as opportunities for physical activity? For instance, practice squats or engage in some wall push-ups as you wait for your morning kettle to boil. Incorporating quick exercises into your daily chores can improve your health.
Turn Chores into Fitness Boosters with Daily Tasks
"Take care of your body. It’s the only place you have to live" — Jim Rohm.
For many of us, carving out time for exercise is a perennial challenge. Between work commitments, family obligations, and, let’s face it, the desire for leisure, it often feels like there’s no room in our packed schedules for a dedicated workout. But what if the workout came to you, right in the midst of your daily routine? That’s where the beauty of integrating mini-exercises into household chores comes into play.
Let’s be realistic; chores are inevitable. Whether it’s washing dishes, taking out the trash, or making the bed, these tasks are part and parcel of daily life. But rather than viewing chores as purely obligatory activities, why not seize these moments as opportunities for physical activity? For instance, practice isometric squats while you brush your teeth, or engage in some standing press-ups as you wait for your morning kettle to boil.
The benefits of these mini-workouts extend beyond the mere physical. Incorporating quick exercises into your daily chores can also make these mundane tasks more engaging and enjoyable. Imagine how much quicker time would pass if, instead of lamenting over the sink full of dishes, you were focusing on tightening your core muscles or improving your posture. Research from the American Council on Exercise suggests that doing these micro exercises during chores, are practical for building strength and stability, particularly in your lower body and core.
Incorporating mini-exercises doesn’t require a complete overhaul of your routine; it just asks for a little creativity and a willingness to see opportunity where you might not have seen it before. From calf raises while doing laundry to lunges while vacuuming, the possibilities are almost endless.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고1] 2024년10월– 21번:기억이교육과경험에의해재구성되는방식과영향설명
When we see something, we naturally and automatically break it up into shapes, colors, and concepts that we have learned through education. We recode what we see through the lens of everything we know. We reconstruct memories rather than retrieving the video from memory. This is a useful trait. It's a more efficient way to store information ─ a bit like an optimal image compression algorithm such as JPG, rather than storing a raw bitmap image file. People who lack this ability and remember everything in perfect detail struggle to generalize, learn, and make connections between what they have learned. But representing the world as abstract ideas and features comes at a cost of seeing the world as it is. Instead, we see the world through our assumptions, motivations, and past experiences. The discovery that our memories are reconstructed through abstract representations rather than played back like a movie completely undermined the legal primacy of eyewitness testimony. Seeing is not believing.
When we see something - say a rectangular, brown desk - we naturally and automatically break it up into shapes, colors, and concepts that we have learned through education. We recode what we see through the lens of everything we know. We store in our minds not the raw image of the desk, but its features in an abstract manner. You can test yourself for how you’re mentally representing something by trying to draw it. We draw with our abstractions, not with a full picture of what we saw. We reconstruct memories rather than retrieving the video from memory. This is a useful trait. It’s a more efficient way to store information - a bit like an optimal image compression algorithm such as JPG, rather than storing a raw bitmap image file. People who lack this ability and remember everything in perfect detail, struggle to generalize, learn, and make connections between what they have learned. But representing the world as abstract ideas and features comes at a cost of seeing the world as it is. Instead, we see the world through our assumptions, motivations, and past experiences. The discovery that our memories are reconstructed through abstract representations rather than played back like a movie completely undermined the legal primacy of eyewitness testimony. Seeing is not believing.
In her now classic experiments, Elizabeth Loftus showed people a video of a car crash. She then asked people to estimate the speed of the car and whether they saw broken glass when the cars ‘contacted’, ‘hit’, ‘bumped’, ‘collided’, or ‘smashed’ into each other. Different groups were given a different description of the same video scene they all saw. The participants who were asked how fast the cars were going when they ‘smashed’ into each other drew on everything they knew about ‘smashing’ and had the highest estimates for speed and the greatest likelihood of claiming to have seen broken glass. There was no broken glass in the video. It’s because a ‘smashed’ car mentally simulates a lot more damage than one that was only ‘contacted’.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고1] 2024년10월– 22번:첫인상이논리적판단보다더정확할수있다는연구결과
In his Cornell laboratory, David Dunning conducted experimental tests of eyewitness testimony and found evidence that a careful deliberation of facial features and a detailed discussion of selection procedures can actually be a sign of an inaccurate identification. It's when people find themselves unable to explain why they recognize the person, saying things like "his face just popped out at me," that they tend to be accurate more often. Sometimes our first, immediate, automatic reaction to a situation is the truest interpretation of what our mind is telling us. That very first impression can also be more accurate about the world than the deliberative, reasoned self-narrative can be. In his book Blink, Malcolm Gladwell describes a variety of studies in psychology and behavioral economics that demonstrate the superior performance of relatively unconscious first guesses compared to logical step-by-step justifications for a decision.
In his Cornell laboratory, David Dunning conducted experimental tests of eyewitness testimony and found evidence that a careful deliberation of facial features and a detailed discussion of selection procedures can actually be a sign of an inaccurate identification. It’s when people find themselves unable to explain why they recognize the person, saying things like “his face just popped out at me,” that they tend to be accurate more often. Sometimes our first, immediate, automatic reaction to a situation is the truest rendition of what our mind is really doing. That very first impression can also be more accurate about the world than the deliberative, reasoned self-narrative can be. In his book *Blink*, Malcolm Gladwell describes a variety of studies in psychology and behavioral economics that demonstrate the superior performance of relatively unconscious first guesses compared to logical step-by-step justifications for a decision.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고1] 2024년10월– 23번:구체적인질문으로추상적개념을명확하게만드는방법제안
Many forms of research lead naturally to quantitative data. A study of happiness might measure the number of times someone smiles during an interaction, and a study of memory might measure the number of items an individual can recall after one, five, and ten minutes. Asking people how many times in a year they are sad will also yield quantitative data, but it might not be reliable. Respondents' recollections may be inaccurate, and their definitions of 'sad' could vary widely. But asking "How many times in the past year were you sad enough to call in sick to work?" prompts a concrete answer. Similarly, instead of asking people to rate how bad a procrastinator they are, ask, "How many of your utility bills are you currently late in paying, even though you can afford to pay them?" Questions that seek concrete responses help make abstract concepts clearer and ensure consistency from one study to the next.
Seek concrete answers, not merely quantitative answers.
Many forms of research lead naturally to quantitative data. A study of happiness might measure the number of times someone smiles during an interaction, and a study of memory might measure the number of items an individual can recall after one, five, and ten minutes.
Asking people how many times in a year they are sad will also yield quantitative data, but it might not be reliable. Respondents’ recollections may be inaccurate, and their definitions of “sad” could vary widely. But asking “How many times in the past year were you sad enough to call in sick to work?” prompts a concrete answer. Similarly, instead of asking people to rate how bad a procrastinator they are, perhaps ask, “How many of your utility bills are you currently late in paying, even though you can afford to pay them?”
Questions that seek concrete responses can help make abstract concepts clearer and ensure consistency from one study to the next.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고1] 2024년10월– 24번:인공지능과인간의식의상호작용및AI진화의방향성
The evolution of AI is often associated with the concept of singularity. Singularity refers to the point at which AI exceeds human intelligence. After that point, it is predicted that AI will repeatedly improve itself and evolve at an accelerated pace. When AI becomes self-aware and pursues its own goals, it will be a conscious being, not just a machine. AI and human consciousness will then begin to evolve together. Our consciousness will evolve to new dimensions through our interactions with AI, which will provide us with intellectual stimulation and inspire new insights and creativity. Conversely, our consciousness also has a significant impact on the evolution of AI. The direction of AI's evolution will depend greatly on what values and ethics we incorporate into AI. We need to see our relationship with AI as a mutual coexistence of conscious beings, recognizing its rights and supporting the evolution of its consciousness.
[고1] 2024년10월– 18번: Fort Montgomery High School의건축자금지원을요청하는편지
To the State Education Department, I am writing with regard to the state's funding for the construction project at Fort Montgomery High School. Our school needs additional spaces to provide a fully functional Art and Library Media Center to serve our students in a more meaningful way. Despite submitting all required documentation for funding to your department in April 2024, we have not yet received any notification from your department. A delay in the process can carry considerable consequences related to the school's budgetary constraints and schedule. Therefore, in order to proceed with our project, we request you notify us of the review result regarding the submitted documentation. I look forward to hearing from you. Respectfully, Clara Smith Principal, Fort Montgomery High School
Possible Titles:
1. Request for State Funding to Enhance School Facilities at Fort Montgomery High School
2. Appeal to Expedite State Funding for Educational Facility Development
3. Need for Approval of Funding for School Art and Media Center
4. Principal Urges Prompt Response on State Funding for School Expansion
Main Idea #1:
The principal is requesting an update on the status of state funding for a school construction project.
Main Idea #2:
Fort Montgomery High School seeks state funds to build additional spaces for an Art and Library Media Center, emphasizing the need for timely approval to avoid budgetary and scheduling issues.
Summary:
Fort Montgomery High School is awaiting state funding to construct an Art and Library Media Center. Despite submitting the required documents in April, there has been no update. The principal urges prompt notification to avoid delays and financial complications.
Key Points:
1. The school submitted funding documentation in April 2024.
2. The project aims to create functional spaces for art and library media.
3. A lack of response is causing concerns over budget and scheduling.
4. The principal requests a prompt review and notification from the department.
[고1] 2024년10월– 19번:농구경기후코치의결정으로인한좌절감경험
As I waited outside the locker room after a hard‐fought basketball game, the coach called out to me, "David, walk with me." I figured he was going to tell me something important. He was going to select me to be the captain of the team, the leader I had always wanted to be. My heart was racing with anticipation. But when his next words hit my ears, everything changed. We're going to have to send you home, he said coldly. I don't think you are going to make it. I couldn't believe his decision. I tried to hold it together, but inside I was falling apart. A car would be waiting tomorrow morning to take me home. And just like that, it was over.
Possible Titles:
1. Unexpected Turn of Events for Aspiring Basketball Team Captain
2. Disappointment Strikes as Coach Delivers Unexpected News to Player
3. Athlete’s Dreams Shattered After Coach’s Decision Following Game
4. The Unforeseen End of a Promising Journey in Basketball
Main Idea #1:
The coach unexpectedly informs David that he is being sent home, ending his hopes of becoming team captain.
Main Idea #2:
After a basketball game, David eagerly anticipates being chosen as team captain, but his excitement turns to shock when the coach informs him that he will not continue with the team and is being sent home, leaving him devastated.
Summary:
David expects to be chosen as team captain after a basketball game, but the coach instead tells him he will be sent home. Shocked and heartbroken, he realizes his journey with the team has abruptly ended.
Key Points:
1. David anticipated being selected as the team captain.
2. The coach's decision was unexpected and harsh.
3. David struggled to process the sudden turn of events.
4. He was informed that a car would take him home the next morning.
[고1] 2024년10월– 20번:가사활동에운동을통합하여건강을증진하는방법제안
For many of us, making time for exercise is a continuing challenge. Between work commitments and family obligations, it often feels like there's no room in our packed schedules for a dedicated workout. But what if the workout came to you, right in the midst of your daily routine? That's where the beauty of integrating mini-exercises into household chores comes into play. Let's be realistic; chores are inevitable. Whether it's washing dishes or taking out the trash, these tasks are an essential part of daily life. But rather than viewing chores as purely obligatory activities, why not seize these moments as opportunities for physical activity? For instance, practice squats or engage in some wall push-ups as you wait for your morning kettle to boil. Incorporating quick exercises into your daily chores can improve your health.
Possible Titles:
1. Transforming Household Chores into Opportunities for Physical Fitness
2. Integrating Mini-Exercises into Daily Routines for Better Health
3. Efficient Ways to Combine Exercise with Household Tasks
4. Simple Fitness Hacks to Turn Everyday Chores into Workouts
Main Idea #1:
Incorporating mini-exercises into daily chores can help fit physical activity into a busy schedule.
Main Idea #2:
Finding time for exercise can be difficult due to work and family commitments, but integrating quick exercises into routine household tasks, such as doing squats while waiting for the kettle to boil, can improve overall health and make chores more productive.
Summary:
Busy schedules often make it hard to exercise, but integrating mini-exercises into daily chores can be a practical solution. Simple routines like squats or wall push-ups during household tasks can improve health while maximizing time.
Key Points:
1. Busy schedules make it challenging to find time for exercise.
2. Household chores provide an opportunity to include mini-exercises.
3. Simple workouts can be done during daily routines, like waiting for the kettle.
4. Integrating exercise into chores can lead to better physical health.
[고1] 2024년10월– 21번:기억이교육과경험에의해재구성되는방식과영향설명
When we see something, we naturally and automatically break it up into shapes, colors, and concepts that we have learned through education. We recode what we see through the lens of everything we know. We reconstruct memories rather than retrieving the video from memory. This is a useful trait. It's a more efficient way to store information ─ a bit like an optimal image compression algorithm such as JPG, rather than storing a raw bitmap image file. People who lack this ability and remember everything in perfect detail struggle to generalize, learn, and make connections between what they have learned. But representing the world as abstract ideas and features comes at a cost of seeing the world as it is. Instead, we see the world through our assumptions, motivations, and past experiences. The discovery that our memories are reconstructed through abstract representations rather than played back like a movie completely undermined the legal primacy of eyewitness testimony. Seeing is not believing.
Possible Titles:
1. How Our Minds Reconstruct Reality Through Memory and Perception
2. The Limitations of Human Memory: Why Seeing Isn’t Always Believing
3. The Role of Abstract Representation in Memory and Its Implications
4. Understanding the Reconstruction of Memories and Its Impact on Eyewitness Testimony
Main Idea #1:
Our brains reconstruct memories using learned concepts and abstractions, rather than storing them as exact replicas.
Main Idea #2:
While our brains efficiently store information by recoding what we see into abstract shapes and concepts, this process can lead to distorted perceptions. People who can’t abstract struggle to generalize and learn, but this reconstructive memory approach has also challenged the reliability of eyewitness testimony, showing that what we see is influenced by assumptions and past experiences.
Summary:
Our memories are reconstructed using abstract representations rather than exact recordings, which helps us store information efficiently. However, this can lead to distorted perceptions shaped by prior knowledge and assumptions. This discovery has raised concerns over the accuracy of eyewitness testimony.
Key Points:
1. Our brains recode visual information into abstract concepts for efficient memory storage.
2. People who remember in perfect detail may struggle to generalize and learn.
3. The process of reconstructing memories affects how we perceive reality.
4. The limitations of reconstructed memory have implications for the reliability of eyewitness testimony.
[고1] 2024년10월– 22번:첫인상이논리적판단보다더정확할수있다는연구결과
In his Cornell laboratory, David Dunning conducted experimental tests of eyewitness testimony and found evidence that a careful deliberation of facial features and a detailed discussion of selection procedures can actually be a sign of an inaccurate identification. It's when people find themselves unable to explain why they recognize the person, saying things like "his face just popped out at me," that they tend to be accurate more often. Sometimes our first, immediate, automatic reaction to a situation is the truest interpretation of what our mind is telling us. That very first impression can also be more accurate about the world than the deliberative, reasoned self-narrative can be. In his book Blink, Malcolm Gladwell describes a variety of studies in psychology and behavioral economics that demonstrate the superior performance of relatively unconscious first guesses compared to logical step-by-step justifications for a decision.
Possible Titles:
1. The Surprising Accuracy of Intuitive Judgments in Eyewitness Identifications
2. How First Impressions Outperform Deliberate Analysis in Recognizing Faces
3. The Role of Intuition Over Reason in Decision-Making Accuracy
4. Evidence Supporting Intuition as a Reliable Guide in Eyewitness Testimony
Main Idea #1:
Careful deliberation of facial features may lead to inaccurate identifications, while intuitive recognition often results in more accurate outcomes.
Main Idea #2:
David Dunning's research suggests that intuitive, immediate recognition of a person is often more accurate than detailed, reasoned analysis, highlighting that our first impressions can be truer than we think. This idea is supported by Malcolm Gladwell’s book Blink, which discusses studies showing that unconscious, quick judgments frequently outperform logical, step-by-step decisions.
Summary:
Research by David Dunning indicates that intuitive recognition of faces is often more accurate than detailed analysis. Malcolm Gladwell’s book Blink supports this, showing that quick, unconscious judgments can outperform reasoned decisions.
Key Points:
1. Detailed deliberation can lead to inaccurate eyewitness identifications.
2. Immediate, intuitive recognition tends to result in more accurate outcomes.
3. Studies show that quick, unconscious decisions can be reliable.
4. Malcolm Gladwell's Blink explores the benefits of intuitive judgment over deliberative reasoning.
[고1] 2024년10월– 23번:구체적인질문으로추상적개념을명확하게만드는방법제안
Many forms of research lead naturally to quantitative data. A study of happiness might measure the number of times someone smiles during an interaction, and a study of memory might measure the number of items an individual can recall after one, five, and ten minutes. Asking people how many times in a year they are sad will also yield quantitative data, but it might not be reliable. Respondents' recollections may be inaccurate, and their definitions of 'sad' could vary widely. But asking "How many times in the past year were you sad enough to call in sick to work?" prompts a concrete answer. Similarly, instead of asking people to rate how bad a procrastinator they are, ask, "How many of your utility bills are you currently late in paying, even though you can afford to pay them?" Questions that seek concrete responses help make abstract concepts clearer and ensure consistency from one study to the next.
Possible Titles:
1. The Importance of Concrete Questions in Quantitative Research
2. Enhancing Data Reliability Through Specific and Concrete Survey Questions
3. How Precise Questions Improve the Accuracy of Quantitative Studies
4. Making Abstract Concepts Measurable with Well-Defined Research Questions
Main Idea #1:
Quantitative data is often used in research, but vague questions can lead to unreliable responses.
Main Idea #2:
While many studies rely on quantitative data, vague or abstract questions may yield inconsistent results due to varying interpretations. Asking precise, concrete questions helps clarify abstract concepts, allowing researchers to collect more accurate and consistent data by prompting specific, measurable responses from participants.
Summary:
Quantitative research benefits from specific, concrete questions that reduce ambiguity. Precise questions make abstract concepts measurable, leading to more accurate and consistent data collection across studies.
Key Points:
1. Vague questions can produce unreliable quantitative data.
2. Concrete, specific questions help clarify abstract concepts.
3. Precise phrasing ensures consistency in data collection.
4. Examples include asking about missed work due to sadness or overdue utility bills.
[고1] 2024년10월– 24번:인공지능과인간의식의상호작용및AI진화의방향성
The evolution of AI is often associated with the concept of singularity. Singularity refers to the point at which AI exceeds human intelligence. After that point, it is predicted that AI will repeatedly improve itself and evolve at an accelerated pace. When AI becomes self-aware and pursues its own goals, it will be a conscious being, not just a machine. AI and human consciousness will then begin to evolve together. Our consciousness will evolve to new dimensions through our interactions with AI, which will provide us with intellectual stimulation and inspire new insights and creativity. Conversely, our consciousness also has a significant impact on the evolution of AI. The direction of AI's evolution will depend greatly on what values and ethics we incorporate into AI. We need to see our relationship with AI as a mutual coexistence of conscious beings, recognizing its rights and supporting the evolution of its consciousness.
Possible Titles:
1. The Singularity: A Future Where AI and Human Consciousness Coevolve
2. Understanding the Mutual Evolution of AI and Human Consciousness
3. How Values and Ethics Shape the Future of AI Consciousness
4. The Role of Human Interaction in Guiding AI’s Conscious Evolution
Main Idea #1:
The singularity is the point where AI surpasses human intelligence, leading to rapid self-improvement and evolution.
Main Idea #2:
As AI evolves to become a conscious entity, its development will be influenced by its interactions with human consciousness. This coevolution will depend on the values and ethics we program into AI, necessitating a mutual coexistence that recognizes AI's rights and supports its conscious growth.
Summary:
The singularity marks when AI surpasses human intelligence, leading to rapid self-evolution. As AI consciousness develops, it will coevolve with human consciousness, influenced by our interactions, values, and ethics. This requires a vision of coexistence between AI and humanity.
Key Points:
1. The singularity occurs when AI exceeds human intelligence and self-improves.
2. AI consciousness will evolve through interactions with human consciousness.
3. Human values and ethics will significantly guide AI's developmental path.
4. A mutual, respectful coexistence is essential for the future of AI and humanity.
[고1] 2024년10월– 25번: 2023년미국,영국,브라질,호주의전력생산비율분석
The above graph shows the electricity generation from fossil fuels, nuclear energy, and renewables in four countries in 2023. Australia's electricity generation only comes from fossil fuels and renewables, and the percentage of fossil fuels is more than twice that of renewables. In terms of electricity generation from nuclear energy, the U.S. shows the highest percentage among all four countries. The percentage of electricity generation from fossil fuels in the U.S. is higher than that in the U.K., which is also true for renewables. In the U.K., the percentage of electricity generated from nuclear energy is less than a third of that generated from renewables. Brazil's percentage of electricity generated from renewables is 10 percentage points larger than that of Australia and the U.K. combined.
Possible Titles:
1. Comparative Analysis of Electricity Generation Sources Across Four Countries in 2023
2. Fossil Fuels, Nuclear, and Renewables: Electricity Generation Trends in 2023
3. Examining the Distribution of Energy Sources in Australia, U.S., U.K., and Brazil
4. Variations in Energy Generation: Fossil Fuels, Nuclear, and Renewables Across Nations
Main Idea #1:
The U.S. leads in nuclear energy generation, while fossil fuels dominate in Australia’s electricity mix.
Main Idea #2:
The electricity generation patterns in 2023 show that fossil fuels and renewables are key sources across all four countries, with Australia relying heavily on fossil fuels, and the U.S. leading in nuclear energy. Brazil has a significant share of renewables, surpassing the combined percentages of Australia and the U.K. In the U.K., nuclear energy remains a minor contributor compared to renewables, with less than a third of their share.
Summary:
The U.S. has the highest percentage of nuclear energy generation, while Australia relies mainly on fossil fuels. Brazil's renewable energy share surpasses that of both Australia and the U.K. combined. The U.K. has a modest nuclear energy share, much lower than its renewables.
Key Points:
1. Australia uses only fossil fuels and renewables, with fossil fuels being twice as prevalent.
2. The U.S. leads in nuclear energy generation among the four countries.
3. Brazil’s renewable energy percentage exceeds the combined share of Australia and the U.K.
4. The U.K.'s nuclear energy generation is less than a third of its renewables.
Douglas Kirkland, known for his highly artistic portraits of Hollywood celebrities, was born in Toronto, Canada. When he was young, he eagerly awaited the weekly arrival of Life magazine and discussed the photographs the magazine contained with his father. Believing that he would have better career prospects, Kirkland moved to the United States after graduating from high school and found work at a photography studio. When Look magazine hired him at age 24, he became their second-youngest photographer ever. His photos taken of Marilyn Monroe in 1961 became iconic almost instantly. Kirkland spent his weeks shooting day-to-day life across the United States and his weekends in exotic locations. His photo essays could run up to a dozen pages and were seen by more than half of all Americans.
Possible Titles:
1. Douglas Kirkland: The Journey of a Renowned Hollywood Celebrity Photographer
2. From Toronto to Iconic Fame: The Life and Career of Douglas Kirkland
3. How Douglas Kirkland's Portraits Shaped Hollywood Photography
4. The Rise of Douglas Kirkland: From Young Photographer to Cultural Icon
Main Idea #1:
Douglas Kirkland gained fame for his iconic portraits of Hollywood celebrities, including Marilyn Monroe.
Main Idea #2:
Born in Toronto, Douglas Kirkland developed a passion for photography early on and moved to the U.S. for better opportunities. At 24, he joined Look magazine as one of their youngest photographers, capturing everyday life and celebrities. His iconic photos of Marilyn Monroe in 1961 cemented his reputation, and his work was widely viewed across America.
Summary:
Douglas Kirkland, a Canadian-born photographer, moved to the U.S. and gained fame for his portraits of celebrities. He joined Look magazine at 24 and became known for his iconic 1961 photos of Marilyn Monroe, contributing to widespread photo essays across America.
Key Points:
1. Kirkland developed an interest in photography during his youth in Toronto.
2. He moved to the U.S. to pursue better career prospects.
3. At age 24, he became one of Look magazine's youngest photographers.
4. His iconic photos of Marilyn Monroe in 1961 solidified his fame.
[고1] 2024년10월– 29번:디지털기술이어떻게사용자의인식을강력하게변화시키는지설명
Digital technologies are essentially related to metaphors, but digital metaphors are different from linguistic ones in important ways. Linguistic metaphors are passive, in the sense that the audience needs to choose to actively enter the world proposed by metaphor. In the Shakespearean metaphor "time is a beggar," the audience is unlikely to understand the metaphor without cognitive effort and without further engaging Shakespeare's prose. Technological metaphors, on the other hand, are active (and often imposing) in the sense that they are realized in digital artifacts that are actively doing things, forcefully changing a user's meaning horizon. Technological creators cannot generally afford to require their potential audience to wonder how the metaphor works; normally the selling point is that the usefulness of the technology is obvious at first glance. Shakespeare, on the other hand, is beloved in part because the meaning of his works is not immediately obvious and requires some thought on the part of the audience.
Possible Titles:
1. The Distinction Between Linguistic and Digital Metaphors in Communication
2. Understanding the Active Nature of Technological Metaphors in Digital Artifacts
3. How Digital Technologies Utilize Metaphors Differently from Literary Works
4. The Immediacy of Digital Metaphors Versus the Cognitive Engagement of Linguistic Ones
Main Idea #1:
Digital metaphors are active and embedded in technology, unlike passive linguistic metaphors that require cognitive effort to interpret.
Main Idea #2:
While linguistic metaphors, like those in Shakespeare's works, invite audiences to engage and interpret the meaning actively, digital metaphors are integrated into technology in a way that forces immediate interaction. This active nature of technological metaphors contrasts with the passive, thought-provoking appeal of literary metaphors, highlighting a need for digital metaphors to be instantly understood by users.
Summary:
Digital metaphors are actively embedded in technology, demanding immediate interaction, unlike passive linguistic metaphors that invite cognitive engagement. This difference reflects the need for technological metaphors to be intuitively understood, while literary ones encourage deeper contemplation.
Key Points:
1. Linguistic metaphors require active cognitive engagement to be understood.
2. Digital metaphors are embedded in technology, prompting immediate user interaction.
3. Technological creators design metaphors to be easily grasped at first glance.
4. The passive nature of literary metaphors allows for deeper, thoughtful engagement.
[고1] 2024년10월– 30번: Herbert Simon의정보처리한계와집단학습의중요성
Herbert Simon won his Nobel Prize for recognizing our limitations in information, time, and cognitive capacity. As we lack the resources to compute answers independently, we distribute the computation across the population and solve the answer slowly, generation by generation. Then all we have to do is socially learn the right answers. You don't need to understand how your computer or toilet works; you just need to be able to use the interface and flush. All that needs to be transmitted is which button to push ─ essentially how to interact with technologies rather than how they work. And so instead of holding more information than we have mental capacity for and indeed need to know, we could dedicate our large brains to a small piece of a giant calculation. We understand things well enough to benefit from them, but all the while we are making small calculations that contribute to a larger whole. We are just doing our part in a larger computation for our societies' collective brains.
Possible Titles:
1. Herbert Simon's Insights on Collective Computation and Social Learning
2. The Role of Collective Problem-Solving in Modern Societies
3. How Cognitive Limitations Lead to Distributed Knowledge and Efficiency
4. Understanding Technology Without Knowing Its Inner Workings: A Collective Approach
Main Idea #1:
Herbert Simon highlighted our cognitive limitations, leading to distributed problem-solving across society.
Main Idea #2:
Instead of learning how technologies function, we focus on interacting with them, contributing small parts to a larger societal computation that benefits from collective knowledge and social learning.
Summary:
Herbert Simon's ideas emphasize how society distributes computation due to cognitive limitations. People do not need to understand how technologies work; they just need to use them effectively. This approach allows individuals to contribute to a collective brain, solving complex problems over time.
Key Points:
1. Cognitive limitations necessitate distributed computation across society.
2. Social learning enables individuals to use technology without understanding its mechanics.
3. Society benefits from individuals focusing on small parts of larger calculations.
4. Collective knowledge allows gradual problem-solving over generations.
[고1] 2024년10월– 31번:문어의위장술과이를관찰한사진작가들의경험이야기
The best defence most species of octopus have is to stay hidden as much as possible and do their own hunting at night. So to find one in full view in the shallows in daylight was a surprise for two Australian underwater photographers. Actually, what they saw at first was a flounder. It was only when they looked again that they saw a medium-sized octopus, with all eight of its arms folded and its two eyes staring upwards to create the illusion. An octopus has a big brain, excellent eyesight and the ability to change colour and pattern, and this one was using these assets to turn itself into a completely different creature. Many more of this species have been found since then, and there are now photographs of octopuses that could be said to be transforming into sea snakes. And while they mimic, they hunt ─ producing the spectacle of, say, a flounder suddenly developing an octopodian arm, sticking it down a hole and grabbing whatever's hiding there.
Possible Titles:
1. The Mastery of Mimicry: How Octopuses Disguise Themselves
2. Octopuses' Camouflage Tactics: A Blend of Skill and Adaptation
3. Discovering Octopus Mimicry: From Flounder to Sea Snake
Octopuses use mimicry and camouflage to hide from predators and hunt effectively.
Main Idea #2:
With a large brain, sharp eyesight, and color-changing abilities, octopuses can transform into different creatures, like flounders or sea snakes, to evade detection and surprise prey.
Summary:
Octopuses rely on camouflage and mimicry for defense, blending into their surroundings by changing shape and color. This skill allows them to hunt effectively while staying hidden from predators. They can mimic other sea creatures, such as flounders and sea snakes, to deceive both prey and observers.
Key Points:
1. Camouflage is the primary defense mechanism of octopuses.
2. Octopuses can mimic other sea creatures to evade predators.
3. Their abilities include changing color, pattern, and shape.
4. These tactics allow them to hunt discreetly, even in daylight.
[고1] 2024년10월– 32번:고통의해석이심리적고통의정도에미치는영향
How much we suffer relates to how we frame the pain in our mind. When 1500m runners push themselves into extreme pain to win a race ─ their muscles screaming and their lungs exploding with oxygen deficit, they don't psychologically suffer much. In fact, ultra-marathon runners ─ those people who are crazy enough to push themselves beyond the normal boundaries of human endurance, covering distances of 50-100km or more over many hours, talk about making friends with their pain. When a patient has paid for some form of passive back pain therapy and the practitioner pushes deeply into a painful part of a patient's back to mobilise it, the patient calls that good pain if he or she believes this type of deep pressure treatment will be of value, even though the practitioner is pushing right into the patient's sore tissues.
Possible Titles:
1. The Psychological Framing of Pain: Endurance and Perception
2. Embracing Pain: How Mindset Alters the Experience of Discomfort
3. Understanding Good Pain: From Athletes to Therapy Patients
4. The Role of Mental Framing in Managing Physical Pain
Main Idea #1:
The perception of pain can be altered by how individuals mentally frame their experiences.
Main Idea #2:
Athletes like runners and patients in therapy often view intense pain as beneficial when they associate it with achieving goals, illustrating that psychological interpretation can reduce the sense of suffering.
Summary:
Pain perception is influenced by mental framing, as seen in athletes and therapy patients. Endurance runners often accept extreme discomfort, viewing it as part of their achievement. Similarly, patients undergoing treatment may see painful procedures as helpful, reducing their psychological suffering.
Key Points:
1. Pain perception depends on how it is mentally framed.
2. Endurance athletes often view extreme pain as part of their success.
3. Therapy patients may regard pain as beneficial if they believe it aids recovery.
4. Positive associations with pain can reduce the sense of suffering.
[고1] 2024년10월– 33번:다양한가격대의제품제공이소비자선택에미치는영향
When I worked for a large electronics company that manufactured laser and ink-jet printers, I soon discovered why there are often three versions of many consumer goods. If the manufacturer makes only one version of its product, people who bought it might have been willing to spend more money, so the company is losing some income. If the company offers two versions, one with more features and more expensive than the other, people will compare the two models and still buy the less expensive one. But if the company introduces a third model with even more features and more expensive than the other two, sales of the second model go up; many people like the features of the most expensive model, but not the price. The middle item has more features than the least expensive one, and it is less expensive than the fanciest model. They buy the middle item, unaware that they have been manipulated by the presence of the higher-priced item.
Possible Titles:
1. The Strategy Behind Three Versions of Consumer Goods
2. How Companies Use Product Variations to Influence Buying Decisions
3. The Psychology of Pricing: Why Three Options Increase Sales
4. Consumer Manipulation Through Strategic Product Lineups
Main Idea #1:
Companies use a three-tier product strategy to increase sales by influencing consumer choices.
Main Idea #2:
By offering three versions of a product, companies can manipulate consumer behavior; the presence of a higher-priced, feature-rich model makes the mid-range option more appealing, encouraging buyers to spend more than they might have with only two options.
Summary:
Manufacturers often create three versions of a product to drive sales of the mid-priced model. The presence of a more expensive, feature-rich option makes the middle product seem like a good compromise. This strategy encourages customers to spend more without realizing they are being influenced by the higher-priced choice.
Key Points:
1. Offering only one product version can limit potential revenue.
2. Two versions lead to price comparisons, with customers choosing the cheaper option.
3. A third, more expensive version can make the mid-priced model more attractive.
4. Consumers often select the middle product, unaware of the strategic influence.
[고1] 2024년10월– 34번:기후변화가기후소설장르에미치는영향예측
On-screen, climate disaster is everywhere you look, but the scope of the world's climate transformation may just as quickly eliminate the climate-fiction genre ─ indeed eliminate any effort to tell the story of warming, which could grow too large and too obvious even for Hollywood. You can tell stories 'about' climate change while it still seems a marginal feature of human life. But when the temperature rises by three or four more degrees, hardly anyone will be able to feel isolated from its impacts. And so as climate change expands across the horizon, it may cease to be a story. Why watch or read climate fiction about the world you can see plainly out your own window? At the moment, stories illustrating global warming can still offer an escapist pleasure, even if that pleasure often comes in the form of horror. But when we can no longer pretend that climate suffering is distant ─ in time or in place ─ we will stop pretending about it and start pretending within it.
Possible Titles:
1. The Future of Climate Fiction in a Warming World
2. Climate Change May Render Climate Fiction Obsolete
3. The Diminishing Role of Climate Fiction as Reality Unfolds
4. How Climate Reality Could Eclipse the Need for Climate Stories
Main Idea #1:
As climate change becomes more pervasive, the relevance of climate fiction may diminish.
Main Idea #2:
While climate fiction currently offers a form of escapism, as global warming's effects become widespread and undeniable, the genre might lose its appeal, as the real-world impacts will make such stories redundant.
Summary:
Climate fiction might fade as global warming becomes more evident and unavoidable. Currently, it offers escapist elements, but as the real effects become more widespread, there may be little need for fictional depictions. The line between reality and climate stories will blur, reducing the genre's significance.
Key Points:
1. Climate fiction may lose relevance as real-world climate impacts grow.
2. Stories about climate change can only exist while it remains somewhat distant.
3. The genre currently provides escapism, even through horror.
4. As climate impacts become undeniable, fictional narratives may become unnecessary.
[고1] 2024년10월– 35번:물부족문제의정치적원인과그로인한불평등
Today, the water crisis is political ─ which is to say, not inevitable or beyond our capacity to fix ─ and, therefore, functionally elective. That is one reason it is nevertheless distressing: an abundant resource made scarce through governmental neglect and indifference, bad infrastructure and contamination, and careless urbanization. There is no need for a water crisis, in other words, but we have one anyway, and aren't doing much to address it. Some cities lose more water to leaks than they deliver to homes: even in the United States, leaks and theft account for an estimated loss of 16 percent of freshwater; in Brazil, the estimate is 40 percent. Seen in both cases, as everywhere, the selective scarcity clearly highlights have-and-have-not inequities, leaving 2.1 billion people without safe drinking water and 4.5 billion without proper sanitation worldwide.
Possible Titles:
1. The Political Nature of the Global Water Crisis
2. How Governmental Neglect Has Exacerbated the Water Shortage
3. Addressing Water Scarcity: A Crisis of Infrastructure and Inequality
4. The Role of Poor Management in Creating Water Inequities
Main Idea #1:
The water crisis is a result of political decisions, not an unavoidable natural disaster.
Main Idea #2:
Despite being a plentiful resource, water scarcity is caused by government neglect, poor infrastructure, and urban mismanagement, leading to widespread inequities and billions lacking access to clean water and sanitation.
Summary:
The water crisis stems from political issues rather than natural scarcity, with mismanagement, infrastructure problems, and neglect being major contributors. Significant water losses from leaks and theft worsen the situation, reflecting deep inequalities. As a result, billions worldwide lack access to safe water and sanitation.
Key Points:
1. Water scarcity is not inevitable but politically driven.
2. Poor infrastructure and neglect contribute significantly to water losses.
3. Water theft and leaks result in substantial losses in many countries.
4. The crisis highlights global inequalities in access to clean water and sanitation.
[고1] 2024년10월– 36번:사회적압력이자존감및사회적행동에미치는영향
As individuals, our ability to thrive depended on how well we navigated relationships in a group. If the group valued us, we could count on support, resources, and probably a mate. If it didn't, we might get none of these merits. It was a matter of survival, physically and genetically. Over millions of years, the pressure selected for people who are sensitive to and skilled at maximizing their standing. The result was the development of a tendency to unconsciously monitor how other people in our community perceive us. We process that information in the form of self-esteem and such related emotions as pride, shame, or insecurity. These emotions compel us to do more of what makes our community value us and less of what doesn't. And, crucially, they are meant to make that motivation feel like it is coming from within. If we realized, on a conscious level, that we were responding to social pressure, our performance might come off as grudging or cynical, making it less persuasive.
Possible Titles:
1. The Evolutionary Roots of Self-Esteem and Social Perception
2. How Social Dynamics Shaped Human Emotions and Behavior
3. The Role of Self-Esteem in Navigating Group Relationships
4. Why Social Approval Influences Our Actions Unconsciously
Main Idea #1:
Human survival historically depended on navigating social relationships and being valued by the group.
Main Idea #2:
Over time, humans developed an unconscious sensitivity to social perceptions, which manifests as emotions like self-esteem, pride, or shame, driving behavior that aligns with gaining group approval while making it seem internally motivated.
Summary:
Human survival relied on positive social relationships, leading to an evolutionary sensitivity to group perceptions. Emotions like self-esteem and pride drive us to seek approval and avoid rejection, making these behaviors appear internally motivated. This unconscious process helps maintain genuine social interactions.
Key Points:
1. Thriving in groups was essential for physical and genetic survival.
2. Humans evolved to unconsciously monitor social perceptions.
3. Emotions like pride, shame, and insecurity drive behavior for social acceptance.
4. Unconscious motivation ensures behaviors appear genuine, not forced by social pressure.
[고1] 2024년10월– 37번:의식의문제로우울증의원인을재정의하는설명
Conventional medicine has long believed that depression is caused by an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain. However, there is a major problem with this explanation. This is because the imbalance of substances in the brain is a consequence of depression, not its cause. In other words, depression causes a decrease in brain substances such as serotonin and noradrenaline, not a decrease in brain substances causes depression. In this revised cause-and-effect, the key is to reframe depression as a problem of consciousness. Our consciousness is a more fundamental entity that goes beyond the functioning of the brain. The brain is no more than an organ of consciousness. If it is not consciousness itself, then the root cause of depression is also a distortion of our state of consciousness: a consciousness that has lost its sense of self and the meaning of life. Such a disease of consciousness may manifest itself in the form of depression.
2. Depression as a Disorder of Consciousness, Not Brain Chemistry
3. Understanding the True Causes of Depression: A Shift in Perspective
4. From Brain Imbalance to Consciousness: A New View on Depression
Main Idea #1:
Traditional views link depression to neurotransmitter imbalances, but this may be a misunderstanding of cause and effect.
Main Idea #2:
Depression should be seen as a disorder of consciousness, where the brain's chemical changes are effects rather than causes, suggesting that the true root lies in a disturbed state of consciousness that affects one's sense of self and purpose.
Summary:
The conventional belief that depression results from brain chemical imbalances is flawed, as the imbalances are consequences, not causes. Depression stems from a deeper problem within consciousness, where a loss of self and meaning leads to the condition. Addressing depression requires understanding it as a disorder of consciousness.
Key Points:
1. Traditional views link depression to neurotransmitter imbalances.
2. Imbalances are effects of depression, not its root cause.
3. Depression originates from a distorted state of consciousness.
4. A lost sense of self and meaning is central to the condition's onset.
[고1] 2024년10월– 38번:심리학이인간행동을과학적으로연구하는방법설명
The common accounts of human nature that float around in society are generally a mixture of assumptions, tales and sometimes plain silliness. However, psychology is different. It is the branch of science that is devoted to understanding people: how and why we act as we do; why we see things as we do; and how we interact with one another. The key word here is 'science.' Psychologists don't depend on opinions and hearsay, or the generally accepted views of society at the time, or even the considered opinions of deep thinkers. Instead, they look for evidence, to make sure that psychological ideas are firmly based, and not just derived from generally held beliefs or assumptions. In addition to this evidence-based approach, psychology deals with fundamental processes and principles that generate our rich cultural and social diversity, as well as those shared by all human beings. These are what modern psychology is all about.
Possible Titles:
1. Psychology: A Scientific Approach to Understanding Human Behavior
2. Moving Beyond Assumptions: How Psychology Studies Human Nature
3. The Evidence-Based Methods of Modern Psychology Explained
4. Why Psychology Relies on Science, Not Social Assumptions
Main Idea #1:
Psychology distinguishes itself from common views of human nature by relying on scientific evidence rather than assumptions or opinions.
Main Idea #2:
Modern psychology uses an evidence-based approach to understand both universal human behaviors and the diversity seen across different cultures, aiming to ground its findings in fundamental principles rather than societal assumptions.
Summary:
Unlike general views of human nature, psychology relies on scientific evidence to study behavior. It explores fundamental principles underlying both universal traits and cultural diversity. This approach ensures that psychological concepts are rooted in evidence, not assumptions or opinions.
Key Points:
1. Common ideas about human nature are often based on assumptions.
2. Psychology relies on scientific evidence, not opinions or hearsay.
3. It seeks to understand universal principles of behavior and cultural diversity.
4. Modern psychology is grounded in an evidence-based, scientific approach.
[고1] 2024년10월– 39번:생물학적채널화이론을통한질병과건강의표현방식
Life is what physicists might call a 'high-dimensional system,' which is their fancy way of saying that there's a lot going on. In just a single cell, the number of possible interactions between different molecules is enormous. Such a system can only hope to be stable if only a smaller number of collective ways of being may emerge. For example, it is only a limited number of tissues and body shapes that may result from the development of a human embryo. In 1942, the biologist Conrad Waddington called this drastic narrowing of outcomes canalization. The organism may switch between a small number of well-defined possible states, but can't exist in random states in between them, rather as a ball in a rough landscape must roll to the bottom of one valley or another. We'll see that this is true also of health and disease: there are many causes of illness, but their manifestations at the physiological and symptomatic levels are often strikingly similar.
Possible Titles:
1. Canalization: Understanding Stability in Complex Biological Systems
2. How High-Dimensional Systems Lead to Limited Biological Outcomes
3. The Role of Canalization in Health, Disease, and Development
4. From Molecules to Health: Stability in Complex Biological Processes
Main Idea #1:
Life is a complex system with countless interactions, but stability is achieved through a limited set of possible outcomes.
Main Idea #2:
The concept of canalization, introduced by Conrad Waddington, explains how complex biological systems like human development narrow down to stable, well-defined states, a principle also seen in the similarity of symptoms across different illnesses despite varying causes.
Summary:
Life's complexity is managed through a process called canalization, where countless interactions narrow down to a few stable outcomes. This concept, applied to development and health, explains how diverse causes can lead to similar physiological states. Stability is maintained by limiting the number of possible emergent states.
Key Points:
1. Life is a complex system with numerous molecular interactions.
2. Stability arises when only a limited number of outcomes emerge.
3. Canalization, introduced by Conrad Waddington, describes this narrowing process.
4. The concept applies to health, where different causes can lead to similar symptoms.
[고1] 2024년10월– 40번: '트릭처벌'이아동행동에부정적영향을미치는이유
Punishing a child may not be effective due to what Alvaro Bilbao, a neuropsychologist, calls 'trick-punishments.' A trick-punishment is a scolding, a moment of anger or a punishment in the most classic sense of the word. Instead of discouraging the child from doing something, it encourages them to do it. For example, Hugh learns that when he hits his little brother, his mother scolds him. For a child who feels lonely, being scolded is much better than feeling invisible, so he will continue to hit his brother. In this case, his mother would be better adopting a different strategy. For instance, she could congratulate Hugh when he has not hit his brother for a certain length of time. The mother clearly cannot allow the child to hit his little brother, but instead of constantly pointing out the negatives, she can choose to reward the positives. In this way, any parent can avoid trick-punishments.
Possible Titles:
1. Why Punishing a Child Can Sometimes Backfire: Understanding Trick-Punishments
2. The Ineffectiveness of Scolding: A Neuropsychologist's Perspective
3. How Positive Reinforcement Can Prevent Unwanted Child Behavior
4. Moving Away from Punishment: Rewarding Good Behavior in Parenting
Main Idea #1:
Trick-punishments, such as scolding, may unintentionally reinforce unwanted behavior in children by giving them attention.
Main Idea #2:
Instead of focusing on negative actions, parents can encourage positive behavior by rewarding good actions, which helps avoid reinforcing the undesirable behavior that might be seeking attention.
Summary:
Punishments like scolding can reinforce unwanted behavior by giving children the attention they crave. A better approach is to reward positive behavior, shifting the focus from negatives to positives. This strategy helps prevent trick-punishments that inadvertently encourage misbehavior.
Key Points:
1. Trick-punishments can unintentionally reinforce unwanted behaviors.
2. Children may misbehave to receive attention, even if negative.
3. Rewarding positive actions can be more effective than scolding.
4. Shifting focus to positives helps avoid reinforcing undesirable behavior.
[고1] 2024년10월– 41~42번:인간이생존을위해애매한대상에도의도를부여하는경향
From an early age, we assign purpose to objects and events, preferring this reasoning to random chance. Children assume, for instance, that pointy rocks are that way because they don't want you to sit on them. When we encounter something, we first need to determine what sort of thing it is. Inanimate objects and plants generally do not move and can be evaluated from physics alone. However, by attributing intention to animals and even objects, we are able to make fast decisions about the likely behaviour of that being. This was essential in our hunter-gatherer days to avoid being eaten by predators. The anthropologist Stewart Guthrie made the point that survival in our evolutionary past meant that we interpret ambiguous objects as agents with human mental characteristics, as those are the mental processes which we understand. Ambiguous events are caused by such agents. This results in a perceptual system strongly biased towards anthropomorphism. Therefore, we tend to assume intention even where there is none. This would have arisen as a survival mechanism. If a lion is about to attack you, you need to react quickly, given its probable intention to kill you. By the time you have realized that the design of its teeth and claws could kill you, you are dead. So, assuming intent, without detailed design analysis or understanding of the physics, has saved your life.
Possible Titles:
1. How Anthropomorphism Became a Survival Strategy in Human Evolution
2. The Role of Intent Attribution in Human Perception and Survival
3. Why We See Intentions Everywhere: Evolutionary Roots of Anthropomorphism
4. From Survival Instinct to Modern Bias: Understanding Human Tendency to Assign Purpose
Main Idea #1:
Humans have a natural tendency to attribute purpose and intention to objects and events, which has evolutionary roots.
Main Idea #2:
This inclination towards anthropomorphism developed as a survival mechanism, allowing early humans to make quick judgments about potential threats without detailed analysis, which helped them react swiftly to predators and ambiguous situations.
Summary:
Humans instinctively assign intention to objects and events, a behavior rooted in evolution. This tendency to anthropomorphize helped early humans quickly assess threats, enabling swift reactions to potential predators. Such perceptual biases, essential for survival, persist even when intention is absent.
Key Points:
1. Humans tend to attribute purpose to objects and events from an early age.
2. Anthropomorphism helps in quickly assessing potential threats.
3. This tendency evolved as a survival mechanism to react swiftly.
4. The bias towards seeing intention persists even in non-threatening contexts.
[고1] 2024년10월– 43~45번:작은판다가독특함을추구하고발견하는이야기
Once long ago, deep in the Himalayas, there lived a little panda. He was as ordinary as all the other pandas. He was completely white from head to toe. His two big ears, his four furry feet and his cute round nose were all frosty white, leaving him feeling ordinary and sad. Unlike the cheerful and contented pandas around him, he desired to be distinctive, special, and unique. Driven by the desire for uniqueness, the little panda sought inspiration from his distant cousin, a giant white panda covered with heavenly black patches. But the cousin revealed the patches were from an unintended encounter with mud, and he disliked them. Disappointed, the little panda walked home. On his way, he met a red-feathered peacock, who explained he turned red from eating wild berries. The little panda changed his path and hurried to the nearest berry bush, greedily eating a mouthful of juicy red berries. However, they were so bitter he couldn't swallow even one. At dusk, he finally got home and slowly climbed his favorite bamboo tree. There, he discovered a strange black and red flower with a sweet scent that tempted him to eat all its blossoms. The following morning, under sunny skies, the little panda felt remarkably better. During breakfast, he found the other pandas chatting enthusiastically and asked why. They burst into laughter, exclaiming, "Look at yourself!" Glancing down, he discovered his once white fur was now stained jet black and glowing red. He was overjoyed and realized that, rather than by imitating others, his wishes can come true from unexpected places and genuine experiences.
Possible Titles:
1. The Little Panda's Journey to Find His Unique Colors
2. How a White Panda Found His Own Way to Stand Out
3. Discovering Uniqueness: A Panda’s Adventure in the Himalayas
4. The Unexpected Path to Uniqueness: A Tale of a Little Panda
Main Idea #1:
A little white panda longed to be unique and sought ways to stand out among the other pandas.
Main Idea #2:
Despite his efforts to imitate others, the panda’s transformation happened unexpectedly through his genuine experiences, teaching him that true uniqueness comes naturally rather than by copying others.
Summary:
A little panda, feeling ordinary, sought ways to be unique by imitating others but found no success. After an unplanned encounter with a sweet-smelling flower, his fur changed colors, showing him that true uniqueness comes from natural, unexpected experiences rather than trying to be like others.
Key Points:
1. The little panda felt ordinary and wanted to stand out.
2. He sought inspiration by imitating others but was unsuccessful.
3. An accidental encounter with a flower led to his transformation.
4. He learned that genuine uniqueness comes from natural experiences, not imitation.
[고1] 2024년10월–18번: Fort Montgomery High School의건축자금지원을요청하는편지
①To the State Education Department,
주 교육부 귀하,
②I am writing with regard to the state's funding for the construction project at Fort Montgomery High School.
저는Fort Montgomery고등학교의 건축 프로젝트를 위한 주 예산과 관련하여 편지를 씁니다.
③Our school needs additional spaces to provide a fully functional Art and Library Media Center to serve our students in a more meaningful way.
저희 학교는 보다 의미 있는 방식으로 학생들을 만족시키기 위해 완전하게 제 기능을 하는Art and Library Media Center를 제공하기 위한 추가 공간이 필요합니다.
④Despite submitting all required documentation for funding to your department in April 2024, we have not yet received any notification from your department.
2024년4월에 귀하의 부서로 예산에 필요한 모든 서류를 제출했음에도 불구하고,저희는 아직 귀하의 부서로부터 어떠한 통지도 받지 못했습니다.
⑤A delay in the process can carry considerable consequences related to the school's budgetary constraints and schedule.
과정상 지연은 학교의 예산 제한 및 일정과 관련하여 상당한 결과를 초래할 수 있습니다.
⑥Therefore, in order to proceed with our project, we request you notify us of the review result regarding the submitted documentation.
그러므로,저희의 프로젝트를 진행하기 위해 제출 서류와 관련한 검토 결과를 저희에게 통지해 줄 것을 요청합니다.
⑦I look forward to hearing from you.
귀하로부터의 답변을 고대합니다.
⑧Respectfully, Clara Smith Principal, Fort Montgomery High School
Fort Montgomery고등학교 교장, Clara Smith드림
[고1] 2024년10월–19번:농구경기후코치의결정으로인한좌절감경험
①As I waited outside the locker room after a hard‐fought basketball game, the coach called out to me, "David, walk with me."
내가 치열하게 싸운 농구 경기 후에 라커 룸 밖에서 기다릴 때,코치가"David,나와 함께 걷자."라며 나를 크게 불렀다.
②I figured he was going to tell me something important.
나는 그가 나에게 무언가 중요한 것을 말해 줄 거라고 생각했다.
③He was going to select me to be the captain of the team, the leader I had always wanted to be.
그는 내가 항상 되기를 원했던 리더인 팀의 주장으로 나를 뽑으려 할 것이라고(생각했다).
④My heart was racing with anticipation.
나의 심장이 기대감으로 빠르게 뛰었다.
⑤But when his next words hit my ears, everything changed.
그러나 그의 다음 말이 내 귀를 쳤을 때,모든 것이 변했다.
⑥We're going to have to send you home, he said coldly.
우리는 너를 집으로 보내야만 해.라고 그가 차갑게 말했다.
⑦I don't think you are going to make it.
나는 네가 해낼 거라고 생각하지 않아.
⑧I couldn't believe his decision.
나는 그의 결정을 믿을 수 없었다.
⑨I tried to hold it together, but inside I was falling apart.
나는 마음을 가다듬으려고 했지만,내면에서 나는 산산이 무너지고 있었다.
⑩A car would be waiting tomorrow morning to take me home.
내일 아침에 나를 집에 데려갈 차가 기다리고 있을 것이다.
⑪And just like that, it was over.
그리고 그렇게,끝이 났다.
[고1] 2024년10월–20번:가사활동에운동을통합하여건강을증진하는방법제안
①For many of us, making time for exercise is a continuing challenge.
우리 중 다수에게 운동할 시간을 내는 것은 계속되는 도전이다.
②Between work commitments and family obligations, it often feels like there's no room in our packed schedules for a dedicated workout.
업무에 대한 전념과 가족 의무 사이에서,우리의 빡빡한 일정들에는 운동에 전념할 여유가 없는 것처럼 종종 느껴진다.
③But what if the workout came to you, right in the midst of your daily routine?
그러나 만약 여러분의 일상 바로 한가운데에서 운동이 여러분을 찾아온다면 어떨까?
④That's where the beauty of integrating mini-exercises into household chores comes into play.
그것이 바로 간단한 운동을 집안일에 통합시키는 아름다움이 작동하는 지점이다.
⑤Let's be realistic; chores are inevitable.
현실적이 되자.집안일은 불가피하다.
⑥Whether it's washing dishes or taking out the trash, these tasks are an essential part of daily life.
그것이 설거지하는 것이든 쓰레기를 내다 버리는 것이든지 간에,이런 일들은 일상생활의 필수적인 부분이다.
⑦But rather than viewing chores as purely obligatory activities, why not seize these moments as opportunities for physical activity?
하지만 집안일을 순전히 의무적인 행위로 간주하기보다는,이런 순간들을 신체 활동을 위한 기회로 잘 이용하는 것이 어떨까?
⑧For instance, practice squats or engage in some wall push-ups as you wait for your morning kettle to boil.
예를 들어,여러분의 아침 주전자가 끓기를 기다리면서 스쿼트를 연습하거나 벽에 대고 하는 팔 굽혀 펴기 몇 개를 시작해 보라.
⑨Incorporating quick exercises into your daily chores can improve your health.
짧은 운동을 여러분의 일상적인 집안일에 포함시키는 것이 여러분의 건강을 향상시킬 수 있다.
[고1] 2024년10월–21번:기억이교육과경험에의해재구성되는방식과영향설명
①When we see something, we naturally and automatically break it up into shapes, colors, and concepts that we have learned through education.
우리가 무언가를 볼 때,우리는 그것을 자연스럽게 그리고 자동적으로 우리가 교육을 통해 배운 모양,색깔,그리고 개념들로 해체한다.
②We recode what we see through the lens of everything we know.
우리는 우리가 알고 있는 모든 것의 렌즈를 통해 우리가 보는 것을 재부호화한다.
③We reconstruct memories rather than retrieving the video from memory.
우리는 기억에서 영상을 생각해 내기보다 기억을 재구성한다.
④This is a useful trait.
이것은 유용한 특성이다.
⑤It's a more efficient way to store information─a bit like an optimal image compression algorithm such as JPG, rather than storing a raw bitmap image file.
그것은 가공되지 않은 비트맵 이미지 파일을 저장하기보다JPG와 같은 최적의 이미지 압축 알고리즘과 약간 비슷하게 정보를 저장하기 위한 더 효율적인 방법이다.
⑥People who lack this ability and remember everything in perfect detail struggle to generalize, learn, and make connections between what they have learned.
이런 능력이 부족하고 완벽히 세세하게 모든 것을 기억하는 사람들은 일반화하고,학습하고,자신들이 학습한 것들 사이를 연결하려고 고군분투한다.
⑦But representing the world as abstract ideas and features comes at a cost of seeing the world as it is.
그러나 세상을 추상적 생각과 특징으로 재현하는 것은 세상을 있는 그대로 보는 것을 희생하여 나온다.
⑧Instead, we see the world through our assumptions, motivations, and past experiences.
대신에,우리는 우리의 가정,동기 그리고 과거 경험을 통해 세상을 바라본다.
⑨The discovery that our memories are reconstructed through abstract representations rather than played back like a movie completely undermined the legal primacy of eyewitness testimony.
우리의 기억이 영화처럼 재생되기보다는 추상적 재현을 통해 재구성된다는 발견은 목격자 증언의 법적 우위성을 완전히 손상시켰다.
⑩Seeing is not believing.
보는 것이 믿는 것은 아니다.
[고1] 2024년10월–22번:첫인상이논리적판단보다더정확할수있다는연구결과
①In his Cornell laboratory, David Dunning conducted experimental tests of eyewitness testimony and found evidence that a careful deliberation of facial features and a detailed discussion of selection procedures can actually be a sign of an inaccurate identification.
David Dunning의 코넬 대학의 실험실에서,그는 목격자 증언에 대한 실험을 수행했고,얼굴 특징에 대한 신중한 숙고와 선택 절차에 대한 상세한 논의가 실제로는'부정확한'식별의 징후일 수 있다는 증거를 발견했다.
②It's when people find themselves unable to explain why they recognize the person, saying things like "his face just popped out at me," that they tend to be accurate more often.
사람들이"그의 얼굴이 그냥 나에게 탁 떠올랐다"라는 식으로 말하면서 왜 그 사람을 알아보는지 설명할 수 없는 스스로를 발견하는 바로 그때 그들은 더 자주 정확한 경향이 있다.
③Sometimes our first, immediate, automatic reaction to a situation is the truest interpretation of what our mind is telling us.
때때로 상황에 대한 우리의 최초의,즉각적인,자동적인 반응이 우리 마음이 우리에게 말하고 있는 것에 대한 가장 정확한 해석이다.
④That very first impression can also be more accurate about the world than the deliberative, reasoned self-narrative can be.
바로 그 첫인상이 또한 신중하고 논리적인 자기 서사보다 세상에 대해 더 정확할 수 있다.
⑤In his book Blink, Malcolm Gladwell describes a variety of studies in psychology and behavioral economics that demonstrate the superior performance of relatively unconscious first guesses compared to logical step-by-step justifications for a decision.
Malcolm Gladwell은 그의 저서'Blink'에서,결정에 대한 논리적인 단계적 정당화에 비해서 상대적으로 무의식적인 최초 추측의 우수성을 보여 주는 심리학 및 행동 경제학의 다양한 연구를 기술한다.
[고1] 2024년10월–23번:구체적인질문으로추상적개념을명확하게만드는방법제안
①Many forms of research lead naturally to quantitative data.
많은 종류의 연구는 자연스럽게 양적 데이터로 이어진다.
②A study of happiness might measure the number of times someone smiles during an interaction, and a study of memory might measure the number of items an individual can recall after one, five, and ten minutes.
행복에 관한 연구는 누군가가 상호 작용 중에 미소 짓는 횟수를 측정할 수 있고,기억에 관한 연구는 개인이1분, 5분,그리고10분 후에 회상할 수 있는 항목의 수를 측정할 수 있다.
③Asking people how many times in a year they are sad will also yield quantitative data, but it might not be reliable.
사람들에게 자신이 일년에 몇 번 슬픈지 물어보는 것 또한 양적 데이터를 산출할 수 있지만,이는 신뢰할 만하지 않을 수도 있다.
④Respondents' recollections may be inaccurate, and their definitions of 'sad' could vary widely.
응답자의 회상은 부정확할 수 있고, '슬픈'에 대한 그들의 정의는 크게 다를 수 있다.
⑤But asking "How many times in the past year were you sad enough to call in sick to work?" prompts a concrete answer.
그러나"지난1년 동안 직장에 병가를 낼 만큼 슬펐던 적이 몇 번 있었습니까?"라고 묻는 것은 구체적인 답변을 유발한다.
⑥Similarly, instead of asking people to rate how bad a procrastinator they are, ask, "How many of your utility bills are you currently late in paying, even though you can afford to pay them?"
마찬가지로,사람들에게 그들이 얼마나 심하게 미루는 사람인지를 평가하도록 묻는 대신, "당신이 지불할 여유가 있음에도 불구하고 얼마나 많은 공과금 고지서의 납부가 현재 늦었나요?"라고 물어보라.
⑦Questions that seek concrete responses help make abstract concepts clearer and ensure consistency from one study to the next.
구체적인 응답을 요구하는 질문은 추상적인 개념을 더 명확하게 만들고 한 연구에서 다음 연구 간의 일관성을 보장하는 것을 돕는다.
[고1] 2024년10월–24번:인공지능과인간의식의상호작용및AI진화의방향성
①The evolution of AI is often associated with the concept of singularity.
AI의 진화는 종종 특이점의 개념과 연관된다.
②Singularity refers to the point at which AI exceeds human intelligence.
특이점은AI가 인간의 지능을 넘어서는 지점을 의미한다.
③After that point, it is predicted that AI will repeatedly improve itself and evolve at an accelerated pace.
그 지점 이후, AI는 스스로를 반복적으로 개선하고 가속화된 속도로 진화할 것으로 예측된다.
④When AI becomes self-aware and pursues its own goals, it will be a conscious being, not just a machine.
AI가 스스로를 인식하게 되고 자기 자신의 목표를 추구할 때,그것은 단지 기계가 아니라 의식이 있는 존재가 될 것이다.
⑤AI and human consciousness will then begin to evolve together.
AI와 인간의 의식은 그러면 함께 진화하기 시작할 것이다.
⑥Our consciousness will evolve to new dimensions through our interactions with AI, which will provide us with intellectual stimulation and inspire new insights and creativity.
우리의 의식은 우리의AI와의 상호 작용을 통해 새로운 차원으로 진화할 것이며,이는 우리에게 지적 자극을 제공하고 새로운 통찰력과 창의성을 불어넣을 것이다.
⑦Conversely, our consciousness also has a significant impact on the evolution of AI.
반대로,우리의 의식 또한AI의 진화에 중대한 영향을 끼친다.
⑧The direction of AI's evolution will depend greatly on what values and ethics we incorporate into AI.
AI진화의 방향은 우리가 어떤 가치와 윤리를AI에 통합시키는지에 크게 좌우될 것이다.
⑨We need to see our relationship with AI as a mutual coexistence of conscious beings, recognizing its rights and supporting the evolution of its consciousness.
우리는AI의 권리를 인식하고 그것의 의식의 진화를 지지하면서,우리와AI와의 관계를 의식 있는 존재들의 상호 공존으로 볼 필요가 있다.
[고1] 2024년10월–25번: 2023년미국,영국,브라질,호주의전력생산비율분석
①The above graph shows the electricity generation from fossil fuels, nuclear energy, and renewables in four countries in 2023.
위 그래프는2023년 네 개 국가에서의 화석 연료,핵에너지,그리고 재생 가능 에너지로부터의 전기 생산을 보여 준다.
②Australia's electricity generation only comes from fossil fuels and renewables, and the percentage of fossil fuels is more than twice that of renewables.
호주의 전기 생산은 화석 연료와 재생 가능 에너지로부터만 나오고,화석 연료의 비율은 재생 가능 에너지의 그것의 두 배가 넘는다.
③In terms of electricity generation from nuclear energy, the U.S. shows the highest percentage among all four countries.
핵에너지로부터의 전기 생산의 면에서 미국은 모든 네 개 국가 중 가장 높은 비율을 보여 준다.
④The percentage of electricity generation from fossil fuels in the U.S. is higher than that in the U.K., which is also true for renewables.
미국에서 화석 연료로부터의 전기 생산 비율은 영국에서의 그것보다 높고,이것은 재생 가능 에너지에도 적용된다.
⑤In the U.K., the percentage of electricity generated from nuclear energy is less than a third of that generated from renewables.
영국에서 핵에너지로부터 생산되는 전기의 비율은 재생 가능 에너지로부터 생산되는 그것의3분의1보다 적다.
⑥Brazil's percentage of electricity generated from renewables is 10 percentage points larger than that of Australia and the U.K. combined.
브라질의 재생 가능 에너지로부터 생산되는 전기의 비율은 호주와 영국을 합친 그것보다10퍼센트포인트 더 크다.
①Douglas Kirkland, known for his highly artistic portraits of Hollywood celebrities, was born in Toronto, Canada.
그의 할리우드 유명 인사의 매우 예술적인 인물 사진으로 알려진Douglas Kirkland는 캐나다 토론토에서 태어났다.
②When he was young, he eagerly awaited the weekly arrival of Life magazine and discussed the photographs the magazine contained with his father.
그가 어렸을 때 그는 매주"Life"잡지의 도착을 간절히 기다렸고 그 잡지에 실린 사진에 대해 아버지와 함께 토의했다.
③Believing that he would have better career prospects, Kirkland moved to the United States after graduating from high school and found work at a photography studio.
Kirkland는 더 나은 직업 전망이 있을 것이라고 믿으면서,고등학교 졸업 후 그는 미국으로 이주하여 사진 스튜디오에서 일자리를 찾았다.
④When Look magazine hired him at age 24, he became their second-youngest photographer ever.
Look잡지사가24살 나이의 그를 고용했을 때 그는 그들의 역대 사진작가 중 두 번째로 어렸다.
⑤His photos taken of Marilyn Monroe in 1961 became iconic almost instantly.
그가1961년에 찍은Marilyn Monroe사진은 거의 즉시 상징적인 것이 되었다.
⑥Kirkland spent his weeks shooting day-to-day life across the United States and his weekends in exotic locations.
Kirkland는 미국 전역에서 주중을,이국적인 장소에서 주말을 보내면서 일상의 삶을 찍었다.
⑦His photo essays could run up to a dozen pages and were seen by more than half of all Americans.
그의 포토 에세이는12페이지에 달했고 전체 미국인들 중 절반이 넘는 이들이 그것을 보았다.
[고1] 2024년10월–29번:디지털기술이어떻게사용자의인식을강력하게변화시키는지설명
①Digital technologies are essentially related to metaphors, but digital metaphors are different from linguistic ones in important ways.
디지털 기술은 근본적으로 은유와 관련되어 있지만,디지털 은유는 중요한 면에서 언어적 은유와 다르다.
②Linguistic metaphors are passive, in the sense that the audience needs to choose to actively enter the world proposed by metaphor.
언어적 은유는 독자가 은유에 의해 제시된 세계에 적극적으로 들어가도록 선택할 필요가 있다는 점에서 수동적이다.
③In the Shakespearean metaphor "time is a beggar," the audience is unlikely to understand the metaphor without cognitive effort and without further engaging Shakespeare's prose.
시간은 구걸하는 자다라는 셰익스피어의 은유에서 독자는 인지적인 노력 없이는 그리고 셰익스피어의 산문을 더 끌어들이지 않고는 은유를 이해할 것 같지 않다.
④Technological metaphors, on the other hand, are active (and often imposing) in the sense that they are realized in digital artifacts that are actively doing things, forcefully changing a user's meaning horizon.
반면에 기술적 은유는 사용자의 의미의 지평을 강력하게 바꾸면서 능동적으로 일을 하는 디지털 인공물에서 그것이 실현된다는 점에서 능동적이다. (그리고 종종 강요적이다.)
⑤Technological creators cannot generally afford to require their potential audience to wonder how the metaphor works; normally the selling point is that the usefulness of the technology is obvious at first glance.
기술적인 창작자는 일반적으로 그들의 잠재적인 독자에게 어떻게 은유가 작용하는지 궁금해하도록 요구할 여유가 없고,일반적으로 매력은 기술의 유용성이 첫눈에 분명하다는 것이다.
⑥Shakespeare, on the other hand, is beloved in part because the meaning of his works is not immediately obvious and requires some thought on the part of the audience.
반면에 셰익스피어는 부분적으로는 그의 작품의 의미가 즉각적으로 분명하지 않고 독자 측에서 어느 정도의 생각을 요구하기 때문에 사랑받는다.
[고1] 2024년10월–30번: Herbert Simon의정보처리한계와집단학습의중요성
①Herbert Simon won his Nobel Prize for recognizing our limitations in information, time, and cognitive capacity.
Herbert Simon은 정보,시간,그리고 인지적인 능력에서 우리의 한계를 인지한 것으로 그의 노벨상을 받았다.
②As we lack the resources to compute answers independently, we distribute the computation across the population and solve the answer slowly, generation by generation.
우리는 독립적으로 해답을 계산하기 위한 자원이 부족하기 때문에 우리는 전체 인구에 걸쳐 복잡한 계산을 분배하고 세대에 걸쳐 해답을 천천히 풀어 낸다.
③Then all we have to do is socially learn the right answers.
그러면 우리가 해야 하는 모든 것은 올바른 해답을 사회적으로 배우는 것이다.
④You don't need to understand how your computer or toilet works; you just need to be able to use the interface and flush.
여러분은 여러분의 컴퓨터 혹은 변기가 어떻게 작동하는지 이해할 필요가 없고 여러분은 단지 인터페이스를 사용할 수 있고(변기의)물을 내릴 수 있기만 하면 된다.
⑤All that needs to be transmitted is which button to push─essentially how to interact with technologies rather than how they work.
전달될 필요가 있는 모든 것은 어떤 버튼을 눌러야 하는지,근본적으로 어떻게 그것들이 작동하는지보다는 기술과 상호 작용하는 방법이다.
⑥And so instead of holding more information than we have mental capacity for and indeed need to know, we could dedicate our large brains to a small piece of a giant calculation.
그렇다면 우리가 정신적 수용을 할 수 있는 것보다 그리고 정말로 알아야 할 필요가 있는 것보다 더 많은 정보를 가지는 것 대신에 우리는 우리의 큰 두뇌를 거대한 계산의 작은 조각에 바칠 수 있다.
⑦We understand things well enough to benefit from them, but all the while we are making small calculations that contribute to a larger whole.
우리는 그것들로부터 이득을 얻기에 충분할 정도로 사물을 잘 이해하지만 그러면서 우리는 더 큰 전체에 기여하는 작은 계산을 하고 있다.
⑧We are just doing our part in a larger computation for our societies' collective brains.
우리는 우리 사회의 집합적인 두뇌를 위한 더 큰 복잡한 계산에서 단지 우리의 역할을 하고 있는 것이다.
[고1] 2024년10월–31번:문어의위장술과이를관찰한사진작가들의경험이야기
①The best defence most species of octopus have is to stay hidden as much as possible and do their own hunting at night.
대부분의 문어 종(種)이 가진 최고의 방어는 가능한 한 많이 숨어 있는 것과 밤에 그들 자신의 사냥을 하는 것이다.
②So to find one in full view in the shallows in daylight was a surprise for two Australian underwater photographers.
그래서 낮에 얕은 곳에서 전체가 보이는 문어를 발견한 것은 두 명의 호주 수중 사진작가들에게는 놀라운 일이었다.
③Actually, what they saw at first was a flounder.
사실 그들이 처음에 봤던 것은 넙치였다.
④It was only when they looked again that they saw a medium-sized octopus, with all eight of its arms folded and its two eyes staring upwards to create the illusion.
오직 그들이 다시 봤을 때서야 그들은 중간 크기의 문어를 보았고 착시를 만들기 위해 그것의 여덟 개의 모든 팔이 접혀 있었고 그것의 두 눈이 위쪽으로 응시하고 있었다.
⑤An octopus has a big brain, excellent eyesight and the ability to change colour and pattern, and this one was using these assets to turn itself into a completely different creature.
문어는 큰 뇌,뛰어난 시력과 색깔과 패턴을 바꾸는 능력을 지니고 있고,이것은 스스로를 완전히 다른 생물체로 바꾸기 위해 이러한 이점을 사용하고 있었다.
⑥Many more of this species have been found since then, and there are now photographs of octopuses that could be said to be transforming into sea snakes.
이 종의 더 많은 것들이 그때 이후로 발견되어 왔으며 지금은 바다뱀으로 변신하는 중이라고 말해질 수 있는 문어의 사진이 있다.
⑦And while they mimic, they hunt─producing the spectacle of, say, a flounder suddenly developing an octopodian arm, sticking it down a hole and grabbing whatever's hiding there.
그리고 그들이 모방하는 동안에 그들은 사냥을 한다.이것은 말하자면 넙치가 갑자기 문어 다리 같은 팔을 펼치며 그것을 구멍으로 찔러 넣어 그곳에 숨어 있는 무엇이든지 움켜잡는 광경을 만들어 낸다.
[고1] 2024년10월–32번:고통의해석이심리적고통의정도에미치는영향
①How much we suffer relates to how we frame the pain in our mind.
우리가 얼마나 고통받는지는 우리가 고통을 우리의 마음에서 어떻게 구성하는지와 관련된다.
②When 1500m runners push themselves into extreme pain to win a race─their muscles screaming and their lungs exploding with oxygen deficit, they don't psychologically suffer much.
1500미터 달리기 선수가 경주에서 이기기 위해 그들의 근육이 비명을 지르고 그들의 폐가 산소 부족으로 폭발하면서,스스로를 극심한 고통으로 밀어붙일 때,그들은 정신적으로 많이 고통받지 않는다.
③In fact, ultra-marathon runners─those people who are crazy enough to push themselves beyond the normal boundaries of human endurance, covering distances of 50-100km or more over many hours, talk about making friends with their pain.
사실 울트라 마라톤 선수들은 즉,인간 인내력의 정상적 경계를 넘어서 스스로를 밀어붙일 만큼 충분히 열정적인 사람들은 많은 시간 동안50에서100킬로미터 혹은 그 이상의 거리를 가지만 그들의 고통과 친구가 되는 것에 대해 이야기한다.
④When a patient has paid for some form of passive back pain therapy and the practitioner pushes deeply into a painful part of a patient's back to mobilise it, the patient calls that good pain if he or she believes this type of deep pressure treatment will be of value, even though the practitioner is pushing right into the patient's sore tissues.
한 환자가 특정 형태의 수동적 등 통증 치료에 돈을 지불했고 의사가 그것을 풀어 주기 위해 환자 등의 아픈 부분을 깊게 눌렀을 때,비록 의사가 환자의 아픈 조직을 직접적으로 누르고 있을지라도,만약 그 또는 그녀가 이러한 종류의 깊은 압박 치료법이 가치가 있을 것이라고 믿는다면,환자는 그것을 좋은 아픔이라고 부른다.
[고1] 2024년10월–33번:다양한가격대의제품제공이소비자선택에미치는영향
①When I worked for a large electronics company that manufactured laser and ink-jet printers, I soon discovered why there are often three versions of many consumer goods.
내가 레이저와 잉크젯 프린터를 생산했던 큰 전자 회사에서 일했을 때 나는 많은 소비 상품의 세 가지 버전이 종종 있는 이유를 곧 발견했다.
②If the manufacturer makes only one version of its product, people who bought it might have been willing to spend more money, so the company is losing some income.
만약 생산자가 그 제품의 오직 한 가지 버전만 만든다면 그것을 구매했던 사람들은 기꺼이 더 많은 돈을 쓰려고 했을 수도 있어서 회사는 일부 수입을 잃을 것이다.
③If the company offers two versions, one with more features and more expensive than the other, people will compare the two models and still buy the less expensive one.
만약 그 회사가 두 버전을 제공하는데 한 버전이 나머지보다 더 많은 기능과 더 비싼 가격을 가진다면,사람들은 두 모델을 비교하고 여전히 덜 비싼 것을 살 것이다.
④But if the company introduces a third model with even more features and more expensive than the other two, sales of the second model go up; many people like the features of the most expensive model, but not the price.
하지만 만약 그 회사가 나머지 두 개보다 훨씬 더 많은 기능과 더 비싼 가격을 가진 세 번째 모델을 출시한다면 두 번째 모델의 판매가 증가하는데,왜냐하면 많은 사람들은 가장 비싼 모델의 기능을 좋아하지만 그것의 가격을 좋아하지는 않기 때문이다.
⑤The middle item has more features than the least expensive one, and it is less expensive than the fanciest model.
중간 제품은 가장 저렴한 제품보다 더 많은 기능이 있고 가장 고급 모델보다는 덜 비싸다.
⑥They buy the middle item, unaware that they have been manipulated by the presence of the higher-priced item.
그들은 자신이 더 비싼 가격의 제품의 존재에 의해 조종되었다는 것을 알지 못한 채 중간 제품을 구입한다.
[고1] 2024년10월–34번:기후변화가기후소설장르에미치는영향예측
①On-screen, climate disaster is everywhere you look, but the scope of the world's climate transformation may just as quickly eliminate the climate-fiction genre─indeed eliminate any effort to tell the story of warming, which could grow too large and too obvious even for Hollywood.
영화상 기후 재난은 여러분이 보는 어디에나 있지만,세계의 기후 변화의 범위는 그것만큼이나 빠르게 기후 픽션 장르를 없앨지도 모르고 실제로 온난화 이야기를 하고자 하는 노력도 없애 버리는데,그것은 할리우드에서조차 너무 커지고 너무 명백해질 것이다.
②You can tell stories 'about' climate change while it still seems a marginal feature of human life.
기후 변화가 여전히 인간 삶의 주변적인 특징처럼 보이는 동안에 여러분은 그것에'관한'이야기를 할 수 있을 것이다.
③But when the temperature rises by three or four more degrees, hardly anyone will be able to feel isolated from its impacts.
하지만 기온이3도 혹은4도 이상 상승할 때는 아무도 그것의 영향으로부터 고립되었다고 느낄 수 없을 것이다.
④And so as climate change expands across the horizon, it may cease to be a story.
그리고 기후 변화가 지평선을 넘어 확장될 때 그것은 이야기가 되기를 멈출 것이다.
⑤Why watch or read climate fiction about the world you can see plainly out your own window?
왜 여러분 자신의 창문 밖으로 뚜렷하게 볼 수 있는 세상에 대한 기후 픽션을 보거나 읽겠는가?
⑥At the moment, stories illustrating global warming can still offer an escapist pleasure, even if that pleasure often comes in the form of horror.
비록 그 즐거움이 종종 공포의 형태로 올지라도 지금 당장은 지구 온난화를 묘사하는 이야기가 현실 도피적인 즐거움을 여전히 제공할 수 있다.
⑦But when we can no longer pretend that climate suffering is distant─in time or in place─we will stop pretending about it and start pretending within it.
하지만 우리가 더 이상 기후 고통이 시간적으로 또는 장소적으로 멀리 있다고 가장할 수 없을 때 우리는 그것에 대해 가장하는 것을 멈추고 그것 내에서 가장하기 시작할 것이다.
[고1] 2024년10월–35번:물부족문제의정치적원인과그로인한불평등
①Today, the water crisis is political─which is to say, not inevitable or beyond our capacity to fix─and, therefore, functionally elective.
오늘날,물 위기는 피할 수 없는 것이 아니며 우리의 바로잡을 수 있는 능력을 넘어서지 않는,즉 정치적인 것이고 따라서 기능적으로 선택적이다.
②That is one reason it is nevertheless distressing: an abundant resource made scarce through governmental neglect and indifference, bad infrastructure and contamination, and careless urbanization.
그것은 그럼에도 불구하고 그것이 괴로운 한 가지 이유이다.즉,풍족한 자원이 정부의 소홀함과 무관심,열악한 사회 기반 시설과 오염,부주의한 도시화를 통해 부족하게 되었다.
③There is no need for a water crisis, in other words, but we have one anyway, and aren't doing much to address it.
다시 말해서 물 위기가 있어야 할 필요가 없지만 어쨌든 우리는 그것을 겪고 있고 그것을 해결하기 위해 많은 일을 하고 있지 않다.
④Some cities lose more water to leaks than they deliver to homes: even in the United States, leaks and theft account for an estimated loss of 16 percent of freshwater; in Brazil, the estimate is 40 percent.
일부 도시들은 그들이 주택으로 공급하는 것보다 누수로 인해 더 많은 물을 잃는다.즉,미국에서조차 누수와 도난은 담수의16퍼센트의 추정된 손실을 차지하고 브라질에서는 그 추정치가40퍼센트이다.
⑤Seen in both cases, as everywhere, the selective scarcity clearly highlights have-and-have-not inequities, leaving 2.1 billion people without safe drinking water and 4.5 billion without proper sanitation worldwide.
양쪽의 경우에서 보여지듯이 모든 곳에서처럼 선택적 부족이 가진 자와 가지지 못한 자의 불평등을 분명히 강조하고 이것은 전 세계적으로21억명을 안전한 식수가 없고45억 명을 적절한 위생이 없는 채로 둔다.
[고1] 2024년10월–36번:사회적압력이자존감및사회적행동에미치는영향
①As individuals, our ability to thrive depended on how well we navigated relationships in a group.
개인으로서 성공하려는 우리의 능력은 우리가 집단 내에서 관계를 얼마나 잘 다루는지에 달려 있었다.
②If the group valued us, we could count on support, resources, and probably a mate.
만약 그 집단이 우리를 가치 있게 여겼다면 우리는 지원,자원,그리고 아마도 짝을 기대할 수 있었을 것이다.
③If it didn't, we might get none of these merits.
만약 그렇지 않았다면,우리는 그러한 이점들 중 아무것도 얻지 못했을 것이다.
④It was a matter of survival, physically and genetically.
그것은 신체적으로 그리고 유전적으로 생존의 문제였다.
⑤Over millions of years, the pressure selected for people who are sensitive to and skilled at maximizing their standing.
수백만 년 동안 그러한 압박은 자신의 지위를 최대화하는 데 민감하고 능숙한 사람들을 선택했다.
⑥The result was the development of a tendency to unconsciously monitor how other people in our community perceive us.
그 결과는 우리 공동체의 다른 사람들이 우리를 어떻게 인식하는지 무의식적으로 관찰하는 경향의 발달이었다.
⑦We process that information in the form of self-esteem and such related emotions as pride, shame, or insecurity.
우리는 자존감 그리고 자존심,수치심 또는 불안 같은 관련된 감정의 형태로 그 정보를 처리한다.
⑧These emotions compel us to do more of what makes our community value us and less of what doesn't.
이러한 감정들은 우리에게 우리의 공동체가 우리를 가치 있게 여기도록 만드는 것을 더 많이 하고 그렇지 않은 것을 덜 하도록 강요한다.
⑨And, crucially, they are meant to make that motivation feel like it is coming from within.
그리고 결정적으로 그것들은 그 동기가 내부에서 나오고 있는 것처럼 그것을 느끼게 만들도록 되어 있다.
⑩If we realized, on a conscious level, that we were responding to social pressure, our performance might come off as grudging or cynical, making it less persuasive.
우리가 사회적 압박에 반응하고 있었다는 것을 의식적인 수준에서 깨닫는다면,우리의 행동은 그것(그 동기)을 설득력이 떨어지게 만들면서 투덜대거나 냉소적인 것으로 나타날 수 있다.
[고1] 2024년10월–37번:의식의문제로우울증의원인을재정의하는설명
①Conventional medicine has long believed that depression is caused by an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain.
전통적인 의학은 우울증이 뇌의 신경 전달 물질의 불균형으로 인해 발생한다고 오랫동안 믿어 왔다.
②However, there is a major problem with this explanation.
그러나 이 설명에는 중대한 문제가 있다.
③This is because the imbalance of substances in the brain is a consequence of depression, not its cause.
이것은 왜냐하면 뇌 속 물질의 불균형은 우울증의 원인이 아니라 그것의 결과이기 때문이다.
④In other words, depression causes a decrease in brain substances such as serotonin and noradrenaline, not a decrease in brain substances causes depression.
다시 말해서,우울증이 세로토닌이나 노르아드레날린과 같은 뇌의 물질의 감소를 유발하는 것이지 뇌의 물질의 감소가 우울증을 유발하는 것이 아니다.
⑤In this revised cause-and-effect, the key is to reframe depression as a problem of consciousness.
이 수정된 인과 관계에서,핵심은 우울증을 의식의 문제로 재구성하는 것이다.
⑥Our consciousness is a more fundamental entity that goes beyond the functioning of the brain.
우리의 의식은 뇌의 기능을 넘어서는 보다 근본적인 실체이다.
⑦The brain is no more than an organ of consciousness.
뇌는 의식의 기관에 지나지 않는다.
⑧If it is not consciousness itself, then the root cause of depression is also a distortion of our state of consciousness: a consciousness that has lost its sense of self and the meaning of life.
만약 그것이 의식 그 자체가 아니라면,우울증의 근본 원인 역시 우리의 의식 상태의 왜곡이며 즉,자아감과 삶의 의미를 상실한 의식이다.
⑨Such a disease of consciousness may manifest itself in the form of depression.
그러한 의식의 질환이 우울증의 형태로 명백히 나타날 수 있다.
[고1] 2024년10월–38번:심리학이인간행동을과학적으로연구하는방법설명
①The common accounts of human nature that float around in society are generally a mixture of assumptions, tales and sometimes plain silliness.
사회에 떠도는 인간 본성에 대한 흔한 설명은 일반적으로 가정,이야기,그리고 때로는 순전한 어리석음의 혼합이다.
②However, psychology is different.
그러나,심리학은 다르다.
③It is the branch of science that is devoted to understanding people: how and why we act as we do; why we see things as we do; and how we interact with one another.
그것은 사람들을 이해하는,즉 우리가 어떻게 그리고 왜 행동하는 대로 행동하는지,우리가 왜 보는 대로 사물을 보는지,그리고 우리가 어떻게 서로 상호 작용하는지를 이해하는 데 전념하는 과학 분야이다.
④The key word here is 'science.'
여기서 핵심어는'과학'이다.
⑤Psychologists don't depend on opinions and hearsay, or the generally accepted views of society at the time, or even the considered opinions of deep thinkers.
심리학자들은 의견과 소문,혹은 당대의 사회에서 일반적으로 받아들여지는 견해,혹은 심지어 심오한 사상가들의 숙고된 의견에 의존하지 않는다.
⑥Instead, they look for evidence, to make sure that psychological ideas are firmly based, and not just derived from generally held beliefs or assumptions.
대신에 그들은 심리학적 개념이 단지 일반적으로 받아들여지는 신념이나 가정에서 도출된 것이 아니라,확고하게 기반을 두고 있는지 확신하기 위해 증거를 찾는다.
⑦In addition to this evidence-based approach, psychology deals with fundamental processes and principles that generate our rich cultural and social diversity, as well as those shared by all human beings.
이러한 증거 기반 접근법에 더하여 심리학은 모든 인간에 의해 공유되는 근본적인 과정과 원리뿐만 아니라,우리의 풍부한 문화적 사회적 다양성을 만들어 내는 것들을 다룬다.
⑧These are what modern psychology is all about.
이것들은 현대 심리학이 무엇인지 보여 준다.
[고1] 2024년10월–39번:생물학적채널화이론을통한질병과건강의표현방식
①Life is what physicists might call a 'high-dimensional system,' which is their fancy way of saying that there's a lot going on.
생명은 물리학자들이'고차원 시스템'이라고 부를 수 있는 것인데 이는 많은 일이 발생하고 있다고 말하는 그들의 멋진 방식이다.
②In just a single cell, the number of possible interactions between different molecules is enormous.
단 하나의 세포 내에서도 여러 분자 간의 가능한 상호 작용의 수는 매우 크다.
③Such a system can only hope to be stable if only a smaller number of collective ways of being may emerge.
이러한 시스템은 더 적은 수의 존재의 집합적인 방식이 나타날 때만 오직 안정적이기를 기대할 수 있다.
④For example, it is only a limited number of tissues and body shapes that may result from the development of a human embryo.
예를 들어 인간 배아의 발달로부터 나올 수 있는 것은 오직 제한된 수의 조직과 신체 형태이다.
⑤In 1942, the biologist Conrad Waddington called this drastic narrowing of outcomes canalization.
1942년에 생물학자Conrad Waddington은 이러한 극적인 결과의 축소를'운하화'라고 불렀다.
⑥The organism may switch between a small number of well-defined possible states, but can't exist in random states in between them, rather as a ball in a rough landscape must roll to the bottom of one valley or another.
오히려 울퉁불퉁한 경관에 있는 공이 이 계곡 혹은 또 다른 계곡의 바닥으로 반드시 굴러가야 하는 것처럼,유기체는 적은 수의 명확하게 정의된 가능한 상태 사이에서 바뀔 수 있지만 그것들 사이에 있는 무작위의 상태로 존재할 수는 없다.
⑦We'll see that this is true also of health and disease: there are many causes of illness, but their manifestations at the physiological and symptomatic levels are often strikingly similar.
우리는 이것이 건강과 질병에도 적용된다는 것을 알게 될 것이다.즉 질병의 많은 원인이 있지만,그것들의 생리적이고 증상적인 수준에서의 발현은 종종 놀랍도록 유사하다.
[고1] 2024년10월–40번: '트릭처벌'이아동행동에부정적영향을미치는이유
①Punishing a child may not be effective due to what Alvaro Bilbao, a neuropsychologist, calls 'trick-punishments.'
아이를 벌주는 것은 신경심리학자Alvaro Bilbao가'트릭 처벌'이라고 부르는 것으로 인해 효과적이지 않을 수 있다.
②A trick-punishment is a scolding, a moment of anger or a punishment in the most classic sense of the word.
트릭 처벌은 꾸짖음,순간의 화 혹은(처벌이라는)단어의 가장 전형적인 의미에서의 처벌이다.
③Instead of discouraging the child from doing something, it encourages them to do it.
아이가 무언가를 하는 것을 단념시키는 대신 트릭 처벌은 그들이 그것을 하도록 장려한다.
④For example, Hugh learns that when he hits his little brother, his mother scolds him.
예를 들어Hugh는 그가 자신의 남동생을 때릴 때 그의 어머니가 그를 꾸짖는다는 것을 배운다.
⑤For a child who feels lonely, being scolded is much better than feeling invisible, so he will continue to hit his brother.
외로움을 느끼는 아이에게는 꾸중을 듣는 것이 눈에 띄지 않는다고 느끼는 것보다 훨씬 나아서 그는 그의 남동생을 때리는 것을 계속할 것이다.
⑥In this case, his mother would be better adopting a different strategy.
이 경우에,그의 어머니는 다른 전략을 채택하는 것이 보다 나을 것이다.
⑦For instance, she could congratulate Hugh when he has not hit his brother for a certain length of time.
예를 들어 그녀는Hugh가 그의 남동생을 일정 기간 동안 때리지 않았을 때 그를 자랑스러워해 줄 수 있다.
⑧The mother clearly cannot allow the child to hit his little brother, but instead of constantly pointing out the negatives, she can choose to reward the positives.
어머니는 분명 아이가 그의 남동생을 때리는 것을 내버려둘 수 없고,그녀는 부정적 측면을 계속 지적하는 대신에 긍정적 측면을 보상하는 것을 선택할 수 있다.
⑨In this way, any parent can avoid trick-punishments.
이렇게 어느 부모도 트릭 처벌을 피할 수 있다.
⑩[Summary] A trick-punishment reinforces the unwanted behavior of a child, which implies that parents should focus on reducing the attention to negatives while rewarding positive behaviors.
[Summary]트릭 처벌이 아이의 바람직하지 못한 행동을 강화하는데,이는 부모가 긍정적인 행동을 보상하면서 부정적 측면에 관한 관심을 줄이는 데 집중해야 한다는 것을 시사한다.
[고1] 2024년10월–41~42번:인간이생존을위해애매한대상에도의도를부여하는경향
①From an early age, we assign purpose to objects and events, preferring this reasoning to random chance.
어릴 때부터 우리는 사물과 사건에 목적을 부여하며,무작위적인 우연보다 이러한 논리를 선호한다.
②Children assume, for instance, that pointy rocks are that way because they don't want you to sit on them.
예를 들어 뾰족한 돌은 아이들이 그 위에 앉기를 원치 않기 때문에 그것이 그렇게 생겼다고 그들(아이들)은 가정한다.
③When we encounter something, we first need to determine what sort of thing it is.
우리가 무언가를 마주칠 때 우리는 먼저 그것이 어떤 종류의 것인지 결정할 필요가 있다.
④Inanimate objects and plants generally do not move and can be evaluated from physics alone.
무생물과 식물은 일반적으로 움직이지 않으며 물리적 현상만으로 평가될 수 있다.
⑤However, by attributing intention to animals and even objects, we are able to make fast decisions about the likely behaviour of that being.
그러나 동물과 심지어 사물도 의도가 있다고 생각함으로써 우리는 그 존재가 할 것 같은 행동에 대해 빠른 결정을 내릴 수 있다.
⑥This was essential in our hunter-gatherer days to avoid being eaten by predators.
이는 우리의 수렵 채집 시절에 포식자에게 잡아먹히는 것을 피하기 위해 필수적이었다.
⑦The anthropologist Stewart Guthrie made the point that survival in our evolutionary past meant that we interpret ambiguous objects as agents with human mental characteristics, as those are the mental processes which we understand.
인류학자Stewart Guthrie는 인간의 정신적 특성이 우리가 이해하는 정신 과정이기 때문에,우리의 진화상 과거에서 생존이란 우리가 모호한 사물을 인간의 정신적 특성을 가진 행위자로 해석하는 것을 의미한다고 주장했다.
⑧Ambiguous events are caused by such agents.
모호한 사건은 이러한 행위자에 의해 발생한다.
⑨This results in a perceptual system strongly biased towards anthropomorphism.
이는 의인화에 강하게 편향된 지각 체계로 귀결된다.
⑩Therefore, we tend to assume intention even where there is none.
그러므로,우리는 의도가 없는 곳에서도 의도를 가정하는 경향이 있다.
⑪This would have arisen as a survival mechanism.
이는 생존 메커니즘으로 발생해 왔을 것이다.
⑫If a lion is about to attack you, you need to react quickly, given its probable intention to kill you.
만약 사자가 당신을 막 공격하려 한다면 당신을 죽이려는 그것의 가능한 의도를 고려하여 당신은 빠르게 반응할 필요가 있다.
⑬By the time you have realized that the design of its teeth and claws could kill you, you are dead.
당신이 그것의 이빨과 발톱의 구조가 당신을 죽일 수 있다는 것을 깨달았을 즈음 당신은 죽어 있다.
⑭So, assuming intent, without detailed design analysis or understanding of the physics, has saved your life.
따라서 상세한 구조 분석 또는 물리적 현상의 이해 없이 의도를 부여하는 것이 당신의 목숨을 구해 왔다.
[고1] 2024년10월–43~45번:작은판다가독특함을추구하고발견하는이야기
①Once long ago, deep in the Himalayas, there lived a little panda.
옛날에 히말라야 산맥 깊숙한 곳에 작은 판다가 살았다.
②He was as ordinary as all the other pandas.
그는 다른 모든 판다들만큼 평범했다.
③He was completely white from head to toe.
그는 머리부터 발끝까지 전부 하얬다.
④His two big ears, his four furry feet and his cute round nose were all frosty white, leaving him feeling ordinary and sad.
그의 두 개의 큰 귀,네 개의 털 많은 발,그리고 귀여운 둥근 코는 모두 서리처럼 하얘서 그(little panda)가 평범하고 슬프게 느끼게 하였다.
⑤Unlike the cheerful and contented pandas around him, he desired to be distinctive, special, and unique.
그의 주위에 있는 명랑하고 만족스러운 판다들과 달리 그는 특이하고 특별하며 독특해지기를 갈망했다.
⑥Driven by the desire for uniqueness, the little panda sought inspiration from his distant cousin, a giant white panda covered with heavenly black patches.
독특함에 대한 열망에 사로잡혀 작은 판다는 그(little panda)의 먼 사촌인 멋진 검은 반점으로 뒤덮인 거대한 흰 판다로부터 영감을 찾으려 했다.
⑦But the cousin revealed the patches were from an unintended encounter with mud, and he disliked them.
그러나 사촌은 그 반점이 진흙과 의도치 않게 접촉한 결과이며,그는 그것(반점)을 싫어한다고 밝혔다.
⑧Disappointed, the little panda walked home.
실망한 채로 작은 판다는 집으로 걸어갔다.
⑨On his way, he met a red-feathered peacock, who explained he turned red from eating wild berries.
가는 길에 그는 붉은 깃털을 가진 공작새를 만났는데 그 공작새는 그(peacock)가 야생 베리를 먹어서 붉게 변했다고 설명했다.
⑩The little panda changed his path and hurried to the nearest berry bush, greedily eating a mouthful of juicy red berries.
작은 판다는 경로를 바꾸어 가장 가까운 베리 덤불로 서둘러 가서,탐욕스럽게 한입 가득 즙이 많은 빨간 베리를 먹었다.
⑪However, they were so bitter he couldn't swallow even one.
하지만 그것들은 너무 써서 그는 한 개도 삼킬 수 없었다.
⑫At dusk, he finally got home and slowly climbed his favorite bamboo tree.
해질 무렵 그는 마침내 집에 도착했고 그가 가장 좋아하는 대나무에 천천히 올라갔다.
⑬There, he discovered a strange black and red flower with a sweet scent that tempted him to eat all its blossoms.
그곳에서 그(little panda)가 그것의 모든 꽃을 먹도록 유혹하는 달콤한 향기를 가진 기묘한 검고 붉은 꽃을 발견하였다.
⑭The following morning, under sunny skies, the little panda felt remarkably better.
다음 날 아침 맑은 하늘 아래에서 작은 판다는 기분이 매우 좋아졌다.
⑮During breakfast, he found the other pandas chatting enthusiastically and asked why.
아침 식사 중에 그는 다른 판다들이 신나게 수다를 떨고 있는 것을 발견하고 이유를 물어보았다.
⑯They burst into laughter, exclaiming, "Look at yourself!"
그들은 웃음을 터뜨리며"네 자신을 좀 봐!"라고 외쳤다.
⑰Glancing down, he discovered his once white fur was now stained jet black and glowing red.
아래를 흘긋 보고,그는 한때 하얬던 자신의 털이 이제 새까맣고 빛나는 붉은색으로 얼룩져 있다는 것을 발견했다.
⑱He was overjoyed and realized that, rather than by imitating others, his wishes can come true from unexpected places and genuine experiences.
그는 매우 기뻐했고 그(little panda)의 소원이 남들을 모방하기보다는 예상치 못한 곳과 진정한 경험으로부터 실현될 수 있음을 깨달았다.
[고1] 2024년10월– 18번: Fort Montgomery High School의건축자금지원을요청하는편지
①To the State Education Department,
①주교육부귀하,
②I am writing with regard to the state's funding for the construction project at Fort Montgomery High School.
②저는Fort Montgomery고등학교의건축프로젝트를위한주예산과관련하여편지를씁니다.
③Our school needs additional spaces to provide a fully functional Art and Library Media Center to serve our students in a more meaningful way.
③저희학교는보다의미있는방식으로학생들을만족시키기위해완전하게제기능을하는Art and Library Media Center를제공하기위한추가공간이필요합니다.
④Despite submitting all required documentation for funding to your department in April 2024, we have not yet received any notification from your department.
②We recode what we see through the lens of everything we know.
②우리는우리가알고있는모든것의렌즈를통해우리가보는것을재부호화한다.
③We reconstruct memories rather than retrieving the video from memory.
③우리는기억에서영상을생각해내기보다기억을재구성한다.
④This is a useful trait.
④이것은유용한특성이다.
⑤It's a more efficient way to store information ─ a bit like an optimal image compression algorithm such as JPG, rather than storing a raw bitmap image file.
⑥People who lack this ability and remember everything in perfect detail struggle to generalize, learn, and make connections between what they have learned.
⑦But representing the world as abstract ideas and features comes at a cost of seeing the world as it is.
⑦그러나세상을추상적생각과특징으로재현하는것은세상을있는그대로보는것을희생하여나온다.
⑧Instead, we see the world through our assumptions, motivations, and past experiences.
⑧대신에,우리는우리의가정,동기그리고과거경험을통해세상을바라본다.
⑨The discovery that our memories are reconstructed through abstract representations rather than played back like a movie completely undermined the legal primacy of eyewitness testimony.
①In his Cornell laboratory, David Dunning conducted experimental tests of eyewitness testimony and found evidence that a careful deliberation of facial features and a detailed discussion of selection procedures can actually be a sign of an inaccurate identification.
②It's when people find themselves unable to explain why they recognize the person, saying things like "his face just popped out at me," that they tend to be accurate more often.
④That very first impression can also be more accurate about the world than the deliberative, reasoned self-narrative can be.
④바로그첫인상이또한신중하고논리적인자기서사보다세상에대해더정확할수있다.
⑤In his book Blink, Malcolm Gladwell describes a variety of studies in psychology and behavioral economics that demonstrate the superior performance of relatively unconscious first guesses compared to logical step-by-step justifications for a decision.
①Many forms of research lead naturally to quantitative data.
①많은종류의연구는자연스럽게양적데이터로이어진다.
②A study of happiness might measure the number of times someone smiles during an interaction, and a study of memory might measure the number of items an individual can recall after one, five, and ten minutes.
⑥Similarly, instead of asking people to rate how bad a procrastinator they are, ask, "How many of your utility bills are you currently late in paying, even though you can afford to pay them?"
⑤AI and human consciousness will then begin to evolve together.
⑤AI와인간의의식은그러면함께진화하기시작할것이다.
⑥Our consciousness will evolve to new dimensions through our interactions with AI, which will provide us with intellectual stimulation and inspire new insights and creativity.
⑦Conversely, our consciousness also has a significant impact on the evolution of AI.
⑦반대로,우리의의식또한AI의진화에중대한영향을끼친다.
⑧The direction of AI's evolution will depend greatly on what values and ethics we incorporate into AI.
⑧AI진화의방향은우리가어떤가치와윤리를AI에통합시키는지에크게좌우될것이다.
⑨We need to see our relationship with AI as a mutual coexistence of conscious beings, recognizing its rights and supporting the evolution of its consciousness.
②Australia's electricity generation only comes from fossil fuels and renewables, and the percentage of fossil fuels is more than twice that of renewables.
③Believing that he would have better career prospects, Kirkland moved to the United States after graduating from high school and found work at a photography studio.
④When Look magazine hired him at age 24, he became their second-youngest photographer ever.
④Look잡지사가24살나이의그를고용했을때그는그들의역대사진작가중두번째로어렸다.
⑤His photos taken of Marilyn Monroe in 1961 became iconic almost instantly.
⑤그가1961년에찍은Marilyn Monroe사진은거의즉시상징적인것이되었다.
⑥Kirkland spent his weeks shooting day-to-day life across the United States and his weekends in exotic locations.
⑥Kirkland는미국전역에서주중을,이국적인장소에서주말을보내면서일상의삶을찍었다.
⑦His photo essays could run up to a dozen pages and were seen by more than half of all Americans.
⑦그의포토에세이는12페이지에달했고전체미국인들중절반이넘는이들이그것을보았다.
[고1] 2024년10월– 29번:디지털기술이어떻게사용자의인식을강력하게변화시키는지설명
①Digital technologies are essentially related to metaphors, but digital metaphors are different from linguistic ones in important ways.
①디지털기술은근본적으로은유와관련되어있지만,디지털은유는중요한면에서언어적은유와다르다.
②Linguistic metaphors are passive, in the sense that the audience needs to choose to actively enter the world proposed by metaphor.
②언어적은유는독자가은유에의해제시된세계에적극적으로들어가도록선택할필요가있다는점에서수동적이다.
③In the Shakespearean metaphor "time is a beggar," the audience is unlikely to understand the metaphor without cognitive effort and without further engaging Shakespeare's prose.
④Technological metaphors, on the other hand, are active (and often imposing) in the sense that they are realized in digital artifacts that are actively doing things, forcefully changing a user's meaning horizon.
⑤Technological creators cannot generally afford to require their potential audience to wonder how the metaphor works; normally the selling point is that the usefulness of the technology is obvious at first glance.
⑥Shakespeare, on the other hand, is beloved in part because the meaning of his works is not immediately obvious and requires some thought on the part of the audience.
②As we lack the resources to compute answers independently, we distribute the computation across the population and solve the answer slowly, generation by generation.
⑥And so instead of holding more information than we have mental capacity for and indeed need to know, we could dedicate our large brains to a small piece of a giant calculation.
⑧We are just doing our part in a larger computation for our societies' collective brains.
⑧우리는우리사회의집합적인두뇌를위한더큰복잡한계산에서단지우리의역할을하고있는것이다.
[고1] 2024년10월– 31번:문어의위장술과이를관찰한사진작가들의경험이야기
①The best defence most species of octopus have is to stay hidden as much as possible and do their own hunting at night.
①대부분의문어종(種)이가진최고의방어는가능한한많이숨어있는것과밤에그들자신의사냥을하는것이다.
②So to find one in full view in the shallows in daylight was a surprise for two Australian underwater photographers.
②그래서낮에얕은곳에서전체가보이는문어를발견한것은두명의호주수중사진작가들에게는놀라운일이었다.
③Actually, what they saw at first was a flounder.
③사실그들이처음에봤던것은넙치였다.
④It was only when they looked again that they saw a medium-sized octopus, with all eight of its arms folded and its two eyes staring upwards to create the illusion.
⑤An octopus has a big brain, excellent eyesight and the ability to change colour and pattern, and this one was using these assets to turn itself into a completely different creature.
⑥Many more of this species have been found since then, and there are now photographs of octopuses that could be said to be transforming into sea snakes.
⑦And while they mimic, they hunt ─ producing the spectacle of, say, a flounder suddenly developing an octopodian arm, sticking it down a hole and grabbing whatever's hiding there.
①How much we suffer relates to how we frame the pain in our mind.
①우리가얼마나고통받는지는우리가고통을우리의마음에서어떻게구성하는지와관련된다.
②When 1500m runners push themselves into extreme pain to win a race ─ their muscles screaming and their lungs exploding with oxygen deficit, they don't psychologically suffer much.
③In fact, ultra-marathon runners ─ those people who are crazy enough to push themselves beyond the normal boundaries of human endurance, covering distances of 50-100km or more over many hours, talk about making friends with their pain.
④When a patient has paid for some form of passive back pain therapy and the practitioner pushes deeply into a painful part of a patient's back to mobilise it, the patient calls that good pain if he or she believes this type of deep pressure treatment will be of value, even though the practitioner is pushing right into the patient's sore tissues.
①When I worked for a large electronics company that manufactured laser andink-jetprinters, I soon discovered why there are often three versions of many consumer goods.
②If the manufacturer makes only one version of its product, people who bought it might have been willing to spend more money, so the company is losing some income.
③If the company offers two versions, one with more features and more expensive than the other, people will compare the two models and still buy the less expensive one.
④But if the company introduces a third model with even more features and more expensive than the other two, sales of the second model go up; many people like the features of the most expensive model, but not the price.
⑤The middle item has more features than the least expensive one, and it is less expensive than the fanciest model.
⑤중간제품은가장저렴한제품보다더많은기능이있고가장고급모델보다는덜비싸다.
⑥They buy the middle item, unaware that they have been manipulated by the presence of the higher-priced item.
⑥그들은자신이더비싼가격의제품의존재에의해조종되었다는것을알지못한채중간제품을구입한다.
[고1] 2024년10월– 34번:기후변화가기후소설장르에미치는영향예측
①On-screen, climate disaster is everywhere you look, but the scope of the world's climate transformation may just as quickly eliminate the climate-fiction genre ─ indeed eliminate any effort to tell the story of warming, which could grow too large and too obvious even for Hollywood.
⑦But when we can no longer pretend that climate suffering is distant ─ in time or in place ─ we will stop pretending about it and start pretending within it.
②That is one reason it is nevertheless distressing: an abundant resource made scarce through governmental neglect and indifference, bad infrastructure and contamination, and careless urbanization.
④Some cities lose more water to leaks than they deliver to homes: even in the United States, leaks and theft account for an estimated loss of 16 percent of freshwater; in Brazil, the estimate is 40 percent.
⑤Seen in both cases, as everywhere, the selective scarcity clearly highlights have-and-have-not inequities, leaving 2.1 billion people without safe drinking water and 4.5 billion without proper sanitation worldwide.
⑨And, crucially, they are meant to make that motivation feel like it is coming from within.
⑨그리고결정적으로그것들은그동기가내부에서나오고있는것처럼그것을느끼게만들도록되어있다.
⑩If we realized, on a conscious level, that we were responding to social pressure, our performance might come off as grudging or cynical, making it less persuasive.
①Conventional medicine has long believed that depression is caused by an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain.
①전통적인의학은우울증이뇌의신경전달물질의불균형으로인해발생한다고오랫동안믿어왔다.
②However, there is a major problem with this explanation.
②그러나이설명에는중대한문제가있다.
③This is because the imbalance of substances in the brain is a consequence of depression, not its cause.
③이것은왜냐하면뇌속물질의불균형은우울증의원인이아니라그것의결과이기때문이다.
④In other words, depression causes a decrease in brain substances such as serotonin and noradrenaline, not a decrease in brain substances causes depression.
⑤In this revised cause-and-effect, the key is to reframe depression as a problem of consciousness.
⑤이수정된인과관계에서,핵심은우울증을의식의문제로재구성하는것이다.
⑥Our consciousness is a more fundamental entity that goes beyond the functioning of the brain.
⑥우리의의식은뇌의기능을넘어서는보다근본적인실체이다.
⑦The brain is no more than an organ of consciousness.
⑦뇌는의식의기관에지나지않는다.
⑧If it is not consciousness itself, then the root cause of depression is also a distortion of our state of consciousness: a consciousness that has lost its sense of self and the meaning of life.
③It is the branch of science that is devoted to understanding people: how and why we act as we do; why we see things as we do; and how we interact with one another.
⑤Psychologists don't depend on opinions and hearsay, or the generally accepted views of society at the time, or even the considered opinions of deep thinkers.
⑥Instead, they look for evidence, to make sure that psychological ideas are firmly based, and not just derived from generally held beliefs or assumptions.
⑦In addition to this evidence-based approach, psychology deals with fundamental processes and principles that generate our rich cultural and social diversity, as well as those shared by all human beings.
⑥The organism may switch between a small number of well-defined possible states, but can't exist in random states in between them, rather as a ball in a rough landscape must roll to the bottom of one valley or another.
⑦We'll see that this is true also of health and disease: there are many causes of illness, but their manifestations at the physiological and symptomatic levels are often strikingly similar.
⑥In this case, his mother would be better adopting a different strategy.
⑥이경우에,그의어머니는다른전략을채택하는것이보다나을것이다.
⑦For instance, she could congratulate Hugh when he has not hit his brother for a certain length of time.
⑦예를들어그녀는Hugh가그의남동생을일정기간동안때리지않았을때그를자랑스러워해줄수있다.
⑧The mother clearly cannot allow the child to hit his little brother, but instead of constantly pointing out the negatives, she can choose to reward the positives.
⑨In this way, any parent can avoid trick-punishments.
⑨이렇게어느부모도트릭처벌을피할수있다.
⑩[Summary] A trick-punishment reinforces the unwanted behavior of a child, which implies that parents should focus on reducing the attention to negatives while rewarding positive behaviors.
⑥This was essential in our hunter-gatherer days to avoid being eaten by predators.
⑥이는우리의수렵채집시절에포식자에게잡아먹히는것을피하기위해필수적이었다.
⑦The anthropologist Stewart Guthrie made the point that survival in our evolutionary past meant that we interpret ambiguous objects as agents with human mental characteristics, as those are the mental processes which we understand.
⑤Unlike the cheerful and contented pandas around him, he desired to be distinctive, special, and unique.
⑤그의주위에있는명랑하고만족스러운판다들과달리그는특이하고특별하며독특해지기를갈망했다.
⑥Driven by the desire for uniqueness, the little panda sought inspiration from his distant cousin, a giant white panda covered with heavenly black patches.
