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[고3] 2024년 5월 모의고사 - 한줄해석
2024년도 5월 고3 영어 모의고사>의 한줄해석 자료 올립니다.설명문/실용문을 제외한 모든 지문을 포함했습니다. 자료는 PDF와 워드 파일 모두 올립니다. 지문 분석하거나 자료 제작하
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[고3] 2024년 5월 모의고사 - 한줄해석 (좌지문 우해석)
2024년도 5월 고3 영어 모의고사>의 한줄해석(좌지문 우해석) 자료 올립니다.설명문/실용문을 제외한 전지문 작업했습니다.PDF와 워드 파일 모두 올립니다. 필요에 따라 변형해서 사용하세
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[고3] 2024년 05월 – 18번: 영화 촬영 허가 요청서
My name is Rohan Kaul, the producer of the upcoming film 'Upagrah.' I am reaching out to you regarding a matter of importance concerning the shooting of some scenes for our film. We have identified Gulab Park, Mumbai, as an ideal location for these scenes. We are hoping to conduct this shoot on 3rd June 2024, from 1 p.m. to 6 p.m. We have chosen Monday for the shooting day to minimize traffic issues and disruption to the public. During the shoot, our team promises to follow all rules and regulations, ensuring no inconvenience is caused to the public. We would be so grateful if you granted permission for the shoot so that we can put the beautiful scenery of the park in our film. We look forward to your response.
Possible Titles:
1. Request for Film Shooting Permission at Gulab Park, Mumbai
2. Application to Shoot Key Film Scenes in Gulab Park on a Weekday
3. Rohan Kaul's Proposal for Filming 'Upagrah' in Gulab Park, Mumbai
4. Ensuring Minimal Public Disruption During Filming in Gulab Park
Main Idea #1:
Rohan Kaul seeks permission to shoot scenes for the film 'Upagrah' at Gulab Park in Mumbai.
Main Idea #2:
The producer Rohan Kaul plans to shoot important scenes for 'Upagrah' on a Monday at Gulab Park to reduce interference with public activities and traffic.
Summary:
Rohan Kaul, producer of 'Upagrah,' requests to film scenes at Gulab Park, Mumbai, on 3rd June 2024, promising minimal disruption by adhering to regulations and selecting a low-traffic day.
Key Points:
1. Rohan Kaul is the producer of the film 'Upagrah.'
2. The requested shooting location is Gulab Park, Mumbai.
3. Proposed shooting date and time: 3rd June 2024, from 1 p.m. to 6 p.m.
4. Commitment to follow all local rules and ensure public convenience.
[고3] 2024년 05월 – 19번: 잘못된 퀴즈로 인한 학생의 긴장 해소
Charles was taking a quiz in his math class. He stared at the questions, but they looked completely unfamiliar. Charles flipped through the pages of the quiz for a while. His palms grew sweaty as he realized that he didn't know a single answer. A moment later, a few other students began raising their hands. One said, "I don't think we ever learned about the stuff on this quiz, Mrs. Smith." The teacher quickly looked over a copy of the quiz and announced, "I'm sorry, class. It appears that I have given you the wrong quiz by mistake. We'll take the right quiz next class." As Charles heard what the teacher said, the tension in his shoulders began to melt away.
Possible Titles:
1. A Mix-Up in the Classroom: Charles' Experience with the Wrong Quiz
2. Mistaken Quiz Distribution Leads to Unexpected Classroom Confusion
3. The Relief of a Rescheduled Quiz After a Teacher's Mistake
4. Students Face Unfamiliar Questions Due to Incorrect Quiz Handout
Main Idea #1:
Charles experienced stress during a quiz when he realized the questions were unfamiliar.
Main Idea #2:
The teacher mistakenly handed out the wrong quiz, causing confusion among the students until she recognized and addressed the error.
Summary:
Charles felt anxious upon encountering unfamiliar quiz questions, but was relieved when the teacher acknowledged distributing the wrong quiz and postponed it to the next class.
Key Points:
1. Charles was initially confused and stressed by the unfamiliar quiz questions.
2. Other students also recognized that the quiz content was unfamiliar.
3. The teacher admitted to giving out the wrong quiz and decided to reschedule.
4. The situation resolved with plans to take the correct quiz in the next class.
[고3] 2024년 05월 – 20번: 중년의 연결 조직 부상에 대한 근육 훈련 권장
When you are middle-aged, the risk of connective tissue injuries peaks as decreased load tolerance combines with continued high activity levels. The path of least resistance is to stop doing the things that hurt ― avoid uncomfortable movements and find easier forms of exercise. However, that's the exact opposite of what you should do. There is a path forward. But it doesn't involve following the typical pain management advice of rest, ice, and medicine, which multiple reviews have shown is not effective for treating age-related joint pain and dysfunction. These methods do nothing more than treat superficial symptoms. The only practical solution is to strengthen your body with muscle training. Whether you've been training for a few years or a few decades, or haven't ever stepped foot in the weight room, it's not too late to restore your body, build real strength, and achieve your physical potential.
Possible Titles:
1. Overcoming Age-Related Connective Tissue Injuries with Strength Training
2. The Importance of Muscle Training for Managing Middle-Aged Joint Pain
3. Why Rest and Medication Fall Short in Treating Age-Related Joint Issues
4. Building Strength to Restore Function and Reduce Pain in Middle Age
Main Idea #1:
Middle-aged individuals face increased risks of connective tissue injuries due to decreased load tolerance and ongoing activity.
Main Idea #2:
Rather than avoiding activity, the effective solution for age-related joint pain and dysfunction is to engage in muscle training to strengthen the body.
Summary:
Middle-aged adults experiencing joint pain should prioritize muscle training over traditional pain management methods like rest and medication, which often fail to address the root cause of their symptoms.
Key Points:
1. Connective tissue injuries peak in middle age due to reduced tolerance for physical loads.
2. Traditional pain management techniques are largely ineffective for age-related joint issues.
3. Strength training is crucial for rebuilding strength and improving joint function.
4. It is never too late to start muscle training, regardless of previous experience.
[고3] 2024년 05월 – 21번: 눈을 통한 시각적 인식의 메커니즘 설명
Turn the lights out and point the beam of a small flashlight up into one of your eyes. Shake the beam around while moving your gaze up and down. You should catch glimpses of what look like delicate branches. These branches are shadows of the blood vessels that lie on top of your retina. The vessels constantly cast shadows as light streams into the eye, but because these shadows never move, the brain ceases responding to them. Moving the flashlight beam around shifts the shadows just enough to make them momentarily visible. Now you might wonder if you could cause an image to fade just by staring at something unmoving. But that is not possible because the visual system constantly jiggles the eye muscles, which prevents the perfect stabilization of images of the world. These muscle movements are unbelievably small, but their effect is huge. Without them, we would go blind by tuning out what we see shortly after fixating our gaze! It's an interesting notion: Approximate perfection is better than perfect perfection.
Possible Titles:
1. Exploring the Visual Phenomenon of Retinal Blood Vessel Shadows
2. How Tiny Eye Movements Prevent Visual Fade and Maintain Perception
3. The Role of Eye Muscle Jiggles in Continuous Visual Awareness
4. Uncovering the Invisible: How Blood Vessel Shadows Impact Vision
Main Idea #1:
Shining a flashlight into the eye reveals normally unseen shadows of retinal blood vessels, illustrating an unusual visual phenomenon.
Main Idea #2:
The constant, minute jiggles of eye muscles prevent images from fading by continuously adjusting the retina’s exposure to visual stimuli.
Summary:
Using a flashlight to manipulate eye lighting can reveal the shadowy outlines of retinal blood vessels, showcasing how subtle eye movements are crucial in preventing the visual system from tuning out static images.
Key Points:
1. Flashlight manipulation reveals shadows of retinal blood vessels, normally invisible.
2. The brain ignores these shadows under normal lighting due to their stability.
3. Micro-movements of eye muscles prevent images from fading out.
4. These tiny adjustments ensure continuous visual perception and prevent sensory adaptation.
[고3] 2024년 05월 – 22번: 경제적 이익과 야생 보호 간의 대립
Most opposition to wilderness preservation doesn't come from environmentalists but from corporate interests and developers. When wild places are designated as wilderness, they are closed to most commercial activities and residential or infrastructure development. There is thus frequently an economic cost to wilderness preservation. Some critics claim that when wilderness and economic interests clash, economic interests should normally prevail. This argument, even if it is sound, won't exclude all wilderness preservation efforts, because some wilderness areas have little economic value. But a deeper problem with the argument is that it views nature from a human-focused and excessively economic point of view. Allowing economic considerations to outweigh all other forms of value is inconsistent with the biocentric reasons that support wilderness preservation. Thus, while it certainly makes sense to weigh the economic costs of wilderness protection, especially when such costs are high, the biocentric values underlying wilderness preservation exclude viewing economic considerations as the most important.
Possible Titles:
1. The Conflict Between Economic Interests and Wilderness Preservation
2. Reevaluating the Role of Economic Value in Wilderness Protection Efforts
3. Beyond Economics: Embracing Biocentric Values in Wilderness Preservation
4. The Limitations of an Economic Perspective on Nature and Wilderness
Main Idea #1:
Opposition to wilderness preservation primarily stems from corporate interests and developers rather than environmentalists, due to restrictions on commercial activities.
Main Idea #2:
While economic considerations are important in wilderness preservation debates, they should not overshadow the biocentric values that fundamentally justify protecting these areas.
Summary:
Critics often prioritize economic interests in wilderness preservation debates, but this approach overlooks the biocentric values essential to the concept of wilderness, which argue against reducing nature to mere economic resource.
Key Points:
1. Corporate and development interests are the main opponents of wilderness preservation.
2. Wilderness areas are often restricted from commercial exploitation, causing economic debates.
3. Economic perspectives are challenged by biocentric values that prioritize nature's intrinsic worth.
4. While economic impacts are a valid consideration, they should not dominate preservation decisions.
[고3] 2024년 05월 – 23번: 카페인 섭취가 뇌 화학에 미치는 영향
During the day, a molecule called adenosine builds up in your brain. Adenosine binds with receptors on nerve cells, or neurons, slowing down their activity and making you feel drowsy. But caffeine is also able to bind with these receptors, and by doing so it blocks adenosine's effect, making your neurons fire more and keeping you alert. Caffeine also activates a gland at the base of your brain. This releases hormones that tell the adrenal glands on your kidneys to produce adrenaline, causing your heart to beat faster and your blood pressure to rise. If, however, your daily caffeine intake is consistent, your brain will adapt to it. Your brain is like, 'Okay, every morning I'm getting this caffeine that's binding to these receptors and blocking adenosine from binding to them.' So your brain creates extra receptors to give adenosine more of an opportunity to bind with them and have its usual effect. And more adenosine is also produced to counteract the caffeine. That's why it takes more and more caffeine to have the same effect.
Possible Titles:
1. The Interplay of Caffeine, Adenosine, and Brain Adaptation: How Alertness is Maintained
2. Understanding Caffeine’s Mechanism of Action and Its Effects on Brain Chemistry
3. The Science Behind Caffeine Tolerance: Adenosine Receptors and Neuronal Activity
4. How Caffeine Works to Keep You Alert and How the Brain Adapts Over Time
Main Idea #1:
Caffeine keeps you alert by binding to adenosine receptors in the brain, blocking the drowsiness-inducing effects of adenosine.
Main Idea #2:
With consistent caffeine intake, the brain adapts by creating more adenosine receptors and producing more adenosine, which diminishes caffeine's effectiveness and increases tolerance.
Summary:
Caffeine blocks the effects of adenosine, a molecule that induces drowsiness, by binding to its receptors, which keeps you alert. Over time, consistent caffeine consumption leads the brain to compensate by increasing adenosine receptors and production, necessitating higher doses of caffeine for the same alertness effect.
Key Points:
1. Adenosine accumulates during the day, promoting sleepiness by slowing neuronal activity.
2. Caffeine competes with adenosine for the same receptors, preventing drowsiness and increasing alertness.
3. Caffeine stimulates the production of adrenaline, raising heart rate and blood pressure.
4. Regular caffeine use leads to increased adenosine receptors and production, reducing its effectiveness and requiring higher consumption for the same alertness.
[고3] 2024년 05월 – 24번: 대양의 푸른색 발생 원인 설명
When viewed from space, one of the Earth's most commanding features is the blueness of its vast oceans. Small amounts of water do not indicate the color of these large bodies of water; when pure drinking water is examined in a glass, it appears clear and colorless. Apparently a relatively large volume of water is required to reveal the blue color. Why is this so? When light penetrates water, it experiences both absorption and scattering. Water molecules strongly absorb infrared and, to a lesser degree, red light. At the same time, water molecules are small enough to scatter shorter wavelengths, giving water its blue-green color. The amount of long-wavelength absorption is a function of depth; the deeper the water, the more red light is absorbed. At a depth of 15m, the intensity of red light drops to 25% of its original value and falls to zero beyond a depth of 30m. Any object viewed at this depth is seen in a blue-green light. For this reason, red inhabitants of the sea, such as lobsters and crabs, appear black to divers not carrying a lamp.
Possible Titles:
1. Exploring the Blue Color of the Ocean: Absorption and Scattering of Light in Water
2. Why the Ocean Appears Blue: The Role of Light Penetration and Wavelength Absorption
3. The Science Behind Ocean Color: Light Absorption and Scattering at Various Depths
4. Understanding the Depth-Dependent Color Changes in the Ocean's Waters
Main Idea #1:
The blue color of the ocean is primarily due to the absorption of longer wavelengths and the scattering of shorter wavelengths by water molecules.
Main Idea #2:
In deep waters, red light is absorbed more efficiently, diminishing in intensity with depth, which affects how colors are perceived underwater.
Summary:
The vast blue appearance of the ocean from space results from selective light absorption and scattering by water molecules, which absorb red and infrared light while scattering shorter, blue-green wavelengths. Deeper water intensifies this effect, causing red light to weaken significantly, which alters the apparent color of objects submerged at depth.
Key Points:
1. Small volumes of water appear clear, while larger bodies exhibit a blue color due to the volume required for effective light absorption and scattering.
2. Water molecules absorb infrared and red light, but scatter blue-green wavelengths, giving the ocean its characteristic color.
3. The absorption of red light increases with water depth, diminishing its intensity and influencing how submerged objects are perceived.
4. At significant depths, red sea creatures appear black unless illuminated by an artificial light source.
[고3] 2024년 05월 – 25번: 세대별 챗봇 플랫폼 선호도 차이
The above graph shows the percentage of preferable chatbot platforms by age categorized by Generation Z, Millennials, and Generation X. Millennials and Generation X had the highest percentage of respondents who preferred Desktop Websites while Generation Z had the highest percentage for Messenger Apps. In Generation Z, the percentage of respondents who preferred Mobile Apps was more than twice that of those who preferred Voice Assistant Devices. Messenger Apps was the only platform where the percentage of respondents' preference for it sank lower and lower from Generation Z, to Millennials, to Generation X. The percentage point gap between Millennial and Generation X respondents who preferred Mobile Apps was larger than the percentage point gap between the same two groups for Voice Assistant Devices. The percentage of respondents who preferred Mobile Websites was the lowest in all the age groups.
Possible Titles:
1. Generational Preferences for Chatbot Platforms: A Comparative Analysis
2. Trends in Chatbot Platform Preferences Across Generation Z, Millennials, and Generation X
3. The Shift in Chatbot Usage: From Desktop to Mobile and Messenger Apps Among Different Generations
4. Analyzing the Decline in Messenger App Preferences from Generation Z to Generation X
Main Idea #1:
Millennials and Generation X show a strong preference for desktop websites, whereas Generation Z favors messenger apps.
Main Idea #2:
While messenger apps are most popular with Generation Z, their preference drops markedly among older generations, showing a clear generational divide in chatbot platform choices.
Summary:
The preferences for chatbot platforms vary significantly by age, with Millennials and Generation X opting for desktop websites, and Generation Z preferring messenger apps. The use of mobile apps is notably higher in Generation Z than voice assistant devices, and messenger app preference decreases progressively with older generations. Among all age groups, mobile websites are the least favored option.
Key Points:
1. Desktop websites are the preferred chatbot platform for Millennials and Generation X.
2. Generation Z predominantly prefers messenger apps over other platforms.
3. The preference for messenger apps decreases with each older generation.
4. Mobile apps are more popular among Generation Z compared to voice assistants, which are less favored.
5. Mobile websites have the lowest preference rate across all generations.
[고3] 2024년 05월 – 26번: José Saramago의 문학적 경력과 영향
José Saramago was born in 1922 to a family of farmers in a little village north of Lisbon. For financial reasons he abandoned his high-school studies and worked as a mechanic. At this time, he acquired a taste for reading and started to frequent a public library in Lisbon in his free time. After trying different jobs in the civil service, he worked for a publishing company for twelve years and then as an editor of the newspaper 'Diario de Noticias.' Between 1975 and 1980 Saramago supported himself as a translator, but after his literary successes in the 1980s he devoted himself to his own writing. He achieved worldwide recognition in 1982 with the humorous love story Baltasar and Blimunda, a novel set in 18th-century Portugal. Saramago's oeuvre totals 30 works, and comprises not only novels but also poetry, essays and drama.
Possible Titles:
1. José Saramago: From Mechanic to Internationally Acclaimed Author
2. The Evolution of José Saramago: Early Struggles to Literary Stardom
3. The Life and Works of José Saramago: Portugal's Literary Treasure
4. From Humble Beginnings to Literary Greatness: The Journey of José Saramago
Main Idea #1:
José Saramago rose from a modest upbringing to become a celebrated writer, initially working as a mechanic and later devoting himself to writing after various jobs.
Main Idea #2:
Saramago gained international fame with his novel "Baltasar and Blimunda," which marked a turning point in his career, leading him to focus solely on his literary pursuits.
Summary:
José Saramago, born in a small village north of Lisbon in 1922, transitioned from a mechanic to a globally recognized author. He explored different vocations before achieving literary success with "Baltasar and Blimunda" in 1982. His diverse body of work, totaling 30 publications including novels, poetry, essays, and drama, reflects his profound impact on literature.
Key Points:
1. Born to a farming family in 1922, José Saramago faced early financial hardships that led him to drop out of high school.
2. He developed a passion for reading while working as a mechanic and visiting a public library in Lisbon.
3. Saramago held various jobs, including working in civil service and publishing, before dedicating himself to writing.
4. His breakthrough came with the novel "Baltasar and Blimunda," after which he focused entirely on writing.
5. Saramago's extensive oeuvre includes novels, poetry, essays, and drama, showcasing his versatility as a writer.
[고3] 2024년 05월 – 29번: 새로운 병원균의 적응과 전파 과정
When a new pathogen emerges, one way it transitions from wherever it has been living into a new host may be the acquisition of new traits. Imagine that in its hourly struggle to survive over long periods of time and many generations, a fungus species might acquire a protective capsule ― a bit of coating ― that shields it or even masks it from other microbes or cells. Then it acquires some enzymes that enable it to survive whatever chemicals other microbes might throw at it. If it can overcome these chemicals, it may also overcome the same or similar chemicals used as antifungal drugs. Maybe it also evolves to tolerate warmer temperatures. Now we've got a yeast that once made its home in an apple tree or in a wetland but that at this point can live quite happily in our body, hide from our immune system, and disarm our drugs. Then some of us carry it from one country to another and then another, and eventually it finds a host in a hospital patient who has recently received an organ transplant or is elderly with a weakened immune system.
Possible Titles:
1. The Evolutionary Journey of Pathogens from Nature to Human Hosts
2. Adapting to Survive: How Pathogens Develop Traits for Host Transition
3. The Emergence of Drug-Resistant Pathogens Through Natural Adaptations
4. From Environmental Niches to Human Hosts: The Adaptation of Yeast Pathogens
Main Idea #1:
Pathogens like certain fungi can acquire new traits such as protective coatings and enzymes to survive environmental challenges and antimicrobial substances.
Main Idea #2:
Through evolutionary adaptations, these pathogens become capable of living in human hosts, evading the immune system, and resisting antifungal drugs, posing significant risks especially in vulnerable populations.
Summary:
Pathogens evolve over time, gaining traits that allow them to survive harsh conditions and resist antimicrobial drugs, which can enable them to infect and thrive in human hosts, including those with compromised immune systems, such as hospital patients or the elderly.
Key Points:
1. Pathogens acquire protective traits and enzymes that help them survive environmental and chemical challenges.
2. These adaptations can also make pathogens resistant to drugs used in medical treatment.
3. Originally non-human pathogens can evolve to live in human bodies and evade immune defenses.
4. Global travel can spread such pathogens, leading to infections in vulnerable populations like transplant recipients or the elderly.
[고3] 2024년 05월 – 30번: 감정이 기억 형성에 미치는 영향
Memory is shaped by emotions connected to an experience. For this reason, inaccuracies often hide the full picture of what happened. For example, a company might decide to hire a consultant to assist with a major project. During this project, the consultant demonstrated some personality traits that clashed with a couple of the executives involved. Through the course of the project, they were able to put aside the personality conflicts in order to see their vision become a reality. Ultimately, the project was a success, enabling the company to move forward and profit. At a later date, the company, remembering the previous success, expressed an interest in hiring the same consultant for another large project. The executives who struggled with his personality last time may most vividly remember their difficulty in overcoming his personality and related emotions. In this case, the success of the project fades into the background as they focus on their previous experience, colored by their feelings of discomfort. As a result, they convince the company to exclude the consultant, making project completion more difficult.
Possible Titles:
1. The Impact of Emotional Memory on Professional Decisions and Project Outcomes
2. How Emotions Influence Memory Recall in Business Environments
3. The Role of Emotional Experiences in Shaping Business Decision-Making
4. Navigating Personality Conflicts in the Workplace: A Case Study on Memory Bias
Main Idea #1:
Emotions linked to experiences can significantly influence memory recall, potentially leading to biased decision-making in professional settings.
Main Idea #2:
In the case of hiring a consultant, previous conflicts overshadowed memories of project success, affecting future hiring decisions and possibly hindering project completion.
Summary:
Emotionally charged memories, such as the discomfort from personality clashes with a consultant, can overshadow the success of past collaborations, influencing future business decisions negatively and complicating project executions.
Key Points:
1. Emotional experiences can shape and sometimes distort the memory of events in a business context.
2. Successful outcomes may be overshadowed by negative interpersonal memories, affecting future decisions.
3. In the given scenario, past personality conflicts with a consultant led executives to focus on negative aspects, despite previous project success.
4. This selective memory recall resulted in the decision not to rehire the consultant, complicating the completion of a new project.
[고3] 2024년 05월 – 31번: 색상의 사회적 의미와 규제
As colors came to take on meanings and cultural significance within societies, attempts were made to restrict their use. The most extreme example of this phenomenon was the sumptuary laws. While these were passed in ancient Greece and Rome, and examples can be found in ancient China and Japan, they found their fullest expressions in Europe from the mid-twelfth century, before slowly disappearing in the early modern period. Such laws could touch on anything from diet to dress and furnishings, and sought to enforce social boundaries by encoding the social classes into a clear visual system: the peasants, in other words, should eat and dress like peasants; craftsmen should eat and dress like craftsmen. Color was a vital signifier in this social language ― dull, earthy colors like russet were explicitly confined to the poorest rural peasants, while bright ones like scarlet were the preserve of a select few.
Possible Titles:
1. The Role of Color in Enforcing Social Hierarchies Through Sumptuary Laws
2. Color and Class: The Impact of Sumptuary Laws on Social Stratification
3. Historical Uses of Color to Define Social Boundaries and Class Distinctions
4. Sumptuary Laws: How Colors Signified Social Status from Ancient Times to the Early Modern Period
Main Idea #1:
Sumptuary laws utilized color as a key element to enforce social boundaries, dictating what colors different social classes could wear or display.
Main Idea #2:
These laws, peaking in Europe during the medieval period, regulated not only clothing but also diet and furnishings to maintain a clear visual distinction between social classes.
Summary:
Sumptuary laws historically used color to enforce social hierarchies, restricting vibrant colors like scarlet to the elite, while confining peasants to earthy tones. These regulations extended beyond attire to include diet and home decor, clearly delineating social classes through visual means.
Key Points:
1. Sumptuary laws were used to enforce social boundaries by controlling the use of color in clothing and other aspects of life.
2. These laws were prevalent in ancient Greece, Rome, China, Japan, and notably in medieval Europe.
3. Colors played a critical role in these laws, with bright colors reserved for the upper classes and dull colors for the lower classes.
4. The laws also regulated other aspects of daily life, such as diet and furnishings, to maintain visual distinctions between classes.
[고3] 2024년 05월 – 32번: 뇌가 외부 세계를 인식하는 방식
John Douglas Pettigrew, a professor of psychology at the University of Queensland, found that the brain manages the external world by dividing it into separate regions, the peripersonal and the extrapersonal ― basically, near and far. Peripersonal space includes whatever is in arm's reach; things you can control right now by using your hands. This is the world of what's real, right now. Extrapersonal space refers to everything else ― whatever you can't touch unless you move beyond your arm's reach, whether it's three feet or three million miles away. This is the realm of possibility. With those definitions in place, another fact follows, obvious but useful: any interaction in the extrapersonal space must occur in the future. Or, to put it another way, distance is linked to time. For instance, if you're in the mood for a peach, but the closest one is sitting in a bin at the corner market, you can't enjoy it now. You can only enjoy it in the future, after you go get it.
Possible Titles:
1. Understanding the Brain's Division of the World: Peripersonal and Extrapersonal Spaces
2. The Psychological Concepts of Near and Far: Insights from John Douglas Pettigrew
3. Spatial Divisions in the Brain: Immediate Realities and Distant Possibilities
4. How Distance Influences Perception and Interaction: A Psychological Perspective
Main Idea #1:
John Douglas Pettigrew discovered that the brain categorizes the external world into peripersonal (near) and extrapersonal (far) spaces, determining how we interact with our environment.
Main Idea #2:
This spatial division implies that anything within the extrapersonal space, or beyond immediate reach, involves future interactions, linking distance directly to time.
Summary:
John Douglas Pettigrew's research shows that the brain divides the world into peripersonal and extrapersonal spaces, the former being within arm's reach and the latter beyond it. This division highlights that interactions with distant objects or events, located in the extrapersonal space, are inherently linked to future actions.
Key Points:
1. Peripersonal space includes everything within arm's reach, directly controllable and tangible in the present.
2. Extrapersonal space encompasses all that lies beyond immediate reach, requiring movement and planning to interact.
3. The brain's spatial division reflects how we perceive and interact with our environment, affecting our psychological and physical responses.
4. The concept that interactions in extrapersonal space must occur in the future underscores the relationship between distance and time.
[고3] 2024년 05월 – 33번: 곤충을 잡는 식충식물의 독특한 메커니즘
Insect-eating plants' unique strategies for catching live prey have long captured the public imagination. But even within this strange group, in which food-trapping mechanisms have evolved multiple times independently, some unusual ones stand out. According to Ulrike Bauer, an evolutionary biologist, the visually striking pitcher plant Nepenthes gracilis, for example, can exploit external energy for a purpose. This species' pitcher has a rigid, horizontal lid with an exposed underside that produces nectar, luring insects to land on it. When a raindrop strikes the lid's top, the lid jolts downward and throws any unsuspecting visitor into digestive juices below. Researchers used x-ray scans to analyze cross sections of the pitchers when the lid is raised, lowered, and in a neutral position. Their results revealed a structural weak point in the pitcher's neck: when a raindrop hits the lid, the weak spot folds in and forces the lid to quickly move downward, similar to a diving board. The weak point makes the pitcher's body bend and bounce back in a specific, consistent way, so the lid rises back up without bouncing too far ― unlike a typical leaf's chaotic vibration when struck by rain.
Possible Titles:
1. The Ingenious Trap Mechanism of Nepenthes gracilis: Utilizing Raindrops as a Catalyst
2. Evolutionary Innovation in Carnivorous Plants: How Nepenthes gracilis Catches Its Prey
3. Rain-Triggered Prey Capture in the Pitcher Plant Nepenthes gracilis
4. Harnessing External Forces: The Unique Prey-Capturing Strategy of Nepenthes gracilis
Main Idea #1:
Nepenthes gracilis, a type of pitcher plant, has evolved a unique mechanism that uses the energy from raindrops to capture insects by causing its lid to snap shut.
Main Idea #2:
The plant's lid acts like a diving board, with a structural weak point that folds when hit by a raindrop, propelling unsuspecting insects into the pitcher for digestion.
Summary:
Nepenthes gracilis, a pitcher plant, exploits raindrops to catch prey by having a specialized lid that snaps shut when struck. Researchers discovered a weak point in the plant's structure that allows this rapid motion, efficiently trapping insects without excessive bouncing or vibration.
Key Points:
1. Nepenthes gracilis attracts insects with nectar on its horizontal lid.
2. The plant’s lid snaps shut when a raindrop hits, throwing insects into the digestive juices below.
3. X-ray scans reveal a structural weak point that facilitates this quick lid movement.
4. This mechanism is highly efficient, avoiding the chaotic vibrations typical of other leaves when impacted by rain.
[고3] 2024년 05월 – 34번: 어류의 자체 발광 기능과 생존 전략
Many fish generate their own light in a biological firework display called bioluminescence. The lanternfish creates beams that sweep the sea like headlamps. The dragonfish produces wavelengths that only it can see, leaving its victims unaware of the approaching threat. In contrast, the anglerfish hopes its prey will notice and be lured toward its rod-like bioluminescent barbel; its fierce jaws stay hidden in the shadows. Bioluminescence is also used to frustrate predators. A species from the spookfish family relies on a bellyful of symbiotic, glowing bacteria to save it from becoming a meal. It uses the same concept developed by the US Navy during World War II to make bomber aircraft difficult to see. Just as Project Yehudi designed planes with under-wing spotlights, the fish's glowing belly conceals its silhouette against sunlight to hide it from watching eyes below. In this fish-eat-fish world, survival is a game of hide-and-seek that prioritizes the sense of sight.
Possible Titles:
1. The Art of Illumination: Bioluminescence in Marine Life for Predation and Defense
2. Natural Glow: How Marine Species Use Bioluminescence for Survival
3. Bioluminescent Tactics: Defensive and Offensive Strategies in Deep Sea Creatures
4. The Role of Bioluminescence in Marine Predator-Prey Dynamics
Main Idea #1:
Many fish species employ bioluminescence, creating their own light for various survival strategies, including predation and defense against predators.
Main Idea #2:
Bioluminescence is used by different species to either attract prey or camouflage themselves from predators, demonstrating its versatility as a survival tool in the ocean's depths.
Summary:
Bioluminescence serves as a critical survival tool in marine ecosystems, allowing species like lanternfish, dragonfish, and anglerfish to either hunt or hide. This natural phenomenon is adapted for offense in some species by attracting unsuspecting prey, while others use it defensively, mimicking wartime camouflage techniques to avoid predators.
Key Points:
1. Lanternfish use bioluminescence like headlamps to illuminate the deep sea and spot prey.
2. Dragonfish produce unique light wavelengths that are invisible to other species, making it a stealthy predator.
3. Anglerfish attract prey with a glowing lure, while hiding their dangerous jaws in the darkness.
4. Spookfish use glowing bacteria in their bellies to camouflage themselves against the light from above, similar to military counter-illumination tactics.
[고3] 2024년 05월 – 35번: 인류의 공통 조상과 생존 경쟁
The human race traces back to a surprisingly small number of common ancestors. It has been documented that the entire human race can be traced back to only seven different mothers, and one of these women is a common ancestor to roughly 40% of the human species. Why is this? The simple answer is that humans are extremely good at dying and at wiping each other out. History has had many successful rulers and conquerors who have got rid of entire populations, and even beyond that, our species has wiped out plenty of similar humanoid lines that existed on this earth. Scientific finds have so far discovered a number of other humanoid species that once shared the earth with us, some of which include Neanderthals and Denisovans. Yet of these lines, only homo sapiens have survived, only the modern humans. That itself shows how difficult it is for a species to survive and thrive long-term on this planet.
Possible Titles:
1. The Genetic Bottlenecks and Ancestral Roots of Modern Humans
2. Tracing Humanity: From Seven Mothers to Global Domination
3. Survival of the Fittest: How Homo Sapiens Outlasted Other Humanoids
4. The Remarkable Resilience and Ruthlessness of Human Ancestors
Main Idea #1:
Humanity's lineage can be traced back to a surprisingly small group of ancestors, including seven maternal progenitors, with one woman being an ancestor to a significant portion of today's population.
Main Idea #2:
The dominance of Homo sapiens over other humanoid species, such as Neanderthals and Denisovans, highlights the harsh realities of survival and competition that have characterized human history.
Summary:
The human race originates from a small number of maternal ancestors, with extensive evidence suggesting one woman is a common ancestor to about 40% of all humans. This genetic bottleneck reflects the harsh history of human survival, where many other humanoid species were wiped out, leaving only Homo sapiens to continue the lineage.
Key Points:
1. Genetic studies have identified that all humans share a remarkably small number of common maternal ancestors.
2. One of these ancestors is particularly significant, contributing genetically to 40% of the modern human population.
3. Historical patterns of conquest and extinction have played a crucial role in shaping the current human gene pool.
4. Homo sapiens are the sole survivors among several humanoid species that once inhabited Earth, emphasizing the harsh conditions and competitive nature of human evolution.
[고3] 2024년 05월 – 36번: 시간 여행의 개념에 대한 철학적 탐구
Philosophers who seek to understand the nature of time might consider the possibility of time travel. But there are no real-life cases of time travel. In situations such as this, philosophers often construct thought experiments ―imagined scenarios that bring out the thoughts and presuppositions underlying people's judgments. Sometimes these scenarios are drawn from books, movies, and television. Other times, philosophers just make up their own scenarios. Either way, the point is to put such concepts to the test. In the case of time travel, for example, a common thought experiment is to imagine what would happen if you went back in time and found yourself in a position to interfere in such a way that you were never born. It seems that something must happen to prevent you from doing this, because if you were to succeed, you would not exist and so you would not have been able to go back in time. As a result of thinking through these sorts of cases, some philosophers claim that the very notion of time travel makes no sense.
Possible Titles:
1. Exploring the Paradoxes of Time Travel Through Philosophical Thought Experiments
2. The Logical Conundrums of Time Travel: A Philosophical Inquiry
3. Time Travel in Philosophy: Examining the Grandfather Paradox
4. Testing the Boundaries of Time Travel with Thought Experiments
Main Idea #1:
Philosophers use thought experiments to explore the theoretical possibility of time travel and the logical problems associated with it.
Main Idea #2:
A common philosophical scenario involves the paradox where time travelers might prevent their own existence, leading some philosophers to question the coherence of time travel as a concept.
Summary:
Philosophers utilize thought experiments, including hypothetical scenarios drawn from popular culture or their own imaginations, to probe the complexities and paradoxes of time travel. One notable experiment involves the contradiction of altering past events in such a way that the time traveler never exists, challenging the logical possibility of time travel itself.
Key Points:
1. Philosophers employ thought experiments to understand and test the concept of time travel.
2. Scenarios often involve altering past events with significant personal consequences, such as preventing one's own birth.
3. These experiments reveal inherent logical contradictions, such as the impossibility of performing an action in the past that would negate the traveler's future existence.
4. The examination of these paradoxes often leads philosophers to conclude that time travel might be conceptually flawed.
[고3] 2024년 05월 – 37번: 수면 중 감각 정보의 차단 과정
A universal indicator of sleep is the loss of external awareness. You are no longer conscious of all that surrounds you, at least not explicitly. In actual fact, your ears are still 'hearing'; your eyes, though closed, are still capable of 'seeing.' All these signals still flood into the center of your brain while you sleep, but they are blocked by a perceptual barricade set up in a structure called the thalamus. The thalamus decides which sensory signals are allowed through its gate, and which are not. Should they be granted its permission to pass, they are sent to the cortex at the top of your brain, where they are consciously perceived. By locking its gates shut, the thalamus imposes a sensory blackout in the brain, preventing onward travel of those signals to the cortex. As a result, you are no longer consciously aware of the information broadcasts being transmitted from your outer sense organs. At this moment, your brain has lost waking contact with the outside world. Said another way, you are now asleep.
Possible Titles:
1. How the Thalamus Controls Sensory Input During Sleep
2. The Role of the Thalamus in Sensory Processing and Sleep Awareness
3. Understanding the Mechanism of Sensory Blackout in Sleep
4. The Thalamus: Gatekeeper of Conscious Awareness in Sleep
Main Idea #1:
During sleep, the thalamus acts as a gatekeeper by selectively blocking sensory signals from reaching the cortex, resulting in a loss of external awareness.
Main Idea #2:
This sensory blockade ensures that although the brain continues to receive inputs from the senses, these do not reach the consciousness, thereby maintaining the state of sleep.
Summary:
In sleep, the thalamus prevents sensory signals from passing to the cortex, effectively cutting off conscious awareness of the external world. This mechanism ensures that, despite ongoing sensory activity, the brain remains detached from waking perceptions and fully engaged in the sleep state.
Key Points:
1. Loss of external awareness is a key indicator of sleep, characterized by a sensory blackout.
2. The thalamus plays a crucial role by filtering sensory information received during sleep.
3. Only signals approved by the thalamus are forwarded to the cortex for conscious perception.
4. By blocking most sensory inputs, the thalamus helps maintain the unconscious state necessary for sleep.
[고3] 2024년 05월 – 38번: 윤리적 의사결정에서의 감정적 요소
Emotional response to the world is an inherent part of ethics. In ethics, appeals to compassion and empathy can and should be part of rational arguments about ethical decisions. Moreover, the best practices of objectivity often combine partiality and impartiality. In a trial, the partiality of the prosecutor and the defense attorney (and the parties they represent) occurs within a larger impartial context. A judge or jury puts partial arguments to the test of objective evidence and to the impartial rules of law. Ideally, what is fair and objective emerges during a trial where partialities make their case and are judged by objective norms. The norms of objectivity were constructed not because their creators thought most humans could be 'empty' of bias. The reverse is true: the norms were constructed because of an acute awareness of human bias, because it is evident. Rather than conclude that objectivity is impossible because bias is universal, scientists, journalists, and others concluded the opposite: we biased humans need the discipline of objectivity to reduce the ineliminable presence of bias.
Possible Titles:
1. The Role of Emotional Intelligence in Ethical Decision-Making
2. Balancing Partiality and Impartiality in Ethical Judgments
3. The Construct of Objectivity in Response to Human Bias
4. Ethics, Emotions, and Objectivity: A Framework for Rational Decisions
Main Idea #1:
Emotional responses such as compassion and empathy are integral to forming rational ethical arguments and decisions.
Main Idea #2:
Objectivity in ethics is achieved by acknowledging and balancing both partial and impartial elements, as seen in legal trials where objective norms assess partial arguments.
Summary:
Ethical decision-making incorporates both emotional responses and objectivity, acknowledging human bias while striving for impartiality. In legal contexts, the interplay of partiality and impartiality helps reveal what is fair through the application of objective norms, demonstrating that objectivity is necessary despite inherent biases.
Key Points:
1. Compassion and empathy are essential components of ethical reasoning, complementing rational analysis.
2. Objectivity in ethics involves a synthesis of partial and impartial perspectives to achieve fairness.
3. Legal trials exemplify how objective evidence and impartial laws assess partial arguments from opposing sides.
4. The norms of objectivity were developed not from an unrealistic expectation of bias-free humans but from a recognition of the ubiquity of bias and the need for a systematic approach to mitigate it.
[고3] 2024년 05월 – 39번: 고양이의 야간 시력과 생물학적 적응
The fact that cats' eyes glow in the dark is part of their enhanced light-gathering efficiency; there is a reflective layer behind the retina, so light can hit the retina when it enters the eye, or when it is reflected from behind the retina. Light that manages to miss the retina exits the eye and creates that ghostly glow. When cats' light-gathering ability is combined with the very large population of rods in their eyes, the result is a predator that can see exceptionally well in the dark. Cats 'pay' for this nighttime accuracy with less accurate daytime vision and an inability to focus on close objects. This may seem counterproductive; what is the point of seeing a mouse in the dark if, in that final, close moment, the cat can't focus on it? Tactile information comes into play at this time; cats can move their whiskers forward and use them to get information about objects within the grasp of their jaws. So the next time you see a cat seeming to nap in the bright sunlight, eyes half-closed, remember that it may simply be shielding its retina from a surplus of light.
Possible Titles:
1. The Science Behind Cats' Night Vision and Its Trade-offs
2. How Cats See: Nighttime Predators with Compromised Day Vision
3. The Dual Nature of Feline Vision: Superior Night Sight at a Cost
4. Understanding the Mechanisms and Limitations of Cat Vision
Main Idea #1:
Cats' eyes contain a reflective layer behind the retina which enhances their ability to gather light, enabling them to see exceptionally well in the dark.
Main Idea #2:
While cats excel in nighttime vision due to their eye structure and a high density of rods, they experience less accurate vision in daylight and difficulty focusing on close objects.
Summary:
Cats have evolved to have excellent night vision, supported by a reflective layer behind the retina and numerous rods in their eyes, which allows them to see in low light. However, this adaptation comes at the cost of less precise vision during the day and difficulty focusing on nearby objects, which they compensate for using their whiskers to gather tactile information.
Key Points:
1. Cats' eyes have a reflective layer called the tapetum lucidum that enhances night vision by reflecting light that passes through the retina back into it.
2. This structure allows cats to see well in low-light conditions, making them effective nocturnal hunters.
3. Their daytime vision is compromised, and they have a limited ability to focus on objects close to them.
4. Cats use their whiskers as tactile sensors to compensate for their near-focus limitations, helping them detect nearby objects effectively.
[고3] 2024년 05월 – 40번: 미술관 방문 시 대화 감소가 감정 반응 증가
In one study, researchers gave more than five hundred visitors to an art museum a special glove that reported their movement patterns along with physiological data such as their heart rates. The data showed that when people were not distracted by chatting with companions, they actually had a stronger emotional response to the art. Of course, there's nothing wrong with chatting and letting the art slide past, but think of the inspiration those museum visitors missed out on. Then apply that to life in general. When we surround ourselves with other people, we're not just missing out on the finer details of an art exhibition. We're missing out on the chance to reflect and understand ourselves better. In fact, studies show that if we never allow ourselves to be alone, it's just plain harder for us to learn. Other research found that young people who cannot stand being alone were less likely to develop creative skills like playing an instrument or writing because the most effective practice of these abilities is often done while alone. [요약문] The study above shows avoiding conversation with companions while exploring an art museum intensifies emotional response to art, suggesting that absence of alone time may inhibit personal growth and learning.
Possible Titles:
1. Enhancing Emotional Responses to Art Through Solitude: Insights from a Museum Study
2. The Impact of Social Interaction on Art Appreciation and Personal Growth
3. The Benefits of Solitary Experiences in Enhancing Art Perception and Creativity
4. Exploring the Link Between Solitude and Emotional Engagement with Art
Main Idea #1:
Research involving art museum visitors with monitoring gloves showed that individuals had stronger emotional responses to art when they were not distracted by conversation.
Main Idea #2:
The study suggests that solitude not only enhances art appreciation but also plays a crucial role in personal development and the acquisition of creative skills.
Summary:
A study monitoring museum visitors found that those who explored art alone had heightened emotional responses compared to those who chatted with companions. This highlights the broader benefits of solitude, which includes deeper personal reflection and better learning outcomes, as well as the development of creative abilities like music and writing, which require significant alone time.
Key Points:
1. Visitors to an art museum who wore special gloves showed more intense emotional reactions to art when not conversing with others.
2. The absence of distractions allows for a deeper connection with art, suggesting that solitude can enhance sensory and emotional experiences.
3. Solitude is not only beneficial for appreciating art but is also crucial for personal growth and learning.
4. Independent activities, such as practicing musical instruments or writing, are most effectively developed in solitude,
[고3] 2024년 05월 – 41~42번: 색맹의 생물학적 및 진화적 측면
There are a number of human characteristics that would seem to be disadvantageous yet continue to survive, generation after generation. One example is color blindness. Most color blindness is associated with genes on the X chromosome. Women have two X chromosomes, so if this problem occurs on one of them, the other can compensate. But men have only one X chromosome. If the mutation occurs there, that male is color blind. We might ask why such a deficiency would survive and not die out. To understand this, we can consider ancient hunter-gatherers, with the men doing most of the hunting for meat and the women doing most of the gathering of fruits and nuts. Gathering fruits, especially berries, and nuts is much more productive if it is easy to distinguish the red or purple fruit from the green leaves of the plant. If red-green color blindness were common among women, the resulting lack of productivity would likely cause this trait to die out relatively quickly. On the other hand, the men out hunting don't much rely on being able to contrast red from green. Most of the animals they are hunting have fur or feathers that help them hide. Rather than relying on color, the hunter relies on an acute ability to detect motion. It is conceivable that a reduction in color contrast in these circumstances might actually enhance one's ability to detect subtle motions. Given that a hunted animal blends into its surroundings, less background color variation would be less of a visual distraction.
Possible Titles:
1. The Survival of Color Blindness: A Genetic Trait Shaped by Evolutionary Needs
2. Color Blindness in Humans: An Evolutionary Perspective on its Persistence
3. The Role of Color Perception in Hunter-Gatherer Societies and the Evolution of Color Blindness
4. Understanding Why Color Blindness Has Not Been Eliminated Through Evolution
Main Idea #1:
Color blindness, predominantly linked to the X chromosome, persists in human populations despite its seeming disadvantages, especially in males who only have one X chromosome.
Main Idea #2:
Evolutionary roles in ancient societies, where men primarily hunted and women gathered, may explain the survival of color blindness, as the mutation could have had minimal impact on hunting success while being more disadvantageous for gathering tasks.
Summary:
Color blindness continues to exist in humans due to its genetic basis and potentially advantageous implications in historical contexts. While it could pose a disadvantage in tasks like fruit gathering, where color differentiation is crucial, it may have offered benefits to hunters by reducing color distractions and enhancing motion detection.
Key Points:
1. Color blindness is linked to the X chromosome, with men at higher risk because they possess only one X chromosome.
2. The trait's persistence may be explained through the distinct roles of men and women in ancient hunter-gatherer societies.
3. While potentially detrimental for women gatherers who needed to distinguish colorful fruits, color blindness might have aided male hunters by minimizing visual distractions and enhancing their ability to spot movement.
4. This evolutionary perspective suggests that color blindness was not sufficiently disadvantageous to be selected against in human populations, particularly among men.
[고3] 2024년 05월 – 43~45번: 서로 다른 관점이 모두 옳을 수 있음을 깨달은 쌍둥이 자매
Pamela and Maggie were identical twins. Even their parents found it hard to tell them apart. But although they looked identical, they were different in every other way. They didn't have anything in common, so they fought all the time. Pamela thought that her sister was weird and incomprehensible, and of course Maggie felt the same way. For example, Pamela was always upset at her sister waking up early in the morning. She didn't understand why her sister couldn't finish what she needed to do at night and sleep peacefully the next morning. To Maggie, staying up past the time she began to feel sleepy was exhausting. Besides, she loved the fresh morning air. They had fights about simple things like this every day. Tired of the endless arguments, their mother Rachel decided to put an end to them. She would make them understand that each of their points of view could be correct. One day, the twins were brought to the dining table where a big board stood in the middle. Pamela sat on one side of the board and her twin on the other. Rachel asked Pamela what the color of the board was. "Black," she said. After hearing Pamela's answer, Rachel asked the same question to the other daughter. She replied it was white. Predictably, they began arguing. Rachel then asked them to switch seats. Each sitting on a new chair, they were surprised to realize the board was black on one side and white on the other. Understanding what their mother wanted to say, they promised they would never insist the other was wrong again.
Possible Titles:
1. The Tale of Two Perspectives: A Lesson in Understanding from Identical Twins
2. Seeing Both Sides: How Identical Twins Learned the Value of Perspective
3. Black or White: A Mother's Strategy to End Twin Rivalry
4. The Two Sides of the Board: Teaching Twins About Perspective
Main Idea #1:
Pamela and Maggie, identical twins with differing preferences and habits, frequently argued due to their inability to understand each other’s perspectives.
Main Idea #2:
Their mother, Rachel, devised an educational exercise using a two-colored board to teach the twins that both perspectives could be valid, leading to a resolution in their conflicts.
Summary:
Identical in appearance but divergent in personality, Pamela and Maggie clashed over daily routines until their mother intervened with a lesson in perspective. Using a board painted black on one side and white on the other, she demonstrated that both twins' viewpoints could be correct depending on their perspective, resolving their conflicts by fostering mutual understanding.
Key Points:
1. Pamela and Maggie are identical twins who constantly fought over their differing lifestyles and perspectives.
2. Their mother, Rachel, tired of their endless bickering, planned an exercise to teach them about perspective.
3. During the exercise, each twin saw the board as a different color from opposite sides, leading to an argument.
4. By switching seats, they realized the board had two different colors, understanding that both of their views were correct.
5. This experience taught them the importance of acknowledging and respecting different perspectives, promising to not dismiss each other's viewpoints in the future.
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