1) 빈칸이나 순서 등의 문제에 중복이 있을 수 있습니다. (학교마다 비슷한 문제가 출제될 수 있음) 2) 정답이 대체로 맞지만, 오답이 있을 수 있습니다. 감안해서 이용하세요. (오답이 있는 경우 댓글 남겨주시면, 확인 후 수정할게요.) 3) 다양한 이유로 기출모음 자료는 별다른 공지 없이 내려갈 수 있습니다.
1) 빈칸이나 순서 등의 문제에 중복이 있을 수 있습니다. (학교마다 비슷한 문제가 출제될 수 있음) 2) 정답이 대체로 맞지만, 오답이 있을 수 있습니다. 감안해서 이용하세요. (오답이 있는 경우 댓글 남겨주시면, 확인 후 수정할게요.) 3) 다양한 이유로 기출모음 자료는 별다른 공지 없이 내려갈 수 있습니다.
1) 빈칸이나 순서 등의 문제에 중복이 있을 수 있습니다. (학교마다 비슷한 문제가 출제될 수 있음) 2) 정답이 대체로 맞지만, 오답이 있을 수 있습니다. 감안해서 이용하세요. (오답이 있는 경우 댓글 남겨주시면, 확인 후 수정할게요.) 3) 다양한 이유로 기출모음 자료는 별다른 공지 없이 내려갈 수 있습니다.
1) 빈칸이나 순서 등의 문제에 중복이 있을 수 있습니다. (학교마다 비슷한 문제가 출제될 수 있음) 2) 정답이 대체로 맞지만, 오답이 있을 수 있습니다. 감안해서 이용하세요. (오답이 있는 경우 댓글 남겨주시면, 확인 후 수정할게요.) 3) 다양한 이유로 기출모음 자료는 별다른 공지 없이 내려갈 수 있습니다.
④I realize you've probably started baking some of your famous pies already, and I wanted to offer my sincerest apologies for the late notice of our cancellation.
③Your proposed plan to increase the theater's seating capacity to attract larger audiences and bring more world-class theatrical performances to the city may be financially sound.
④But everything I've heard and read in recent weeks leads me to believe that such a renovation would destroy the theater's architecture, which is among the best of its kind in the nation.
⑤With that in mind, I urge you to reconsider this renovation plan and to explore alternatives that will preserve the character of the Silverlight Theater while securing its financial stability.
⑥I strongly believe that we should not sacrifice the beauty and history of our city for short-sighted financial gain.
저는근시안적인재정적이익을위해우리시의아름다움과역사를희생해서는안된다고굳게믿습니다.
⑦Sincerely, Kate Hendricks
Kate Hendricks드림
[Ch.01 Unit 02 -수능대비ANALYSIS]휴전소식을들은Lina Caruso
①Outside, in the streets of Rome, crowds had quickly gathered and were shouting.
밖의로마거리에서는,군중이빠르게모여들어외치고있었다.
②The war was over!
전쟁이끝났다!
③Peace had returned!
평화가돌아왔다!
④Lina Caruso and her mother heard the news from a refugee from Naples.
Lina Caruso와그녀의어머니는나폴리에서온한난민으로부터그소식을들었다.
⑤Lina hardly dared believe it.
Lina는감히그것을거의믿지못했다.
⑥Hurrying back to their house at the top of the town, they heard cheering, but Lina still didn't believe the news until she heard it with her own ears.
⑦Memories of his grandfather's captivating tales flooded his mind, filling him with a profound sense of connection and joy.
할아버지의매혹적인이야기에대한기억이그의마음을가득채웠고,그를깊은유대감과기쁨으로채웠다.
⑧Tears welled in his eyes as he settled onto an old log, reflecting on the journey that had led him here.
오래된통나무위에자리를잡고앉아여기까지그를이끌고온여정을되돌아보자,그의눈에는눈물이차올랐다.
⑨Crying with happiness, he uttered a single word into the crisp mountain air ─ "Fantastic!"
행복에겨워울먹이며,그는상쾌한산속공기중으로'굉장하군!'이라고한마디를내뱉었다.
[Ch.01 Unit 02 - 2번]차문을두드리는소리
①It seemed I was asleep only for a few minutes in my car when I was suddenly awakened by something banging on my car door.
내차안에서단지몇분간잠을자고있었던것같았는데갑자기나는뭔가가차문을쾅하고치는소리에잠에서깼다.
②I looked through every window, but no one was there.
나는모든차창을통해살펴봤지만아무도없었다.
③The hitting was getting louder.
두드리는소리는점점더커졌다.
④My mind started racing as I tried to contain the terror that was inching its way into my heart.
내가심장을향해조금씩다가오는공포를억누르려고하는동안나는생각이빨라지기시작했다.
⑤I desperately screamed, "Please help me!"
나는필사적으로"제발도와주세요!"라고외쳤다.
⑥My eyes were shut as I screamed.
나는눈을감고서비명을질렀다.
⑦As I shook with fear, I noticed the hitting had stopped.
두려움에떨고있을때나는두드리는것이멈춘것을알아차렸다.
⑧As I slowly forced my eyes to open, I saw there was a man tapping on my window.
천천히억지로눈을떴을때,나는한남자가내차창을두드리고있는것을보았다.
⑨He was an older man, who didn't look dangerous.
그는나이든남자였는데,위험해보이지는않았다.
⑩"Hello there," he said.
"안녕하세요."그가말했다.
⑪"I saw your car on the side of the road. Is everything okay?"
"도롯가에있는당신차를봤어요.괜찮으세요?"
⑫I couldn't think of a time I had ever been gladder to see someone.
나는누군가를보게되어(이보다)더반가웠던때를생각해낼수없었다.
[Ch.01 Unit 02 - 3번]고장의고등학교미식축구팀경기
①More than a thousand people showed up at the field to cheer for the hometown high school football team.
고장의고등학교미식축구팀을응원하기위해천명이넘는사람들이경기장에나타났다.
②There was a long line at the ticket booth that stretched down the street.
매표소에는거리를따라늘어선긴줄이있었다.
③The delicious smell of popcorn and hot dogs was everywhere. and the refreshment stand ran out of food before halftime.
사방에팝콘과핫도그의맛있는냄새가났고,다과를파는노점은하프타임전에음식이동이났다.
④Everyone was cheering: the crowd waving flags, the cheerleaders, the band playing loud music, the players, the officials, the parents running the hot dog stand, the policeman, even me!
④A good part of the mentee's learning process happens when he/she thinks out loud.
멘티의학습과정의상당부분은멘티가생각을입밖에내어말할때발생한다.
⑤The rest of it happens by reflection and practice outside mentoring sessions.
나머지는멘토링시간밖에서의성찰과실천에의해발생한다.
⑥Therefore, your mentee should be doing most of the talking.
따라서여러분의멘티가대부분의말을해야한다.
⑦Listening actively and empathically helps mentees to gain insight and to express themselves more effectively.
적극적이고공감하면서경청하는것은멘티가통찰을얻고자신을더효과적으로표현하도록돕는다.
⑧For your mentee to have a sense of being heard and of feeling acknowledged, it is essential that you listen well.
여러분의멘티가경청되고인정받는다고느끼려면,여러분이잘들어주는것이극히중요하다.
[Ch.01 Unit 03 - 1번]전문성과창의력의관계
①The expert myth is the belief that the more you know, the more creative you become.
'전문가신화'는더많이알수록더욱더창의적으로된다는믿음이다.
②At the face of it, this seems quite logical.
표면적으로는이것이꽤논리적으로보인다.
③The rationale is that in order to be truly creative, one must master a field or a domain.
그근거는진정으로창의적으로되려면어떤한분야나영역에숙달해야한다는것이다.
④Creativity often requires some level of expertise. but expertise and creativity are nonetheless very different things.
창의력은흔히어느정도의전문성을요구하지만,그래도전문성과창의력은매우다른것이다.
⑤Someone can know a great deal about something and yet show little creativity in that domain.
어떤사람은어떤것에대해많이알수있지만,그영역에서창의력을거의보이지못할수도있다.
⑥However, research into the lives of creative people shows that in some cases "expertise can actually hinder creative ability of individuals. ... As expertise grows, creativity sometimes diminishes. Sometimes the best insights come from those outside a particular field, ..."
⑧When we are too heavily invested in a task, we may tend to overlook the obvious.
우리가어떤한과업에너무많은시간과노력을쏟으면명백한것을간과하기쉬울수도있을것이다.
[Ch.01 Unit 03 - 2번]진로탐색노력
①Just as you don't know everything in advance about a trip you are going to take, neither can you know everything about how your new life or career might unfold.
④While sometimes it will be straightforward to fit pieces together, at other times it will take more effort and patience.
때로는조각을맞추는것이간단한반면에,또어떤때에는더많은노력과인내가필요할것이다.
⑤Sometimes you will find interesting pieces that open up a whole new section, and at other times you may find pieces that don't seem to belong anywhere right now.
⑥You just need to keep at it until the picture emerges and you can see clearly what you have achieved.
여러분은그림이나타날때까지그저그것을계속할필요가있고,그러면자신이달성한것을명확하게볼수있다.
[Ch.01 Unit 03 - 3번]사회적관습이우리의습관에미치는막대한영향
①We don't choose our earliest habits, we imitate them.
우리는우리의초기습관을선택하지않으며,그것을모방한다.
②We follow the script handed down by our friends and family, our church or school. our local community and society at large.
우리는친구와가족,교회나학교,지역사회와사회전반에의해물려받는각본을따른다.
③Each of these cultures and groups comes with its own set of expectations and standards ─ when and whether to get married, how many children to have, which holidays to celebrate, how much money to spend on your child's birthday party.
⑧Ironically, perhaps, organizations with the strongest principles and values often have the highest adaptive capacity because people attach themselves to them and understand that everything else is on the table.
⑨If you want to keep your promises, burn the house when it's time to reinvent the company.
약속을지키고싶다면,회사를새롭게만들어야할때라면집을불태우라.
⑩But save the nails.
하지만못은남겨두라.
[Ch.01 Unit 04 - 1번]인간행동과감정의사회성
①There is something in human nature that prompts us to think of our actions, as well as our feelings, as though they were the distinctive issue of something inside us, something uniquely ours.
⑥We think of them as though they were the inventions of our own utterly original psychic lives, when most of them are as familiar to others as they are to us.
⑨There were changes in anatomy, physiology, ecology, life history, psychology, and society.
해부학적구조,생리,생태,생활사,심리,그리고사회에변화가생겼다.
⑩Fossil evidence indicates that this dependence arose not just some tens of thousands of years ago, but right back at the beginning of our time on Earth, at the start of human evolution.
①Radio provided the driving force to solidify the era of patronage; however, the invention that soon followed remains to this day the most significant communication medium that has influenced and aided the development of sports.
②Who knew what sportscaster Bill Stern questioned and introduced in 1939 would enhance the growth and development of sports marketing practices for decades?
③The display platform, the television, though airing two average baseball teams battling for fourth place, provided an incredibly formidable and profitable union between sports and the American public.
④The television provided a means for sports organizations to expand their market presence and a unique opportunity for marketers to engage their publics.
②These differences in taste sensitivity influence people's eating habits in ways that can have repercussions for their physical health.
이러한미각민감도의차이는신체건강에영향을미칠수있는방식으로사람들의식습관에영향을미친다.
③For example, supertasters are less likely to be fond of sweets and tend to consume fewer high-fat foods, both of which are likely to reduce their risk for cardiovascular disease.
④Supertasters also tend to react more negatively to alcohol and smoking, thereby reducing their likelihood of developing drinking problems or nicotine addiction.
⑤The only health disadvantage identified for supertasters thus far is that they respond more negatively to many vegetables, which seems to hold down their vegetable intake.
①Every society has its cognitive "police officers" or gatekeepers who together define the fundamental cognitive orientation of the people and principally oversee the approved characterization and the defense of the societal norms.
②Among traditional African societies, this policing or gatekeeping role is performed mostly by the adult members through the acquisition of a library of ideas, because they are believed to have accumulated the knowledge and wisdom of the society.
④In addition to acting as guides to the land and its flora and fauna, elders convey knowledge to youngsters individually by telling stories, and thus overseeing their learning process.
⑤There is also a reverence of filial piety, the respect for the elderly that is equated with wisdom.
효도에대한숭상,즉지혜와동일시되는노인에대한존경심도있다.
[Ch.01 Unit 05 - 2번]자연재해에대처하기위한건축법규
①Building codes can reduce the adverse impacts of hazards.
건축법규는위험요소로인한해로운영향을줄일수있다.
②For example, hurricane clips may prevent roofs from detaching from buildings during the high winds of passing tropical cyclones and thus prevent rain damage.
③However, as with engineered structures, building codes have their limitations.
그러나공학적구조물에서와마찬가지로,건축법규에도그것의한계가있다.
④It was reported that in the wake of Hurricane Andrew, which struck South Florida in 1992, officials realized that strict building codes would not prevent serious damage.
⑤Furthermore, earthquake codes are typically designed to prevent buildings from collapsing, not to maintain structural integrity of the building and ensure habitability after a large earthquake.
⑥This policy increases human survival rates in earthquakes, but is less effective in reducing the economic impact.
이정책은지진발생시인명생존율을높이지만,경제적영향을줄이는데덜효과적이다.
⑦Furthermore, building codes are the offspring of public policy, and policy is vulnerable to inequity in its application across the breadth of society, and may be ignored or not enforced.
⑥She had one nervous group tell themselves over and over, "I am excited," and tested them against a control group who just sat with their nerves and their regular self-talk.
⑧The decision to tell themselves that the feeling they were experiencing was excitement helped them convert the energy into something positive, even useful.
①I met a CEO once who had an amazing approach to problem solving.
나는언젠가문제해결에대한놀라운접근방식을가진CEO를만난적이있다.
②Whenever his organization had a problem, he'd gather information about it.
자신의조직에문제가있을때마다그는그것에대한정보를수집하곤했다.
③Once he had all the information, he'd say to his people, "Okay, we're going to go to solution now. But before we do that, I want you to spread out around the building and sit quietly, or take a walk for about a half hour. Whatever you do, I want you to quiet yourself. No telephone, nothing to read. And I want you to look for the answer within."
④He told me it blew his mind to see how people's clarity and decision-making capacity would come back when they had a chance to quiet themselves and think through something without all kinds of distractions.
②Knowing that, as well as knowing that you may get interrupted by communications from your electronic world, you should develop rules about how to deal with intrusive e-connections when you are actually face to face with friends.
③Too often you see people with their smartphones lined up on a restaurant table, willing to interrupt themselves to respond to whoever has just sent a text.
④This doesn't mean that you can't respond to these interruptions if they are important; it just means that you have to define an "important" message in advance and then leave the rest alone for after your social get-together.
④Users worldwide spent similar amounts of time on entertainment, sports, and shopping apps, respectively, and when put together, the total time spent on them was greater than that spent on social apps.
④In 2022, China's carbon dioxide emissions were greater than the combined carbon dioxide emissions of the United States, India, and Russia.
2022년에,중국의이산화탄소배출은미국,인도,러시아의이산화탄소배출을합친것보다더많았다.
⑤The United States, which ranked second in 2010, decreased its carbon dioxide emissions in 2022 compared to 2010, but still ranked second with emissions above 5,000 million metric tons.
②Join a guided tour through the Cordova Sculpture Park.
Cordova조각공원을둘러보는가이드안내투어에참가하세요.
③The tour is a lively conversation about artists, art-making processes, materials, and Cordova's rich history.
투어는예술가,예술품제작과정,재료, Cordova의풍부한역사에대한생생한대화로진행됩니다.
④When: Saturday, May11, 1:00 p.m.-2:00 p.m.
시간: 5월11일토요일,오후1시~오후2시
⑤Tickets: Adult-$14, Child-FREE
입장권:성인-14달러,어린이-무료
⑥ㆍCapacity is limited and we recommend purchasing tickets in advance.
ㆍ정원이제한되어있으므로입장권을미리구매할것을권합니다.
⑦Your ticket includes admission to the museum and the sculpture park.
입장권에는박물관과조각공원입장료가포함되어있습니다.
⑧ㆍYou must arrive at the park at least 15 minutes before the tour begins to allow time for check in.
ㆍ체크인에걸리는시간을고려하여,투어시작최소15분전공원에도착해야합니다.
⑨ㆍMeet your guide on the front steps of the museum's main entrance.
ㆍ박물관정문의정면계단에서가이드를만나세요.
⑩The tour will begin promptly at 1 p.m.
투어는오후1시에곧바로시작될것입니다.
⑪ㆍThe tour will be entirely outdoors.
ㆍ투어는전부야외에서진행됩니다.
⑫Registered participants will receive an email if the tour is canceled.
투어가취소되면,등록된참가자는이메일을받을것입니다.
[Ch.02 Unit 07 -수능대비ANALYSIS]인상주의여류화가Berthe Morisot
①Berthe Morisot was born in Bourges, France, on January 14, 1841.
Berthe Morisot는1841년1월14일에프랑스Bourges에서태어났다.
②She was the youngest of three daughters of an upper-middle-class family.
그녀는중상류층가정의세딸중막내였다.
③Morisot began to draw as a child, taking lessons seriously at age seventeen.
Morisot는어릴때그림을그리기시작했고, 17세에본격적으로수업을받기시작했다.
④Her early style featured subtle color harmonies.
그녀의초기스타일은미묘한색의조화를특징으로했다.
⑤At twenty-three, she debuted at the official Salon with two landscapes and was accepted to exhibit regularly for the next ten years.
그녀는23세에풍경화두점으로공식전람회에데뷔했고이후10년동안정기적으로전시하도록허가를받았다.
⑥At twenty-seven, she was introduced to Edouard Manet, who became a major influence on her work.
27세에,그녀는Edouard Manet를소개받았는데,그는그녀의작품에큰영향을주었다.
⑦Under his guidance, her brush strokes became fast and loose.
그의지도아래,그녀의붓놀림은빠르고느슨해졌다.
⑧In time, details were eliminated from her paintings.
시간이지나면서,그녀의그림에서세부묘사는없어졌다.
⑨Her colors were bolder, and she focused on representing the changing effects of light.
그녀의색채는더욱대담해졌고,그녀는빛의변화하는효과를표현하는데집중했다.
⑩Morisot's success as an Impressionist painter, characterized by a direct observation of nature, was remarkable in that she was one of the first women to challenge established art circles.
④Bascom continued her graduate studies at Johns Hopkins University, but was required to sit behind a screen during classes so she did not distract the male students.
⑤She graduated with a doctor's degree in geology in 1893.
그녀는1893년에지질학박사학위를받고졸업했다.
⑥Even though she was the second woman in the U.S. to earn a doctor's degree in geology, Bascom was a first for women in geology in almost every aspect of her geological career.
⑧If one dates his total deafness from 1871, then it will be found that he composed the greater part of his songs after the complete loss of his hearing, so that he never heard most of them.
①The graphs above show the percentage of respondents who stated their feelings for reading books, along with the number of books they read per month, based on a survey of 18-year-olds in Japan in 2020.
③More than a quarter of all respondents said they neither enjoy nor dislike reading books.
전체응답자의4분의1넘게책읽기를좋아하지도싫어하지도않는다고답했다.
④When asked how many books they read per month, the highest percentage of respondents said they read 1-2 books per month.
한달에몇권의책을읽는지를묻는질문에는한달에1~2권을읽는다는응답자의비율이가장높았다.
⑤More than 30 percent of respondents said they never read a book per month, making it the second largest group.
한달에책을한권도읽지않는다고말한응답자의비율은30%가넘었는데,이는두번째로많은비율을차지했다.
⑥The percentage of respondents who said they read 3-4 books per month was lower than the percentage of respondents who said they read 7 or more books per month.
③This reflects the philosophical quest for certainty that goes back to Rene Descartes, who refused to accept anything that he could not know for certain to be true.
④He hoped to base all knowledge on self-evident propositions, and thought that reason should take priority over observation.
그는모든지식을자명한명제에기반하기를희망했고,이성이관찰에우선해야한다고생각했다.
⑤Descartes was aware that his senses frequently misled him.
Descartes는감각이자주자신을오도한다는것을알고있었다.
⑥The implication of this ─ a view which had a long history, prior to the rise of science ─ was that, if the evidence of our senses did not conform to reason, it was likely that they were in error.
①Many of the ancient urban centers obtained their food supply from intensive irrigated agriculture in the region where they were located, and it is usually suggested that this is because labor productivity is particularly high with irrigated agriculture.
②It seems more relevant to point out that this type of primitive subsistence system has a particularly high output per unit of land.
이러한유형의원시적생존체계는단위토지당생산량이특히높다는점을언급하는것이더적절해보인다.
③The high demand for labor per unit of land and the high output per unit of land made it necessary and possible for a large number of families to live within a small area.
④Therefore, even if the surplus per family is small, the total surplus available within a fairly small distance from the town will be large.
따라서가구당잉여물이적더라도마을에서상당히짧은거리내에서이용할수있는총잉여물은많을것이다.
⑤In addition, the irrigation canals, or the river used for irrigation, can be used for boat transport of food to the town.
게다가용수로,즉관개에사용되는강은배로식량을마을까지옮기는데사용될수있다.
[Ch.03 Unit 08 - 2번]제한된자원의활용
①We have vast forests in this country but not enough to provide all of the wood, all of the wilderness, and all of the accessible recreation that we want.
③Similarly, we have large amounts of fresh water, but if we use water to grow rice in California, the water consumed cannot be used for drinking water in California cities.
②Because of their previous success, stars are understandably reluctant to give up the attitudes and practices they think produced their success thus far, and they're unwilling to change themselves.
⑨This is a clear indication that he has ranked the satisfaction of end A higher than the satisfaction of ends B or C.
이것은그가목적A의충족순위를목적B혹은C의충족보다더높게'매겼'음을분명히보여준다.
[Ch.03 Unit 09 - 2번]환경스트레스로인한유전자구성변화
①Environmental stresses cause changes in the genetic makeup of a population by favoring certain gene variants more than others.
환경스트레스는특정유전자변이형을다른것보다더선호함으로써개체군의유전자구성에변화를일으킨다.
②This is, in fact, the normal way that populations can adapt rapidly to changes in their environment without mutations being required to produce new adaptations.
③It is also the reason why populations with genetic diversity are more likely to survive in the face of change.
그것은유전적다양성을가진개체군이변화에직면했을때생존할가능성이더높은이유이기도하다.
④However, there is another side of this phenomenon related to human impacts on populations.
그러나개체군에대한인간의영향과관련된이현상의또다른측면이있다.
⑤Toxins added to the environment create selection pressure for individuals that are more tolerant of the toxins.
환경에더해지는독소는그독소에더내성이강한개체를선택하라는압력을만들어낸다.
⑥One negative impact of this is that it can reduce the genetic diversity of a population.
이것의부정적인영향한가지는그것이개체군의유전적다양성을감소시킬수있다는것이다.
⑦Another problem occurs if the organism is a pest and the toxin is contained in, for example, a pesticide.
또다른문제는생물체가해충이고독소가예를들어살충제에포함되어있는경우발생한다.
⑧As a result of the selection pressure, the population seems to develop tolerance to the toxin.
선택압력의결과로그개체군은그독소에대한내성을갖게되는것처럼보인다.
⑨The pesticide then becomes less effective.
그러면그살충제는효과가떨어진다.
[Ch.03 Unit 09 - 3번]행복의기준이되는상대적인부
①People's happiness depends not on their absolute wealth, but rather on their wealth relative to those around them.
사람들의행복은그들의절대적인부가아니라오히려그들주변사람들에상대적인그들의부에달려있다.
②In one experiment, two capuchin monkeys were initially perfectly content with a reward of cucumbers when they successfully performed a task.
한실험에서두마리의카푸친원숭이는과제를성공적으로수행했을때오이라는보상에처음에는완벽하게만족했다.
③But when one monkey was later given tastier grapes as a reward, the monkey receiving plain old cucumbers became enraged, angrily throwing the previously satisfactory salad vegetable at its handler.
④The monkeys' economy had grown, since grapes are better than cucumbers.
포도가오이보다더좋으므로원숭이들의경제는커졌다.
⑤But the resulting inequality brought only discontent.
하지만그결과로초래된불평등은불만만가져왔다.
⑥Humans are the same.
인간도마찬가지이다.
⑦When employees at the University of California were given information about the salaries of their peers, those discovering they were paid below the average suddenly became less satisfied and more likely to seek a new job.
⑧The attitudes of those earning above the average were happily unaffected.
평균보다더많이받는직원들의태도는다행히아무런영향을받지않았다.
[Ch.03 -서술형Practice]믿음과진정한지식의차이
①Imagine that a farmer is wondering whether his black-and-white cow, Daisy, is in the field.
한농부가자신의흑백얼룩무늬소Daisy가들판에있는지궁금해한다고상상해보자.
②He believes she is in the field when he goes to look, because he sees something black-and-white in the distance.
확인하러갔을때그는그소가들판에있다고믿는데,멀리서흑백의무언가를보기때문이다.
③Later, it turns out that what he saw was a large black-and-white bag, not Daisy.
나중에,그가본것은Daisy가아니라커다란흑백얼룩무늬가방인것으로드러난다.
④But the cow really was in the field ─ she was just hidden from sight in a dip.
하지만그소는정말로들판에있었는데,그소는움푹파인곳에있어서단지시야에서가려져있었을뿐이었다.
⑤The farmer was right that Daisy was there, but wrong in what he saw.
농부는Daisy가거기있다는점에서는옳았지만,자신이본것에대해서는틀렸다.
⑥So, he didn't have real knowledge ─ it was just a belief that turned out to be true.
따라서그는진정한지식을가지고있지않았고,그것은단지사실로드러난믿음일뿐이었다.
[Ch.03 -논술형Practice]음식물에대한언어표현의한계
①Nearly everything we eat or drink for pleasure is too complex to fully describe in words.
우리가즐거움을위해먹거나마시는거의모든것은너무복잡해서말로완전히설명할수없다.
②A bottle of wine maybe described as having characteristics you like but still turn out to be not so nice, for reasons that are impossible to express in words.
③Conversely, it may be described as having characteristics you know you hate but still turn out to be delicious, again for reasons that cannot be explained in words.
④Even after experiencing the wine, it is impossible to say precisely and completely why you liked it.
심지어그와인을경험한후에도여러분이왜그것을좋아했는지정확하고완전하게말하는것은불가능하다.
⑤You might have words to describe some parts of your enjoyment (perhaps it had "good structure" or "rich fruit"), but those words will be both imperfect and incomplete descriptions, a pale shadow of what you actually enjoyed about it.
⑥What we enjoy in any particular food or drink is a type of tacit knowledge: a complex of interacting characteristics that we know but are unable to say.
①Many developmental theorists and researchers, including those studying human as well as nonhuman primate subjects, have recognized the role that fear can play in a primate's social development.
②When an infant is frightened it always seeks out its mother for protection and safety, and all exploratory and play activity stops until the infant has been sufficiently comforted and reassured by its attachment object.
③Thus, frequently frightened infants will very likely have less time to explore and fewer opportunities to play than will infants who are not.
따라서자주겁을먹는유아는그렇지않은유아보다탐색할시간이더적고,놀기회가더적을가능성이매우클것이다.
④Such voluntary restraints may serve to slow down the social development of shy or anxious infants if these tendencies are maintained throughout their childhood years.
①Our complex brains might have evolved to establish strong social bonds, but defining what should be part of that social group appears to be rather flexible.
②For instance, some people treat their pets as if they are members of their family, and believe they can relate to the pets' needs, desires, fears and dreams.
⑤Even if inanimate objects don't have a distinct personality, many of us still attribute certain human characteristics to non-human objects or beings, such as pets, dolls or even cars and memorabilia.
①Although the wish to be alone is often strong, its intensity varies from person to person.
혼자있고싶은소망은종종강하지만,그강도는사람마다다르다.
②An equally impelling impulse, though, is to seek the company of others and to spend extended periods of time sharing activities.
하지만똑같이뿌리칠수없는충동은다른사람과함께있는것을추구하고활동을공유하면서긴시간을보내는것이다.
③In these periods we exchange information and feelings in both conversational and non-verbal forms (facial expressions, eye contact, gestures, touching, and so on).
이시간동안우리는대화의형태와비언어적형태(표정,눈맞춤,몸짓,접촉등)둘다로정보와감정을교환한다.
④We need other people to provide us with love, support, approval, bodily contact, reassurance, physical help and a myriad of other practical, physical and emotional needs.
⑤In a very basic sense we need others to confirm that we are there, that we exist and that we have an identity that is unique and separate from anyone else.
⑥Thus, we generally cannot exist for too long without seeking companionship.
따라서우리는일반적으로교제를추구하지않고는그렇게오랫동안살아갈수없다.
[Ch.04 Unit 10 - 3번]단일재배의영향
①At one end of the spectrum of transformations was the forest gardening as practiced by the peoples of New Guinea and Amazonia that mimicked natural growth and left minimal traces on the land.
②At the other end was monoculture: cultivating only one species of plant or raising only one species of animal.
다른쪽끝에는단일재배가있었는데,한종의식물만재배하거나한종의동물만기르는것이다.
③The beginnings of monoculture can be seen in the wheat fields of the Middle East, the rice paddies of China, and the herds of sheep and goats on the Eurasian steppe.
단일재배의시작은중동의밀밭,중국의논,유라시아스텝지대의양과염소무리에서볼수있다.
④Biologically speaking, these species suddenly became very successful, measured by their rates of survival and reproduction.
생물학적으로말해서,이종들은생존율과번식률로측정할때,갑자기매우성공적이었다.
⑤So did other, unwanted species.
다른쓸모없는종들도마찬가지였다.
⑥Crops that ripened or were stored after harvesting attracted rats, mice, sparrows, and roaches.
익거나수확후저장된농작물은쥐,생쥐,참새,바퀴벌레를끌어들였다.
⑦Water pools provided habitats for mosquitoes.
물웅덩이는모기에게서식지를제공했다.
⑧Garbage and human or animal waste attracted flies.
쓰레기와사람또는동물의배설물은파리를끌어들였다.
⑨Thanks to humans, weeds and pests were also biological winners.
인간덕분에잡초와해충도생물학적승자가되었다.
[Ch.04 Unit 11 -수능대비ANALYSIS]소셜미디어상에서의십대의행동
①Observation studies of teenagers using social media have discovered one peculiar behaviour in particular that sets them apart ─ teenagers will post or share something on social media, but then they'll monitor the post to gauge the volume of reactions.
②After a set amount of time, if the number of resulting 'Likes' and 'Shares' is too low, they'll delete the content.
일정한시간이지난후,결과적으로발생하는'좋아요'및'공유'수가너무적으면그들은콘텐츠를삭제한다.
③Sometimes within the first ten minutes!
때로는첫10분이내에삭제하기도한다!
④Their aim of posting is to earn recognition for what they're sharing as a way to self-enhance.
그들의게시목표는자신을고양하는하나의방법으로서공유하고있는것에대한인정을받는것이다.
⑤If the recognition is insufficient, they'd rather delete the content than suffer perceived judgement from others against their failed efforts to self-enhance.
⑥Not getting a reaction has a negative effect on their self-esteem.
반응을얻지못하는것은그들의자존감에'부정적인'영향을미친다.
[Ch.04 Unit 11 - 1번]비관론자의문제
①The reason pessimists often sound smart is that they can avoid being 'wrong' by moving the goalposts.
비관론자들이종종현명하게'들리는'이유는골대를옮김으로써'틀림'을피할수있기때문이다.
②When a doomer predicts that the world will end in five years, and it doesn't, they just shift the date.
어떤운명론자가5년내에세상이끝날것이라고예측하지만그렇지않다면,그들은그저날짜를바꾼다.
③The American biologist Paul R. Ehrlich ─ author of the 1968 book The Population Bomb ─ has been doing this for decades.
1968년저서The Population Bomb의저자인미국의생물학자Paul R. Ehrlich는수십년동안이렇게해오고있다.
④In 1970 he said that 'sometime in the next 15 years, the end will come. And by "the end" I mean an utter breakdown of the capacity of the planet to support humanity.'
⑥He had another go: he said that 'England will not exist in the year 2000.'
그는다시한번했는데, '영국은2000년에존재하지않을것이다'라고말했다.
⑦Wrong again.
또틀렸다.
⑧Ehrlich will keep pushing this deadline back.
Ehrlich는이시한을계속뒤로미룰것이다.
⑨A pessimistic stance is a safe one.
비관적자세는안전한것이다.
[Ch.04 Unit 11 - 2번]기억을기반으로하는이해
①We all understand differently ─ this much is obvious.
우리는모두다르게이해하는데,이점만큼은명백하다.
②The reason we understand differently is that our memories are different.
우리가다르게이해하는이유는우리의기억이다르기때문이다.
③Our experiences simply are not yours.
우리의경험은절대로여러분의경험이아니다.
④In order to understand anything, we must find the closest item in memory to which it relates.
어떤것을이해하기위해서,우리는기억에서그것과관련된가장가까운항목을찾아야한다.
⑤Schank and Abelson claimed that understanding required one to find the correct knowledge structure, and to use that structure to create expectations for what events were likely to take place, so that new events could be understood in terms of what was normal.
⑥Thus, when a story about a cocktail party was being told, an understander brought out his cocktail party script which told him about what ordinarily happens at cocktail parties, and he used that script to guide his understanding of the story he was about to hear.
⑥Perhaps it is because red is so obvious that few wild animals are truly red: even the so-called Red Squirrel and the Red Deer are really shades of reddish-brown that conceal rather than advertise.
②But that doesn't mean our sense of hearing isn't a big deal.
그러나그것이우리의청각이중요한것이아니라는뜻은아니다.
③I don't have to mention the worn-out example of cavemen and hidden saber-toothed tigers.
내가원시인과숨어있는검치호랑이의진부한예를언급할필요도없다.
④There's something that can sneak up and kill you today: a silent electric car.
오늘날몰래접근해여러분을죽일수있는무언가가있는데,그것은조용한전기차이다.
⑤These pose an unanticipated but serious threat to pedestrians and bicyclists, who depend on engine noise to detect and orient to cars ─ so much so that the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration now requires slow-moving electric vehicles to generate a warning noise.
①Sometimes traditions may change or appear to end because of convenience or changes in taste.
때로는편의성이나취향의변화로인해전통이바뀌거나사라지는것처럼보일수도있다.
②For example, to make a pumpkin pie, a cook used to have to first find a pumpkin of suitable size, cut it, peel it, cook it, and mash it, all before combining it with other ingredients and pouring the mixture into a crust.
③Now, cooks may choose to use canned pumpkin from the supermarket and cut out a great deal of labor and time.
이제요리사들은슈퍼마켓에서산통조림호박을사용하는것을선택하여많은노동과시간을절약할수도있다.
④Another changing food tradition is that many families no longer make refried beans by cooking them in lard and choose instead to use vegetable shortening.
⑤Perhaps this change came about because the family has come to prefer the taste of beans without lard, because concepts of healthy cooking have changed, or because someone in the family has heart disease or high cholesterol.
①Forecasters who predict resource depletion often ignore or underestimate the power of markets.
자원고갈을예측하는사람들은종종시장의힘을무시하거나과소평가한다.
②For example, some forecasters use a current reserve index to estimate how long a resource would last.
예를들어,일부예측자는현재의매장량지수를사용하여자원이얼마나오래지속될지추정한다.
③The current reserve index divides the current known reserve of a resource by the amount currently used each period.
현재의매장량지수는현재알려진자원매장량을각기간의현재사용량으로나누어계산한다.
④So, if we know of 445 billion barrels of oil, and we are currently using 15 billion barrels per year, the index indicates that we will run out of oil in about 30 years.
⑤Some studies, like the Limits to Growth, further assume that demand will increase each year, thus depleting resources even faster.
더나아가'Limits to Growth'와같은일부연구는더나아가매년수요가증가하여자원을훨씬더빨리고갈시킬것으로추정한다.
⑥But what they fail to see is that if markets are allowed to do their usual duty, that is, prices rise as depletion occurs, resources will last much longer.
⑧The team tends to look to the project leader to play the lead role in resolving differences, and members will generally defer to the leader if they believe their views have been given due consideration.
①There is no question that learning to sing or play a musical instrument changes the structure of your brain.
노래나악기연주를배우는것이뇌의구조를바꾼다는것은의심의여지가없다.
②If you enjoy music but have no special training, then your brain processes it mostly through its right hemisphere, the side of the brain that deals with emotion.
③In the face of music, you are 'right-lateralised'.
음악을접하여여러분은'우측의지배를받게'된다.
④Many studies show that musical training shifts the brain's processing of music to its left hemisphere; musicians are left-brained.
많은연구는음악훈련이뇌의음악처리를그것의좌반구로옮긴다는것을보여준다.즉,음악가들은좌뇌형이다.
⑤There are several guesses about why this happens.
왜이것이일어나는지에관한여러추측이있다.
⑥One explanation is that they have learned to hear music more like language, discerning a level of structural complexity beyond the grasp of ordinary listeners.
⑦When trained musicians hear music, it activates the part of the brain associated with language comprehension.
훈련된음악가들이음악을들을때,그것은언어이해와관련된뇌부위를활성화한다.
[Ch.04 -논술형Practice]질감이맛에미치는영향
①A group of researchers at the University of Twente in the Netherlands recently 3D-printed two identically shaped mugs with different textures to test the effects on taste.
②One was covered in a rounded bobbly texture, and the other had a blocky, angular texture.
하나는둥글고거품모양의질감으로덮여있었고다른하나는울퉁불퉁하고각진질감이었다.
③In a supermarket taste test for a fictitious new brand made by the study team, the researchers offered shoppers a sample of coffee from one of the mugs and asked them to evaluate the taste for qualities including sweetness, bitterness, intensity and pleasantness.
④Drinks in the round bobbly mug tasted on average around 18 percent sweeter, while in the angular-textured mug the same drinks tasted up to 27 percent more bitter and much more intense.
⑤If you're trying to cut down on your sugar, avoid drinking from a mug with a rough or angular texture ─ go for a round bowl and mug, and if possible ones with a smooth rounded texture too.
①One of the biggest reasons people are concerned about making a mistake in a speech is that they view speechmaking as a performance rather than an act of communication.
②They feel the audience is judging them against a scale of absolute perfection in which every misstated word or awkward gesture will count against them.
③Marsh plants, such as cattails, when planted in ponds or canals, use and remove nutrients in water that's delivered to them as a waste or pollutant, helping clean the water.
②Cellular phones, smartphones, tablets, and similar technologies have penetrated the world at an enormous rate and non-voice communications have become the norm rather than the rule.
③In 2013, the number of mobile subscriptions almost equaled the estimated number of individuals that made up the global population in the same year.
2013년모바일가입건수는같은해전세계인구를구성한추정인구수와거의같았다.
④Users of these technologies have posted, pinned, tweeted, sent and/or received billions of electronic messages through public or private (text messages, emails, etc.) means.
⑤These communications media have become so prolific, researchers have worried that face-to-face communications could become extinct.
이러한통신매체가너무많아져서,연구자들은대면소통이소멸할수있다고우려해왔다.
[Ch.05 Unit 13 - 3번]아이가내는짜증
①When a region of the emotional brain is overexcited due to frustration, sadness or any other intense emotion, the child is not able to contain their mood.
②This is when the tantrums occur ─ situations in which the child closes in on themself and is not able to do what they are told ─ or comments are made which the parents find hard to deal with.
③Literally, the child is outside themselves, outside their rational part.
말그대로,아이는자신밖에,자신의이성적인부분밖에있다.
④To help them calm down, and to see reason, the best strategy is a hug and an empathic reflection of the situation to defuse the intensity of the emotion.
⑤A spoken word will form a bridge between the two worlds, allowing the child's rational brain to help soothe their emotions, or at least give them the ability to listen to what their parents are saying.
③Personal branding, however, is essential to achieving success.
하지만퍼스널브랜딩은성공을이루는데필수적이다.
④The key takeaway from this concept is awareness and anticipation.
이개념의주요한핵심은인식과예상이다.
⑤If you are not aware of the opportunities to brand yourself, you may not be directed to leave a favorable impression.
만약자신을눈에띄게할기회를인식하지못한다면,여러분은호의적인인상을남기게되지못할수도있다.
⑥If you cannot anticipate the opportunities that will present themselves to favorably demonstrate your brand through capability, you may not be prepared when they occur.
⑦So as you begin to think about what you want to be known for, begin to be more aware of what you want people to say about you when you are not in the room as an effective way to guide your personal brand.
⑤However, how would he find a small dot that moved among all the countless unmoving dots in the sky?
하지만그가하늘에서움직이지않는수많은점들사이에서움직인하나의작은점을어떻게찾을것인가?
⑥He put each pair of photos on a machine that would flip back and forth between one photo and the other.
그는각쌍의사진을한사진과다른사진사이를앞뒤로뒤집어주는기계에놓았다.
⑦When he came to one pair of photos, he immediately noticed one dot moving as the machine flipped back and forth.
한쌍의사진에다다랐을때,그는기계가앞뒤로뒤집을때점하나가움직이는것을즉시알아챘다.
⑧He identified that dot as Pluto, which astronomers now list as a dwarf planet.
그는그점을명왕성으로확인했는데,천문학자들은현재그것을왜소행성의목록에포함한다.
[Ch.05 Unit 14 - 3번]숲의기능
①People are cutting down forests much faster than the rate at which forests can regrow.
사람들은숲이재성장할수있는속도보다훨씬더빠르게숲을베어내고있다.
②We need to dramatically reduce our use of wood, not just because the supply is decreasing, and not just because entire species of flora and fauna that live in forests are vanishing, but because the forest performs an important function.
②Governments respond by raising interest rates to discourage the creation of additional money through loans.
정부는대출을통한추가자금창출을막기위해금리를인상함으로써대응한다.
③As other loans are paid back, with fewer people taking out new loans, money disappears from circulation, reducing the ability of people to buy things and, thereby, reducing the inflationary pressure.
④For people and businesses with outstanding loans, the increased cost that results can be disastrous.
미상환대출이있는개인과기업의경우,결과로생긴늘어난비용은파멸을초래할수있다.
⑤Increased expenses and bankruptcies lead to job loss, and consequently, more people unable to pay for their homes, cars and other loans.
늘어난비용과파산은실직으로이어지고,결과적으로더많은사람들이집,자동차및기타대출금을갚지못한다.
⑥This leads to another round of defaults and subsequent contraction in the money supply.
이것은또한차례의채무불이행과뒤이은통화공급의축소로이어진다.
⑦This cure for inflation may bring as much or more hardship than the inflation, but the hardship falls on people with little power to influence policy.
⑦Consumers are more likely to make inferences about a brand based on its country of origin when they are unmotivated to process brand information or when their processing goal guides attention towards origin information.
⑤It is not permission for work sloppiness or low standards; rather it means spending less time on tasks that do not need the level of input you are providing.
①Many of us tend to have too much invested in our opinions of ourselves to see the world's feedback ─ the feedback we need to update our beliefs about reality.
⑥Second, if we do put our ideas out there and they are criticized, our ego steps in to protect us.
둘째,우리가생각을드러내고그생각이비판을받으면,우리의자아가우리를보호하기위해개입한다.
⑦We become invested in defending instead of upgrading our ideas.
우리는생각을개선하기보다는방어하는데공을들이게된다.
⑧[Summary] Our ego's fear of being judged and desire to defend ourselves often blind us from valuable feedback, hindering our ability to learn and grow.
①Emotional differences exist across ages, and there are ideal emotional paradigms fora given age (i.e., some emotions are reasonable at a given age), and these paradigms are realized and solidified with the help of normative group behaviors.
③In childhood, crying is criticized but forgiven because it is consistent with the child's emotional profile, whereas in youth, crying is considered childish behavior.
⑤This shows the fact that some emotions can only be experienced at a certain age, and virtues such as integrity and wisdom are associated with certain stages of life (e.g., adulthood).
⑥[Summary] Emotions are associated with levels of maturity, which are influenced by social norms, leading individuals to experience different emotions at various ages.
④How is it that a person wants to make herself look good, while at the same time she wants to make herself look bad?
어떻게사람은자신을좋게보이게하기를원하면서,동시에자신을나쁘게보이게하기를원하는가?
⑤Some researchers proposed that people try to obtain information that is consistent with their identities, whether they think of themselves positively or negatively.
①One common misunderstanding of evolution is that it leads inexorably to organisms that are ever better designed.
진화에대한한가지흔한오해는진화가줄곧더잘설계된유기체로거침없이이어진다는것이다.
②But Darwinian evolution is not a process of perfection.
하지만다윈진화는완벽함을향한과정이아니다.
③In contrast to the Lamarckian and Great Chain of Being theories of evolution, natural selection does not inexorably drive species up some kind of ladder of perfection.
⑤In other words, so long as you survive and do better than your rivals, that is good enough.
다시말해,여러분이살아남고경쟁자보다더잘하는한,그것은충분히좋다.
⑥An antelope does not have to become the fastest animal on earth; it simply has to be faster than the lions that try to catch it.
영양은지구상에서가장빠른동물이될필요가없다.단지자신을잡으려는사자보다더빨라야한다.
⑦By the same token, lions and other predators do not have to be able to run marathons at top speed; nor do they have to be able to catch every prey animal.
⑧They just have to be fast enough to catch sufficient prey animals to survive.
그것들은살아남기위해충분한숫자의먹잇감을잡을수있을만큼만충분히빠르면된다.
⑨[Summary] While natural selection is often thought of as a process toward seeking flawlessness, its goal is to equip organisms with just enough ability to outperform their rivals for survival.
①We can make literal statements about the past, but without metaphors, we cannot present interpretations of historical facts.
우리는과거에대해문자그대로진술할수있지만,은유없이는역사적사실에대한해석을제시할수없다.
②Unconsciously, we categorize the data we observe in the world and seek patterns that can be expressed as metaphors.
무의식적으로,우리는세상에서관찰하는데이터를분류하고은유로표현될수있는패턴을찾는다.
③Lakoff and Johnson explain that "We acquire a large system of primary metaphors automatically and unconsciously simply by functioning in the most ordinary of ways in the everyday world from our earliest days."
④In our common language and common culture, we agree on hundreds of primary metaphors such as "important is big," "happy is up," "similarity is closeness," "difficulties are burdens," "change is motion," "knowing is seeing," "causes are physical forces," and "time is motion."
①With technology came the idea that innovation and novelty are intrinsic components of civilization.
기술과더불어,혁신과새로움이문명의본질적인구성요소라는개념이생겨났다.
②Constant changes in technologies, society, and economics are so ingrained in our daily lives that it is hard to understand that this state of affairs wasn't the rule in the ancient days.
⑧[Summary] Technological progress has shifted expectations, making constant change normal and future improvements anticipated, but now there's concern that the speed and profoundness of the changes may make it difficult for normal people to assimilate them.
①People tend to assume that positive emotions are sources of simplistic or lazy thinking.
사람들은긍정적인감정이단순하거나게으른사고의원천이라고가정하는경향이있다.
②Think of any highly creative person ─ such as Vincent van Gogh, Virginia Woolf, T. S. Eliot, or Charles Darwin ─ and you imagine their creative acts were produced during moments of struggle, tension, gloominess, and even despair.
Vincent van Gogh, Virginia Woolf, T. S. Eliot,또는Charles Darwin과같은어떤매우창의적인사람을생각해보면,여러분은그들의창의적인행위가고난,긴장,우울,그리고심지어절망의순간에만들어졌다고생각한다.
③Alice Isen suggested that this view of creativity is wrong ─ that happiness instead prompts people to reason in ways that are flexible and creative.
Alice lsen은창의성에대한이러한관점이잘못된것이며,오히려행복은사람들이유연하고창의적인방식으로추론하도록자극한다고말했다.
④In her studies, Isen induced positive emotion in her participants with small events.
Isen은자신의연구에서작은사건들로참가자에게긍정적인감정을유도했다.
⑤She gave them little bags of candy, or they found a dime she had placed in their path.
그녀는그들에게작은사탕봉지를주거나,그들이그녀가길에놓아둔10센트동전을발견했다.
⑥They watched amusing film clips.
그들은재미있는동영상을보았다.
⑦These subtle ways of making participants feel good produced striking changes in their reasoning.
참가자를기분좋게만드는이러한미묘한방법들은그들의추론에두드러진변화를가져왔다.
⑧When given one word (such as carpet) and asked to generate a related word, people feeling positive emotions came up with more novel associations (fresh or texture) than people in a neutral state, who tended to produce more common responses (such as rug).
⑨People feeling positive categorized objects in more inclusive ways, rating fringe members of categories (like cane or purse as an example of clothing) as better members of that category than people in a neutral state, whose categories tended to be more narrowly defined.
①We likely evolved color perception, in part, to better figure out whether or not food is good to eat.
우리는어느정도는음식이먹기에좋은지아닌지를더잘파악하기위해색지각을진화시켰을것이다.
②In ordinary sun-light, for example, a ripe tomato reflects a certain portion of the light and looks red and edible; a rotten tomato reflects the light differently and looks brown and disgusting.
③It is these light-reflecting properties (reflectance) of the tomato ─ its redness or brownness ─ that are important, not the fact that the tomato is illuminated by the sun; a red tomato under a blue lamp is just as edible.
④It so happens, however, that a red tomato absorbs blue light and does not reflect it.
그러나공교롭게도붉은토마토는푸른빛을흡수하고그것을반사하지않는다.
⑤Consequently, a ripe tomato under a blue lamp does not look red but black, and rather unappetizing.
따라서,파란색램프아래의잘익은토마토는붉은색이아니라검은색으로보이며,오히려입맛떨어지게한다.
⑥This example illustrates the fundamental problem of color perception: it is impossible to separate a region's reflectance (color) from its illumination.
⑦Many animals take advantage of the confusion between color and illumination in their camouflage.
많은동물은위장할때색상과조명된상태의애매함을이용한다.
⑧These animals have darker backs than bellies (or the converse if they usually hang upside down, like some caterpillars).
이러한동물은배보다등이더어둡다(또는일부애벌레처럼주로거꾸로매달려있는경우에는그반대임).
⑨This countershading, whose traces can be seen in dogs, offsets the body-shape revealing effects of light and shadow, rendering the animal less visible from a distance.
①Most consumers would not much like it if, at the time of purchase, they had to choose every feature of their cell phone plan or all of their computer's initial settings.
⑥Decision fatigue might make it difficult for people to focus on the central questions that affect their lives ─ tasks associated with their families, their jobs, their health, the well-being of their loved ones.
⑦The state of being poor, and focusing constantly on how to make ends meet, has a significant adverse effect on IQ, roughly equivalent to that of having no sleep the night before.
⑧Because people have limited bandwidth, it is no light thing to force them to pay attention to questions in which they have little interest, because that very requirement diverts scarce cognitive (and perhaps emotional) resources from other endeavors.
④Lincoln remained calm and pretended not to hear the deliberate insult.
링컨은침착함을유지하며고의적인모욕을듣지못한척했다.
⑤As the trial proceeded, Lincoln was ostracized by the other lawyers.
재판이진행되는동안링컨은다른변호사들로부터배척당했다.
⑥In fact, he was never recognized as one of the representing lawyers.
사실,그는대리변호사중한명으로결코인정받지못했다.
⑦He listened carefully to the court proceedings and observed his insulter's masterful handling of the case.
그는법정소송절차를주의깊게듣고자신을모욕한변호사의능수능란한소송처리를지켜보았다.
⑧The lawyer who insulted Lincoln easily won the case.
링컨을모욕한변호사는쉽게그소송을승소했다.
⑨The next day, Lincoln was quoted as saying, "His brilliant argument was a revelation to me. He was expertly prepared, fluent in his presentation, and demonstrated undoubtedly the most professional questioning I have ever witnessed. I'm nowhere near as talented as he is. I am going home to study law all over again."
③Chris Doing, a 38-year-old Information Technology specialist who did not know the boy or the boy's family, read the articles and decided to donate his kidney if it were a good match for Nathan's body.
⑤He did not let the family know that he was being tested to see if he would be a suitable donor.
그는자신이기증적격자인지여부를확인하기위해검사를받고있다는사실을그가족에게알리지않았다.
⑥He said, "I was really motivated and touched by the story and picture of Nathan. It prompted me to keep pushing forward. But I didn't want to give the family the play-by-play, in case I was disqualified. I didn't want to give them false hope."
⑪Mr. Doing said that he was influenced by the donation of his grandmother's organs after her death 17 years previously.
Doing씨는17년전할머니가돌아가신후장기를기증한것에영향을받았다고말했다.
⑫He said, "I remember how rewarding it was to get letters from recipients and for something good to come of it. I always hoped that if someone was in need in that way, I'd be man enough to assist them."
①Mr. Spector was on his way home after a business meeting in Hong Kong.
Spector씨는홍콩에서사업회의를마치고집으로돌아가는중이었다.
②It was a long flight from Hong Kong to New York, and he was tired but excited about the thought of going home and the positive outcome of the meeting.
홍콩에서뉴욕까지장거리비행이었고그는피곤했지만,집에돌아갈생각과긍정적인회의결과로들떠있었다.
③About halfway through the flight, an announcement from a flight attendant filled the cabin.
비행의절반쯤에,승무원의안내방송이객실을채웠다.
④The announcement instructed passengers to remain seated due to expected turbulence.
기내방송은승객들에게난기류가예상되므로앉아있으라고안내했다.
⑤The attendant's voice was calm and casual, but Mr. Spector began to feel uneasy.
승무원의목소리는차분하고평온했지만Spector씨는불안한기분이들기시작했다.
⑥The plane soon found itself in a fierce storm, with thunder roaring and lightning flashing against the dark skies, making him very nervous.
⑪Astonished, Mr. Spector asked the boy how he could remain so calm.
매우놀라서, Spector씨는소년에게어떻게그렇게침착할수있는지를물었다.
⑫The boy looked up from his book with a smile and said, "Don't be afraid. Mister."
소년은미소를띠며책에서눈을들어"겁내지마세요,아저씨."라고말했다.
⑬His voice was confident.
그의목소리는자신감이넘쳤다.
⑭"The pilot is my dad, and I know he is taking me home safe and sound."
"조종사가우리아빠예요,그리고저는아빠가저를무사히집에데려다줄거라는걸알아요."
⑮The boy's unshakable trust in his father gave him a sense of calm in this chaos.
아버지에대한소년의흔들리지않는신뢰는그에게이혼란스러운상황에서도평온함을주었다.
⑯His confidence was contagious and provided Mr. Spector with an inner peace.
그의자신감은전염되어Spector씨에게내면의평화를가져다주었다.
⑰He could feel his panic fade away.
그는자신의극심한공포가사라지는것을느낄수있었다.
[Ch.06 -서술형Practice]사자의사냥습성
①It is often assumed that most of the hunting is done by the lionesses rather than the males.
대부분의사냥은수컷보다는암사자가한다고생각하는경우가많다.
②In part this is true: it makes sense in a pride to have a division of labour, with the males defending their turf, meals, pride and offspring, while the lionesses bring home the bacon.
③But it may also be because almost all lion hunts ever filmed take place during the day, when a hunting male would stand out like a sore thumb because of his huge mane, which might show above even the longest grass.
④At night, when this is no longer an issue, males hunt more frequently; and they will also join forces with the females when they are pursuing a particularly large animal such as a buffalo, which may weigh more than a tonne.
⑤Lions can and do hunt large grazing animals including wildebeest, giraffes and even, on occasion, baby elephants that have become separated from their herd.
⑥Yet they are also opportunists, taking prey as diverse as brown fur seals on the coast of Namibia, ostriches on the African plains. and a wide range of smaller items including mice, fish and even insects.
③As the boat sailed through the ocean, Tom's eyes caught sight of a bright path of light behind them.
배가바다를항해할때,그들뒤에밝은빛의길이Tom의시선에잡혔다.
④"Dad, what's that?" he asked, his voice filled with curiosity.
"아빠,저게뭐예요?"그가호기심가득한목소리로물었다.
⑤Jack smiled warmly, recognizing his son's fascination.
Jack은아들이매료되었음을알아차리고,따뜻하게미소지었다.
⑥"That, Tom, is the migration of plankton," he explained.
"저건플랑크톤의이동이란다, Tom."그가설명했다.
⑦"Every night, these tiny organisms rise from the depths, creating this breathtaking display."
"매일밤,이작은생물들이깊은곳에서올라와이렇게숨막히는구경거리를만들어내는거야."
⑧"Dad, why do they come up to the surface?"
"아빠,왜그것들이수면으로올라오는거예요?"
⑨"They're like tiny travelers, Tom," Jack continued with enthusiasm.
"그것들은작은여행자같단다, Tom." Jack이열정적으로이어갔다.
⑩"Starting their journey deep in the ocean at sunset, these plankton feed on plant plankton and other various treats as they rise. Some even feast on each other until just before dawn, when they return back into the depths to hide during the day."
②By now you've no doubt heard about Chandra's surprise party and are probably wondering why you weren't invited.
②지금쯤이면 귀하는 틀림없이Chandra의 깜짝 파티에 대해 들으셨을테고,아마도 왜 귀하가 초대되지 않았는지 궁금해하고 계실 것 같습니다.
③Chandra certainly was; as soon as she arrived, she asked me, "Where's Christy?"
③Chandra도 분명히 그러고 있었는데,왜냐하면 그녀는 도착하자마자 제게"Christy는 어디 있죠?"라고 물었거든요.
④Your absence from the guest list is entirely my fault, and I'm truly sorry for my thoughtlessness.
④손님 명단에 귀하가 없는 것은 전적으로 제 잘못이며,저의 부주의에 대해 진심으로 사과드립니다.
⑤I know how much Chandra values your friendship, and I certainly meant no offense.
⑤Chandra가 귀하와의 우정을 얼마나 소중히 여기는지 알고 있으며,저는 분명히 기분 상하게 할 의도가 없었습니다.
⑥Even now, I still don't understand how I could have overlooked your name.
⑥심지어 지금도,어떻게 제가 귀하의 이름을 못 보고 넘어갈 수 있었는지 여전히 이해가 되지 않습니다.
⑦It's a case, I suppose, of missing the obvious, of not seeing what's right before your eyes.
⑦그것은 분명한 것을 놓치는,즉 바로 눈앞에 있는 것을 보지 못하는 경우라고 여깁니다.
⑧Can you ever forgive me?
⑧저를 용서해 주시겠습니까?
⑨Sincerely, Lisa
⑨Lisa드림
[Ch.01 Unit 01 - 1번]협의회회의일정변경공지
①Dear Mrs. Rabinowitz,
①Rabinowitz부인께
②It was very kind of you to offer to provide refreshments at this month's council meeting.
②귀하께서는 너무 친절하게도 이번 달 협의회 회의에서 다과를 제공해 주기로 하셨습니다.
③Unfortunately, due to a conflict at the community center, we've had to reschedule the meeting for September 17.
③안타깝게도,지역 문화 회관에서의(회의 일정의)충돌로 인해,저희는9월17일로 회의 일정을 변경해야 했습니다.
④I realize you've probably started baking some of your famous pies already, and I wanted to offer my sincerest apologies for the late notice of our cancellation.
④귀하께서 아마도 귀하의 유명한 파이 중 일부를 이미 굽기 시작했을 지도 모른다는 것을 제가 알고 있으며,취소 공지를 늦게 알려드린 점에 대해 진심 어린 사과를 드리고 싶습니다.
⑤Your contributions to the meeting are always much appreciated, and I feel terrible for the change of date and inconvenience we've caused you.
⑤회의에 대한 귀하의 기여에 항상 무척 감사드리며,날짜가 변경되어 귀하에게 불편을 끼쳐 드린 점에 대해 정말 죄송하게 생각합니다.
⑥If you'd still like to provide refreshments for the meeting, great.
⑥그래도 회의에 다과를 제공하고 싶으시다면,근사한 일입니다.
⑦If not, I understand completely and will be happy to call on another neighbor.
⑦그렇지 않더라도,충분히 이해하며 기꺼이 다른 이웃에게 요청 드리겠습니다.
⑧Regards, Martin Williams
⑧Martin Williams드림
[Ch.01 Unit 01 - 2번]프린터교체제안
①Dear Mr. Harrison,
①Harrison씨께
②Yesterday I was going through our files and realized that we had neglected to contact you regarding our proposal to replace your office printer.
②어제 저희 파일을 살펴보다가 귀하의 사무실 프린터를 교체하는 저희 제안과 관련하여 저희가 연락을 소홀히 했다는 사실을 깨달았습니다.
③I realize that four months have passed since I sent you the information, so I have attached our original proposal.
③제가 귀하께 정보를 보낸 지4개월이 지났다는 것을 깨달아서,저희의 최초 제안서를 첨부했습니다.
④I hope you will take the time to review it.
④귀하께서 시간을 내어 그것을 검토해 주시기를 바랍니다.
⑤We feel that our prices are very competitive and that the quality and durability of our printer will actually save you money in the long term.
⑤저희는 저희의 가격이 매우 경쟁력이 있고 저희 프린터의 품질과 내구성을 통해 장기적으로는 비용을 실질적으로 절감하실 것으로 생각합니다.
⑥I will call you next Monday after you have had time to review the proposal.
⑥귀하께서 제안서를 검토할 시간을 가지신 후,다음 주 월요일에 제가 귀하께 전화드리겠습니다.
⑦I look forward to doing business with you.
⑦귀하와 거래할 수 있기를 기대합니다.
⑧If you have any questions or concerns, I can be reached at 308-555-9847.
⑧질문이나 관심이 있으시면308-555-9847로 저에게 연락하실 수 있습니다.
⑨Best regards, Sarah Thompson Sales Manager
⑨영업부장Sarah Thompson드림
[Ch.01 Unit 01 - 3번]극장보수계획재고요청
①Dear Mayor Stanton,
①Stanton시장님께
②I've recently been informed that you are proposing a plan to renovate our city's great historic landmark, the Silverlight Theater.
②저는 최근에 시장님께서 우리 시의 위대한 역사적 명소인Silverlight극장을 보수하려는 계획을 제안하고자 한다는 것을 알게 되었습니다.
③Your proposed plan to increase the theater's seating capacity to attract larger audiences and bring more world-class theatrical performances to the city may be financially sound.
③더 많은 관객을 모으고 더 많은 세계 최상급 연극 공연을 우리 시에 유치하기 위해 극장의 관객 수용 능력을 늘리려는 시장님의 제안 계획은 재정적으로는 타당할 수도 있습니다.
④But everything I've heard and read in recent weeks leads me to believe that such a renovation would destroy the theater's architecture, which is among the best of its kind in the nation.
④하지만 최근 몇 주 동안 제가 듣고 읽은 모든 것은 그러한 보수가 그 극장의 구조를 파괴할 것이라고 믿게 하는데,그것은 전국의 그런 종류 중 최고에 속합니다.
⑤With that in mind, I urge you to reconsider this renovation plan and to explore alternatives that will preserve the character of the Silverlight Theater while securing its financial stability.
⑤저는 이를 염두에 두고 시장님께 이 보수 계획을 재고하고Silverlight극장의 특색을 보존하면서 그것의 재정적 안정을 확보할 대안을 모색할 것을 촉구합니다.
⑥I strongly believe that we should not sacrifice the beauty and history of our city for short-sighted financial gain.
⑥저는 근시안적인 재정적 이익을 위해 우리 시의 아름다움과 역사를 희생해서는 안 된다고 굳게 믿습니다.
⑦Sincerely, Kate Hendricks
⑦Kate Hendricks드림
[Ch.01 Unit 02 -수능대비ANALYSIS]휴전소식을들은Lina Caruso
①Outside, in the streets of Rome, crowds had quickly gathered and were shouting.
①밖의 로마 거리에서는,군중이 빠르게 모여들어 외치고 있었다.
②The war was over!
②전쟁이 끝났다!
③Peace had returned!
③평화가 돌아왔다!
④Lina Caruso and her mother heard the news from a refugee from Naples.
④Lina Caruso와 그녀의 어머니는 나폴리에서 온 한 난민으로부터 그 소식을 들었다.
⑤Lina hardly dared believe it.
⑤Lina는 감히 그것을 거의 믿지 못했다.
⑥Hurrying back to their house at the top of the town, they heard cheering, but Lina still didn't believe the news until she heard it with her own ears.
⑥서둘러 마을 꼭대기에 있는 자신들의 집으로 돌아오면서,그들은 환호성을 들었지만, Lina는 직접 자신의 두 귀로 듣기 전까지는 여전히 그 소식을 믿지 못했다.
⑦Just as they turned into their street, they saw an army motorcycle dispatch rider pulling out of the castle and waved him down.
⑦자신들의 거리로 막 접어들었을 때,그들은 군용 오토바이를 탄 전령이 성에서 빠져나오는 것을 보고는 손을 흔들어 그를 세웠다.
⑧He confirmed that the armistice had been signed.
⑧그는 휴전 협정이 서명되었음을 확인해 주었다.
⑨Hostilities would cease, and with them the bombings.
⑨적대 행위가 중단될 것이었고,그것과 더불어 폭격도 멈출 것이었다.
⑩Lina almost cried with joy.
⑩Lina는 기쁨에 거의 울 뻔했다.
⑪Joy seemed to overflow from her heart.
⑪기쁨이 그녀의 마음에서 넘쳐나는 것 같았다.
⑫She hugged her mother and cried.
⑫그녀는 어머니를 껴안고 울었다.
[Ch.01 Unit 02 - 1번]동굴의숨은입구발견
①With great care, Robert arranged his instruments.
①매우 조심스럽게, Robert는 자신의 도구를 정돈했다.
②His heart was pounding as he observed the morning shadows gradually descending the mountain.
②그가 아침 그림자가 서서히 산을 내려오는 것을 지켜볼 때,그의 심장은 고동치고 있었다.
③Each adjustment was made thoughtfully, every piece of equipment placed just so, all in anticipation of the cave's hidden entrance being unveiled.
③각각의 조정이 신중하게 이루어졌고,모든 장비도 그렇게 배치되었는데,모든 것이 그 동굴의 숨겨진 입구가 드러날 것이라는 기대 속에서 이루어졌다.
④He was not sure he could make it.
④그는 성공할 수 있을지 확신하지 못했다.
⑤And then, it happened─a subtle flash of light, fleeting yet significant.
⑤그리고 바로 그때,그 일이 일어났는데,미묘한 번쩍이는 빛이었고,순식간이었지만 아주 컸다.
⑥In that brief moment, Robert captured the crucial data, marking the entrance's location on his map with a surge of triumph.
⑥그 짧은 순간, Robert는 결정적인 데이터를 포착하여 벅차오르는 승리감으로 자신의 지도에 입구의 위치를 표시했다.
⑦Memories of his grandfather's captivating tales flooded his mind, filling him with a profound sense of connection and joy.
⑦할아버지의 매혹적인 이야기에 대한 기억이 그의 마음을 가득 채웠고,그를 깊은 유대감과 기쁨으로 채웠다.
⑧Tears welled in his eyes as he settled onto an old log, reflecting on the journey that had led him here.
⑧오래된 통나무 위에 자리를 잡고 앉아 여기까지 그를 이끌고 온 여정을 되돌아보자,그의 눈에는 눈물이 차올랐다.
⑨Crying with happiness, he uttered a single word into the crisp mountain air─"Fantastic!"
⑨행복에 겨워 울먹이며,그는 상쾌한 산속 공기 중으로'굉장하군!'이라고 한 마디를 내뱉었다.
[Ch.01 Unit 02 - 2번]차문을두드리는소리
①It seemed I was asleep only for a few minutes in my car when I was suddenly awakened by something banging on my car door.
①내 차 안에서 단지 몇 분간 잠을 자고 있었던 것 같았는데 갑자기 나는 뭔가가 차 문을 쾅 하고 치는 소리에 잠에서 깼다.
②I looked through every window, but no one was there.
②나는 모든 차창을 통해 살펴봤지만 아무도 없었다.
③The hitting was getting louder.
③두드리는 소리는 점점 더 커졌다.
④My mind started racing as I tried to contain the terror that was inching its way into my heart.
④내가 심장을 향해 조금씩 다가오는 공포를 억누르려고 하는 동안 나는 생각이 빨라지기 시작했다.
⑤I desperately screamed, "Please help me!"
⑤나는 필사적으로"제발 도와주세요!"라고 외쳤다.
⑥My eyes were shut as I screamed.
⑥나는 눈을 감고서 비명을 질렀다.
⑦As I shook with fear, I noticed the hitting had stopped.
⑦두려움에 떨고 있을 때 나는 두드리는 것이 멈춘 것을 알아차렸다.
⑧As I slowly forced my eyes to open, I saw there was a man tapping on my window.
⑧천천히 억지로 눈을 떴을 때,나는 한 남자가 내 차창을 두드리고 있는 것을 보았다.
⑨He was an older man, who didn't look dangerous.
⑨그는 나이 든 남자였는데,위험해 보이지는 않았다.
⑩"Hello there," he said.
⑩"안녕하세요."그가 말했다.
⑪"I saw your car on the side of the road. Is everything okay?"
⑪"도롯가에 있는 당신 차를 봤어요.괜찮으세요?"
⑫I couldn't think of a time I had ever been gladder to see someone.
⑫나는 누군가를 보게 되어(이보다)더 반가웠던 때를 생각해 낼 수 없었다.
[Ch.01 Unit 02 - 3번]고장의고등학교미식축구팀경기
①More than a thousand people showed up at the field to cheer for the hometown high school football team.
①고장의 고등학교 미식축구 팀을 응원하기 위해 천 명이 넘는 사람들이 경기장에 나타났다.
②There was a long line at the ticket booth that stretched down the street.
②매표소에는 거리를 따라 늘어선 긴 줄이 있었다.
③The delicious smell of popcorn and hot dogs was everywhere. and the refreshment stand ran out of food before halftime.
③사방에 팝콘과 핫도그의 맛있는 냄새가 났고,다과를 파는 노점은 하프 타임 전에 음식이 동이 났다.
④Everyone was cheering: the crowd waving flags, the cheerleaders, the band playing loud music, the players, the officials, the parents running the hot dog stand, the policeman, even me!
④모두가 응원하고 있었다.깃발을 흔드는 관중,치어리더들,시끄러운 음악을 연주하는 밴드,선수들,경기 임원들,핫도그 노점을 운영하는 부모들,경찰관,그리고 나조차도!
⑤The cheerleaders were whistling and stomping their feet on the aluminum bleachers, making a loud noise.
⑤치어리더들은 알루미늄 노천 관람석에서 휘파람을 불고 발을 쿵쿵 구르며 큰 소리를 냈다.
⑥The cheerleaders looked up in delighted surprise.
⑥치어리더들은 아주 즐겁게 놀라서 올려다보았다.
⑦For the first time, they were hearing something come back from the stands─a huge cheer!
⑦그들은 처음으로 관중석에서 뭔가 호응하는 소리를 들었는데,그것은 엄청난 환호성이었다!
⑧They did cartwheels and backflips and even a three-tier pyramid.
⑧그들은 옆으로 재주넘기,뒤로 재주넘기,심지어3단 피라미드 쌓기까지 했다.
⑨The old-timers said it was the loudest. most exciting game they'd ever been to.
⑨오랜 팬들은 그것이 여태까지 자신들이 와 본 경기 중 가장 시끄럽고 가장 흥미진진한 경기였다고 말했다.
[Ch.01 Unit 03 -수능대비ANALYSIS]멘티를대하는멘토의자세
①It has been said that most people listen with the intention to reply rather than to understand.
①대부분 사람은 이해하려는 의도보다는 답변하려는 의도로 듣는다는 말이 있어 왔다.
②Your job as a mentor is to facilitate your mentee's thinking and not to try and do it for them, no matter how tempting that may be.
②멘토로서 여러분의 역할은 여러분의 멘티의 사고를 촉진하는 것이지 아무리 솔깃할 수 있다고 하더라도 멘티를 대신해서 그것을 해 주려고 애쓰는 것이 아니다.
③If, during a mentoring session, you realise you're doing most of the talking, then I'd respectfully suggest that you just stop, sit back and listen.
③만약 멘토링 시간 중에 여러분이 말 대부분을 하고 있다는 것을 깨닫는다면,그냥 멈추고 가만히 있으면서(멘티가 하는 말을)듣기를 정중히 제안한다.
④A good part of the mentee's learning process happens when he/she thinks out loud.
④멘티의 학습 과정의 상당 부분은 멘티가 생각을 입 밖에 내어 말할 때 발생한다.
⑤The rest of it happens by reflection and practice outside mentoring sessions.
⑤나머지는 멘토링 시간 밖에서의 성찰과 실천에 의해 발생한다.
⑥Therefore, your mentee should be doing most of the talking.
⑥따라서 여러분의 멘티가 대부분의 말을 해야 한다.
⑦Listening actively and empathically helps mentees to gain insight and to express themselves more effectively.
⑦적극적이고 공감하면서 경청하는 것은 멘티가 통찰을 얻고 자신을 더 효과적으로 표현하도록 돕는다.
⑧For your mentee to have a sense of being heard and of feeling acknowledged, it is essential that you listen well.
⑧여러분의 멘티가 경청되고 인정받는다고 느끼려면,여러분이 잘 들어 주는 것이 극히 중요하다.
[Ch.01 Unit 03 - 1번]전문성과창의력의관계
①The expert myth is the belief that the more you know, the more creative you become.
①'전문가 신화'는 더 많이 알수록 더욱더 창의적으로 된다는 믿음이다.
②At the face of it, this seems quite logical.
②표면적으로는 이것이 꽤 논리적으로 보인다.
③The rationale is that in order to be truly creative, one must master a field or a domain.
③그 근거는 진정으로 창의적으로 되려면 어떤 한 분야나 영역에 숙달해야 한다는 것이다.
④Creativity often requires some level of expertise. but expertise and creativity are nonetheless very different things.
④창의력은 흔히 어느 정도의 전문성을 요구하지만,그래도 전문성과 창의력은 매우 다른 것이다.
⑤Someone can know a great deal about something and yet show little creativity in that domain.
⑤어떤 사람은 어떤 것에 대해 많이 알 수 있지만,그 영역에서 창의력을 거의 보이지 못할 수도 있다.
⑥However, research into the lives of creative people shows that in some cases "expertise can actually hinder creative ability of individuals. ... As expertise grows, creativity sometimes diminishes. Sometimes the best insights come from those outside a particular field, ..."
⑥그러나 창의적인 사람들의 삶에 대한 연구는 어떤 경우에는"전문성이 실제로 사람들의 창의력을 저해할 수 있다. ...전문성이 커짐에 따라 창의력은 때때로 줄어든다.때때로 최고의 통찰은 해당 분야 밖에 있는 사람들에게서 나온다, ..."라는 것을 보여 준다.
⑦There is good reason for this.
⑦이것에는 충분한 이유가 있다.
⑧When we are too heavily invested in a task, we may tend to overlook the obvious.
⑧우리가 어떤 한 과업에 너무 많은 시간과 노력을 쏟으면 명백한 것을 간과하기 쉬울 수도 있을 것이다.
[Ch.01 Unit 03 - 2번]진로탐색노력
①Just as you don't know everything in advance about a trip you are going to take, neither can you know everything about how your new life or career might unfold.
①여러분이 떠날 여행에 대해 모든 것을 미리 알 수 없는 것과 꼭 마찬가지로,여러분의 새로운 삶이나 진로가 어떻게 펼쳐질지에 대해서도 모든 것을 알 수는 없다.
②But that's fine.
②하지만 괜찮다.
③You just have to treat it like doing a jigsaw: accept that the full picture is going to emerge gradually rather than instantly.
③여러분은 그것을 조각 그림 맞추기를 하듯 그것을 다루기만 하면 되는데,전체 그림이 즉각적이 아니라 서서히 나타날 거라는 사실을 받아들여라.
④While sometimes it will be straightforward to fit pieces together, at other times it will take more effort and patience.
④때로는 조각을 맞추는 것이 간단한 반면에,또 어떤 때에는 더 많은 노력과 인내가 필요할 것이다.
⑤Sometimes you will find interesting pieces that open up a whole new section, and at other times you may find pieces that don't seem to belong anywhere right now.
⑤때로는 완전히 새로운 부분을 여는 흥미로운 조각을 발견할 수도 있고,또 어떤 때에는 당장은 아무 곳에도 속하지 않는 것 같은 조각을 발견할 수도 있을 것이다.
⑥You just need to keep at it until the picture emerges and you can see clearly what you have achieved.
⑥여러분은 그림이 나타날 때까지 그저 그것을 계속할 필요가 있고,그러면 자신이 달성한 것을 명확하게 볼 수 있다.
[Ch.01 Unit 03 - 3번]사회적관습이우리의습관에미치는막대한영향
①We don't choose our earliest habits, we imitate them.
①우리는 우리의 초기 습관을 선택하지 않으며,그것을 모방한다.
②We follow the script handed down by our friends and family, our church or school. our local community and society at large.
②우리는 친구와 가족,교회나 학교,지역 사회와 사회 전반에 의해 물려받는 각본을 따른다.
③Each of these cultures and groups comes with its own set of expectations and standards─when and whether to get married, how many children to have, which holidays to celebrate, how much money to spend on your child's birthday party.
③이러한 각 문화와 집단에는 언제 결혼할지와 결혼할 것인지,얼마나 많은 자녀를 가질지,어떤 명절을 축하할지,자녀의 생일 파티에 얼마를 지출할지의 그 자체의 기대와 기준이 있다.
④In many ways, these social norms are the invisible rules that guide your behavior each day.
④여러 면에서 이러한 사회적 규범은 매일 여러분의 행동을 이끄는 보이지 않는 규칙이다.
⑤You're always keeping them in mind, even if they are not at the top of your mind.
⑤그것이 여러분의 마음속에 가장 먼저 떠오르는 것이 아니더라도,여러분은 그것을 항상 마음속에 두고 있다.
⑥Often, you follow the habits of your culture without thinking, without questioning, and sometimes without remembering.
⑥자주 여러분은 아무 생각 없이,의심 없이,때로는 기억하지 못한 채 여러분 문화의 관습을 따른다.
⑦As the French philosopher Michel de Montaigne wrote, "The customs and practices of life in society sweep us along."
⑦프랑스 철학자Michel de Montaigne이 썼듯이, "사회에서 삶의 관습과 관행은 우리의 정신을 온통 빼앗는다."
[Ch.01 Unit 04 -수능대비ANALYSIS]원칙과가치의중요성
①Nothing about an organization's strategy or business model is sacrosanct.
①조직의 전략이나 비즈니스 모델에서 신성불가침인 것은 아무 것도 없다.
②But there must be a cutting point between principles and values and everything else.
②하지만 원칙과 가치,그리고 그 외의 모든 것 사이에는 반드시 구분점이 존재해야 한다.
③They represent precious, freestanding assets that must be independent of strategy.
③그것들은 전략으로부터 독립적이어야 하는 소중하고 독립된 자산을 나타낸다.
④They provide continuity and identity when everything else is expendable.
④그 외의 모든 것이 소모용인데 그것들은 연속성과 정체성을 제공한다.
⑤They represent the core element of the culture and the unchanging soul of the organization.
⑤그것들은 문화의 핵심 요소이자 조직의 변하지 않는 정신을 나타낸다.
⑥Cases in which leaders have successfully remodeled an entire enterprise represent organizational change in its comprehensive and supreme category.
⑥리더가 기업 전체를 성공적으로 개조한 사례는 그것의 포괄적이면서도 가장 중요한 범주에서의 조직상의 변화를 나타낸다.
⑦We learn from these cases that retaining principles and values during the process of change is not only possible but necessary to provide an anchor.
⑦이러한 사례에서 우리는 변화의 과정에서 원칙과 가치를 유지하는 것이 가능할 뿐만 아니라 의지할 것을 제공하는 데 필수적이라는 것을 배운다.
⑧Ironically, perhaps, organizations with the strongest principles and values often have the highest adaptive capacity because people attach themselves to them and understand that everything else is on the table.
⑧어쩌면,역설적이게도 가장 강력한 원칙과 가치를 가진 조직이 흔히 최고의 적응 능력을 갖고 있는데,사람들이 그것들은 고수하고 그 외의 모든 것들은 검토 대상이라는 것을 이해하기 때문이다.
⑨If you want to keep your promises, burn the house when it's time to reinvent the company.
⑨약속을 지키고 싶다면,회사를 새롭게 만들어야 할 때라면 집을 불태우라.
⑩But save the nails.
⑩하지만 못은 남겨 두라.
[Ch.01 Unit 04 - 1번]인간행동과감정의사회성
①There is something in human nature that prompts us to think of our actions, as well as our feelings, as though they were the distinctive issue of something inside us, something uniquely ours.
①인간 본성에는,우리의 행동,나아가 우리의 감정이 마치 우리 내부의 어떤 것에 대한 특이한 문제,즉 우리만의 고유한 어떤 것에 대한 문제인 것처럼 생각하게 이끄는 무언가가 있다.
②Some are.
②일부는 그렇다.
③But most of the actions and feelings that help us enter into working relations with fellow members of the world are not all that private.
③하지만 우리가 세상의 동료 구성원들과 과업 수행 관계를 시작하도록 돕는 대부분의 행동과 감정은 그다지 개인적인 것이 아니다.
④They are, in fact, performances we execute in acceptably close conformity to widely accepted social rules.
④사실,그것들은 우리가 널리 받아들여지는 사회적 규칙을 용인할 수 있을 정도로 근접하게 따르면서 실행하는 일이다.
⑤These rules are learned and held by us in such an easy way that we indulge the conceit that they are our own brilliant accomplishments.
⑤이러한 규칙은 우리가 너무나 쉽게 배워서 보유하기 때문에 우리는 그것들이 우리 자신의 훌륭한 업적이라는 자만심에 빠진다.
⑥We think of them as though they were the inventions of our own utterly original psychic lives, when most of them are as familiar to others as they are to us.
⑥우리는 그것들을 마치 우리 자신의 완전히 독창적인 정신적 삶의 발명품인 것처럼 생각하지만,그것 중 대부분은 우리에게 친숙한 것처럼 다른 사람들에게도 친숙하다.
⑦Social things are quite simply social.
⑦사회적인 것들은 그야말로 사회적이다.
[Ch.01 Unit 04 - 2번]음식조리의생물학적이점
①Cooked food does many familiar things.
①조리된 음식은 친숙한 여러 가지 일을 한다.
②It makes our food safer, creates delicious tastes, and reduces the risk of going bad.
②그것은 우리의 음식을 더 안전하게 만들고,맛있는 맛을 만들어 내며, (음식이)상할 위험성을 줄여준다.
③Heating can allow us to open, cut, or mash tough foods.
③가열은 우리가 질긴 음식을 쪼개거나 자르거나 으깰 수 있게 한다.
④But none of these advantages is as important as a little-appreciated aspect: cooking increases the amount of energy our bodies obtain from our food.
④그러나 이러한 장점 중 어떤 것도 거의 인정받지 못한 한 가지 측면만큼 중요한 것은 없는데,그것은 조리가 우리 몸이 음식에서 얻는 에너지의 양을 증가시킨다는 것이다.
⑤The extra energy gave the first cooks biological advantages.
⑤여분의 에너지는 최초로 조리를 한 사람들에게 생물학적 이점을 주었다.
⑥They survived and reproduced better than before.
⑥그들은 이전보다 더 잘 생존하고 번식했다.
⑦Their genes spread.
⑦그들의 유전자가 퍼졌다.
⑧Their bodies responded by biologically adapting to cooked food, shaped by natural selection to take maximum advantage of the new diet.
⑧그들의 몸은 생물학적으로 조리된 음식에 적응함으로써 반응했고,자연 선택에 의해 새로운 식단을 최대한 활용하도록 형성되었다.
⑨There were changes in anatomy, physiology, ecology, life history, psychology, and society.
⑨해부학적 구조,생리,생태,생활사,심리,그리고 사회에 변화가 생겼다.
⑩Fossil evidence indicates that this dependence arose not just some tens of thousands of years ago, but right back at the beginning of our time on Earth, at the start of human evolution.
⑩화석 증거는 이러한 의존성이 겨우 수만 년 전이 아니라 과거에 지구상에서 우리의 시간이 시작한 바로 그때,즉 인류의 진화가 시작한 때에 발생했다는 것을 보여 준다.
⑪We should indeed pin our humanity on cooks.
⑪우리는 정말로 우리의 인간다움을 조리를 한 사람들의 덕분으로 돌려야 한다.
[Ch.01 Unit 04 - 3번]텔레비전이스포츠산업에미친영향
①Radio provided the driving force to solidify the era of patronage; however, the invention that soon followed remains to this day the most significant communication medium that has influenced and aided the development of sports.
①라디오가 애용의 시대를 확고히 하는 원동력을 제공했지만,곧 뒤를 이은 발명품이 스포츠 발전에 영향을 미치고 도움을 준 가장 중요한 통신 매체로 오늘날까지 남아 있다.
②Who knew what sportscaster Bill Stern questioned and introduced in 1939 would enhance the growth and development of sports marketing practices for decades?
②스포츠 캐스터Bill Stern이1939년에 의문을 제기하면서 소개했던 것이 수십 년 동안 스포츠 마케팅 관행의 성장과 발전을 향상할 줄 누가 알았겠는가?
③The display platform, the television, though airing two average baseball teams battling for fourth place, provided an incredibly formidable and profitable union between sports and the American public.
③비록4위를 다투는 평범한 두 야구팀을 방송하긴 해도,텔레비전이라는 디스플레이 플랫폼은 스포츠와 미국 대중 간의 믿을 수 없을 정도로 강력하고 수익성 있는 결합을 제공했다.
④The television provided a means for sports organizations to expand their market presence and a unique opportunity for marketers to engage their publics.
④텔레비전은 스포츠 단체가 시장 진출을 확장할 수 있는 수단과 마케터가 대중의 관심을 사로잡을 특별한 기회를 제공했다.
⑤The notion of a "picture being worth a thousand words" became a reality with the invention and its intervention and presentation of sports.
⑤한 장의'그림이 천 마디 말의 가치가 있다'라는 개념은 그 발명품,그리고 그것의 스포츠 개입과 제공으로 현실이 되었다.
[Ch.01 Unit 05 -수능대비ANALYSIS]미각이뛰어난사람의이점
①Supertasters and nontasters respond similarly to many foods, but supertasters are more sensitive to certain sweet and bitter substances.
①미각이 뛰어난 사람과 뛰어나지 않은 사람은 많은 음식에 비슷하게 반응하지만,미각이 뛰어난 사람은 단맛과 쓴맛이 나는 특정한 재료에 더 민감하다.
②These differences in taste sensitivity influence people's eating habits in ways that can have repercussions for their physical health.
②이러한 미각 민감도의 차이는 신체 건강에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 방식으로 사람들의 식습관에 영향을 미친다.
③For example, supertasters are less likely to be fond of sweets and tend to consume fewer high-fat foods, both of which are likely to reduce their risk for cardiovascular disease.
③예를 들어,미각이 뛰어난 사람은 단 음식을 덜 좋아할 수 있고 고지방 음식을 덜 먹는 경향이 있는데,이 두 가지 모두 심혈관 질환의 위험을 줄일 수 있다.
④Supertasters also tend to react more negatively to alcohol and smoking, thereby reducing their likelihood of developing drinking problems or nicotine addiction.
④미각이 뛰어난 사람은 또한 음주와 흡연에 더 부정적으로 반응하는 경향이 있는데,그렇게 함으로써 그들에게 음주 문제나 니코틴 중독이 발생할 가능성을 줄인다.
⑤The only health disadvantage identified for supertasters thus far is that they respond more negatively to many vegetables, which seems to hold down their vegetable intake.
⑤지금까지 미각이 뛰어난 사람에게 확인된 유일한 건강상의 단점은 그들이 많은 채소에 대해 더 부정적으로 반응한다는 것인데,그것은 채소 섭취를 억제하는 듯하다.
⑥Overall, however, supertasters tend to have better health habits than nontasters, thanks to their strong reactions to certain tastes.
⑥그러나,전반적으로는 미각이 뛰어난 사람이 특정 맛에 대한 자신의 강한 반응 덕분에 미각이 뛰어나지 않은 사람보다 더 나은 건강 습관을 갖는 경향이 있다.
[Ch.01 Unit 05 - 1번]아프리카전통사회의노인의역할
①Every society has its cognitive "police officers" or gatekeepers who together define the fundamental cognitive orientation of the people and principally oversee the approved characterization and the defense of the societal norms.
①모든 사회에는 함께 사람들의 기본적인 인지적 성향을 규정하고 주로 사회 규범의 승인된 정의와 수호를 감독하는 인지적'경찰관'또는 문지기가 있다.
②Among traditional African societies, this policing or gatekeeping role is performed mostly by the adult members through the acquisition of a library of ideas, because they are believed to have accumulated the knowledge and wisdom of the society.
②전통적인 아프리카 사회에서 이러한 감시 활동이나 문지기 역할은 생각의 서고 습득을 통해 성인 구성원에 의해 대부분 수행되는데,이것은 그들이 그 사회에 대한 지식과 지혜를 축적해왔다고 여겨지기 때문이다.
③No wonder then, that the Akan of Ghana has wise sayings and proverbs, such as "Each time an elderly dies it is as if a library had burned down."
③그렇다면 가나의 아칸족에게"노인 한 명이 죽을 때마다 도서관 하나가 불타는 것과 같다"와 같은 지혜로운 격언과 속담이 있는 것은 놀랄 일이 아니다.
④In addition to acting as guides to the land and its flora and fauna, elders convey knowledge to youngsters individually by telling stories, and thus overseeing their learning process.
④원로들은 땅과 그곳의 동식물에 대한 안내자 역할을 할 뿐만 아니라,이야기를 해 줌으로써 젊은이들에게 개별적으로 지식을 전달하고,그리고 이런 식으로 그들의 학습 과정을 감독한다.
⑤There is also a reverence of filial piety, the respect for the elderly that is equated with wisdom.
⑤효도에 대한 숭상,즉 지혜와 동일시되는 노인에 대한 존경심도 있다.
[Ch.01 Unit 05 - 2번]자연재해에대처하기위한건축법규
①Building codes can reduce the adverse impacts of hazards.
①건축 법규는 위험 요소로 인한 해로운 영향을 줄일 수 있다.
②For example, hurricane clips may prevent roofs from detaching from buildings during the high winds of passing tropical cyclones and thus prevent rain damage.
②예를 들어,허리케인용 고정 장치는 지나가는 열대성 사이클론(인도양의 열대성 저기압)의 강한 바람이 불 때 지붕이 건물에서 분리되는 것을 방지하여 비 피해를 예방할 수 있다.
③However, as with engineered structures, building codes have their limitations.
③그러나 공학적 구조물에서와 마찬가지로,건축 법규에도 그것의 한계가 있다.
④It was reported that in the wake of Hurricane Andrew, which struck South Florida in 1992, officials realized that strict building codes would not prevent serious damage.
④1992년에 사우스 플로리다를 강타한 허리케인Andrew가 지나간 후에,관료들은 엄격한 건축 법규가 심각한 피해를 막지 못할 것이라는 점을 깨달았다고 전해졌다.
⑤Furthermore, earthquake codes are typically designed to prevent buildings from collapsing, not to maintain structural integrity of the building and ensure habitability after a large earthquake.
⑤게다가,지진 법규는 일반적으로 건물이 붕괴되는 것을 방지하기 위해서 고안된 것이지,큰 지진이 발생한 후 건물의 구조적 온전성을 유지하고 거주 적합성을 보장하기 위해서가 아니었다.
⑥This policy increases human survival rates in earthquakes, but is less effective in reducing the economic impact.
⑥이 정책은 지진 발생 시 인명 생존율을 높이지만,경제적 영향을 줄이는 데 덜 효과적이다.
⑦Furthermore, building codes are the offspring of public policy, and policy is vulnerable to inequity in its application across the breadth of society, and may be ignored or not enforced.
⑦게다가,건축 법규는 공공 정책의 산물이며,정책은 사회 전반에 걸친 적용에 있어서 불평등에 취약하고,무시되거나 시행되지 않을 수도 있다.
[Ch.01 Unit 05 - 3번]감정에미치는언어표현의힘
①Harvard business professor Alison Wood Brooks has done studies that show how stress and anxiety change based on what we tell ourselves.
①하버드 대학교 경영 대학원 교수Alison Wood Brooks는 우리가 자신에게 말하는 바에 따라 스트레스와 불안이 어떻게 바뀌는지 보여 주는 연구를 수행했다.
②Brooks's experiment sounds like a blast or a nightmare, depending on your perspective.
②Brooks의 실험은 여러분의 관점에 따라 신나는 경험처럼 들리기도 하고 악몽처럼 들리기도 한다.
③She took a group of subjects with stage fright to a crowded bar with a stage and had them get up there and sing.
③그녀는 무대 공포증이 있는 피실험자들을 무대가 있는 붐비는 바에 데려가서 그들이 무대에 올라가 노래를 부르도록 했다.
④All the subjects arrived nervous, as expected.
④예상대로 모든 피실험자는 긴장한 채로 도착했다.
⑤But Brooks measured whether or not having them change their language─calling their nerves "excitement"─made any difference.
⑤하지만Brooks는 피실험자들이 그들의 언어를 바꾸도록 한 것,즉 긴장을'흥분'이라고 부르도록 한 것이 어떤 차이를 가져오는지를 측정했다.
⑥She had one nervous group tell themselves over and over, "I am excited," and tested them against a control group who just sat with their nerves and their regular self-talk.
⑥그녀는 긴장한 한 집단에게"나는 신난다."라고 반복해서 자신에게 말하게 하고,그들을 긴장하여 평소의 혼잣말을 하며 그냥 앉아 있는 대조군과 대조하여 실험했다.
⑦The results were eye-opening.
⑦결과는 놀랄 만했다.
⑧The decision to tell themselves that the feeling they were experiencing was excitement helped them convert the energy into something positive, even useful.
⑧자신이 경험하고 있는 감정이 흥분이라고 자기 자신에게 말하기로 한 결정은 그들이 에너지를 긍정적인,나아가 유용한 것으로 바꾸는 데 도움이 되었다.
[Ch.01 -서술형Practice]방해요소없이생각할기회를가지는것의중요성
①I met a CEO once who had an amazing approach to problem solving.
①나는 언젠가 문제 해결에 대한 놀라운 접근 방식을 가진CEO를 만난 적이 있다.
②Whenever his organization had a problem, he'd gather information about it.
②자신의 조직에 문제가 있을 때마다 그는 그것에 대한 정보를 수집하곤 했다.
③Once he had all the information, he'd say to his people, "Okay, we're going to go to solution now. But before we do that, I want you to spread out around the building and sit quietly, or take a walk for about a half hour. Whatever you do, I want you to quiet yourself. No telephone, nothing to read. And I want you to look for the answer within."
③모든 정보가 수집되면 그는 직원들에게"자,이제 우리는 해결책으로 나아갈 것입니다.하지만 그것을 하기 전에 저는 여러분이 건물 이곳저곳에 흩어져서 조용히 앉아 있거나30분 정도 산책을 하기를 바랍니다.여러분이 무엇을 하든 여러분 자신을 진정시키세요.전화도 안 되고,무언가를 읽지도 마세요.그리고 내면에서 해답을 찾길 바랍니다."라고 말하곤 했다.
④He told me it blew his mind to see how people's clarity and decision-making capacity would come back when they had a chance to quiet themselves and think through something without all kinds of distractions.
④그는 사람들이 온갖 방해 요소 없이 자신을 진정시키고 무언가를 충분히 생각할 기회를 가졌을 때 그들의 명료성과 의사 결정 능력이 회복되곤 하는 것을 보고 깜짝 놀랐다고 내게 말했다.
⑤I think half our problems of not behaving on our good intentions is that we don't give ourselves any space to rethink who we want to be.
⑤나는 우리가 좋은 의도로 행동하지 못하는 문제의 절반은 우리가 어떤 사람이 되고 싶은지를 다시 생각할 어떤 여유도 가지지 않는다는 것이라고 생각한다.
[Ch.01 -논술형Practice]전자세계에서의연락에대한원칙확립
①Your real social capital is most likely going to come from people you know in the physical world rather than through your virtual social networks.
①여러분의 진정한 사회 자본은 가상의 소셜 네트워크를 통해서가 아니라 아마도 물리적 세계에서 여러분이 아는 사람들에게서 기인할 것이다.
②Knowing that, as well as knowing that you may get interrupted by communications from your electronic world, you should develop rules about how to deal with intrusive e-connections when you are actually face to face with friends.
②그것을 아는 것과 더불어 여러분의 전자 세계에서 오는 연락에 의해 여러분이 방해받을 수 있다는 것을 알기에,여러분은 실제로 친구와 대면하고 있을 때 방해가 되는 전자 연결에 어떻게 대처할지에 대한 규칙을 만들어야 한다.
③Too often you see people with their smartphones lined up on a restaurant table, willing to interrupt themselves to respond to whoever has just sent a text.
③음식점 테이블에 스마트폰을 늘어 놓고 방금 문자를 보낸 사람이 누구든 그에게 응답하기 위해 기꺼이 스스로를 방해하는 사람들을 여러분은 너무 자주 본다.
④This doesn't mean that you can't respond to these interruptions if they are important; it just means that you have to define an "important" message in advance and then leave the rest alone for after your social get-together.
④이것은 이러한 방해가 중요한 경우에도 여러분이 그것에 응답할 수 없다는 뜻이 아니라, '중요한'메시지를 미리 규정하고 나머지는 사교 모임이 끝난 후에 보도록 남겨 두어야 한다는 의미일 뿐이다.
⑤You need to take your local audience into account while understanding the needs of your remote audience.
⑤여러분은 멀리 있는 여러분의 청자의 필요를 이해하면서도 현재 여러분과 같은 공간에 있는 청자를 고려해야 한다.
[Ch.02 Unit 06 -수능대비ANALYSIS]이동전화앱에소비하는시간
①The graph above shows the average daily time spent by users worldwide on mobile apps from October 2020 to March 2021, by category.
①위 그래프는2020년10월부터2021년3월까지 전 세계 사용자에 의해 이동 전화 앱에 소비된 하루 평균 시간을 범주별로 보여 준다.
②Users worldwide spent the greatest amount of time on social apps, at about 55 minutes per day.
②전 세계 사용자들은 소셜 앱에 가장 많은 시간을 소비했고 이는 대략 하루에55분이었다.
③Game apps ranked second highest among the app categories, with the time spent on them being less than one-third of the time spent on social apps.
③게임 앱은 앱 종류 중 두 번째로 가장 높은 순위를 차지했는데,그것에 소비된 시간은 소셜 앱에 소비된 시간의3분의1보다 더 적었다.
④Users worldwide spent similar amounts of time on entertainment, sports, and shopping apps, respectively, and when put together, the total time spent on them was greater than that spent on social apps.
④전 세계 사용자들은 엔터테인먼트,스포츠,쇼핑 앱에 각각 비슷한 시간을 소비했으며,모두 합치면 그것들에 소비된 총 시간은 소셜 앱에 소비된 것보다 더 많았다.
⑤Travel apps ranked the second least with users worldwide spending about 3 minutes less on them than on sports apps.
⑤여행 앱은 전 세계 사용자가 스포츠 앱에보다 약3분 정도 적게 소비해서 두 번째로 가장 낮은 순위를 차지했다.
⑥The least amount of time was spent on finance apps, which was the only category where the time spent was less than 10 minutes.
⑥가장 적은 시간이 금융 앱에 소비되었으며 그것은10분이 채 안 되는 시간이 소비된 유일한 범주였다.
[Ch.02 Unit 06 - 1번]청소년영상공모전
①⟪Youth Video Contest on Cultural Diversity⟫
①⟪문화 다양성에 관한 청소년 영상 공모전⟫
②Contest Theme: Celebrating Cultural Diversity Through a Lens
②공모전 주제:렌즈를 통해 문화 다양성 기리기
③Eligibility: Open to all youth aged 13-18 worldwide
③참가 자격:전 세계13~18세의 모든 청소년 참가 가능
④Video Submission Requirements
④영상 출품 요건
⑤ㆍVideos should be 3-5 minutes long.
⑤ㆍ영상은3~5분 길이여야 합니다.
⑥ㆍMaximum file size: 500MB
⑥ㆍ최대 파일 크기: 500메가바이트
⑦ㆍLanguage: English or English subtitles
⑦ㆍ언어:영어 또는 영어 자막
⑧Submission Deadline: Applications and videos must be submitted by November 30.
⑧출품 기한:신청서와 영상은11월30일까지 제출해야 합니다.
⑨How to Submit
⑨출품 방법
⑩ㆍSend your completed application form along with your video to youthvideocontest@diversity.org.
⑩ㆍ작성 완료된 신청서 양식을 영상과 함께youthvideocontest@diversity.org로 보내세요.
⑪ㆍYou can download the application form on our website at www.capturingdiversity.org.
⑪ㆍ신청서 양식은 우리 웹사이트www.capturingdiversity.org에서 내려받을 수 있습니다.
⑫Note
⑫주의
⑬ㆍA panel of judges will evaluate submissions based on creativity, relevance to the theme, and production quality.
⑭ㆍWinning videos will be showcased on our video channel on December 15.
⑭ㆍ수상작은12월15일에 우리 동영상 채널에서 공개될 것입니다.
[Ch.02 Unit 06 - 2번]국가별이산화탄소배출량
①The graph above shows the carbon dioxide emissions of the most polluting countries worldwide in 2010 and 2022.
①위 그래프는2010년과2022년 전 세계에서 가장 많이 오염을 일으키는 국가들의 이산화탄소 배출량을 보여 준다.
②The six countries' rankings for carbon dioxide emissions did not change between 2010 and 2022.
②6개국의 이산화탄소 배출 순위는2010년과2022년 사이에 변동이 없었다.
③China was the highest carbon dioxide emitter in both years, with a significant increase in emissions in 2022, releasing 11,397 million metric tons.
③중국은 두 해 모두 최대 이산화탄소 배출국이었으며, 2022년에는 배출량이 상당히 증가하여11,397백만 미터톤을 방출했다.
④In 2022, China's carbon dioxide emissions were greater than the combined carbon dioxide emissions of the United States, India, and Russia.
④2022년에,중국의 이산화탄소 배출은 미국,인도,러시아의 이산화탄소 배출을 합친 것보다 더 많았다.
⑤The United States, which ranked second in 2010, decreased its carbon dioxide emissions in 2022 compared to 2010, but still ranked second with emissions above 5,000 million metric tons.
⑤2010년에2위에 올랐던 미국은2010년에 비해2022년에 이산화탄소 배출이 감소했지만,여전히50억 미터톤이 넘는 배출로 여전히2위를 차지했다.
⑥India and Indonesia increased their carbon dioxide emissions from 2010 to 2022, while Russia and Japan's emissions decreased during the same period.
⑥인도와 인도네시아는2010년부터2022년까지 이산화탄소 배출이 증가한 반면,러시아와 일본의 배출량은 같은 기간 동안 감소하였다.
[Ch.02 Unit 06 - 3번]공원투어홍보
①⟪A Walk in the Park⟫
①⟪공원에서의 산책⟫
②Join a guided tour through the Cordova Sculpture Park.
②Cordova조각공원을 둘러보는 가이드 안내 투어에 참가하세요.
③The tour is a lively conversation about artists, art-making processes, materials, and Cordova's rich history.
③투어는 예술가,예술품 제작 과정,재료, Cordova의 풍부한 역사에 대한 생생한 대화로 진행됩니다.
④When: Saturday, May11, 1:00 p.m.-2:00 p.m.
④시간: 5월11일 토요일,오후1시~오후2시
⑤Tickets: Adult-$14, Child-FREE
⑤입장권:성인-14달러,어린이-무료
⑥ㆍCapacity is limited and we recommend purchasing tickets in advance.
⑥ㆍ정원이 제한되어 있으므로 입장권을 미리 구매할 것을 권합니다.
⑦Your ticket includes admission to the museum and the sculpture park.
⑦입장권에는 박물관과 조각공원 입장료가 포함되어 있습니다.
⑧ㆍYou must arrive at the park at least 15 minutes before the tour begins to allow time for check in.
⑧ㆍ체크인에 걸리는 시간을 고려하여,투어 시작 최소15분 전 공원에 도착해야 합니다.
⑨ㆍMeet your guide on the front steps of the museum's main entrance.
⑨ㆍ박물관 정문의 정면 계단에서 가이드를 만나세요.
⑩The tour will begin promptly at 1 p.m.
⑩투어는 오후1시에 곧바로 시작될 것입니다.
⑪ㆍThe tour will be entirely outdoors.
⑪ㆍ투어는 전부 야외에서 진행됩니다.
⑫Registered participants will receive an email if the tour is canceled.
⑫투어가 취소되면,등록된 참가자는 이메일을 받을 것입니다.
[Ch.02 Unit 07 -수능대비ANALYSIS]인상주의여류화가Berthe Morisot
①Berthe Morisot was born in Bourges, France, on January 14, 1841.
①Berthe Morisot는1841년1월14일에 프랑스Bourges에서 태어났다.
②She was the youngest of three daughters of an upper-middle-class family.
②그녀는 중상류층 가정의 세 딸 중 막내였다.
③Morisot began to draw as a child, taking lessons seriously at age seventeen.
③Morisot는 어릴 때 그림을 그리기 시작했고, 17세에 본격적으로 수업을 받기 시작했다.
④Her early style featured subtle color harmonies.
④그녀의 초기 스타일은 미묘한 색의 조화를 특징으로 했다.
⑤At twenty-three, she debuted at the official Salon with two landscapes and was accepted to exhibit regularly for the next ten years.
⑤그녀는23세에 풍경화 두 점으로 공식 전람회에 데뷔했고 이후10년 동안 정기적으로 전시하도록 허가를 받았다.
⑥At twenty-seven, she was introduced to Edouard Manet, who became a major influence on her work.
⑥27세에,그녀는Edouard Manet를 소개받았는데,그는 그녀의 작품에 큰 영향을 주었다.
⑦Under his guidance, her brush strokes became fast and loose.
⑦그의 지도 아래,그녀의 붓놀림은 빠르고 느슨해졌다.
⑧In time, details were eliminated from her paintings.
⑧시간이 지나면서,그녀의 그림에서 세부 묘사는 없어졌다.
⑨Her colors were bolder, and she focused on representing the changing effects of light.
⑨그녀의 색채는 더욱 대담해졌고,그녀는 빛의 변화하는 효과를 표현하는 데 집중했다.
⑩Morisot's success as an Impressionist painter, characterized by a direct observation of nature, was remarkable in that she was one of the first women to challenge established art circles.
⑩자연의 직접 관찰이 특징인 인상주의 화가로서Morisot의 성공은 기존의 미술계에 도전한 최초의 여성 중 한 명이라는 점에서 주목할 만했다.
[Ch.02 Unit 07 - 1번] Bessie Blount Griffin의생애
①Bessie Blount Griffin was born in Virginia in 1914.
①Bessie Blount Griffin은1914년에 버지니아주에서 태어났다.
②Her formal education ended after the sixth grade.
②그녀의 정규 교육은6학년에서 끝났다.
③One influential experience at school for Bessie was learning to write.
③Bessie에게 영향을 준 학교 경험 하나는 글쓰기를 배운 것이었다.
④Bessie favored her left hand, but teachers used to force students to write with their right hands.
④Bessie는 왼손을 선호했지만 교사들은 학생들에게 오른손으로 글을 쓰도록 강요하곤 했다.
⑤She took this as a challenge and learned to write with her right hand while maintaining her left-handed abilities.
⑤그녀는 이를 도전으로 받아들이고 왼손잡이 능력을 유지하면서 오른손으로 글 쓰는 법을 배웠다.
⑥This skill would benefit her later.
⑥이 기술은 나중에 그녀에게 도움이 될 것이었다.
⑦Bessie studied nursing, which sparked a passion for physical therapy.
⑦Bessie는 간호학을 공부했는데,이것이 물리 치료에 대한 열정을 촉발했다.
⑧She then became certified in physical therapy.
⑧그 후 그녀는 물리 치료 자격증을 취득하게 되었다.
⑨She created a neck frame for patients who needed support when holding a bowl or cup close to their faces.
⑨그녀는 얼굴 가까이에 그릇이나 컵을 들고 있을 때 지탱해 주는 힘이 필요한 환자들을 위한 목 구조물을 만들었다.
⑩Her experience with her left hand came in handy as she helped others in physical therapy learn to use both sides of their bodies.
⑩그녀의 왼손 경험은 물리 치료를 받는 다른 사람들이 몸의 양쪽을 모두 사용하도록 배우는 것을 도울 때 도움이 되었다.
[Ch.02 Unit 07 - 2번]수학천재Claude Harvard
①Mathematical genius Claude Harvard was born in rural Georgia.
①수학 천재Claude Harvard는 조지아주의 시골에서 태어났다.
②When Claude was 11, his family moved to Detroit.
②Claude가11살이었을 때,그의 가족은 디트로이트로 이주했다.
③Claude saw an ad for a wireless set around that time.
③Claude는 그 무렵 무선 전신기 광고를 보았다.
④He was so excited to buy one, so he sold enough of his belongings to afford the radio.
④그는 하나를 사게 되어 매우 신났는데,그래서 그는 그 무선 전신기를 구입할 수 있도록 충분한 양의 소지품을 팔았다.
⑤Claude earned an amateur radio license and was the first African American in his state to do so.
⑤Claude는 아마추어 무선 통신 면허를 취득했는데,그는 자신이 사는 주에서 그렇게 한 최초의 아프리카계 미국인이었다.
⑥After discovering his interest in electronics and machines, Claude was sent to the Henry Ford Trade School.
⑥전자 공학과 기계에 관한 관심을 발견한 후에Claude는 헨리 포드 직업 학교로 보내졌다.
⑦Later, Henry Ford recognized Claude's immense genius and hired him at the Ford Motor Company, making him head of their radio department.
⑦나중에 헨리 포드는Claude의 엄청난 천재성을 알아보고 그를 포드 자동차 회사에 채용하여 무선 통신 부서의 책임자가 되게 했다.
⑧It wasn't long until Claude appeared in a full-page Ford advertisement in Popular Science Monthly.
⑧얼마 지나지 않아Claude는Popular Science Monthly에 실린 포드사 전면 광고에 등장했다.
⑨During his career at Ford Motor Company, Claude personally patented 29 inventions used to manufacture vehicles.
⑨포드 자동차 회사에서 근무하는 동안, Claude는 개인적으로 차량 제조에 사용되는29개의 발명품의 특허를 얻었다.
[Ch.02 Unit 07 - 3번] Florence Bascom의생애
①Florence Bascom was born in 1862, the youngest of five children.
①Florence Bascom은1862년에 다섯 아이 중 막내로 태어났다.
②Bascom was raised by parents who strongly encouraged their daughter to pursue an education.
②Bascom은 딸이 교육을 추구하도록 강력하게 권장하는 부모에 의해 양육되었다.
③A brilliant student, Bascom entered the University of Wisconsin at the age of 15 and earned two bachelor's degrees and a master's degree.
③뛰어난 학생이었던Bascom은15세에Wisconsin대학교에 입학하여 두 개의 학사 학위와 한 개의 석사 학위를 받았다.
④Bascom continued her graduate studies at Johns Hopkins University, but was required to sit behind a screen during classes so she did not distract the male students.
④Bascom은Johns Hopkins대학교에서 대학원 공부를 계속했지만,남학생들의 집중을 방해하지 않도록 수업 시간에 가림막 뒤에 앉으라는 요구를 받았다.
⑤She graduated with a doctor's degree in geology in 1893.
⑤그녀는1893년에 지질학 박사 학위를 받고 졸업했다.
⑥Even though she was the second woman in the U.S. to earn a doctor's degree in geology, Bascom was a first for women in geology in almost every aspect of her geological career.
⑥Bascom은 미국에서 지질학 박사 학위를 받은 두 번째 여성이었지만,자신의 지질학 경력의 거의 모든 측면에서 지질학 분야의 여성 최초였다.
⑦She founded the first geology department at Bryn Mawr College, where she taught for 33 years.
⑦그녀는Bryn Mawr대학교에 최초의 지질학과를 설립했고,그곳에서33년 동안 가르쳤다.
⑧Additionally, Bascom was the first woman geologist hired by the U.S. Geological Survey and worked there until 1936.
⑧게다가, Bascom은U.S. Geological Survey에 고용된 최초의 여성 지질학자였으며1936년까지 그곳에서 일했다.
[Ch.02 -서술형Practice]청각장애가있었던작곡가Robert Franz
①Robert Franz, the sensitive composer of the 19th century, never enjoyed especially acute hearing.
①19세기의 감성적인 작곡가인Robert Franz는 청력이 특별히 잘 발달한 편은 아니었다.
②According to his own statements, he lost his auditory perception for notes above e3 in his twenty-fourth year as a result of an accident.
②그 자신의 진술에 따르면,그는 스물네 살 때 사고로 인해e3보다 높은 음에 대한 청지각을 잃었다고 한다.
③His condition grew worse as time went on, and in 1871 he became totally deaf.
③그의 상태는 시간이 지날수록 악화하여, 1871년에는 완전히 청력을 잃게 되었다.
④After becoming deaf, he gradually lost the power of auditory imagery, until his eyes took over the role of his ears.
④청력을 잃은 후,그는 자신의 눈이 귀의 역할을 넘겨받을 때까지 점차 청각적 이미지의 힘을 잃었다.
⑤"Now I perceive tonal differences far worse than formerly and I sense through the eyes exactly as I formerly did through the ears."
⑤"이제 나는 이전보다 훨씬 더 엉망으로 음조의 차이를 인식하고,이전에는 내가 귀를 통해 감지했던 바로 그대로 눈을 통해 감지한다."
⑥He continued as follows: "My songs and rearrangements were all, without exception, written during the period of my ear malady."
⑥그는 이어서 말하기를, "내 노래들과 편곡들은 예외 없이 모두 내가 귀에 병이 있었을 때 작곡한 것이다."라고 했다.
⑦Franz wrote about 360 songs.
⑦Franz는 약360곡을 작곡했다.
⑧If one dates his total deafness from 1871, then it will be found that he composed the greater part of his songs after the complete loss of his hearing, so that he never heard most of them.
⑧그의 완전한 청력 상실 시기를1871년으로 본다면,그는 청력을 완전히 잃은 후에 자신의 노래의 더 많은 부분을 작곡해서,그것들을 전혀 듣지 못했다는 것을 알게 될 것이다.
[Ch.02 -논술형Practice]독서에관한설문조사
①The graphs above show the percentage of respondents who stated their feelings for reading books, along with the number of books they read per month, based on a survey of 18-year-olds in Japan in 2020.
①위 도표는2020년 일본의18세를 대상으로 벌인 설문 조사를 바탕으로,책 읽기에 대한 생각을 말한 응답자의 비율과 그들이 한 달에 읽는 책의 권수를 보여 준다.
②About 60 percent of respondents said they enjoy reading books, while just over 10 percent said they dislike reading books.
②응답자의 약60%가 책을 읽는 것을 좋아한다고 답했지만,책을 읽는 것을 싫어한다고 답한 비율은10%를 조금 넘었다.
③More than a quarter of all respondents said they neither enjoy nor dislike reading books.
③전체 응답자의4분의1넘게 책 읽기를 좋아하지도 싫어하지도 않는다고 답했다.
④When asked how many books they read per month, the highest percentage of respondents said they read 1-2 books per month.
④한 달에 몇 권의 책을 읽는지를 묻는 질문에는 한 달에1~2권을 읽는다는 응답자의 비율이 가장 높았다.
⑤More than 30 percent of respondents said they never read a book per month, making it the second largest group.
⑤한 달에 책을 한 권도 읽지 않는다고 말한 응답자의 비율은30%가 넘었는데,이는 두 번째로 많은 비율을 차지했다.
⑥The percentage of respondents who said they read 3-4 books per month was lower than the percentage of respondents who said they read 7 or more books per month.
⑥한 달에3~4권의 책을 읽는다고 답한 응답자의 비율은 한 달에7권 이상 책을 읽는다고 답한 응답자의 비율보다 더 높았다.
[Ch.03 Unit 08 -수능대비ANALYSIS]과학적지식의목표
①Knowledge, for science, aims to be proven knowledge, justified by evidence and reason.
①과학에서 지식은 증명된 지식이 되는 것을 목표로 하는데,이는 증거와 이성에 의해 정당화된다.
②Nothing is accepted as true unless it has been proved to be so, or there are good reasons to believe that it will be at some point in the future.
②어떤 것도 그것이 그럴 것이라고(진실이라고)증명되지 않았거나,미래의 어느 시점에 그럴 것이라고 믿을 만한 충분한 이유가 있지 않은 한,진실이라고 인정되지 않는다.
③This reflects the philosophical quest for certainty that goes back to Rene Descartes, who refused to accept anything that he could not know for certain to be true.
③이는Rene Descartes로 거슬러 올라가는 확실성에 관한 철학적 추구를 반영하는데,그는 자신이 진실이라고 확실하게 알 수 없는 어떤 것도 받아들이기를 거부했다.
④He hoped to base all knowledge on self-evident propositions, and thought that reason should take priority over observation.
④그는 모든 지식을 자명한 명제에 기반하기를 희망했고,이성이 관찰에 우선해야 한다고 생각했다.
⑤Descartes was aware that his senses frequently misled him.
⑤Descartes는 감각이 자주 자신을 오도한다는 것을 알고 있었다.
⑥The implication of this─a view which had a long history, prior to the rise of science─was that, if the evidence of our senses did not conform to reason, it was likely that they were in error.
⑥과학이 발달하기 이전부터 오랜 역사를 갖고 있는 견해인 이것의 의미는 감각의 증거가 이성과 일치하지 않으면,그것들은 오류에 빠졌을 가능성이 있다는 것이었다.
[Ch.03 Unit 08 - 1번]고대도시중심지의집약적인관개농업
①Many of the ancient urban centers obtained their food supply from intensive irrigated agriculture in the region where they were located, and it is usually suggested that this is because labor productivity is particularly high with irrigated agriculture.
①고대의 많은 도시 중심지는 그것이 위치한 지역에서 집약적인 관개 농업을 통해 식량을 공급받았는데,일반적으로 이는 관개 농업의 노동 생산성이 특히 높기 때문임을 시사한다.
②It seems more relevant to point out that this type of primitive subsistence system has a particularly high output per unit of land.
②이러한 유형의 원시적 생존 체계는 단위 토지당 생산량이 특히 높다는 점을 언급하는 것이 더 적절해 보인다.
③The high demand for labor per unit of land and the high output per unit of land made it necessary and possible for a large number of families to live within a small area.
③단위 토지당 높은 노동력 수요와 단위 토지당 높은 생산량은 많은 수의 가구가 좁은 지역 안에 사는 것을 필요하고 가능하게 했다.
④Therefore, even if the surplus per family is small, the total surplus available within a fairly small distance from the town will be large.
④따라서 가구당 잉여물이 적더라도 마을에서 상당히 짧은 거리 내에서 이용할 수 있는 총 잉여물은 많을 것이다.
⑤In addition, the irrigation canals, or the river used for irrigation, can be used for boat transport of food to the town.
⑤게다가 용수로,즉 관개에 사용되는 강은 배로 식량을 마을까지 옮기는 데 사용될 수 있다.
[Ch.03 Unit 08 - 2번]제한된자원의활용
①We have vast forests in this country but not enough to provide all of the wood, all of the wilderness, and all of the accessible recreation that we want.
①이 나라에는 방대한 숲이 있지만,우리가 원하는 모든 목재,모든 야생의 자연,모든 이용할 수 있는 휴양을 제공하기에는 충분하지 않다.
②As soon as we log trees, build roads, or improve trails and campsites, we lose some wilderness.
②우리가 나무를 벌목하거나,도로를 건설하거나,등산로와 야영장을 개선하는 순간,우리는 얼마간의 야생의 자연을 잃게 된다.
③Similarly, we have large amounts of fresh water, but if we use water to grow rice in California, the water consumed cannot be used for drinking water in California cities.
③마찬가지로,우리는 많은 양의 담수가 있지만,우리가 캘리포니아주에서 벼를 재배하기 위해 물을 사용하면,소비된 물은 캘리포니아주 도시에서 식수로 사용될 수 없다.
④If we use fire to help a forest renew itself, we will have air pollution downwind while the fire burns.
④숲이 스스로를 새롭게 하는 것을 돕기 위해 우리가 불을 사용한다면,불이 타는 동안 바람을 타고 대기 오염이 발생하게 할 것이다.
⑤We have many goals, so we have to make choices about how to allocate our limited resources.
⑤우리는 많은 목표를 가지고 있으므로,우리는 우리의 제한된 자원을 어떻게 배분할지 선택해야 한다.
⑥The cost of those choices is what we give up─the cost of opportunities lost.
⑥이러한 선택의 대가는 우리가 포기하는 것,즉 상실된 기회의 비용이다.
[Ch.03 Unit 08 - 3번]혁신과산업수입의관계
①Not all innovations that improve human living standards show up in revenue and profits.
①인간의 생활 수준을 향상하는 모든 혁신이 수입과 수익에 나타나는 것은 아니다.
②Some instead accrue directly to consumers.
②어떤 수입과 수익은 대신에 소비자에게 직접적으로 생긴다.
③Many of the product improvements brought about by technology have the paradoxical effect of reducing industry revenue.
③기술에 의해 초래된 많은 제품의 개선은 산업 수입을 감소시키는 역설적 효과를 가진다.
④To see why, suppose people used to pay $1 to download a song.
④그 이유를 알려면 사람들이 어떤 노래를 다운로드하기 위해1달러를 냈다고 가정해 보라.
⑤Then some change comes along so that people can listen to the song while paying only a quarter of what they used to pay.
⑤그런 다음 어떤 변화가 생겨서 사람둘은 예전에 냈던 금액의4분의1만 내면서 그 노래를 들을 수 있게 된다.
⑥If there is no change in the number of people purchasing the song, revenue will fall by 75 percent.
⑥그 노래를 구매하는 사람들의 수에 변화가 없다면,수입은75퍼센트 감소할 것이다.
⑦Even if the number of people buying a song doubles with the lower price, revenue will still fall by 50 percent.
⑦더 낮은 가격으로 인해 노래를 구매하는 사람들의 수가 두 배가 되더라도,수입은 여전히50퍼센트 감소할 것이다.
⑧But people, by which we mean society as a whole, will be much better off.
⑧하지만 사람들은,우리가 그것으로 사회 전체를 의미하는데,형편이 훨씬 더 나아질 것이다.
⑨The point is that revenue reduction, and an accompanying failure to raise GDP, is not by itself evidence that society is worse off.
⑨요점은 수입 감소와 이에 수반하는GDP(국내 총생산)증가 실패가 그 자체로 사회의 형편이 더 나빠진다는 증거는 아니라는 것이다.
[Ch.03 Unit 09 -수능대비ANALYSIS]승진전높은성과를낸관리자의문제점
①If you were a high performer in your work before becoming a manager, you may find the journey into management particularly difficult.
①만약 여러분이 관리자가 되기 전에 여러분의 직무에서 높은 성과를 낸 사람이었다면,관리직으로의 여정이 특히 어렵다고 느낄 수도 있다.
②Because of their previous success, stars are understandably reluctant to give up the attitudes and practices they think produced their success thus far, and they're unwilling to change themselves.
②이전의 성공 때문에,최고의 직원들은 자신이 생각하기에 지금까지 자신의 성공을 만들어 낸 태도와 관행을 포기하는 것을 당연히 꺼리고,자신을 변화시키려 하지 않는다.
③They don't know how to develop or coach people because they never needed much coaching themselves, or so they believe.
③그들은 그들 자신이 지도를 많이 필요로 한 적이 결코 없었거나 그렇다고 믿기 때문에,사람들을 어떻게 성장시키고 지도해야 하는지 모른다.
④They don't know how to deal with people who lack their motivation.
④그들은 동기가 부족한 사람들을 어떻게 다루어야 하는지 모른다.
⑤Because they've never failed, they've had little practice reflecting on and learning from experience.
⑤그들은 실패한 적이 한 번도 없어서,경험을 성찰하고 경험을 통해 배우는 연습을 한 적이 거의 없다.
⑥No wonder many former stars turn into mediocre bosses.
⑥이전에는 최고의 직원이었던 많은 사람들이 그다지 훌륭하지 않은 상사가 되는 것은 놀랄 일이 아니다.
⑦If you were a star, be aware that the very success that produced your promotion can now work against you.
⑦만약 여러분이 최고의 직원이었다면,여러분의 승진을 가져온 바로 그 성공이 이제 여러분에게 불리하게 작용할 수 있다는 점을 인식하라.
[Ch.03 Unit 09 - 1번]우선순위에따른목적선택
①Action takes place by choosing which ends shall be satisfied by the employment of means.
①행동은 수단을 사용하여 어떤 목적을 충족시킬 것인가를'선택함'으로써 일어난다.
②Time is scarce for man only because whichever ends he chooses to satisfy, there are others that must remain unsatisfied.
②인간에게 시간이'부족한'이유는 어떤 목적을 충족시키기로 선택하든,충족되지 않은 채로 남아야 하는 다른 것이 존재하기 마련이기 때문이다.
③When we must use a means so that some ends remain unsatisfied, the necessity for a choice among ends arises.
③우리가 어떤 목적이 충족되지 않은 채로 남아있도록 수단을 사용해야 할 때, '목적 중에서 하나를 선택'해야 할 필요성이 생긴다.
④For example, Jones is engaged in watching a baseball game on television.
④예를 들어, Jones는 텔레비전으로 야구 경기를 시청하고 있다.
⑤He is faced with the choice of spending the next hour in: (a) continuing to watch the baseball game, (b) playing bridge, or (c) going for a drive.
⑤그는 앞으로 한 시간을 쓰는 데, (a)야구 경기를 계속 시청할지, (b)브리지 게임을 할지,아니면(c)드라이브를 하러 갈지를 선택해야 하는 상황에 직면한다.
⑥He would like to do all three of these things, but his means (time) is insufficient.
⑥그는 이 세 가지를 모두 하고 싶지만,그의 수단(시간)이 불충분하다.
⑦As a result, he must choose; one end can be satisfied, but the others must go unfulfilled.
⑦결과적으로,그는'선택해야'하는데,하나의 목적은 충족될 수 있지만,나머지 목적은 충족되지 않은 채로 있어야 한다.
⑧Suppose that he decides on course A.
⑧그가 경로A로 결정한다고 가정해 보자.
⑨This is a clear indication that he has ranked the satisfaction of end A higher than the satisfaction of ends B or C.
⑨이것은 그가 목적A의 충족 순위를 목적B혹은C의 충족보다 더 높게'매겼'음을 분명히 보여 준다.
[Ch.03 Unit 09 - 2번]환경스트레스로인한유전자구성변화
①Environmental stresses cause changes in the genetic makeup of a population by favoring certain gene variants more than others.
①환경 스트레스는 특정 유전자 변이형을 다른 것보다 더 선호함으로써 개체군의 유전자 구성에 변화를 일으킨다.
②This is, in fact, the normal way that populations can adapt rapidly to changes in their environment without mutations being required to produce new adaptations.
②이는 사실 돌연변이가 새로운 적응 형태를 만들어 내야 할 필요 없이 개체군이 자신들의 환경 변화에 빠르게 적응할 수 있는 정상적인 방식이다.
③It is also the reason why populations with genetic diversity are more likely to survive in the face of change.
③그것은 유전적 다양성을 가진 개체군이 변화에 직면했을 때 생존할 가능성이 더 높은 이유이기도 하다.
④However, there is another side of this phenomenon related to human impacts on populations.
④그러나 개체군에 대한 인간의 영향과 관련된 이 현상의 또 다른 측면이 있다.
⑤Toxins added to the environment create selection pressure for individuals that are more tolerant of the toxins.
⑤환경에 더해지는 독소는 그 독소에 더 내성이 강한 개체를 선택하라는 압력을 만들어 낸다.
⑥One negative impact of this is that it can reduce the genetic diversity of a population.
⑥이것의 부정적인 영향 한 가지는 그것이 개체군의 유전적 다양성을 감소시킬 수 있다는 것이다.
⑦Another problem occurs if the organism is a pest and the toxin is contained in, for example, a pesticide.
⑦또 다른 문제는 생물체가 해충이고 독소가 예를 들어 살충제에 포함되어 있는 경우 발생한다.
⑧As a result of the selection pressure, the population seems to develop tolerance to the toxin.
⑧선택 압력의 결과로 그 개체군은 그 독소에 대한 내성을 갖게 되는 것처럼 보인다.
⑨The pesticide then becomes less effective.
⑨그러면 그 살충제는 효과가 떨어진다.
[Ch.03 Unit 09 - 3번]행복의기준이되는상대적인부
①People's happiness depends not on their absolute wealth, but rather on their wealth relative to those around them.
①사람들의 행복은 그들의 절대적인 부가 아니라 오히려 그들 주변 사람들에 상대적인 그들의 부에 달려 있다.
②In one experiment, two capuchin monkeys were initially perfectly content with a reward of cucumbers when they successfully performed a task.
②한 실험에서 두 마리의 카푸친 원숭이는 과제를 성공적으로 수행했을 때 오이라는 보상에 처음에는 완벽하게 만족했다.
③But when one monkey was later given tastier grapes as a reward, the monkey receiving plain old cucumbers became enraged, angrily throwing the previously satisfactory salad vegetable at its handler.
③그러나 한 원숭이에게 나중에 더 맛있는 포도가 보상으로 주어지자,평범한 이전의 오이를 받은 원숭이는 격분하였고 이전에는 만족스러웠던 샐러드 채소를 화를 내며 조련사에게 던졌다.
④The monkeys' economy had grown, since grapes are better than cucumbers.
④포도가 오이보다 더 좋으므로 원숭이들의 경제는 커졌다.
⑤But the resulting inequality brought only discontent.
⑤하지만 그 결과로 초래된 불평등은 불만만 가져왔다.
⑥Humans are the same.
⑥인간도 마찬가지이다.
⑦When employees at the University of California were given information about the salaries of their peers, those discovering they were paid below the average suddenly became less satisfied and more likely to seek a new job.
⑦캘리포니아 대학교의 직원들에게 동료들의 급여에 대한 정보가 제공되었을 때,자신이 평균보다 적게 받고 있다는 것을 알게 된 직원들은 갑자기 덜 만족스러워지고 새로운 일자리를 구할 가능성이 더 커졌다.
⑧The attitudes of those earning above the average were happily unaffected.
⑧평균보다 더 많이 받는 직원들의 태도는 다행히 아무런 영향을 받지 않았다.
[Ch.03 -서술형Practice]믿음과진정한지식의차이
①Imagine that a farmer is wondering whether his black-and-white cow, Daisy, is in the field.
①한 농부가 자신의 흑백 얼룩무늬 소Daisy가 들판에 있는지 궁금해한다고 상상해 보자.
②He believes she is in the field when he goes to look, because he sees something black-and-white in the distance.
②확인하러 갔을 때 그는 그 소가 들판에 있다고 믿는데,멀리서 흑백의 무언가를 보기 때문이다.
③Later, it turns out that what he saw was a large black-and-white bag, not Daisy.
③나중에,그가 본 것은Daisy가 아니라 커다란 흑백 얼룩무늬 가방인 것으로 드러난다.
④But the cow really was in the field─she was just hidden from sight in a dip.
④하지만 그 소는 정말로 들판에 있었는데,그 소는 움푹 파인 곳에 있어서 단지 시야에서 가려져 있었을 뿐이었다.
⑤The farmer was right that Daisy was there, but wrong in what he saw.
⑤농부는Daisy가 거기 있다는 점에서는 옳았지만,자신이 본 것에 대해서는 틀렸다.
⑥So, he didn't have real knowledge─it was just a belief that turned out to be true.
⑥따라서 그는 진정한 지식을 가지고 있지 않았고,그것은 단지 사실로 드러난 믿음일 뿐이었다.
[Ch.03 -논술형Practice]음식물에대한언어표현의한계
①Nearly everything we eat or drink for pleasure is too complex to fully describe in words.
①우리가 즐거움을 위해 먹거나 마시는 거의 모든 것은 너무 복잡해서 말로 완전히 설명할 수 없다.
②A bottle of wine maybe described as having characteristics you like but still turn out to be not so nice, for reasons that are impossible to express in words.
②와인 한 병은 여러분이 좋아하는 특징을 가지고 있다고 설명될 수 있지만,그래도 말로 표현할 수 없는 이유로 그렇게 좋지 않은 것으로 판명될 수 있다.
③Conversely, it may be described as having characteristics you know you hate but still turn out to be delicious, again for reasons that cannot be explained in words.
③반대로,그 와인이 여러분이 싫어한다고 알고 있는 특징을 가지고 있다고 설명될 수 있지만,마찬가지로 말로 설명할 수 없는 이유로 그래도 맛있는 것으로 판명될 수 있다.
④Even after experiencing the wine, it is impossible to say precisely and completely why you liked it.
④심지어 그 와인을 경험한 후에도 여러분이 왜 그것을 좋아했는지 정확하고 완전하게 말하는 것은 불가능하다.
⑤You might have words to describe some parts of your enjoyment (perhaps it had "good structure" or "rich fruit"), but those words will be both imperfect and incomplete descriptions, a pale shadow of what you actually enjoyed about it.
⑤여러분이 느끼는 즐거움의 어떤 부분을 설명하는 말이 여러분에게 있을 수 있지만(아마도 그것은'훌륭한(맛의)짜임새'나'풍부한 과일 향'을 가지고 있었을 것이다.)그러한 말은 불완전하고 불충분한 설명,즉 여러분이 실제로 그것에 대해 즐겼던 것의 흐릿한 희미한 흔적일 것이다.
⑥What we enjoy in any particular food or drink is a type of tacit knowledge: a complex of interacting characteristics that we know but are unable to say.
⑥우리가 특정 음식이나 음료에서 즐기는 것은 일종의 암묵적인 지식,즉 우리가 알고는 있지만 말할 수 없는 상호 작용하는 특징들의 복합체이다.
[Ch.04 Unit 10 -수능대비ANALYSIS]두려움이유아의사회성에미치는영향
①Many developmental theorists and researchers, including those studying human as well as nonhuman primate subjects, have recognized the role that fear can play in a primate's social development.
①비인간 영장류 연구 대상뿐 아니라 인간을 연구하는 이들을 포함하는 많은 발달 이론가와 연구자는 영장류의 사회성 발달에 있어 두려움이 할 수 있는 역할을 인식해 왔다.
②When an infant is frightened it always seeks out its mother for protection and safety, and all exploratory and play activity stops until the infant has been sufficiently comforted and reassured by its attachment object.
②유아는 겁을 먹었을 때,항상 보호와 안전을 위해 엄마를 찾게 되고,애착 대상에 의해 충분히 위로받고 안심이 될 때까지 모든 탐색 및 놀이 활동이 중단된다.
③Thus, frequently frightened infants will very likely have less time to explore and fewer opportunities to play than will infants who are not.
③따라서 자주 겁을 먹는 유아는 그렇지 않은 유아보다 탐색할 시간이 더 적고,놀 기회가 더 적을 가능성이 매우 클 것이다.
④Such voluntary restraints may serve to slow down the social development of shy or anxious infants if these tendencies are maintained throughout their childhood years.
④이러한 자발적 제한은,만약 이러한 경향이 아동기 내내 지속되면,수줍음이 많거나 불안한 유아의 사회성 발달을 늦추는 역할을 할 수도 있다.
[Ch.04 Unit 10 - 1번]사회적유대를형성하는대상의범위
①Our complex brains might have evolved to establish strong social bonds, but defining what should be part of that social group appears to be rather flexible.
①우리의 복잡한 두뇌는 강한 사회적 유대를 형성하도록 진화했을 수도 있지만,무엇이 그 사회적 집단의 일부가 되어야 하는지를 정의하는 것은 다소 유연한 것으로 보인다.
②For instance, some people treat their pets as if they are members of their family, and believe they can relate to the pets' needs, desires, fears and dreams.
②예를 들어,어떤 사람들은 자신들의 반려동물을 마치 가족 구성원인 것처럼 대하며 자신들이 반려동물의 필요,욕구,두려움,그리고 꿈을 이해할 수 있다고 믿는다.
③Others see animals as distinct from humans and wouldn't think of talking to one as if it was a friend.
③다른 사람들은 동물을 인간과 별개로 여기며 마치 친구인 것처럼 그것과 대화하는 것을 고려하지 않는다.
④Many people keep the ashes of a deceased loved one nearby, believing those ashes continue to serve as some link to their existence.
④많은 사람은 사망한 사랑하는 사람의 유골을 가까이에 두면서 그 유골이 계속해서 그들의 존재를 이어주는 연결고리 역할을 한다고 믿는다.
⑤Even if inanimate objects don't have a distinct personality, many of us still attribute certain human characteristics to non-human objects or beings, such as pets, dolls or even cars and memorabilia.
⑤심지어 무생물이 별개의 개성을 갖추고 있지 않더라도,우리 중 많은 사람이 여전히 인간의 특성이 반려동물,인형,심지어 자동차나 기념품과 같은 인간이 아닌 사물이나 존재에 있다고 생각한다.
[Ch.04 Unit 10 - 2번]교제를추구하는인간
①Although the wish to be alone is often strong, its intensity varies from person to person.
①혼자 있고 싶은 소망은 종종 강하지만,그 강도는 사람마다 다르다.
②An equally impelling impulse, though, is to seek the company of others and to spend extended periods of time sharing activities.
②하지만 똑같이 뿌리칠 수 없는 충동은 다른 사람과 함께 있는 것을 추구하고 활동을 공유하면서 긴 시간을 보내는 것이다.
③In these periods we exchange information and feelings in both conversational and non-verbal forms (facial expressions, eye contact, gestures, touching, and so on).
③이 시간 동안 우리는 대화의 형태와 비언어적 형태(표정,눈 맞춤,몸짓,접촉 등)둘 다로 정보와 감정을 교환한다.
④We need other people to provide us with love, support, approval, bodily contact, reassurance, physical help and a myriad of other practical, physical and emotional needs.
④우리는 우리에게 사랑,지지,인정,신체적 접촉,안심,신체적 도움,그리고 무수히 많은 다른 실질적,신체적,정서적 필요사항들을 제공해 줄 다른 사람들을 필요로 한다.
⑤In a very basic sense we need others to confirm that we are there, that we exist and that we have an identity that is unique and separate from anyone else.
⑤아주 기본적인 의미에서 우리는 우리가 거기에 있고,우리가 존재하며,고유하면서 다른 누구와도 구별되는 정체성을 가지고 있다는 것을 확인하기 위해 다른 사람들을 필요로 한다.
⑥Thus, we generally cannot exist for too long without seeking companionship.
⑥따라서 우리는 일반적으로 교제를 추구하지 않고는 그렇게 오랫동안 살아갈 수 없다.
[Ch.04 Unit 10 - 3번]단일재배의영향
①At one end of the spectrum of transformations was the forest gardening as practiced by the peoples of New Guinea and Amazonia that mimicked natural growth and left minimal traces on the land.
①변화의 범위 한쪽 끝에는 뉴기니와 아마조니아 사람들에 의해 행해지는,자연적인 성장을 모방해서 땅에 최소한의 흔적을 남기는 산림 정원 가꾸기가 있었다.
②At the other end was monoculture: cultivating only one species of plant or raising only one species of animal.
②다른 쪽 끝에는 단일 재배가 있었는데,한 종의 식물만 재배하거나 한 종의 동물만 기르는 것이다.
③The beginnings of monoculture can be seen in the wheat fields of the Middle East, the rice paddies of China, and the herds of sheep and goats on the Eurasian steppe.
③단일 재배의 시작은 중동의 밀밭,중국의 논,유라시아 스텝 지대의 양과 염소 무리에서 볼 수 있다.
④Biologically speaking, these species suddenly became very successful, measured by their rates of survival and reproduction.
④생물학적으로 말해서,이 종들은 생존율과 번식률로 측정할 때,갑자기 매우 성공적이었다.
⑤So did other, unwanted species.
⑤다른 쓸모없는 종들도 마찬가지였다.
⑥Crops that ripened or were stored after harvesting attracted rats, mice, sparrows, and roaches.
⑥익거나 수확 후 저장된 농작물은 쥐,생쥐,참새,바퀴벌레를 끌어들였다.
⑦Water pools provided habitats for mosquitoes.
⑦물웅덩이는 모기에게 서식지를 제공했다.
⑧Garbage and human or animal waste attracted flies.
⑧쓰레기와 사람 또는 동물의 배설물은 파리를 끌어들였다.
⑨Thanks to humans, weeds and pests were also biological winners.
⑨인간 덕분에 잡초와 해충도 생물학적 승자가 되었다.
[Ch.04 Unit 11 -수능대비ANALYSIS]소셜미디어상에서의십대의행동
①Observation studies of teenagers using social media have discovered one peculiar behaviour in particular that sets them apart─teenagers will post or share something on social media, but then they'll monitor the post to gauge the volume of reactions.
①소셜 미디어를 사용하는 십 대들을 관찰한 연구는 그들을 특별히 구별 짓는 독특한 행동 하나를 발견했다.십 대들은 소셜 미디어에 무언가를 게시하거나 공유한 다음,반응의 양을 측정하기 위해 게시물을 추적 관찰한다.
②After a set amount of time, if the number of resulting 'Likes' and 'Shares' is too low, they'll delete the content.
②일정한 시간이 지난 후,결과적으로 발생하는'좋아요'및'공유'수가 너무 적으면 그들은 콘텐츠를 삭제한다.
③Sometimes within the first ten minutes!
③때로는 첫10분 이내에 삭제하기도 한다!
④Their aim of posting is to earn recognition for what they're sharing as a way to self-enhance.
④그들의 게시 목표는 자신을 고양하는 하나의 방법으로서 공유하고 있는 것에 대한 인정을 받는 것이다.
⑤If the recognition is insufficient, they'd rather delete the content than suffer perceived judgement from others against their failed efforts to self-enhance.
⑤만약 인정이 불충분하다면,그들은 자신을 고양하려는 노력의 실패에 대한 인지되는 타인의 비판을 겪을 바에야 차라리 콘텐츠를 삭제한다.
⑥Not getting a reaction has a negative effect on their self-esteem.
⑥반응을 얻지 못하는 것은 그들의 자존감에'부정적인'영향을 미친다.
[Ch.04 Unit 11 - 1번]비관론자의문제
①The reason pessimists often sound smart is that they can avoid being 'wrong' by moving the goalposts.
①비관론자들이 종종 현명하게'들리는'이유는 골대를 옮김으로써'틀림'을 피할 수 있기 때문이다.
②When a doomer predicts that the world will end in five years, and it doesn't, they just shift the date.
②어떤 운명론자가5년 내에 세상이 끝날 것이라고 예측하지만 그렇지 않다면,그들은 그저 날짜를 바꾼다.
③The American biologist Paul R. Ehrlich─author of the 1968 book The Population Bomb─has been doing this for decades.
③1968년 저서The Population Bomb의 저자인 미국의 생물학자Paul R. Ehrlich는 수십 년 동안 이렇게 해 오고 있다.
④In 1970 he said that 'sometime in the next 15 years, the end will come. And by "the end" I mean an utter breakdown of the capacity of the planet to support humanity.'
④1970년에 그는'앞으로15년 내에 언젠가,종말이 올 것이다.그리고 나는'종말'이란 인류를 지탱할 수 있는 지구 능력의 완전한 붕괴를 의미한다'라고 말했다.
⑤Of course, that was terribly wrong.
⑤물론 그것은 정말 틀렸다.
⑥He had another go: he said that 'England will not exist in the year 2000.'
⑥그는 다시 한 번 했는데, '영국은2000년에 존재하지 않을 것이다'라고 말했다.
⑦Wrong again.
⑦또 틀렸다.
⑧Ehrlich will keep pushing this deadline back.
⑧Ehrlich는 이 시한을 계속 뒤로 미룰 것이다.
⑨A pessimistic stance is a safe one.
⑨비관적 자세는 안전한 것이다.
[Ch.04 Unit 11 - 2번]기억을기반으로하는이해
①We all understand differently─this much is obvious.
①우리는 모두 다르게 이해하는데,이 점만큼은 명백하다.
②The reason we understand differently is that our memories are different.
②우리가 다르게 이해하는 이유는 우리의 기억이 다르기 때문이다.
③Our experiences simply are not yours.
③우리의 경험은 절대로 여러분의 경험이 아니다.
④In order to understand anything, we must find the closest item in memory to which it relates.
④어떤 것을 이해하기 위해서,우리는 기억에서 그것과 관련된 가장 가까운 항목을 찾아야 한다.
⑤Schank and Abelson claimed that understanding required one to find the correct knowledge structure, and to use that structure to create expectations for what events were likely to take place, so that new events could be understood in terms of what was normal.
⑤Schank와Abelson은,이해는 한 사람에게 올바른 지식 구조를 찾고,그 구조를 사용하여 어떤 사건이 일어날지에 대한 예측을 하도록 요구하며,그럼으로써 새로운 사건이 일반적인 것의 관점에서 이해될 수 있다고 주장했다.
⑥Thus, when a story about a cocktail party was being told, an understander brought out his cocktail party script which told him about what ordinarily happens at cocktail parties, and he used that script to guide his understanding of the story he was about to hear.
⑥그러므로,칵테일파티에 관한 이야기를 들을 때,이해자는 칵테일파티에서 일반적으로 일어나는 것에 대해 그에게 말해 주는 칵테일파티 대본을 끌어내서,그가 막 들으려 하는 이야기의 이해를 안내하도록 그 대본을 사용했다.
[Ch.04 Unit 11 - 3번]붉은색과야생동물
①Of all the colours of the rainbow the one that makes the greatest impact on the eye is red.
①무지개의 모든 색 중에서 눈에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 것은 붉은색이다.
②There is something instantly arresting about the colour of fire and danger.
②불과 위험의 색에 관한 즉각적으로 시선을 사로잡는 무언가가 있다.
③It is charged with alarm and urgency.
③그것은 경고와 긴급함으로 가득 차 있다.
④We have red fire engines, red warning lights and the Red Cross.
④우리에게는 붉은색 소방차,붉은색 경고등,적십자가 있다.
⑤If we want something to be seen from a distance, such as a post box or (formerly) a telephone kiosk, we paint it red.
⑤만일 우리가 우체통이나(이전에)공중전화 박스와 같이,무언가를 멀리서도 보이게 하길 원한다면,우리는 그것을 붉은색으로 칠한다.
⑥Perhaps it is because red is so obvious that few wild animals are truly red: even the so-called Red Squirrel and the Red Deer are really shades of reddish-brown that conceal rather than advertise.
⑥야생 동물 중에 정말로 붉은 동물이 거의 없는 것은 아마도 붉은색이 너무 눈에 띄기 때문일 것인데,심지어 이른바 북방청서나 붉은사슴도 실제로는 드러내 보이기보다는 숨기는 적갈색의 음영이다.
⑦Relatively few butterflies are red either.
⑦붉은색의 나비도 비교적 거의 없는 편이다.
⑧In Britain, and indeed, in all mainland Europe, only one species has a pattern of full-on bright red, like a splash of blood: the Red Admiral.
⑧영국,그리고 실제로,모든 유럽 대륙에서,단 하나의 종만이 핏방울처럼,완전한 밝은 붉은색의 패턴을 지니고 있는데,붉은제독나비이다.
[Ch.04 Unit 12 -수능대비ANALYSIS]생존에필수적인시각과청각정보
①Vision is our dominant sense, and you want to look both ways before crossing the street─it's the first thing parents drill into their children.
①시각은 우리의 지배적인 감각이고,여러분은 길을 건너기 전에 양쪽을 보고 싶어 하는데,그것은 부모가 자신의 아이들에게 처음으로 훈련시키는 것이다.
②But that doesn't mean our sense of hearing isn't a big deal.
②그러나 그것이 우리의 청각이 중요한 것이 아니라는 뜻은 아니다.
③I don't have to mention the worn-out example of cavemen and hidden saber-toothed tigers.
③내가 원시인과 숨어있는 검치호랑이의 진부한 예를 언급할 필요도 없다.
④There's something that can sneak up and kill you today: a silent electric car.
④오늘날 몰래 접근해 여러분을 죽일 수 있는 무언가가 있는데,그것은 조용한 전기차이다.
⑤These pose an unanticipated but serious threat to pedestrians and bicyclists, who depend on engine noise to detect and orient to cars─so much so that the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration now requires slow-moving electric vehicles to generate a warning noise.
⑤이것은 보행자와 자전거 타는 사람들에게 예상치 못한,하지만 심각한 위협을 제기하는데,그들은 차를 발견하고 방향을 잡기 위해 엔진 소리에 의존하며,미국 고속도로교통안전국이 현재 저속 주행 전기차가 경고음을 내도록 요구할 정도로 크게 의존한다.
⑥It's a reminder that even for us in a modern city, having both cues can mean the difference between life and death.
⑥그것은 현대 도시에 사는 우리에게도 두 가지 신호를 모두 받는 것이 삶과 죽음의 차이를 의미할 수 있다는 것을 상기시켜 주는 것이다.
[Ch.04 Unit 12 - 1번]전통의변화원인
①Sometimes traditions may change or appear to end because of convenience or changes in taste.
①때로는 편의성이나 취향의 변화로 인해 전통이 바뀌거나 사라지는 것처럼 보일 수도 있다.
②For example, to make a pumpkin pie, a cook used to have to first find a pumpkin of suitable size, cut it, peel it, cook it, and mash it, all before combining it with other ingredients and pouring the mixture into a crust.
②예를 들어,호박 파이를 만들려면,다른 재료와 섞어 파이 껍질에 혼합물을 부어 넣기 전에,요리사가 먼저 적당한 크기의 호박을 찾아서 자르고 껍질을 벗기고 익히고 으깨는 모든 것을 해야만 했었다.
③Now, cooks may choose to use canned pumpkin from the supermarket and cut out a great deal of labor and time.
③이제 요리사들은 슈퍼마켓에서 산 통조림 호박을 사용하는 것을 선택하여 많은 노동과 시간을 절약할 수도 있다.
④Another changing food tradition is that many families no longer make refried beans by cooking them in lard and choose instead to use vegetable shortening.
④변화하고 있는 또 다른 음식 전통으로는 많은 가정이 더 이상 돼지기름으로 조리해서 삶아 튀긴 콩을 만들지 않고 대신 식물성 쇼트닝을 사용하는 것을 선택한다는 것이다.
⑤Perhaps this change came about because the family has come to prefer the taste of beans without lard, because concepts of healthy cooking have changed, or because someone in the family has heart disease or high cholesterol.
⑤아마도 이러한 변화는 가족이 돼지기름 없는 콩의 맛을 선호하게 되었거나,건강한 요리에 대한 개념이 바뀌었거나,가족 중 누군가가 심장병이 있거나 콜레스테롤이 높기 때문에 생겨난 것일 수 있다.
[Ch.04 Unit 12 - 2번]시장의힘
①Forecasters who predict resource depletion often ignore or underestimate the power of markets.
①자원 고갈을 예측하는 사람들은 종종 시장의 힘을 무시하거나 과소평가한다.
②For example, some forecasters use a current reserve index to estimate how long a resource would last.
②예를 들어,일부 예측자는 현재의 매장량 지수를 사용하여 자원이 얼마나 오래 지속될지 추정한다.
③The current reserve index divides the current known reserve of a resource by the amount currently used each period.
③현재의 매장량 지수는 현재 알려진 자원 매장량을 각 기간의 현재 사용량으로 나누어 계산한다.
④So, if we know of 445 billion barrels of oil, and we are currently using 15 billion barrels per year, the index indicates that we will run out of oil in about 30 years.
④따라서,우리가4,450억 배럴의 석유에 관해서 알고 있고,현재 연간150억 배럴을 사용하고 있다면,지수는 우리가 약30년 후에 석유를 다 써버릴 것임을 보여 준다.
⑤Some studies, like the Limits to Growth, further assume that demand will increase each year, thus depleting resources even faster.
⑤더 나아가'Limits to Growth'와 같은 일부 연구는 더 나아가 매년 수요가 증가하여 자원을 훨씬 더 빨리 고갈시킬 것으로 추정한다.
⑥But what they fail to see is that if markets are allowed to do their usual duty, that is, prices rise as depletion occurs, resources will last much longer.
⑥그러나 그들이 보지 못한 것은 시장이 통상의 의무를 다하는 것이 허용된다면,즉 고갈이 발생해서 가격이 상승한다면,자원은 훨씬 더 오래 지속될 것이라는 것이다.
[Ch.04 Unit 12 - 3번]프로젝트팀내의견차이
①Project leaders should not be surprised when disagreements emerge within the team.
①프로젝트 리더는 팀 내에서 이견이 나타날 때 놀라지 않아야 한다.
②In fact, they should expect them.
②사실,그들은 그것들을 예상해야 한다.
③If they remain hidden, the leader may even want to seek them out for at least two reasons.
③그것들이 숨겨져 있다면,리더는 적어도 두 가지 이유로 그것들을 찾아내고 싶어 할 수도 있다.
④First, different views can bring with them good ideas about the project and how it might be run.
④첫째,다양한 견해는 그것들과 함께,프로젝트에 대한,그리고 어떻게 그것이 운영될지에 대한 좋은 아이디어를 가져올 수 있다.
⑤Although snap decisions about project changes should be avoided, leaders should be open to new and better ways to run the project.
⑤프로젝트 변경에 대한 성급한 결정은 지양되어야 하지만,리더는 프로젝트를 실행하는 새롭고 더 나은 방법에 대해 열려있어야 한다.
⑥Second, when conflicting viewpoints are found, they are more easily resolved earlier rather than later in the project.
⑥둘째,상충하는 관점이 발견되면,그것들은 프로젝트의 더 나중보다는 더 이른 때에 해결되기가 더 쉽다.
⑦Although team members may disagree about one or another aspect of the project, most simply want their ideas considered and resolved.
⑦팀원들은 프로젝트의 한 가지 또는 다른 측면에 대해 동의하지 않을 수 있지만,대부분은 단지 자기 아이디어가 고려되고 해결되기를 원할 뿐이다.
⑧The team tends to look to the project leader to play the lead role in resolving differences, and members will generally defer to the leader if they believe their views have been given due consideration.
⑧팀은 프로젝트 리더가 의견 차이를 해결하는 데 주도적인 역할을 하기를 기대하는 경향이 있으며,팀원들은 자신의 의견이 적절히 고려되었다고 생각하면 일반적으로 리더를 따르게 될 것이다.
[Ch.04 -서술형Practice]음악과뇌의변화
①There is no question that learning to sing or play a musical instrument changes the structure of your brain.
①노래나 악기 연주를 배우는 것이 뇌의 구조를 바꾼다는 것은 의심의 여지가 없다.
②If you enjoy music but have no special training, then your brain processes it mostly through its right hemisphere, the side of the brain that deals with emotion.
②여러분이 음악을 좋아하지만 특별한 훈련을 받지 않는다면 여러분의 뇌는 주로 감정을 다루는 부분인 우반구를 통해 음악을 처리한다.
③In the face of music, you are 'right-lateralised'.
③음악을 접하여 여러분은'우측의 지배를 받게'된다.
④Many studies show that musical training shifts the brain's processing of music to its left hemisphere; musicians are left-brained.
④많은 연구는 음악 훈련이 뇌의 음악 처리를 그것의 좌반구로 옮긴다는 것을 보여 준다.즉,음악가들은 좌뇌형이다.
⑤There are several guesses about why this happens.
⑤왜 이것이 일어나는지에 관한 여러 추측이 있다.
⑥One explanation is that they have learned to hear music more like language, discerning a level of structural complexity beyond the grasp of ordinary listeners.
⑥한 가지 설명은 그들이 평범한 청취자의 이해를 넘어선 구조적 복잡성 수준을 분명히 이해하면서 음악을 오히려 언어에 가깝게 듣는 법을 학습하였다는 것이다.
⑦When trained musicians hear music, it activates the part of the brain associated with language comprehension.
⑦훈련된 음악가들이 음악을 들을 때,그것은 언어 이해와 관련된 뇌 부위를 활성화한다.
[Ch.04 -논술형Practice]질감이맛에미치는영향
①A group of researchers at the University of Twente in the Netherlands recently 3D-printed two identically shaped mugs with different textures to test the effects on taste.
①네덜란드의Twente대학교의 한 연구팀은 최근 맛에 미치는 영향을 테스트하기 위해 질감이 다른 동일한 모양의 머그잔 두 개를3D프린팅하였다.
②One was covered in a rounded bobbly texture, and the other had a blocky, angular texture.
②하나는 둥글고 거품 모양의 질감으로 덮여 있었고 다른 하나는 울퉁불퉁하고 각진 질감이었다.
③In a supermarket taste test for a fictitious new brand made by the study team, the researchers offered shoppers a sample of coffee from one of the mugs and asked them to evaluate the taste for qualities including sweetness, bitterness, intensity and pleasantness.
③연구팀에 의해 만들어진 가상의 새 브랜드에 대한 슈퍼마켓 맛 테스트에서 연구원들은 쇼핑객들에게 그 머그잔 중 하나에 커피 샘플을 제공하고서 단맛,쓴맛,강렬함,유쾌함을 포함한 품질을 위한 맛을 평가하도록 요청했다.
④Drinks in the round bobbly mug tasted on average around 18 percent sweeter, while in the angular-textured mug the same drinks tasted up to 27 percent more bitter and much more intense.
④둥글고 거품 모양의 머그잔에 담긴 음료는 평균 약18%더 단맛이 난 반면,각진 질감의 머그잔에 담긴 같은 음료는 최대27%더 쓴맛과 훨씬 더 강렬한 맛이 느껴졌다.
⑤If you're trying to cut down on your sugar, avoid drinking from a mug with a rough or angular texture─go for a round bowl and mug, and if possible ones with a smooth rounded texture too.
⑤만약 여러분이 설탕 섭취를 줄이려고 노력 중이라면,거칠거나 각진 질감의 머그잔은 피하고 둥근 그릇과 머그잔을 사용하고,가능하면 또한 부드러운 둥근 질감을 가진 머그잔을 사용하는 것이 좋다.
[Ch.05 Unit 13 -수능대비ANALYSIS]연설에서의실수
①One of the biggest reasons people are concerned about making a mistake in a speech is that they view speechmaking as a performance rather than an act of communication.
①사람들이 연설에서 실수하는 것을 걱정하는 가장 큰 이유 중 하나는 연설을 의사소통 행위가 아닌 공연으로 생각하기 때문이다.
②They feel the audience is judging them against a scale of absolute perfection in which every misstated word or awkward gesture will count against them.
②그들은(자신이)잘못 말한 단어 하나, (자신의)어색한 제스처 하나도 자신에게 불리하게 작용할 절대적인 완벽함이라는 잣대로 청중이 자신을 평가하고 있다고 느낀다.
③But speech audiences are not like judges in a violin recital or an ice-skating contest.
③하지만 연설의 청중은 바이올린 연주회나 아이스 스케이팅 대회의 심사위원과 다르다.
④They are not looking for a virtuoso performance, but for a well-thought-out address that communicates the speaker's ideas clearly and directly.
④그들은 고도의 기교를 보여 주는 공연이 아니라 연설자의 생각을 명확하고 직접적으로 전달하는 신중한 연설을 바라고 있다.
⑤Sometimes an error or two can actually enhance a speaker's appeal by making her or him seem more human.
⑤때로는 한두 가지 실수가 사실은 발표자를 더 인간적으로 보이게 함으로써 그 사람의 매력을 높일 수 있다.
[Ch.05 Unit 13 - 1번]인간이건설한생태계
①Some ecosystems, over a wide range of sites and purposes, are constructed by humans.
①매우 다양한 장소와 목적에 걸쳐 일부 생태계는 인간에 의해 건설된다.
②For example, we may construct shallow ponds or a series of canals known as bioswales that collect runoff of surface water.
②예를 들어,우리는 얕은 연못이나,지표수의 흐르는 물을 모으는 식생수로라고 알려진 일련의 운하를 건설할 수도 있다.
③Marsh plants, such as cattails, when planted in ponds or canals, use and remove nutrients in water that's delivered to them as a waste or pollutant, helping clean the water.
③부들 같은 습지 식물을 연못이나 운하에 심으면 폐기물이나 오염 물질로 식물에 전달되는 물속의 영양분을 사용하고 제거하여 물을 정화하는 데 도움이 된다.
④Specially designed wetland ecosystems have been constructed where bacteria and plants process mine wastewater and help remove toxins from water.
④박테리아와 식물이 광산 폐수를 처리하고 물에서 독소를 제거하는 데 도움이 되는 특별히 설계된 습지 생태계가 건설되었다.
⑤Other large-scale ecosystems are constructed to partially treat urban wastewater.
⑤도시 폐수를 부분적으로 처리하기 위해 다른 대규모 생태계가 건설된다.
⑥Human-constructed ecosystems are part of what is known as biological engineering.
⑥인간이 건설한 생태계는 생물 공학으로 알려진 것의 일부이다.
[Ch.05 Unit 13 - 2번]이동통신을이용한상호작용
①Mobile communications have changed the way we interact with our computers and, as more time is spent on mobile devices, emoticon use has followed.
①이동 통신은 우리가 컴퓨터와 상호 작용하는 방식을 변화시켰고,더 많은 시간을 모바일 장치를 사용하는 데 소비하면서,이모티콘 사용이 뒤를 이었다.
②Cellular phones, smartphones, tablets, and similar technologies have penetrated the world at an enormous rate and non-voice communications have become the norm rather than the rule.
②휴대폰,스마트폰,태블릿,이와 유사한 기술이 엄청난 속도로 전 세계에 침투했으며,비음성 통신은 규칙이 아닌 기준이 되었다.
③In 2013, the number of mobile subscriptions almost equaled the estimated number of individuals that made up the global population in the same year.
③2013년 모바일 가입 건수는 같은 해 전 세계 인구를 구성한 추정 인구수와 거의 같았다.
④Users of these technologies have posted, pinned, tweeted, sent and/or received billions of electronic messages through public or private (text messages, emails, etc.) means.
④이러한 기술 이용자들은 공개적인 또는 사적인(문자 메시지,이메일 등)수단을 통해 수십억 개의 전자 메시지를 게시하고,고정하고,트윗하고,송수신해왔다.
⑤These communications media have become so prolific, researchers have worried that face-to-face communications could become extinct.
⑤이러한 통신 매체가 너무 많아져서,연구자들은 대면 소통이 소멸할 수 있다고 우려해 왔다.
[Ch.05 Unit 13 - 3번]아이가내는짜증
①When a region of the emotional brain is overexcited due to frustration, sadness or any other intense emotion, the child is not able to contain their mood.
①좌절감,슬픔 또는 다른 어떤 강렬한 감정으로 인해 정서적 뇌의 한 부위가 과도하게 흥분되면,아이는 자신의 기분을 억누를 수 없게 된다.
②This is when the tantrums occur─situations in which the child closes in on themself and is not able to do what they are told─or comments are made which the parents find hard to deal with.
②이때가 짜증이 발생하는 때,즉 아이가 자신을 궁지에 몰아넣어 들은 말을 행할 수 없는 상황이거나 부모가 대처하기 힘들다고 느끼는 말이 나올 때이다.
③Literally, the child is outside themselves, outside their rational part.
③말 그대로,아이는 자신 밖에,자신의 이성적인 부분 밖에 있다.
④To help them calm down, and to see reason, the best strategy is a hug and an empathic reflection of the situation to defuse the intensity of the emotion.
④아이가 진정하고 사리를 분별하도록 돕기 위해서는 포옹과 상황에 대한 공감적 반영으로 감정의 강도를 진정시키는 것이 최선의 전략이다.
⑤A spoken word will form a bridge between the two worlds, allowing the child's rational brain to help soothe their emotions, or at least give them the ability to listen to what their parents are saying.
⑤한 마디의 말은 두 세계 사이에 다리를 놓아 아이의 이성적인 뇌가 감정을 진정시키도록 돕게 하거나,적어도 부모가 하는 말을 듣는 능력을 아이에게 부여할 것이다.
[Ch.05 Unit 14 -수능대비ANALYSIS]방관자효과
①Social psychology tells us that bystanders in emergency situations are acting normally when they fail to respond.
①사회 심리학에 따르면 비상 상황에서 방관자는 그들이 대응하지 못할 때 정상적으로 행동하고 있는 것이다.
②We would fail to respond as well.
②우리도 또한 대응하지 못할 것이다.
③That social psychological insight makes us uncomfortable.
③그러한 사회 심리학적 통찰은 우리를 불편하게 만든다.
④We like to feel we would behave differently, better.
④우리는 다르게,더 잘 행동할 것으로 생각하고 싶어 한다.
⑤The problem with bystanders, however, does not stem from defects in their character that prevent them from helping.
⑤그러나 방관자 문제는 그들이 도움을 주는 것을 막는 성격상의 결함에서 비롯되는 것이 아니다.
⑥Rather, the situation that bystanders find themselves in constrains their behavior more than we realize.
⑥그보다는 방관자가 깨닫는 상황이 우리가 인식하는 것보다 더 많이 그들의 행동을 제약한다.
⑦For example, the more bystanders there are, the less likely any one of them will intervene.
⑦예를 들어,방관자가 더 많을수록 그들 중 어느 한 명이라도 개입할 가능성이 더 낮을 것이다.
⑧A single bystander at the scene of an emergency would usually respond, just as we hope we would.
⑧응급 현장에 있는 단 한 명의 방관자는 보통 우리가 그러기를 바라는 바로 그대로 대응할 것이다.
⑨But when a number of bystanders witness an emergency, responsibility apparently diffuses among them, getting weaker.
⑨그러나 다수의 방관자가 비상 상황을 목격할 때,그들 사이에서 책임감이 명백히 분산되어 점점 약해진다.
⑩No one bystander feels enough personal responsibility to respond.
⑩어떤 한 명의 방관자도 대응할 충분한 개인적 책임감을 느끼지 못한다.
[Ch.05 Unit 14 - 1번]퍼스널브랜딩
①Personal branding is not something that you have to do behind the scenes.
①퍼스널 브랜딩은 여러분이 남몰래 해야 하는 것이 아니다.
②For many it does not always feel comfortable to deliberately plan how we are going to promote ourselves and our accomplishments to others.
②의도적으로 우리 자신과 우리의 업적을 다른 사람들에게 어떻게 홍보할지 계획하는 것이 많은 사람에게 항상 편안하게 느껴지는 것은 아니다.
③Personal branding, however, is essential to achieving success.
③하지만 퍼스널 브랜딩은 성공을 이루는 데 필수적이다.
④The key takeaway from this concept is awareness and anticipation.
④이 개념의 주요한 핵심은 인식과 예상이다.
⑤If you are not aware of the opportunities to brand yourself, you may not be directed to leave a favorable impression.
⑤만약 자신을 눈에 띄게 할 기회를 인식하지 못한다면,여러분은 호의적인 인상을 남기게 되지 못할 수도 있다.
⑥If you cannot anticipate the opportunities that will present themselves to favorably demonstrate your brand through capability, you may not be prepared when they occur.
⑥역량을 통해 여러분의 브랜드를 호의적으로 보여 주기 위해 자신을 나타낼 기회를 예상할 수 없다면,여러분은 기회가 생길 때 준비가 되어 있지 않은 것일지도 모른다.
⑦So as you begin to think about what you want to be known for, begin to be more aware of what you want people to say about you when you are not in the room as an effective way to guide your personal brand.
⑦그래서 자신이 무엇으로 알려지고 싶은지에 대해 생각을 시작할 때,여러분의 퍼스널 브랜드를 이끌 효과적인 방법으로서 사람들이 여러분이 방에 없을 때 여러분에 대해 무엇을 말하기를 원하는지를 더 많이 인식하기 시작하라.
[Ch.05 Unit 14 - 2번]명왕성의발견
①The ability to detect visual movement played an interesting role in the history of astronomy.
①시각적 움직임을 감지하는 능력은 천문학의 역사에서 흥미로운 역할을 했다.
②In 1930, Clyde Tombaugh was searching the skies for a possible undiscovered planet beyond Neptune.
②1930년에, Clyde Tombaugh는 해왕성 너머에 있을지도 모르는 미발견 행성을 찾기 위해 하늘을 탐색하고 있었다.
③He photographed each region of the sky twice, several days apart.
③그는 하늘의 각 영역을 며칠 간격으로 두 번씩 촬영했다.
④Stars essentially remain unmoving in photos, while a planet moves from one photo to the next.
④항성은 본질적으로 사진에서 움직이지 않는 상태로 남아 있는 반면,행성은 한 사진에서 다음 사진으로 가면서 이동한다.
⑤However, how would he find a small dot that moved among all the countless unmoving dots in the sky?
⑤하지만 그가 하늘에서 움직이지 않는 수많은 점들 사이에서 움직인 하나의 작은 점을 어떻게 찾을 것인가?
⑥He put each pair of photos on a machine that would flip back and forth between one photo and the other.
⑥그는 각 쌍의 사진을 한 사진과 다른 사진 사이를 앞뒤로 뒤집어주는 기계에 놓았다.
⑦When he came to one pair of photos, he immediately noticed one dot moving as the machine flipped back and forth.
⑦한 쌍의 사진에 다다랐을 때,그는 기계가 앞뒤로 뒤집을 때 점 하나가 움직이는 것을 즉시 알아챘다.
⑧He identified that dot as Pluto, which astronomers now list as a dwarf planet.
⑧그는 그 점을 명왕성으로 확인했는데,천문학자들은 현재 그것을 왜소 행성의 목록에 포함한다.
[Ch.05 Unit 14 - 3번]숲의기능
①People are cutting down forests much faster than the rate at which forests can regrow.
①사람들은 숲이 재성장할 수 있는 속도보다 훨씬 더 빠르게 숲을 베어내고 있다.
②We need to dramatically reduce our use of wood, not just because the supply is decreasing, and not just because entire species of flora and fauna that live in forests are vanishing, but because the forest performs an important function.
②우리는 목재 사용을 급격하게 줄여야 하는데,이는 공급이 감소하고 있기 때문만이 아니라,그리고 숲에 서식하는 동식물군 전체 종이 사라지고 있기 때문만이 아니라,숲이 중요한 기능을 수행하기 때문이다.
③Forests control global warming by absorbing carbon from the atmosphere and reducing greenhouse gases.
③숲은 대기로부터 탄소를 흡수하고 온실 가스를 줄여 지구온난화를 억제한다.
④They also provide oxygen for us to breathe.
④그것은 또한 우리가 숨 쉴 수 있는 산소를 공급한다.
⑤There are too many trivial and shortsighted uses of wood.
⑤목재의 사소하고 근시안적인 쓰임새가 너무 많다.
⑥When a hurricane advances on a city, people board up their windows with plywood.
⑥허리케인이 도시로 다가오면 사람들은 합판으로 창문을 막는다.
⑦After the storm has passed, they discard the plywood.
⑦폭풍이 지나간 후에,그들은 합판을 버린다.
⑧It's ironic to think that for purposes such as these, forests are cut down that otherwise would aid in controlling such storms.
⑧이러한 목적을 위해 숲이 베어지는데,그렇지 않았다면 숲이 그러한 폭풍을 통제하는 데 도움이 되었으리라는 것을 생각하면 아이러니이다.
[Ch.05 Unit 15 -수능대비ANALYSIS]인플레이션의영향
①Money loses value when inflation takes place; hence, those with large amounts of money encourage a strong government response to inflation.
①인플레이션이 발생하면 화폐는 가치를 잃게 되므로,많은 돈을 가진 사람들은 인플레이션에 대한 정부의 강력한 대응을 부추긴다.
②Governments respond by raising interest rates to discourage the creation of additional money through loans.
②정부는 대출을 통한 추가 자금 창출을 막기 위해 금리를 인상함으로써 대응한다.
③As other loans are paid back, with fewer people taking out new loans, money disappears from circulation, reducing the ability of people to buy things and, thereby, reducing the inflationary pressure.
③다른 대출이 상환되고,새로운 대출을 받는 사람이 줄어들면,돈이 유통에서 사라져,사람둘의 물건 구매 능력이 줄어들고,그것 때문에 인플레이션 압력이 감소한다.
④For people and businesses with outstanding loans, the increased cost that results can be disastrous.
④미상환 대출이 있는 개인과 기업의 경우,결과로 생긴 늘어난 비용은 파멸을 초래할 수 있다.
⑤Increased expenses and bankruptcies lead to job loss, and consequently, more people unable to pay for their homes, cars and other loans.
⑤늘어난 비용과 파산은 실직으로 이어지고,결과적으로 더 많은 사람들이 집,자동차 및 기타 대출금을 갚지 못한다.
⑥This leads to another round of defaults and subsequent contraction in the money supply.
⑥이것은 또 한 차례의 채무 불이행과 뒤이은 통화 공급의 축소로 이어진다.
⑦This cure for inflation may bring as much or more hardship than the inflation, but the hardship falls on people with little power to influence policy.
⑦인플레이션에 대한 이러한 해결책은 인플레이션만큼 또는 그 이상의 어려움을 가져올 수도 있겠지만,그 어려움은 정책에 영향을 미칠 힘이 거의 없는 사람들에게 돌아간다.
[Ch.05 Unit 15 - 1번]제품원산지에대한소비자의인식
①Knowledge about a product's country of origin can affect the way consumers think about it.
①제품의 원산지에 대한 지식은 소비자가 그것에 대해 생각하는 방식에 영향을 미칠 수 있다.
②Just as we stereotype people based on where they were born, we stereotype products based on where they were made.
②마치 우리가 사람들을 태어난 곳에 근거해서 고정 관념적으로 파악하는 것과 똑같이,우리는 제품도 그것이 만들어진 곳에 근거해서 고정 관념적으로 파악한다.
③Consumers in developing countries, for instance, often infer higher quality for brands perceived as foreign.
③예를 들어 개발 도상국의 소비자들은 흔히 외국산으로 인식되는 브랜드에 대해 더 높은 품질을 추단한다.
④Conversely, consumers in some nations believe their country's products are superior to those made elsewhere.
④반대로 일부 국가의 소비자들은 자국 제품이 다른 곳에서 만들어진 제품보다 더 우수하다고 생각한다.
⑤Japanese consumers, for example, tend to infer that made-in-Japan products are higher quality than made-in-America products.
⑤예를 들어,일본 소비자들은 일본산 제품이 미국산 제품보다 품질이 더 높다고 추단하는 경향이 있다.
⑥Therefore, a luggage company markets its pricier luggage in Japan by stressing that the products are designed and made in Japan.
⑥따라서,한 여행 가방 회사는 제품이 일본에서 디자인되고 만들어지는 것이라는 점을 강조함으로써 일본에서 더 비싼 여행 가방을 시장에 내놓는다.
⑦Consumers are more likely to make inferences about a brand based on its country of origin when they are unmotivated to process brand information or when their processing goal guides attention towards origin information.
⑦소비자는 브랜드 정보를 처리할 동기가 없거나 자신의 처리 목표가 원산지 정보에 대해 주목하도록 이끌 때,원산지에 근거해서 브랜드에 대해 추단할 가능성이 더 높다.
⑧If consumers dislike a country's political or social policies, they may respond negatively to its products.
⑧소비자가 한 국가의 정치적 또는 사회적 정책을 싫어한다면,그 국가의 제품에 대해 부정적으로 반응할 수도 있다.
[Ch.05 Unit 15 - 2번]전문성과완벽주의의구별
①Many people excuse perfectionism at work by claiming it is professionalism.
①많은 사람이 완벽주의를 전문성이라고 주장하며 직장에서의 그것(완벽주의)에 대한 구실을 댄다.
②Differentiating between the two is useful.
②이 둘을 구분하는 것은 유용하다.
③Managing perfectionism does not mean dropping critical standards.
③완벽주의를 관리한다는 것은 중대한 기준을 포기하는 것을 의미하지 않는다.
④It becomes a problem when your personal expectations become unmanageable, self-imposed demands that create more pressure than is needed.
④여러분의 개인적인 기대치가 필요 이상의 압박을 만들어 내는,제어하기 어려운 스스로 부과한 요구가 될 때,그것은 문제가 된다.
⑤It is not permission for work sloppiness or low standards; rather it means spending less time on tasks that do not need the level of input you are providing.
⑤그것은 일을 대충 하는 것이나 낮은 기준을 허용하는 것이 아니라,오히려 여러분이 제공하고 있는 투입의 수준이 필요하지 않은 업무에는 시간을 보다 적게 쓰는 것을 의미한다.
⑥What are the acceptable standards of professionalism in your work and how do these compare with your own?
⑥여러분의 업무에서 허용되는 전문성의 기준은 무엇이며,이것은 여러분의 기준과 어떻게 비교되는가?
⑦With the busyness of workplaces these days, trying to achieve a benchmark of 110% perfect on everything can be a recipe for burnout.
⑦요즘 직장에서의 바쁨 속에서는 모든 일에서110%완벽이라는 기준을 달성하고자 노력하는 것은 번아웃(극도의 피로)으로 가는 길일 수 있다.
⑧If you are a manager expecting this of others, you may be setting yourself up for failure.
⑧만약 여러분이 다른 사람들에게 이것을 기대하는 관리자라면,실패를 자초하고 있을 수 있다.
[Ch.05 Unit 15 - 3번]탄수화물섭취
①Carbohydrates are the most important source of energy in a balanced daily diet.
①탄수화물은 균형 잡힌 일일 식단에서 가장 중요한 에너지원이다.
②Carbohydrate intake must be balanced with adequate amounts of protein, fat, and water intake.
②탄수화물 섭취는 적절한 양의 단백질,지방,수분 섭취와 함께 균형이 맞추어져야 한다.
③In athletes, carbohydrates are the primary fuel source to maintain blood glucose for energy during exercise.
③운동선수에게 있어,탄수화물은 운동 중 에너지를 위한 혈당을 유지하는 데 있어 주요 연료 공급원이다.
④Adequate carbohydrate intake also helps spare muscle from catabolic activity and muscle breakdown.
④또한 적절한 탄수화물 섭취는 근육이 이화(異化)작용과 근육 분해를 겪지 않도록 도와준다.
⑤After carbohydrates are consumed, they are broken down into smaller sugars that get absorbed and used as energy.
⑤탄수화물이 섭취된 후,그것은 흡수되어 에너지로 사용되는 더 작은 당분으로 분해된다.
⑥The body is capable of storing excess carbohydrates in the form of glycogen in the muscles and liver.
⑥인체는 잉여 탄수화물을 근육과 간에 글리코겐 형태로 저장할 수 있다.
⑦The body's glycogen capacity is approximately 300 to 400 grams.
⑦인체의 글리코겐 수용량은 대략300~400그램이다.
⑧Subsequent excesses are then converted to fat and stored.
⑧그 이후의 잉여량은 지방으로 전환되어 저장된다.
⑨Conversely, in the setting of inadequate intake, an energy imbalance can result in adverse effects on athletic performance as well as overall health.
⑨반대로,불충분한 섭취 환경에서는,에너지 불균형이 전반적인 건강뿐만 아니라 운동 능력에도 부정적인 영향을 미치는 결과를 초래할 수 있다.
[Ch.05 Unit 16 -수능대비ANALYSIS]성장을저해하는자아
①Many of us tend to have too much invested in our opinions of ourselves to see the world's feedback─the feedback we need to update our beliefs about reality.
①우리 중 대다수는 자신에 대한 스스로의 의견에 너무 많이 공을 들여서 세상의 피드백,즉 현실에 대한 우리의 믿음을 새롭게 하는데 필요한 피드백을 보지 못하는 경향이 있다.
②This creates a profound ignorance that keeps us banging our head against the wall over and over again.
②이것은 우리가 계속 반복해서 벽에 머리를 부딪치게 만드는 깊은 무지를 낳는다.
③Our inability to learn from the world because of our ego happens for many reasons, but two are worth mentioning here.
③우리의 자아로 인해 세상으로부터 배울 수 없는 우리의 무능함은 여러 가지 이유로 발생하지만,여기서 두 가지를 언급할 가치가 있다.
④First, we're so afraid about what others will say about us that we fail to put our ideas out there and subject them to criticism.
④첫째,우리는 다른 사람들이 우리에 대해 무엇이라고 말할지 너무 두려워서 우리의 생각을 드러내어 그것이 비판받도록 하지 않는다.
⑤This way we can always be right.
⑤이렇게 하면 우리는 항상 옳을 수 있다.
⑥Second, if we do put our ideas out there and they are criticized, our ego steps in to protect us.
⑥둘째,우리가 생각을 드러내고 그 생각이 비판을 받으면,우리의 자아가 우리를 보호하기 위해 개입한다.
⑦We become invested in defending instead of upgrading our ideas.
⑦우리는 생각을 개선하기보다는 방어하는 데 공을 들이게 된다.
⑧[Summary] Our ego's fear of being judged and desire to defend ourselves often blind us from valuable feedback, hindering our ability to learn and grow.
⑧[Summary]판단 받는 것에 대한 우리 자아의 두려움과 자신을 방어하려는 욕구가 종종 우리가 가치 있는 피드백을 보지 못하게 하여,배우고 성장하는 우리의 능력을 저해한다.
[Ch.05 Unit 16 - 1번]규범에영향을받는성숙도에따른감정
①Emotional differences exist across ages, and there are ideal emotional paradigms fora given age (i.e., some emotions are reasonable at a given age), and these paradigms are realized and solidified with the help of normative group behaviors.
①연령에 따라 감정의 차이는 존재하며,특정 연령에 이상적인 감정의 전형적인 예(즉,특정한 연령에 어떤 감정은 합당하다.)가 있고,이러한 전형적인 예는 규범적인 집단행동의 도움으로 실현되고 확고해진다.
②For example, loudness, rudeness, and outbursts are associated with loss of self-control, and these emotions are often expressed among children.
②예를 들어,큰소리,무례함,감정의 폭발은 자기 통제의 상실과 관련이 있으며,이러한 감정은 흔히 아이들 사이에서 표출된다.
③In childhood, crying is criticized but forgiven because it is consistent with the child's emotional profile, whereas in youth, crying is considered childish behavior.
③어린 시절에는 우는 것이 아이의 감정적 특성과 일치하므로 비난 받지만 용서를 받는 반면,청소년기에는 우는 것이 유치한 행동으로 여겨진다.
④As individuals mature intellectually and increase self-control and social sensitivity, they gradually form emotions such as melancholy, sadness, etc.
④개인이 지적으로 성숙하고 자기 통제와 사회적 민감성이 증가함에 따라,그들은 점차 우울함,슬픔 등과 같은 감정을 형성한다.
⑤This shows the fact that some emotions can only be experienced at a certain age, and virtues such as integrity and wisdom are associated with certain stages of life (e.g., adulthood).
⑤이것은 일부 감정이 특정 연령에서만 경험될 수 있으며,성실함과 지혜 같은 덕목이 삶의 특정 단계(예컨대,성인기)와 관련 있다는 사실을 보여 준다.
⑥[Summary] Emotions are associated with levels of maturity, which are influenced by social norms, leading individuals to experience different emotions at various ages.
⑥[Summary]감정은 성숙 수준과 관련이 있으며,이러한 수준은 사회적 규범의 영향을 받는데,이것은 개인이 다양한 연령에 따라 서로 다른 감정을 겪게 한다.
[Ch.05 Unit 16 - 2번]정체성이정보를찾는방식에미치는영향
①The discovery that identities change the way we seek information raises interesting questions.
①정체성이 우리가 정보를 찾는 방식을 바꾼다는 발견은 흥미로운 의문을 제기한다.
②For example, there is ample evidence that people try to make themselves look good in many situations.
②예를 들어,많은 상황에서 사람들은 자신을 좋게 보이게 하려고 노력한다는 풍부한 증거가 있다.
③In contrast, researchers also found that people seek out negative information about themselves if it supports a negative identity.
③이와 대조적으로,연구자들은 또한 사람들이 자신에 대한 부정적인 정보가 부정적인 정체성을 뒷받침하는 경우 이를 찾으려 한다는 사실도 발견했다.
④How is it that a person wants to make herself look good, while at the same time she wants to make herself look bad?
④어떻게 사람은 자신을 좋게 보이게 하기를 원하면서,동시에 자신을 나쁘게 보이게 하기를 원하는가?
⑤Some researchers proposed that people try to obtain information that is consistent with their identities, whether they think of themselves positively or negatively.
⑤일부 연구자들은 사람들이 자신을 긍정적으로 생각하든 부정적으로 생각하든 자신의 정체성과 일치하는 정보를 얻으려 애쓴다고 말했다.
⑥That is, people seek information that seems to them to be true, even if that information is negative about themselves.
⑥즉,사람들은 정보가 자신에 대해 부정적일지라도,그들에게 사실로 보이는 정보를 찾는다.
⑦In contrast, positive information makes people feel good, whether it is consistent with their identity or not.
⑦이와 대조적으로,긍정적인 정보는 그것이 자신의 정체성과 일치하든 그렇지 않든,사람들을 기분 좋게 만든다.
⑧Emotionally, people want to look as good as possible.
⑧감정적으로,사람들은 가능한 한 좋게 보이고 싶어 한다.
⑨[Summary] We seek information that matches our identity, yet overall our emotions pushes us toward positive information.
⑨[Summary]우리는 우리의 정체성에 부합하는 정보를 추구하지만,전반적으로 우리의 감정은 우리를 긍정적인 정보로 몰아간다.
[Ch.05 Unit 16 - 3번]자연선택의목표
①One common misunderstanding of evolution is that it leads inexorably to organisms that are ever better designed.
①진화에 대한 한 가지 흔한 오해는 진화가 줄곧 더 잘 설계된 유기체로 거침없이 이어진다는 것이다.
②But Darwinian evolution is not a process of perfection.
②하지만 다윈 진화는 완벽함을 향한 과정이 아니다.
③In contrast to the Lamarckian and Great Chain of Being theories of evolution, natural selection does not inexorably drive species up some kind of ladder of perfection.
③라마르크 학설 및 존재의 대연쇄 진화 이론과는 달리,자연 선택은 완벽함으로 향하는 어떤 종류의 사다리를 따라 종을 거침없이 빠르게 끌어올리지 않는다.
④Rather, natural selection is, to borrow a term from economics, a process that leads to satisficing (just being "good enough for now").
④오히려,자연 선택은 경제학 용어 하나를 빌리자면,만족화(그저'지금 당장 충분히 좋은')로 이어지는 과정이다.
⑤In other words, so long as you survive and do better than your rivals, that is good enough.
⑤다시 말해,여러분이 살아남고 경쟁자보다 더 잘하는 한,그것은 충분히 좋다.
⑥An antelope does not have to become the fastest animal on earth; it simply has to be faster than the lions that try to catch it.
⑥영양은 지구상에서 가장 빠른 동물이 될 필요가 없다.단지 자신을 잡으려는 사자보다 더 빨라야 한다.
⑦By the same token, lions and other predators do not have to be able to run marathons at top speed; nor do they have to be able to catch every prey animal.
⑦마찬가지로,사자와 다른 포식자들은 최고 속도로 마라톤을 뛸 수 있을 필요가 없고,모든 먹잇감을 잡을 수 있을 필요도 없다.
⑧They just have to be fast enough to catch sufficient prey animals to survive.
⑧그것들은 살아남기 위해 충분한 숫자의 먹잇감을 잡을 수 있을 만큼만 충분히 빠르면 된다.
⑨[Summary] While natural selection is often thought of as a process toward seeking flawlessness, its goal is to equip organisms with just enough ability to outperform their rivals for survival.
⑨[Summary]자연 선택은 흔히 완전함을 추구하는 과정으로 여겨지지만,그것의 목표는 유기체에게 생존을 위해 경쟁자들을 능가할 수 있을 만큼의 능력만을 갖추도록 하는 것이다.
[Ch.05 -서술형Practice]은유를통한역사적사실해석
①We can make literal statements about the past, but without metaphors, we cannot present interpretations of historical facts.
①우리는 과거에 대해 문자 그대로 진술할 수 있지만,은유 없이는 역사적 사실에 대한 해석을 제시할 수 없다.
②Unconsciously, we categorize the data we observe in the world and seek patterns that can be expressed as metaphors.
②무의식적으로,우리는 세상에서 관찰하는 데이터를 분류하고 은유로 표현될 수 있는 패턴을 찾는다.
③Lakoff and Johnson explain that "We acquire a large system of primary metaphors automatically and unconsciously simply by functioning in the most ordinary of ways in the everyday world from our earliest days."
③Lakoff와Johnson은"우리는 초창기부터 일상 세계에서 그저 가장 평범한 방식으로 활동함으로써 자동적이고 무의식적으로 대규모의 기본적인 은유 체계를 습득한다"고 설명한다.
④In our common language and common culture, we agree on hundreds of primary metaphors such as "important is big," "happy is up," "similarity is closeness," "difficulties are burdens," "change is motion," "knowing is seeing," "causes are physical forces," and "time is motion."
④우리의 공통 언어와 공통 문화에서,우리는"중요한 것은 크다", "행복한 것은 올라간다", "유사성은 가까움이다", "어려움은 부담이다", "변화는 움직임이다", "아는 것은 보는 것이다", "원인은 물리적 힘이다", "시간은 움직임이다"와 같은 수백 가지의 기본적인 은유에 동의한다.
⑤We then blend these primary metaphors to create conceptual metaphors.
⑤그런 다음 이러한 기본적인 은유를 혼합하여 개념적인 은유를 만든다.
⑥Working from our sensorimotor domains, we create mental imagery that can be used to interpret subjective experiences, like history.
⑥감각 운동 영역에서 작업하여,우리는 역사와 같은 주관적인 경험을 해석하는 데 이용될 수 있는 정신적 비유적 표현을 만든다.
[Ch.05 -논술형Practice]기술의등장으로인한미래에대한예측
①With technology came the idea that innovation and novelty are intrinsic components of civilization.
①기술과 더불어,혁신과 새로움이 문명의 본질적인 구성 요소라는 개념이 생겨났다.
②Constant changes in technologies, society, and economics are so ingrained in our daily lives that it is hard to understand that this state of affairs wasn't the rule in the ancient days.
②기술,사회,경제의 끊임없는 변화는 우리의 일상 생활에 너무 깊이 스며들어 이런 상황이 고대에는 일반적이지 않았다는 사실을 이해하기 어렵다.
③A few hundred years ago, change was so slow that most people expected the future to be much like the past.
③수백 년 전에는,변화가 너무 느려서 대부분 사람이 미래가 과거와 아주 비슷할 것이라고 예상했다.
④The concept that the future would bring improvements in people's lives was never common, much less popular.
④미래가 사람들의 삶에 개선을 가져올 것이라는 개념은 인기가 있기는 커녕 결코 일반적이지도 않았다.
⑤All that changed when changes began to occur so often that they were not only perceptible but expected.
⑤변화가 너무 자주 일어나기 시작하여 그것(변화)이 인지될 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 기대되었을 때 그 모든 것이 변했다.
⑥Since the advent of technology, people expect the future to bring new things that will improve their daily lives.
⑥기술의 등장 이후,사람들은 미래가 자신의 일상을 개선할 새로운 것들을 가져올 것이라고 기대한다.
⑦However, many of us now fear that the changes may come too fast, and may be too profound, for normal people to assimilate them.
⑦그러나 이제 우리 중 많은 이는 그 변화가 보통 사람들이 그것을 받아들이기에는 너무 빠르게 올지도 모르고,너무 지대할지도 모른다고 두려워한다.
⑧[Summary] Technological progress has shifted expectations, making constant change normal and future improvements anticipated, but now there's concern that the speed and profoundness of the changes may make it difficult for normal people to assimilate them.
⑧[Summary]기술적인 진보는 기대를 바꾸어서 끊임없는 변화가 정상적이고 미래의 개선이 예상되도록 만들었지만,이제 변화의 속도와 지대함이 보통 사람들이 그것을 받아들이는 것을 어렵게 할지도 모른다는 우려가 있다.
[Ch.06 Unit 17 -수능대비ANALYSIS]긍정적감정과창의적사고의관계
①People tend to assume that positive emotions are sources of simplistic or lazy thinking.
①사람들은 긍정적인 감정이 단순하거나 게으른 사고의 원천이라고 가정하는 경향이 있다.
②Think of any highly creative person─such as Vincent van Gogh, Virginia Woolf, T. S. Eliot, or Charles Darwin─and you imagine their creative acts were produced during moments of struggle, tension, gloominess, and even despair.
②Vincent van Gogh, Virginia Woolf, T. S. Eliot,또는Charles Darwin과 같은 어떤 매우 창의적인 사람을 생각해 보면,여러분은 그들의 창의적인 행위가 고난,긴장,우울,그리고 심지어 절망의 순간에 만들어졌다고 생각한다.
③Alice Isen suggested that this view of creativity is wrong─that happiness instead prompts people to reason in ways that are flexible and creative.
③Alice lsen은 창의성에 대한 이러한 관점이 잘못된 것이며,오히려 행복은 사람들이 유연하고 창의적인 방식으로 추론하도록 자극한다고 말했다.
④In her studies, Isen induced positive emotion in her participants with small events.
④Isen은 자신의 연구에서 작은 사건들로 참가자에게 긍정적인 감정을 유도했다.
⑤She gave them little bags of candy, or they found a dime she had placed in their path.
⑤그녀는 그들에게 작은 사탕 봉지를 주거나,그들이 그녀가 길에 놓아둔10센트 동전을 발견했다.
⑥They watched amusing film clips.
⑥그들은 재미있는 동영상을 보았다.
⑦These subtle ways of making participants feel good produced striking changes in their reasoning.
⑦참가자를 기분 좋게 만드는 이러한 미묘한 방법들은 그들의 추론에 두드러진 변화를 가져왔다.
⑧When given one word (such as carpet) and asked to generate a related word, people feeling positive emotions came up with more novel associations (fresh or texture) than people in a neutral state, who tended to produce more common responses (such as rug).
⑧('카펫'같은)한 단어가 주어지고 관련 단어를 만들어 내도록 요청받았을 때,긍정적인 감정을 느끼는 사람들은 중립적인 상태의 사람들보다 더 많은 새로운 연상('갓 만든'또는'질감')을 생각해 냈는데,이들(중립적인 상태의 사람들)은('러그'같은)더 일반적인 응답을 하는 경향이 있었다.
⑨People feeling positive categorized objects in more inclusive ways, rating fringe members of categories (like cane or purse as an example of clothing) as better members of that category than people in a neutral state, whose categories tended to be more narrowly defined.
⑨긍정적인 감정을 느끼는 사람들은 중립적인 상태의 사람들보다(의류의 예로'지팡이'나'지갑'을 드는 것처럼)범주의 비주류 구성원을 해당 범주의 더 적합한 구성원으로 평가하면서 사물을 더 포괄적인 방식으로 분류하였고,중립적인 상태의 사람들의 범주는 좀 더 좁게 정의되는 경향이 있었다.
[Ch.06 Unit 17 - 1~2번]색지각의문제
①We likely evolved color perception, in part, to better figure out whether or not food is good to eat.
①우리는 어느 정도는 음식이 먹기에 좋은지 아닌지를 더 잘 파악하기 위해 색 지각을 진화시켰을 것이다.
②In ordinary sun-light, for example, a ripe tomato reflects a certain portion of the light and looks red and edible; a rotten tomato reflects the light differently and looks brown and disgusting.
②예를 들어,일반적인 햇빛 아래에서 잘 익은 토마토는 빛의 특정한 부분을 반사해서 붉고 먹을 수 있는 것으로 보이지만,썩은 토마토는 빛을 다르게 반사하여 갈색이고 역겨워 보인다.
③It is these light-reflecting properties (reflectance) of the tomato─its redness or brownness─that are important, not the fact that the tomato is illuminated by the sun; a red tomato under a blue lamp is just as edible.
③중요한 것은 이러한 토마토의 빛을 반사하는 특성(반사율),즉 그것의 붉은색 또는 갈색이지,토마토가 태양에 비춰진다는 사실이 아니며,파란 램프 아래의 붉은 토마토도 똑같이 먹을 수 있다.
④It so happens, however, that a red tomato absorbs blue light and does not reflect it.
④그러나 공교롭게도 붉은 토마토는 푸른 빛을 흡수하고 그것을 반사하지 않는다.
⑤Consequently, a ripe tomato under a blue lamp does not look red but black, and rather unappetizing.
⑤따라서,파란색 램프 아래의 잘 익은 토마토는 붉은 색이 아니라 검은색으로 보이며,오히려 입맛 떨어지게 한다.
⑥This example illustrates the fundamental problem of color perception: it is impossible to separate a region's reflectance (color) from its illumination.
⑥이러한 사례는 색 지각의 근본적인 문제,즉 한 영역의 반사율(색상)과 그것의 조명된 상태를 구별하는 것이 불가능하다는 것을 설명한다.
⑦Many animals take advantage of the confusion between color and illumination in their camouflage.
⑦많은 동물은 위장할 때 색상과 조명된 상태의 애매함을 이용한다.
⑧These animals have darker backs than bellies (or the converse if they usually hang upside down, like some caterpillars).
⑧이러한 동물은 배보다 등이 더 어둡다(또는 일부 애벌레처럼 주로 거꾸로 매달려 있는 경우에는 그 반대임).
⑨This countershading, whose traces can be seen in dogs, offsets the body-shape revealing effects of light and shadow, rendering the animal less visible from a distance.
⑨이러한'명암 역위형 보호색'은 개에서 그 흔적을 볼 수 있는 데,빛과 그림자의 체형 드러내기 효과를 상쇄하여 멀리서 그 동물이 눈에 덜 보이게 한다.
[Ch.06 Unit 17 - 3~4번]적극적인선택이주는정신적부담
①Most consumers would not much like it if, at the time of purchase, they had to choose every feature of their cell phone plan or all of their computer's initial settings.
①대부분 소비자는 구매 시점에 만약 자신의 휴대전화 요금제의 모든 특징이나 자신의 컴퓨터의 모든 초기 설정 전부를 선택해야 한다면 그다지 좋아하지 않을 것이다.
②The existence of defaults saves people a lot of time, and most of those defaults may well be sensible and suitable.
②초기 설정의 존재는 사람들에게 많은 시간을 절약해 주고,그러한 초기 설정의 대부분은 합리적이고 적절할 수 있다.
③Few consumers would like to spend the time required to obtain relevant information and to decide what choice to make.
③관련 정보를 얻고 어떤 선택을 할지 결정하는 데 필요한 시간을 쓰고 싶어 하는 소비자는 거의 없을 것이다.
④As compared with a default rule, active choosing increases the costs of decisions, sometimes significantly.
④초기 설정 규칙과 비교했을 때,적극적인 선택은 결정의 비용을 때로는 상당히 증가시킨다.
⑤In the process, active choosing can increase "decision fatigue," creating problems for other, potentially more important decisions.
⑤그 과정에서 적극적인 선택은'결정 피로'를 증가시켜 잠재적으로 더 중요할 수도 있는 다른 결정에 문제를 일으킬 수 있다.
⑥Decision fatigue might make it difficult for people to focus on the central questions that affect their lives─tasks associated with their families, their jobs, their health, the well-being of their loved ones.
⑥결정 피로는 사람들이 자기 삶에 영향을 미치는 가장 중요한 문제,즉 가족,직장,건강,사랑하는 사람들의 행복과 관련된 과업에 집중하는 것을 어렵게 만들 수도 있다.
⑦The state of being poor, and focusing constantly on how to make ends meet, has a significant adverse effect on IQ, roughly equivalent to that of having no sleep the night before.
⑦가난한 상태,그리하여 끊임없이 어떻게 생계를 꾸려갈까에 집중하는 것은 지능 지수에 상당한 부정적인 영향을 미치는데,이는 전날 밤에 잠을 전혀 자지 못한 것과 거의 맞먹는다.
⑧Because people have limited bandwidth, it is no light thing to force them to pay attention to questions in which they have little interest, because that very requirement diverts scarce cognitive (and perhaps emotional) resources from other endeavors.
⑧사람들은 한정된 정신적 능력을 가지고 있기 때문에,그들에게 관심이 거의 없는 질문에 주의를 기울이도록 강요하는 것은 가벼운 일이 아닌데,그러한 요구 자체가 다른 노력으로부터 부족한 인지적(그리고 아마도 정서적)자원을 다른 데로 돌리게 하기 때문이다.
⑨It is in part because of cognitive scarcity that people choose not to choose.
⑨사람들이 선택하지 않기로 선택하는 것은 바로 부분적으로 인지적 결핍 때문이다.
⑩For the same reason, active choosing can be a serious burden.
⑩같은 이유로,적극적인 선택은 심각한 부담이 될 수 있다.
[Ch.06 Unit 18 -수능대비ANALYSIS]자신을모욕한사람을전쟁장관으로임명한링컨
①As a young, struggling lawyer, Abraham Lincoln felt honored to be employed on an important legal case.
①생활고와 싸우는 젊은 변호사 에이브러햄 링컨은 한 중요한 법적 소송 사건에 고용된 것을 영광으로 생각했다.
②The other lawyers chosen to represent the case were well known for their legal and persuasive expertise.
②소송을 대리하도록 선정된 다른 변호사들은 법률 전문성과 설득 전문성으로 잘 알려져 있었다.
③However, one lawyer, upon seeing Lincoln, remarked, "What is that tall idiot doing here? I refuse to work with him. Get rid of him."
③그러나 한 변호사는 링컨을 보자마자"저 키가 큰 멍청이는 여기서 뭐 하는 거지?난 저 사람과 함께 일하기를 거부하네.저 사람을 쫓아내 버려."라고 말했다.
④Lincoln remained calm and pretended not to hear the deliberate insult.
④링컨은 침착함을 유지하며 고의적인 모욕을 듣지 못한 척했다.
⑤As the trial proceeded, Lincoln was ostracized by the other lawyers.
⑤재판이 진행되는 동안 링컨은 다른 변호사들로부터 배척당했다.
⑥In fact, he was never recognized as one of the representing lawyers.
⑥사실,그는 대리 변호사 중 한 명으로 결코 인정받지 못했다.
⑦He listened carefully to the court proceedings and observed his insulter's masterful handling of the case.
⑦그는 법정 소송 절차를 주의 깊게 듣고 자신을 모욕한 변호사의 능수능란한 소송 처리를 지켜보았다.
⑧The lawyer who insulted Lincoln easily won the case.
⑧링컨을 모욕한 변호사는 쉽게 그 소송을 승소했다.
⑨The next day, Lincoln was quoted as saying, "His brilliant argument was a revelation to me. He was expertly prepared, fluent in his presentation, and demonstrated undoubtedly the most professional questioning I have ever witnessed. I'm nowhere near as talented as he is. I am going home to study law all over again."
⑨다음 날,링컨은"그의 훌륭한 변론은 나에게는 매우 놀라운 발견이었다.그는 노련하게 준비되었고,그의 발표에 있어 유창했으며,내가 지금껏 본 것 중 의심의 여지 없이 가장 전문가적인 질의를 했다.나는 그의 재능에 도저히 미치지 못한다.나는 집에 가서 법을 처음부터 다시 공부할 것이다."라고 말한 것으로 인용되었다.
⑩Years later, Abraham Lincoln became president of the United States.
⑩세월이 흘러 에이브러햄 링컨은 미국의 대통령이 되었다.
⑪That same lawyer who had rudely insulted Lincoln became his most outspoken critic.
⑪링컨을 무례하게 모욕했던 바로 그 같은 변호사는 그의 가장 노골적인 비판자가 되었다.
⑫However, Lincoln never forgot the brilliance of this man.
⑫그러나 링컨은 이 사람의 탁월함을 절대 잊지 않았다.
⑬When an appointment was needed for secretary of war, Lincoln chose Edwin M. Stanton, the very man who had wounded and insulted him.
⑬전쟁장관 임명이 필요했을 때,링컨은 자신에게 상처를 주고 모욕을 줬던 바로 그 사람인Edwin M. Stanton을 선택했다.
⑭Lincoln proved his character by offering a forgiving spirit rather than a lifetime grudge.
⑭링컨은 평생 원한을 품기보다는 용서하는 마음을 베풂으로써 자신의 인품을 증명했다.
⑮Shortly thereafter, Lincoln was shot and killed.
⑮그 후 얼마 지나지 않아 링컨은 총에 맞아 사망했다.
⑯Stanton, filled with sorrow and grief, sobbed, "Now he belongs to the ages!"
⑯슬픔과 비통에 휩싸인Stanton은 흐느끼며 말했다. "이제 그는 역사 속에 영원할 것입니다!"
[Ch.06 Unit 18 - 1~3번]유아Nathan에게장기를기증한Doing씨
①Nathan Saavedra, a toddler who was almost two years old, needed a kidney transplant.
①거의 두 살이 된 유아Nathan Saavedra는 신장 이식이 필요했다.
②Two articles were written about the toddler after Nathan's mother, Tina, contacted a local newspaper in Illinois.
②Nathan의 어머니Tina가 일리노이주의 한 지역 신문에 연락한 후,그 유아에 관한 두 개의 기사가 작성되었다.
③Chris Doing, a 38-year-old Information Technology specialist who did not know the boy or the boy's family, read the articles and decided to donate his kidney if it were a good match for Nathan's body.
③그 아이나 그 아이의 가족을 알지 못했던38세의 정보 기술 전문가Chris Doing은 기사를 읽고 자신의 신장이Nathan의 신체와 잘 맞는다면 기증하기로 결심했다.
④Soon Mr. Doing got his kidney tested.
④곧Doing씨는 자신의 신장을 검사받았다.
⑤He did not let the family know that he was being tested to see if he would be a suitable donor.
⑤그는 자신이 기증 적격자인지 여부를 확인하기 위해 검사를 받고 있다는 사실을 그 가족에게 알리지 않았다.
⑥He said, "I was really motivated and touched by the story and picture of Nathan. It prompted me to keep pushing forward. But I didn't want to give the family the play-by-play, in case I was disqualified. I didn't want to give them false hope."
⑥그는"Nathan의 이야기와 사진에 정말로 동기 부여가 되었고 감동을 받았습니다.그것은 저로 하여금 계속 나아가도록 했어요.하지만 제가 자격이 없는 경우를 대비해 그 가족에게 실황을 중계하고 싶지는 않았어요.그들에게 헛된 희망을 주고 싶지 않았거든요."라고 말했다.
⑦His kidney was a good match, and on October 25, 2010, the successful transplant took place.
⑦그의 신장은 잘 맞았고2010년10월25일에 성공적으로 이식 수술이 이루어졌다.
⑧Mr. Doing did not meet Nathan and his family until after Nathan was released from the hospital.
⑧Doing씨는Nathan이 퇴원할 때까지Nathan과 그의 가족을 만나지 않았다.
⑨Nathan's mother, Tina, said about Mr. Doing, "He is very heroic. I will always feel so happy to have met him and for him to have saved my son."
⑨Nathan의 어머니Tina는Doing씨에 대해"그는 매우 영웅적입니다.그를 만난 것과 그가 내 아들을 구해준 것에 대해 저는 항상 행복감을 느낄 것입니다."라고 말했다.
⑩In response, Mr. Doing said, "I don't think of it as an act of heroism. Help was needed, and I was able to help."
⑩이에 대한 응답으로Doing씨는"저는 그것을 영웅적인 행동이라고 생각하지 않습니다.도움이 필요했고 제가 도울 수 있었습니다."라고 말했다.
⑪Mr. Doing said that he was influenced by the donation of his grandmother's organs after her death 17 years previously.
⑪Doing씨는17년 전 할머니가 돌아가신 후 장기를 기증한 것에 영향을 받았다고 말했다.
⑫He said, "I remember how rewarding it was to get letters from recipients and for something good to come of it. I always hoped that if someone was in need in that way, I'd be man enough to assist them."
⑫그는"저는 수혜자들로부터 편지를 받는 것과 그것으로 인해 뭔가 좋은 일이 일어나는 것이 얼마나 보람된 것이었는지 기억합니다.누군가 그런 식으로 도움이 필요하다면 내가 충분히 그들을 도울 수 있는 사람이 되기를 항상 바랐습니다."라고 말했다.
[Ch.06 Unit 18 - 4~6번]난기류를만난비행기와소년
①Mr. Spector was on his way home after a business meeting in Hong Kong.
①Spector씨는 홍콩에서 사업 회의를 마치고 집으로 돌아 가는 중이었다.
②It was a long flight from Hong Kong to New York, and he was tired but excited about the thought of going home and the positive outcome of the meeting.
②홍콩에서 뉴욕까지 장거리 비행이었고 그는 피곤했지만,집에 돌아갈 생각과 긍정적인 회의 결과로 들떠 있었다.
③About halfway through the flight, an announcement from a flight attendant filled the cabin.
③비행의 절반쯤에,승무원의 안내 방송이 객실을 채웠다.
④The announcement instructed passengers to remain seated due to expected turbulence.
④기내 방송은 승객들에게 난기류가 예상되므로 앉아 있으라고 안내했다.
⑤The attendant's voice was calm and casual, but Mr. Spector began to feel uneasy.
⑤승무원의 목소리는 차분하고 평온했지만Spector씨는 불안한 기분이 들기 시작했다.
⑥The plane soon found itself in a fierce storm, with thunder roaring and lightning flashing against the dark skies, making him very nervous.
⑥비행기는 곧 천둥이 울리고 어두운 하늘에 번개가 번쩍이는 격렬한 폭풍우를 만나게 되었고,그를 매우 긴장하게 만들었다.
⑦Some younger children started crying, and things were falling.
⑦몇몇 어린아이들이 울기 시작했고 물건들은 떨어지고 있었다.
⑧In the midst of this chaos, Mr. Spector was gripped by panic as the seemingly endless turbulence worsened his fear.
⑧이 혼돈의 한가운데에서,끝이 없어 보이는 난기류가 그의 두려움을 악화시키면서Spector씨는 극심한 공포에 사로잡혔다.
⑨As he struggled with his anxiety, he noticed the boy sitting next to him was calmly reading a book. unaffected by the storm.
⑨자신의 그의 불안감과 힘겹게 싸우다가,그는 옆에 앉은 소년이 폭풍의 영향을 받지 않고 침착하게 책을 읽고 있는 것을 발견했다.
⑩The boy occasionally made irritated noises, not out of fear of the turbulence but because the shaking cabin made it difficult for him to read.
⑩소년은 가끔 짜증 섞인 소리를 냈는데,난기류에 대한 두려움 때문이 아니라 객실이 흔들려 그가 책을 읽는 것이 어려워졌기 때문이었다.
⑪Astonished, Mr. Spector asked the boy how he could remain so calm.
⑪매우 놀라서, Spector씨는 소년에게 어떻게 그렇게 침착할 수 있는지를 물었다.
⑫The boy looked up from his book with a smile and said, "Don't be afraid. Mister."
⑫소년은 미소를 띠며 책에서 눈을 들어"겁내지 마세요,아저씨."라고 말했다.
⑬His voice was confident.
⑬그의 목소리는 자신감이 넘쳤다.
⑭"The pilot is my dad, and I know he is taking me home safe and sound."
⑭"조종사가 우리 아빠예요,그리고 저는 아빠가 저를 무사히 집에 데려다줄 거라는 걸 알아요."
⑮The boy's unshakable trust in his father gave him a sense of calm in this chaos.
⑮아버지에 대한 소년의 흔들리지 않는 신뢰는 그에게 이 혼란스러운 상황에서도 평온함을 주었다.
⑯His confidence was contagious and provided Mr. Spector with an inner peace.
⑯그의 자신감은 전염되어Spector씨에게 내면의 평화를 가져다주었다.
⑰He could feel his panic fade away.
⑰그는 자신의 극심한 공포가 사라지는 것을 느낄 수 있었다.
[Ch.06 -서술형Practice]사자의사냥습성
①It is often assumed that most of the hunting is done by the lionesses rather than the males.
①대부분의 사냥은 수컷보다는 암사자가 한다고 생각하는 경우가 많다.
②In part this is true: it makes sense in a pride to have a division of labour, with the males defending their turf, meals, pride and offspring, while the lionesses bring home the bacon.
②이는 부분적으로는 사실인데,무리 안에서 분업하는 것이 합리적이어서,수사자는 자신의 영역,먹이,무리,새끼를 지키는 한편,암사자는 먹이를 가져온다.
③But it may also be because almost all lion hunts ever filmed take place during the day, when a hunting male would stand out like a sore thumb because of his huge mane, which might show above even the longest grass.
③하지만 그것은 이제까지 촬영된 거의 모든 사자 사냥이 낮 동안에 이루어지기 때문일 수도 있는데,그때는 사냥하는 수컷이 거대한 갈기 때문에 눈에 잘 띄어 심지어 가장 긴 풀 위로도 갈기가 보일 수도 있다.
④At night, when this is no longer an issue, males hunt more frequently; and they will also join forces with the females when they are pursuing a particularly large animal such as a buffalo, which may weigh more than a tonne.
④밤에는,이것이 더 이상 문제가 되지 않아 수컷이 더 자주 사냥하며,수컷은 또한 물소와 같은 특히 큰 동물을 쫓을 때 암컷과 힘을 합치기도 하는데,물소는 무게가1톤이 넘을 수도 있다.
⑤Lions can and do hunt large grazing animals including wildebeest, giraffes and even, on occasion, baby elephants that have become separated from their herd.
⑤사자는 누,기린,그리고 때로는 심지어 무리에서 떨어져 나온 새끼 코끼리를 포함한 큰 초식 동물을 사냥할 수 있고 실제로 사냥하기도 한다.
⑥Yet they are also opportunists, taking prey as diverse as brown fur seals on the coast of Namibia, ostriches on the African plains. and a wide range of smaller items including mice, fish and even insects.
⑥그러나 그것들은 또한 기회주의자여서,나미비아 해안의 갈색 물개,아프리카 평원의 타조,그리고 쥐,물고기,심지어 곤충을 포함한 광범위한 더 작은 항목(동물)까지 다양한 먹잇감을 취한다.
[Ch.06 -논술형Practice]해양플랑크톤의이동을관찰한아버지와아들
①Under the starry sky, a father and his son set sail on their beloved yacht.
①별이 빛나는 하늘 아래,한 아버지와 그의 아들이 그들의 애용하는 요트를 타고 항해를 시작했다.
②Jack, the father, a well-experienced sailor and marine biologist, had often shared tales of the ocean's wonders with his son, Tom.
②경험이 많은 항해사이자 해양 생물학자인 아버지Jack은 자기 아들Tom과 함께 바다의 경이로움에 관한 이야기를 자주 나누었다.
③As the boat sailed through the ocean, Tom's eyes caught sight of a bright path of light behind them.
③배가 바다를 항해할 때,그들 뒤에 밝은 빛의 길이Tom의 시선에 잡혔다.
④"Dad, what's that?" he asked, his voice filled with curiosity.
④"아빠,저게 뭐예요?"그가 호기심 가득한 목소리로 물었다.
⑤Jack smiled warmly, recognizing his son's fascination.
⑤Jack은 아들이 매료되었음을 알아차리고,따뜻하게 미소 지었다.
⑥"That, Tom, is the migration of plankton," he explained.
⑥"저건 플랑크톤의 이동이란다, Tom."그가 설명했다.
⑦"Every night, these tiny organisms rise from the depths, creating this breathtaking display."
⑦"매일 밤,이 작은 생물들이 깊은 곳에서 올라와 이렇게 숨 막히는 구경거리를 만들어 내는 거야."
⑧"Dad, why do they come up to the surface?"
⑧"아빠,왜 그것들이 수면으로 올라오는 거예요?"
⑨"They're like tiny travelers, Tom," Jack continued with enthusiasm.
⑨"그것들은 작은 여행자 같단다, Tom." Jack이 열정적으로 이어갔다.
⑩"Starting their journey deep in the ocean at sunset, these plankton feed on plant plankton and other various treats as they rise. Some even feast on each other until just before dawn, when they return back into the depths to hide during the day."
⑩"이 플랑크톤들은 해가 질 무렵 바다 깊은 곳에서 여정을 시작해서,올라오면서 식물성 플랑크톤과 다른 여러 먹이를 먹지.어떤 것들은 동트기 직전까지 심지어 서로를 잡아먹기도 하는데,그때 그것들은 낮 동안 숨기 위해 다시 깊은 곳으로 돌아간단다."
⑪Tom leaned over the side of the boat, captivated by the mystical phenomenon.
⑪Tom은 그 신비로운 현상에 마음이 사로잡혀,배의 옆쪽으로 몸을 기울였다.
⑫"I never knew the ocean could be so magical," he wondered, with his gaze fixed on the glowing trail.
⑫"바다가 이렇게 마법과 같을 줄은 몰랐어요,"라며 그는 빛나는 자취에 시선을 고정한 채 놀라워했다.
⑬For Jack, witnessing his son's fascination reminded him of his own deep affection for the sea.
⑬Jack에게 있어,아들의 매료된 모습을 보는 것이 바다에 대한 자신의 깊은 애정을 상기시켰다.
⑭Together, they sailed on, surrounded by the magical glow of the plankton.
NYT 뉴욕타임즈 기사를 보다 현재 대통령 탄핵 절차가 어떻게 전개될 것인지에 관해 잘 정리된 자료가 있어 기록 차원에서 글을 남깁니다.
President Yoon Suk-Yeol of South Korea is facing proceedings that plunged the country into a political crisis. 대한민국의 윤석열 대통령이 국가를 정치적 위기로 몰아넣은 절차에 직면하고 있다.
Members of South Korea’s opposition submitted a motion on Wednesday to impeach Mr. Yoon. 한국 야당 의원들이 수요일에 윤 대통령의 탄핵안을 제출하였다.
Here’s how the process could unfold. 절차가 어떻게 진행될지에 대한 설명이다.
Only two previous presidents have faced impeachment proceedings in South Korea since the end of military rule in the 1980s. 1980년대 군사 통치가 끝난 이후 대한민국에서 두 명의 전직 대통령만이 탄핵 절차를 겪은 적이 있다.
A former leader of Mr. Yoon’s party, Park Geun-hye, was impeached and removed from office in 2017 on charges related to a sprawling corruption scandal. 윤 대통령의 정당의 전 지도자인 박근혜는 2017년 대규모 부패 스캔들과 관련된 혐의로 탄핵되어 직에서 물러났다.
And in 2004, Roh Moo-hyun was impeached on charges of illegal campaigning, but the Constitutional Court later overturned that decision and reinstated him as president. 2004년에는 노무현이 불법 선거운동 혐의로 탄핵되었으나, 헌법재판소가 그 결정을 뒤집어 대통령직에 복귀시켰다.
과거 학교에서 출제됐던 기출 문제들을 문항별로 수집한 자료이며, 문항당 비슷한 유형의 문제가 중복되어 있을 수 있으니 감안해서 사용하세요.
혼공하는 학생들이나 자료 필요한 분들에게 유용한 자료가 되길 바랍니다 :)
자료 이용시 주의사항
1) 빈칸이나 순서 등의 문제에 중복이 있을 수 있습니다. (학교마다 비슷한 문제가 출제될 수 있음) 2) 정답이 대체로 맞지만, 오답이 있을 수 있습니다. 감안해서 이용하세요. (오답이 있는 경우 댓글 남겨주시면, 확인 후 수정할게요.) 3) 다양한 이유로 기출모음 자료는 별다른 공지 없이 내려갈 수 있습니다.
Any new resource (e.g., a new airport, a new mall) always opens with people benefiting individually by sharing a common resource (e.g., the city or state budget). Soon, at some point, the amount of traffic grows too large for the "commons" to support. Traffic jams, overcrowding, and overuse lessen the benefits of the common resource for everyone ─ the tragedy of the commons! If the new resource cannot be expanded or provided with additional space, it becomes a problem, and you cannot solve the problem on your own, in isolation from your fellow drivers or walkers or competing users. The total activity on this new resource keeps increasing, and so does individual activity; but if the dynamic of common use and overuse continues too long, both begin to fall after a peak, leading to a crash. What makes the "tragedy of commons" tragic is the crash dynamic ─ the destruction or degeneration of the common resource's ability to regenerate itself.
Management Principle: Continuous Increase in Use of a Common Resource Will Eventually Overstrain the Resource Until It Crashes
Any new resource (e.g., a new expressway, a new airport, a new mall, a new charter school, a children's park, a new credit union) always opens with people benefiting individually by sharing a common resource (e.g., the city or state budget). Soon, at some point, the amount of traffic grows too large for the “commons” to support; congestion, overcrowding, and overuse lessen the benefits of the common resource for everyone ~ the tragedy of the commons! If the new resource cannot be expanded or replenished with additional space, it becomes a constraint, a problem, and you cannot solve the problem on your own, in isolation from your fellow drivers or pedestrians or competing users. The total activity on this new resource keeps increasing, and so does individual activity; but both begin to fall after a peak, the latter faster than the former. Eventually, if the dynamic of common use and overuse continues too long, the total activity will also hit a peak and crash. What makes the “tragedy of commons” tragic is the crash dynamic - the destruction or degeneration of the common resource's ability to regenerate itself. The tragedy of the commons, thus, is a corollary of the “limits to growth” archetype.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고2] 2024년10월– 36번:뇌가시각정보를단순화하고일반화하는방식으로에너지를절약
Theoretically, our brain would have the capacity to store all experiences throughout life, reaching the quality of a DVD. However, this theoretical capacity is offset by the energy demand associated with the process of storing and retrieving information in memory. As a result, the brain develops efficient strategies, becoming dependent on shortcuts. When we observe a face, the visual image captured by the eyes is highly variable, depending on the point of view, lighting conditions and other contextual factors. Nevertheless, we are able to recognize the face as the same, maintaining the underlying identity. The brain, rather than focusing on the details of visualization, creates and stores general patterns that allow for consistent recognition across diverse circumstances. This ability to match what we see with general visual memory patterns serves as an effective mechanism for optimizing brain performance and saving energy. The brain, being naturally against unnecessary effort, constantly seeks to simplify and generalize information to facilitate the cognitive process.
문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭) - 구글 검색 불가
원문 텍스트 및 OCR
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고2] 2024년10월– 37번:과학연구에서창의적해석이이론형성에미치는영향
Where scientific research is concerned, explanatory tales are expected to adhere closely to experimental data and to illuminate the regular and predictable features of experience. However, this paradigm sometimes conceals the fact that theories are deeply loaded with creative elements that shape the construction of research projects and the interpretations of evidence. Scientific explanations do not just relate a chronology of facts. They construct frameworks for systematically chosen data in order to provide a consistent and meaningful explanation of what is observed. Such constructions lead us to imagine specific kinds of subject matter in particular sorts of relations, and the storylines they inspire will prove more effective for analyzing some features of experience over others. When we neglect the creative contributions of such scientific imagination and treat models and interpretive explanations as straightforward facts ─ even worse, as facts including all of reality ─ we can blind ourselves to the limitations of a given model and fail to note its potential for misunderstanding a situation to which it ill applies.
Where scientific research is concerned, explanatory tales are expected to adhere closely to experimental data and to illuminate the regular and predictable features of experience. However, and as Misak has explained, this mode of operation sometimes disguises the fact that theories are deeply laden with creative elements that shape the construction of research projects and the interpretations of evidence. Scientific explanations do not just relate a chronology of facts. They construct frameworks for—they “emplot”—systematically chosen data in order to provide a coherent and meaningful explanation of what is observed. Such constructions lead us to imagine specific kinds of subject matter in particular sorts of relations, and the storylines they inspire will prove more effective for analyzing some features of experience over others. When we neglect the creative contributions of the scientific imagination and treat models and interpretive explanations as straightforward facts—even worse, as facts exhaustive of reality—we can blind ourselves to the limitations of a given model and fail to note its potential for misunderstanding a situation to which it ill applies.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고2] 2024년10월– 38번:문학이사회적변화를촉진하거나방해할수있는방식
We encounter contrary claims about the relation of literature to action. Theorists have maintained that literature encourages solitary reading and reflection as the way to engage with the world and thus counters the social and political activities that might produce social change. At best it encourages detachment or appreciation of complexity, and at worst passivity and acceptance of what is. But on the other hand, literature has historically been seen as dangerous: it promotes the questioning of authority and social arrangements. Plato banned poets from his ideal republic because they could only do harm, and novels have long been credited with making people dissatisfied with their lives and eager for something new. By promoting identification across divisions of class, gender, and race, books may promote a fellowship that discourages struggle; but they may also produce a keen sense of injustice that makes progressive struggles possible. Historically, works of literature are credited with producing change: Uncle Tom's Cabin, a best-seller in its day, helped create a revulsion against slavery that made possible the American Civil War.
We also encounter contrary claims about the relation of literature to action. Theorists have maintained that literature encourages solitary reading and reflection as the way to engage with the world and thus counters the social and political activities that might produce change. At best, it encourages detachment or appreciation of complexity, and at worst passivity and acceptance of what is. But, on the other hand, literature has historically been seen as dangerous: it promotes the questioning of authority and social arrangements. Plato banned poets from his ideal republic because they could only do harm, and novels have long been credited with making people dissatisfied with the lives they inherit and eager for something new—whether life in big cities or romance or revolution. By promoting identification across divisions of class, gender, race, nation, and age, books promote a ‘fellow-feeling’ that may discourage struggle but may also produce identifications and a keen sense of injustice that make progressive struggles possible. Historically, works of literature are credited with producing change: Harriet Beecher Stowe’s *Uncle Tom’s Cabin*, a bestseller in its day, helped create a revulsion against slavery that made possible the American Civil War.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고2] 2024년10월– 39번: Hobbes의자연상태에서인간의본성과도덕적자유의한계
According to Hobbes, man is not a being who can act morally in spite of his instinct to protect his existence in the state of nature. Hence, the only place where morality and moral liberty will begin to find an application begins in a place where a sovereign power, namely the state, emerges. Hobbes thus describes the state of nature as a circumstance in which man's life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short". It means when people live without a general power to control them all, they are indeed in a state of war. In other words, Hobbes, who accepted that human beings are not social and political beings in the state of nature, believes that without the power human beings in the state of nature are "antisocial and rational based on their selfishness". Moreover, since society is not a natural phenomenon and there is no natural force bringing people together, what will bring them together as a society is not mutual affection according to Hobbes. It is, rather, mutual fear of men's present and future that assembles them, since the cause of fear is a common drive among people in the state of nature.
By continuing the same logic, Hobbes claims that the equality and freedom of people in terms of obtaining anything on nature leads to the enmity among individuals, for “if any two men desire the same thing, which nevertheless they cannot both enjoy, they become enemies; and in the way to their end (which is principally their own conservation, and sometimes their delectation only) endeavour to destroy or subdue one another” (Ibid). The important point that can be drawn from this Hobbesian description of the emergence of enmity among individuals in state of nature is the reality of scarce resources in nature which highly possibly lead to the enmity. In such a state of nature, for Hobbes, three principles lead to the state of war which are: “First competition; secondly, diffidence; thirdly, glory” (Ibid: 77). So, according to Hobbes, if there is no sovereign power over people, morality and so moral freedom will not be in question. Man is not a man who can act morally in spite of his instinct to protect his existence in such a state of nature. Hence, the only place where morality and moral liberty will begin to find an application begins in a place where state emerges. That is, in state of nature everyone will be always at war all against all unless there exists a sovereign power, namely state. Hobbes thus describes the state of nature as a circumstance in which man’s life is “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short” (Ibid: 78). In other words, when people live without a general power to fear them all, they are indeed in a state of war, and this war is the war of all against all (Ibid: 94). Hobbes, who accepted that human being is not social and political being in the state of nature (not zoon politikon in Aristotelian sense) (Ibid: 22), believes that human being in state of nature is an “antisocial and rational based on selfishness”. Moreover, since society is not a natural phenomenon and there is no natural force bringing people together, what will bring them together as a society is not mutual affection according to Hobbes. Rather, it is mutual fear of man’s present and future that brings them together, since the cause of fear is a common drive among people in the state of nature (Ibid: 24-25).
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고2] 2024년10월– 40번:인지적요소가색인식에미치는영향에대한연구
There is research that supports the idea that cognitive factors influence the phenomenology of the perceived world. Delk and Fillenbaum asked participants to match the color of figures with the color of their background. Some of the figures depicted objects associated with a particular color. These included typically red objects such as an apple, lips, and a symbolic heart. Other objects were presented that are not usually associated with red, such as a mushroom or a bell. However, all the figures were made out of the same red-orange cardboard. Participants then had to match the figure to a background varying from dark to light red. They had to make the background color match the color of the figures. The researchers found that red-associated objects required more red in the background to be judged a match than did the objects that are not associated with the color red. This implies that the cognitive association of objects to color influences how we perceive that color.
문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭) - 구글 검색 가능하지만 텍스트에 접근 불가능
원문 텍스트 및 OCR
The view that cognitive and emotional factors influence the phenomenology of perception is known as cognitive penetration (Marchi & Newen, 2015). Cognitive penetration means that nonperceptual factors affect what we see, hear, taste, and feel. The opposing view is that perception is not affected by cognitive factors and that only our reporting of perception is. This view is called cognitive impenetrability (Firestone & Scholl, 2016). Impenetrability implies that our perception remains the same, regardless of our cognitive and emotional state. What changes instead is attention, expectation, or our mood state, which is different than our perceptual state. The dominant view in the field is that perception is cognitive impenetrable. However, recent research supports some instances in which cognitive or emotional factors influence the phenomenology of the perceived world.
Delk and Fillenbaum (1965) asked participants to match the color of figures with the color of their background. Some of the figures depicted objects associated with a particular color. These included typically red objects such as an apple, lips, and a symbolic heart. Other objects were presented that are not typically associated with red, such as a mushroom or a bell. However, all the figures were made out of the same red-orange cardboard. Participants then had to match the figure to a background varying from dark to light red. They had to make the background color the same as the color of the figures. Delk and Fillenbaum found that red-associated objects (e.g., the apple) required more red in the background to be judged a match than did the objects that were not associated with the color red. This suggests that the knowledge of the objects was influencing people to perceive them as being more red than other objects (Figure 1.22). Hansen, Olkkonen, Walter, and Gegenfurtner (2006) replicated this basic finding. They presented participants with photographs of fruit such as bananas and simple patches of colors. Participants were asked to adjust the color of the object (banana or patch) to the uniform gray background. Hansen et al. found that participants adjusted the fruits differently than the patches of equivalent color. For example, participants added more blue to the banana in order to cancel out the more perceived yellowness of it (we will discuss color cancellation more in Chapter 6). Hansen and colleagues suggest that this implies that the cognitive association of objects to color influences how we perceive that color.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고2] 2024년10월– 41~42번:유전체복제과정에서발생하는돌연변이의누적원리설명
In each round of genome copying in our body, there is still about a 70 percent chance that at least one pair of chromosomes will have an error. With each round of genome copying, errors accumulate. This is similar to alterations in medieval books. Each time a copy was made by hand, some changes were introduced accidentally; as changes stacked up, the copies may have acquired meanings at variance with the original. Similarly, genomes that have undergone more copying processes will have gathered more mistakes. To make things worse, mutations may damage genes responsible for error checking and repair of genomes, further accelerating the introduction of mutations. Most genome mutations do not have any noticeable effects. It is just like changing the i for a y in "kingdom" would not distort the word's readability. But sometimes a mutation to a human gene results in, for example, an eye whose iris is of two different colors. Similarly, almost everyone has birthmarks, which are due to mutations that occurred as our body's cells multiplied to form skin. If mutations are changes to the genome of one particular cell, how can a patch of cells in an iris or a whole patch of skin, consisting of many individual cells, be affected simultaneously? The answer lies in the cell lineage, the developmental history of a tissue from particular cells through to their fully differentiated state. If the mutation occurred early on in the lineage of the developing iris, then all cells in that patch have inherited that change.
A full 1 percent of our genes are involved in proofreading and correcting chromosomes. But despite this substantial investment in error correction, DNA copying is not perfect. In each cell division, there are 6 billion letter pairs to copy, check, and correct. The chance for one specific DNA letter pair to be mutated in one such duplication round (the mutation rate) is about 1 in 10 billion. Thus, in each round of genome copying, there is still about a 70 percent chance that at least one pair of letters will have a typo. This number is optimistic, because it assumes that you lead a healthy life. Your genomes can suffer even more changes through toxic chemicals (such as those in cigarette smoke or burned meat) or exposure to ultraviolet radiation (from the sun or visits to tanning salons). Such mutations can be single letters exchanged for others, as in the example above, but in some cases, entire segments of the DNA molecule (whole stretches of letters) are removed or are duplicated and added at seemingly random places. Because of these mutations, you do not have one single genome, but instead many billions of slightly different genomes, one for each of your cells.
With each round of genome copying, errors accumulate. This is analogous to alterations in medieval books, which were copied by hand. Each time a copy was made, some changes were introduced inadvertently; over time, as changes accumulated, the copies may have accrued meanings at variance with the original. Similarly, genomes that have undergone more copying processes will have accumulated more mistakes. To make things worse, mutations may damage those genes responsible for the proofreading and repair of genomes, further accelerating the introduction of mutations.
Most mutations do not have any noticeable effects, just like changing the *i* for a *y* in “kingdom” would not distort the word’s legibility or meaning. But sometimes a mutation to a human gene results in, for example, an eye whose iris is of two different colors. Similarly, almost everyone has birthmarks, which are due to mutations that occurred as our body’s cells multiplied to form skin.
But if mutations are changes to the genome of one particular cell, how can a patch of cells in an iris or a whole patch of skin, consisting of many individual cells, be affected simultaneously? Were all of the millions of cells in the iris of a girl with a blue patch in an otherwise brown eye struck by the same mutation? The answer lies in the cell lineage: if the mutation occurred early on in the lineage of the developing iris, then all cells in that patch have inherited that change.
Conditioned Place Preference is a way of finding out what animals want. Researchers train them to associate one place with an experience such as food or a loud noise and another place with something completely different, usually where nothing happens. The two places are made obviously different to make it as easy as possible for the animal to associate each place with what happened to it there. The animal's preference for being in one place or another is measured both before and after its experiences in the two places. If there is a shift in where the animal chooses to spend its time for the reward, this suggests that it liked the experience and is trying to repeat it. Conversely, if it now avoids the place the stimulus appeared and starts to prefer the place it did not experience it, then this suggests that it found the stimulus unpleasant. For example, mice with cancer show a preference for the place where they have been given morphine, a drug used to relieve pain, rather than where they have received saline whereas healthy mice developed no such preference. This suggests that the mice with cancer wanted the morphine.
While there are some situations, like the cow lying experiment, when giving an animal repeated experiences is just practically difficult and cumbersome, there are some situations where it is actually impossible for an animal to have the repeated experiences that are needed for it to give an ‘informed’ opinion of what is happening to it. For example, with a one-off medical procedure such as removal of a tumour, a question might be whether an animal (or a human) would prefer to have post-operative care with drug A or with drug B. It would be quite impossible to carry out same the operation repeatedly with different drugs and then see which one is chosen as the sequence of operations progressed. Fortunately, it is now possible to devise choice tests that avoid repeated testing but still ensure the animal has the relevant experience.
Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) is a way of finding out what animals want by training them to associate one place with a single experience such as food or a loud noise and a second place with something completely different, usually where nothing happens (Dixon et al. 2013). The two places are made very obviously different, such as being painted with different colours or patterns, to make it as easy as possible for the animal to associate each place with what happened to it there. The animal’s preference for being in one place or another is measured both before and after its experiences in the two places.
If there is a shift in where the animal chooses to spend its time so that it starts to spend more time where it obtained the reward, this suggests that it liked the experience and is trying to repeat it (Bardo and Bevins 2000). Conversely, if it now avoids the place where the stimulus appeared and starts to prefer the place where it did not experience it, then this suggests that it found the stimulus aversive and wanted to get away from it. The advantage of this method is that it can work with just one experience, provided that the animal is clever enough to make the association.
CPP is commonly used in pharmacology to test how animals respond to different drugs (Bardo and Bevins 2000). For example, mice with bladder cancer show a preference for the place where they have been given morphine rather than where they have received saline, whereas healthy controls developed no such preference (Roughan et al. 2014). This suggests that the mice with cancer wanted the morphine.
Its opposite, Conditioned Place Aversion, has been demonstrated in a number of different species, including fish. Gilt-head bream, Sparus aurata, showed a conditioned avoidance to a place where they had been chased with a dip net compared with a distinctively different place in another part of their tank where they had not been chased (Millot et al. 2014). The fish showed that they did not want to be chased with a net by choosing the place where they had not been chased.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고2] 2024년10월– 30번:새들의번식계절이환경에따라어떻게달라지는지설명
Near the equator, many species of bird breed all year round. But in temperate and polar regions, the breeding seasons of birds are often sharply defined. They are triggered mainly by changes in day length. If all goes well, the outcome is that birds raise their young when the food supply is at its peak. Most birds are not simply reluctant to breed at other times but they are also physically incapable of doing so. This is because their reproductive system shrinks, which helps flying birds save weight. The main exception to this rule are nomadic desert species. These can initiate their breeding cycle within days of rain. It's for making the most of the sudden breeding opportunity. Also, different species divide the breeding season up in different ways. Most seabirds raise a single brood. In warm regions, however, songbirds may raise several families in a few months. In an exceptionally good year, a pair of House Sparrows, a kind of songbird, can raise successive broods through a marathon reproductive effort.
Breeding seasons On and near the equator, many species of bird breed more or less all year round. But in the rest of the world, particularly in temperate and polar regions, the breeding seasons of birds are often sharply defined. They are triggered mainly by changes in day length, although rising temperatures also play a part. If all goes well, the outcome is that birds raise their young when the food supply is at its peak. Most birds are not simply reluctant to breed at other times—they are physically incapable of doing so. This is because their reproductive system shuts down and shrinks, an adaptation that helps flying birds save weight. The main exception to this rule are nomadic desert species, such as Zebra Finches and Budgerigars. These can “switch on” their breeding cycle within days of rain to make the most of the sudden breeding opportunity. When the breeding season is in progress, different species divide it up in different ways. Most seabirds raise a single brood, often consisting of one young. In warm regions, however, songbirds may raise several families in a few months. In an exceptionally good year, a pair of House Sparrows can raise five successive broods—a marathon reproductive effort.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고2] 2024년10월– 31번:학습자원인식부족이학생들의창의성에미치는영향
One factor that may hinder creativity is unawareness of the resources required in each activity in students' learning. Often students are unable to identify the resources they need to perform the task required of them. Different resources may be compulsory for specific learning tasks, and recognizing them may simplify the activity's performance. For example, it may be that students desire to conduct some experiments in their projects. There must be a prior investigation of whether the students will have access to the laboratory, equipment, and chemicals required for the experiment. It means preparation is vital for the students to succeed, and it may be about human and financial resources such as laboratory technicians, money to purchase chemicals, and equipment for their learning where applicable. Even if some of the resources required for a task may not be available, identifying them in advance may help students' creativity. It may even lead to changing the topic, finding alternative resources, and other means.
Another factor that may hinder creativity is unawareness of the resources required in each activity in students’ learning. Often students are unable to identify the resources they need to perform the task required of them. Different resources may be compulsory for specific HE learning tasks, and recognizing them may simplify the activity’s performance. For example, it may be that students desire to conduct some experiments in their projects. There must be a prior investigation of whether the students will have access to the laboratory, apparatuses, and chemicals required for the experiment. It means preparation is vital for the students to succeed, and it may be human and financial resources such as laboratory technicians, money to purchase chemicals, and apparatus for their learning where applicable. Even if some of the resources required for a task may not be available, identifying them in advance may help students’ creativity. It may even lead to changing the topic, finding alternative resources, and other means.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고2] 2024년10월– 32번:번역작업이다양한출처와독자의기대에의존하는방식
All translators feel some pressure from the community of readers for whom they are doing their work. And all translators arrive at their interpretations in dialogue with other people. The English poet Alexander Pope had pretty good Greek, but when he set about translating Homer's Iliad in the early 18th century he was not on his own. He had Greek commentaries to refer to, and translations that had already been done in English, Latin, and French ─ and of course he had dictionaries. Translators always draw on more than one source text. Even when the scene of translation consists of just one person with a pen, paper, and the book that is being translated, or even when it is just one person translating orally for another, that person's linguistic knowledge arises from lots of other texts and other conversations. And then his or her idea of the translation's purpose will be influenced by the expectations of the person or people it is for. In both these senses every translation is a crowd translation.
In fact, all translators feel some pressure from the community of readers for whom they are doing their work. And all translators arrive at their interpretations in dialogue with other people. The English poet Alexander Pope had pretty good Greek, but when he set about translating Homer’s Iliad in the early 18th century he was not on his own. He had Greek commentaries to refer to, and translations that had already been done in English, Latin, and French—and of course he had dictionaries. Translators always draw on more than one source text. Even when the scene of translation consists of just one person with a pen, paper, and the book that is being translated, or even when it is just one person translating orally for another, that person’s linguistic knowledge arises from lots of other texts and other conversations. And then his or her idea of the translation’s purpose will be influenced by the expectations of the person or people it is for. In both these senses (this is our third key discovery) every translation is a crowd translation.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고2] 2024년10월– 33번:읽기행위를단일개념으로정의하기어려운이유
Some people argue that there is a single, logically consistent concept known as reading that can be neatly set apart from everything else people do with books. Is reading really that simple? The most productive way to think about reading is as a loosely related set of behaviors that belong together owing to family resemblances, as Ludwig Wittgenstein used the phrase, without having in common a single defining trait. Consequently, efforts to distinguish reading from nonreading are destined to fail because there is no agreement on what qualifies as reading in the first place. The more one tries to figure out where the border lies between reading and not-reading, the more edge cases will be found to stretch the term's flexible boundaries. Thus, it is worth attempting to collect together these exceptional forms of reading into a single forum, one highlighting the challenges faced by anyone wishing to establish the boundaries where reading begins and ends. The attempt moves toward an understanding of reading as a spectrum that is expansive enough to accommodate the distinct reading activities.
The idea for this book came while I was finishing another one looking into debates over what counts as “real” reading. Time and again I encountered people who insisted on drawing a sharp line between reading and closely related activities they judged to be impostors (in that case, listening to audio books). It was not their verdicts that held my attention so much as the confidence that there was a single, coherent entity known as reading that could be neatly set apart from everything else people did with books. Is reading really that simple?
As this book contends, the most productive way to think about reading is as a loosely related set of behaviors that belong together owing to family resemblances, in Ludwig Wittgenstein’s understanding of the phrase, without having in common a single defining trait. Consequently, efforts to cordon off reading from nonreading are doomed to fail because there is no agreement on what qualifies as reading in the first place. The more one tries to figure out where the border lies between reading and not-reading, the more edge cases will be found to stretch the term’s elastic boundaries. My book attempts to marshal together these exceptional forms of reading into a single forum, one highlighting the challenges faced by anyone wishing to patrol the boundaries over where reading begins and ends. *Reader’s Block* moves toward an understanding of reading as a spectrum that is capacious enough to accommodate the disparate activities documented in the following chapters along with any new ones that will inevitably surface beyond its pages.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고2] 2024년10월– 34번: Weber의법칙으로자극의강도에따른차이인식설명
Weber's law concerns the perception of difference between two stimuli. It suggests that we might not be able to detect a 1-mm difference when we are looking at lines 466 mm and 467 mm in length, but we may be able to detect a 1-mm difference when we are comparing a line 2 mm long with one 3 mm long. Another example of this principle is that we can detect 1 candle when it is lit in an otherwise dark room. But when 1 candle is lit in a room in which 100 candles are already burning, we may not notice the light from this candle. Therefore, the Just-noticeable difference (JND) varies as a function of the strength of the signals. For example, the JND is greater for very loud noises than it is for much more quiet sounds. When a sound is very weak, we can tell that another sound is louder, even if it is barely louder. When a sound is very loud, to tell that another sound is even louder, it has to be much louder. Thus, Weber's law means that it is harder to distinguish between two samples when those samples are larger or stronger levels of the stimuli.
Helmholtz and Hering both approached sensation and perception from the perspective of physiology. Around the same time as Helmholtz and Hering were looking at the relation of physiology and perception, other German scientists were doing work with a more psychological perspective. Ernst Heinrich Weber (1795-1878) discovered Weber's law (though it was Gustav Fechner, another German scientist, who named the law after Weber).
Weber's law states that a just-noticeable difference (JND) between two stimuli is related to the magnitude or strength of the stimuli. What does this mean? Well, it concerns two stimuli that are very similar. Can we detect the difference between two very close red colors, or can we detect the difference between 1.44 mg of sugar dissolved in a cup of water and 1.48 mg of sugar dissolved in a cup of water? Thus, Weber’s law concerns the perception of difference between two stimuli. For more examples, do we hear the difference between a 1,000-Hz tone and one of 1,005 Hz? Another example is whether we see the difference in length between a line 466 mm long and one that is 467 mm long.
Weber's law suggests that we might not be able to detect a 1-mm difference when we are looking at lines 466 and 467 mm in length, but we may be able to detect a 1-mm difference when we are comparing a line 2 mm long with one 3 mm long. Another example of this principle is that we can detect 1 candle when it is lit in an otherwise dark room. But when 1 candle is lit in a room in which 100 candles are already burning, we may not notice the light from this candle.
The JND is greater for very loud noises than it is for much quieter sounds. When a sound is very weak, we can tell that another sound is louder, even if it is barely louder. When a sound is very loud, to tell that another sound is even louder, it has to be much louder. Thus, Weber's law means that it is harder to distinguish between two samples when those samples are larger or stronger levels of the stimuli. To repeat, Weber's law states that a “just-noticeable difference” (JND) between two stimuli is related to the magnitude or strength of the stimuli.
To be mathematically literate means to be able to think critically about societal issues on which mathematics has bearing so as to make informed decisions about how to solve these problems. Dealing with such complex problems through interdisciplinary approaches, mirroring real-world problems requires innovative ways of planning and organizing mathematical teaching methods. Navigating our world means being able to quantify, measure, estimate, classify, compare, find patterns, conjecture, justify, prove, and generalize within critical thinking and when using critical thinking. Therefore, making decisions, even qualitatively, is not possible without using mathematics and critical thinking. Thus, teaching mathematics should be done in interaction with critical thinking along with a decision-making process. They can be developed into the mathematical context, so that there is no excuse to not explicitly support students to develop them.
To be mathematically literate means to be able to reflect on societal issues on which mathematics has bearing so as to make informed decisions about how to solve these problems. Several papers focus on the fact that the demand for future citizens as well as the workforce of the future depends on educating students who can deal with complex problems that transcend traditional disciplines and make informed decisions. Dealing with complex problems through interdisciplinary approaches, mirtoring real-world problems requires innovative ways of planning and organizing teaching. Navigating our world means being able to quantify, measure, estimate, classify, compare, find patterns, conjecture, justify, prove, and generalize within critical thinking and when using critical thinking. Making decisions without using mathematics, even qualitatively, and critical thinking is not possible. Thus, teaching mathematics should be done in interaction with critical thinking along with a decision-making process. Mathematics education should provide tasks that support the development of the two citizenship competencies. With reference to Malthus and the club of Rome, the theoretical connection among decision making, interdisciplinarity, and mathematical modeling is vindicated. Thus, critical thinking and decision making can be developed into the mathematical context, so that there is no excuse to not explicitly support students to develop them.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고2] 2024년10월– 21번:덕목은일시적충동이아니라지속적인도덕적습관에서형성됨
Imagine that your usually stingy friend delights in buying you a Christmas present after taking a generosity booster. How would you feel? Undoubtedly, there is something praiseworthy about the action. You'd be pleased to receive the gift. You'd say 'thank you', and mean it. But his change of heart is not entirely satisfying. According to Zagzebski, an American philosopher, he is not really generous. When we praise someone's character, we use words for various virtues: 'generous', 'kind', 'courageous', etc. A person who gives one gift isn't generous. Instead, generosity is a stable part of a person's 'moral identity', an emotional habit that is part of who you are. Thus virtues, as opposed to nontypical impulse, are the result of your personal history. They are part of who you are, as they are part of how your character was formed. Instant virtue is therefore impossible. Popping a pill cannot make you a better person.
What about the pills to make you a better person? According to Linda Zagzebski, writing in 1996, there is no recommended dose: in small amounts they are useless, in large ones fatal. Imagine that your usually stingy friend delights in buying you a Christmas present. Then you learn that they ve taken a generosity booster. How would you feel? Undoubtedly, there is something commendable about the action. You'd be pleased to receive the gift. You'd say 'thank you', and mean it. But their change of heart is not entirely satisfying. According to Zagzebski, they are not really generous. When we commend someone's character, we use words for various virtues: 'generous', 'kind', 'courageous', etc. A person who gives one gift isn't generous. Instead, generosity is a stable part of a person's 'moral identity', an emotional habit that is part of who you are. Thus virtues, as opposed to atypical whims, are the result of your personal history. They are part of who you are, as they are part of how your character was formed. Instant virtue is therefore impossible, so popping a pill cannot make you a better person.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고2] 2024년10월– 22번:이중성시스템을활용해별의질량을계산하는방법설명
To determine the mass of my bowling ball, I might put it onto a balance and compare it with a known mass, such as a number of metal cubes each weighing 1, 10, or 100 grams. Things get much more complicated if I want to know the mass of a distant star. How do I measure it? We can roughly say that measuring the mass of a star involves various theories. If we want to measure the mass of a binary star, we first determine a center of mass between the two stars, then their distance from that center which we can then use, together with a value for the period and a certain instance of Kepler's Third Law, to calculate the mass. In other words, in order to "measure" the star mass, we measure other quantities and use those values, together with certain equations, to calculate the mass. Measurement is not a simple and unmediated estimation of independently existing properties, but a determination of certain magnitudes before the background of a number of accepted theories.
Suppose I want to determine the mass of my bowling ball. To that end, I might put it onto an ordinary balance and compare it with a known mass, such as a number of metal cubes each weighing 1, 10, or 100 grams. Things get more - much more - complicated if I want to know the mass of a distant star. Obviously, I cant put it onto any balance. So how do I measure it? The details are actually quite complicated, but we can roughly say that measuring the mass of a star involves various background theories. For example, if we want to measure the mass of a binary star, we first determine a center of mass between the two stars, then their distance from that center which we can then use, together with a value for the period (the time it takes to complete one orbit around each other) and a certain instance of Kepler's Third Law, to calculate the mass. In other words, in order to "measure" the star mass, we measure other quantities and use those values, together with certain equations, to calculate the mass. Obviously, the correctness of such a “measurement” not only depends on the correctness of other measurements (in this case, at least that of the period), but also on the correctness of certain background assumptions, such as Kepler's Laws. Measurement is not a simple and unmediated estimation of independently existing properties, but often a determination of certain magnitudes before the background of a number of accepted theories.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고2] 2024년10월– 23번:쾌락과고통의균형이신체의항상성을유지하는방식
Based on discoveries in neuroscience, pain and pleasure are formed and processed in the same area of the brain. Our bodies constantly strive for homeostasis, which is defined as the balance of bodily functions. Without the body's effective compensatory mechanisms, which may cushion potential highs and lows, we would not be capable of surviving. Pleasure and pain are like two sides of the same coin; they seem to work together and are heavily reliant on one another and keep balance. If you imagine pleasure and pain as the two opposite points on a scale, you can easily understand that as one of the two points rises, the other must correspondingly fall. We've all heard the expression, "No pain, no gain." Well, according to psychiatrist Dr. Anna Lembke, there may be some truth to these words. She says that our attempts to escape being miserable are in fact making us even more miserable. This is because pain is actually an essential component of our ability to maintain a neutral state, and allowing it will in turn reset our internal scale back to balance.
문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭) - 구글 검색 불가
원문 텍스트 및 OCR
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고2] 2024년10월– 24번:지속적인제품업그레이드주기로소비자의욕구를형성하는방식
Manufacturers masterfully sow seeds of doubt about the adequacy of our current devices. Suddenly, the phone that was your lifeline a year ago is now a museum piece, unable to keep pace with your digital demands. And thus, the itch to upgrade begins, often before there's a genuine need. This cycle isn't just confined to our digital companions. It spills over into almost every aspect of consumer electronics, from the self-driving car to the smart fridge. Every product seems to be on an unstoppable march towards the next version, the next generation that promises to revolutionize your life. What's fascinating, or perhaps disturbing, is the utter efficacy of this cycle in shaping our desires. It's not so much that we want the newest device; we're led to believe we need it. The distinction between want and need blurs, shifting our financial priorities in favor of staying current with trends. For all the logical arguments against this ceaseless upgrading, the temptation remains compelling.
Today, the water crisis is political ─ which is to say, not inevitable or beyond our capacity to fix ─ and, therefore, functionally elective. That is one reason it is nevertheless distressing: an abundant resource made scarce through governmental neglect and indifference, bad infrastructure and contamination, and careless urbanization. There is no need for a water crisis, in other words, but we have one anyway, and aren't doing much to address it. Some cities lose more water to leaks than they deliver to homes: even in the United States, leaks and theft account for an estimated loss of 16 percent of freshwater; in Brazil, the estimate is 40 percent. Seen in both cases, as everywhere, the selective scarcity clearly highlights have-and-have-not inequities, leaving 2.1 billion people without safe drinking water and 4.5 billion without proper sanitation worldwide.
Today, the crisis is political—which is to say, not inevitable or necessary or beyond our capacity to fix—and, therefore, functionally elective. That is one reason it is nevertheless harrowing as a climate parable: an abundant resource made scarce through governmental neglect and indifference, bad infrastructure and contamination, careless urbanization and development. There is no need for a water crisis, in other words, but we have one anyway, and aren’t doing much to address it. Some cities lose more water to leaks than they deliver to homes: even in the United States, leaks and theft account for an estimated loss of 16 percent of freshwater; in Brazil, the estimate is 40 percent. In both cases, as everywhere, scarcity plays out so nakedly on a stage defined by have-and-have-not inequities that the resulting drama of resource competition can hardly be called, truly, a competition; the deck is so stacked that water shortage looks more like a tool of inequality. The global result is that as many as 2.1 billion people around the world do not have access to safe drinking water, and 4.5 billion don’t have safely managed water for sanitation.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고1] 2024년10월– 36번:사회적압력이자존감및사회적행동에미치는영향
As individuals, our ability to thrive depended on how well we navigated relationships in a group. If the group valued us, we could count on support, resources, and probably a mate. If it didn't, we might get none of these merits. It was a matter of survival, physically and genetically. Over millions of years, the pressure selected for people who are sensitive to and skilled at maximizing their standing. The result was the development of a tendency to unconsciously monitor how other people in our community perceive us. We process that information in the form of self-esteem and such related emotions as pride, shame, or insecurity. These emotions compel us to do more of what makes our community value us and less of what doesn't. And, crucially, they are meant to make that motivation feel like it is coming from within. If we realized, on a conscious level, that we were responding to social pressure, our performance might come off as grudging or cynical, making it less persuasive.
Human beings are some of the most complex social animals on earth. We evolved to live in leaderless collectives far larger than those of our fellow primates: up to about 150 members. As individuals, our ability to thrive depended on how well we navigated those 149 relationships—not to mention all of our peers’ relationships with one another. If the group valued us, we could count on support, resources, and probably a mate. If it didn’t, we might get none of those. It was a matter of survival, physically and genetically. Over millions of years, those pressures selected for people who are sensitive to and skilled at maximizing their standing. It’s what the anthropologist Brian Hare called “survival of the friendliest.” The result was the development of a sociometer: a tendency to unconsciously monitor how other people in our community seem to perceive us. We process that information in the form of self-esteem and such related emotions as pride, shame, or insecurity. These emotions compel us to do more of what makes our community value us and less of what doesn’t. And, crucially, they are meant to make that motivation feel like it is coming from within. If we realized, on a conscious level, that we were responding to social pressure, our performance might come off as grudging or cynical, making it less persuasive.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고1] 2024년10월– 37번:의식의문제로우울증의원인을재정의하는설명
Conventional medicine has long believed that depression is caused by an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain. However, there is a major problem with this explanation. This is because the imbalance of substances in the brain is a consequence of depression, not its cause. In other words, depression causes a decrease in brain substances such as serotonin and noradrenaline, not a decrease in brain substances causes depression. In this revised cause-and-effect, the key is to reframe depression as a problem of consciousness. Our consciousness is a more fundamental entity that goes beyond the functioning of the brain. The brain is no more than an organ of consciousness. If it is not consciousness itself, then the root cause of depression is also a distortion of our state of consciousness: a consciousness that has lost its sense of self and the meaning of life. Such a disease of consciousness may manifest itself in the form of depression.
문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭) - 구글 검색 불가
원문 텍스트 및 OCR
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고1] 2024년10월– 38번:심리학이인간행동을과학적으로연구하는방법설명
The common accounts of human nature that float around in society are generally a mixture of assumptions, tales and sometimes plain silliness. However, psychology is different. It is the branch of science that is devoted to understanding people: how and why we act as we do; why we see things as we do; and how we interact with one another. The key word here is 'science.' Psychologists don't depend on opinions and hearsay, or the generally accepted views of society at the time, or even the considered opinions of deep thinkers. Instead, they look for evidence, to make sure that psychological ideas are firmly based, and not just derived from generally held beliefs or assumptions. In addition to this evidence-based approach, psychology deals with fundamental processes and principles that generate our rich cultural and social diversity, as well as those shared by all human beings. These are what modern psychology is all about.
In the Beginning The Greeks, Galen and the Influence of the East
Psychology is fascinating and, in many ways, it is at the heart of being human. After all, understanding – or trying to understand – other people’s minds and behaviour is something all of us do every day. It’s how we get along in families, social groups and societies. And, quite often, we get it wrong. We might think we know what other people are like, and then we’re astounded when they don’t seem to see things as we do, or they behave in a strange (to us) way. We form ideas about human nature around what we have read or watched, which can be misleading. We often fail to appreciate that our understanding of people is rooted in our particular time, place and culture, and might not apply to others. Or we take for granted beliefs that people have held for millennia, without questioning where they came from. The common accounts of human nature that float around in society are generally a mixture of assumption, anecdote and sometimes plain silliness. Psychology is different. Psychology is the branch of science that is devoted to understanding people: how and why we act as we do; why we see things as we do; and how we interact with one another. The key word here is ‘science’. Psychologists don’t depend on opinions and hearsay, or the generally accepted views of society at the time, or even the considered opinions of deep thinkers. Instead, we look for evidence, to make sure that psychological ideas are firmly based, and not just derived from generally held beliefs or conjecture. As different as human beings are, there are processes and principles that we all have in common, and there are processes and principles that produce our wonderful cultural and social differences. These are what modern psychology is all about.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고1] 2024년10월– 39번:생물학적채널화이론을통한질병과건강의표현방식
Life is what physicists might call a 'high-dimensional system,' which is their fancy way of saying that there's a lot going on. In just a single cell, the number of possible interactions between different molecules is enormous. Such a system can only hope to be stable if only a smaller number of collective ways of being may emerge. For example, it is only a limited number of tissues and body shapes that may result from the development of a human embryo. In 1942, the biologist Conrad Waddington called this drastic narrowing of outcomes canalization. The organism may switch between a small number of well-defined possible states, but can't exist in random states in between them, rather as a ball in a rough landscape must roll to the bottom of one valley or another. We'll see that this is true also of health and disease: there are many causes of illness, but their manifestations at the physiological and symptomatic levels are often strikingly similar.
문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭) - 구글 검색 불가
원문 텍스트 및 OCR
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고1] 2024년10월– 40번: '트릭처벌'이아동행동에부정적영향을미치는이유
Punishing a child may not be effective due to what Alvaro Bilbao, a neuropsychologist, calls 'trick-punishments.' A trick-punishment is a scolding, a moment of anger or a punishment in the most classic sense of the word. Instead of discouraging the child from doing something, it encourages them to do it. For example, Hugh learns that when he hits his little brother, his mother scolds him. For a child who feels lonely, being scolded is much better than feeling invisible, so he will continue to hit his brother. In this case, his mother would be better adopting a different strategy. For instance, she could congratulate Hugh when he has not hit his brother for a certain length of time. The mother clearly cannot allow the child to hit his little brother, but instead of constantly pointing out the negatives, she can choose to reward the positives. In this way, any parent can avoid trick-punishments.
Another reason that punishments may not be effective is due to what I call “trick-punishments”. A trick-punishment is a reprimand, a moment of anger or a punishment in the most classic sense of the word. Instead of discouraging the child from doing something, it encourages them to do it. Trick-punishments appear when the child, usually one who does not receive enough attention from their parents, as they spend little time with their child and don’t know how to reinforce positive behaviour, learns that they receive more attention by doing things wrong. For example, Hugh learns that when he hits his little brother, his mother scolds him. For a child who feels lonely, being scolded is much better than feeling invisible, so he will continue to hit his brother. In this case, his mother would be better adopting a different strategy. For example, she could congratulate Hugh when he has not hit his brother for a certain length of time. She could also spend a little time with Hugh every day, once she has put his little brother to bed. The mother clearly cannot allow the child to hit his little brother, but instead of constantly pointing out the negatives, she can choose to reward the positives. In this way, any parent can avoid trick-punishments; they can turn the situation on its head by focusing on the positives and not giving so much “prominence” to the negatives.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고1] 2024년10월– 41~42번:인간이생존을위해애매한대상에도의도를부여하는경향
From an early age, we assign purpose to objects and events, preferring this reasoning to random chance. Children assume, for instance, that pointy rocks are that way because they don't want you to sit on them. When we encounter something, we first need to determine what sort of thing it is. Inanimate objects and plants generally do not move and can be evaluated from physics alone. However, by attributing intention to animals and even objects, we are able to make fast decisions about the likely behaviour of that being. This was essential in our hunter-gatherer days to avoid being eaten by predators. The anthropologist Stewart Guthrie made the point that survival in our evolutionary past meant that we interpret ambiguous objects as agents with human mental characteristics, as those are the mental processes which we understand. Ambiguous events are caused by such agents. This results in a perceptual system strongly biased towards anthropomorphism. Therefore, we tend to assume intention even where there is none. This would have arisen as a survival mechanism. If a lion is about to attack you, you need to react quickly, given its probable intention to kill you. By the time you have realized that the design of its teeth and claws could kill you, you are dead. So, assuming intent, without detailed design analysis or understanding of the physics, has saved your life.
Agency Detection and Theory of Mind Our mind functions as it does as the result of millions of years of evolution, of responding to past problems. And because all humans have similar cognitive apparatus, we are able to communicate with each other, especially through language, resulting in different humans generating similar (though not identical) mental representations of a particular concept. From an early age, we ascribe purpose to objects and events, preferring this reasoning to random chance; we create purposes for things and things for purposes. Children assume, for instance, that pointy rocks are that way because they don’t want you to sit on them. When we encounter something, we first need to determine what sort of thing it is. Inanimate objects and plants generally do not move and can be evaluated from physics alone. However, by assuming a design purpose or, even more effectively, imputing intention to animals, other humans, and even objects, we are able to make fast decisions about the likely behaviour of that being. This was essential in our hunter-gatherer days to avoid being eaten by predators. The anthropologist Stewart Guthrie made the point that survival in our evolutionary past meant that we interpret ambiguous objects as agents with human mental characteristics, as those are the mental processes which we understand. Ambiguous events are caused by such agents. This results in a perceptual system strongly biased towards anthropomorphism. As a result, we tend to assume intention even where there is none. This would have arisen as a survival mechanism, aided by a theory of mind. If a lion is about to attack you, you need to react quickly, given its likely intention to kill you. By the time you have determined that the design of its teeth and claws could kill you, or calculated the physics of the working of its body when it leaps on you, you are dead. So, assuming intent, without detailed design analysis or understanding of the physics, has saved your life.
1) 빈칸이나 순서 등의 문제에 중복이 있을 수 있습니다. (학교마다 비슷한 문제가 출제될 수 있음) 2) 정답이 대체로 맞지만, 오답이 있을 수 있습니다. 감안해서 이용하세요. (오답이 있는 경우 댓글 남겨주시면, 확인 후 수정할게요.) 3) 다양한 이유로 기출모음 자료는 별다른 공지 없이 내려갈 수 있습니다.
To whom it may concern, I am writing to inform you of an ongoing noise issue that I am experiencing. My apartment faces the basketball courts of the community center. While I fully support the community center's services, I am constantly being disrupted by individuals playing basketball late at night. Many nights, I struggle to fall asleep because I can hear people bouncing balls and shouting on the basketball courts well after 11 p.m.. Could you restrict the time the basketball court is open to before 9 p.m.? I'm sure I'm not the only person in the neighborhood that is affected by this noise issue. I appreciate your assistance. Sincerely, Ian Baldwin
Possible Titles:
1. Addressing Noise Concerns From Late-Night Basketball Games
2. Request to Limit Community Center Basketball Court Hours
3. Late-Night Noise Disruption: A Concern for Neighborhood Peace
4. Seeking Resolution for Ongoing Noise from Basketball Courts
Main Idea #1:
A resident requests restricting basketball court hours to reduce late-night noise disturbances.
Main Idea #2:
Ian Baldwin expresses concern over consistent late-night noise from the community center's basketball courts and suggests limiting their operation to before 9 p.m. to maintain neighborhood peace.
Summary:
Ian Baldwin requests limiting the operating hours of the community center’s basketball courts due to late-night noise disturbances affecting his sleep. He suggests closing the courts by 9 p.m. to address the issue for himself and other affected neighbors.
Key Points:
1. Ian Baldwin experiences late-night noise from the community center’s basketball courts.
2. Noise from basketball games disrupts his sleep, especially after 11 p.m.
3. He supports the community center’s services but suggests restricting court hours to before 9 p.m.
4. Baldwin believes other neighbors are also likely affected by the issue.
[고2] 2023 11월– 19번:부족의식에서아버지의존재로안정감을얻음
Chaske, a Cherokee boy, was sitting on a tree stump. As a rite of passage for youths in his tribe, Chaske had to survive one night in the forest wearing a blindfold, not knowing he was observed by his father. After the sunset, Chaske could hear all kinds of noises. The wind blew the grass and shook his stump. A sense of dread swept through his body. What if wild beasts are looking at me? I can't stand this! Just as he was about to take off the blindfold to run away, a voice came in from somewhere. "I'm here around you. Don't give up, and complete your mission." It was his father's voice. He has been watching me from nearby! With just the presence of his father, the boy regained stability. What panicked him awfully a moment ago vanished into thin air.
Possible Titles:
1. A Cherokee Rite of Passage and the Power of Parental Support
2. Facing Fear: Chaske’s Journey Through the Forest
3. Overcoming Dread with Trust and Guidance in the Wild
4. A Father’s Silent Vigil in a Cherokee Youth’s Trial
Main Idea #1:
Chaske learns to overcome fear during a Cherokee rite of passage with the unseen support of his father.
Main Idea #2:
In a Cherokee rite of passage, Chaske faces his fears while blindfolded in the forest, regaining courage when he hears his father’s reassuring voice, which helps him complete his trial.
Summary:
Chaske, a Cherokee boy, participates in a rite of passage requiring him to stay blindfolded in the forest overnight. Overwhelmed by fear, he regains stability upon hearing his father’s supportive voice, realizing his father has been watching nearby.
Key Points:
1. Chaske undergoes a Cherokee rite of passage involving an overnight stay in the forest.
2. Fear and panic overcome him as he imagines wild beasts around him.
3. His father’s unseen presence and voice provide reassurance and courage.
4. Chaske successfully completes his trial, overcoming his fear with his father’s support.
[고2] 2023 11월– 20번:농업의발전과지속가능성을위한해결책필요
Agriculture includes a range of activities such as planting, harvesting, fertilizing, pest management, raising animals, and distributing food and agricultural products. It is one of the oldest and most essential human activities, dating back thousands of years, and has played a critical role in the development of human civilizations, allowing people to create stable food supplies and settle in one place. Today, agriculture remains a vital industry that feeds the world's population, supports rural communities, and provides raw materials for other industries. However, agriculture faces numerous challenges such as climate change, water scarcity, soil degradation, and biodiversity loss. As the world's population continues to grow, it is essential to find sustainable solutions to address the challenges facing agriculture and ensure the continued production of food and other agricultural products.
Possible Titles:
1. The Evolution and Challenges of Modern Agriculture
2. Agriculture: Past, Present, and Future Sustainability Needs
3. Balancing Food Production and Environmental Conservation in Agriculture
4. Addressing Global Challenges in Agriculture for a Growing Population
Main Idea #1:
Agriculture has been essential to human development, enabling stable food supplies and societal growth.
Main Idea #2:
While agriculture continues to support global populations and industries, it faces challenges like climate change and resource scarcity, requiring sustainable solutions for future food production.
Summary:
Agriculture, a cornerstone of human civilization, supports global food production and industries but faces critical challenges like climate change, water scarcity, and soil degradation. Sustainable solutions are essential to meet the growing demands of a rising population.
Key Points:
1. Agriculture includes planting, harvesting, raising animals, and distributing food.
2. It has been crucial for human development and civilization.
3. Modern agriculture faces challenges such as climate change, resource scarcity, and biodiversity loss.
4. Sustainable approaches are necessary to ensure future food security.
[고2] 2023 11월– 21번:예술은어려운주제를다루며변화를촉진함
The arts and aesthetics offer emotional connection to the full range of human experience. "The arts can be more than just sugar on the tongue," Anjan Chatterjee, a professor at the University of Pennsylvania, says. "In art, when there's something challenging, which can also be uncomfortable, this discomfort, if we're willing to engage with it, offers the possibility of some change, some transformation. That can also be a powerful aesthetic experience." The arts, in this way, become vehicles to contend with ideas and concepts that are difficult and uncomfortable otherwise. When Picasso painted his masterpiece Guernica in 1937, he captured the heartbreaking and cruel nature of war, and offered the world a way to consider the universal suffering caused by the Spanish Civil War. When Lorraine Hansberry wrote her play A Raisin in the Sun, she gave us a powerful story of people struggling with racism, discrimination, and the pursuit of the American dream while also offering a touching portrait of family life.
Possible Titles:
1. How the Arts Transform Emotions and Challenge Perspectives
2. Exploring Human Experience Through Aesthetic and Emotional Connections
3. The Role of Art in Addressing Difficult and Universal Themes
4. From Picasso to Hansberry: Art as a Catalyst for Change
Main Idea #1:
The arts provide emotional connections that help us engage with challenging and transformative aspects of human experience.
Main Idea #2:
Art serves as a medium for grappling with complex, uncomfortable issues, offering transformative insights, as seen in works like Picasso’s *Guernica* and Hansberry’s *A Raisin in the Sun*.
Summary:
The arts connect us to the full spectrum of human emotions and experiences, allowing engagement with challenging ideas and offering transformative insights. Iconic works like *Guernica* and *A Raisin in the Sun* address universal themes like war and racism, illustrating the power of art to inspire reflection and change.
Key Points:
1. The arts provide emotional connections to the range of human experiences.
2. Challenging art offers transformative opportunities despite its discomfort.
3. *Guernica* highlights the suffering caused by war through Picasso’s lens.
4. *A Raisin in the Sun* explores racism, discrimination, and family dynamics.
[고2] 2023 11월– 22번:기계식시계가시간개념과경제발전에기여
Many historians have pointed to the significance of accurate time measurement to Western economic progress. The French historian Jacques Le Goff called the birth of the public mechanical clock a turning point in Western society. Until the late Middle Ages, people had sun or water clocks, which did not play any meaningful role in business activities. Market openings and activities started with the sunrise and typically ended at noon when the sun was at its peak. But when the first public mechanical clocks were introduced and spread across European cities, market times were set by the stroke of the hour. Public clocks thus greatly contributed to public life and work by providing a new concept of time that was easy for everyone to understand. This, in turn, helped facilitate trade and commerce. Interactions and transactions between consumers, retailers, and wholesalers became less irregular. Important town meetings began to follow the pace of the clock, allowing people to better plan their time and allocate resources in a more efficient manner.
Possible Titles:
1. The Role of Public Clocks in Shaping Western Economic Development
2. How Accurate Time Measurement Revolutionized Trade and Commerce
3. The Birth of Public Clocks and Its Impact on Western Society
4. The Influence of Timekeeping on Economic Organization and Efficiency
Main Idea #1:
The introduction of public mechanical clocks marked a crucial turning point in Western economic development by standardizing time.
Main Idea #2:
Public clocks facilitated trade, business, and public life by introducing a new, standardized concept of time, allowing for more efficient planning and resource allocation.
Summary:
The invention of public mechanical clocks in Europe was a key development in Western economic progress. It standardized time, helping businesses, markets, and public meetings become more organized and efficient, fostering smoother interactions and improving economic practices.
Key Points:
1. Before mechanical clocks, time was measured by sun or water clocks, which had limited utility for business.
2. Public mechanical clocks introduced a standardized concept of time, improving market operations.
3. Time regulation made interactions between consumers, retailers, and wholesalers more regular.
4. Public meetings and activities became more organized, enhancing resource allocation and planning.
[고2] 2023 11월– 23번:쇼핑카트사용장려를위한마케팅전략전환
Sylvan Goldman invented the shopping cartand introduced it in his stores in 1937. It was an excellent device that would make it easy for shoppers to buy as much as they wanted without getting tired or seeking others' help. But Goldman discovered that in spite of his repeated advertisements and explanations, he could not persuade his shoppers to use the wheeled carts. Men were reluctant because they thought they would appear weak if they pushed such carts instead of carrying their shopping. Women wouldn't touch them because the carts reminded them of baby carriages. It was only a few elderly shoppers who used them. That made the carts even less attractive to the majority of the shoppers. Then Goldman hit upon an idea. He hired several models, men and women, of different ages and asked them to wheel the carts in the store and shop. A young woman employee standing near the entrance told the regular shoppers, 'Look, everyone is using the carts. Why don't you?' That was the turning point. A few shills disguised as regular shoppers easily accomplished what logic, explanations, and advertisements failed to do. Within a few weeks shoppers readily accepted those carts.
Possible Titles:
1. The Shopping Cart: How an Invention Overcame Social Resistance
2. Sylvan Goldman and the Creative Marketing of the Shopping Cart
3. Breaking Social Barriers: The Adoption of the Shopping Cart
4. How Models Helped Popularize a Revolutionary Shopping Tool
Main Idea #1:
Sylvan Goldman invented the shopping cart, but initial resistance from shoppers prevented its adoption.
Main Idea #2:
By using hired models to demonstrate the convenience of shopping carts, Goldman overcame social resistance and made the carts widely accepted by shoppers.
Summary:
Sylvan Goldman’s invention of the shopping cart initially faced rejection due to social perceptions. By hiring models to showcase their use, he convinced shoppers of their convenience, leading to the widespread acceptance of shopping carts in stores.
Key Points:
1. Goldman invented the shopping cart in 1937 to make shopping easier.
2. Shoppers initially resisted due to gender norms and social perceptions.
3. Goldman hired models to act as shoppers and demonstrate cart usage.
4. The strategy succeeded, and carts became a popular shopping tool.
[고2] 2023 11월– 24번:로봇의인간적특성이신뢰와속임수모두유발가능
In response to human-like care robots, critics might charge that human-robot interactions create moral hazards for dementia patients. Even if deception is sometimes allowed when it serves worthy goals, should it be allowed for vulnerable users? Just as children on the autism spectrum with robot companions might be easily fooled into thinking of robots as friends, older adults with cognitive deficits might be. According to Alexis Elder, a professor at UMD, robots are false friends, inferior to true friendship. Reasoning along similar lines, John Sullins, a professor at Sonoma State University, holds that robots should "remain iconic or cartoonish so that they are easily distinguished as synthetic even by unsophisticated users." At least then no one is fooled. Making robots clearly fake also avoids the so-called "uncanny valley," where robots are perceived as scary because they so closely resemble us, but not quite. Other critics of robot deception argue that when care recipients are deceived into thinking that robots care, this crosses a line and violates human dignity.
Possible Titles:
1. Ethical Concerns in Human-Like Care Robots for Vulnerable Populations
2. The Debate Over Deception and Human-Robot Interaction
3. Robots as Caregivers: Balancing Utility and Human Dignity
4. Why Deception in Care Robots Raises Moral and Ethical Questions
Main Idea #1:
Critics argue that human-like care robots may deceive vulnerable users, raising ethical concerns about dignity and moral hazards.
Main Idea #2:
While some experts advocate for clearly artificial robots to avoid deception and the uncanny valley, others argue that deceiving care recipients into believing robots care violates their dignity and creates false relationships.
Summary:
Human-like care robots raise ethical concerns about deception, especially for vulnerable users like dementia patients. Critics suggest robots should appear clearly synthetic to avoid false friendships, preserve dignity, and prevent discomfort from the uncanny valley effect.
Key Points:
1. Critics argue that care robots may deceive vulnerable users, creating moral hazards.
2. Elder calls robots "false friends," inferior to real human relationships.
3. Sullins advocates for cartoonish robots to avoid deception and the uncanny valley.
4. Deceiving care recipients into believing robots care is viewed as a violation of dignity.
[고2] 2023 11월– 25번:미국연령별온라인광고견해조사결과분석
The graph above shows the results of a 2019 survey on the views of American age groups on targeted online advertising. In total, while 51% of the respondents said targeted ads were intrusive, 27% said they were interesting. The percentage of respondents who believed that targeted ads were interesting was the highest in the age group of 18 to 24. The percentage of respondents aged 25 to 34 who said that targeted ads were intrusive was the same as that of respondents aged 45 to 54 who said the same. Among all age groups, the gap between respondents who said targeted ads were interesting and those who believed them to be intrusive was the largest in the 35-to-44 age group. The age group of 55 and above was the only group where the percentage of respondents who believed targeted ads were intrusive was more than 50%.
Possible Titles:
1. American Age Groups’ Perceptions of Targeted Online Advertising in 2019
2. Insights into Generational Views on Targeted Advertising
3. Intrusion vs. Interest: How Americans View Targeted Ads by Age
4. Generational Differences in Opinions on Online Targeted Ads
Main Idea #1:
A 2019 survey revealed differing perceptions of targeted online ads across American age groups, with younger people finding them more interesting and older people viewing them as more intrusive.
Main Idea #2:
While most respondents viewed targeted ads as intrusive, younger age groups (18–24) were more likely to find them interesting, and older age groups (55+) were the most critical, with over 50% finding them intrusive, highlighting a generational divide in opinions.
Summary:
The 2019 survey showed that younger age groups, especially 18–24, found targeted ads more interesting, while older respondents, particularly those 55 and above, found them more intrusive. The 35–44 group exhibited the largest gap between interest and intrusion, and over half of respondents overall found targeted ads intrusive.
Key Points:
1. 51% of respondents overall found targeted ads intrusive, and 27% found them interesting.
2. The 18–24 age group had the highest percentage finding targeted ads interesting.
4. The 55+ age group was the only one where more than 50% found targeted ads intrusive.
[고2] 2023 11월– 26번: Maggie Walker의금융개혁과커뮤니티기여
Maggie L. Walker achieved national prominence as a businesswoman and community leader. She was among the earliest Black students to attend newly-established public schools for African Americans. After graduating, she worked as a teacher for three years at the Valley School, where she had studied. In the early 1900s, Virginia banks owned by white bankers were unwilling to do business with African American organizations or individuals. The racial discrimination by white bankers drove her to study banking and financial laws. She established a newspaper to promote closer communication between the charitable organization she belonged to and the public. Soon after, she founded the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank, which survived the Great Depression and merged with two other banks. It thrived as the oldest continually African American-operated bank until 2009. Walker achieved successes with the vision to make improvements in the way of life for African Americans.
Possible Titles:
1. Maggie L. Walker: A Pioneer in African American Banking and Leadership
2. Breaking Barriers: Maggie L. Walker’s Legacy in Business and Community
3. Maggie L. Walker’s Contributions to Banking and Social Equality
4. How Maggie L. Walker Empowered African Americans Through Finance
Main Idea #1:
Maggie L. Walker became a prominent leader by addressing racial discrimination in banking and supporting African American communities.
Main Idea #2:
Through her leadership, Maggie L. Walker founded a bank, promoted communication via a newspaper, and worked to improve African Americans' lives, leaving a lasting legacy in finance and community empowerment.
Summary:
Maggie L. Walker, a pioneering leader, addressed racial discrimination in banking by founding the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank, which supported African Americans and survived the Great Depression. She also used a newspaper to strengthen community ties and worked tirelessly to improve African American lives.
Key Points:
1. Maggie L. Walker was among the first Black students to attend public schools for African Americans.
2. Discrimination by white bankers motivated her to study banking and found her own bank.
3. She established the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank, which survived the Great Depression.
4. Walker used a newspaper to promote communication and improve African Americans’ lives.
[고2] 2023 11월– 29번:렉틴과잉섭취가건강에미치는부정적영향
Lectins are large proteins that serve as a crucial weapon that plants use to defend themselves. The lectins in most plants bind to carbohydrates as we consume the plant. They also bind to sugar molecules found in the gut, in the brain, between nerve endings, in joints and in all bodily fluids. According to Dr. Steven Gundry, these sticky proteins can interrupt messaging between cells and cause toxic and inflammatory reactions. Brain fog is just one result of lectins interrupting communication between nerves. An upset stomach is another common symptom of lectin overload. Dr. Gundry lists a wide range of other health problems including aching joints, dementia, headaches and infertility that have been resolved in his patients once they eliminated lectins from their diets. Dr. Paul Saladino writes that the hypothesis that lectins are involved in Parkinson's disease is also gaining support, with animal studies showing that 'lectins, once eaten, may be damaging the gut and travelling to the brain, where they appear to be toxic to dopaminergic neurons'.
Possible Titles:
1. The Potential Health Risks of Lectins in the Human Body
2. How Plant Lectins Affect Gut, Brain, and Overall Health
3. Exploring the Link Between Lectins and Inflammatory Disorders
4. Lectins: Plant Defense Proteins and Their Impact on Human Health
Main Idea #1:
Lectins, plant defense proteins, can disrupt cell communication and cause toxic and inflammatory reactions in the human body.
Main Idea #2:
Health issues such as brain fog, upset stomachs, and neurological damage, potentially linked to lectins, have led researchers like Dr. Steven Gundry and Dr. Paul Saladino to explore their role in conditions like Parkinson’s disease and other disorders.
Summary:
Lectins, plant defense proteins, bind to sugars in the body and may cause inflammatory reactions, disrupting nerve communication and leading to symptoms like brain fog and stomach upset. Studies suggest their involvement in diseases like Parkinson’s, as these proteins may damage the gut and affect neurons in the brain.
Key Points:
1. Lectins are plant proteins that bind to carbohydrates and sugars in the human body.
2. They can disrupt cell communication, causing inflammatory and toxic reactions.
3. Symptoms linked to lectins include brain fog, stomach upset, and aching joints.
4. Research suggests lectins may contribute to Parkinson’s disease by damaging gut and brain neurons.
[고2] 2023 11월– 30번:기술발전이프라이버시재정의의필요성을강조
Technology changes how individuals and societies understand the concept of privacy. The fact that someone has a new ability to access information or watch the actions of another does not justify doing so. Rather, advances in technology require citizens and policy makers to consider how privacy protections should be expanded. For example, when cameras first became available for commercial and private use, nations and citizens struggled over whether new laws should be enacted to protect individuals from being photographed without their permission. The reconsideration of privacy brought about by this new technology re-affirmed a distinction between private and public spaces. It was determined by most cultures that people automatically gave consent to being seen ― and thus recorded ― once they voluntarily stepped into a public space. Although some people might be uncomfortable with the spread of surveillance cameras, citizens in most cultures have adjusted to the fact that giving up the right not to be observed in these circumstances causes less harm to the community than failing to have surveillance.
Possible Titles:
1. How Technology Redefines Privacy and Public Spaces
2. Balancing Privacy and Surveillance in a Technological Era
3. The Impact of New Technologies on Privacy Protections
4. Privacy, Consent, and the Spread of Surveillance Cameras
Main Idea #1:
Technological advancements challenge traditional concepts of privacy, requiring citizens and policymakers to adapt protections.
Main Idea #2:
The introduction of new technologies, such as cameras, has led societies to distinguish between private and public spaces, with many cultures accepting reduced privacy in public areas to balance individual discomfort and community safety.
Summary:
Advancements in technology, like the spread of cameras, challenge privacy norms, prompting societies to establish boundaries between private and public spaces. Most cultures accept reduced privacy in public spaces, prioritizing community safety over individual discomfort from surveillance.
Key Points:
1. Technology reshapes how privacy is understood and protected.
2. The introduction of cameras required debates on privacy laws and public consent.
3. Societies distinguish private from public spaces in privacy considerations.
4. Many cultures accept surveillance in public spaces as a necessary trade-off for safety.
[고2] 2023 11월– 31번:기적은인간무지에서비롯되며탐구로설명가능
Coincidence that is statistically impossible seems to us like an irrational event, and some define it as a miracle. But, as Montaigne has said, "the origin of a miracle is in our ignorance, at the level of our knowledge of nature, and not in nature itself." Glorious miracles have been later on discovered to be obedience to the laws of nature or a technological development that was not widely known at the time. As the German poet, Goethe, phrased it: "Things that are mysterious are not yet miracles." The miracle assumes the intervention of a "higher power" in its occurrence that is beyond human capability to grasp. Yet there are methodical and simple ways to "cause a miracle" without divine revelation and inspiration. Instead of checking it out, investigating and finding the source of the event, we define it as a miracle. The miracle, then, is the excuse of those who are too lazy to think.
Possible Titles:
1. Rethinking Miracles: From Mysteries to Natural Laws
2. The Thin Line Between Miracles and Misunderstood Science
3. How Ignorance Shapes Our Perception of Miracles
4. Exploring Miracles as Misinterpretations of Nature
Main Idea #1:
Miracles are often perceived as divine interventions but can frequently be explained by natural laws or technological advancements.
Main Idea #2:
Miracles stem from ignorance or lack of understanding, as mysteries are often resolved through investigation, with the label "miracle" used by those unwilling to explore the true causes of events.
Summary:
What we call miracles are often events beyond current understanding, rooted in natural laws or unexplored phenomena. Mislabeling them as miracles arises from ignorance or unwillingness to investigate their true origins, as demonstrated by thinkers like Montaigne and Goethe.
Key Points:
1. Miracles are often defined as events beyond human understanding or natural laws.
2. Many perceived miracles are later explained by science or technology.
3. Goethe and Montaigne suggest miracles arise from ignorance, not divine intervention.
4. Labeling events as miracles can stem from a reluctance to investigate their causes.
[고2] 2023 11월– 32번:외부정보가사건기억에영향을미칠수있음
Information encountered after an event can influence subsequent remembering. External information can easily integrate into a witness's memory, especially if the event was poorly encoded or the memory is from a distant event, in which case time and forgetting have degraded the original memory. With reduced information available in memory with which to confirm the validity of post-event misinformation, it is less likely that this new information will be rejected. Instead, especially when it fits the witness's current thinking and can be used to create a story that makes sense to him or her, it may be integrated as part of the original experience. This process can be explicit (i.e., the witness knows it is happening), but it is often unconscious. That is, the witness might find himself or herself thinking about the event differently without awareness. Over time, the witness may not even know the source of information that led to the (new) memory. Sources of misinformation in forensic contexts can be encountered anywhere, from discussions with other witnesses to social media searches to multiple interviews with investigators or other legal professionals, and even in court.
Possible Titles:
1. How Post-Event Information Alters Witness Memory
2. The Role of Misinformation in Shaping Witness Testimonies
3. Memory Distortion: The Unconscious Integration of External Information
4. Sources and Impacts of Misinformation in Forensic Contexts
Main Idea #1:
Post-event information can influence and alter a witness’s memory, particularly when the original memory is weak or distant.
Main Idea #2:
Misinformation can unconsciously integrate into a witness’s memory, reshaping their recollection of events, with sources of distortion ranging from social media to legal proceedings, complicating forensic accuracy.
Summary:
Post-event information can modify a witness’s memory, especially when the original event was poorly encoded or distant. Misinformation may unconsciously integrate into their recollection, with potential sources including discussions, social media, or legal proceedings, leading to altered testimonies.
Key Points:
1. Witness memories are vulnerable to influence from post-event information.
2. Weak or distant memories are more susceptible to misinformation.
3. Integration of misinformation can occur unconsciously, reshaping recollections.
4. Sources of misinformation include other witnesses, social media, and legal interviews.
[고2] 2023 11월– 33번:상관관계는인과관계보다명확한통찰을제공
Correlations are powerful because the insights they offer are relatively clear. These insights are often covered up when we bring causality back into the picture. For instance, a used-car dealer supplied data to statisticians to predict which of the vehicles available for purchase at an auction were likely to have problems. A correlation analysis showed that orange-colored cars were far less likely to have defects. Even as we read this, we already think about why it might be so: Are orange-colored car owners likely to be car enthusiasts and take better care of their vehicles? Or, is it because orange-colored cars are more noticeable on the road and therefore less likely to be in accidents, so they're in better condition when resold? Quickly we are caught in a web of competing causal hypotheses. But our attempts to illuminate things this way only make them cloudier. Correlations exist; we can show them mathematically. We can't easily do the same for causal links. So we would do well to hold off from trying to explain the reason behind the correlations.
Possible Titles:
1. The Clarity of Correlation Versus the Complexity of Causality
2. Why Correlations Provide Insights Without the Need for Causal Explanations
3. The Dangers of Overthinking Correlations with Causal Hypotheses
4. Embracing Correlation: Insights Without Causal Assumptions
Main Idea #1:
Correlations offer clear insights, but attempts to explain them through causality often complicate understanding.
Main Idea #2:
While correlations are mathematically demonstrable and provide actionable insights, introducing causal hypotheses often clouds clarity, as seen in the example of orange-colored cars and their lower defect rates.
Summary:
Correlations provide clear and measurable insights, as shown in the example of orange-colored cars having fewer defects. Attempts to explain these insights with causality often lead to conflicting hypotheses, making the situation more complex and less clear.
Key Points:
1. Correlations offer straightforward insights that are mathematically provable.
2. Introducing causality complicates understanding and creates conflicting hypotheses.
3. The example of orange-colored cars shows how causal assumptions can cloud correlation analysis.
4. Focusing on correlation alone can yield actionable and clear insights.
[고2] 2023 11월– 34번:기후변화가동물크기감소에영향을미침
Most mice in the wild are eaten or die before their life span of two years is over. They die from external causes, such as disease, starvation, or predators, not due to internal causes, such as aging. That is why nature has made mice to live, on average, for no longer than two years. Now we have arrived at an important point: The average life span of an animal species, or the rate at which it ages, is determined by the average time that this animal species can survive in the wild. That explains why a bat can live to be 30 years old. In contrast to mice, bats can fly, which is why they can escape from danger much faster. Thanks to their wings, bats can also cover longer distances and are better able to find food. Every genetic change in the past that made it possible for a bat to live longer was useful, because bats are much better able than mice to flee from danger, find food, and survive.
Possible Titles:
1. How Survival in the Wild Determines Animal Life Spans
2. The Role of Predation and Adaptation in Aging Rates of Animals
3. Why Mice Live Short Lives and Bats Defy Longevity Expectations
4. Natural Selection and the Evolution of Life Spans in Animals
Main Idea #1:
The life span of an animal is shaped by its average survival time in the wild.
Main Idea #2:
Animals like bats, which can escape predators and find food efficiently, have evolved longer life spans compared to species like mice, whose high vulnerability in the wild limits their longevity.
Summary:
The life span of a species is influenced by its average survival time in the wild. While mice live short lives due to high predation and environmental risks, bats live longer because their ability to fly helps them escape predators and find food, making longer life spans evolutionarily advantageous.
Key Points:
1. Most wild mice die from external causes before their natural life span of two years.
2. Life span and aging rates are linked to average survival times in the wild.
3. Bats, unlike mice, live longer due to their ability to escape predators and find food.
4. Evolution favors longevity in species with better survival adaptations like flight.
[고2] 2023 11월– 35번:도덕적우수성은학습과발달로지속가능
Moral excellence, according to Aristotle, is the result of habit and repetition, though modern science would also suggest that it may have an innate, genetic component. This means that moral excellence will be broadly set early in our lives, which is why the question of how early to teach it is so important. Freud suggested that we don't change our personality much after age five or thereabouts, but as in many other things, Freud was wrong. Recent psychological research shows that personality traits stabilize around age thirty in both men and women and regardless of ethnicity as the human brain continues to develop, both neuroanatomically and in terms of cognitive skills, until the mid-twenties. The advantage of this new understanding is that we can be a bit more optimistic than Aristotle and Freud about being able to teach moral excellence.
Possible Titles:
1. The Development of Moral Excellence: Aristotle, Freud, and Modern Science
2. Teaching Morality: Insights from Ancient Philosophy and Modern Psychology
3. How Habit, Genetics, and Development Shape Moral Excellence
4. Rethinking Moral Development: Beyond Aristotle and Freud
Main Idea #1:
Aristotle believed moral excellence is developed through habit, but modern research shows it is influenced by both genetics and lifelong personality development.
Main Idea #2:
Contrary to Freud's view that personality is fixed early in life, recent research indicates personality traits stabilize by age thirty, allowing moral excellence to be cultivated well into adulthood.
Summary:
Aristotle saw moral excellence as a result of habit, while modern research suggests it is also shaped by genetics and personality traits, which stabilize around age thirty. This understanding allows for optimism about teaching morality beyond early childhood, countering Freud's outdated theory.
Key Points:
1. Aristotle linked moral excellence to habit and repetition.
2. Modern science adds that genetics may also play a role in moral development.
3. Freud wrongly claimed personality stabilizes by age five, while research shows stabilization around age thirty.
4. Moral excellence can be cultivated into adulthood due to ongoing brain and cognitive development.
[고2] 2023 11월– 36번:동물크기는환경적응과생존전략의결과
The size of a species is not accidental. It's a fine-tuned interaction between a species and the world it inhabits. Over large periods of time, size fluctuations have often signalled significant changes in the environment. Generally speaking, over the last five hundred million years, the trend has been towards animals getting larger. It's particularly notable in marine animals, whose average body size has increased 150-fold in this time. But we are beginning to see changes in this trend. Scientists have discovered that many animals are shrinking. Around the world, species in every category have been found to be getting smaller, and one major cause appears to be the heat. Animals living in the Italian Alps, for example, have seen temperatures rise by three to four degrees Celsius since the 1980s. To avoid overheating, chamois goats now spend more of their days resting rather than searching for food, and as a result, in just a few decades, the new generations of chamois are 25 percent smaller.
Possible Titles:
1. The Evolution of Animal Size and Its Environmental Connections
2. How Climate Change Is Shrinking Animal Species Worldwide
3. The Historical and Modern Trends in Animal Body Size
4. Rising Temperatures and Their Impact on Animal Size Reduction
Main Idea #1:
Animal size is closely tied to environmental changes, with larger sizes historically dominant over millions of years.
Main Idea #2:
Climate change is reversing historical trends, causing species like chamois goats in the Italian Alps to shrink as rising temperatures impact their behavior and access to food.
Summary:
Animal size has historically increased over millions of years, especially in marine species. However, rising global temperatures are now causing many species to shrink, as seen in chamois goats in the Italian Alps, which have become 25% smaller due to heat-induced behavioral changes.
Key Points:
1. Animal size reflects a long-term interaction with environmental factors.
2. Over the last 500 million years, animal body sizes generally increased.
3. Climate change is reversing this trend, with species shrinking globally.
4. Chamois goats in the Italian Alps have decreased in size by 25% due to rising temperatures and reduced foraging.
[고2] 2023 11월– 37번:전체데이터사용이샘플링보다더큰통찰제공
For a long time, random sampling was a good shortcut. It made analysis of large data problems possible in the pre-digital era. But much as converting a digital image or song into a smaller file results in loss of data, information is lost when sampling. Having the full (or close to the full) dataset provides a lot more freedom to explore, to look at the data from different angles or to look closer at certain aspects of it. A fitting example may be the light-field camera, which captures not just a single plane of light, as with conventional cameras, but rays from the entire light field, some 11 million of them. The photographers can decide later which element of an image to focus on in the digital file. There is no need to focus at the beginning, since collecting all the information makes it possible to do that afterwards. Because rays from the entire light field are included, it is closer to all the data. As a result, the information is more "reuseable" than ordinary pictures, where the photographer has to decide what to focus on before she presses the shutter.
Possible Titles:
1. The Limitations of Sampling in the Era of Big Data
2. Why Full Datasets Are Superior to Random Sampling in Analysis
3. The Light-Field Camera: A Metaphor for Comprehensive Data Collection
4. Moving Beyond Sampling: The Power of Complete Data in Analysis
Main Idea #1:
Random sampling, while useful in the past, loses information compared to full datasets, which allow for greater flexibility and reuse in analysis.
Main Idea #2:
Comprehensive data collection, as exemplified by the light-field camera, offers the advantage of retaining all information, enabling detailed exploration and decision-making without initial constraints.
Summary:
Random sampling, useful in the pre-digital era, sacrifices data and limits flexibility in analysis. Full datasets, like the complete light-field data captured by advanced cameras, provide greater freedom to analyze and refocus on specific aspects later, making the information more reusable and versatile.
Key Points:
1. Random sampling was a practical solution before digital advancements but loses data.
2. Full datasets allow for more flexibility in analysis and detailed exploration.
3. Light-field cameras illustrate the advantage of collecting all information upfront.
4. Comprehensive data enables reusability and eliminates the need for initial focus constraints.
[고2] 2023 11월– 38번:내향적리더십의섬김철학이긍정적효과를가짐
Introverted leaders do have to overcome the strong cultural presumption that extroverts are more effective leaders. Although the population splits into almost equal parts between introverts and extroverts, more than 96 percent of managers and executives are extroverted. In a study done in 2006, 65 percent of senior corporate executives viewed introversion as a barrier to leadership. We must reexamine this stereotype, however, as it doesn't always hold true. Regent University found that a desire to be of service to others and to empower them to grow, which is more common among introverts than extroverts, is a key factor in becoming a leader and retaining leadership. So-called servant leadership, dating back to ancient philosophical literature, adheres to the belief that a company's goals are best achieved by helping workers or customers achieve their goals. Such leaders do not seek attention but rather want to shine a light on others' wins and achievements; servant leadership requires humility, but that humility ultimately pays off.
Possible Titles:
1. Examining Introverted Leaders' Effectiveness in Modern Organizations
2. Understanding Servant Leadership and Its Historical Roots
3. The Role of Humility in Leadership Success
4. Breaking Stereotypes About Introversion and Leadership
Servant leadership, often associated with introverts, prioritizes empowering others and achieving organizational success through humility and support.
Summary:
Although introverts are often seen as less effective leaders, their approach to servant leadership emphasizes empowering others and achieving mutual goals. This leadership style, rooted in humility, aligns with ancient philosophies and fosters long-term success. Cultural stereotypes should be challenged to recognize introverts' unique contributions.
Key Points:
1. Most leaders are extroverts due to cultural biases about leadership effectiveness.
2. Many executives perceive introversion as a leadership barrier.
3. Servant leadership focuses on empowering others and achieving shared goals.
4. Humility in leadership enhances team and organizational success.
[고2] 2023 11월– 39번:불완전성을허용하면데이터활용가능성증가
By the nineteenth century, France had developed a system of precisely defined units of measurement to capture space, time, and more, and had begun to get other nations to adopt the same standards. Just half a century later, in the 1920s, the discoveries of quantum mechanics forever destroyed the dream of comprehensive and perfect measurement. And yet, outside a relatively small circle of physicists, the mindset of humankind's drive to flawlessly measure continued among engineers and scientists. In the world of business it even expanded, as the precision-oriented sciences of mathematics and statistics began to influence all areas of commerce. However, contrary to the trend of the past several decades, in many new situations that are occurring today, allowing for imprecision ― for messiness ― may be a positive feature, not a shortcoming. As a tradeoff for relaxing the standards of allowable errors, one can get a hold of much more data. It isn't just that "more is better than some," but that, in fact, sometimes "more is greater than better."
Possible Titles:
1. The Evolution of Measurement Standards and Their Impact on Society
2. Embracing Imprecision in Modern Data Analysis and Decision-Making
3. From Perfect Measurement to Valuing Messiness in New Contexts
4. The Transition from Precision to Flexibility in Science and Business
Main Idea #1:
Quantum mechanics undermined the vision of perfect measurement but did not halt humanity's pursuit of precision.
Main Idea #2:
While precision has dominated science and business, embracing imprecision can yield broader and more effective insights in modern contexts.
Summary:
The dream of perfect measurement faded with quantum mechanics, yet precision remained a driving force in science and business. Today, relaxing precision standards allows access to larger datasets, which can sometimes provide more valuable insights than traditional exactness. This shift marks a new approach to leveraging data in a complex world.
Key Points:
1. France pioneered precise measurement systems and promoted global adoption.
2. Quantum mechanics disrupted the notion of perfect measurement.
3. Precision has strongly influenced science, engineering, and business practices.
4. Allowing for imprecision in modern contexts can lead to more valuable insights.
[고2] 2023 11월– 40번:협력적행동이공동체내신뢰와지위를강화
Multiple laboratory studies show that cooperative people tend to receive social advantages from others. One way to demonstrate this is to give people the opportunity to act positively or negatively toward contributors. For example, Pat Barclay, a professor at the University of Guelph, had participants play a cooperative game where people could contribute money toward a group fund which helped all group members, and then allowed participants to give money to other participants based on their reputations. People who contributed more to the group fund were given responsibility for more money than people who contributed less. Similar results have been found by other researchers. People who contribute toward their groups are also chosen more often as interaction partners, preferred as leaders, rated as more desirable partners for long-term relationships, and are perceived to be trustworthy and have high social status. Uncooperative people tend to receive verbal criticism or even more severe punishment. -> Studies suggest that individuals who act with generosity toward their communities are more likely to be viewed as deserving of benefit by members of that community than those who don't.
Possible Titles:
1. Social Benefits of Generosity in Cooperative Communities
2. The Role of Cooperation in Leadership and Social Status
3. How Generosity Shapes Perception and Interpersonal Success
4. Cooperative Behavior as a Pathway to Social Advantage
Main Idea #1:
Cooperative individuals gain social advantages and positive recognition from their communities.
Main Idea #2:
Studies reveal that generous behavior leads to rewards such as leadership opportunities, enhanced trust, and higher social status, while uncooperative individuals face criticism and penalties.
Summary:
Cooperative behavior in group settings earns individuals rewards such as trust, leadership roles, and positive social status. Experiments show that contributors are preferred as leaders and partners, while uncooperative individuals often face criticism or punishment. Generosity is a key factor in gaining social recognition and benefits.
Key Points:
1. Cooperative individuals are entrusted with greater responsibility in group settings.
2. Generosity is linked to higher trust, leadership selection, and desirability as partners.
3. Uncooperative behavior often leads to verbal criticism or punishment.
4. Social advantages are more likely for those who contribute positively to their communities.
[고2] 2023 11월– 41~42번:공연에서관객참여가예술적경험을증폭
In Western society, many music performance settings make a clear distinction between performers and audience members: the performers are the "doers" and those in the audience take a decidedly passive role. The performance space itself may further reinforce the distinction with a physical separation between the stage and audience seating. Perhaps because this distinction is so common, audiences seem to greatly value opportunities to have special "access" to performers that affords understanding about performers' style of music. Some performing musicians have won great approval by regularly incorporating "audience participation" into their concerts. Whether by leading a sing-along activity or teaching a rhythm to be clapped at certain points, including audience members in the music making can boost the level of engagement and enjoyment for all involved. Performers who are uncomfortable leading audience participation can still connect with the audience simply by giving a special glimpse of the performer perspective. It is quite common in classical music to provide audiences with program notes. Typically, this text in a program gives background information about pieces of music being performed and perhaps biographical information about historically significant composers. What may be of more interest to audience members is background information about the very performers who are onstage, including an explanation of why they have chosen the music they are presenting. Such insight can make audience members feel near to the musicians onstage, both metaphorically and emotionally. This connection will likely enhance the expressive and communicative experience.
Possible Titles:
1. Bridging the Gap Between Performers and Audiences in Music
2. Enhancing Engagement Through Audience Participation in Concerts
3. The Role of Performer-Audience Connection in Musical Experiences
4. Exploring the Benefits of Audience Involvement in Performances
Main Idea #1:
Performers and audiences are traditionally divided, but bridging this gap enhances engagement and enjoyment.
Main Idea #2:
Audience participation or insights into performers' perspectives can foster emotional connections, making the musical experience more expressive and communicative.
Summary:
Western music performances often emphasize a division between performers and audiences, but involving audiences through participation or sharing performer perspectives strengthens engagement. Activities like sing-alongs or providing background on performers' choices enhance emotional connections and enrich the concert experience.
Key Points:
1. Western music settings often separate performers and audiences physically and socially.
2. Audience participation activities, like sing-alongs, boost engagement and enjoyment.
3. Providing insight into performers' perspectives fosters emotional connections.
4. Program notes can deepen audience understanding and enhance the concert experience.
[고2] 2023 11월– 43~45번:다툰형제가목수의다리로화해와관계회복
Once upon a time, two brothers, Robert and James, who lived on neighboring farms fell into conflict. It was the first serious fight in 40 years of farming side by side. It began with a small misunderstanding and it grew into a major argument, and finally it exploded into an exchange of bitter words followed by weeks of silence. One morning there was a knock on Robert's door. He opened it to find a carpenter with a toolbox. Looking at Robert, the carpenter said, "I'm looking for a few days' work. Do you have anything to repair?" "I have nothing to be repaired, but I have a job for you. Look across the creek at that farm. Last week, my younger brother James took his bulldozer and put that creek in the meadow between us. Well, I will do even worse. I want you to build me an 8-foot tall fence which will block him from seeing my place," said Robert. The carpenter seemed to understand the situation. Robert prepared all the materials the carpenter needed. The next day, Robert left to work on another farm, so he couldn't watch the carpenter for some days. When Robert returned and saw the carpenter's work, his jaw dropped. Instead of a fence, the carpenter had built a bridge that stretched from one side of the creek to the other. His brother was walking over, waving his hand in the air. Robert laughed and said to the carpenter, "You really can fix anything." The two brothers stood awkwardly for a moment, but soon met on the bridge and shook hands. They saw the carpenter leaving with his toolbox. "No, wait! Stay a few more days." Robert told him. "Thank you for your invitation. But I need to go build more bridges. Don't forget. The fence leads to isolation and the bridge to openness," said carpenter. The two brothers nodded at the carpenter's words.
Possible Titles:
1. The Carpenter's Lesson: From Isolation to Reconnection
2. Building Bridges: A Tale of Forgiveness and Understanding
3. Mending Family Ties Through Unexpected Acts of Kindness
4. How a Bridge Rekindled a Brotherly Bond After Conflict
Main Idea #1:
A carpenter helps two estranged brothers reconcile by building a bridge instead of a fence.
Main Idea #2:
Through an act of creativity and wisdom, the carpenter transforms a symbol of division into one of connection, teaching the brothers the value of openness and reconciliation.
Summary:
After a bitter conflict, two brothers on neighboring farms become estranged. One hires a carpenter to build a fence to isolate himself, but the carpenter builds a bridge instead. The bridge rekindles the brothers' relationship, teaching them the importance of connection and forgiveness.
Key Points:
1. Robert and James' conflict leads to weeks of silence and bitterness.
2. Robert hires a carpenter to build a fence to isolate himself from James.
3. The carpenter builds a bridge instead, encouraging reconciliation.
4. The brothers reunite on the bridge, learning the value of openness over division.
Dear Ms. MacAlpine, I was so excited to hear that your brand is opening a new shop on Bruns Street next month. I have always appreciated the way your brand helps women to feel more stylish and confident. I am writing in response to your ad in the Bruns Journal. I graduated from the Meline School of Fashion and have worked as a sales assistant at LoganMart for the last five years. During that time, I've developed strong customer service and sales skills, and now I would like to apply for the sales position in your clothing store. I am available for an interview at your earliest convenience. I look forward to hearing from you. Thank you for reading my letter. Yours sincerely, Grace Braddock
Possible Titles:
1. Application Letter for a Sales Position in a Fashion Store
2. Grace Braddock's Professional Appeal for a Sales Role
3. Aspiring Sales Assistant Highlighting Fashion Expertise and Experience
4. Customer-Focused Application for a Stylish Brand's New Outlet
Main Idea #1:
Grace Braddock applies for a sales assistant position at a fashion store.
Main Idea #2:
Grace Braddock highlights her experience at LoganMart and her qualifications from the Meline School of Fashion to express her suitability for a sales position at a new shop opening soon.
Summary:
Grace Braddock expresses enthusiasm about the brand's new store and applies for a sales assistant role, emphasizing her customer service and sales experience. She mentions her fashion school background and availability for an interview.
Key Points:
1. Grace Braddock admires the brand for empowering women.
2. She has five years of experience as a sales assistant at LoganMart.
3. She graduated from the Meline School of Fashion.
4. She expresses enthusiasm and requests an interview at the earliest convenience.
[고1] 2023 11월– 19번:신혼여행중결혼반지를잃고찾으려했던경험
I had never seen a beach with such white sand or water that was such a beautiful shade of blue. Jane and I set up a blanket on the sand while looking forward to our ten days of honeymooning on an exotic island. "Look!" Jane waved her hand to point at the beautiful scene before us ― and her gold wedding ring went flying off her hand. I tried to see where it went, but the sun hit my eyes and I lost track of it. I didn't want to lose her wedding ring, so I started looking in the area where I thought it had landed. However, the sand was so fine and I realized that anything heavy, like gold, would quickly sink and might never be found again.
Possible Titles:
1. A Honeymoon Mishap on an Exotic Island
2. Lost Wedding Ring in Fine White Sand
3. The Challenge of Recovering a Precious Symbol of Love
4. Searching for a Wedding Ring in Paradise
Main Idea #1:
A honeymoon turns stressful when a wedding ring is lost on the beach.
Main Idea #2:
While enjoying the start of their honeymoon on an exotic island, a couple faces the challenge of finding a lost wedding ring buried in fine, sinking sand.
Summary:
A couple begins their honeymoon on a beach with white sand and blue water, but their joy is interrupted when the bride’s gold wedding ring accidentally flies off her hand. Despite efforts to locate it, the fine sand poses a significant challenge.
Key Points:
1. The couple is on a honeymoon at a beach with white sand and blue water.
2. Jane accidentally loses her gold wedding ring while pointing at a scene.
3. The husband searches for the ring but struggles due to the sinking sand.
4. The fine sand makes recovering the ring highly difficult.
[고1] 2023 11월– 20번:지속적인자기성장을위해의식적노력이필요함
Unfortunately, many people don't take personal responsibility for their own growth. Instead, they simply run the race laid out for them. They do well enough in school to keep advancing. Maybe they manage to get a good job at a well-run company. But so many think and act as if their learning journey ends with college. They have checked all the boxes in the life that was laid out for them and now lack a road map describing the right ways to move forward and continue to grow. In truth, that's when the journey really begins. When school is finished, your growth becomes voluntary. Like healthy eating habits or a regular exercise program, you need to commit to it and devote thought, time, and energy to it. Otherwise, it simply won't happen ― and your life and career are likely to stop progressing as a result.
Possible Titles:
1. The Importance of Voluntary Growth Beyond Formal Education
2. Breaking Free from the Pre-Laid Path to Personal Development
3. Why Lifelong Learning is Key to Personal and Career Success
4. Moving Beyond the Checkboxes of Structured Education
Main Idea #1:
Many people stop pursuing growth after completing their formal education.
Main Idea #2:
True growth begins after formal education ends, requiring a voluntary commitment to continuous self-improvement, much like maintaining healthy habits, to ensure ongoing personal and professional progress.
Summary:
Many individuals stop prioritizing growth after school, assuming their learning journey is complete. However, real progress requires voluntary efforts, like healthy habits, to ensure continued personal and career development. Without dedication, life and career advancement may stagnate.
Key Points:
1. Many people rely solely on structured paths like school and jobs for growth.
2. They often lack a plan for self-improvement after formal education.
3. Lifelong growth requires conscious effort, similar to maintaining health.
4. Neglecting personal growth can lead to stagnation in life and career.
[고1] 2023 11월– 21번:색은객관적,주관적요소가결합된현상임
Many people take the commonsense view that coloris an objective property of things, or of the light that bounces off them. They say a tree's leaves are green because they reflect green light ― a greenness that is just as real as the leaves. Others argue that color doesn't inhabit the physical world at all but exists only in the eye or mind of the viewer. They maintain that if a tree fell in a forest and no one was there to see it, its leaves would be colorless ― and so would everything else. They say there is no such thing as color; there are only the people who see it. Both positions are, in a way, correct. Color is objective and subjective ― "the place," as Paul Cezanne put it, "where our brain and the universe meet." Color is created when light from the world is registered by the eyes and interpreted by the brain.
Possible Titles:
1. Understanding Color as Both Objective and Subjective
2. The Philosophical Debate on the Nature of Color
3. How Color Exists at the Intersection of Light and Perception
4. Reconciling the Physical and Mental Realities of Color
Main Idea #1:
Color is debated as either an objective property of the world or a subjective experience in the mind.
Main Idea #2:
Color exists as both an objective phenomenon involving light and an interpretation in the brain, representing a meeting point between the physical world and human perception.
Summary:
Color is seen either as an inherent property of objects or as a perception in the mind. In reality, it is both objective and subjective, created when light interacts with the eyes and is interpreted by the brain.
Key Points:
1. Some view color as an objective property of objects or reflected light.
2. Others believe color exists only in the perception of the viewer.
3. Both perspectives are valid, as color combines physical and mental elements.
4. Color is formed through the interaction of light, the eyes, and the brain.
[고1] 2023 11월– 22번:소설집필시과도한세부정보보다핵심경험이중요
When writing a novel, research for information needs to be done. The thing is that some kinds of fiction demand a higher level of detail: crime fiction, for example, or scientific thrillers. The information is never hard to find; one website for authors even organizes trips to police stations, so that crime writers can get it right. Often, a polite letter will earn you permission to visit a particular location and record all the details that you need. But remember that you will drive your readers to boredom if you think that you need to pack everything you discover into your work. The details that matter are those that reveal the human experience. The crucial thing is telling a story, finding the characters, the tension, and the conflict ― not the train timetable or the building blueprint.
Possible Titles:
1. Balancing Research and Storytelling in Novel Writing
2. The Role of Research in Crafting Authentic Fiction
3. How to Use Details Without Losing the Reader’s Interest
4. Focusing on Human Experience in Research-Heavy Fiction
Main Idea #1:
Research is essential for writing detailed fiction but should not overwhelm the story.
Main Idea #2:
While research enhances authenticity in fiction, especially in genres like crime or science thrillers, the key to engaging readers lies in focusing on human experience, characters, and conflict rather than excessive factual details.
Summary:
Detailed research is vital for authenticity in fiction, but overloading a story with facts can bore readers. Writers should focus on storytelling and human elements instead of emphasizing minor factual details.
Key Points:
1. Some genres require more detailed research, such as crime fiction or scientific thrillers.
2. Authors can access information through polite inquiries or organized visits.
3. Overloading a story with facts risks losing reader engagement.
4. The story's human aspects, like characters and conflict, are more important than excessive detail.
[고1] 2023 11월– 23번:구강건강은신체건강과밀접히연관됨
Nearly everything has to go through your mouth to get to the rest of you, from food and air to bacteria and viruses. A healthy mouth can help your body get what it needs and prevent it from harm ― with adequate space for air to travel to your lungs, and healthy teeth and gums that prevent harmful microorganisms from entering your bloodstream. From the moment you are created, oral health affects every aspect of your life. What happens in the mouth is usually just the tip of the iceberg and a reflection of what is happening in other parts of the body. Poor oral health can be a cause of a disease that affects the entire body. The microorganisms in an unhealthy mouth can enter the bloodstream and travel anywhere in the body, posing serious health risks.
Possible Titles:
1. The Crucial Role of Oral Health in Overall Well-being
2. How Poor Oral Hygiene Impacts the Entire Body
3. Oral Health as a Gateway to Physical Health and Disease
4. Preventing Systemic Illness Through Healthy Teeth and Gums
Main Idea #1:
Oral health is essential for preventing harm and supporting overall body health.
Main Idea #2:
A healthy mouth ensures the body receives necessary nutrients and protects against harmful microorganisms, while poor oral health can lead to systemic diseases by allowing harmful bacteria to enter the bloodstream.
Summary:
Oral health is vital for overall health, as it supports essential functions and prevents harmful microorganisms from spreading. Poor oral hygiene can lead to systemic illnesses by allowing bacteria to enter the bloodstream and affect the entire body.
Key Points:
1. Oral health ensures proper air passage and nutrient intake.
2. Healthy teeth and gums prevent harmful microorganisms from entering the body.
3. Poor oral hygiene can reflect and cause systemic health issues.
4. Microorganisms from an unhealthy mouth can travel through the bloodstream, posing significant health risks.
[고1] 2023 11월– 24번:신경계는변화에민감하고반복에는쉽게지루함
Kids tire of their toys, college students get sick of cafeteria food, and sooner or later most of us lose interest in our favorite TV shows. The bottom line is that we humans are easily bored. But why should this be true? The answer lies buried deep in our nerve cells, which are designed to reduce their initial excited response to stimuli each time they occur. At the same time, these neurons enhance their responses to things that change ― especially things that change quickly. We probably evolved this way because our ancestors got more survival value, for example, from attending to what was moving in a tree (such as a puma) than to the tree itself. Boredom in reaction to an unchanging environment turns down the level of neural excitation so that new stimuli (like our ancestor's hypothetical puma threat) stand out more. It's the neural equivalent of turning off a front door light to see the fireflies.
Possible Titles:
1. Understanding the Science Behind Human Boredom and Neural Responses
2. How Our Nerve Cells Influence Perception and Boredom
3. Evolutionary Advantages of Human Response to Change Over Stability
4. The Role of Neural Adaptation in Managing Stimuli and Attention
Main Idea #1:
Humans become bored due to nerve cells reducing their response to repetitive stimuli.
Main Idea #2:
The neural mechanism of boredom evolved to enhance survival by decreasing attention to unchanging environments and sharpening focus on new, potentially critical changes.
Summary:
Humans are naturally prone to boredom because nerve cells diminish their response to repeated stimuli while prioritizing changes in the environment. This neural adaptation likely developed as a survival mechanism, helping our ancestors notice potential threats. Boredom allows the brain to conserve energy and redirect attention to significant stimuli.
Key Points:
1. Humans easily lose interest in repetitive stimuli like toys or TV shows.
2. Neurons reduce responses to repeated stimuli while amplifying responses to new changes.
3. This neural adaptation likely evolved to prioritize survival threats, such as predators.
4. Boredom helps conserve neural energy and enhances focus on critical environmental shifts.
[고1] 2023 11월– 25번: 2018~2022년청정에너지투자증가분석
The above graph shows global energy investment in clean energy and in fossil fuels between 2018 and 2022. Since 2018 global energy investment in clean energy continued to rise, reaching its highest level in 2022. The investment gap between clean energy and fossil fuels in 2020 was larger than that in 2019. Investment in fossil fuels was highest in 2018 and lowest in 2020. In 2021, investment in clean energy exceeded 1,200 billion dollars, while investment in fossil fuels did not. In 2022, the global investment in clean energy was more than double that of fossil fuels.
Possible Titles:
1. Trends in Global Investment in Clean Energy and Fossil Fuels
2. A Five-Year Analysis of Global Energy Investments
3. Increasing Focus on Clean Energy Investment from 2018 to 2022
4. The Growing Disparity Between Clean Energy and Fossil Fuel Investments
Main Idea #1:
Global investment in clean energy consistently increased, reaching its peak in 2022.
Main Idea #2:
The gap between clean energy and fossil fuel investments widened significantly over time, with clean energy investments surpassing fossil fuels, especially in 2022 when clean energy investments were more than double.
Summary:
Global energy investment trends show a steady rise in clean energy funding from 2018 to 2022, reaching its highest level in 2022. Fossil fuel investments peaked in 2018 and dropped to their lowest in 2020. The investment gap between clean energy and fossil fuels widened over the years, with clean energy surpassing 1,200 billion dollars in 2021 and doubling fossil fuel investments by 2022.
Key Points:
1. Clean energy investment rose steadily, peaking in 2022.
2. Fossil fuel investment was highest in 2018 and lowest in 2020.
3. The gap between clean energy and fossil fuel investment widened from 2019 to 2020.
4. By 2022, clean energy investments were more than double those of fossil fuels.
[고1] 2023 11월– 26번: Frederick Douglass의노예제폐지와평등활동
Frederick Douglass was born into slavery at a farm in Maryland. His full name at birth was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey. He changed his name to Frederick Douglass after he successfully escaped from slavery in 1838. He became a leader of the Underground Railroad ― a network of people, places, and routes that helped enslaved people escape to the north. He assisted other runaway slaves until they could safely get to other areas in the north. As a slave, he had taught himself to read and write and he spread that knowledge to other slaves as well. Once free, he became a well-known abolitionist and strong believer in equality for all people including Blacks, Native Americans, women, and recent immigrants. He wrote several autobiographies describing his experiences as a slave. In addition to all this, he became the first African-American candidate for vice president of the United States.
Possible Titles:
1. Frederick Douglass: From Slave to Abolitionist Leader and Advocate
2. The Life and Legacy of Frederick Douglass in American History
3. A Pioneer for Equality: Frederick Douglass's Remarkable Achievements
4. Frederick Douglass and His Role in Abolishing Slavery and Promoting Justice
Main Idea #1:
Frederick Douglass escaped slavery and became a leader in the fight for freedom and equality.
Main Idea #2:
Frederick Douglass’s life journey included teaching himself and others to read, leading the Underground Railroad, advocating for equal rights for all people, and becoming a renowned abolitionist and political figure.
Summary:
Born into slavery, Frederick Douglass escaped in 1838 and became a prominent leader of the Underground Railroad and a well-known abolitionist. He advocated for equality for all people and wrote autobiographies about his experiences. He also became the first African-American vice-presidential candidate, leaving a lasting legacy in the fight for justice.
Key Points:
1. Frederick Douglass was born into slavery in Maryland and escaped in 1838.
2. He became a leader of the Underground Railroad and helped runaway slaves.
3. He advocated for equality for all, including women and immigrants.
4. He wrote autobiographies about his life as a slave and was the first African-American vice-presidential candidate.
[고1] 2023 11월– 29번:뇌사진단기준의엄격함이신뢰와의혹모두유발가능
Some countries have proposed tougher guidelines for determining brain death when transplantation ― transferring organs to others ― is under consideration. In several European countries, there are legal requirements which specify that a whole team of doctors must agree over the diagnosis of death in the case of a potential donor. The reason for these strict regulations for diagnosing brain death in potential organ donors is, no doubt, to ease public fears of a premature diagnosis of brain death for the purpose of obtaining organs. But it is questionable whether these requirements reduce public suspicions as much as they create them. They certainly maintain mistaken beliefs that diagnosing brain death is an unreliable process lacking precision. As a matter of consistency, at least, criteria for diagnosing the deaths of organ donors should be exactly the same as for those for whom immediate burial or cremation is intended.
Possible Titles:
1. Balancing Public Trust and Accuracy in Brain Death Diagnosis
2. The Debate Over Brain Death Guidelines for Organ Donors
3. Challenges in Addressing Public Concerns About Brain Death Criteria
4. Should Brain Death Criteria Differ for Organ Donors and Non-Donors?
Main Idea #1:
Some countries enforce stricter guidelines for diagnosing brain death in potential organ donors to address public concerns.
Main Idea #2:
Stricter brain death regulations aim to alleviate public fears but may inadvertently heighten suspicions, underscoring the need for consistent diagnostic criteria for organ donors and non-donors alike.
Summary:
Stricter guidelines for diagnosing brain death in organ donors aim to address fears of premature diagnoses but may unintentionally increase public mistrust. These regulations suggest that diagnosing brain death is imprecise, reinforcing misconceptions. Consistent criteria for all cases of brain death, whether for organ donors or others, are essential to maintain trust.
Key Points:
1. Tougher brain death guidelines are implemented in some countries for potential organ donors.
2. Legal requirements in Europe include team agreement on brain death diagnosis.
3. Strict regulations may increase public doubts about the reliability of brain death diagnoses.
4. Uniform criteria for all brain death diagnoses can help ensure public trust and consistency.
[고1] 2023 11월– 30번:미니멀리즘은불필요한물건제거로삶의명료함제공
The term minimalism gives a negative impression to some people who think that it is all about sacrificing valuable possessions. This insecurity naturally stems from their attachment to their possessions. It is difficult to distance oneself from something that has been around for quite some time. Being an emotional animal, human beings give meaning to the things around them. So, the question arising here is that if minimalism will hurt one's emotions, why become a minimalist? The answer is very simple; the assumption of the question is fundamentally wrong. Minimalism does not hurt emotions. You might feel a bit sad while getting rid of a useless item but sooner than later, this feeling will be overcome by the joy of clarity. Minimalists never argue that you should leave every convenience of the modern era. They are of the view that you only need to eliminate stuff that is unused or not going to be used in the near future.
Possible Titles:
1. Understanding Minimalism: Separating Myths from Reality
2. Emotional Misconceptions and the True Benefits of Minimalism
3. Minimalism as a Path to Clarity Without Sacrifice
4. Dispelling Myths About Minimalism and Emotional Attachments
Main Idea #1:
Minimalism is often misunderstood as sacrificing valuable possessions, but this perception stems from emotional attachment to items.
Main Idea #2:
Minimalism promotes eliminating unnecessary items, not essential conveniences, and offers emotional clarity and joy rather than harm, challenging misconceptions about its impact on emotions.
Summary:
Minimalism is misunderstood by those attached to possessions, who see it as emotional sacrifice. In reality, minimalism encourages removing only unused items, providing clarity and joy over time. It focuses on keeping valuable necessities, not abandoning modern conveniences.
Key Points:
1. Minimalism is wrongly perceived as sacrificing meaningful possessions.
2. Emotional attachment to possessions creates resistance to minimalism.
3. Minimalism involves eliminating unused items, not essential conveniences.
4. The process ultimately leads to emotional clarity and joy, not harm.
[고1] 2023 11월– 31번:시각적적응으로새로운환경에도빠르게적응가능
A remarkable characteristic of the visual system is that it has the ability of adapting itself. Psychologist George M. Stratton made this clear in an impressive self-experiment. Stratton wore reversing glasses for several days, which literally turned the world upside down for him. In the beginning, this caused him great difficulties: just putting food in his mouth with a fork was a challenge for him. With time, however, his visual system adjusted to the new stimuli from reality, and he was able to act normally in his environment again, even seeing it upright when he concentrated. As he took off his reversing glasses, he was again confronted with problems: he used the wrong hand when he wanted to reach for something, for example. Fortunately, Stratton could reverse the perception, and he did not have to wear reversing glasses for the rest of his life. For him, everything returned to normal after one day.
Possible Titles:
1. The Adaptive Power of the Human Visual System
2. George M. Stratton’s Experiment on Visual Adaptation
3. Understanding Perceptual Adjustment Through Reversing Glasses
4. How the Visual System Adjusts to Altered Realities
Main Idea #1:
The human visual system can adapt to altered perceptions, as demonstrated by George M. Stratton's reversing glasses experiment.
Main Idea #2:
Stratton's self-experiment revealed the remarkable adaptability of the visual system, which adjusted to upside-down stimuli and reverted to normal functioning after the removal of reversing glasses.
Summary:
The visual system’s adaptability was demonstrated by George M. Stratton, who wore reversing glasses that flipped his perception upside down. Despite initial challenges, his visual system adapted, allowing him to function normally. After removing the glasses, he experienced temporary disorientation, but his perception returned to normal within a day.
Key Points:
1. Stratton wore reversing glasses that inverted his visual perception.
2. Initially, he faced significant difficulties in daily tasks.
3. Over time, his visual system adapted to the altered perception.
4. Removing the glasses caused temporary disorientation, but normal perception returned within a day.
[고1] 2023 11월– 32번:인터넷사용이지식과대평가를유발할수있음
Participants in a study were asked to answer questions like "Why does the moon have phases?" Half the participants were told to search for the answers on the internet, while the other half weren't allowed to do so. Then, in the second part of the study, all of the participants were presented with a new set of questions, such as "Why does Swiss cheese have holes?" These questions were unrelated to the ones asked during the first part of the study, so participants who used the internet had absolutely no advantage over those who hadn't. You would think that both sets of participants would be equally sure or unsure about how well they could answer the new questions. But those who used the internet in the first part of the study rated themselves as more knowledgeable than those who hadn't, even about questions they hadn't searched online for. The study suggests that having access to unrelated information was enough to pump up their intellectual confidence.
Possible Titles:
1. The Influence of Internet Use on Perceived Knowledge
2. How Access to Information Boosts Intellectual Confidence
3. The Psychological Impact of Searching Online for Answers
4. Unrelated Internet Searches and Their Effect on Self-Perceived Expertise
Main Idea #1:
Participants who used the internet for answers in a study felt more knowledgeable, even about unrelated questions.
Main Idea #2:
The study revealed that internet access during one task inflated participants' confidence in their overall knowledge, even for topics they hadn't researched, highlighting how access to information affects intellectual self-perception.
Summary:
A study found that participants using the internet to answer questions felt more confident in their knowledge, even on unrelated topics. This increased confidence came from access to information rather than actual learning, influencing their perception of expertise.
Key Points:
1. Participants were asked to answer questions, with some using the internet and others not.
2. Internet users rated themselves as more knowledgeable, even on unrelated topics.
3. Access to information increased intellectual confidence, regardless of its relevance.
4. The study highlights how internet use can influence self-perceived expertise.
[고1] 2023 11월– 33번:관점변화로세계이해방식을다각화할수있음
Anthropologist Gregory Bateson suggests that we tend to understand the world by focusing in on particular features within it. Take platypuses. We might zoom in so closely to their fur that each hair appears different. We might also zoom out to the extent where it appears as a single, uniform object. We might take the platypus as an individual, or we might treat it as part of a larger unit such as a species or an ecosystem. It's possible to move between many of these perspectives, although we may need some additional tools and skills to zoom in on individual pieces of hair or zoom out to entire ecosystems. Crucially, however, we can only take up one perspective at a time. We can pay attention to the varied behavior of individual animals, look at what unites them into a single species, or look at them as part of bigger ecological patterns. Every possible perspective involves emphasizing certain aspects and ignoring others.
Possible Titles:
1. Gregory Bateson's Theory on Perspectives and Understanding the World
2. How Our Focus Shapes Perceptions of the Natural World
3. The Platypus as a Model for Perspective-Based Understanding
4. Exploring the Limits and Tools of Shifting Perspectives
Main Idea #1:
Gregory Bateson suggests that understanding the world depends on focusing on specific perspectives.
Main Idea #2:
Our perception of the world involves shifting between perspectives, emphasizing certain aspects while ignoring others, though only one perspective can be taken at a time.
Summary:
Gregory Bateson explains that we understand the world by focusing on specific perspectives, such as viewing a platypus as an individual, part of a species, or an ecosystem component. While tools and skills enable shifts between perspectives, each perspective highlights some aspects while ignoring others, and only one can be held at a time.
Key Points:
1. Understanding depends on focusing on specific features or perspectives.
2. Perspectives can range from individual details to larger systems, like species or ecosystems.
3. Shifting perspectives requires tools and skills but emphasizes certain aspects over others.
4. Only one perspective can be taken at a time, shaping our understanding of the world.
[고1] 2023 11월– 34번:플라톤은이상적'형상'개념으로현실을설명함
Plato's realism includes all aspects of experience but is most easily explained by considering the nature of mathematical and geometrical objects such as circles. He asked the question, what is a circle? You might indicate a particular example carved into stone or drawn in the sand. However, Plato would point out that, if you looked closely enough, you would see that neither it, nor indeed any physical circle, was perfect. They all possessed flaws, and all were subject to change and decayed with time. So how can we talk about perfect circles if we cannot actually see or touch them? Plato's extraordinary answer was that the world we see is a poor reflection of a deeper unseen reality of Forms, or universals, where perfect cats chase perfect mice in perfect circles around perfect rocks. Plato believed that the Forms or universals are the true reality that exists in an invisible but perfect world beyond our senses.
Possible Titles:
1. Plato’s Theory of Forms: Understanding Perfection Beyond the Physical
2. Exploring the Invisible Reality of Plato’s Universals
3. The Nature of Perfection in Plato’s Philosophical Realism
4. How Plato Explained Imperfect Reality Through Perfect Forms
Main Idea #1:
Plato believed that physical objects are imperfect reflections of perfect, unseen universals or Forms.
Main Idea #2:
Through examples like imperfect physical circles, Plato illustrated his belief in a deeper reality of perfect Forms, an invisible but ideal world beyond human senses, where true perfection exists.
Summary:
Plato argued that physical objects, like circles, are flawed and impermanent representations of perfect Forms or universals. These Forms exist in a separate, unseen reality, which he considered the true, unchanging essence of all things.
Key Points:
1. Plato’s realism includes imperfect physical objects and perfect Forms.
2. He used mathematical objects, such as circles, to illustrate his theory.
3. The physical world is a reflection of an unseen, perfect reality.
4. Forms or universals exist in an invisible, ideal realm beyond sensory experience.
[고1] 2023 11월– 35번:데이터확장이정확성보다유용성을강화함
In statistics, the law of large numbers describes a situation where having more data is better for making predictions. According to it, the more often an experiment is conducted, the closer the average of the results can be expected to match the true state of the world. For instance, on your first encounter with the game of roulette, you may have beginner's luck after betting on 7. But the more often you repeat this bet, the closer the relative frequency of wins and losses is expected to approach the true chance of winning, meaning that your luck will at some point fade away. Similarly, car insurers collect large amounts of data to figure out the chances that drivers will cause accidents, depending on their age, region, or car brand. Both casinos and insurance industries rely on the law of large numbers to balance individual losses.
Possible Titles:
1. Understanding the Law of Large Numbers in Predictions and Risk Management
2. How Casinos and Insurers Use the Law of Large Numbers
3. The Predictive Power of Large Data Sets in Statistics
4. From Roulette to Insurance: Applications of the Law of Large Numbers
Main Idea #1:
The law of large numbers states that more data improves the accuracy of predictions by aligning averages with true probabilities.
Main Idea #2:
The law of large numbers explains how repeated experiments lead to results that reflect true probabilities, influencing industries like casinos and insurance to predict outcomes and manage risks effectively.
Summary:
The law of large numbers shows that as the number of trials increases, the results align more closely with true probabilities, as seen in roulette outcomes and insurance risk calculations. Both casinos and insurers rely on this principle to balance individual losses and predict outcomes with accuracy.
Key Points:
1. The law of large numbers links more data to better prediction accuracy.
2. Repeated experiments approach the true probabilities of outcomes.
3. Casinos use it to ensure profits over time despite individual wins.
4. Insurers rely on large data sets to predict accident risks and set policies.
[고1] 2023 11월– 36번:청소년기감정의사결정은전두엽미성숙과연관됨
The adolescent brain is not fully developed until its early twenties. This means the way the adolescents' decision-making circuits integrate and process information may put them at a disadvantage. One of their brain regions that matures later is the prefrontal cortex, which is the control center, tasked with thinking ahead and evaluating consequences. It is the area of the brain responsible for preventing you from sending off an initial angry text and modifying it with kinder words. On the other hand, the limbic system matures earlier, playing a central role in processing emotional responses. Because of its earlier development, it is more likely to influence decision-making. Decision-making in the adolescent brain is led by emotional factors more than the perception of consequences. Due to these differences, there is an imbalance between feeling-based decision-making ruled by the more mature limbic system and logical-based decision-making by the not-yet-mature prefrontal cortex. This may explain why some teens are more likely to make bad decisions.
Possible Titles:
1. Understanding Adolescent Decision-Making and Brain Development
2. The Role of Brain Maturity in Teen Decision-Making
3. How Emotional and Logical Imbalances Shape Adolescent Choices
4. Why Adolescents Are More Prone to Impulsive Decisions
Main Idea #1:
Adolescents' decision-making is influenced by the underdeveloped prefrontal cortex and the more developed limbic system.
Main Idea #2:
The adolescent brain's imbalance between the emotional limbic system and the logical prefrontal cortex leads to decision-making driven more by emotions than by evaluating consequences.
Summary:
Adolescents are more likely to make emotional decisions because their limbic system develops earlier than their prefrontal cortex, which governs logic and consequence evaluation. This developmental imbalance explains their tendency toward impulsive and risky choices.
Key Points:
1. The adolescent brain is not fully developed until the early twenties.
2. The prefrontal cortex, responsible for logic and evaluating consequences, matures later.
3. The limbic system, governing emotional responses, develops earlier and strongly influences decisions.
4. The imbalance between emotional and logical decision-making explains impulsive choices in teens.
[고1] 2023 11월– 37번:얼굴인식기술의정확성을높이기위한연구필요
Despite the remarkable progress in deep-learning based facial recognition approaches in recent years, in terms of identification performance, they still have limitations. These limitations relate to the database used in the learning stage. If the selected database does not contain enough instances, the result may be systematically affected. For example, the performance of a facial biometric system may decrease if the person to be identified was enrolled over 10 years ago. The factor to consider is that this person may experience changes in the texture of the face, particularly with the appearance of wrinkles and sagging skin. These changes may be highlighted by weight gain or loss. To counteract this problem, researchers have developed models for face aging or digital de-aging. It is used to compensate for the differences in facial characteristics, which appear over a given time period.
Possible Titles:
1. Challenges and Solutions in Facial Recognition Over Time
2. Addressing Aging Effects in Deep-Learning Facial Recognition Systems
3. The Role of Face Aging Models in Biometric Accuracy
4. How Facial Changes Impact Deep-Learning Recognition Systems
Main Idea #1:
Facial recognition systems face limitations due to insufficient database diversity and facial changes over time.
Main Idea #2:
Deep-learning facial recognition systems struggle with identifying individuals after significant time due to aging-related changes, prompting researchers to develop face aging and de-aging models to improve accuracy.
Summary:
Deep-learning facial recognition systems face challenges when individuals’ facial features change over time due to aging or weight fluctuations. Insufficient database diversity compounds this issue. Researchers use face aging and de-aging models to address these limitations and improve identification accuracy.
Key Points:
1. Facial recognition performance depends on the diversity of the training database.
2. Aging-related changes, like wrinkles or sagging skin, impact system accuracy.
3. Weight changes can further alter facial characteristics and reduce performance.
4. Face aging and de-aging models help mitigate these challenges over time.
[고1] 2023 11월– 38번:농작물다양성감소가식량체계취약성을증가시킴
The decline in the diversity of our food is an entirely human-made process. The biggest loss of crop diversity came in the decades that followed the Second World War. In an attempt to save millions from extreme hunger, crop scientists found ways to produce grains such as rice and wheat on an enormous scale. And thousands of traditional varieties were replaced by a small number of new super-productive ones. The strategy worked spectacularly well, at least to begin with. Because of it, grain production tripled, and between 1970 and 2020 the human population more than doubled. Leaving the contribution of that strategy to one side, the danger of creating more uniform crops is that they are more at risk when it comes to disasters. Specifically, a global food system that depends on just a narrow selection of plants has a greater chance of not being able to survive diseases, pests and climate extremes.
Possible Titles:
1. The Impact of Uniform Crops on Global Food Security
2. How Post-War Agriculture Reduced Crop Diversity Worldwide
3. Balancing Productivity and Resilience in Crop Diversity Loss
4. The Risks of Uniformity in Modern Agriculture
Main Idea #1:
The decline in crop diversity resulted from replacing traditional varieties with super-productive crops after World War II.
Main Idea #2:
While the introduction of high-yield crops initially alleviated hunger and boosted grain production, the loss of diversity has made global agriculture more vulnerable to diseases, pests, and climate extremes.
Summary:
The decline in crop diversity began after World War II, when super-productive crops replaced traditional varieties to combat hunger. Although this increased grain production and supported population growth, it also made the global food system more susceptible to disasters like diseases and climate extremes.
Key Points:
1. Crop diversity declined sharply after World War II due to the adoption of high-yield varieties.
2. Traditional crop varieties were replaced by fewer, more productive ones.
3. Grain production tripled, supporting rapid population growth.
4. Reduced crop diversity increases vulnerability to diseases, pests, and climate challenges.
[고1] 2023 11월– 39번:쿠바야구팀의전통유니폼변경이팀쇠퇴와연관
Between 1940 and 2000, Cuba ruled the world baseball scene. They won 25 of the first 28 World Cups and 3 of 5 Olympic Games. The Cubans were known for wearing uniforms covered in red from head to toe, a strong contrast to the more conservative North American style featuring grey or white pants. Not only were their athletic talents superior, the Cubans appeared even stronger from just the colour of their uniforms. A game would not even start and the opposing team would already be scared. A few years ago, Cuba altered that uniform style, modernizing it and perhaps conforming to other countries' style; interestingly, the national team has declined since that time. The country that ruled international baseball for decades has not been on top since that uniform change. Traditions are important for a team; while a team brand or image can adjust to keep up with present times, if it abandons or neglects its roots, negative effects can surface.
Possible Titles:
1. The Rise and Fall of Cuba's Dominance in Baseball
2. How Tradition and Uniforms Shaped Cuban Baseball Success
3. The Psychological Impact of Cuba’s Iconic Baseball Uniforms
4. Cuba’s Baseball Decline and the Importance of Team Traditions
Main Idea #1:
Cuba dominated international baseball for decades, partly due to their superior skills and intimidating uniforms.
Main Idea #2:
Cuba's switch to modernized uniforms marked the beginning of a decline in its baseball dominance, emphasizing the importance of maintaining team traditions and identity.
Summary:
Between 1940 and 2000, Cuba dominated baseball, winning numerous World Cups and Olympic titles, with their red uniforms playing a psychological role. After adopting modernized uniforms, their dominance declined, highlighting the potential impact of losing team traditions.
Key Points:
1. Cuba ruled international baseball from 1940 to 2000, winning 25 World Cups and 3 Olympic titles.
2. Their all-red uniforms intimidated opponents, enhancing their psychological advantage.
3. Modernizing their uniforms coincided with a decline in their baseball success.
4. The importance of maintaining traditions and team identity is underscored by this decline.
[고1] 2023 11월– 40번:문화전파는유전적전파보다복잡한요소포함
Many of the first models of cultural evolution drew noticeable connections between culture and genes by using concepts from theoretical population genetics and applying them to culture. Cultural patterns of transmission, innovation, and selection are conceptually likened to genetic processes of transmission, mutation, and selection. However, these approaches had to be modified to account for the differences between genetic and cultural transmission. For example, we do not expect the cultural transmission to follow the rules of genetic transmission strictly. If two biological parents have different forms of a cultural trait, their child is not necessarily equally likely to acquire the mother's or father's form of that trait. Further, a child can acquire cultural traits not only from its parents but also from nonparental adults and peers; thus, the frequency of a cultural trait in the population is relevant beyond just the probability that an individual's parents had that trait. -> Early cultural evolution models used the similarity between culture and genes but had to be revised since cultural transmission allows for more diverse factors than genetic transmission.
Possible Titles:
1. Revisiting Early Models of Cultural Evolution and Transmission
2. Understanding the Differences Between Cultural and Genetic Transmission
3. How Cultural Traits Evolve Beyond Genetic Analogies
4. Modifications in Cultural Evolution Models to Reflect Human Complexity
Main Idea #1:
Early cultural evolution models drew parallels with genetic processes but required adjustments to reflect cultural transmission's unique characteristics.
Main Idea #2:
Unlike genetic transmission, cultural transmission involves diverse influences beyond parental traits, including peers and societal trends, requiring models to account for these broader factors.
Summary:
Early cultural evolution models likened cultural processes to genetic ones but were revised to address differences. Cultural transmission differs from genetic transmission as traits can be acquired from peers and society, not just parents, making population-level frequency critical.
Key Points:
1. Early models of cultural evolution were inspired by population genetics.
2. Cultural traits were initially compared to genetic processes like transmission and mutation.
3. Cultural transmission differs, allowing traits to be acquired from peers and nonparental influences.
4. Models were revised to account for societal and population-level influences on cultural traits.
[고1] 2023 11월– 41~42번:협력적행동이그룹내시너지효과를생성
A ball thrown into the air is acted upon by the initial force given it, persisting as inertia of movement and tending to carry it in the same straight line, and by the constant pull of gravity downward, as well as by the resistance of the air. It moves, accordingly, in a curved path. Now the path does not represent the working of any particular force; there is simply the combination of the three elementary forces mentioned; but in a real sense, there is something in the total action besides the isolated action of three forces, namely, their joint action. In the same way, when two or more human individuals are together, their mutual relationships and their arrangement into a group are things which would not be revealed if we confined our attention to each individual separately. The significance of group behavior is greatly increased in the case of human beings by the fact that some of the tendencies to action of the individual are related definitely to other persons, and could not be aroused except by other persons acting as stimuli. An individual in complete isolation would not reveal their competitive tendencies, their tendencies towards the opposite sex, their protective tendencies towards children. This shows that the traits of human nature do not fully appear until the individual is brought into relationships with other individuals.
Possible Titles:
1. Understanding Human Behavior Through Group Dynamics and Relationships
2. How Individual Traits Emerge in Social Contexts
3. The Influence of Social Interactions on Human Behavior
4. Group Dynamics as a Key to Revealing Human Nature
Main Idea #1:
Human behavior cannot be fully understood in isolation, as social interactions reveal traits and tendencies unique to relationships.
Main Idea #2:
Just as a ball’s curved path arises from the combined forces acting on it, human behavior emerges from the interplay of social interactions, which stimulate tendencies such as competitiveness, attraction, and protectiveness, not evident in isolation.
Summary:
Human behavior develops through interactions, as certain tendencies like competition or protectiveness are only triggered by social relationships. Like a ball's curved trajectory resulting from combined forces, individual traits are shaped and revealed in group dynamics.
Key Points:
1. Individual behavior is influenced by relationships and group dynamics.
2. Certain tendencies, like competitiveness or attraction, only arise in social contexts.
3. Human nature is incomplete in isolation, requiring interactions to fully emerge.
4. Group behavior reveals traits that would remain hidden in solitary individuals.
[고1] 2023 11월– 43~45번:다툰형제가목수의도움으로화해와관계회복
There once lived a man in a village who was not happy with his life. He was always troubled by one problem or another. One day, a saint with his guards stopped by his village. Many people heard the news and started going to him with their problems. The man also decided to visit the saint. Even after reaching the saint's place in the morning, he didn't get the opportunity to meet him till evening. When the man got to meet the saint, he confessed that he was very unhappy with life because problems always surrounded him, like workplace tension or worries about his health. He said, "Please give me a solution so that all the problems in my life will end and I can live peacefully." The saint smiled and said that he would answer the request the next day. But the saint also asked if the man could do a small job for him. He told the man to take care of a hundred camels in his group that night, saying "When all hundred camels sit down, you can go to sleep." The man agreed. The next morning when the saint met that man, he asked if the man had slept well. Tired and sad, the man replied that he couldn't sleep even for a moment. In fact, the man tried very hard but couldn't make all the camels sit at the same time because every time he made one camel sit, another would stand up. The saint told him, "You realized that no matter how hard you try, you can't make all the camels sit down. If one problem is solved, for some reason, another will arise like the camels did. So, humans should enjoy life despite these problems."
Possible Titles:
1. Life Lessons from the Saint and the Hundred Camels
2. Accepting Life’s Challenges to Find Peace and Happiness
3. The Wisdom of Embracing Problems in Daily Life
4. Why Problems Are Like Camels That Never Fully Rest
Main Idea #1:
A man learns from a saint that life’s problems are constant, and peace comes from accepting and living with them.
Main Idea #2:
Through the metaphor of camels that never all sit at once, the saint teaches that trying to eliminate all problems is futile and that happiness lies in enjoying life despite ongoing challenges.
Summary:
A man, troubled by constant problems, seeks a saint’s advice. The saint uses a task with camels to show that problems, like camels, will never fully disappear. The lesson is to live peacefully by accepting and enjoying life amid challenges.
Key Points:
1. A man visits a saint to find a solution to his endless problems.
2. The saint gives the man a task to manage a hundred camels for the night.
3. The man realizes it’s impossible to make all the camels sit at once.
4. The saint explains that problems are constant and peace comes from acceptance and enjoying life.
⑥Could you restrict the time the basketball court is open to before 9 p.m.?
당신은농구코트를여는시간을밤9시이전으로제한해주실수있으십니까?
⑦I'm sure I'm not the only person in the neighborhood that is affected by this noise issue.
저는이근처에서이소음문제에의해영향받는유일한사람이아님을확신합니다.
⑧I appreciate your assistance.
당신의협조에감사드립니다.
⑨Sincerely, Ian Baldwin
진심을담아, Ian Baldwin
[고2] 2023 11월– 19번:부족의식에서아버지의존재로안정감을얻음
①Chaske, a Cherokee boy, was sitting on a tree stump.
체로키족소년인Chaske는나무그루터기에앉아있었다.
②As a rite of passage for youths in his tribe, Chaske had to survive one night in the forest wearing a blindfold, not knowing he was observed by his father.
③After the sunset, Chaske could hear all kinds of noises.
해가지고난후에, Chaske는모든종류의소리를들을수있었다.
④The wind blew the grass and shook his stump.
바람이풀을휘저으며그의그루터기를흔들었다.
⑤A sense of dread swept through his body.
두려움이그의몸을휩쓸었다.
⑥What if wild beasts are looking at me? I can't stand this!
'만약야생짐승들이나를바라보고있다면어떡하지?나는이것을견딜수가없어!'
⑦Just as he was about to take off the blindfold to run away, a voice came in from somewhere.
그가도망가기위해눈가리개를막벗으려고했을때어디선가한음성이들려왔다.
⑧"I'm here around you. Don't give up, and complete your mission."
"나는여기네주변에있어.포기하지말고너의임무를완수해."
⑨It was his father's voice.
그것은그의아버지의목소리였다.
⑩He has been watching me from nearby!
'그가근처에서나를지켜보고있었구나!'
⑪With just the presence of his father, the boy regained stability.
그의아버지의존재만으로도소년은안정을되찾았다.
⑫What panicked him awfully a moment ago vanished into thin air.
조금전까지그를끔찍하게겁에질리게한것들이온데간데없이사라졌다.
[고2] 2023 11월– 20번:농업의발전과지속가능성을위한해결책필요
①Agriculture includes a range of activities such as planting, harvesting, fertilizing, pest management, raising animals, and distributing food and agricultural products.
②It is one of the oldest and most essential human activities, dating back thousands of years, and has played a critical role in the development of human civilizations, allowing people to create stable food supplies and settle in one place.
③Today, agriculture remains a vital industry that feeds the world's population, supports rural communities, and provides raw materials for other industries.
④However, agriculture faces numerous challenges such as climate change, water scarcity, soil degradation, and biodiversity loss.
그러나,농업은기후변화,물부족,토질저하,생물다양성손실과같은수많은문제에직면하고있다.
⑤As the world's population continues to grow, it is essential to find sustainable solutions to address the challenges facing agriculture and ensure the continued production of food and other agricultural products.
③"In art, when there's something challenging, which can also be uncomfortable, this discomfort, if we're willing to engage with it, offers the possibility of some change, some transformation.
④That can also be a powerful aesthetic experience."
그것은또한강력한미적경험이될수있다."
⑤The arts, in this way, become vehicles to contend with ideas and concepts that are difficult and uncomfortable otherwise.
예술은,이런방식으로,그렇지않았더라면어렵고불편한아이디어및개념들과싸우는매개체가된다.
⑥When Picasso painted his masterpiece Guernica in 1937, he captured the heartbreaking and cruel nature of war, and offered the world a way to consider the universal suffering caused by the Spanish Civil War.
⑦When Lorraine Hansberry wrote her play A Raisin in the Sun, she gave us a powerful story of people struggling with racism, discrimination, and the pursuit of the American dream while also offering a touching portrait of family life.
Lorraine Hansberry가그녀의희곡A Raisin in the Sun을썼을때,그녀는또한가족생활에대한감동적인초상화를제공하면서인종차별,차별,아메리칸드림의추구를위해고군분투하는사람들의강력한이야기를우리에게주었다.
[고2] 2023 11월– 22번:기계식시계가시간개념과경제발전에기여
①Many historians have pointed to the significance of accurate time measurement to Western economic progress.
많은역사가들은서양의경제적진보에있어서정확한시간측정의중요성을시사해왔다.
②The French historian Jacques Le Goff called the birth of the public mechanical clock a turning point in Western society.
프랑스역사가Jacques Le Goff는공공기계시계의탄생을서구사회에서의전환점이라고불렀다.
③Until the late Middle Ages, people had sun or water clocks, which did not play any meaningful role in business activities.
⑦This, in turn, helped facilitate trade and commerce.
그결과,이것은무역과상업을촉진하는데도움을주었다.
⑧Interactions and transactions between consumers, retailers, and wholesalers became less irregular.
소비자,소매업자,그리고도매업자간의상호작용과거래는덜불규칙해졌다.
⑨Important town meetings began to follow the pace of the clock, allowing people to better plan their time and allocate resources in a more efficient manner.
③Just as children on the autism spectrum with robot companions might be easily fooled into thinking of robots as friends, older adults with cognitive deficits might be.
④According to Alexis Elder, a professor at UMD, robots are false friends, inferior to true friendship.
UMD의교수인Alexis Elder에따르면,로봇은진정한우정보다,열등한'가짜'친구이다.
⑤Reasoning along similar lines, John Sullins, a professor at Sonoma State University, holds that robots should "remain iconic or cartoonish so that they are easily distinguished as synthetic even by unsophisticated users."
⑦Making robots clearly fake also avoids the so-called "uncanny valley," where robots are perceived as scary because they so closely resemble us, but not quite.
⑧Other critics of robot deception argue that when care recipients are deceived into thinking that robots care, this crosses a line and violates human dignity.
③The percentage of respondents who believed that targeted ads were interesting was the highest in the age group of 18 to 24.
표적광고들이흥미롭다고믿는응답자들의비율은18세에서24세연령층에서가장높았다.
④The percentage of respondents aged 25 to 34 who said that targeted ads were intrusive was the same as that of respondents aged 45 to 54 who said the same.
⑤Among all age groups, the gap between respondents who said targeted ads were interesting and those who believed them to be intrusive was the largest in the 35-to-44 age group.
⑤The racial discrimination by white bankers drove her to study banking and financial laws.
백인은행가들에의한인종차별은그녀로하여금은행금융법을공부하게만들었다.
⑥She established a newspaper to promote closer communication between the charitable organization she belonged to and the public.
그녀는그녀가속한자선단체와대중간의더긴밀한소통을장려하고자신문사를설립했다.
⑦Soon after, she founded the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank, which survived the Great Depression and merged with two other banks.
곧이어,그녀는St. Luke Penny Savings Bank를설립했는데,그것은대공황에서살아남아두개의다른은행들과합병했다.
⑧It thrived as the oldest continually African American-operated bank until 2009.
그것은2009년까지지속적으로아프리카계미국인에의해운영되는가장오래된은행으로서번창했다.
⑨Walker achieved successes with the vision to make improvements in the way of life for African Americans.
Walker는아프리카계미국인들을위한삶의방식에서개선을이루고자하는비전으로성공을거두었다.
[고2] 2023 11월– 29번:렉틴과잉섭취가건강에미치는부정적영향
①Lectins are large proteins that serve as a crucial weapon that plants use to defend themselves.
렉틴은식물들이그들스스로를방어하기위해사용하는중요한무기로서역할을하는커다란단백질이다.
②The lectins in most plants bind to carbohydrates as we consume the plant.
대부분의식물에있는렉틴은우리가식물을섭취할때탄수화물과결합한다.
③They also bind to sugar molecules found in the gut, in the brain, between nerve endings, in joints and in all bodily fluids.
그것들은또한장,뇌,신경말단사이,관절및모든체액에서발견되는당분자들과결합한다.
④According to Dr. Steven Gundry, these sticky proteins can interrupt messaging between cells and cause toxic and inflammatory reactions.
Dr. Steven Gundry에따르면,이러한끈적끈적한단백질은세포들간의메시지전달을방해하고독성및염증성의반응을일으킬수있다.
⑤Brain fog is just one result of lectins interrupting communication between nerves.
뇌피로현상은렉틴이신경들간의소통을방해하는단지하나의결과에지나지않는다.
⑥An upset stomach is another common symptom of lectin overload.
위장장애는렉틴과다의또다른흔한증상이다.
⑦Dr. Gundry lists a wide range of other health problems including aching joints, dementia, headaches and infertility that have been resolved in his patients once they eliminated lectins from their diets.
Dr. Gundry는그의환자들이자신의식단에서렉틴을제거하였을때해결되어왔던관절통,치매,두통,그리고불임을포함한광범위한다양한건강문제들을나열한다.
⑧Dr. Paul Saladino writes that the hypothesis that lectins are involved in Parkinson's disease is also gaining support, with animal studies showing that 'lectins, once eaten, may be damaging the gut and travelling to the brain, where they appear to be toxic to dopaminergic neurons'.
Dr. Paul Saladino는렉틴이파킨슨병과관련이있다는가설이'렉틴이일단섭취되면,장에손상을입히고뇌로이동해그곳에서그것들이도파민작동성신경세포에독성을일으키는것처럼보인다.'는것을보여주는동물연구들과함께또한지지를얻고있다고기록한다.
[고2] 2023 11월– 30번:기술발전이프라이버시재정의의필요성을강조
①Technology changes how individuals and societies understand the concept of privacy.
기술은개인들과사회가사생활의개념을이해하는방식을변화시킨다.
②The fact that someone has a new ability to access information or watch the actions of another does not justify doing so.
③Rather, advances in technology require citizens and policy makers to consider how privacy protections should be expanded.
오히려,기술의발전은시민들과정책입안자들이어떻게사생활보호가확장되어야하는지고려할것을요구한다.
④For example, when cameras first became available for commercial and private use, nations and citizens struggled over whether new laws should be enacted to protect individuals from being photographed without their permission.
⑤The reconsideration of privacy brought about by this new technology re-affirmed a distinction between private and public spaces.
이새로운기술이가져온사생활에대한재고는사적및공적공간의구별을재확인했다.
⑥It was determined by most cultures that people automatically gave consent to being seen ― and thus recorded ― once they voluntarily stepped into a public space.
⑦Although some people might be uncomfortable with the spread of surveillance cameras, citizens in most cultures have adjusted to the fact that giving up the right not to be observed in these circumstances causes less harm to the community than failing to have surveillance.
①Coincidence that is statistically impossible seems to us like an irrational event, and some define it as a miracle.
통계적으로불가능한우연은우리에게비이성적인사건처럼보이고,어떤이들은그것을기적으로정의한다.
②But, as Montaigne has said, "the origin of a miracle is in our ignorance, at the level of our knowledge of nature, and not in nature itself."
그러나, Montaigne가말했듯이, "기적의기원은자연그자체가아니라자연에대한우리의지식수준에서,우리의무지에있다."
③Glorious miracles have been later on discovered to be obedience to the laws of nature or a technological development that was not widely known at the time.
④As the German poet, Goethe, phrased it: "Things that are mysterious are not yet miracles."
독일시인Goethe가그것을표현했듯이, "'신비한'것들은아직'기적'이'아니다'."
⑤The miracle assumes the intervention of a "higher power" in its occurrence that is beyond human capability to grasp.
기적은그것의발생에있어서인간이이해할수있는능력너머의'더높은힘'의개입을가정한다.
⑥Yet there are methodical and simple ways to "cause a miracle" without divine revelation and inspiration.
하지만,신적인계시와영감없이'기적을일으키는'체계적이고간단한방법들이있다.
⑦Instead of checking it out, investigating and finding the source of the event, we define it as a miracle.
그것을확인하는것,즉,그사건의근원을조사하고찾는것대신에,우리는그것을기적으로정의한다.
⑧The miracle, then, is the excuse of those who are too lazy to think.
그렇다면,기적은생각하는데너무게으른사람들의핑계이다.
[고2] 2023 11월– 32번:외부정보가사건기억에영향을미칠수있음
①Information encountered after an event can influence subsequent remembering.
사건후에마주친정보는이후의기억하는것에영향을미칠수있다.
②External information can easily integrate into a witness's memory, especially if the event was poorly encoded or the memory is from a distant event, in which case time and forgetting have degraded the original memory.
③With reduced information available in memory with which to confirm the validity of post-event misinformation, it is less likely that this new information will be rejected.
④Instead, especially when it fits the witness's current thinking and can be used to create a story that makes sense to him or her, it may be integrated as part of the original experience.
⑤This process can be explicit (i.e., the witness knows it is happening), but it is often unconscious.
이과정은명시적일수있지만(즉,목격자는그것이일어나고있다는것을알고있다),그것은흔히무의식적이다.
⑥That is, the witness might find himself or herself thinking about the event differently without awareness.
즉,목격자는의식하지못한채그사건에대해다르게생각하는그자신또는그녀자신을발견할지도모른다.
⑦Over time, the witness may not even know the source of information that led to the (new) memory.
시간이지남에따라,목격자는(새로운)기억으로이끄는정보의출처조차모를지도모른다.
⑧Sources of misinformation in forensic contexts can be encountered anywhere, from discussions with other witnesses to social media searches to multiple interviews with investigators or other legal professionals, and even in court.
①Correlations are powerful because the insights they offer are relatively clear.
상관관계는그것들이제공하는통찰력이비교적명확하기때문에강력하다.
②These insights are often covered up when we bring causality back into the picture.
이러한통찰력은종종우리가인과관계를그상황으로다시가져올때가려진다.
③For instance, a used-car dealer supplied data to statisticians to predict which of the vehicles available for purchase at an auction were likely to have problems.
④A correlation analysis showed that orange-colored cars were far less likely to have defects.
한상관관계분석은주황색차들이결함이있을가능성이훨씬적다는것을보여줬다.
⑤Even as we read this, we already think about why it might be so:
심지어우리가이것을읽으면서도,우리는이미왜그럴지에대해생각한다.
⑥Are orange-colored car owners likely to be car enthusiasts and take better care of their vehicles?
주황색차를소유한사람들이자동차애호가여서그들의차량을더잘관리할가능성이있는가?
⑦Or, is it because orange-colored cars are more noticeable on the road and therefore less likely to be in accidents, so they're in better condition when resold?
③That is why nature has made mice to live, on average, for no longer than two years.
그것이자연이쥐를평균적으로2년이상살지못하게만든이유이다.
④Now we have arrived at an important point:
이제우리는중요한지점에도달했다.
⑤The average life span of an animal species, or the rate at which it ages, is determined by the average time that this animal species can survive in the wild.
동물종의평균수명,또는그것이노화하는속도는이동물종이야생에서생존할수있는평균시간에의해결정된다.
⑥That explains why a bat can live to be 30 years old.
그것은왜박쥐가30세까지살수있는지를설명해준다.
⑦In contrast to mice, bats can fly, which is why they can escape from danger much faster.
쥐와대조적으로박쥐는날수있고,이것은그들이위험에서훨씬더빨리도망칠수있는이유이다.
⑧Thanks to their wings, bats can also cover longer distances and are better able to find food.
그들의날개덕분에,박쥐들은또한더긴거리를이동할수있고먹이를더잘찾을수있다.
⑨Every genetic change in the past that made it possible for a bat to live longer was useful, because bats are much better able than mice to flee from danger, find food, and survive.
①Moral excellence, according to Aristotle, is the result of habit and repetition, though modern science would also suggest that it may have an innate, genetic component.
④Recent psychological research shows that personality traits stabilize around age thirty in both men and women and regardless of ethnicity as the human brain continues to develop, both neuroanatomically and in terms of cognitive skills, until the mid-twenties.
⑩To avoid overheating, chamois goats now spend more of their days resting rather than searching for food, and as a result, in just a few decades, the new generations of chamois are 25 percent smaller.
④Having the full (or close to the full) dataset provides a lot more freedom to explore, to look at the data from different angles or to look closer at certain aspects of it.
⑤A fitting example may be the light-field camera, which captures not just a single plane of light, as with conventional cameras, but rays from the entire light field, some 11 million of them.
⑥The photographers can decide later which element of an image to focus on in the digital file.
사진사들은디지털파일에서이미지의어느요소에초점을맞출지를나중에결정할수있다.
⑦There is no need to focus at the beginning, since collecting all the information makes it possible to do that afterwards.
모든정보를수집하는것은그것을나중에하는것을가능하게만들기때문에,처음에초점을맞출필요는없다.
⑧Because rays from the entire light field are included, it is closer to all the data.
전체라이트필드의빛이포함되기때문에,그것은모든데이터에더가깝다.
⑨As a result, the information is more "reuseable" than ordinary pictures, where the photographer has to decide what to focus on before she presses the shutter.
①Introverted leaders do have to overcome the strong cultural presumption that extroverts are more effective leaders.
내향적인리더들은외향적인사람들이더유능한리더라는강력한문화적억측을극복해야한다.
②Although the population splits into almost equal parts between introverts and extroverts, more than 96 percent of managers and executives are extroverted.
③In a study done in 2006, 65 percent of senior corporate executives viewed introversion as a barrier to leadership.
2006년에실시된한연구에서,기업고위임원의65%가내향성을리더십의장애물로간주했다.
④We must reexamine this stereotype, however, as it doesn't always hold true.
하지만그것이항상맞는것은아니기때문에우리는이고정관념을재검토해야한다.
⑤Regent University found that a desire to be of service to others and to empower them to grow, which is more common among introverts than extroverts, is a key factor in becoming a leader and retaining leadership.
⑥So-called servant leadership, dating back to ancient philosophical literature, adheres to the belief that a company's goals are best achieved by helping workers or customers achieve their goals.
⑦Such leaders do not seek attention but rather want to shine a light on others' wins and achievements; servant leadership requires humility, but that humility ultimately pays off.
①By the nineteenth century, France had developed a system of precisely defined units of measurement to capture space, time, and more, and had begun to get other nations to adopt the same standards.
②Just half a century later, in the 1920s, the discoveries of quantum mechanics forever destroyed the dream of comprehensive and perfect measurement.
불과반세기후, 1920년대에,양자역학의발견은포괄적이고완벽한측정에대한꿈을영원히깨버렸다.
③And yet, outside a relatively small circle of physicists, the mindset of humankind's drive to flawlessly measure continued among engineers and scientists.
⑤However, contrary to the trend of the past several decades, in many new situations that are occurring today, allowing for imprecision ― for messiness ― may be a positive feature, not a shortcoming.
①Multiple laboratory studies show that cooperative people tend to receive social advantages from others.
여러실험실연구들은협력적인사람들이다른사람들로부터사회적인혜택들을받는경향이있다는것을보여준다.
②One way to demonstrate this is to give people the opportunity to act positively or negatively toward contributors.
이것을증명하는한가지방법은사람들에게기여자들을향해긍정적이거나부정적으로행동할기회를주는것이다.
③For example, Pat Barclay, a professor at the University of Guelph, had participants play a cooperative game where people could contribute money toward a group fund which helped all group members, and then allowed participants to give money to other participants based on their reputations.
예를들어, Guelph대학교의교수인, Pat Barclay는참가자들로하여금모든집단구성원들을도와주는집단기금에사람들이돈을기부할수있는협동게임을하도록한다음,참가자들이그들의평판을바탕으로다른참가자들에게돈을줄수있도록허락했다.
④People who contributed more to the group fund were given responsibility for more money than people who contributed less.
집단기금에더많이기부한사람들은덜기부한사람들보다더많은돈에대한책임이주어졌다.
⑤Similar results have been found by other researchers.
유사한결과들이다른연구자들에의해발견되었다.
⑥People who contribute toward their groups are also chosen more often as interaction partners, preferred as leaders, rated as more desirable partners for long-term relationships, and are perceived to be trustworthy and have high social status.
⑦Uncooperative people tend to receive verbal criticism or even more severe punishment.
비협조적인사람들은언어적인비판이나심지어더심한벌을받는경향이있다.
⑧-> Studies suggest that individuals who act with generosity toward their communities are more likely to be viewed as deserving of benefit by members of that community than those who don't.
①In Western society, many music performance settings make a clear distinction between performers and audience members: the performers are the "doers" and those in the audience take a decidedly passive role.
②The performance space itself may further reinforce the distinction with a physical separation between the stage and audience seating.
공연공간그자체가무대와청중석사이의물리적분리로구분을더강화할수있다.
③Perhaps because this distinction is so common, audiences seem to greatly value opportunities to have special "access" to performers that affords understanding about performers' style of music.
④Some performing musicians have won great approval by regularly incorporating "audience participation" into their concerts.
일부공연음악가는정기적으로그들의콘서트에'청중참여'를포함함으로써큰호응을받아왔다.
⑤Whether by leading a sing-along activity or teaching a rhythm to be clapped at certain points, including audience members in the music making can boost the level of engagement and enjoyment for all involved.
⑥Performers who are uncomfortable leading audience participation can still connect with the audience simply by giving a special glimpse of the performer perspective.
⑦It is quite common in classical music to provide audiences with program notes.
클래식음악에서는청중에게프로그램해설을제공하는것이상당히흔하다.
⑧Typically, this text in a program gives background information about pieces of music being performed and perhaps biographical information about historically significant composers.
⑨What may be of more interest to audience members is background information about the very performers who are onstage, including an explanation of why they have chosen the music they are presenting.
⑩Such insight can make audience members feel near to the musicians onstage, both metaphorically and emotionally.
그러한통찰력은청중들이무대위에있는음악가들에게비유적이고감정적으로더가까이느끼게만들수있다.
⑪This connection will likely enhance the expressive and communicative experience.
이러한연결은표현적이고소통적인경험을아마향상시킬것이다.
[고2] 2023 11월– 43~45번:다툰형제가목수의다리로화해와관계회복
①Once upon a time, two brothers, Robert and James, who lived on neighboring farms fell into conflict.
옛날옛적에,가까운농장에사는두형제인Robert와James가갈등에빠졌다.
②It was the first serious fight in 40 years of farming side by side.
그것은함께나란히농사를지은지40년만에최초의심각한싸움이었다.
③It began with a small misunderstanding and it grew into a major argument, and finally it exploded into an exchange of bitter words followed by weeks of silence.
