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NE능률 Advanced Reading Expert Level 2 [2020 개정] 

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NE능률 Advanced Reading Expert Level 1 [2020 개정]의 한줄해석(좌지문 우해석) 자료입니다. 이번에는 일부 학교에서 부교재로 사용되는NE능률의 Reading Expert 시리즈에 대해한줄해석(좌지문 우해석) 작업

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NE능률 Reading Expert 1 [2020 개정] - 한줄해석 (좌지문 우해석)

NE능률 Reading Expert 1 [2020 개정]의 한줄해석(좌지문 우해석) 자료입니다. 이번에는 일부 학교에서 부교재로 사용되는NE능률의 Reading Expert 시리즈에 대해한줄해석(좌지문 우해석) 작업했습니다. 

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Unit 01. Psychology - Reading 1: Aggression
① Aggression is a term used to describe behavior that is generally designed to cause physical or psychological damage. 공격성은 대체적으로 신체적 또는 심리적인 손상을야기하려고 만들어진 행동을 설명하기 위해 사용되는 용어이다.
② It can be aimed at oneself, at others or even at objects. 그것은 자신 및 타인을 향할 수도 있고, 심지어 사물을 대상으로 할 수도 있다.
③ Although some experts think a tendency toward aggression has primarily genetic causes, others believe that social influences play a larger role. 몇몇 전문가들은 공격적인 성향이 주로 유전적인 원인 때문이라고 생각하지만, 다른 전문가들은 사회적인 영향이 더 큰 역할을 한다고 믿는다.
④ In the 1960s, an American psychologist named Albert Bandura conducted an experiment to learn more about the causes of aggression. 1960년대에 미국인 심리학자 Albert Bandura는공격성의 원인에 대해 더 알아보고자 실험을 했다.
⑤ He started with a plastic clown filled with air, called a Bobo doll. 그는 보보 인형이라고 불리는 공기가 채워진 플라스틱 광대를 가지고 시작했다.
⑥ The experiment's subjects, children between the ages of three and six, were all shown a video of an adult attacking the Bobo doll, hitting it and yelling at it. 실험 대상인 3세에서 6세의 어린이들에게 보보 인형을 공격하고, 때리고, 소리를 지르는 어른이 나오는영상을 보여 줬다.
⑦ Afterwards, the children were divided into three groups. 이후에 어린이들은 세 조로 나뉘었다.
⑧ The first group was shown the adult in the video being punished, the second group was shown the same adult being rewarded, and the third group wasn't shown anything at all. 첫 번째 조에게는 영상에 나왔던 어른이 벌을 받는것을 보여줬고, 두 번째 조에게는 같은 어른이 보상을 받는 것을 보여줬으며, 세 번째 조에게는 아무것도 보여주지 않았다.
⑨ The second stage of the experiment involved leaving the children alone with the Bobo doll, one by one. 실험의 2 단계에서는 어린이들을 한 명씩 보보 인형하고만 남도록 했다.
⑩ Their behavior was then carefully observed. 그리고 아이들의 행동은 주의 깊게 관찰되었다.
⑪ Although all three groups displayed aggressive behavior, the children who saw the adult being rewarded displayed the most aggression toward the doll, while those who saw the adult being punished showed the least amount of aggression. 세 조의 아이들 모두 공격적인 행동을 보였지만, 보상을 받은 어른의 모습을 본 아이들이 인형을 향해가장 공격적인 모습을 보였고, 반면 벌을 받은 어른의 모습을 본 아이들은 가장 낮은 공격성을 보였다.
⑫ Based on this experiment, Bandura proposed a theory which basically states that children can indirectly learn from watching the actions of others. 이 실험을 바탕으로 Bandura는 아이들이 다른 사람들의 행동을 보면서 간접적으로 배운다는 것을 기본적으로 설명하는 이론을 제시했다.
⑬ Scientists had already known that the behavior of children can be easily influenced through a system of punishment and reward. 과학자들은 이미 처벌과 보상 체계를 통해 아이들의행동이 쉽게 영향을 받는다는 것을 알고 있었다.
⑭ But Bandura's experiment was the first to clearly show that their behavior could also be shaped simply by seeing someone else being punished or rewarded for certain behavior. 하지만 Bandura의 실험은 어떤 행동에 대해 처벌을받거나 보상을 받는 누군가를 보는 것만으로 아이들의 행동이 형성됨을 최초로 분명하게 보여준 것이었다.
⑮ This had a great impact on psychologists' views on how much of an influence media can have on kids. 이는 대중 매체가 아이들에게 얼마나 많은 영향을끼치는지에 관한 심리학자들의 관점에 큰 영향을 끼쳤다.
⑯ Today it is largely accepted that viewing large amounts of violence in movies and on television can cause children to become violent themselves. 오늘날 영화나 텔레비전에서 많은 양의 폭력을 보는것이 아이들 스스로를 폭력적으로 변하게 한다는 점이 폭넓게 받아들여지고 있다.
⑰ Thanks to Bandura and his Bobo doll, modern psychologists are now able to better understand some of the causes behind aggression in children. Bandura와 그의 보보 인형 덕분에 현대 심리학자들은 아이들의 폭력성 이면에 있는 몇 가지 원인들을더 잘 이해 할 수 있게 되었다.
⑱ And parents and teachers can use this information to help reduce youth violence. 부모와 선생님들도 어린이 폭력을 줄이는 데 이 정보를 활용할 수 있다.
⑲ Although it is difficult to prevent children from watching violent movies or playing violent games, it is important to explain to them that this violence is exaggerated, unrealistic, and immoral. 어린이들이 폭력적인 영화를 보거나 폭력적인 게임을 하는 것을 막기는 힘들지만, 그 폭력이 과장된 것이고, 비현실적이며, 부도덕하다는 것을 그들에게설명해 주는 것이 중요하다.
⑳ Furthermore, when children use violence to deal with problems, they should be taught that there are always non-violent solutions. 또한 문제를 해결하기 위해 아이들이 폭력을 사용할때 언제나 비폭력적인 해결책이 있다는 것을 그들에게 가르쳐줘야 한다.

 

 

Unit 01. Psychology - Reading 2: Trauma
① During World War I, doctors noticed that some soldiers exhibited peculiar behavior, including giddiness, irritability, and excessive tiredness. 1차 세계 대전 기간 동안, 의사들은 일부 군인들이현기증, 조급증, 과도한 피로를 포함한 이상 행동을보인다는 것을 알아냈다.
② The cause was not physical but psychological, and the phenomenon became known as "shell shock." 그 이유는 신체적인 것이 아니라 심리적인 것이었고, 이 현상은 '탄환 충격'이라고 알려지게 되었다.
③ The soldiers were mentally affected by the horrible conditions they experienced. 군인들은 그들이 경험한 끔찍한 상황에 정신적으로영향을 받은 것이었다.
④ Today we understand that all people, not only soldiers, are susceptible to this form of mental illness, which is now called psychological trauma. 오늘날 우리는 군인들뿐 아니라 모든 사람이 지금은심리적 외상성 장애라고 불리는 이러한 형태의 정신질환에 걸릴 수 있다는 사실을 알고 있다.
⑤ Anyone who experiences an event that psychologically overwhelms them - and is unable to take this experience as a part of their everyday life - will succumb to this mental illness. 누구든 심리적으로 그들을 압도하는 사건을 경험하고 이런 경험을 일상 생활의 일부로 받아들일 수 없는 사람은 이런 정신 질환에 굴복하게 된다.
⑥ What are some common causes of trauma? 이 외상성 장애의 몇 가지 공통된 원인은 무엇인가?
⑦ It can result from any of the following experiences: 그것은 다음의 어떤 경험으로부터도 발생할 수 있다.
⑧ surviving a natural disaster such as an earthquake or flood; falling victim to a physical assault; or witnessing, or being directly involved in, a serious accident such as a car or train crash. 지진이나 홍수와 같은 자연 재해로부터 살아 남는것, 신체적인 폭행의 피해자가 되는 것, 또는 자동차나 기차 충돌과 같은 심각한 사고를 목격하거나 그사고에 직접 연루되는 것이다.
⑨ A patient suffering from psychological trauma may display any of the following symptoms. 심리적 외상성 장애로 고통받는 환자는 다음과 같은증상들을 보일 수 있다.
⑩ Their eating habits are altered, so they eat more or less than usual, and they may sleep for longer or shorter periods of time than usual. 식습관이 바뀌어서 평소보다 더 많이 먹거나 더 적게 먹고, 평소보다 더 오래 자거나 더 짧게 잘 수도있다.
⑪ They also tend to exhibit lower energy levels and may also complain of chronic pain, the source of which cannot be identified. 그들은 또한 기운이 없는 경향이 있고 원인을 알 수없는 만성적인 통증을 호소할 수도 있다.
⑫ In addition, they may display unusual emotional traits such as spontaneous crying, panic attacks, emotional numbness, and a heightened degree of irritability. 또한 그들은 느닷없는 울음, 공황 발작, 심리적 마비상태, 조급증의 극대화 등 특이한 정서적 특징들을나타낼 수 있다.
⑬ You might also notice that they withdraw from those close to them, have trouble with decision making, and display lapses in memory. 당신은 그들이 자신과 가까운 사람들에게서 멀어지고, 의사결정에 어려움을 겪으며, 기억에 착오가 생기는 것을 알아채게 될지도 모른다.
⑭ The effects of psychological trauma are so devastating because they may make it impossible for the sufferer to function normally under any situation. 심리적 외상성 장애의 영향은 매우 파괴적인데, 이는 그것이 환자들로 하여금 어떤 상황에서도 정상적으로 활동할 수 없게 할 수 있기 때문이다.
⑮ This is not only hard on the patient but also for those loved ones around him or her. 이는 환자뿐 아니라 그들 주변의 사랑하는 사람들에게도 힘든 일이다.
⑯ In other cases, the consequences of psychological trauma may only become apparent during stressful situations. 또 다른 경우, 심리적 외상성 장애의 영향은 스트레스가 심한 상황에서만 뚜렷하게 나타날 수도 있다.
⑰ One puzzling aspect of this ailment is that symptoms may not first appear until years after the actual traumatic event. 이 질병의 한 가지 혼란스러운 면은 실질적인 외상성 사건이 발생한 지 몇 년이 지나서야 비로소 처음으로 증상이 나타날지도 모른다는 것이다.
⑱ How can psychological trauma be treated? 심리적 외상성 장애는 어떻게 치료될 수 있을까?
⑲ Professional treatment may be required depending upon the severity of the traumatic event as well as the individual's response to it. 외상성 사건의 심각성 뿐만 아니라 그것에 대한 개인의 반응에 기반한 전문적인 치료가 요구될 수 있다.
⑳ This could involve one-on-one counseling sessions with a trained psychologist or taking part in a local support group. 이것은 훈련된 심리학자와의 일대일 상담 치료나 지역의 치료 모임에 참여하는 일을 포함할 수도 있다.
㉑ It is important for sufferers to try to establish regular routines and maintain a healthy diet. 환자들이 규칙적인 일상생활을 영위하고 건강한 식생활을 유지하도록 노력하는 것이 중요하다.
㉒ Most importantly, perhaps, people suffering from psychological trauma need to realize that it will take time to heal from the event and allow themselves the necessary time to recover. 아마도 가장 중요한 것은, 심리적 외상성 장애로 고통받는 사람들이 그 사건으로부터 치유되는 데는 시간이 걸린다는 사실을 인정하고 스스로에게 회복하는 데 필요한 시간을 허락할 필요가 있다는 점일 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 02. Biology - Reading 1: Apoptosis
① Our bodies are made up of trillions of tiny cells, the building blocks of life as we know it. 우리 몸은 우리가 알고 있듯이 생명의 기반인 수조개의 작은 세포로 이루어져 있다.
② So the death of our cells would seem to be a harmful event. 따라서 세포의 죽음은 해로운 일로 보일지도 모른다.
③ However, scientists have discovered that as many as 100,000 cells die in the human body every second as the result of a natural, carefully controlled process known as "apoptosis." 그러나 과학자들은 'apoptosis' 라고 알려진 자연적이고 세밀하게 통제되는 과정의 결과로서 인체 내에서 초당 십만 개나 되는 세포가 죽는다는 것을 발견했다.
④ This term is taken from Greek words meaning "falling or dropping off," indicating that, just like the leaves that fall from trees every autumn, the controlled death, or suicide, of cells is an essential part of our life cycle. 이 용어는 '떨어지거나 쇠퇴하는 것'을 의미하는 그리스어에서 따온 것으로 가을마다 나무에서 잎들이떨어지는 것과 같이 세포의 통제된 죽음 혹은 자살이 우리 생애 주기의 필수적인 부분이라는 것을 나타낸다.
⑤ But how is apoptosis regulated? 그런데 어떻게 apoptosis는 통제되는 것일까?
⑥ It has been determined that cells are prompted to undergo apoptosis in response to signals originating both outside and within the cell itself. 세포는 세포 외부와 세포 자체 내 양쪽에서 생기는신호에 반응하여 apoptosis 과정을 거치도록 자극을 받는다는 것이 확실시되어 왔다.
⑦ For example, when a cell becomes damaged in some way, the body can send out substances to the cell that instruct it to begin apoptosis. 예를 들어, 세포가 어떤 방식으로 손상을 입으면 신체는 그 세포에게 apoptosis를 시작하라는 명령을하는 물질을 내보낼 수 있다.
⑧ Alternatively, if a cell experiences certain types of stress, such as those caused by viruses or radiation, it may initiate changes in itself that cause it to enter the death process. 또 다른 방법으로는 세포가 바이러스나 방사선에 의해 야기되는 것과 같은 특정 종류의 스트레스를 겪으면, 그것은 스스로 죽음의 과정에 들어가도록 변화를 일으킬 수도 있다.
⑨ However, a cell does not have to be damaged or stressed to be selectively eliminated. 그러나 세포가 선택적으로 제거되기 위해 꼭 손상이나 스트레스를 받아야 하는 것은 아니다.
⑩ Extraordinary numbers of cells must die simply to allow the human body to develop naturally. 놀랄만한 수의 세포들이 단지 인체의 자연스러운 발달을 위해 죽게끔 되어있다.
⑪ Consider the formation of your fingers. 당신 손가락이 생겨난 과정을 생각해 보라.
⑫ In the womb, they emerge connected to each other, much like a duck's webbed foot. 자궁 안에서 그것들은 오리의 물갈퀴 달린 발과 아주 흡사하게 서로 연결된 형태로 나타난다.
⑬ Then, it is the apoptosis of the cells contained in the webbing that allows the fingers to separate into individual digits. 그 후에, 손가락들이 개별적으로 떨어지게 되는 것은 바로 물갈퀴에 있던 세포의 apoptosis 때문이다.
⑭ With this information, we can see that the human body maintains a very delicate balance between cell creation and cell destruction. 이 사실로 우리는 인체가 세포의 생성과 파괴 사이에서 매우 섬세한 균형을 유지한다는 것을 알 수 있다.
⑮ When this balance is disrupted, the result can be a potentially fatal health condition. 이 균형이 깨졌을 때, 그 결과는 건강 상태에 잠재적으로 치명적일 수 있다.
⑯ Cancer is a disease in which too little apoptosis occurs because cells are corrupted in ways that make them resistant to the natural death process. 암은 apoptosis가 너무 적게 일어나는 병인데, 암세포가 자연사 과정에 저항하는 식으로 오염되기 때문이다.
⑰ These cancerous cells can continue multiplying until destructive tumors are created. 이러한 암세포는 치명적인 종양이 생길 때까지 계속증식할 수 있다.
⑱ On the other hand, degenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's can arise if cells are undergoing too much apoptosis. 반면에 세포가 apoptosis를 너무 많이 겪게 되면, 파킨슨병이나 알츠하이머병과 같은 퇴행성 질병이발생할 수 있다.
⑲ With the process of apoptosis playing such a vital role in human health, it is no surprise that researchers are continuously studying it. 인체에서 apoptosis 과정이 이처럼 중요한 역할을한다는 점을 고려할 때, 연구자들이 지속적으로 그것을 연구하는 것은 놀랄 일이 아니다.
⑳ If we can learn how to artificially control the apoptosis of cells in our bodies, it could lead to treatments for many life-threatening illnesses. 우리가 인체에서 인위적으로 세포의 apoptosis를조정하는 방법을 알 수 있다면, 생명을 위협하는 많은 병들을 치료할 수 있을 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 02. Biology - Reading 2: TOEFL (Natural Selection)
① Inspired by a curiosity concerning biological evolution and species change, many 19th century scientists developed theories of evolution. 생물학적인 진화와 종(種)의 변화에 관한 호기심에서 영감을 얻어, 많은 19세기의 과학자들은 진화론을 전개 했다.
② Among them, Charles Darwin formulated his theory of natural selection: 그들 중에서 찰스 다윈은 자신의 자연선택 이론을체계화했다.
③ A species passes on the traits that have allowed it to survive the threats of nature, and in doing so, it both propagates and transforms itself. 종(種)은 자연의 위협에서 자신의 생존을 가능케 한형질을 전하는데, 그렇게 해서 그 종은 번식하고 형질 변환을 일으킨다.
④ It has become one of the great intellectual revolutions of human history, drastically changing our perceptions of the world. 그 이론은 인류 역사의 가장 위대한 지적 혁명 중의하나가 되었으며, 세계에 대한 우리의 인식을 급격하게 변화시켰다.
⑤ Darwin's theory is based on research he conducted in the Galapagos Islands off the west coast of South America. 다윈의 이론은 남미의 서해안에 있는 갈라파고스 제도에서 그가 실행한 연구에 근거를 둔다.
⑥ While there, he observed 13 species of a bird called the finch. 거기 있는 동안 그는 핀치라는 새 13종을 관찰했다.
⑦ The beak in each species was a different size and shape, and Darwin inferred that the differences were relative to the available food sources in the islands' different environments. 각 종의 부리는 크기와 모양이 달랐는데, 다윈은 그차이가 섬의 각기 다른 환경에서 구할 수 있는 식량원과 관련되어 있을 것이라고 추측했다.
⑧ If the nectar from flowers was the main source of food on one island, finches with long beaks would thrive there. 꽃의 꿀이 섬에 있는 주 식량원이라면, 거기에서는부리가 긴 핀치가 번성할 것이다.
⑨ Similarly, those with beaks better suited for eating cactus could get more food on arid islands and so were more likely to survive there. 마찬가지로 선인장을 먹기에 적당한 부리를 가진 것들은 메마른 섬에서 식량을 더 많이 구할 수 있을 것이고, 그래서 거기에서 살아남을 가능성이 더 높다.
⑩ Darwin concluded that the 13 species had adapted to their different environments. 다윈은 13종이 각기 다른 환경에 적응해왔던 것이라고 결론내렸다.
⑪ Based on his observations, Darwin theorized that each species originates from a common ancestor but consists of individuals that are all slightly different from one another. 그의 관찰에 근거 하여, 다윈은 모든 종은 공통된 조상에서 생겨나지만, 한 종은 모두 조금씩 서로 다른개체로 이루어진다는 이론을 세웠다.
⑫ Over time, populations split into different species. 오랜 세월에 걸쳐 개체군은 여러 종으로 나누어졌다.
⑬ The ones that survive in a given environment have been naturally "selected" because of a beneficial trait, which the following generation inherits. 주어진 환경에서 살아남은 것들은 유리한 형질 때문에 자연스럽게 '선택'되었는데, 그 형질은 다음 세대로 유전된다.
⑭ In other words, nature chooses the varieties that are best adapted to survive and to reproduce. 다시 말해서, 자연은 가장 잘 적응하여 생존하고 번식한 변종들을 선택한다는 것이다.
⑮ Evolution is a slow process; it takes several generations for the species to fully adopt the trait. 진화는 느린 과정이며, 종이 완전히 형질을 받아들이기까지는 몇 세 기가 걸린다.
⑯ After Darwin formulated his theory, an actual example of evolution was documented in industrialized England. 다윈이 그의 이론을 체계적으로 나타낸 후에, 진화의 실제적인 예가 공업화된 영국에서 자세히 기록되었다.
⑰ In the first part of the 19th century near London, light-colored moths were much more abundant than dark moths. 19세기 전반 런던 부근에는 밝은 색 나방이 어두운색 나방보다 훨씬 많았다.
⑱ When industrial waste from coal-powered factories darkened tree trunks, the dark moths were better camouflaged against the tree bark, which hid them from birds. 석탄을 동력으로 하는 공장들에서 나온 산업 폐기물에 의해 나무 줄기의 색이 어둡게 되었을 때, 어두운색 나방은 그 나무 줄기에 더 잘 가려 졌고 새들의눈에 뜨이지 않게 되었다.
⑲ This trait allowed the moths to live longer and reproduce more and was inherited by their offspring until the dark-colored moth became the dominant species. 이런 형질 때문에 어두운 색 나방은 더 오래 살아 더많이 번식하게 되었고, 후손에게 유전되어 어두운색 나방이 우성 종이 되었다.
⑳ This whole evolutionary process took place within a century. 이 모든 진화 과정은 한 세기 안에 일어났다.
㉑ Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859 and included detailed descriptions supporting his ideas. 다윈은 1859년에 〈종의 기원 (On the Origin of Species)〉을 발표했고, 그 책에는 그의 생각을 뒷받침해주는 자세한 설명들이 포함되어 있었다.
㉒ The theory of evolution was contentious at first, but Darwin's concepts have become widely accepted and have changed the way people view biology, genetics, and history. 진화론은 처음에는 논쟁을 불러일으켰지만, 다윈의개념들은 광범위하게 받아들여져서 사람들이 생물학, 유전학, 그리고 역사를 보는 방식을 변화시켰다.
㉓ Now it is considered one of the cornerstones of modern science. 이제 그것은 현대 과학의 초석들 중 하나로 간주되고 있다.

 

Unit 03. Medical Science - Reading 1: Motion Sickness
① When an aircraft encounters turbulence, the bouncing and shaking that results can cause passengers to experience some unwelcome familiar feelings: 항공기가 난기류를 만나면 그 결과로 생기는 흔들림과 떨림 때문에 탑승객들은 약간의 반갑지 않은 익숙한 느낌을 받는다.
② dizziness and an upset stomach, followed by a wave of nausea. 메스꺼움의 고조에 이어지는 어지러움과 배탈이 그것이다.
③ Unpleasant as it may be, motion sickness is a normal bodily reaction experienced by millions of people. 불쾌할지는 몰라도 멀미는 수백만의 사람들이 겪는정상적인 신체 반응이다.
④ Common symptoms of motion sickness include pale skin, cold sweats, and dizziness, usually followed by drowsiness, a flooding of saliva into the mouth, nausea, and even vomiting. 멀미의 일반적인 증세에는 창백한 피부, 식은땀, 그리고 어지러움이 있는데, 대개 나른함, 구강 내 과도한 침 분비, 어지러움, 그리고 심지어는 구토 증세까지 수반한다.
⑤ It generally occurs in situations that involve movement - including traveling by car, boat, airplane, or train - and has even occurred among astronauts traveling through outer space, where it is known as microgravity nausea. 그것은 일반적으로 보트, 비행기, 그리고 기차로 여행하는 것을 포함하여 움직임이 있는 상황에서 일어나고, 심지어는 외계를 다니는 우주 비행사들 사이에서도 일어나는데, 이것은 극미중력 메스꺼움이라고 알려져 있다.
⑥ Motion sickness can also be caused by other factors, such as anxiety, unpleasant odors, or a lack of fresh air. 멀미는 불안, 불쾌한 냄새나 신선한 공기의 부족 같은 다른 요소들에 의해서도 일어날 수 있다.
⑦ Although no one is completely immune, some people can resist the symptoms better. 아무도 완전히 면역이 되지는 않지만, 어떤 사람들은 그 증세를 더 잘 견딜 수 있다.
⑧ The key to understanding motion sickness is the inner ear, a complex system of canals and cavities that is responsible for maintaining a sense of balance. 멀미를 이해하는 데 핵심이 되는 것은 균형감각을유지시켜 주는 도관(毋管)과 강(陸)의 복잡한 구조로 이루어진 내이(內耳)이다.
⑨ It compiles information gathered from other senses, including the eyes, skin, and joints, combining this with its own data, and ultimately sending a message to the central nervous system that allows people to keep their equilibrium. 그것은 눈, 피부, 관절을 포함한 다른 감각으로부터모은 정보들을 편집한 것을 그 자체의 정보와 종합하여 마지막으로 사람들이 균형을 유지하게 하는 중추 신경계로 보낸다.
⑩ Motion sickness occurs, however, when the sensory data the inner ear receives doesn't match its own information, and it ends up transmitting conflicting messages. 그러나 멀미는 내이가 받은 감각 정보가 자기 정보와 일치하지 않아 결국 모순되는 정보를 보낼 때 일어난다.
⑪ For example, the eyes of a person below deck on a boat in rough seas will visually conclude that nothing is moving. 예를 들면, 거친 바다에 떠 있는 보트의 갑판 아래있는 사람의 눈은 시각적으로는 아무것도 움직이지않는다고 결론을 내릴 것이다.
⑫ The inner ear, though, will clearly sense the motion, and it is this confusion that leads to feelings of illness. 그러나 내이는 그 움직임을 명확하게 감지할 것이고, 이 혼란 때문에 아픈 것 같은 느낌이 생기는 것이다.
⑬ Individuals strongly affected by motion sickness sometimes take *antihistamines before they travel, which seem to obstruct the confused signals the inner ear is trying to send to the brain. 멀미에 심하게 영향받는 사람들은 여행하기 전에 항히스타민제를 먹기도 하는데, 그것은 내이가 뇌에보내려고 하는 혼란스러운 신호를 차단하는 것으로보여진다.
⑭ Others rely on home remedies, such as chewing on ginger. 다른 사람들은 생강을 씹는 것 같은 민간요법에 의지하기도 한다.
⑮ Once motion sickness has begun, however, there is little that can be done to alleviate the symptoms. 하지만 일단 멀미가 시작되면 그 증세를 완화시키기위해 할 수 있는 일은 거의 없다.
⑯ The most effective measures seem to be keeping one's head still, staring at the horizon, and attempting to relax. 가장 효과적인 방법은 머리를 움직이지 않고, 수평선을 응시하며 긴장을 풀려고 노력하는 것인 듯하다.
⑰ Reducing the disparity of the sensory information the brain is receiving speeds the body's natural adjustments, effectively hastening the end of a bout of motion sickness. 뇌가 받고 있는 감각 정보의 불일치를 줄이면 신체의 자연 적응이 빨라지고 멀미 지속시간을 효과적으로 단축한다.

 

 

 

Unit 03. Medical Science - Reading 2: Medical Ethics
① During World War II, scientists in Nazi Germany performed a variety of brutal medical experiments on concentration camp prisoners. 제 2차 세계 대전 때, 나치 독일의 과학자들은 집단수용소의 포로들에게 수많은 잔인한 의학 실험을 했다.
② The full extent of these crimes against humanity was revealed after the war at the Doctors Trial held in Nuremberg, Germany. 인도(人道)에 어긋나는 이 범죄의 전모는 전쟁이 끝난 후에 독일의 뉘른베르크에서 열린 의사 재판에서밝혀졌다.
③ The shock and indignation of the world made clear the need for an international code of ethics for medical research. 세계의 충격과 분개 때문에 의학 연구에 대한 국제적인 윤리 강령의 필요성이 분명해졌다.
④ When the judgment of the Doctors Trial was rendered in 1947, it set forth ten standards for the ethical use of humans in medical experiments. 1947년에 의사 재판의 판결이 났을 때, 그 판결에서는 인간에게 행하는 의학 실험의 윤리에 대한 10가지 기준을 발표했다.
⑤ The Nuremberg Code, as these standards became known, allows for experimentation on humans in situations where the desired results cannot be obtained through other means and have the potential to benefit society, but it also outlines a strict set of protections. 뉘른베르크 강령으로 알려진 이 기준들은, 다른 수단을 통해서는 바라는 결과를 얻을 수 없고 사회에이익이 될 가능성이 있을 경우에 인간에 대한 실험을 허용하지만, 엄격한 보호 체계도 약술한다.
⑥ Its major principle is that of voluntary informed consent, meaning a subject must fully understand what is being proposed and consent to take part in the experiment under their own free will. 그것의 주된 원칙은 자발적이고 정보에 근거한 동의이며, 그것은 피실험자가 무엇을 제안 받았는지를완전히 이해해서 그들의 자유 의지로 그 실험에 참여할 것을 동의해야 한다는 것을 의미한다.
⑦ Furthermore, it gives subjects the right to end the experiment at any point and dictates that physicians must avoid causing undue pain, suffering, or injury to their patients. 게다가 그것은 피실험자에게 언제든지 실험을 끝낼권리를 주고 의사들은 환자들에게 과도한 아픔 고통이나 상해를 초래하는 일을 피해야 한다고 규정한다.
⑧ Although the Code wasn't legally binding, it served as a major step in ensuring ethical behavior within the medical profession and has since become the foundation of a general code of medical ethics. 비록 그 강령이 법적 구속력이 있는 것은 아니었지만 의학계에서 윤리적인 행동을 보장하는 중요한 수단이 되었고, 그 이후로 의학적 윤리에 대한 일반 강령의 토대가 되었다.
⑨ These principles were later reinforced by the Declaration of Helsinki, adopted by the World Medical Association in 1964. 이런 원칙들은 나중에 헬싱키 선언에서 강화되었는데, 그것은 1964년에 세계의학협회에서 채택되었다.
⑩ Like the Nuremberg Code, the Declaration placed the concept of informed consent as its centerpiece, although it did allow for surrogate consent when a research participant was mentally or physically unable to give their consent. 그 선언은 비록 연구 참가자가 정신적으로나 신체적으로 동의할 수 없을 때 대리인의 동의를 허용하기는 했지만, 뉘른베르크 강령처럼 정보에 근거한 동의의 개념을 가장 중요한 항목으로 삼았다.
⑪ The Declaration also states that research with these groups should be conducted only when it is necessary to promote the health of the disabled population and when it cannot be performed on legally competent people. 그 선언은 또한 이런 그룹에 대한 연구는 그런 장애가 있는 사람들의 건강을 증진할 필요가 있고 법적자격이 있는 사람에게는 행할 수 없는 것일 때만 할수 있다고 규정한다.
⑫ The Declaration of Helsinki marked the first time the medical community attempted to self-regulate; regulations had previously always been imposed on them from an outside source. 헬싱키 선언은 처음으로 의학계가 자기 자신의 행위를 스스로 규제하고자 한 시도였는데, 이전의 규제는 언제나 외부로부터 강요되어 왔다.
⑬ Since the Declaration was adopted, it has been revised several times to keep pace with new issues that have arisen in the rapidly changing medical field. 그 선언이 채택된 이후로 그 선언은 급속하게 변화하는 의학분야에서 일어나는 새로운 쟁점들에 발맞추고자 여러 차례 개정되어왔다.
⑭ These issues continue to crop up with each new scientific breakthrough and change in society's moral attitude, leaving the medical community to grapple with the ethical problems of euthanasia, stem cell research, and human cloning. 이런 쟁점들은 각각의 새로운 과학적 큰 발전과 사회의 윤리적 태도 변화에 따라 계속해서 제기되며, 의학계를 안락사, 줄기세포 연구, 인간 복제와 같은윤리적 문제들로 씨름하게 한다.
⑮ The Nuremberg Code and the Declaration of Helsinki created important precedents, but efforts must continue to ensure that ethical standards in medicine remain relevant and protect the rights of all involved. 뉘른베르크 강령과 헬싱키 선언은 중요한 전례가 되었지만, 의학계에서 윤리 기준이 적절성을 유지하면서 관련된 모든 사람들의 권리를 보호하는 것을 보장하려는 노력은 계속되어야 한다.

 

 

 

Unit 04. Business - Reading 1: Undercover Marketing
① Advertising is everywhere. 광고는 어디에나 있다.
② We are all familiar with television and radio commercials, billboards and product demonstrations. 우리 모두는 TV와 라디오 광고, 광고판, 제품 시연회에 익숙하다.
③ But some companies have discovered a fresher marketing option: undercover marketing. 하지만 일부 회사들은 좀 더 신선한 마케팅 방법을찾아냈는데, 바로 언더커버 마케팅이다.
④ In undercover marketing, consumers learn about the strengths of a product without knowing they are observing an advertisement. 언더커버 마케팅에서 소비자들은 그들이 광고를 보고 있다는 사실을 알지도 못한 채 제품의 강점에 대해 알게 된다.
⑤ The goal is to create "buzz," or "word of mouth" - to get large numbers of people talking about a product. 목표는 '소문', 또는 '구전광고'를 일으키는 것, 즉 많은 사람들이 제품에 대해 이야기하도록 하는 것이다.
⑥ Why is undercover marketing such an attractive option for advertisers? 왜 언더커버 마케팅은 광고인들에게 그렇게 매력적인 선택일까?
⑦ First of all, buzz is free, so if the ad campaign is successful in generating positive buzz, the potential rewards far outweigh the initiative's low cost. 무엇보다, 소문은 공짜이므로 광고 캠페인이 긍정적인 소문을 생성하는 데 성공한다면, 그 잠재적인 효과는 캠페인의 저비용을 훨씬 능가한다.
⑧ Also, consumers tend to trust word-of-mouth advertising more than traditional marketing techniques such as commercials. 또한 소비자들은 구전광고를 광고방송과 같은 전통적인 마케팅 기법보다 더 신뢰하는 경향이 있다.
⑨ One example of undercover marketing was carried out by an electronics company. 언더커버 마케팅의 예는 한 전자 제품 회사에 의해수행되었다.
⑩ Actors were paid to walk around busy cities with the company's latest camera-equipped cell phone, asking pedestrians to take their picture. 연기자들은 카메라가 장착된 그 회사의 최신 휴대전화기를 들고서 분주한 미국의 도시들을 걸어 다니며보행자들에게 자신의 사진을 찍어달라고 부탁하도록 보수를 받았다.
⑪ Everyone who did so received automatic exposure to the product's features, and the actor reinforced the experience by talking about how great the phone was. 사진을 찍어준 모든 사람들이 제품의 특징을 자동적으로 접하게 되며, 연기자가 그 전화기가 얼마나 대단한지 이야기함으로써 그 경험을 강화한다.
⑫ The company hoped that the people who used the camera phone would tell their friends about it, and that their friends would tell other people. 그 회사는 그 카메라 전화기를 사용한 사람들이 친구들에게 그것에 대해 이야기하고, 또 그들의 친구들이 다른 사람들에게 이야기하기를 바랐다.
⑬ This is how buzz is created. 이런 식으로 소문이 생겨난다.
⑭ Undercover marketing takes place over the Internet as well. 언더커버 마케팅은 인터넷 상에서도 일어난다.
⑮ To promote its newest milk product, a beverage company recruited six teenage bloggers to mix positive references to the drink into their everyday blog topics. 최신 유제품의 판매를 촉진하기 위해, 어떤 음료 회사는 여섯 명의 십대 블로거를 채용해서 그 음료에대한 긍정적인 언급들을 날마다 그들의 블로그 이야기 속에 섞어 넣도록 했다.
⑯ The idea was that blog readers would more readily believe these endorsements because they appeared to be the bloggers' personal opinions. 이 발상은 이러한 지지가 블로거의 개인적 의견처럼보이기 때문에 블로그 독자들이 더 기꺼이 그것을믿을 것이라는 것이었다.
⑰ Though many companies see undercover marketing as a powerful way of creating demand for their products, other groups claim the practice is immoral. 많은 기업들이 언더커버 마케팅을 자신들의 제품에대한 수요를 창출하는 강력한 방법으로 보고 있지만, 다른 이들은 이러한 수법이 비도덕적이라고 주장한다.
⑱ They say the camera phone campaign, for instance, manipulated the kindness of strangers into an advertising tool. 예를 들어 그들은 카메라가 장착된 휴대전화기 캠페인이 낯선 사람들의 친절을 광고의 수단으로 교묘하계 이용했다고 말한다.
⑲ The blogs promoting the beverage company's milk product also deceived people by leading them to believe they were hearing honest opinions from unbiased individuals. 음료 회사의 유제품 판매 촉진을 도왔던 블로그들또한 사람들로 하여금 편견이 없는 개인으로부터 정직한 의견을 듣고 있다고 믿게 만듦으로써 그들을속였다.
⑳ Opponents of undercover marketing believe that consumers have the right to understand the origins of any product information they receive. 언더커버 마케팅을 반대하는 사람들은, 소비자들에게는 자신들이 받는 어떤 제품에 대한 정보건 간에그 출처를 알 권리가 있다고 믿는다.
㉑ The unethical aspect of tricking people in this way is a serious problem of undercover marketing. 이런 식으로 사람들을 속이는 비윤리적인 측면은 언더커버 마케팅이 가진 심각한 문제이다.
㉒ Such issues will require further discussion as more and more companies try to find alternative marketing methods. 점점 더 많은 기업들이 대안적인 마케팅 수단을 찾으려고 시도함에 따라 이런 논점들은 더 깊은 논의들을 필요로 하게 될 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 04. Business - Reading 2: TOEFL (The Pareto Principle vs. The Long Tail Theory)
① Long considered a mainstay of traditional business models, the theory known as the Pareto principle dictates that profits can be maximized by focusing on a small number of high-profit items. 오랫동안 전통적인 사업 모델의 근간으로 여겨져 왔으며, 파레토 법칙이라고 알려진 이론은 소수의 고수익 제품에 집중함으로써 이익이 극대화될 수 있다고 말한다.
② With the advent of e-commerce, however, there has been a trend toward a different approach. 그러나 전자 상거래의 등장과 함께 다른 접근법에대한 추세도 있다.
③ The Long Tail theory encourages businesses to shift their focus away from a limited number of popular items and toward a wider variety of less profitable items. 롱테일 이론은 기업들이 제한된 인기 제품에서 벗어나, 이익이 더 적지만 범위가 더 넓은 다양한 제품에주목할 것을 권한다.
④ The Pareto principle was named after Vilfredo Pareto, an Italian economist who observed that the distribution of wealth in his country was unequal. 파레토 법칙은 자신의 국가에서 부의 분배가 불공평하다는 것을 관찰한 이탈리아의 경제학자 Vilfredo Pareto의 이름을 딴 것이다.
⑤ Twenty percent of the population, he concluded, owned eighty percent of the wealth. 그는 인구의 20%가 부의 80%를 소유한다고 결론을 내렸다.
⑥ This principle was later found to apply to a variety of business situations. 후에 이 원칙은 다양한 사업의 경우에도 적용된다는사실이 발견되었다.
⑦ For example, an automobile manufacturer might find that twenty percent of their models account for eighty percent of their profits. 예를 들어 자동차 제조회사는 자신들의 자동차 모델중 20%가 이익의 80%를 차지한다는 사실을 발견할 수도 있다.
⑧ Companies that choose to follow the Pareto principle focus on identifying this vital twenty percent and supplying these items to their customers. 파레토 법칙을 따를 것을 선택한 회사들은 이 결정적인 20%를 찾아내어 이 제품들을 고객들에게 공급하는 데 중점을 둔다.
⑨ The Long Tail theory, which gets its name from a feature of the statistical graphs used to illustrate the Pareto principle, is a more recent concept. 파레토 법칙을 설명하기 위해 사용되는 통계 그래프의 모양에서 이름을 얻은 롱테일 이론은 보다 최근의 개념이다.
⑩ On the graph, a few popular items appear as a tall peak, while a variety of less popular items make up a long tail at the end. 그래프 상에서 몇몇의 인기제품들은 높은 정점으로나타나는 반면, 인기가 덜한 다양한 제품들은 끝 부분의 긴 꼬리 부분을 차지한다.
⑪ The Long Tail theory argues that these unpopular items can add up to exceed the profits generated by the best-selling items, so focusing on them can yield large profits. 롱테일 이론은 이러한 비인기 제품들을 모두 합치면가장 잘 팔리는 제품들에 의해 생긴 이익을 뛰어넘을 수 있으며, 그런 제품에 주력하는 것이 큰 이익을낼 수 있다고 주장한다.
⑫ In order to succeed with the Long Tail model, a business must have the means to store a large amount of inventory and distribute it to a large portion of the population. 롱테일 모델로 성공을 거두기 위해서 사업체는 많은양의 재고를 저장하고 그것을 많은 사람들에게 퍼뜨릴 수 있는 수단을 갖춰야 한다.
⑬ The business model of Amazon.com offers a clear illustration of the Long Tail approach. 아마존 닷 컴의 사업 모델은 롱테일 접근법의 명확한 실례를 보여준다.
⑭ Rather than focusing on best-sellers, Amazon's website makes available virtually every published book. 베스트셀러에 주력하기보다, 아마존의 웹사이트는실질적으로 출판되는 모든 책들을 제공한다.
⑮ Amazon can keep its various books in centralized warehouses and ship them to Internet customers all around the world while most brick-and-mortar bookstores are limited by storage space. 대부분의 전통적인 서점들이 저장 공간의 제약을 받지만, 아마존은 자신의 많은 책들을 집중화된 창고에 보관해서 전세계의 인터넷 고객들에게 배송할 수있다.
⑯ Traditional bookstores, on the other hand, are more likely to follow the Pareto principle, focusing on providing a few popular items to a smaller number of loyal customers. 반면에, 전통적인 서점들은 소수의 우수고객에게 인기 있는 아이템을 제공하는 데 주력하는 파레토 법칙을 따르는 것 같다.
⑰ There is no simple litmus test to discern which of these concepts will provide a greater edge in today's business market. 이러한 개념들 중 어느 것이 오늘날 시장에서 더 큰유리함을 가져다 줄지를 분별하는 간단한 리트머스시험 같은 것은 존재하지 않는다.
⑱ Successful companies, however, will recognize their value as important tools for analyzing and developing effective business strategies. 그러나 성공적인 기업들은 효과적인 사업 전략을 분석하고 개발하기 위한 중요한 도구로서 이러한 개념들의 가치를 인식할 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 05. History - Reading 1: Zenobia
① When asked to identify the most extraordinary woman in history, different individuals will come up with different answers. 역사상 가장 비범한 여성을 선택하라는 질문을 받으면, 사람에 따라 다른 대답을 떠올릴 것이다.
② There have been countless women who valiantly engaged in wars and governed countries with more fortitude than the most competent of men, and Zenobia, the Queen of Palmyra, was one of them. 가장 능력있는 남성들보다 더 큰 용기를 가지고 용감하게 전쟁에 참여하며 나라를 다스렸던 수많은 여성들이 있었으며, 팔미라의 여왕 Zenobia는 그들중 한 명이었다.
③ Zenobia, whose father was a chieftain of Syria and whose mother's ancestry was Egyptian, was born and raised in Palmyra, Syria. 아버지가 시리아의 한 족장이었고 어머니의 조상이이집트인이었던 Zenobia는 시리아의 팔미라에서 태어나서 자랐다.
④ Since her early days, Zenobia was so exceptional in her beauty and intelligence that she attracted the love of Odenathus, the King of Palmyra. Zenobia는 어린 시절부터 미모와 지성이 너무나 출중해 팔미라의 왕 Odenathus의 사랑을 받았다.
⑤ In 258, Zenobia wedded Odenathus and became his second wife. 258년에 Zenobia는 Odenathus와 결혼했고 그의두 번째 부인이 되었다.
⑥ Yet, although she possessed more beauty, intellect, passion, and love than others could ever dream of, Zenobia's life resembled a rollercoaster ride more than it did a beautiful fairytale. 그러나 비록 그녀가 다른 사람들이 상상할 수 있는것보다 더 뛰어난 미모, 지성, 열정, 그리고 사랑을소유하였지만, Zenobia의 삶은 아름다운 동화라기보다는 마치 롤러코스터를 타는 것과 같았다.
⑦ Immediately upon marrying Odenathus, Zenobia began utilizing her valor and warrior spirit to help Odenathus in his quest to free Palmyra from Rome's domination. Odenathus와 결혼하자마자 Zenobia는 로마의 지배로부터 팔미라를 해방시키려는 Odenathus의 투쟁을 돕기 위해 자신의 용맹함과 전사 정신을 발휘하기 시작했다.
⑧ But soon after their marriage, Odenathus was assassinated by a vengeful nephew who was angry at being punished. 하지만 결혼 후 얼마 되지 않아 Odenathus는 처벌을 받은 것에 화가 나 앙심을 품은 조카에 의해 암살당했다.
⑨ In spite of this unexpected tragedy, Zenobia wasted no time in mourning. 이러한 예기치 못한 비극에도 불구하고, Zenobia는슬퍼하는 데 시간을 허비하지 않았다.
⑩ She quickly assumed the role of the king on behalf of her son, who was still too young to rule Palmyra. 팔미라를 통치하기에는 아직 너무 어린 그녀의 아들을 대신해 곧바로 왕의 역할을 수행했다.
⑪ With plans to seize vital trade routes from the Romans, Zenobia decided to attack the civilized and fertile land of Egypt. 로마인들로부터 중요한 무역 경로를 탈취할 계획으로 Zenobia는 문명화되고 비옥한 이집트의 땅을 공격하기로 결심했다.
⑫ It only took one battle for her 70,000-strong army to conquer all of Egypt. 그녀의 강인한 7만 명의 군대가 이집트 전역을 정복하는 데는 단 한 번의 전투가 필요했을 뿐이었다.
⑬ With her fortitude and endurance, Zenobia went on to conquer Ankara, Chalcedon, Palestine, and even Lebanon. Zenobia는 투지와 인내심을 가지고 앙카라, 칼케돈, 팔레스타인, 심지어 레바논까지 정복해 나갔다.
⑭ She subsequently became known as the "Queen of the East." 그 후에 그녀는 '동방의 여왕'으로 알려지게 되었다.
⑮ There seemed to be no one who could rival Zenobia on the battlefield until the Roman Emperor Aurelian led his veteran legions against her troops. 로마의 황제 Aurelian이 그녀의 군대에 맞서 그의노련한 대군을 지휘할 때까지 전쟁터에서 Zenobia에 대항할 수 있는 사람은 아무도 없는 것 같았다.
⑯ After a crushing defeat, Zenobia fled behind the strong walls of her capital Palmyra. 결정적인 패배 이후 Zenobia는 수도 팔미라의 튼튼한 성벽 뒤로 도주하였다.
⑰ She then snuck past the army line in an attempt to reach her ally Persia to seek help. 그런 후 그녀는 도움을 청하려고 그녀의 동맹국 페르시아에 당도하고자 전선을 몰래 빠져나가기도 했다.
⑱ Unfortunately, however, she was captured by Aurelian, and her short-lived empire surrendered to Rome. 하지만 안타깝게도 그녀는 Aurelian에게 붙잡혔으며 짧은 기간 동안 존재했던 그녀의 제국은 로마에게 굴복하고 말았다.
⑲ There are several rumors regarding Zenobia's fate after her defeat. 패배 이후 Zenobia의 운명에 관해서는 몇 가지 설이 있다.
⑳ While some historians claim that Zenobia killed herself on hunger strike, others claim that she later married a Roman governor and lived in comfort. 어떤 역사학자들은 Zenobia가 단식 투쟁 끝에 죽었다고 주장하는 한편, 다른 이들은 그녀가 나중에 로마의 통치자와 결혼해 편안하게 살았다고 주장한다.
㉑ Although her life as a queen was short-lived, Zenobia is still revered as a woman who valiantly triumphed in conquering and ruling over such a vast empire. 여왕으로서 그녀의 삶은 비록 짧았지만, Zenobia는그처럼 거대한 제국의 정복과 통치에 용감하게 승리한 여성으로서 여전히 존경을 받고 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 05. History - Reading 2: Witch-hunt
① In many cultures, there have been superstitious fears about witchcraft. 많은 문화권에서 마법에 대한 미신적인 공포가 존재해왔다.
② People thought witches could inflict harm and death by causing natural disasters and illnesses with Satan's help. 사람들은 마녀들이 사탄의 도움을 받아 자연 재해나병을 초래함으로써 해로운 일이나 죽음을 일으킬 수있다고 믿었다.
③ In medieval Europe, this fear materialized in the form of the "witch-hunt," resulting in tens of thousands of executions. 중세 유럽에서는 이러한 공포가 '마녀사냥'이라는 형태로 구체화되었고 그 결과 수만 멍의 처형을 초래했다.
④ The first witch trials in Europe took place in the 13th century, and at the end of the Middle Ages, the fear became a craze. 유럽에서 최초의 마녀 재판은 13세기에 일어났으며,중세 말기에는 그 공포가 열풍이 되어버렸다.
⑤ As the notion that all magic involved a pact with the Devil spread, legal sanctions against witchcraft grew harsher. 모든 마술이 악마와의 계약과 관련이 있다는 관념이퍼져감에 따라, 마법에 대한 법률적인 제재는 더욱가혹해져 갔다.
⑥ In 1486, the publication of the Malleus Maleficarum (The Hammer of Witches), a guide for identifying and prosecuting witches, inflamed the manic nature of the witch-hunts. 1486년, 마녀를 식별하고 기소하는 것에 대한 안내서인 〈마녀의 망치(Malleus Maleficarum)〉의 출판은 마녀 사냥의 광적인 본성을 자극했다.
⑦ Numerous innocent people were tortured and killed during the "witch craze" between 1450 and 1700. 수 없이 많은 무고한 사람들이 1450년에서 1700년사이의 '마녀 열풍' 기간 동안 고문당하고 목숨을 잃었다.
⑧ People accused of witchcraft were often minorities, the poor, the homeless, and those with unconventional lifestyles. 마녀 혐의를 받은 사람들은 보통 소수 민족 가난한사람들 노숙자들 그리고 자유로운 생활양식을 가진사람들이었다.
⑨ Overall, most of the victims were women, in part because they were considered weaker than men and more susceptible to the temptations of the devil. 대체로 희생자의 대부분은 여성들이었는데, 이는 부분적으로는 그들이 남자보다 약하고 악령의 유혹에더 빠지기 쉬운 것으로 여겨졌기 때문이었다.
⑩ How did this craze happen? 어떻게 이런 열풍이 일어났을까?
⑪ There have been a variety of theories explaining its cause, and they show that there were many changes and events that facilitated witch-hunts at that time. 그것의 원인을 설명하는 데에는 다양한 이론들이 존재해 왔으며, 그 이론들은 당시에 마녀사냥을 조장했던 많은 변화와 사건들이 있었음을 보여준다.
⑫ First, some theories have pointed out that legal changes allowed for the outbreak of witch trials. 첫째로, 일부 이론들은 법적인 변화가 마녀 재판의발발을 허용했다고 지적했다.
⑬ The Inquisition, which was enacted by the papacy, made it legal to torture and execute people who challenged Christian doctrine. 로마 교황에 의해 법제화된 종교 재판은 기독교의 교리에 도전하는 사람들을 고문하고 처형하는 것을 합법화시켰다.
⑭ Through the use of leading questions and a variety of coercive measures, the accused would almost inevitably admit to some form of devilry. 유도 심문의 사용과 다양한 강압적 수단을 통해, 용의자는 어떤 형태의 악마론을 불가피하게 인정하지않을 수 없었다.
⑮ Another assumption is that the Black Death that reoccurred across Europe, mysteriously killing thousands of people in its path, influenced this socially turbulent period. 또 하나의 가정은 유럽 전역에 걸쳐 다시 발발하여그 과정에서 수천 명의 사람들을 의문스럽게 죽게 만들었던 흑사병이 사회적으로 불안한 이 시기에 영향을 끼쳤다는 것이다.
⑯ It made people panic, and neighbors and friends began informing on each other in an attempt to appear innocent of witchcraft. 그것은 사람들을 공포에 질리게 만들었고, 마법에 대해 결백하게 보이기 위한 시도의 일환으로 이웃과 친구들은 서로를 고발하기 시작했다.
⑰ The conflict between religious ideologies also aided the witch-hunts. 종교적 이데올로기 사이의 갈등 또한 마녀사냥을 촉진했다.
⑱ After the Reformation movement started in the 16th century, clerics vigorously sermonized on the danger of witchcraft among the people, and both Catholics and Protestants were burnt as witches in each other's territories. 16세기에 시작된 종교개혁 운동 이후로 성직자들은사람들에게 마법의 위험성에 대해 적극적으로 설교했으며, 가톨릭과 프로테스탄트 모두 각각 상대방의영역에서 마녀로 화형에 처해졌다.
⑲ The witch-hunts started to decline when Europe attained social stability following the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648. 1648년에 30년 전쟁이 종결된 이후, 유럽이 사회적인 안정을 이루게 됨에 따라 마녀사냥은 감소하기 시작했다.
⑳ Superstition was slowly replaced by rational thought as a means to explain society's hardships in what would become the Age of Enlightenment. 한 사회의 역경을 설명하는 수단이었던 미신은 계몽의 시대가 되자 점차 이성적인 사고로 대체되었다.
㉑ Today, although most superstitions seem to have disappeared, we can't say that there is no possibility of another witch-hunt as long as a fear of the unknown still remains in the form of social intolerance or discrimination. 오늘날 대부분의 미신이 사라진 것처럼 보이기는 하지만, 미지의 것에 대한 공포가 사회적인 편협함이나차별의 형태로 여전히 남아있는 한, 또 다른 마녀사냥의 가능성이 전혀 없다고 말할 수는 없다.
Unit 06. Sociology - Reading 1: Xenophobia
① As more and more people cross borders these days, a growing threat is emerging. 최근 점점 더 많은 사람들이 국경을 넘나듦에 따라점점 자라나는 위협이 나타나고 있다.
② The danger, however, isn't from immigrants who come to new lands seeking better lives. 하지만 그런 위협은 더 나은 삶을 찾아 새로운 땅으로 건너온 이민자들로부터 비롯되는 것아 아니다.
③ Instead, it is derived from a surge of intolerance, called xenophobia. 대신 그것은 외국인 혐오증이라고 불리는 편협한 감정이 고조되는 것에서 비롯된다.
④ This refers to intense dislike or fear of strangers, especially people from other countries. 이것은 낯선 사람, 특히 다른 나라에서 온 사람들에대한 극도의 혐오나 공포를 말한다.
⑤ It's a problem facing not just one particular country, but the entire world. 그것은 특정한 한 나라뿐만 아니라 전 세계가 직면하고 있는 문제이다.
⑥ Globalization has brought disparate cultures closer together than ever before and has led to a sharp increase in immigration. 세계화는 이질적인 문화들을 이전 어느 때보다 가깝게 만들었으며, 이민의 급격한 증가를 불러왔다.
⑦ This intermingling often has positive results, but it also serves to fuel feelings of xenophobia. 이러한 혼합은 종종 긍정적인 결과를 가져오지만 외국인 혐오 감정을 자극하는 역할을 하기도 한다.
⑧ Also, international violent events such as 9/11 and subsequent terrorist attacks have led to an increase in xenophobia. 또한 9/11 테러와 뒤이어 일어난 테러 공격과 같은국제적인 폭력 사건들도 외국인 혐오증의 증대로 이어졌다.
⑨ Xenophobic behavior and racism against immigrant groups has gained legitimacy in certain circles. 이민자 집단에 대한 외국인 혐오증적 행동과 인종차별주의는 특정 집단 내에서 정당성을 얻어가고 있다.
⑩ For example, rightwing political parties in several countries in Europe have won seats in parliament, giving them the ability to affect national policies and bring their extreme views into the mainstream. 예를 들어, 유럽 몇몇 국가의 우익 정당들은 의석을차지해서 국가 정책에 영향을 끼치고 그들의 극단적인 견해를 주류에 편입시킬 수 있는 능력을 가지게되었다.
⑪ There have been several causes of racism and xenophobia throughout history. 역사적으로 인종차별주의와 외국인 혐오증의 몇 가지 원인이 존재해왔다.
⑫ There have been situations where one group mistreated another for monetary gain, such as slavery. 노예제와 같이 금전적 이득을 위해 한 집단이 다른집단을 박해하는 상황이 있었다.
⑬ At other times, a belief in racial superiority has been coupled with exploitative political ideology to create an environment in which the hatred of a minority group becomes socially acceptable. 또 다른 시대에는, 인종적 우월감에 대한 믿음이 착취적 정치 이데올로기와 더불어 소수자 집단에 대한증오가 사회적으로 용인되는 환경을 조성했다.
⑭ And nowadays, there is a socio-economic factor that arises when issues such as rising unemployment, high crime rates, and low educational standards end up being blamed on immigrants. 그리고 오늘날에는 실업의 증가와 높은 범죄율, 그리고 낮은 교육 수준과 같은 문제들을 이민자의 책임으로 둘리게 될 때 나타나는 사회 경제적 요인이 있다.
⑮ To figure out the problem of xenophobia, proper awareness and active approaches from all walks of life are needed. 외국인 혐오증 문제를 해결하기 위해서는, 각계의 사람들의 적절한 인식과 적극적인 접근이 필요하다.
⑯ First, politicians must ensure that legislation to protect all minority races is passed, and they must introduce harsh penalties for hate crimes. 우선 정치인들은 모든 소수 인종을 보호하기 위한 법안이 통과되도록 해야 하며, 증오 법죄에 대한 엄격한 처벌을 도입해야 한다.
⑰ The media also has a responsibility to avoid the negative stereotyping of minorities in news reporting. 언론 또한 뉴스를 보도할 때 소수자들에 대한 부정적인 고정관념화를 피해야 할 책임이 있다.
⑱ And, perhaps most importantly, schools and NGOs need to educate the youth on the benefits of tolerance and goodwill, extinguishing any sparks of hatred before they can fully ignite. 그리고 아마도 가장 중요한 것은, 학교와 비정부 기구들이 그 어떤 증오의 불씨도 완전히 점화되기 전에소멸시키며 젊은이들에게 관용과 선의의 이익에 대한 교육을 실시해야 한다는 것이다.
⑲ The economic and political realities of the modern world dictate that nations must accept the fact that they will experience more immigrants, visitors, and refugees from all corners of the globe. 오늘날 세계의 경제적, 정치적 현실은 국가들이 전세계의 모든 지역으로부터 더 많은 이민자와 방문객, 난민들을 수용하게 될 것이라는 사실을 받아들여야만 한다고 말한다.
⑳ Only by accepting the differences of others will these societies be able to remain cohesive, peaceful, and productive. 다른 사람들의 차이를 수용해야만 이러한 사회들이단결되고, 평화롭고, 생산적인 상태로 남을 수 있을것이다.

 

 

 

 

Unit 06. Sociology - Reading 2: TOEFL (Criminal Profiling)
① A serial murderer has killed four people and remains at large. 연쇄 살인범이 4명을 살해하고, 아직 체포되지 않고있다.
② Police are working around the clock to apprehend the criminal, but there is a lack of physical clues left at the crime scenes. 경찰은 범인을 체포하려고 밤낮으로 일했지만, 범죄현장에 남은 물질적 단서가 부족하다.
③ In this situation, the only hope lies in criminal profiling. 이런 상황에서 유일한 희망은 범죄자 프로파일링에있다.
④ Using this technique, investigators analyze in detail how a crime was committed in order to identify likely suspects. 이 기술을 이용하여, 수사관들은 유력한 용의자를가려내기 위해서 어떻게 범죄가 일어났는지를 자세하게 분석한다.
⑤ The basic premise of criminal profiling is that a criminal's behavior reveals information about his or her personality. 범죄자 프로파일링의 기본 전제는 범죄자의 행동이그들 자신의 성격에 대한 정보를 드러낸다는 것이다.
⑥ It is used mostly by psychologists and the police to narrow down an investigation to those suspects who possess the certain behavioral and personality traits that are suggested by the way a crime was committed. 그것은 주로 심리학자와 경찰이 범죄가 행해진 방식에 의해 암시된 어떤 행동적, 성격적 특징을 가진 용의자들로 수사의 범위를 좁혀나가는 데 사용된다.
⑦ A typical profile includes the perpetrator's race, sex, age, marital status, living arrangements, psychological characteristics, beliefs, values, probable reactions to the police investigation, likelihood of having a past criminal record, and the possibility of similar offenses having been committed in the past. 전형적인 프로파일은 범인의 인종, 성(性), 나이, 결혼 여부, 거주지, 심리학적 특징, 신앙, 가치관, 경찰조사에 대한 예상 반응, 과거 전과 기록을 가지고 있을 가능성, 그리고 과거에 비슷한 범죄를 저질렀을가능성을 포함한다.
⑧ While profiling cannot automatically identify the specific perpetrator, it helps investigators find the right type of person. 프로파일링에 의해 자동적으로 특정한 범인이 가려질 수는 없겠지만, 이는 수사관들이 적절한 유형의사람을 찾는 데는 도움이 된다.
⑨ The first stage of profiling involves collecting all information available about the crime, such as physical evidence, photographs of the crime scene, autopsy reports and pictures, witness testimony, etc. 프로파일링의 첫 단계는 물증, 범죄 현장 사진, 부검결과와 사진, 목격자 증언 등과 같은 범죄에 관해 구할 수 있는 모든 정보를 수집하는 것을 포함한다.
⑩ Then, the profiler organizes the input into meaningful lines of inquiry regarding different dimensions of criminal activity. 그 후에 범죄 심리 분석가는 그 정보를 범죄 행위의다양한 측면들에 관한 의미 있는 일련의 질문들로정리한다.
⑪ They usually raise questions like: "What type of homicide has been committed?" 그들은 주로 다음과 같은 의문을 제기한다. ''어떤유형의 살인이 저질러졌는가?"
⑫ "What is the primary motive for the crime?" ''범죄의 주된 동기는 무엇인가?"
⑬ "What was the sequence of acts before and after the killing?" ''살해 전후의 행동 순서는 어떠한가?"
⑭ Based on the information found during these stages, the profiler attempts to reconstruct the behavior of the offender and formulate an initial description of the most likely suspects. 이러한 단계들에서 찾은 정보에 근거하여, 범죄 심리 분석가는 범죄자의 행동을 재구성하고 가장 유력한 용의자의 최초의 인상서(人相書)를 작성한다.
⑮ Until recently, much of the criminal profiling field has developed within the law enforcement community, and its approach has been guided mostly by agents' personal investigative experience. 최근에 이르기까지 범죄자 프로파일링 분야의 많은부분은 법 집행 기관들에서 개발되었고, 그 접근은주로 수사관의 개인적 조사 경험에 의해 좌우되었다.
⑯ This subjectivity has made the technique vulnerable to various types of criticism. 이런 주관성 때문에 이 기법은 다양한 유형의 비판에 대해 취약점을 드러내 왔다.
⑰ Some psychologists have questioned the scientific reliability of criminal profiling because of insufficient research data. 몇몇 심리학자들은 불충분한 조사 자료 때문에 범죄자 프로파일링의 과학적 신뢰성을 문제 삼아왔다.
⑱ They believe that research, which uses the statistical techniques of psychology, is the only way to develop more accurate and scientifically defensible descriptions of offenders. 그들은 심리학의 통계 기법을 사용하는 조사가 보다정확하고 과학적으로 정당성을 인정받을 수 있는 범죄자 인상서를 작성하는 유일한 방법이라고 믿는다.
⑲ Although criminal profiling requires improvements as a scientific method, it is obvious that it will continue to play a key role in investigations as modern crimes become more sophisticated and well-calculated. 비록 범죄자 프로파일링이 과학적 방법으로서의 개선을 필요로 하지만 현대 범죄가 점점 더 복잡하고주도 면밀해짐에 따라 그것이 계속적으로 수사에 중요한 역할을 할 것이라는 점은 분명하다.

 

 

 

Unit 07. Social Issues - Reading 1: Minimum Wage
① Most countries have a legally established minimum wage, which is the lowest hourly wage businesses can pay their employees. 대부분의 국가에서는 기업이 직원들에게 지불할 수있는 가장 적은 시간 수당인 최저 임금을 법으로 정해놓고 있다.
② The primary goal of these laws is to reduce poverty by protecting unskilled workers. 이 법의 주요한 목적은 미숙련 노동자들을 보호하면서 빈곤 문제를 줄이려는 것이다.
③ While an appropriate minimum wage generally achieves this, it can potentially lead to higher unemployment rates, harming the very workers it seeks to protect. 적절한 최저 임금이 일반적으로 이 목표를 달성하고는 있지만, 잠정적으로는 보호하고자 했던 바로 그노동자들에게 피해를 끼치며 더 높은 실업률을 야기할 수도 있다.
④ New Zealand became the first nation to pass a minimum wage law in 1894, with many other countries soon following its example. 뉴질랜드는 1894년 최저 임금법을 통과시킨 최초의 국가였고, 이후 많은 국가들이 곧 그 전례를 따랐다.
⑤ Each nation sets its own minimum wage based on a number of financial factors, including standard of living, labor supply and demand, and inflation rates. 각 나라는 생활 수준, 노동 수급, 물가 상승률을 포함한 여러 경제적인 요인에 기초하여 최저 임금을책정한다.
⑥ However, the established minimum wage is often subject to adjustment due to changes in the country's economic situation. 하지만 책정된 최저 임금은 나라의 경제 상황에 따른 변화 때문에 종종 변경된다.
⑦ Supporters of these laws believe they are effective in assuring a fair wage not only to unskilled workers, but also to women, youths and other groups that have historically been underpaid in the workplace. 이 법을 지지하는 사람들은 이 법이 미숙련 노동자들뿐만 아니라 오랫동안 근무지에서 제대로 보수를받지 못했던 여성, 청소년 및 다른 집단에게 타당한임금을 보장해주는 데 효력을 발휘하고 있다고 믿고있다.
⑧ They also point to additional societal benefits of a minimum wage, such as a healthy economy, thanks to low-income workers' ability to spend more, and an improved morale and work ethic of employees. 또한 그들은 최저 임금의 부가적인 사회적 혜택을이유로 들기도 하는데, 저소득 근로자들이 소비를더 많아 하게 되어 경제가 탄탄해지고 직원들의 사기와 직업 의식이 향상된다는 것이다.
⑨ Those who oppose minimum wage laws, on the other hand, argue that they fail to achieve the goals they were designed to meet. 반면 최저 임금법에 반대하는 사람들은 법이 충족시키려고 했던 목적을 달성하는 데 실패했다고 주장한다.
⑩ In some nations, the establishment of a minimum wage has increased unemployment, and this has led to the country's overall earnings actually going down instead of going up. 몇몇 국가에서는 최저 임금 확립이 실업률을 증가시키고, 아는 결국 나라의 전체적인 소득이 증가하는대신 낮아졌다는 것을 의미한다.
⑪ This is due primarily to small businesses being forced to reduce their staff in order to comply with the new laws. 이것은 주로 이 새로운 법을 따르려고 직원 수를 줄일 수 밖에 없었던 작은 기업들 때문이다.
⑫ Other businesses seek to regain profits lost to increased wages by raising the prices of their goods and services, a response that can lead to inflation. 어떤 기업들은 상승된 임금으로 인해 줄어든 이익을찾기 위해 상품 및 서비스 가격을 올리는데, 이는 물가 상승으로 이어질 수 있다.
⑬ These critics also point to statistics that show that the majority of workers directly affected by minimum wage laws don't actually come from families living in poverty. 이러한 비판은 최저 임금법에 직접적으로 영향을 받은 대다수의 근로자들이 실제로 빈곤하게 살아가는가족이 아니라는 것을 보여주는 통계도 지적한다.
⑭ In most countries, a heated debate continues over this issue. 대부분의 나라에서 이 문제에 관한 격론이 계속되고있다.
⑮ Some people think the minimum wage should be increased, and others think it should be decreased, while still others believe it is best to eliminate it entirely. 어떤 사람들은 최저 임금이 인상되어야 한다고 생각하고, 어떤 사람들은 인하되어야 한다고 생각하는오층에, 그것을 완전히 없애는 것이 최선이라고 믿는 사람들도 여전히 있다.
⑯ Ultimately, it is the overall impact of minimum wage laws that must be carefully analyzed in order to determine the worth of such legislation. 궁극적으로 이러한 법 제정의 가치를 확립하기 위해신중히 분석해야 하는 것은 최저 임금법의 전반적인영향이다.

 

 

 

Unit 07. Social Issues - Reading 2: Copyright vs. Copyleft
① Copyright protects the intellectual property of individuals and corporations from what would essentially amount to theft: the purposeful duplication and redistribution of their creations. 저작권은 개인과 기업의 지적 재산을 실질적인 절도에 해당하는 것, 즉 창작물에 대한 의도적인 복제와재배포로부터 보호해준다.
② But there's a segment of the computer programming community that encourages the public to modify and redistribute its software. 그러나 대중들이 그것의 소프트웨어를 변경하여 이를 재배포하는 것을 장려하는 컴퓨터 프로그래밍의한 분파가 있다.
③ To make their intentions clear, they're supplementing their copyright with something known as copyleft. 자신들의 목적을 분명히 하기 위해, 그들은 그들의저작권(copyright)을 카피레프트(copyleft)라고 알려진 말로 보완하고 있다.
④ Legal ownership of a creation is established by a copyright. 창작물에 대한 법적 소유권은 저작권에 의해 설정된다.
⑤ Copyright protects software developers from having their programs copied, modified, or resold. 저작권은 소프트웨어 개발자들을 그들의 프로그램이 복제, 변경, 또는 재판매되는 것으로부터 보호해준다.
⑥ By granting them exclusive rights to their own creations, copyright allows programmers to work without fear of theft. 그들에게 창작물에 대한 독점권을 부여함으로써, 저작권은 프로그래머들이 도용에 대한 두려움 없이 일하도록 해준다.
⑦ Copyright is effective because it is easy to obtain, there aren't any prohibitive costs, and it can be enforced in a court of law. 저작권은 획득하기 쉽고, 과도한 비용이 들지 않으며, 법원에 의해 집행될 수 있기 때문에 효과적이다.
⑧ There are weaknesses, however. 하지만 단점들도 있다.
⑨ According to proponents of the open source software movement, it can hinder the improvement of software, as it blocks opportunities for sharing any source codes or functions. 오픈 소스 소프트웨어 운동의 지지자들에 따르면,저작권은 소스 코드나 기능들을 공유할 수 있는 기회를 막기 때문에 소프트웨어의 개선에 걸림돌이 될수 있다고 한다.
⑩ Copyleft, a play on the term copyright, demonstrates the idea of open source software, which is also known as free software. 저작권이란 단어를 재미있게 바꾼 말인 카피레프트는, 자유로운 소프트웨어로도 알려진 오픈소스 소프트웨어의 개념을 설명해준다.
⑪ The word "free" doesn't refer to the cost of the programs, although many are distributed without charge. 많은 프로그램들이 무료로 배포되긴 하지만, 'free' 라는 단어는 프로그램의 비용에 대해 얘기하는 것이아니다.
⑫ Instead, it's the freedom of users to access the programing code of the software. 대신 이는 사용자들이 소프트웨어의 프로그래밍 코드에 접근할 수 있는 자유를 가리킨다.
⑬ Copyleft basically incorporates the copyright's assertion of ownership but goes on to grant the public the right to access, modify, and freely redistribute the program. 카피레프트는 기본적으로 저작권의 소유권에 대한주장을 포함하지만, 나아가 대중들에게 프로그램에접근하고, 그것을 변경하며, 자유롭게 재배포할 수있는 권한을 부여한다.
⑭ Modified versions of the software are also covered by the conditions of the copyleft, thereby deterring dishonest individuals seeking to profit from someone else's work. 변경된 버전의 소프트웨어에 대해서도 카피레프트의조건들이 적용되며, 따라서 이는 부도덕한 개인들이다른 사람의 작업물로 이득을 추구하려는 것을 방지한다.
⑮ By keeping programs free, the entire software community is able to contribute to the improvement and evolution of products, modifying them to meet specialized needs and sharing them appropriately. 프로그램들을 자유롭게 열어둠으로써, 전체 소프트웨어 집단은 제품의 개선과 발전에 기여할 수 있으며, 그 프로그램들을 변경하여 특수한 요구들에 부응하고, 또 그것을 적절히 공유한다.
⑯ However, the details of what is and isn't permitted under a copyleft can be a bit of a gray zone. 하지만 카피레프트에서 어떤 부분이 허용되고 어떤부분이 허용되지 않는지에 관한 세부사항은 다소 애매할 수 있다.
⑰ And the potential confusion could discourage creativity. 그리고 그런 혼동의 가능성은 창의성을 저해할 수도있다.
⑱ Therefore, copyleft should be considered as an enhancement to the concept of copyright, rather than an alternative. 따라서 카피레프트는 하나의 대안이라기 보다는 저작권의 개념을 한 단계 끌어올린 것으로 간주되어야한다.
⑲ Both of these protections are needed to keep the software industry healthy and productive. 이 두 가지 보호는 소프트웨어 산업을 건강하고 생산적으로 만드는 데 필요하다.
⑳ Copyright establishes clear ownership, and copyleft attracts users and allows products to evolve. 저작권은 명확한 소유권을 설정해주며, 카피레프트는 사용자들을 유인하며 제품이 발달하도록 한다.
㉑ Together, they create an environment that benefits both those who create computer programs and those who wish to use them. 이 두 가지는 함께 컴퓨터 프로그램을 만들어 내는사람과 그것들을 사용하고자 하는 사람들 모두에게이익을 주는 환경을 만들어낸다.

 

 

 

Unit 08. Theater - Reading 1: Broadway Musicals
① Since the mid-1800s, Broadway in New York City has staged the best of live theater and drama, attracting tourists from around the world. 1800년대 중반 이래로 뉴욕시의 브로드웨이는 최고수준의 공연과 극을 무대에 올려 왔고, 전 세계로부터 관광객들을 끌어들이고 있다.
② It's a district where actors and singers live out their dreams, and where an art form has transformed itself to fit the changing demands of each era. 그곳은 배우와 가수들이 그들의 꿈을 이뤄가는 장소이며 예술의 형태가 각 시대의 변화하는 요구에 부응하고자 그 자체를 변화시켜온 곳이다.
③ Broadway is also the birthplace of musical theater as we know it today. 브로드웨이는 또한 우리가 오늘날 알고 있는 것과 같은 뮤지컬 공연장의 발상지이기도 하다.
④ The first production considered to be a modern musical was staged on Broadway in 1866. 현대 뮤지컬로 간주되는 첫 번째 작품은 1866년에브로드웨이에서 상연되었다.
⑤ The Black Crook introduced what became hallmarks of Broadway theater: elaborate costumes, complex dance numbers, and lines of chorus girls. 〈흉악한 사기꾼(The Black Crook)〉은 정교한 의상, 복잡한 댄스곡들 그리고 코러스 걸의 대열과 같은 브로드웨이극의 특징이 된 것들을 도입하였다.
⑥ The quality of the productions improved, the audiences got bigger, and shows started running for longer periods, so in the 1890s and early 1900s, hundreds of musicals were being performed in some 80 theaters. 작품의 수준은 향상되었고 관객의 규모도 커져갔으며, 쇼는 장기간 상연되기 시작해서 1890년대와1900년대 초반경에는 80여 개의 극장에서 수백 개의 뮤지컬이 공연되었다.
⑦ Huge billboards advertising the numerous shows lit up the street, giving Broadway the nickname "The Great White Way." 수많은 공연을 광고하는 거대한 광고판이 거리에 불을 밝혔고, 브로드웨이에는 '백색대로(The Great White Way)'라는 애칭이 붙게 되었다.
⑧ With the end of the Depression in the 1930s and the onset of World War II, the nature of Broadway theater began to reflect a new social consciousness. 1930년대의 경제 대공황의 종말과 제2차 세계 대전의 발발과 함께 브로드웨이 극장계의 성향은 새로운사회적 인식을 반영하기 시작했다.
⑨ People went to the theater to allay their anxieties about the war, while the shows themselves expressed views on the changing social values. 사람들은 전쟁에 대한 그들의 불안감을 가라앉히기위해서 극장에 갔던 반면에, 쇼들 자체는 변화하는사회적인 가치관에 대한 견해를 표현했다.
⑩ Referred to as The Golden Age, this period redefined the genre, with plays like 1943's Oklahoma! exploring social and historical issues. 황금기라고 일컬어지는 이 시기는 사회적이고 역사적인 주제를 탐구했던 1943년의 〈오클라호마!〉와 같은 연극들을 통해 그 장르를 재정의했다.
⑪ Theater used song and dance to help develop the plot of the story instead of using musical numbers simply for entertainment value. 연극작품은 단순히 오락적인 가치를 위해서 뮤지컬곡을 사용하는 대신에 이야기의 줄거리를 발전시키는 것을 돕기 위해 노래와 춤을 이용했다.
⑫ Some musicals, such as South Pacific, by Rodgers and Hammerstein, contained controversial themes like racism and interracial marriage. Rodgers와 Hammerstein의 작품인 〈남태평양〉과같은 일부 뮤지컬들은 인종차별이나 다른 인종 간의결혼과 같은 쟁점이 되는 주제를 담고 있었다.
⑬ When the area around Times Square became overrun with crime in the 1960s, some believed the good times on Broadway were over. 1960년대, 타임스 스퀘어 주변에 범죄가 들끓게 되었을 때, 일부는 브로드웨이의 좋은 시절은 끝났다고생각했다.
⑭ But the district was cleaned up, and by the 1980s it was undergoing a revival thanks to its staging of large-scale pop operas such as Les Miserables and Cats. 하지만 그 지역은 재정비되었고 1980년대에 그곳은〈레 미제라블〉이나 〈캣츠〉와 같은 대규모의 팝 오페라들의 상연 덕분에 부흥기를 거쳤었다.
⑮ By the 1990s, Broadway theater was in a renaissance, with musicals like Moulin Rouge and Chicago reinterpreting the styles of the past. 1990년대에 브로드웨이 극장계는 〈물랑 루즈〉나 〈시카고〉와 같이 과거의 스타일을 재해석하는 뮤저컬들로 인해 부흥기를 맞았다.
⑯ Musical theater on Broadway has evolved over the years, with each era reflecting a change in American society. 긴 세월에 걸쳐 브로드웨이의 뮤지컬 극장은 미국 사회 내의 변화를 반영하는 각 시대와 더불어 진화해왔다.
⑰ Although only half the theaters remain from the original boom of the early 20th century, the district continues to stage performances that live up to its reputation of delivering top-notch live theater, and it is crowded with tourists who inject millions of dollars into the local economy. 20세기 초반의 원래의 전성기에 비해 겨우 절반 가량의 극장만이 남아있다고는 해도, 그 지역은 최고의라이브 공연을 전달한다는 명성에 걸맞게 공연들을계속해서 무대에 올리고 있으며, 그곳은 그 지역 경제에 수백만 달러의 돈을 쏟아 붓고 있는 관광객들로넘쳐나고 있다.
⑱ There will be much attention paid to the further development of Broadway as a symbol of live theater and musicals throughout the world. 라이브 공연과 뮤지컬의 상징으로서 브로드웨이의더 많은 발전에 대해 전 세계적으로 많은 관심이 계속 기울여질 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 08. Theater - Reading 2: TOEFL (Elizabethan Theatre)
① Seated within the larger context of English Renaissance theatre, Elizabethan theatre refers to English plays appearing during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, from 1558 to 1603. 영국 르네상스 시대의 극이라는 더 큰 맥락에서 보면, 엘리자베스 시대의 극은 엘리자베스 1세 여왕의통치 기인 1558년부터 1603년까지 나타난 영국 연극을 가리 킨다.
② However, because so many theatrical precedents were established during this period, the label of Elizabethan theatre often applies to all English drama up until the country's theatres were closed in 1642. 그러나 이 시기에 너무 많은 극의 전례들이 확립되었기 때문에 엘리자베스 시대 극이라는 명칭은 종종1642년에 영국의 극장들이 폐쇄될 때까지의 모든영국 희곡에 적용된다.
③ Before 1558, mobile acting troupes performed mainly in inns and public spaces, as there were no buildings specially designated as theatres in England. 1558년 이전에는, 유랑 극단이 주로 여인숙과 공공장소에서 공연을 했는데, 이는 영국에 특별히 극장으로 지정된 건물이 없었기 때문이었다.
④ Laws passed by the queen gradually phased out these traveling companies in favor of larger, settled groups based in newly constructed theatres around London. 여왕이 통과시킨 법률은 런던 주위에 새로 세워진극장들에 기반을 둔 규모가 더 큰 정착 집단들을 위해 이 유랑 극단들을 점차 단계적으로 줄여나갔다.
⑤ Elizabethan theatres, best represented by The Globe, shared a similar design. 글로브 극장으로 가장 잘 대표되는 엘리자베스 시대의 극장들은 유사한 디자인을 공유했다.
⑥ They were rounded, three stories high, and open air. 원형에 3층 높이였고, 노천 극장이었다.
⑦ Wealthier patrons enjoyed seats in the covered galleries that surrounded the stage on three sides, while others paid a minimal price to stand in the central yard. 더 부유한 고객들은 무대를 삼면에서 둘러싸는 덮개있는 관람석에 앉는 한편, 다른 사람들은 최소 가격을 지불하고 중앙의 마당에 서 있었다.
⑧ Around the turn of the 17th century, smaller, enclosed performance spaces were also built. 17세기에 들어서면서, 더 작고 사방이 막힌 공연장들도 지어졌다.
⑨ Playwrights during this period were of various backgrounds. 이 시기 극작가들의 출신 배경은 다양했다.
⑩ Some received their educations at England's prestigious universities, but many did not. 어떤 사람들은 영국의 명문대학에서 교육받았지만, 많은 사람들은 그렇지 않았다.
⑪ It was not a very lucrative occupation, as acting companies bought plays and owned all the rights to them. 극작가는 그다지 돈벌이가 되는 직업이 아니었는데,극단이 희곡을 사서 그것에 관한 모든 권리를 소유했기 때문이었다.
⑫ The most well-known playwright, William Shakespeare, was financially successful only because he owned a share in the company he wrote plays for, many of which debuted at The Globe. 가장 많이 알려진 극작가인 윌리엄 셰익스피어도 그가 희곡을 써 준 극단의 지분을 가지고 있었기 때문에 재정적으로 성공한 것이었으며, 그의 많은 희곡작품이 글로브 극장에서 처음으로 공연되었다.
⑬ His sizable collection of dramas, comedies, and histories is seen as the definitive example of Elizabethan theatre. 상당히 많은 그의 정극, 희극, 그리고 사극 작품들은엘리자베스 시대극의 확실한 표본으로 간주된다.
⑭ The lack of elaborate scenery and special effects meant that Elizabethan theatre relied heavily on the actors and the versatility of the theatre space to convey the complex content of a play. 정교한 무대 배경과 특수 효과가 부족했다는 점은엘리자베스 시대의 극이 연극의 복잡한 내용을 전달하기 위해 주로 배우와 극장 공간의 다용성에 크게의존했음을 의미한다.
⑮ Often the costume of an actor could signify that character's gender, social class, mental state, and the time of day in which the scene was taking place. 배우의 의상은 종종 등장인물의 성(性), 사회 계층, 정신 상태 그리고 그 장면이 벌어지는 시간을 나타낼 수도 있었다.
⑯ Likewise, ample use was made of such physical features as the balcony above the stage, which allowed for the expression of concepts like time, distance, and supernatural events. 마찬가지로 무대 위의 발코니 같은 물리적인 특징들도 충분히 활용되었는데, 이는 시간, 거리 그리고 초자연적인 사건과 같은 개념들을 표현할 수 있도록해주었다
⑰ In 1642, the English Civil War resulted in the closure of London's theatres. 1642년에 영국 내란으로 런던의 극장들이 폐쇄되었다.
⑱ Once the monarchy regained power, they were reopened, but by this time a more Puritanical outlook was in fashion, and the subject and nature of drama changed accordingly. 군주제가 다시 복원되자 극장들이 다시 개장했지만,이 무렵엔 더 청교도적인 견해가 유행하였으며 극의주제와 성격이 그에 따라 변화했다.
⑲ Yet, many principles from Elizabethan theatre remained, and early English Renaissance plays are still some of the most recognized in the Western world. 그러나 엘리자베스 시대극의 많은 원칙들아 남아있었으며, 초기의 영국 르네상스 희곡들은 여전히 서구 세계에서 가장 인정받고 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 09. Philosophy - Reading 1: Panopticism
① Have you ever been walking down an empty street and suddenly felt like someone was watching you? 텅 빈 거리를 걸어가다 갑자기 누군가 당신을 쳐다보고 있다는 느낌을 받은 적이 있는가?
② You may have been right. 당신이 옳았을 수도 있다.
③ In cities and towns across the world, it's become common practice to use surveillance cameras to monitor public places. 전 세계의 도시나 마을에서, 공공 장소를 감시하는감시 카메라를 사용하는 것은 일반적인 관행이 되었다.
④ Large department stores, for example, employ CCTV systems to deter shoplifters from stealing merchandise. 예를 들면, 대형 백화점에서는 좀도둑들이 상품을 훔치는 것을 방지하기 위해 CCTV 시스템을 사용한다.
⑤ Mounted in plain view on walls and ceilings, these cameras seemingly watch our every move. 벽과 천장에 잘 보이게 설치된 이 카메라들은 우리의모든 움직임을 지켜보는 것 같다.
⑥ There is no way to know whether or not this video feed is being actively monitored, but this uncertainty is usually enough to prevent people from behaving badly. 이 영상 자료가 적극적으로 확인되는지의 여부는 알수 없지만, 보통 이러한 불확실성만으로도 사람들이나쁘게 행동하는 것을 충분히 막을 수 있다.
⑦ The idea of keeping order through the threat of constant surveillance can be traced back to the early 19th century. 지속적인 감시의 위협을 통해 질서를 유지한다는 발상은 19세기 초까지 거슬러 올라갈 수 있다.
⑧ Jeremy Bentham, an English philosopher, created plans for something he called the Panopticon, a structure designed to efficiently facilitate the control of a large population of prisoners. 영국의 철학자인 Jeremy Bentham은 그가 팬옵티콘(Panopticon)이라고 부른 것에 대한 계획을 세웠는데, 그것은 많은 수감자들을 효율적으로 관리하는것을 용이하게 하기 위해 고안된 건물이었다.
⑨ The Panopticon was a ring-shaped building with a tower in the center. 팬옵티콘은 가운데 탑이 있는 링 모양의 건물이었다.
⑩ A small number of guards in the tower would have the ability to watch a large number of prisoners in their cells, but the prisoners would not be able to see the guards. 탑 안에 있는 소수의 간수들은 감방에 있는 많은 수감자들을 볼 수 있었겠지만, 수감자들은 간수들을 볼수가 없었을 것이다.
⑪ Since the prisoners would never be sure if they were being observed, Bentham believed they would behave at all times as if they were. 수감자들은 자신들이 감시당하고 있는지를 확신할수 없었기 때문에 항상 감시당하고 있는 것처럼 행동할 것이라고 Bentham은 생각했다.
⑫ Though Bentham's exact design never materialized, it has affected the way we maintain order in our society. Bentham의 계획이 비록 실현되지는 않았지만 우리사회의 질서를 유지하는 방법에 영향을 끼쳤다.
⑬ In his book Discipline and Punish, the French philosopher Michel Foucault used Bentham's idea of the Panopticon to symbolize modern society's attempts to preserve order and discipline through more sophisticated control of individuals. 프랑스의 철학자 Michel Foucault는 자신의 저서〈감시와 처벌(Discipline and Punish)〉에서Bentham의 팬옵티콘이라는 개념을 개인에 대한 좀더 정교한 통제를 통해 질서와 규율을 유지하려는 현대사회의 시도들을 상징화하는 데 사용했다.
⑭ He points out that the panoptic model can be found in the designs of not just modern prisons, but also schools, hospitals, and factories; and it effectively penetrates an entire society with disciplinary functions. 그는 팬옵티콘의 모델은 현대의 교도소뿐만 아니라학교, 병원, 공장의 디자인에서도 발견될 수 있으며, 규율적인 기능을 지닌 채 전 사회를 효과적으로 관통하고 있다고 지적한다.
⑮ Through these panoptic institutions, any abnormal behavior that could be detrimental to society is easily spotted, which encourages individuals to conform to the accepted norms. 이런 팬옵티콘 같은 시설들을 통해, 사회에 해가 될수 있는 어떤 비정상적인 행동도 쉽게 발견되며, 이는 개인이 용인된 규범을 따르도록 유도한다.
⑯ Foucault calls this disciplinary mechanism of modern society "Panopticism" and argues that it enables the few in power to control individuals efficiently through constant observation and examination. Foucault는 현대 사회의 이러한 규율의 기제를 팬옵티 시즘(Panopticism)'이라 불렀으며, 지속적인 감시와 조사를 통해 권력을 가진 적은 수의 사람들이개인을 효율적으로 관리할 수 있게 해 준다고 주장한다.
⑰ Modern citizens not only spend much of their time in panoptic institutions but also live with the possibility of constant surveillance in their daily routines. 현대 시민들은 대부분의 시간을 팬옵티콘 같은 시설들에서 보낼 뿐 아니라 일상생활에서도 지속적인 감시의 가능성과 함께 살아간다.
⑱ Perhaps, even at this moment, your life is being captured and stored by CCTV cameras. 아마, 지금 이 순간에도 당신의 삶아 CCTV 카메라에포착되어 저장되고 있을 것이다.
⑲ But the use of monitoring tools to maintain law and order remains a controversial practice. 하지만 법과 질서를 유지하기 위해 감시 수단을 사용하는 것은 여전히 논란의 소지가 있는 관행으로 남아있다.
⑳ Although it may increase our safety and security, some people feel it does so at the expense of our privacy. 비록 그것이 우리의 안전과 보안을 증대시킬 수 있을지는 몰라도, 어떤 사람들은 그것이 우리의 사생활을희생함으로써 얻어지는 것이라고 느낀다.

 

 

 

Unit 09. Philosophy - Reading 2: The Liar Paradox
① Logic is the means through which humans use reason to systematically solve problems and understand truths. 논리란 인간이 체계적으로 문제를 해결하고 진리를이해하기 위해 이성을 사용할 수 있게 해 주는 수단이 다.
② Sometimes, however, we encounter situations, either real or imagined, in which logic ceases to function as we believe it should and no firm conclusion can be reached. 그러나 때때로 우리는 실제든 상상이든 우리는 그래야 한다고 믿지만 논리가 작동하기를 멈추고, 확고한 결론에도 도달하지 못하는 상황과 마주치기도 한다.
③ We call this type of situation a paradox, and one of the simplest, yet most baffling examples is known as the Liar Paradox. 우리는 이런 유형의 상황을 역설이라고 부르며, 이중 가장 단순하면서도 가장 이해할 수 없다고 알려진 예의 하나가 거짓말쟁이의 역설이다.
④ The Liar Paradox can be most easily summarized by the following sentence: This statement is false. 거짓말쟁이의 역설은 다음 문장에 의해 가장 쉽게요약될 수 있다. '이 진술은 거짓이다.'
⑤ When attempts are made to understand this sentence through logic, they invariably fail to arrive at a single truth. 논리를 통해 이 문장을 이해하기 위한 시도들이 이루어질 때 그 시도들은 한 가지 진리에 이르는 것에항상 실패하게 되어 있다.
⑥ The problem stems from the fact that we must decide if this statement is true or false. 그 문제는 우리가 이 진술이 참인지 거짓인지를 결정해야만 한다는 사실에 기인한다.
⑦ If this statement is false, then the opposite of what it asserts must be true, but if the statement is true, then we must accept that it is false. 만약 이 진술이 거짓이라면 그것이 가정하는 바의반대가 참이어야만 하지만, 그 진술이 참이라면 우리는 그것이 거짓이라는 점을 인정해야만 한다.
⑧ The Liar Paradox, in effect, causes logic to run in circles. 사실상 거짓말쟁이의 역설은 논리를 순환하게끔 만든다.
⑨ The roots of the Liar Paradox can be traced back to a Cretan philosopher named Epimenides, who stated in the 6th century B.C. that "All Cretans are liars." 거짓말쟁이의 역설의 유래는 기원전 6세가에 "모든크레타인들은 거짓말쟁이이다.''라고 말했던Epimenides 라는 이름의 크레타의 철학자로 거슬러 올라간다.
⑩ It has been proven, however, that this is not a true paradox, because a logical conclusion can be reached if we accept the fact that this statement is neither an absolute truth nor an absolute falsity. 그러나 만일 우리가 이 진술은 절대적인 참도 아니고 절대적인 거짓도 아니라는 사실을 인정한다면 논리적인 결론에 도달할 수 있기 때문에, 이것은 진정한 역설이 아닌 것으로 판명되었다.
⑪ If the statement that all Cretans are liars is false, that does not necessarily mean that no Cretans are liars. 만일 모든 크레타인들이 거짓말쟁이라는 진술이 거짓이라면 그것은 크레타인들은 누구도 거짓말쟁이가아니라는 것을 반드시 의미하는 것은 아니다.
⑫ It is possible that some Cretans, apparently including Epimenides, are liars and others are not. 분명히 Epimenides를 포함해서, 일부 크레타인들은 거짓말쟁이이며 다른 사람들은 거짓말쟁이가 아니라고 하는 것이 가능하다.
⑬ However, in the 4th century B.C., a Greek philosopher named Eubulides of Miletus refined the idea of the Liar Paradox into the form we know today by presenting the statement "A man says that he is lying. Is what he says true or false?" 그러나 기원전 4세기에 Miletus의 EubuIides라는이름의 그리스 철학자는 ''한 남자가 자신이 거짓말하고 있다고 말한다. 그가 말하는 것은 참인가 거짓인가?"라는 진술을 제시함으로써, 거짓말쟁이의 역설의 개념을 우리가 오늘날 알고 있는 형태로 세련되게 만들었다.
⑭ Philosophers and logicians have been debating a solution to this problem ever since, without clear resolution. 그 이후로 철학자들과 논리학자들은 이 문제의 해결책을 논해왔으나, 뚜렷한 해답은 없었다.
⑮ Other more complicated versions have been formulated over the years, but they all boil down to the same logical contradiction. 세월이 흐르면서 또 다른 좀 더 복잡한 형태들이 만들어져 왔으나, 그것들 모두 같은 논리적인 모순으로 요약된다.
⑯ It is possible that a clear solution will never be reached, but in the meantime the Liar Paradox continues to present an interesting starting point for philosophers and other serious thinkers who seek to understand the nature of truth and its relation to logic. 이에 대한 명확한 해결책이 절대 얻어지지 않을 수도 있겠지만, 한편으로 거짓말쟁이의 역설은 진실의본질과 함께 진실과 논리 간의 관계를 이해하는 것을 추구하는 철학자들과 다른 진지한 사색가들에게흥미로운 시작점을 계속해서 제공하고 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 10. Architecture - Reading 1: Organic Architecture
① The famous American architect Frank Lloyd Wright is best known for his "organic" philosophy of design. 유명한 미국인 건축가 Frank Lloyd Wright는 그의'유기적' 디자인 철학으로 잘 알려져 있다.
② He extended the slogan of his mentor Louis Sullivan, "form follows function," into the idea that "form and function are one," and he saw nature as the greatest example of this. 그의 스승인 Louis Sullivan의 '형태는 기능을 따른다'라는 슬로건을 '형태와 기능은 하나이다'라는 개념으로 확장시켰고, 자연을 이것의 가장 훌륭한 본보기로 생각했다.
③ But rather than trying to imitate or represent nature, Wright wanted to reinterpret nature's principles in a way that would allow for the creation of structures more natural than nature itself. 하지만 Wright는 자연을 모방하고 나타내려고 하기보다는 자연 그 자체보다 더 자연스러운 구조를 창조해내는 방식으로 자연의 원리를 재해석하려고 했다.
④ Organic architecture relies on respect for the properties of building materials as well as for the close relationship between a building's form and its function. 유기적 건축은 건물의 형태와 기능 사이의 긴밀한 관계뿐만 아니라 건물 자재의 특징을 존중하는 것에 의존한다.
⑤ It is also important to integrate the structure and its surroundings into a harmonious whole. 또한 구조물과 그 주변의 것들을 조화로운 완전체로통합하는 것도 중요하다.
⑥ One of the best examples of this is Fallingwater, a home in rural Pennsylvania designed by Wright in 1935. 가장 좋은 예 중 하나는 1935년에 Wright가 디자인한 펜실베니아 외곽에 있는 집인 Fallingwater아다.
⑦ It was built over a small waterfall, and it sits perfectly within the landscape that surrounds it. 이 건물은 작은 폭포 위로 지어졌고, 이를 둘러싸고있는 풍경 속에 완벽하게 자리 잡고 있다.
⑧ A large rock even penetrates the home's floor to form the living room fireplace, merging the natural rock foundation with the house's interior. 심지어 큰 바위는 집의 마루를 관통하는데, 천연 바위의 토대가 집 내부와 합쳐지면서 거실에 벽난로를만들었다.
⑨ Another great example of organic architecture is the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York City. 유기적 건축의 또 다른 좋은 예는 뉴욕시에 있는 솔로몬 R. 구겐하임 미술관이다.
⑩ In traditional museum designs, visitors pass through a series of interconnected rooms and retrace their steps when exiting. 전통적인 박물관 디자인에서는 방문객들이 안에서연결된 방들을 지나다니고 나갈 때에는 그들이 온 길을 되돌아간다.
⑪ But Wright designed something completely different - a spiral-shaped building resembling a shell with an open interior. 하지만 Wright는 완전히 다르게 내부가 보이는 조개껍데기와 유사한 나선형의 건물로 디자인했다.
⑫ After riding an elevator to the top, visitors can walk leisurely downward along a gently sloping incline. 맨 위층까지 엘리베이터를 탄 후 방문객들은 여유롭게 완만한 경사를 따라 걸어 내려가면 된다.
⑬ They are also able to see several different levels of the museum at the same time. 그들은 동시에 박물관의 여러 다른 층을 볼 수도 있다.
⑭ In other words, the design itself facilitates the experience of viewing artwork, exemplifying the idea that "form and function are one." 즉, '그 디자인 자체가 형태와 기능은 하나다'라는 개념의 본보기가 되면서 예술작품을 보는 경험을 가능하게 하는 것이다.
⑮ Wright's use of organic concepts in these buildings led to designs that were unlike anything that people had ever seen before. Wright가 이 건물들에 유기적 개념을 사용한 것은사람들이 이전에 보았던 어떤 것과도 다른 디자인을만들어냈다.
⑯ He even once claimed that, when it came to organic architecture, bad design was impossible. 그는 한번은 유기적 건축이라면 나쁜 디자인은 불가능하다고 주장하기도 했다.
⑰ That's because rather than resulting from an imposed style, his buildings were simply products of their place and time. 주입된 스타일의 결과라기보다 그의 건물들은 그저그것의 공간과 시간에서 온 결과물이기 때문이다.
⑱ Although the word "organic" is used in many different contexts today, it was much less common in Frank Lloyd Wright's time. 오늘날에는 여러 다른 맥락에서 '유기적'이라는 단어가 쓰이고 있지만, Frank Lloyd Wright의 시대에서는 그리 흔하지 않은 것이었다.
⑲ His use of the concept in the world of architecture was revolutionary, though, and it has since influenced architects all over the world. 하지만 그가 건축 분야에서 그 개념을 사용한 것은혁신적이었고, 이후 전 세계에 걸쳐 건축가들에게영향을 끼치고 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 10. Architecture - Reading 2: TOEFL (Antoni Gaudi)
① In the late 19th and early 20th century, a new architectural style called Art Nouveau was sweeping through Europe. 19세가 말과 20세기 초에 아르누보라 불리는 새로운 건축양식이 유럽을 휩쓸고 있었다.
② It was a reaction to the harshness of the Industrial Age, and it influenced many artistic disciplines. 이것은 산업화 시대의 가혹함에 대한 반작용으로,많은 예술 분야에 영향을 끼쳤다.
③ Rigid lines were replaced with flowing curves and explosive forms that simulated organic growth. 딱딱한 선들은 생물의 성장을 본뜬 흐르는 듯한 곡선과 변화가 심한 모양들로 대체되었다.
④ Among the artists whose works embodied Art Nouveau philosophy, there was one who used its principles to create a style all his own. 그들의 작품에서 아르누보 철학을 구현했던 예술가들 가운데 자신만의 스타일을 창조해내기 위해 그원리들을 이용한 한 예술가가 있었다.
⑤ The Spanish architect Antoni Gaudi's structures were so innovative and daring that he earned the reputation of being either a genius or a madman. 스페인의 건축가였던 Antoni Gaudi의 건축물들은매우 혁신적이고 과감해서 그는 천재 또는 미치광이라는 평판을 얻었다.
⑥ Numerous influences shaped Gaudi's unique vision. Gaudi의 독특한 시각은 여러 가지 영향을 받아 형성되었다.
⑦ He found inspiration in texts on medieval architecture, as well as in contemporary theoretical writings. 그는 당시의 이론적인 저작물들로부터 뿐 아니라 중세 건축물에 관한 자료들로부터도 영감을 발견했다.
⑧ Gothic-style art, popular during his youth, also contributed to his artistic formation. 그가 젊었을 당시 유행했던 고딕 양식 예술 또한 그의 예술성을 형성하는 데 기여했다.
⑨ Some of Gaudi's early works mirrored gothic architecture, Art Nouveau, and traditional Spanish designs. Gaudi의 일부 초기작품들에는 고딕 건축 아르누보그리고 전통적인 스페인 디자인이 반영되었다.
⑩ It did not take long, though, for his structures to exhibit a truly original style. 하지만 오래지 않아 그의 건축물들은 진정으로 독창적인 스타일을 드러냈다.
⑪ In addition to traditional elements, he was also greatly influenced by shapes he observed in nature. 그는 전통적인 요소들 외에도 그가 자연에서 관찰한모양들에 의해서도 많은 영향을 받았다.
⑫ His imitation of flowing water and other natural concepts, his incorporation of fantastic arches, and the decorative placement of broken tiles on his buildings' surfaces became distinctive elements of Gaudi's architecture. 흐르는 물과 다른 자연의 개념에 대한 모방, 환상적인 아치들의 융합, 그리고 깨진 타일들을 건물의 표면에 장식적으로 배치하는 것은 Gaudi의 건축의 특징적인 요소들이 되었다.
⑬ And works which were done in his later years show themes central to Catholicism as well. 그리고 그의 말년 작품들은 가톨릭의 핵심 주제들또한 보여준다.
⑭ Of his many renowned works, the Casa Batllo is one of the most expressive. 그의 많은 유명 작품들 가운데 Casa Batllo는 가장표현력이 풍부한 작품 중 하나이다.
⑮ Originally a grand 19th century house in a fashionable Barcelona neighborhood, it was completely remodeled by Gaudi between 1904 and 1906. 원래는 상류 인사가 사는 바르셀로나 인근 지역에있는 19세기 대저택이었던 그것은 1904년과 1906년 사이 Gaudi에 의해 완전히 리모델링되었다.
⑯ Both inside and out, straight lines were avoided whenever possible. 될 수 있는 한 안과 밖 모두에 직선이 배제되었다.
⑰ From the bone-like pillars on the balconies to the irregular arches dominating the interior, the Casa Batllo is truly a unique creation. 뼈처럼 보이는 발코니 기둥에서부터 내부의 주조를이루고 있는 불규칙한 아치에 이르기까지, Casa Batllo는 정말로 독특한 창작물이다.
⑱ However, the work most often associated with Gaudi is the magnificent but still unfinished Barcelona church, the Sagrada Familia. 그러나 가장 흔히 Gaudi와 관련지어지는 작품은 웅장하지만 아직 미완성안 바르셀로나에 있는 교회Sagrada Familia이다.
⑲ Gaudi took over the project in 1883, and he continued working on it until his death in 1926. Gaudi가 1883년에 작업을 이어 받아, 1926년 사망할 때까지 그 작업을 계속했다.
⑳ The basis of the church's design is gothic in style, but Gaudi added countless touches to transform the structure into an unforgettable religious monument. 그 교회 디자인의 기본은 고딕 양식이지만, Gaudi는 그 건축물을 잊을 수 없는 종교 기념물로 변모시키기 위해 셀 수 없이 많은 손질을 가했다.
㉑ When completed, the Sagrada Familia will feature 18 highly ornamental towers, numerous leaning columns, and fluctuating outlines that make the entire church appear to be melting. 완성되었을 때, Sagrada Familia는 18개의 장식탑수많은 기울어진 기둥들 그리고 교회 전체가 녹아내리는 것처럼 보이게 만드는 변화무쌍한 윤곽을 특징으로 하게 될 것이다.
㉒ It is already Barcelona's most famous tourist attraction and a striking artistic achievement. 그것은 이미 바르셀로나에서 가장 유명한 관광 명소이며 두드러진 예술적 업적이다.
㉓ Due to the originality and audacity of his technical solutions and his use of creative ornamentation, Gaudi is the most prestigious figure in the history of Spanish architecture. 기술적인 해법들과 창조적인 장식의 사용에 있어서의 독창성과 과감함 때문에 Gaudi는 스페인 건축계의 역사에서 가장 저명한 인물이다.
㉔ Today, his fame worldwide is an unquestioned fact both in the architectural field and among the general public.' 오늘날 전세계적인 그의 명성은 건축계와 일반 대중들 사이에서 모두 의심할 여지없는 사실이다.

 

 

 

Unit 11. Astronomy - Reading 1: The Big Bang Theory
① What is approximately 14,000,000,000 years old and was once smaller than a grape? 약 140억 년이나 되었으면서 한때는 포도알갱이보다도 더 작았던 것은 무엇일까?
② The answer is, surprisingly, the universe at the time of creation. 그 답은 놀랍게도 생성 당시의 우주이다.
③ This idea is at the very heart of a scientific theory called the Big Bang, which postulates that the universe emerged suddenly out of a tremendously hot, volatile, and dense state roughly 13.7 billion years ago. 이 생각은 바로 빅뱅이라고 불리는 과학적 이론의핵심적인 부분인데, 그 이론은 우주가 약 137억년전에 엄청나게 뜨거운 휘발성의 높은 밀도 상태에서갑자기 나타났다고 간주한다.
④ The Big Bang is based upon the theories and observations of many 20th century scientists. 빅뱅은 많은 20세기 과학자들의 이론과 관찰에 근거를 두고 있다.
⑤ Edwin Hubble constructed the foundation of the Big Bang theory with the discovery that the universe is continually expanding outwards and that a galaxy's velocity is proportional to its distance from Earth. Edwin Hubble은 우주가 계속해서 외부로 팽창하고있으며 은하의 속도는 지구로부터의 거리에 비례한다는 발견을 가지고 빅뱅 이론의 기초를 구성했다.
⑥ What this means is that galaxies twice as far from Earth are moving twice as fast as those at half the distance. 이것이 의미하는 바는 지구로부터 2배 멀리 떨어져있는 은하는 그 반만큼의 거리에 있는 은하보다 2배로 빨리 움직이고 있다는 것이다.
⑦ It has taken every galaxy the same amount of time to move from a common starting point in the universe, and that point would be where the Big Bang occurred. 모든 은하가 우주 안의 공통된 시작점으로부터 이동하는 데에는 똑같은 시간이 걸렸으므로, 그 시작점이 바로 빅뱅이 발생한 곳이 될 수 있다.
⑧ This fact remains the cornerstone of the Big Bang theory, which was sarcastically termed by one of Hubble's detractors, Fred Hoyle. 이 사실은 빅뱅 이론의 토대가 되었는데, 이러한 명칭은 Hubble을 비방했던 사람 중 한 명인 Fred Hoyle에 의해 비꼬는 투로 붙여진 것이었다.
⑨ Four decades after Hubble's observations and analysis, two astronomers, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson first detected the sound of cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation, which is the form that had been expected as a result of a Big Bang creation of the universe. Hubble의 관찰과 분석이 있은 지 40년 후에, 두 명의 천문학자 Arno Penzias와 Robert Wilson이 최초로 우주 초단파 배경 방사선(CMB)의 음파를 감지했는데, 그것은 빅뱅에 의해 창조된 우주의 결과물일 것이라고 기대되어왔던 형태였다.
⑩ They had built sophisticated antennae to listen for sounds in space and picked up a noise that seemed to be arriving from all directions simultaneously. 그들은 우주에서의 소리를 듣기 위해 정교한 안테나를 설치했으며 모든 방향으로부터 동시에 도착하는것처럼 보이는 잡음을 감지해냈다.
⑪ The sound was radiation from the outer regions of the universe left over from the Big Bang. 그 음파는 빅뱅으로부터 남겨진 우주의 바깥쪽 지역에서 방사되는 것이었다.
⑫ This discovery helped subsequent astronomers to find more evidence in support of the Big Bang theory. 이 발견은 이후의 천문학자들이 빅뱅 이론을 뒷받침할 수 있게 하는 더 많은 증거를 찾는 것을 도왔다.
⑬ The next major piece of evidence emerged from data gathered from NASA's COBE satellite in the 1990s. 그 다음의 주된 증거는 1990년대에 NASA의 COBE 위성에 의해 수집된 자료로부터 드러났다.
⑭ Scientists composed a series of maps after investigating hundreds of millions of precision measurements in the data they had collected. 과학자들은 그들이 수집한 자료 속에서 수억개의 정밀 측정을 조사한 후에 일련의 지도를 구성해냈다.
⑮ These maps demonstrated temperature fluctuations across the universe. 이들 지도는 우주 전역에 걸친 기온의 변동을 보여주었다.
⑯ The temperature variation was consistent with Big Bang predictions, so these maps became crucial evidence in support of the Big Bang theory. 그 기온 변화는 빅뱅 이론의 예측과 일치했으며, 따라서 이 지도들은 빅뱅 이론을 뒷받침하는 중요한증거가 되었다.
⑰ The studies and efforts of many scientists have altered our perspective of the universe. 많은 과학자들의 연구와 노력은 우주에 대한 우리의관점을 바꾸어 놓았다.
⑱ While it was once thought to be a constant space, it is now seen as a changing space. 한때는 이것이 불변하는 공간이라고 생각되었지만, 지금은 변화하는 공간이라고 보여진다.
⑲ Thanks to the Big Bang theory, we have been able to somewhat answer the fundamental question about the origins of the universe. 빅뱅 이론 덕분에 우리는 우주의 기원이라는 근본적인 문제에 대해 어느 정도 대답할 수 있었다.
⑳ But we will need continuous questioning and reevaluation in order to understand the universe more clearly. 하지만 우리는 우주를 좀 더 명확히 이해하기 위해서 지속적인 의문과 재평가를 필요로 할 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 11. Astronomy - Reading 2: SETI
① Science fiction films and novels have long focused on the search for intelligent life elsewhere in the universe. 공상 과학 영화나 소설에서는 우주 어딘가에 있을 지능이 있는 생명체를 찾는 것에 오랫동안 초점을 맞춰왔다.
② That search has moved beyond science fiction, as real-life scientists strive to make this dream a reality through a series of projects dubbed SETI. 실제 과학자들이 SETI 라고 불리는 일련의 프로젝트를 통해 이 꿈을 실현하려 노력함에 따라, 그러한 탐색은 공상과학의 차원을 넘어서 왔다
③ SETI is an acronym for Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence. SETI는 Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence(지구밖 문명 탐사)의 두문자어(頭文字語)이다.
④ It began in 1959, when Giuseppe Cocconi and Phillip Morrison published a paper exploring methods of detecting alien messages from outer space. 그것은 Giuseppe Cocconi와 Phillip Morrison이우주 공간에서 외계인의 메시지를 탐지하는 방법을연구한 논문을 발표했던 1959년에 시작되었다.
⑤ They concluded that the best method was radio waves. 그들은 가장 좋은 방법이 전자파라고 결론지었다.
⑥ Radio waves have the capability to travel across space and can be generated with a moderate amount of energy. 전자파는 우주를 횡단할 수 있고 적당한 양의 에너지로 생성될 수 있다.
⑦ Human civilization has been beaming radio waves into space for many years, so it seemed logical that an alien civilization would do likewise. 인류 문명이 오랜 시간 동안 전자파를 우주로 발산해왔기 때문에, 외계 문명도 똑같이 그래왔을 것임은당연한 듯 보여졌다.
⑧ Around the same time that Cocconi and Morrison were publishing their paper, an astronomer named Frank Drake was launching an actual search. Cocconi와 Morrison이 그들의 논문을 발표한 것과비슷한 시기에 Frank Drake라는 천문학자는 실제탐색에 착수하고 있었다.
⑨ Project Ozma, the first modern SETI experiment, used radio telescopes to scan a few distant stars for radio signals. 최초의 현대 SETI 실험인 Ozma 프로젝트는 전파신호를 찾기 위해 몇몇의 멀리 있는 별들을 전파망원경을 사용해서 조사했다.
⑩ The stars were chosen because of their similarity to our sun, in the hope that they might be orbited by a planet capable of supporting life. 그 별들은 우리의 태양과 유사해서 선택되었는데, 생명체가 살 수 있는 행성이 그것들의 주위를 돌고 있을지도 모른다는 희망에서였다.
⑪ Drake was later appointed president of the SETI Institute, where he coordinated Project Phoenix. Drake는 나중에 SETI 연구소의 소장으로 임명되었고, 거기에서 Phoenix 프로젝트를 조직했다.
⑫ Project Phoenix scanned the skies from 1995 until 2004 using an assortment of radio telescopes located around the world. Phoenix 프로젝트에서는 1995년부터 2004년까지전 세계의 다양한 전파 망원경들을 사용하여 하늘을조사했다.
⑬ It scrutinized 800 stars across a range of radio frequencies, employing technology with detection capabilities far more sensitive than Project Ozma, but like all the preceding searches, it failed to produce any tangible results. 그것은 다양한 무선 주파수의 800개의 별을 세밀히조사했는데, Ozma 프로젝트보다 훨씬 더 민감한 감지 능력이 있는 기술을 이용했지만, 모든 다른 앞선탐색이 그랬듯이 어떤 확실한 결과를 내지는 못했다.
⑭ Despite these setbacks, the quest continues with SETI@home, an ongoing project established in 1999 that allows anyone to participate in the search from their own home. 이런 좌절에도 불구하고 SETI@home 프로젝트와함께 탐색은 계속되었는데, 이것은 누구든 자신의 집에서 탐색에 참여할 수 있게 하는 것으로 1999년에설립되어 현재까지 진행중이다.
⑮ Individuals can download software from the SETI@home website, enabling their personal computers to become components of an assembled supercomputer. 개개인은 SETl@home 웹사이트에서 소프트웨어를다운받아서 자신의 개인 컴퓨터를 집합체인 슈퍼컴퓨터의 구성요소가 되게 할 수 있다.
⑯ Data is transmitted to each computer in the system, where it is processed and returned. 정보는 그 시스템에 있는 각 컴퓨터에 전송되고, 거기에서 처리되어 다시 보내진다.
⑰ All of this computing power is applied to analyzing the vast amount of data gathered by SETI telescopes. 이 모든 연산력은 SETI 망원경으로 모은 방대한 양의 정보를 분석하는 데 사용된다.
⑱ Currently, more than 5 million people are volunteering their home computers to SETI@home. 현재 500만이 넘는 사람들이 자신의 가정용 컴퓨터를 자발적으로 SETl@home에 제공하고 있다.
⑲ The scientific legitimacy of the SETI projects has been questioned by some who point to a lack of results as proof that the search is a fruitless waste of money. 결실이 부족한 것은 곧 그 탐색이 헛된 돈 낭비라는증거라고 지적하는 일부 사람들에 의해 SETI 프로젝트의 과학적 타당성에 대한 의문이 제기되어 왔다.
⑳ But SETI participants still hold out hope for the detection of an advanced extraterrestrial civilization that can transform our understanding of the universe and help us resolve some of the crises faced by our planet. 그러나 SETI 참가자들은 여전히 우주에 대한 우리의이해를 바꿔줄 수 있고 우리 행성이 직면한 위기를해결하는 것을 도와줄 수 있는 고도화된 외계 문명의발견을 기대하고 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 12. Politics - Reading 1: Lobbying
① The term "lobbying" originated in the United States almost two centuries ago, when representatives of interest groups would gather in the lobbies of state legislatures and the Congress to persuade politicians to support their causes. '로비'라는 용어는 거의 두 세기 전 미국에서 이익집단의 대표들이 자신들의 목표를 정치인이 지지하도록 설득하기 위해 주의회와 연방의회의 로비에 모이곤 했던 것에서 유래되었다.
② Today, the term is used more widely to include any effort that individuals or groups make in an attempt to influence government policy. 오늘날 이 용어는 좀 더 광범위하게 사용되어 개인이나 그룹이 정부정책에 영향을 끼치려고 시도하는모든 노력을 포함한다.
③ Lobbying has become an important feature of the democratic process, as it provides citizens with the opportunity to have an impact on public policy. 로비는 국민들에게 공공정책에 영향을 끼칠 기회를제공해 준다는 점 때문에 민주주의 과정에서 중요한한 특징이 되었다.
④ Through exerting pressure on politicians who are constantly involved in decision-making processes, citizens can intervene in those processes to have their demands satisfied. 의사결정 과정에 지속적으로 관여하는 정치인들에게 압력을 가함으로써 국민들은 자신들의 요구사항을 충족시키기 위해 그 과정들에 개입할 수 있다.
⑤ Their efforts often lead to improvements for the social good, like the positive changes Mothers Against Drunk Driving have been able to help implement in the U.S. to combat drunk driving. 그들의 노력은 Mothers Against Drunk Driving 이란 단체가 음주운전을 없애가 위해 미국 내에서실시하도록 한 긍정적인 변화와 같은 사회적인 이익의 증대로 종종 이어지기도 한다.
⑥ A lot of changes - such as child labor laws and public school improvement - have been achieved through the active involvement of people who felt something needed to change. 아동 노동법과 공립학교 개선과 같은 많은 변화들은뭔가 변화가 필요하다고 느낀 사람들의 적극적인 개입을 통해 이루어졌다.
⑦ We are more likely, however, to hear reports in the media about the negative effects of lobbying. 하지만 우리는 로비의 부정적인 결과들에 대한 언론보도를 듣게 되는 경우가 더 많다.
⑧ We have all heard or read reports of the cozy relationships some lobbyists have with elected officials. 우리 모두는 일부 로비스트들이 선출직 정부 관리들과 맺고 있는 유착 관계에 대한 보도를 듣거나 읽어본 적이 있다.
⑨ The most obvious example is politicians who sell their support on an issue for cash, and it usually happens in the form of trading votes for campaign funds from lobbyists. 가장 분명한 예는 어떤 사안에 대한 본인의 지지를돈을 받고 파는 정치인들이며, 이는 보통 표를 로비스트로부터의 선거운동자금과 맞바꾸는 형식으로이루어진다.
⑩ These clear cases of bribery and corruption aside, people tend to think that some of the major interest groups may have an unfair advantage in gaining access to elected officials precisely because of their size and power. 이러한 뇌물수수나 부패와 같은 명백한 사례들을 제쳐둔다 하더라도, 사람들은 일부 주요 이해집단이정확히 말하면 그들의 규모와 힘 때문에, 선출직 정부관리들에게 접근하는 데 있어 불공정한 이점을 가질 수도 있다고 생각하는 경향이 있다.
⑪ Besides, sometimes the views of powerful lobbying groups, which represent a particular side of an issue, may not serve the common good. 게다가 어떤 사안에 대해 특정한 입장만을 대변하는강력한 로비집단의 견해는 공공선에 부합하지 않을수도 있다.
⑫ Despite these problems, there is no denying that lobbyists already perform a crucial role in the democratic system. 이런 문제들에도 불구하고, 로비스트들이 민주적인제도에서 이미 중요한 역할을 수행하고 있다는 것은부인할 수 없다.
⑬ Therefore, the argument that it would be better to reform their practices than to outlaw them completely has been raised. 따라서 그들을 법적으로 금지하는 것보다는 그들의관행을 개혁하는 것이 더 나을 것이라는 주장이 제기되어왔다.
⑭ This can be brought about by making the entire process of lobbying more transparent and open to public scrutiny. 이는 로비의 전 과정을 보다 투영하고 대중들이 상세히 볼 수 있도록 공개함으로써 실행될 수 있다.
⑮ For example, in the U.S., lobbyists are required to register and file reports following meetings with lawmakers. 예를 들어 미국에서는, 로비스트들이 입법자들과 만남을 가진 후 보고서를 작성, 보고하도록 되어 있다.
⑯ And politicians, for their part, could be forced to provide public access to their appointment books so that their meetings and agendas would become part of the public record. 그리고 정치인들에 대해서는 그들의 모임과 일정이공적인 기록의 일부가 되도록 그들의 일정표를 일반대중에게 공개하는 것을 의무화할 수도 있을 것이다.
⑰ With these complementary measures, lobbying could be expected to operate as an effective tool in the process of democracy. 이러한 보완책들이 마련된다면, 로비는 민주주의 과정에 있어 효과적인 도구로 작용할 것으로 기대될수 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 12. Politics - Reading 2: TOEFL (Manifesto)
① In modern politics, the manifesto has often been employed by political parties to outline their policy plans to the public. 현대 정치에서 매니페스토는 정당들이 자신들의 정책 계획을 대중에게 개괄적으로 설명할 목적으로 종종 사용되곤 했다.
② The typical manifesto includes the intended results of the proposed policies, the method by which they will be carried out, and a timetable for doing so. 전형적인 매니페스토는 제안된 정책들이 의도했던결과, 그 정책들이 수행되어질 방법, 그리고 그렇게실행할 계획표를 포함한다.
③ Theoretically, a party's manifesto acts as a contract between it and its constituents. 이론적으로는 한 정당의 매니페스토는 그 정당과 선거인들 간의 계약으로 작용한다.
④ The first political manifesto was delivered in England in 1834. 최초의 정치적인 매니페스토는 1834년 영국에서 선포되었다.
⑤ It was actually a transcription of a speech given by Sir Robert Peel in the town of Tamworth; it was then distributed throughout the country. 그것은 실제로는 Robert Peel경이 Tamworth 의시내에서 했던 연설의 필사본이었고, 그 후에 전국으로 배포되었다.
⑥ It summarized the principles of the Conservatives and became known as the Tamworth Manifesto. 그것은 보수당원들의 원칙을 요약한 것으로, Tamworth 매니페스토라고 알려지게 되었다.
⑦ British politics still relies heavily on manifestos released by the country's various parties, and sometimes they are so pivotal that they can be the decisive factor in a party's failure or success in an election. 영국의 정치는 여전히 그 나라의 다양한 정당들에의해 발표되는 매니페스토에 크게 의존하고 있으며, 때로는 그것이 너무나도 중추적인 역할을 해서 선거에서 한 정당의 실패나 성공에 있어 결정적인 요소가 될 수도 있다.
⑧ For example, in 1983, the ruling Conservative Party was faced with the disappointment of voters and an almost sure defeat at the hands of the Labour Party, yet the radical and unpopular policies put forward in Labour's manifesto of that year caused voters to reelect the Conservatives. 예를 들어 1983년 집권 보수당은 유권자들의 실망에 직면하여 노동당에게 패배할 것이 거의 확실시되었지만, 그해 노동당의 매니페스토에 제안되었던 급진적이고 평판이 좋지 못한 정책들이 유권자들로 하여금 다시 보수당을 뽑도록 만들었다.
⑨ Then, fourteen years later, the Labour Party reversed its fortunes with its manifesto of 1997, which described the ideals of a "New Labour" and laid out ten policy pledges that led the Party to victory. 그리고 14년 후, 노동당은 1997년의 매니페스토로그 운명을 뒤바꾸었는데, 그것은 새로운 노동당'의이상을 묘사하고, 당을 승리로 이끌어 준 10가지의정책 공약을 제시했다.
⑩ Use of the manifesto is not limited to England, however, and it has been introduced to Japan and Korea. 하지만 매니페스토의 사용은 영국에만 국한되는 것이 아니며, 그것은 일본과 한국에도 도입되었다.
⑪ The year 2003 saw numerous Japanese non-governmental organizations lobby for the introduction of manifestos to the country's political system, and Japanese politicians have responded eagerly to this movement. 2003년에 많은 일본의 비정부 조직들이 국가의 정치 시스템에 매니페스토를 도입하기 위해 로비했으며, 일본 정치가들도 이 운동에 대해 열렬한 반응을보였다.
⑫ Korea witnessed a similar push for political manifestos in 2006, and candidates in local elections fully embraced them. 한국에서는 2006년에 정치적인 매니페스토에 대한유사한 추진 노력이 있었고 그것은 지방 선거의 후보자들에 의해 받아들여졌다.
⑬ Proponents of manifestos in these two countries hope the changes will focus elections more closely on concrete policies rather than on issues such as personal relationships and vague party ideology. 이들 두 국가에서 매니페스토를 지지하는 사람들은그 변화를 통해 선거가 개인적인 관계나 모호한 당의 이데올로기와 같은 사안들보다는 구체적인 정책에 좀 더 집중되기를 희망한다.
⑭ They also believe manifestos can eliminate some of the ambiguity over policies both within individual parties and among the different parties involved in forming a government. 또한 그들은 매니페스토가 개별 정당과 정부 구성에관여된 각기 다른 정당 모두에게 있는 정책에 대한모호함을 없앨 수 있을 것이라고 믿는다.
⑮ Many other countries in addition to Japan and Korea are expected to benefit from such political modifications. 일본과 한국 외에도 다른 많은 국가들이 이러한 정치적인 변화로 인해 이익을 얻을 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.
⑯ However, for manifestos to truly be capable of bringing positive change, political parties must follow through with the plans they advance. 그러나 매니페스토가 진정한 의미에서 긍정적인 변화를 가져올 수 있기 위해서는 정당들이 그들아 제출한 계획들을 충실히 수행해야만 한다.
⑰ Not only must they enact their promised policies, but they must also effectively evaluate the success of those policies. 그들은 공약한 정책을 법률로 제정해야 할 뿐만 아니라 그 정책들의 성공 여부를 효과적으로 평가해야만 한다.
⑱ Nor should it be forgotten that the public has an essential role in monitoring the elected party to ensure it upholds the principles of its manifesto. 선출된 정당이 그들의 매니페스토 원칙을 확실히 유지하고 있는지를 감시하는 데에 있어 대중들이 필수불가결한 역할을 맡고 있다는 점도 간과해서는 안된다.

 

 

 

Unit 13. Mysteries - Reading 1: Hypnosis
① Perhaps you've seen it on a television program or in a movie: the doctor stands before a patient and magically guides him or her into a hypnotic state. 아마도 당신은 TV 프로그램이나 영화 속에서 의사가 환자 앞에 서서 마술처럼 그 환자를 최면 상태로인도하는 것을 본 적이 있을 것이다.
② In reality, hypnosis is a technique by which one can cause another to enter a state in which he or she is highly susceptible to suggestion. 실제로 최면은 한 사람이 다른 사람으로 하여금 어떤 제안을 매우 쉽게 받아들이는 상태로 들어가도록유도할 수 있는 기법이다.
③ Although its roots date back to ancient Greece, hypnosis remains somewhat of a mystery even today. 최면의 기원이 고대 그리스까지 거슬러 올라감에도불구하고, 그것은 오늘날까지도 신비스러운 것으로남아있다.
④ There are various methods of inducing hypnosis, but generally the hypnotist leads the subject into a progressively deeper state of relaxation. 최면을 유도하는 데에는 다양한 방법이 있지만, 일반적으로 최면술사는 최면의 대상자가 점차 더 깊은긴장 완화 상태가 되도록 이끈다.
⑤ The subject may appear to be asleep but is, in actuality, so acutely focused on the hypnotist that he or she will likely follow the hypnotist's suggestions without a second thought. 대상자는 잠든 것처럼 보일지도 모르지만, 실제로는최면술사에게 예민하게 집중되어 있어서 망설임 없이 최면술사의 제안에 따르게 되기 쉽다.
⑥ It has been proven, however, that the subjects cannot be coerced into committing acts while hypnotized that they would strongly object to under normal conditions, such as harming themselves or others. 그러나 어떤 사람이 최면에 빠진 동안에 자신이나남을 해치는 것과 같이, 정상적인 상태에서라면 완강히 거부할 만한 행동들을 하도록 강요당할 수는없다는 사실이 입증된 바 있다.
⑦ In order to understand a hypnotic state, it is important to note that brain activity under hypnosis closely resembles the patterns of someone who is asleep. 최면의 상태를 이해하기 위해서는 최면 상태에서의두뇌 활동이 잠들어 있는 사람의 두뇌 활동 패턴과거의 유사하다는 사실에 주목하는 것이 중요하다.
⑧ Our brains are divided into two primary sections: the right hemisphere controls imaginative actions, while the left hemisphere is in charge of logic. 우리의 두뇌는 두 개의 주된 영역으로 나뉘어져 있는데, 우뇌는 창의적인 행동을 관장하는 한편 좌뇌는 논리를 담당하고 있다.
⑨ In both a state of hypnosis and sleep, activity in the right hemisphere has been shown to increase, while activity in the left decreases. 최면과 수면 상태 양쪽 모두에서 우뇌의 활동은 증가하는 것으로 보이는 반면에, 좌뇌의 활동은 감소한다.
⑩ Some scientists have speculated that this is because hypnosis causes the subconscious mind, which handles background tasks that require no thought, to step to the forefront, allowing the subjects to follow suggestions without filtering them through the formalities of logic. 일부 과학자들은 이와 같은 현상이 일어나는 것은, 최면이 사고를 요하지 않는 배경적 정보 처리 업무를 담당하는 잠재의식의 정신을 전면에 나서게 하고, (최면의) 대상자로 하여금 논리적 절차를 통해제안들을 선별하지 않고 그것들을 따르게끔 하기 때문이라고 추측해 왔다.
⑪ Hypnosis has been used as a psychological treatment in a variety of ways. 최면은 다양한 방법으로 심리학적인 치료 수단으로서 사용되어 왔다.
⑫ It can be particularly effective in helping people deal with breaking bad habits, such as smoking or overeating, by reforming behavioral patterns in the subconscious mind. 그것은 잠재의식의 사고 속에서 행동 유형을 교정함으로써, 사람들이 흡연이나 과식과 같은 나쁜 습관을 고치는 것을 돕는 데에 특히 효과적일 수 있다.
⑬ Some also look at hypnosis as a means of overcoming phobias; hypnosis can clarify difficult issues and bring resolution to persistent problems by accessing fears, memories, and repressed emotions related to a specific object or situation. 어떤 사람들은 최면을 공포증을 극복하는 수단으로보가도 하는데, 이 경우 최면은 특정한 대상이나 상황과 관련된 공포와 기억, 억압된 감정에 접근함으로써 어려운 쟁점들을 명확하게 해주고 지속적인 문제들에 대한 해결책을 가져다준다.
⑭ It has even been suggested that hypnosis may assist patients with asthma by helping them relax and control their breathing. 최면이 천식 환자들의 긴장 완화와 호흡 조절을 도움으로써 그들을 도울 수 있다는 설이 제기되기도했다.
⑮ But, while the use of hypnosis may be associated with positive therapeutic results, there is as yet no definitive clinical proof to support the effects observed. 그렇지만 최면의 사용이 긍정적인 치료 결과와 관련지어질 수도 있는 반면, 관찰된 효과들을 뒷받침해주는 명확한 의학적 근거는 아직 없다.
⑯ Modern science has uncovered many facts about the inner workings of hypnosis, but much remains unknown. 현대 과학은 최면의 내부 작용에 대해 많은 사실들을 발견해왔지만, 여전히 많은 부분이 알려지지 않은 채로 남아 있다.
⑰ Further in-depth studies of hypnosis may help us understand the secrets of the unconscious mind and develop truly beneficial therapeutic applications. 최면에 대한 더 면밀한 연구는 우리가 무의식적인사고의 비밀을 이해하고, 정말로 유익한 치료 적용법을 발전시키는 데 도움을 줄지도 모른다.

 

 

 

Unit 13. Mysteries - Reading 2: Near-death Experience
① A critically ill patient lies on a hospital bed, his condition taking a turn for the worse. 중태인 한 환자가 병원 침대에 누워있는데, 그의 상태는 더 악화되고 있다.
② Suddenly, he feels himself rising up out of his body and floating toward a bright light. 갑자기 그는 자신이 자기의 육신으로부터 일어나서는 밝은 빛을 향해 떠올라가는 것을 느낀다.
③ But he panics and returns to his body. 하지만 그는 공포에 질려, 자기 육신으로 돌아온다.
④ Later, his doctors inform him he was clinically dead for two minutes. 후에, 의사들이 그가 2분간 의학적으로 죽은 상태였다고 그에게 알려준다.
⑤ What happened to this man? 이 남자에게는 무슨 일이 일어났던 걸까?
⑥ Like millions of other people, he has undergone a near-death experience. 다른 수백만 명의 사람들과 마찬가지로 그는 임사(臨死) 체험을 한 것이다.
⑦ Accounts of this type of incident date back thousands of years, and they all have common traits to link them together. 이런 유형의 사건에 대한 설명들은 수천 년을 거슬러 올라가고 그것들 모두는 서로 연결되는 공통된특징을 가지고 있다.
⑧ The experience begins with some sort of injury or illness bringing them to the brink of death, followed by a feeling of great peace and the sensation of rising out of their bodies. 그 체험은 그들을 죽음의 문턱으로 데려가는 일종의부상이나 질병으로 시작되며, 아주 평화로운 느낌과자신의 육신을 벗어나 떠오르는 느낌이 이어진다.
⑨ They proceed to move through a tunnel toward a bright light until they enter into another realm where they encounter intelligent beings that communicate with them. 그들은 그들과 의사소통할 지적인 존재들과 우연히만나는 또 다른 영역으로 들어갈 때까지 밝은 빛을항해 터널 속을 통과한다.
⑩ At this point, they are either commanded to return to their bodies, or they choose to move away from the light, and the experience ends. 이 시점에서 그들은 자신의 육신으로 되돌아갈 것을명령 받거나, 혹은 자신이 그 빛으로부터 멀리 떠날것을 선택하게 되고, 그 체험은 끝이 난다.
⑪ Supernatural interpretations of these experiences differ based on prevailing cultural beliefs of life after death. 이러한 체험에 관한 초자연적인 해석들은 사후의 삶에 대한 지배적인 문화적 신념에 기반하여 차이가있다.
⑫ A basic view on the experience might regard the voices in the light as departed loved ones or creatures from another dimension trying to communicate with us. 그 체험에 대한 기본적인 견해는 빛 속의 목소리를이미 세상을 떠난 사랑하는 사람들 또는 다른 차원에서 온 생명체가 우리와 의사소통을 시도하는 것이라고 간주하기도 한다.
⑬ But from a religious point of view, it might appear that the person's soul briefly departs their body to journey through the border between the known world and the afterlife, encountering God, angels or some other form of deity, before returning. 그러나 종교적인 관점에서 본다면, 그러한 경험은한 사람의 영혼이 알려져 있는 세계와 사후세계 사이의 경계를 거쳐 여행을 하기 위해 잠시 자신의 육체를 떠났다가, 돌아오기 전에 신, 천사들 혹은 다른형태의 신적 존재를 만나는 것이라고 여겨진다.
⑭ A more scientific explanation centers on the way our brain deals with the information it receives from our senses. 좀 더 과학적인 설명은 우리의 두뇌가 감각으로부터전달받은 정보를 처리하는 방식에 주목한다.
⑮ When a person is near death, the brain can malfunction and misread the data it receives. 어떤 사람아 죽음에 임박해 있을 때, 두뇌는 오작동하거나, 전달받은 정보를 잘못 해독할 수 있다.
⑯ A lack of oxygen can be misinterpreted as a floating sensation, while an overload of visual information is seen as a bright, white light. 산소의 부족은 떠오르는 듯한 느낌으로 잘못 해석될수 있는 한편, 시각적 정보의 과부하는 밝고 흰 빛으로 보일 수도 있다.
⑰ The feeling of calmness has been attributed to an increase in endorphin levels triggered by the brain during traumatic events. 고요한 느낌은 정신적인 쇼크 동안 두뇌에 의해 유발되는 엔도르핀 수치의 상승 탓으로 여겨진다.
⑱ Later, as patients try to understand what has happened, they filter the experience through their belief systems and come up with startlingly similar tales. 그 후에 환자들이 무슨 일이 일어났는지 이해하려고애쓸 때, 그들은 자신의 신념 체계를 통해 그 경험을여과해 내어 놀랍도록 비슷한 이야기들을 내놓는다.
⑲ There is no way to know for certain whether a near-death experience is really a glimpse into the afterlife or just a trauma-induced hallucination. 임사 체험이 정말로 사후세계에 대한 짧은 목격인지아니면 그저 정신적 쇼크에 의해 유발되는 환상인지는 확실하게 알 방법이 없다.
⑳ But it is possible that this curious phenomenon can be helpful for human beings to understand more about the mysteries of death. 하지만 이 기이한 현상이 안간으로 하여금 죽음의신비에 대해 더 많은 것을 이해하도록 도울 수는 있을 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 14. Anthropology - Reading 1: Food Taboos
① One man's meat is another man's poison: 한 사람의 고기가 다른 사람에게는 독이 될 수도 있다.
② What one group of people views as a delicious meal might inspire shudders of repulsion in another. 한 무리의 사람들이 맛있는 식사로 간주하는 것이다른 사람들에게는 혐오감으로 몸서리쳐지는 감정을 불러일으킬 수도 있다.
③ Few Westerners would consider dining on insects, yet in many places they're considered to be a perfectly acceptable source of food. 서양인들은 곤충을 먹는 것을 고려해보는 일이 거의없지만, 많은 지역에서 곤충은 완벽하게 용인되어지는 음식재료로 여겨진다.
④ Two well-known examples of a food being considered unacceptable are the Hindu prohibition against eating cow flesh and the Muslim custom of avoiding swine, and there are scores of lesser-known examples around the world. 받아들여질 수 없는 것으로 간주되는 음식의 잘 알려진 두 가지 예는 힌두교도들이 소고기를 먹는 것을 금지하는 것과 돼지고기를 피하는 이슬람교의 관습이며, 전 세계에 걸쳐 그보다 덜 알려진 사례들이많이 있다.
⑤ So why are certain foods banned or considered unacceptable in some cultures? 그러면 왜 특정한 음식이 어떤 문화권에서 금지되거나 받아들여질 수 없는 것으로 간주되는 것일까?
⑥ Are there any special meanings or ideas in these taboos? 이러한 금기에는 특별한 의미나 사상이 있는 것일까?
⑦ Sometimes, food taboos fulfill a symbolic role. 때때로 음식의 금기는 상징적인 역할을 수행한다.
⑧ For example, the Hebrew Bible prohibits the consumption of certain animals, such as pigs and shellfish. 예를 들어, 히브리 성서에는 그들이 돼지나 조개와같은 특정한 동물의 섭취를 금하고 있다.
⑨ It's not clear what led to these taboos, but it is obvious that they serve to define the line between "us" and "them." 무엇이 이러한 금기를 낳았는지는 분명하지 않지만,그것이 '우리'와 '그들' 간의 경계를 명확하게 하는역할을 한다는 것은 명백하다.
⑩ This type of taboo can create vital cohesion within a culture that exists side by side with rival cultures. 이러한 유형의 금기는 경쟁 관계인 문화들과 나란히존재하는 문화 내에서 필수 불가결한 응집력을 만들어 낼 수 있다.
⑪ In the past, the Catholic Church banned the eating of meat on Fridays, even though it was acceptable the rest of the week. 과거 카톨릭 교회는 고기 먹는 것을 일주일 중 나머지 기간에는 허용하였음에도 불구하고, 금요일에는금했다.
⑫ The ritual of eating fish one day a week allowed Catholics to differentiate between themselves and their Protestant neighbors, and subsequently drew them closer together. 일주일에 한 번씩 생선을 먹는 의식은 카톨릭 교도들로 하여금 그들 자신을 신교도 이웃들과 구별되도록 해주었으며, 결과적으로 그들은 더 친밀감을 느끼게 되었다.
⑬ There can also be some very practical reasons for prohibiting a particular type of food. 특정한 유형의 음식을 금지하는 데에는 매우 실용적인 이유가 있을 수도 있다.
⑭ Some scholars believe that the ban on eating cows in India has its roots in economic pragmatism. 일부 학자들은 인도에서 소고기를 먹는 것을 금지하는 것은 경제적인 실용주의에 기반을 두고 있다고믿는다.
⑮ A cow offered more value to a village alive than it could as someone's meal. 소는 그것이 누군가의 식사거리로 사용되는 것보다살아있는 것이 한 마을에 더 많은 가치를 제공할 수있었다.
⑯ Because its dung was used as fuel for fires, its milk provided children with nutrition, and its strength made it a tireless laborer in the fields, the taboo was in place to prevent the whims of one hungry person from damaging the whole community. 소의 배설물은 불을 위한 연료로 사용되었고 소의젖은 아이들에게 영양을 제공했으며, 소의 힘은 들판에서 지치지 않는 노동력을 제공했기 때문에, 그금기는 한 배고픈 사람의 일시적인 기분으로 인해전체 공동체가 피해를 입는 것을 방지하기에 적절한것이었다.
⑰ There have also been cases that seem to stem from environmental concerns, such as the taboo the Achuara tribe of the Amazon rainforest has against eating tapirs, possibly to protect the animals from extinction. 또한 아마존 열대우림의 Achuara족이 아마도 맥이멸종되는 것을 막기 위해 그것을 먹지 않는 금기와같이 환경적인 우려에 기인한 것으로 보여 지는 사례들도 있다.
⑱ When seeking to understand a foreign culture, although we tend to focus on rituals and practices, there is also much to be learned from observing what people don't do. 외국의 문화를 이해하고자 노력할 때 우리는 의식이나 풍습에 집중하는 경향이 있기는 하지만, 사람들이 하지 않는 것을 관찰하는 것에서도 많은 것을 배울 수 있다.
⑲ In this sense, knowing what people don't eat can be an integral part of a balanced comprehension of their society. 이런 의미에서 사람들이 무엇을 먹지 않는지를 아는것은 그들 사회를 균형 있게 이해하는 데 있어 없어서는 안 될 부분이 될 수 있다.
⑳ Examining the motivations behind food taboos can provide us with an illuminating perspective on the feelings and beliefs of people we may otherwise find strange. 음식 금기의 이면에 있는 동기들을 자세히 살펴보는것은 우리가 이상하다고 생각할지도 모르는 다른 사람들의 감정이나 신념에 대해 해명하는 관점을 제공해준다.
㉑ Who we are is reflected in what we won't eat, as well as in what we will. 우리가 어떤 사람들인지는 우리가 먹는 것뿐만 아니라 우리가 먹지 않는 것에도 반영되어 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 14. Anthropology - Reading 2: TOEFL (Machu Picchu)
① High in the Andes Mountains of Peru is the city of Machu Picchu, the most significant historical and archaeological site in South America. 페루의 안데스 산맥의 높은 곳에는 남미에서 역사적, 고고학적으로 가장 중요한 장소인 마추픽추라는 도시가 있다.
② It is the largest remaining vestige of a civilization that stretched from Ecuador to Chile in the 15th and 16th centuries but was wiped out after the Spanish conquered the continent in 1532. 그것은 15세기와 16세기에는 에콰도르로부터 칠레까지 뻗어나갔지만 1532년에 스페인 사람들이 그대륙을 점령한 이후에 소멸된, 문명의 가장 크게 남아있는 자취이다.
③ Also called the "Lost City of the Incas," Machu Picchu remained unnoticed by outsiders because of its position on a 2,400-meter-high ridge that is surrounded by mountains and steep cliffs. '잉카의 잃어버린 도시' 라고 불리기도 하는 마추픽추는 산맥과 가파른 낭떠러지에 둘러싸인 2,400미터나 되는 산등성이에 위치한 덕분에 외부인들의 눈에 띄지 않고 남아있었다.
④ Guided by a local resident, an American archaeologist came upon it in 1911 and reintroduced it to the world. 원주민에게 안내를 받아서, 한 미국인 고고학자가1911년 그곳에 다다랐으며 그곳을 세계에 다시 소개했다.
⑤ Machu Picchu's 140 stone buildings are well preserved, which gives scientists the opportunity to study in detail the architecture and culture of the Inca. 마추픽추의 140개 석조 건물들은 잘 보존되어 있어서, 과학자들에게 잉카의 건축과 문화를 상세히 연구할 수 있는 기회를 준다.
⑥ What archaeologists and visitors find most impressive is the technique the Inca employed to construct the city. 고고학자들이나 관광객들이 가장 인상적으로 생각하는 것은 그 도시를 건축하기 위해 잉카인들이 사용했던 기술이다.
⑦ It is just amazing how they cut huge stones into even pieces to build walls and houses on steep inclines. 그들이 가파른 경사면 위에 벽이나 집을 짓기 위해거대한 석재를 동일한 조각으로 잘라낸 방법은 그저놀라울 따름이다.
⑧ Using a method called "drystone" or "ashlar," huge stones were cut so precisely that they fit together and stay in place without the use of mortar or any other binding material. 'drystone(회반죽 없이 돌 쌓기)' 또는 'ashlar(마름돌 쌓기)'라고 불리는 방법을 통해 거대한 석재가 너무도 정밀하게 잘려져서 회반죽이나 다른 어떤 결합제의 사용 없이도 한데 맞추어져 그 자리에 유지될수 있었다.
⑨ Scientists consider such precision highly sophisticated for a 15th century society. 과학자들은 이러한 정밀성은 15세기의 사회에서는매우 정교한 기술이라고 기술이라고 여긴다.
⑩ Another notable aspect of Machu Picchu is its irrigation system, which allows water to circulate throughout the city. 마추픽추에서 또 다른 주목할 만한 점은 관개수로 시스템으로, 그것은 물이 시내 전체를 순환하게 한다.
⑪ Water was redirected from a nearby river so that it flowed along a path carved into the rock to fill fountains, ponds, and agricultural terraces. 근처의 강에서 흘러나온 물은 방향을 틀어 돌에 새겨진 길을 따라 흘러 분수, 연못 계단식 경작지를 가득채웠다.
⑫ These multi-tiered terraces were established on the sides of the mountains because there was no flat land for traditional fields. 이러한 다층 구조의 계단식 경작지는 산기슭에 만들어졌는데, 왜냐하면 전통적인 밭에 적합한 평지가 없었기 때문이다.
⑬ What is ingenious about this method is that the inhabitants did not have to worry about the amount of rainfall needed to keep their crops growing, as the aqueduct system drew on water from the rivers. 이러한 방법에 있어서 기발했던 것은 수로 시스템이강으로부터 물을 끌어오기 때문에 주민들이 농작물의 성장을 위해 필요한 강수량에 대해 걱정할 필요가없었다는 것이다.
⑭ The system was constructed so well that certain parts of it are reported to be still working today. 이 시스템은 너무 잘 지어져서 그중의 일부는 지금도여전히 작동하는 것으로 보고된 바 있다.
⑮ Machu Picchu is a valuable symbol of Inca culture and is recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. 마추픽추는 잉카 문화의 소중한 상징이며 유네스코에 의해 세계문화유산으로 인정받는다.
⑯ Its remarkable architecture and irrigation system give us a glimpse into a unique civilization and draw hundreds of thousands of tourists each year. 그곳의 훌륭한 건축과 관개수로 시스템은 우리로 하여금 독특한 문명을 잠시나마 엿볼 수 있게 하며, 해마다 수십만 명의 관광객들을 유치하고 있다.
⑰ Visiting Machu Picchu can be a fascinating trip back into the past that infuses one with the mystery and beauty of this ancient Incan city. 마추픽추를 방문하는 것은 우리에게 이 고대 잉카 도시의 신비와 아름다움을 불어 넣어 주는, 과거로의매혹적인 여행이 될 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 15. Environment - Reading 1: Tourism
① Tourism, one of the world's fastest growing industries, can often appear to be a winning business opportunity for all involved. 세계에서 가장 빨리 성장하는 산업 중 하나인 관광산업은 종종 관여된 모든 사람들에게 이익이 되는사업 기회인 것처럼 보일 수 있다.
② Tourists are rewarded with the experience of new cultures and the natural beauty of exotic places. 관광객들은 새로운 문화 경험과 이국적 장소의 자연미라는 혜택을 누린다.
③ And developing nations benefit from tourism because of the infusion of money into their economies. 그리고 개발도상국들은 관광 산업을 통해 그들의 경제에 자금이 유입되기 때문에 혜택을 입는다.
④ But there is a serious downside that is often overlooked: the impact of tourism on the environment. 그러나 심각한 부정적 측면이 종종 간과되는데, 바로 관광 산업이 자연 환경에 미치는 영향이다.
⑤ In Asia, for example, tourists flock to Nepal for an opportunity to trek through clean and unspoiled mountainsides, but they have left the region trampled, damaged, and strewn with litter in their wake. 아시아의 예를 들면 관광객들은 깨끗하고 훼손되지않은 산허리를 도보로 여행할 기회를 찾아 네팔로모여들지만, 그들이 지나가면서 그곳은 짓밟히고,손상되고, 쓰레기로 뒤덮이게 되었다.
⑥ In the Mexican resort city of Cancun, the natural beauty of the coastal region has been drawing sun-loving tourists for decades, which in turn has led to a damaging spree of uncontrolled development. 멕시코의 휴양 도시 Cancun에서는 해안 지역의 자연미가 태양을 사랑하는 관광객들을 수십 년째 끌어오고 있지만 그것이 이제는 무절제한 개발로 인한과도한 손상으로 이어지고 있다.
⑦ In these cases and many others, governments eager for tourist dollars have put the desires of visitors before the needs of the environment. 이런 경우들과 다른 많은 경우에 있어서, 관광객들의 돈을 간절히 원하는 정부들은 환경의 필요성보다는 관광객들의 욕구를 우선에 둔다.
⑧ Hotels, restaurants, and other tourist facilities are hastily built to meet growing demand, often without regard for the damage they might cause. 호텔 음식점, 그리고 다른 관광객 편의 시설들은 종종 그것들이 야기할 수 있는 피해에 대한 고려 없이증가하는 수요에 맞추고자 서둘러 지어지고 있다.
⑨ Furthermore, the temporary surge in population caused by tourism often strains the local infrastructure beyond capacity, increasing sewage and litter to unmanageable levels. 게다가 관광 산업으로 인한 일시적인 인구 증가는지역의 기반 시설을 종종 수용력 이상으로 무리하게사용하게 해서 하수 오물과 쓰레기를 관리할 수 없는 정도까지 증가하게 한다.
⑩ As attention to this issue has increased, tourists and elements of the tourism industry have begun to embrace the concept of ecotourism. 이런 문제에 대한 관심이 증가함에 따라, 관광객들과 관광 산업의 구성원들은 친환경 관광의 개념을받아들이기 시작했다.
⑪ Ecotourism is a form of tourism that provides visitors with access to natural attractions in a manner that is respectful of the indigenous culture, beneficial to the local economy, and minimal in its environmental impact. 친환경 관광은 지역 고유문화를 존중하고, 지역 경제에 이익이 되며, 그 자연 환경에는 최소한의 영향만 미치는 방식으로 관광객들에게 자연 그대로의 명소를 제공하는 형태의 관광 산업 이다.
⑫ In Costa Rica, for example, an aerial tram has been built to allow tourists to experience the rainforest without actually walking through it. 예를 들어, Costa Rica에서는 공중 케이블카를 만들어서 관광객들이 실제로 걷지 않고 열대 우림을경험할 수 있도록 했다.
⑬ Optimally, ecotourism educates visitors on environmental issues while encouraging the local government to fund conservation efforts to preserve their valuable natural resources. 가장 좋은 점은, 친환경 관광이 관광객들에게는 환경 문제에 대해 교육을 시키는 한편, 지역 정부로 하여금 그들의 귀중한 천연 자원을 보존하기 위한 보호 활동을 재정적으로 지원하도록 장려한다는 점이다.
⑭ This type of "green-thinking" has made some inroads toward curbing the destructive course of unchecked tourism, but it is too early to tell if ecotourism is the solution to the problem. 이런 유형의 '생태계를 중시하는 사고'가 무절제한관광 산업의 파괴적인 진행을 억제하는 데 영향을미치기 시작하기는 했지만, 친환경 관광이 그 문제에 대한 해결책이라고 말하기에는 너무 이르다.
⑮ Many tourist sites with ecotourism are relatively new and the long-term impacts have yet to be measured, so there are questions as to whether these efforts actually represent sustainable development. 친환경 관광을 채택한 많은 관광 명소들은 비교적최근에 만들어진 것이며 장기간의 영향은 아직 측정되지 않았으므로, 이 노력들이 실제로 환경 파괴 없이 지속 가능한 개발을 의미하는 것인지의 여부에대한 의문이 있다.
⑯ If the global community is truly committed to saving some of the world's most beautiful places, there must be a serious, coordinated effort between conservationists, developers, governments, and the tourism industry. 만약 국제사회가 정말로 세계에서 가장 아름다운 장소들을 보존하고자 한다면, 보호주의자들 개발자들정부들 그리고 관광 산업 간의 진지하고 조화된 노력이 있어야만 한다.

 

 

 

Unit 15. Environment - Reading 2: Biomass
① Over 80% of the energy used worldwide comes from burning fossil fuels, like coal, oil, and natural gas. 전 세계에서 사용되는 에너지의 80% 이상이 석탄석유, 천연가스와 같은 화석 연료를 연소시켜서 얻어진다.
② This emits carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes pollution and contributes to global warming. 이것은 오염을 일으키고 지구 온난화의 원인이 되는이산화탄소, 즉 온실 가스를 방출한다.
③ Fossil fuels are also unsustainable - the supply of oil is estimated to last only a few more decades. 화석 연료는 또한 지속적으로 사용될 수 없고 석유공급은 앞으로 몇십 년 밖에 지속되지 않을 것으로추정된다.
④ Therefore, it is crucial to develop alternatives. 그러므로 대체 에너지를 개발하는 것은 매우 중요하다.
⑤ Wind, solar power, and hydroelectricity are environmentally friendly and renewable, but there may be another reliable source of energy: biomass. 풍력, 태양력 수력은 환경 친화적이며 재생 가능하지만 또 다른 안정적인 에너지원이 있을지도 모르는데, 그것은 바로 바이오매스이다.
⑥ Biomass is abundantly available on Earth in the form of agricultural residue, like straw and plant husks. 바이오매스는 짚이나 식물 껍질 같은 농작물의 잔류물 형태로 지구상에서 풍부하게 이용할 수 있다.
⑦ Food sources, including soybeans, corn, sugar cane, and palm oil, and other organic wastes like cattle dung, are all examples of biomass. 콩, 옥수수, 사탕수수, 야자수 기름을 포함한 식량원과 소똥과 같은 다른 유기물 쓰레기는 모두 바이오매스의 예가 될 수 있다.
⑧ The traditional uses of biomass have been greatly improved upon, and in their modern application, they can be used conveniently and in diverse ways. 바이오매스의 전통적인 이용법은 크게 발전되어 왔으며 현대적 응용을 통해 편리하고 다양한 방법으로사용될 수 있다.
⑨ Through a bio-refinery, biomass is converted into gaseous or liquid fuels that can be efficiently burnt in order to generate electricity. 생물학적 정제소를 거쳐, 바이오매스는 전기를 생산하는 데 효과적으로 연소될 수 있는 기체 혹은 액체형태의 연료로 전환된다.
⑩ For example, cattle dung can produce a gas that serves as fuel for cooking or heating, and corn can be converted into a liquid transportation fuel, such as biodiesel or ethanol. 예를 들어 소똥은 요리나 난방용 연료로 쓰이는 가스를 생산해 낼 수 있으며, 옥수수는 바이오디젤이나 에탄올과 같은 액화 수송 연료로 전환될 수 있다.
⑪ Biomass is popular not only because it supports agricultural industries, but also because it can be easily stored and used when needed. 바이오메스는 농업을 지원해 줄 뿐만 아니라 저장하기가 편하고 필요할 때 쉽게 사용할 수 있기 때문에인기가 있다.
⑫ Furthermore, it has several advantages over fossil fuel energy sources. 더구나 그것은 화석 연료 에너지원에 비해 여러 가지 장점들을 가지고 있다.
⑬ Biomass is more eco-friendly, as it produces less carbon dioxide. 바이오매스는 더 적은 이산화탄소를 생산하기 때문에 더 환경 친화적이다.
⑭ Also, it is capable of being broken down by living organisms like bacteria. 또한 박테리아와 같은 살아있는 유기체에 의해 분해될 수 있다.
⑮ Therefore, it will not damage the environment. 따라서 그것은 환경에 해를 입히지 않는다.
⑯ Despite the advantages, some scientists point out the negative effects of biomass production. 이런 장점들에도 불구하고 일부 과학자들은 바이오매스 생산의 부정적인 결과들을 지적한다.
⑰ On the island of Borneo in Indonesia, for example, the increase in palm tree plantations is having an adverse effect on land. 인도네시아 보르네오 섬에서는 야자수 재배지의 증가가 토양에 악영향을 끼치고 있다.
⑱ The island is suffering from massive deforestation, as more and more land is being cleared for planting palm trees. 야자수를 심기 위해 점점 더 많은 토지가 개간됨에따라 섬은 대규모의 삼림파괴로 고통을 받고 있다.
⑲ It has also led to water shortages because more cropland requires more water. 더 많은 농지는 더 많은 물을 필요로 하기 때문에,이는 물 부족 또한 야기시키고 있다.
⑳ Clearly, the balance between renewable energy sources and environmentally friendly production is a delicate one. 분명히, 재생가능한 에너지원과 친환경적인 생산 사이의 균형은 미묘한 문제이다.
㉑ Alternative fuel sources like biomass are cleaner to burn than fossil fuels, and using them may help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. 바이오매스와 같은 대체 연료원은 화석 연료를 연소시키는 것보다 더 깨끗하고 그것들(바이오매스와 같은 대체 연료원)을 사용하는 것은 온실 가스 방출을줄이는 데 도움이 될 수 있다.
㉒ But because of the other environmental consequences, biomass is not yet the perfect solution to the world's energy problems. 하지만 다른 환경적인 결과들 때문에 바이오매스는아직 세계 에너지 문제의 완벽한 해결책은 아니다.
㉓ It's crucial that scientists continue to research more techniques for the effective use of biomass. 과학자들이 바이오매스를 효과적으로 사용할 수 있는 더 많은 기술들을 계속 연구하는 것이 매우 중요하다.
㉔ Hopefully, continuing the search for eco-friendly energy will allow us to salvage our environment. 바라건대, 환경 친화적인 에너지에 대한 연구를 지속하는 것이 우리가 환경을 구하도록 할 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 16. Technology - Reading 1: Robotic Surgery
① Whether you realize it or not, robots have become part of our lives. 당신이 그 사실을 인식하고 있건 아니건 간에, 로봇은 우리 생활의 일부가 되었다.
② They work in automobile manufacturing plants and other factories that make use of automated assembly lines. 로봇은 자동차 제조 공장과 자동화된 조립 라인을이용하는 다른 공장들에서 일한다.
③ They have been launched into space, sent to explore distant planets beyond the reach of humans. 로봇은 우주로 발사되어 인간이 닿을 수 있는 곳 너머에 있는 행성들을 탐사하도록 보내지기도 한다.
④ And as the science of robotics grows more advanced, the technology is being applied to the medical field in the form of robotic surgical systems. 그리고 로봇공학의 과학이 점점 더 발전함에 따라그 기술은 로봇 수술 시스템의 형태로 의학 분야에도 적용되고 있다.
⑤ The robotics industry has developed several systems for the operating room. 로봇 산업은 수술실에 필요한 여러 가지 시스템을발전시켰다.
⑥ The Da Vinci surgical system was the first to be approved for use in the United States, featuring robotic arms with flexible wrists that are controlled by a surgeon using foot pedals and hand motions. Da Vinci 수술 시스템은 미국에서 최초로 사용이 허가된 것으로 외과 의사가 페달과 손의 움직임을 이용해서 조종하는 유연한 손목을 가진 로봇 팔이 특징이다.
⑦ It is also equipped with a three-dimensional lens system that can magnify surgical sight up to 15 times. 그것은 또 수술 부위를 15배까지 확대할 수 있는 3차원 렌즈 시스템이 장착되어 있다.
⑧ The ZEUS system has a similar setup to that of the Da Vinci, but it has a computer workstation and a video display. ZEUS 시스템은 Da Vinci와 유사한 설비를 갖추고있지만, 컴퓨터 워크스테이션과 비디오 표시 장치를갖췄다.
⑨ ZEUS uses another robotic system named AESOP for assistance in holding and positioning a tiny camera - known as an endoscope - that films the surgery in progress from inside the patient's body and responds to voice commands. ZEUS는 환자의 신체 내에서 진행 중인 수술과정을촬영하고 음성 명령에 반응할 수 있는, 내시경이라고 알려진 아주 작은 카메라를 붙잡고 위치를 잡는데 AESOP이라고 불리는 또 다른 로봇 시스템을 보조로 이용한다.
⑩ Robotic surgery boasts some advantages over conventional surgical methods. 로봇 수술은 전통적인 수술 방법에 비해 몇 가지 이점을 자랑한다.
⑪ It improves precision and accuracy by decreasing surgeon fatigue and eliminates the danger of shaky hands. 외과의사의 피로를 감소시키고 손떨림의 위험을 제거함으로써 정밀도와 정확도를 높인다.
⑫ It also offers improved depth perception by providing a three-dimensional view of the surgery. 또한 수술에 대한 3차원적 시야를 갖춤으로써 향상된 거리 감각을 제공하기도 한다.
⑬ There are hopes that in the future it will allow skilled surgeons to perform remote operations on patients hundreds of miles away, eliminating the need to transport patients to doctors. 미래에는 환자들이 의사에게 이송될 필요 없이 로봇수술을 통해 숙련된 외과의사가 수백 마일 떨어져있는 환자를 대상으로 원격 수술을 하는 것이 가능해질 것이라는 기대도 있다.
⑭ It also has the potential to drastically cut down on the number of people required to perform an operation, which would be a step toward lowering the cost of health care. 로봇 수술은 또한 수술을 수행하는 데 필요한 인원수를 과감히 감축시킬 가능성이 있으며, 이는 의료비를 낮추는 한 걸음이 될 수 있을 것이다
⑮ Robotic systems are greatly beneficial to doctors, but they are not without their drawbacks. 로봇 시스템은 의사들에게 매우 이롭긴 하지만, 결점이 없는 것은 아니다.
⑯ They are expensive and, as with all machines, there is always the possibility of technical failure, which could be extremely dangerous if it were to occur in the middle of an operation. 로봇 시스템은 비싸며, 다른 모든 기계와 마찬가지로 기술적인 결함의 가능성이 항상 있는데, 이것이만약 수술 도중에 일어나기라도 한다면 매우 위험할수 있다.
⑰ Furthermore, surgeons need to go through intensive training before they can use these systems on patients. 게다가 외과의사들은 환자들을 대상으로 이러한 시스템을 사용할 수 있게 되기까지 집중적인 훈련을거쳐야 할 필요가 있다.
⑱ Although robotic systems have become essential tools at many hospitals, it will be some time before we can seriously talk about a fully robotic operating room. 로봇 시스템이 많은 병원에서 필수적인 도구가 되었음에도 불구하고, 우리가 전적으로 로봇만을 이용하는 수술실에 대해 진지하게 얘기하기까지는 어느 정도 시간이 걸릴 것이다.
⑲ However, efforts to utilize these robots as useful additions will continue to improve medical care. 하지만 이들 로봇을 유용한 추가 수단으로 사용하려는 노력은 계속해서 의료 관리를 개선해 나갈 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 16. Technology - Reading 2: TOEFL (Infrasound)
① Our sense of hearing is limited - the average human can only detect sounds with a frequency between about 20 and 20,000 *hertz. 우리의 청각에는 한계가 있다. 평범한 인간이라면20에서 2만 헤르츠 사이의 주파수를 가진 소리만인지할 수 있다.
② Sounds with lower frequencies, beyond the detection capacity of the human ear, are called infrasound. 인간 귀의 감지능력을 벗어난 더 낮은 주파수를 가진 소리를 초저주파라고 한다.
③ The scientific study of infrasound is relatively new, but among the interesting discoveries about it is the fact that low-frequency sounds can travel longer distances without dissipating than sounds with higher frequencies. 초저주파에 대한 과학적 연구는 상대적으로 최근의것인데, 그것에 관한 흥미로운 발견 중에는, 주파수가 낮은 소리들은 더 높은 주파수를 가진 소리들보다 흩어져 없어지는 일 없이 더 먼 곳까지 전달될 수있다는 사실이 있다.
④ Researchers continue to be surprised by the number of natural sources of infrasound. 과학자들은 초저주파의 자연적인 원천의 수에 계속해서 놀라고 있다.
⑤ Animals such as whales, alligators, giraffes, and elephants have been found to use infrasound to communicate with each other over substantial distances. 고래, 악어, 기린 그리고 코끼리와 같은 동물이 상당히 먼 거리에 떨어져서 서로 의사소통을 하기 위해초저주파를 이용한다는 사실이 밝혀졌다.
⑥ Natural occurrences can also produce powerful low-frequency sounds. 자연 현상들 또한 강력한 저주파수 소리를 만들어낼수 있다.
⑦ Ocean waves, earthquakes, tornados, and even the northern lights have all been identified as sources of infrasound. 바다의 파도, 지진, 토네이도 심지어는 북극광까지도 초저주파의 출처임이 밝혀졌다.
⑧ However, nature is not alone in creating this phenomenon, as human-caused chemical and nuclear explosions can also produce infrasound. 그러나 자연만이 이런 현상을 일으키는 것은 아닌데, 왜냐하면 인간에 의한 화학적인 폭발과 핵폭발또한 초저주파를 발생시킬 수 있기 때문이다.
⑨ Even though infrasound cannot be consciously heard by humans, it does provoke discernible reactions, such as inexplicable feelings of uneasiness, awe, or fear. 사람들이 의식적으로 초저주파를 들을 수는 없지만,그것은 불안함, 두려움, 또는 공포처럼 설명하기 힘든 감정과 같은 인식 가능한 반응들을 불러일으킨다.
⑩ In fact, it has been suggested that infrasound is one of the causes of ghost sightings and other supernatural events. 실제로 초저주파가 유령을 목격하는 것과 다른 초자연적인 현상들의 원인이라고 제시된 바도 있다.
⑪ Beyond psychological effects, infrasound also has the ability to physically impact humans. 초저주파는 심리적인 효과를 넘어서서 물리적으로인간에게 영향을 미치는 능력도 가지고 있다.
⑫ It can disrupt the function of the inner ear, leading to disorientation and nausea. 그것은 내이(內耳)의 기능을 혼란시켜서 방향감각상실과 멀미를 유발한다.
⑬ In fact, if exposure to infrasound is extreme enough, it can be fatal. 실제로 만약 초저주파에 심하게 노출된다면 그것은치명적일 수도 있다.
⑭ This discovery of the power of infrasound has caught the attention of weapons designers. 초저주파의 이러한 힘에 대한 발견은 무기 설계자들의 주의를 끌었다.
⑮ The concept of using sound as a weapon is certainly not a human innovation; it can be observed in tigers and sperm whales, both of which emit pulses of infrasound before they attack in order to stun their prey. 소리를 무기로 사용한다는 개념은 분명 인간이 처음만들어 낸 것은 아니다. 그것은 호랑이와 향유고래에게서 목격되는데, 이 둘 모두 그들의 먹이를 기절시키기 위해 공격하기 전에 초저주파를 방출한다.
⑯ Suggested human applications of such technologies range from crowd control to military operations, as varying frequencies can produce effects from simple incapacitation to organ failure and death. 이러한 기술을 인간이 응용하는 것에 대해 제안된바로는 군중 통제부터 군사 작전에 이르기까지 다양한데, 다양한 주파수가 사람을 단순히 무능력하게만드는 것에서부터 장기 기능 감퇴나 사망에까지 이르는 효과들을 낼 수 있기 때문이다.
⑰ More beneficial uses of infrasound are also under study. 초저주파의 좀 더 유익한 사용법 또한 연구 중에 있다.
⑱ Because many destructive natural disasters produce intense low-frequency sounds, being able to detect these emanations as quickly as possible will help create early warning systems. 많은 파괴적인 자연 재해가 강렬한 저주파음을 만들어 내기 때문에 이런 발산을 가능한 한 빨리 감지하는 것은 조기 경보 시스템을 만드는 데 도움이 될 것이다.
⑲ Faster detection of infrasound caused by avalanches and earthquakes, for example, could save lives. 예를 들어 눈사태나 지진에 의해 발생된 초저주파의보다 빠른 감지는 많은 생명을 구할 수 있다.
⑳ In addition, similar technology is being used to enforce the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty by monitoring worldwide low-frequency sounds for any unauthorized nuclear explosions. 이외에도, 승인받지 않은 핵폭발을 찾기 위해 전 세계에 걸친 저주파음을 감시함으로써 포괄적 핵실험금지조약(CNTBT)을 강화하는 데에도 유사한 기술이 사용되고 있다.
㉑ Just like many other modern discoveries, infrasound is a double-edged sword; it can be used to harm as well as to help people. 다른 많은 현대적인 발견들과 마찬가지로, 초저주파는 인간을 돕기 위해서뿐만 아니라 인간에게 해를미치는데도 사용될 수 있는 양날의 칼이다.
㉒ However, it seems certain that infrasound will continue to be an important area of scientific study. 그러나 초저주파가 과학 연구 분야의 중요한 영역으로 계속 남아 있게 될 것이라는 사실은 분명해 보인다.

 

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Unit 01. Food - Reading 1: Food Additives
① Much of the food that is available today is full of chemicals and processed substances. 오늘날 구입할 수 있는 식품 대부분은 화학 약품 및가공 물질로 가득하다.
② Called "additives," they are used to give food more flavor and better texture and to increase its shelf life. '첨가물'이라고 불리는 그것은 식품에 풍미를 더하고식감을 좋게 하거나, 유통기한을 늘리기 위해 사용되고 있다.
③ However, some of the most common additives have been shown to cause serious health problems. 하지만 가장 흔히 쓰이고 있는 첨가제 중 일부는 심각한 건강 문제를 야기하는 것으로 드러나고 있다.
④ Aspartame, one of the most common food additives, is an artificial sweetener used in foods that are labeled "diet" and "sugar free." 가장 흔한 식품 첨가물 중 하나인 아스파르템은 '다이어트'와 '무설탕'이라고 붙여진 식품에 사용되는인공 감미료이다.
⑤ Studies have linked it to various types of cancer, diabetes, anxiety, and many other diseases and conditions. 연구들이 이 물질과 다양한 유형의 암, 당뇨, 불안감및 여러 다른 질병 및 상태를 연관지어왔다.
⑥ It is found in a wide variety of foods: diet and sugar-free soft drinks, sugar-free gum and breath mints, various desserts, toothpaste, and even chewable vitamins! 이 물질은 아주 다양한 음식에서 찾아볼 수 있는데, 다이어트 및 무설탕 탄산음료, 무설탕 껌, 구취 제거민트, 다양한 후식, 치약, 그리고 심지어 씹어 먹는비타민에도 들어있다!
⑦ Another dangerous artificial sweetener is high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). 또 다른 위험한 인공 감미료는 액상과당이다.
⑧ It increases levels of LDL, or "bad" cholesterol, damages bodily tissues, and causes people to gain weight. 이것은 '나쁜' 콜레스테롤인 LDL 수치를 증가시키고, 신체 조직을 손상시키며, 사람들의 체중을 증가시킨다.
⑨ Amazingly, because it is used in nearly all processed foods, it has become one of the main sources of calories for many people. 놀랍게도, 이 물질이 거의 모든 가공 식품에 사용되고 있기 때문에 이것은 많은 사람들의 주요 열량 공급원 중 하나가 되었다.
⑩ Monosodium glutamate, or MSG, is used to enhance the flavor of soups, salad dressings, snacks, frozen foods, and more. 글루탐산소다. 즉 MSG는 수프, 샐러드 드레싱, 과자, 냉동식품 등의 맛을 증진시키기 위해 사용된다.
⑪ Because it turns off the brain's neurological pathways that make you feel full, it leads many people to overeat. 이 물질이 포만감을 느끼게 하는 뇌의 신경 통로를차단하기 때문에, 이로 인해 많은 사람들이 과식을하게 된다.
⑫ MSG also seriously damages cells, and studies have linked regular consumption of the additive to depression, eye damage, fatigue, and headaches. MSG는 또한 심각하게 세포를 손상시키며, 정기적으로 이 첨가제를 섭취하는 것이 우울증, 시력 손상, 피로감 및 두통과 연관이 있다는 연구가 나오고 있다.
⑬ Finally, trans fat, which is found in fast food, margarine, and other processed foods, also enhances food's natural flavor. 마지막으로 패스트푸드, 마가린 및 다른 가공 식품에 들어있는 트랜스 지방 또한 음식 천연의 맛을 증진시켜준다.
⑭ However, not only does it increase levels of LDL cholesterol, but it also decreases levels of HDL, or "good" cholesterol. 하지만 이것은 LDL 콜레스테롤 수치를 높일 뿐만아니라, '좋은' 콜레스테롤인 HDL 수치를 낮춘다.
⑮ It has been linked to all kinds of health problems, from diabetes to heart disease. 이 물질은 당뇨병에서부터 심장병까지 모든 종류의건강 문제와 연관되어지고 있다.
⑯ In fact, it is considered so dangerous that it is now either highly restricted or banned in countries such as Denmark, Iceland, and Sweden. 이 물질은 실제로 너무 위험하다고 여겨져 덴마크, 아이슬란드, 스웨덴 같은 나라에서는 요즘 엄격히제한되거나 금지되고 있다.
⑰ Unfortunately, food additives have become so common that they can be hard to avoid. 유감스럽게도 식품 첨가물은 너무 흔해졌기 때문에피하기가 어렵다.
⑱ However, there are things you can do to start eating healthier. 하지만 더 건강하게 먹기 위해 할 수 있는 일이 몇가지 있다.
⑲ Instead of eating fast food and processed foods, eat home cooked meals as often as you can. 패스트푸드나 가공 식품을 먹기 보다는 가능한 자주집에서 요리한 음식을 먹어라.
⑳ And when you buy groceries, remember to read the food labels, which list the ingredients and any additives that the food contains. 그리고 식료품을 살 때, 그 식품에 포함된 성분과 첨가물이 나열된 식품 라벨을 읽는 것을 기억하라.
㉑ Finally, buy as many organic products as you can. 마지막으로 가능한 한 많이 유기농 제품을 구입해라.
㉒ The more often you eat natural, whole foods, the healthier you will be! 더 자주 천연의 무첨가 식품을 먹을수록 더 건강해질 것이다!

 

 

 

Unit 01. Food - Reading 2: Energy Drink
① Why do people drink soda? 사람들은 왜 탄산음료를 마시는가?
② It's probably because they think it tastes good. 아마도 탄산음료가 맛이 좋다고 생각하기 때문일 것이다.
③ But lately the soft drink market has been flooded with products that claim to have an effect beyond taste. 하지만 최근 탄산음료 시장은 맛을 넘어 효능이 있다고 주장하는 제품들로 넘쳐나고 있다.
④ Energy drinks are one of these newcomers on the soft drink scene. 에너지 음료는 이렇게 탄산음료 시장에 새롭게 등장한 것들 중 하나이다.
⑤ As their name implies, they claim to supply an energy boost. 이름에서 알 수 있듯이, 에너지 음료는 에너지를 증강시켜 준다고 주장한다.
⑥ They're designed for students, athletes, and anyone else who wants an extra energy kick. 에너지 음료는 학생, 운동 선수 및 에너지 증강을 원하는 그 밖의 모든 사람들을 위해 고안되었다.
⑦ But there are worries about the true effect they can have on the body. 그러나 그것들이 신체에 미치는 진정한 효과에 대한우려들이 있다.
⑧ Energy drinks provide physical and mental stimulation over a short period of time. 에너지 음료는 단기간에 신체적 및 정신적 자극을유발한다.
⑨ But this is not because energy drinks contain a variety of vitamins and health additives. 하지만 이것은 에너지 음료에 각종 비타민과 건강첨가물이 함유되어 있기 때문이 아니다.
⑩ The real effect drinkers feel comes from the simple combination of sugar and caffeine. 마시는 사람이 느끼는 실제 효능은 순전히 설탕과카페인의 혼합에서 기인하는 것이다.
⑪ A single energy drink typically contains more than twice as much caffeine as a can of soda. 에너지 음료 한 개에는 일반적으로 탄산음료 캔 한개보다 두 배 이상의 카페인이 함유되어 있다.
⑫ Caffeine inhibits the production of adenosine, which promotes sleep, and increases adrenaline and dopamine, which can make a person feel alert. 카페인은 잠을 유발하는 아데노신의 생성을 억제하고, 사람의 정신을 맑게 할 수 있는 아드레날린과 도파민을 증가시킨다.
⑬ The risks of consuming energy drinks are, therefore, roughly the same as those of drinking coffee. 그러므로 에너지 음료를 마시는 것의 위험성은 커피를 마시는 것의 위험성과 거의 같다.
⑭ Some people complain of an increase in their heart rate, feelings of anxiety, and trouble sleeping. 어떤 사람들은 심장 박동수 증가, 불안감, 수면 장애를 호소한다.
⑮ And as caffeine has an addictive quality, energy drink consumers may find it difficult to limit themselves to the recommended maximum of 500 ml per day as indicated on the product labels of many of the large energy drink manufacturers. 그리고 카페인은 중독성이 있기 때문에 에너지 음료소비자들은 많은 대형 에너지 음료 제조업체들의 제품 라벨에 표시되어 있는 대로 하루 최대 500ml의권장량을 지키는 게 어렵다는 것을 알게 될 수도 있다.
⑯ Unlike sports drinks, which assist in rehydrating the body during physical exercise, energy drinks actually act as a diuretic, thereby decreasing the amount of water retained in one's body. 신체 운동 중 몸에 수분을 보충하는 데 도움을 주는스포츠 음료와는 달리, 에너지 음료는 실제로 이뇨제 역할을 하며, 그렇게 함으로써 몸이 보유하고 있는 물의 양을 감소시킨다.
⑰ It is easy to see, therefore, that consuming energy drinks during prolonged periods of exercise can be dangerous. 따라서 장기간의 운동 중에 에너지 음료를 마시면위험할 수 있음은 알기 쉽다.
⑱ The potential hazards, however, go beyond the risk of dehydration. 그러나 잠재된 위험은 탈수의 위험을 넘어선다.
⑲ Some energy drinks also contain ephedrine, a stimulant often used in diet pills that has been linked to heart problems, along with other ingredients whose effects are not yet fully understood. 일부 에너지 음료에는 효능이 아직 충분히 검증되지않은 다른 성분들과 더불어 심장 질환과 연관있고살 빼는 약들에 흔히 사용되는 흥분제인 에페드린도함유되어 있다.
⑳ When used in moderation, energy drinks can be a safe source of stimulation for people who are feeling listless. 적당히 사용되면 에너지 음료는 활기없는 사람들에게 안전한 자극원이 될 수 있다.
㉑ It is important, however, to understand exactly what we are putting into our bodies and the effects it may have. 그러나 우리가 몸 속에 무엇을 집어넣고 있는지 그리고 그것이 끼칠 수 있는 영향을 정확하게 이해하는 것이 중요하다.

 

 

 

Unit 02. Economy - Reading 1: Economic Decision Making
① Individuals ought to focus on what they're good at. 개개인은 그들이 잘하는 무언가에 집중해야 한다.
② For example, great actors should dedicate their time to filming movies; it would be a waste of their talent not to. 예를 들어, 훌륭한 배우들은 그들의 시간을 영화를촬영하는 데 헌신해야 한다. 그렇지 않는 것은 그들의 재능을 낭비하는 것이다.
③ But people can be skilled at other things as well. 하지만 사람들은 다른 일에도 능숙할 수 있다.
④ For instance, let's say that an actor is particularly good at mowing lawns. 예를 들어 배우가 특히 잔디를 잘 깎는다고 하자.
⑤ Does that mean that he should mow the huge lawn around his mansion by himself? 그렇다고 그가 자신의 저택 주변의 엄청난 잔디를스스로 깎아야 하는 것일까?
⑥ Looking at the economic concepts of absolute advantage, opportunity cost and comparative advantage may help us answer this question. 절대우위, 기회비용과 비교우위라는 경제 용어를 살펴보는 것이 이 질문에 대한 답을 하는 데 도움을 줄수도 있다.
⑦ Suppose the actor can mow his lawn in four hours and that it would take a teenage boy from his neighborhood eight hours to do the same job. 그 배우가 4시간 안에 잔디를 깎을 수 있고, 같은 일을 하는 데 이웃의 10대 남자아이는 8시간이 걸릴것이라고 가정해 보자.
⑧ If we compare their productivity, economists would say that the actor has an absolute advantage over the teenager because he would invest half the input to get the same result. 그들의 생산성을 비교하면 같은 결과를 내기 위해절반만 투입하면 되기 때문에 그 배우가 10대 남자아이보다 절대우위에 있다고 경제학자들은 말할 것이다.
⑨ In other words, the actor is more efficient when considering the quantity of time required to do the job. 즉, 일을 하기 위해 필요한 시간의 양을 고려했을 때그 배우가 더 효율적인 것이다.
⑩ However, the value of his time should also be taken into account. 하지만 그의 시간의 가치도 또한 참작되어야 한다.
⑪ During those four hours, the actor could film a television commercial and make $50,000. 그 4시간 동안 배우는 TV 광고를 찍고 50,000달러를 벌 수 있다.
⑫ These potential earnings are the actor's opportunity cost of choosing to mow his lawn instead of filming the commercial. 이 잠재적인 수입은 광고를 찍는 대신 잔디를 깎기로 선택한 것에 대한 배우의 기회비용이다.
⑬ The concept of opportunity cost refers to what we lose when we decide on a certain action. 기회비용의 개념은 어떤 행위를 하겠다고 결정했을때 잃게 되는 것을 말한다.
⑭ It should be considered when determining whether doing something is worth the loss associated with the action. 어떤 일을 하는 것이 그 행동과 연관된 손실을 감수할 만한지를 결정할 때 기회비용은 고려되어야 한다.
⑮ If the teenager would only earn $80 working for eight hours at a fast-food restaurant instead, he would lose much less than the actor would. 그 10대 아이가 패스트푸드 점에서 8시간 일해서80 달러밖에 벌지 못한다면 배우가 잃게 되는 것보다 훨씬 적게 잃는 것이다.
⑯ This comparison of opportunity cost is the key to determining who should mow the lawn. 이러한 기회비용의 비교가 누가 잔디를 깎아야 하는지를 결정하는 열쇠이다.
⑰ This is how comparative advantage is calculated. 이렇게 비교우위가 계산되는 것이다.
⑱ According to this concept, whoever has the lower opportunity cost has a comparative advantage and should perform the action. 이 개념에 따르면 기회비용이 적은 사람이 비교우위를 가지게 되고 그 행위를 해야 하는 것이다.
⑲ In this case, that would be the teenager, as long as he makes more than $80 and it costs the actor less than $50,000. 이 경우에는 10대 아이가 80달러 이상을 벌고 그 배우가 50,000달러 이하의 비용이 드는 한 10대 아이에게 비교우위가 있는 것이다.
⑳ Both the teenager and actor would be better off if the actor hired the boy to mow his lawn while he filmed the commercial. 그 배우가 광고를 찍는 동안 남자아이가 잔디를 깎도록 고용한다면 10대 아이와 배우 모두에게 이익이 될 것이다.
㉑ Similarly, governments consider opportunity cost and comparative advantage when looking at the production of various countries to determine optimal gains from trade. 마찬가지로 정부는 무역에서 오는 최적의 이익을 결정하기 위해 여러 나라의 제품을 살펴볼 때 기회비용과 비교우위를 고려한다.
㉒ By doing this, they ensure that every country benefits from trading goods with other countries. 이렇게 함으로써 모든 국가가 다른 나라와 상품을무역하면서 이익을 얻을 수 있도록 보장하는 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 02. Economy - Reading 2: TOEFL (Demarketing)
① Marketing can be defined as the act of creating, maintaining and expanding a demand for a specific product or service. 마케팅은 특정 제품이나 서비스에 대한 수요를 창출하고 유지하며 늘리는 행위로 정의될 수 있다.
② Certain scenarios exist, however, in which organizations seek to discourage this same demand. 그러나 기업들이 이와 같은 수요를 억제하려고 하는특정 시나리오들이 존재한다.
③ In these cases, a process known as "demarketing" is employed. 이런 경우 '디마케팅'이라고 알려져 있는 방법이 사용된다.
④ Generally speaking, demarketing can be broken down into three categories, the first of which is known as general demarketing. 일반적으로 말하면 디마케팅은 세 가지 범주로 나뉠수 있는데, 그 첫번째는 일반적 디마케팅이라고 알려져 있다.
⑤ This occurs when a product is demarketed to all users, often in times of shortage, when governments seek to persuade citizens to limit their consumption of a resource such as gasoline or electricity. 이것은 모든 사용자들을 대상으로 제품의 수요가 억제될 때 발생하는데, 이때는 정부가 국민들에게 휘발유나 전기와 같은 자원의 소비를 제한하도록 설득하려고 하는 때인 주로 부족현상의 시기이다.
⑥ It is also implemented when a product is deemed to be a risk to public health. 이것은 또한 제품이 대중의 건강에 위협이 될 것으로 여겨질 때도 시행된다.
⑦ Selective demarketing, on the other hand, is aimed at a specific segment of the population. 반면에 선택적 디마케팅은 특정 고객층을 대상으로한다.
⑧ Businesses will generally use selective demarketing on a group of customers that has proven to be less profitable. 가업들은 일반적으로 이익이 덜 나는 것으로 판명된 고객층에게 선택적 디마케팅을 사용할 것이다.
⑨ These fringe users are discouraged, and marketing resources are focused on a more profitable core. 이러한 비우량 고객들의 수요는 제한되고, 마케팅자원은 보다 이익이 되는 핵심층에 집중된다.
⑩ Some banks, for example, offer specialized services for customers with large balances, while low profit customers must queue up for a turn at the ATM. 예를 들어, 일부 은행들은 잔고가 많은 고객들에게는 특화된 서비스를 제공하는 반면에 이익이 덜 되는 고객들에게는 자동입출금기에 줄을 서서 순서를기다리게 한다.
⑪ The third category, ostensible demarketing, is exemplified by situations in which a business withholds the availability of a product in order to heighten its appeal. 세 번째 범주인 표면적 디마케팅은 기업이 제품의매력을 강화하기 위해 제품의 입수 가능성을 억제하는 상황들이 좋은 예가 된다.
⑫ This type of demarketing is often applied to high-end toys during the Christmas season, as the difficulties consumers face in purchasing the item increase its value in their eyes. 이 유형의 디마케팅은 흔히 크리스마스 시즌 동안에최고급 장난감에 적용되는데, 제품을 구매하는 데소비자가 직면하는 어려움은 그들의 눈에 그 제품의가치를 증가시킨다.
⑬ Therefore, demand is actually raised, rather than lowered. 그러므로, 실제로 수요는 적어지기 보다는 많아진다.
⑭ Some companies that are seeking to create an upscale image demarket their products by limiting the scope of their advertising. 고급 이미지 창출을 위해 노력하는 일부 기업들은광고의 범위를 제한함으로써 제품을 디마케팅한다.
⑮ A jewelry company might advertise only in a handful of magazines, giving their products the illusion of exclusivity. 귀금속 기업은 소수의 잡지에만 광고하면서 자사 제품에 한정성이라는 환상을 심어줄지도 모른다.
⑯ Similarly, other companies demarket by limiting the scope of their distribution, such as a liquor manufacturer that only sells their whiskey in expensive bars. 이와 유사하게 다른 기업들은 자사 위스키를 비싼술집에서만 판매하는 주류 제조업체와 같이 배급의범위를 제한함으로써 디마케팅한다.
⑰ Another approach is the use of warning labels outlining health risks associated with a product. 또 다른 방법은 제품과 관련된 건강상의 위험성들을약술하는 경고 라벨을 사용하는 것이다.
⑱ Tobacco companies use such labels to educate current users while making themselves seem more compassionate. 담배 회사들은 그런 라벨을 사용하여 현 사용자들을일깨우는 동시에 자사가 보다 인정이 많아 보이도록만든다.
⑲ Through these methods, companies can create a luxurious brand image or improve their corporate image. 이런 방법들을 통해 기업들은 고급스러운 브랜드 이미지를 창출하거나 기업의 이미지를 향상시킬 수 있다.
⑳ To look at demarketing as nothing more than the opposite of marketing would be a gross oversimplification. 디마케팅을 단지 마케팅의 반대말 정도로 보는 것은굉장히 지나친 단순화일 것이다.
㉑ It is a nuanced business strategy that can be employed in a variety of situations to help control the tides of public demand. 이것은 대중 수요의 흐름을 통제하는 데 도움이 되도록 여러 상황에서 사용될 수 있는 미묘한 경영 전략이다.

 

 

 

Unit 03. Technology - Reading 1: Biometrics
① You might forget your password, you could misplace your keys, but you'll never leave home without yourself. 당신은 비밀번호를 잊어버릴 수도 있고, 열쇠를 엉뚱한 곳에 둘 수도 있지만, 절대 당신 자신을 두고집을 나가지는 않을 것이다.
② Hailed as a safer alternative to passcodes, high-tech biometric authentication systems are beginning to replace traditional security measures. 암호의 보다 안전한 대안으로 환영 받고 있는 첨단기술의 생체 인증 시스템이 종래의 보안 장치들을대체하기 시작하고 있다.
③ Biometric systems authenticate the identity of individuals by recognizing their unique physical or behavioral traits. 생체 시스템은 독특한 신체적 및 행동적 특징들을인식함으로써 개인의 신분을 인증한다.
④ These systems are automated, highly accurate, and don't take a lot of time or training to use. 이 시스템은 자동화되어 있고, 아주 정밀하며, 사용하는 데 있어 오랜 시간이나 많은 훈련을 필요로 하지 않는다.
⑤ Their advantage over traditional security systems is that they don't rely on components that can be lost or easily stolen. 종래의 보안 시스템에 비해 이것의 이점은 분실되거나 쉽게 도난당할 수 있는 요소에 의존하지 않는다는 것이다.
⑥ The first step in utilizing a biometric authentication system is enrollment. 생체 인증 시스템을 이용하기 위한 첫 번째 단계는등록이다.
⑦ This involves the use of a sensor to detect and compile basic biometric information on each individual who will use the system. 이 단계에서는 이 시스템을 이용할 각 개인에 대한기초적인 생체 정보를 탐지하고 수집하는 센서가 사용된다.
⑧ Storage occurs next as the information is converted into mathematical algorithms and entered into a computer database. 다음으로 이 정보가 수학적 알고리즘으로 전환되어컴퓨터 데이터베이스에 입력되면서 저장이 이루어진다.
⑨ The final step is comparison. 마지막 단계는 비교이다.
⑩ Relevant biometric traits are scanned, and the results are compared using a software program, with the information stored in the database. 관련된 생체 특징들이 검색되고, 그 결과들이 소프트웨어 프로그램을 사용하여 데이터베이스에 저장된 정보와 비교된다.
⑪ If they match, the subject's identity has been authenticated and access is granted. 만일 그것들이 일치하면 그 대상의 신분이 인증되고접근이 허용된다.
⑫ There are a variety of biometric analyses that can confirm an individual's identity. 개인의 신분을 확인할 수 있는 다양한 생체 분석들이 있다.
⑬ Handwriting is one such option. 필체가 그 중 하나이다.
⑭ Subjects write a word on a touch pad, and the system analyzes such diverse factors as speed, rhythm, pressure of writing, and the angle of the pen. 대상이 터치패드에 단어를 쓰면 시스템이 필기의 속도, 리듬, 압력 펜의 각도와 같은 다양한 요소들을분석한다.
⑮ Iris scanning is another popular form of biometric analysis. 홍채 검사는 또 다른 인기 있는 생체 분석 형태이다.
⑯ After the system's camera takes a picture of the eye, it authenticates the individual by measuring and analyzing the pupil, iris, eyelid, and eyelashes using near-infrared light. 시스템의 카메라가 눈 사진을 찍은 후 그것이 근적외선을 사용하여 동공, 홍채, 눈꺼풀, 속눈썹을 측정하고 분석함으로써 개인을 인증한다.
⑰ Another unique physical attribute utilized in biometrics is vein geometry. 생체 측정에 사용되는 또 하나의 독특한 신체적 특성은 정맥 구조이다.
⑱ This system analyzes the shape and location of the vein structure using a camera with infrared light. 이 시스템은 적외선이 나오는 카메라를 사용하여 정맥 구조의 형태와 위치를 분석한다.
⑲ Biometrics offers a more reliable means of identification than traditional security systems. 생체 측정법은 종래의 보안 시스템보다 더욱 믿을만한 신분 증명 수단을 제공한다.
⑳ There are, however, some privacy concerns. 그러나 약간의 사생활과 관련된 문제들이 있다.
㉑ Once the biometric data has been captured by a system, it can potentially be forwarded to other locations and put to many different uses without the owner's consent. 일단 생체 정보가 시스템에 등록되었다면, 그것은다른 곳에 전송되어 본인의 허락도 없이 여러 다른용도로 사용될 수가 있다.
㉒ If tech-savvy thieves can reproduce users' biometric IDs, the users may be faced with a lifelong problem, since personal traits can't be changed or reset. 만약 기술에 정통한 도둑들이 사용자의 생체 ID를복사할 수 있다면, 개인의 특징은 변경되거나 다시고쳐질 수 없기 때문에 사용자는 평생토록 문제를안고 살아야 할지도 모른다.
㉓ These issues will have to be addressed if biometrics is to become an everyday fixture in our lives. 생체 측정법아 우리 삶의 일상적인 요소가 되려면이 문제들이 처리되어야 할 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 03. Technology - Reading 2: Bluetooth
① King Harald Bluetooth of Denmark made history by uniting his kingdom with Norway in the tenth century. 덴마크의 Harald Bluetooth 왕은 10세기에 자신의왕국을 노르웨이와 통일시킴으로써 역사에 이름을남겼다.
② Hundreds of years later, a new Bluetooth is making its own reputation by bringing together electronic devices through wireless technology. 수백 년이 지난 후 새로운 블루투스(Bluetooth)가무선 기술을 통해 전자 장치를 통합함으로써 자신의명성을 쌓고 있다.
③ Named in honor of King Harald, Bluetooth technology was developed by Ericsson, a Swedish telecommunications company, as a means of eliminating cumbersome cable connections between portable electronic devices, such as laptops, mobile phones, and digital cameras. Harald 왕을 기념하여 이름 지어진 블루투스 기술은스웨덴 통신사인 Ericsson에 의해 휴대용 컴퓨터,휴대전화, 디지털 카메라와 같은 휴대용 전자 장치들 간에 성가신 케이블 연결을 제거하기 위한 수단으로 개발되었다.
④ Data normally shared through these cables is instead communicated through the medium of radio waves. 주로 이런 케이블을 통해 공유되던 데이터는 대신전파라는 매체를 통해 전달된다.
⑤ These waves can be transmitted up to distances of 10 m, seeking out and connecting with other wireless devices. 이 전파는 다른 무선 장치들을 찾아 그에 접속할 때10m의 거리에까지 전달될 수 있다.
⑥ Bluetooth isn't a heavy power consumer, it doesn't require any expensive hardware, and it sets up networks quickly and easily. 블루투스는 전력을 많아 소비하는 장치가 아니며,값비싼 하드웨어를 필요로 하지도 않고, 빠르고 쉽게 네트워크를 구성한다.
⑦ There are a myriad of conveniences we can enjoy thanks to Bluetooth: 블루투스 덕분에 우리가 누릴 수 있는 편리함은 무수히 많다.
⑧ We can talk on our mobile phones through wireless headsets while walking or driving; keyboards and mouses can be connected to our computers without wires, allowing for more flexibility and freedom of movement while we're confined to our desks; and we can transfer music files to our iPods with ease or effortlessly download photos from our digital cameras. 걸어다니거나 운전을 하면서 무선 헤드셋을 통해 휴대전화로 통화를 할 수 있게 해주고, 키보드와 마우스를 전선 없이 컴퓨터에 연결할 수 있어서 책상 앞에 앉아 있는 동안 움직임이 보다 유연하고 자유롭도록 해주며, 음악 파일을 아이팟에 쉽게 전송하거나 디지털 카메라에 담긴 사진을 어려움 없이 다운로드할 수 있게 해준다.
⑨ Bluetooth technology is also a factor in the facilitation of social networking, allowing strangers to exchange personal profiles, messages, or business cards by sensing all other Bluetooth-enabled devices in range and automatically establishing temporary networks. 블루투스 기술은 또한 사회적 네트워크를 용이하게해주는 요소이기도 하여, 모르는 사람들이 사정거리내에서 블루투스가 가능한 모든 다른 장치들을 감지하고 자동적으로 일시적인 네트워크를 형성함으로써개인 프로필, 메시지, 명함을 주고 받을 수 있게 해준다.
⑩ However, the ease with which Bluetooth creates connections can also be the source of some security concerns. 그러나 블루투스가 가능케 해주는 네트워크 형성의용이 함은 또한 일부 보안 문제의 원인이 될 수 있다.
⑪ Bluejacking is the practice of sending anonymous text messages that resemble system-generated warnings. 블루재킹(Bluejacking)은 시스템에서 발생하는 경고와 유사한 익명의 문자 메시지를 보내는 행위이다.
⑫ It's a harmless prank but can be distressing to inexperienced users. 그것은 해로운 장난은 아니지만 경험이 없는 사용자들을 괴롭게 할 수 있다.
⑬ Bluesnarling is a more critical security threat. 블루스날링(Bluesnarling)은 보다 심각한 보안 위협이다.
⑭ If hackers manage to covertly create a connection through Bluetooth, they can take control of your wireless device and use it as a vehicle for transmitting viruses. 만일 해커들이 블루투스를 통해 몰래 네트워크를 형성한다면, 그둘은 당신의 무선 장치를 통제할 수 있으며 그것을 바이러스를 유포하는 전달 수단으로 사용할 수 있다.
⑮ Practices that can prevent this type of threat include turning off Bluetooth when your device is not in use and hiding your device from unknown Bluetooth users by switching off the discovery mode. 이런 종류의 위협을 예방할 수 있는 조치들에는 장치를 사용하고 있지 않을 때는 블루투스를 꺼놓는것과 발견 모드를 꺼놓아서 모르는 블루투스 사용자들로부터 당신의 장치를 숨기는 것이 포함된다.
⑯ Firewalls and anti-virus software can also be installed for enhanced safety. 보안 강화를 위해 방화벽과 안티바이러스 소프트웨어를 설치할 수도 있다.
⑰ Despite these security challenges, Bluetooth continues to reign as the industry standard for wireless technology, making it easier than ever to bring together all our portable electronic devices. 이러한 보안문제들에도 불구하고, 블루투스는 무선기술 분야의 산업 표준으로서 계속해서 널리 퍼져가고 있으며, 우리의 모든 휴대용 전자 장치들을 연결하는 것을 그 어느 때보다 더 쉽게 만들어주고 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 04. Art - Reading 1: Minimalism
① Minimalism is a style of art that exists free of outside influences and deeper meanings. 미니멀리즘(최소한 표현주의)은 외부의 영향과 보다심오한 의미에서 벗어나서 존재하는 예술 양식이다.
② It is unconcerned with social issues or the artist's emotions, focusing instead on the creation of beauty by using a minimum of components. 이것은 사회 문제나 예술가의 감정과는 관계가 없고, 대신 최소한의 요소를 사용함으로써 미를 창조하는 데 초점을 둔다.
③ The term minimalism was first used in the United States in 1929 to describe an exhibit by the artist John Graham. 미니멀리즘이라는 용어는 1929년에 화가 John Graham의 전시회를 묘사하기 위해 미국에서 처음사용되었다.
④ Minimalism became a household word in the 1960s when it was resurrected to describe what would eventually become known as the minimalist movement. 미니멀리즘은 결국 미니멀리즘 운동으로 알려지게된 것을 설명하기 위해 부활되었던 1960년대에 자주 쓰이는 용어가 되었다.
⑤ The movement was focused on precision, with roots in mathematics and geometry. 이 운동은 수학과 기하학에 뿌리를 두면서 정확성에초점을 두었다.
⑥ The artwork featured repetitive patterns of simple colors, with no hidden themes or meanings. 그 예술 작품은 숨겨진 주제나 의미 없이 단순한 색상의 반복적 패턴을 특징으로 했다.
⑦ The minimalists felt complex compositions, deep symbolism, and social themes diminished the experience of appreciating the object itself. 미니멀리즘 작가들은 복잡한 구성, 심오한 상징, 사회적 주제들이 대상 자체에 대한 감상 경험을 감소시킨다고 생각했다.
⑧ It was this appreciation that minimalists focused on. 미니멀리즘 작가들이 중점을 둔 것은 바로 이러한감상이었다.
⑨ Their art was not self-expression; it was pure visual effect. 그들의 예술은 자기표현이 아니라 순수한 시각적 결과였다.
⑩ They didn't want viewers to be distracted by the need to figure it out. 그들은 관람객들이 예술을 이해하고자 하는 요구에의해 산만해지는 것을 원하지 않았다.
⑪ The term minimalism can be used to describe anything that is created with a similar raw aesthetic, and it has been applied to a wide range of mediums, including music, design, architecture, and literature. 미니멀리즘이라는 용어는 이와 유사한 가공하지 않은 미의식으로 만들어진 것이면 어떤 것이든지 그것을 묘사하는 데 사용될 수 있어서, 음악, 디자인, 건축 문학을 포함한 다양한 범주의 매체에 적용되어왔다.
⑫ In music, minimalism features repetitive sounds and a steady beat. 음악에서의 미니멀리즘은 반복적인 소리와 일정한박자를 특징으로 한다.
⑬ Minimalist design relies on basic shapes and clean lines. 미니멀리즘 디자인은 기본적인 형태와 깔끔한 선에의존한다.
⑭ Minimalist architecture also makes the most of little decoration, stressing the importance of empty spaces and subscribing to the credo of "less is more." 미니멀리즘 건축은 또한 빈 공간의 중요성을 강조하고 '적을수록 더 가치가 있다.'는 신조에 동의하면서극히 적은 장식을 최대한 활용한다.
⑮ And literary minimalism uses words economically, describing only the basic outlines of a situation and featuring characters who are ordinary people living ordinary lives. 그리고 문학에서의 미니멀리즘은 단어를 경제적으로 사용하여, 상황의 기초적인 개요만을 묘사하고평범한 삶을 살아가는 평범한 사람들인 등장 인물들을 특징으로 한다.
⑯ Not surprisingly, minimalism has been subjected to a flood of criticism. 놀랄 일도 아니겠지만, 미니멀리즘은 엄청난 비판의대상이 되어 왔다.
⑰ It has been dismissed as being less than true art or as being heartless and mechanical. 그것은 진정한 예술이라고 보기에는 부족한 것으로혹은 감정 없고 기계적인 것으로 치부되어 왔다.
⑱ Minimalists essentially forced the art world to confront a fundamental question: When meaning and motives are removed from art, what is left behind? 미니멀리즘 작가들은 본질적으로 예술계로 하여금'예술에 의미와 동기가 빠지면 무엇이 남는가?'라는근본적인 질문에 봉착하도록 했다.
⑲ Critics would likely say it was "a soulless collection of colors and lines." 비판론자들은 그것이 "색과 선으로 이루어진 영혼없는 집합체''라고 말할 것이다.
⑳ Proponents of minimalism, on the other hand, might claim that the answer is "pure beauty." 반대로 미니멀리즘 옹호론자들은 그에 대한 답은"순수미"라고 주장할 것이다.
㉑ Regardless of personal opinions about its artistic merit, there is little doubt that minimalism has had a significant impact on the postmodern art scene. 그것의 예술적 가치에 대한 개인적인 의견에 관계없이, 미니멀리즘이 후기모더니즘 예술계에 중대한 영향을 미쳤다는 것에는 의심의 여지가 거의 없다.

 

 

 

Unit 04. Art - Reading 2: TOEFL (Op Art)
① The twentieth century witnessed the creation of many innovative and experimental disciplines in the visual arts. 20세기에는 시각예술에서 혁신적이고 실험적인 분야가 많이 만들어졌다.
② Among them was what came to be known as "op art," or "optical art." 그것들 중에 '옵아트,' 즉 '옵티컬 아트'라고 알려지게 된 것아 있었다.
③ Found primarily in paintings, op art utilizes certain abstract geometric patterns and color contrasts to create a sense of movement in the mind of the observer. 주로 그림에서 발견되는 옵아트는 보는 이가 움직이는 듯한 느낌을 받을 수 있도록 일정한 추상적인 기하학 패턴과 색채대비를 활용한다.
④ By tricking the eye with such optical illusions, op art explores the relationship between the act of seeing and the act of perceiving what is seen. 옵아트는 그러한 착시 현상으로 눈속임을 일으키는것을 통해 보는 행위와 보여지는 것을 인지하는 행위 간의 관계를 탐구한다.
⑤ Though its foundations were laid as far back as the 1920s and artists have been experimenting with it ever since then, op art did not gain much recognition until the mid-1960s. 비록 옵아트의 시작이 1920년대까지 거슬러 올라가고, 그 이후로 예술가들이 그것에 대한 실험을 해왔지만, 옵아트는 1960년대 중반이 되어서야 비로소많은 인정을 받기 시작했다.
⑥ An exhibition of international op artists in New York City in 1965 called The Responsive Eye was much celebrated by the public. 1965년 뉴욕에서 〈반응하는 눈〉이라는 국제적인 옵아트 작가들의 전시회는 대중에게 좋은 반응을 얻었다.
⑦ Art critics were less impressed, but the popularity of op art continued to grow during the remainder of the decade. 예술 비평가들은 감명을 덜 받았지만 1960년대 후반 동안 옵아트의 인기는 꾸준히 증가했다.
⑧ The dominant quality of op-art paintings is that the images appear to be moving or vibrating. 옵아트 그림의 두드러진 특징은 이미지가 움직이거나 진동하는 것처럼 보인다는 것이다.
⑨ Many early op-art works were done primarily in black and white, and they relied on geometric patterns and the repetition of lines to give a two-dimensional picture a sense of depth, shape, and movement. 초기의 많은 옵아트 작품들은 주로 흑백으로 이루어졌고, 2차원적인 그림에 깊이감, 형태감, 운동감을주기 위해 기하학적인 패턴과 선의 반복에 의존했다.
⑩ Such techniques could even create the illusion of color. 그러한 기법들은 심지어 색깔의 착시 현상을 일으키기도 했다.
⑪ Later paintings that were done in color seemed to flicker or vibrate in the viewer's eye as a result of the contrast generated when opposing colors were placed close together. 칼라로 이루어진 후기 그림들은 보색들이 서로 가까이 놓일 때 생기는 대비 현상의 결과로 보는 이의 눈에 깜박거리거나 진동하는 것 같이 보였다.
⑫ Even though op-art paintings could create the illusion of a third dimension, it was often difficult to ascertain which aspects of the picture were in the background and which occupied the foreground. 비록 옵아트 그림이 3차원 같은 착각을 일으킬 수있기는 했지만, 그림의 어느 부분이 배경(背景)이고어느 부분이 전경(前景)인지를 규명하는 것은 종종어려웠다.
⑬ In fact, as another type of simulated movement, the foreground and background might appear to be continuously switching places. 사실 또 다른 유형의 가상의 움직임처럼, 전경과 배경이 계속 자리를 바꾸는 것처럼 보일지도 모른다.
⑭ The op-art movement was truly an international one. 옵아트 운동은 실로 국제적인 운동이다.
⑮ Two of the most recognized artists in the discipline were Bridget Riley of England, whose pieces were mostly black and white, and the Hungarian Victor Vasarely, who often painted in color. 이 분야에서 가장 많은 인정을 받은 예술가들 중 두명은 주로 흑백 작품을 그린 영국의 Bridget Riley와 종종 칼라로 작품을 그린 헝가리의 Victor Vasarely였다.
⑯ Thanks to the recognition received by these artists, op art's popularity skyrocketed in the 1960s, and it began to appear in graphic designs and fabrics. 이 예술가들이 얻은 인정 덕분에 1960년대에 옵아트의 인기가 치솟았고, 그래픽 디자인과 직물 분야에서 옵아트가 등장하기 시작했다.
⑰ For example, the women's fashion industry incorporated the black-and-white style made famous by Riley. 예를 들어, 여성패션 산업계는 RiIey에 의해 유명해진 흑백 스타일을 도입했다.
⑱ Demand for op art faded with the start of a new decade, but artists continue to experiment with it today, and exhibitions are held regularly. 옵아트에 대한 수요는 1970년대에 접어들면서 줄어들었지만, 예술가들은 오늘날에도 그에 대한 실험을계속하고 있으며 전시회도 정기적으로 열리고 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 05. Health - Reading 1: Macrobiotic Diet
① Most of us have heard the expression "you are what you eat." 우리들 중 대부분이 '당신의 현재 모습은 당신이 먹은 것의 결과이다.'라는 말을 들어보았을 것이다.
② According to the creator of the macrobiotic diet, however, food influences our lives to a much greater degree than the wisdom of that saying suggests. 하지만 매크로바이오틱 식이요법(장수식(長壽食))의 창시자에 따르면, 음식은 앞서 언급한 경구가 암시하는 것보다 훨씬 더 많이 우리의 삶에 영향을 미친다.
③ Although its name stems from the Greek words "macro" (long) and "bios" (life), the macrobiotic diet isn't simply designed to extend lifespans. 이 이름이 그리스어 'macro'(긴)와 'bios'(생명)에서 유래하지만, 매크로바이오틱 식이요법이 단순히수명 연장을 위해 고안된 것은 아니다.
④ It also aims to make people happier and give them a greater sense of well-being. 그것은 사람들을 더 행복하게 만들고 그들이 더 넓은 의미의 웰빙을 누리게 하는 것 또한 목표로 한다.
⑤ The diet is the creation of Japanese philosopher George Ohsawa, who borrowed the twin principles of Yin and Yang from Taoism to formulate his macrobiotic diet. 이 식이요법은 일본인 철학자인 George Ohsawa가창안한 것으로, 그는 매크로바이오틱 식이요법을 체계화하기 위하여 도교의 음양(陰陽)이 원론을 차용했다.
⑥ Yin foods are usually water-based, lighter, refreshing, and high in potassium. 음에 해당하는 음식은 주로 묽고 보다 가벼우며 신선하고 칼륨이 풍부하다.
⑦ Yang foods are more solid, and although they are easy to digest, they provide robust energy. 양에 해당하는 음식은 보다 단단하며 소화시키기는쉬우면서도 강한 에너지를 제공해 준다.
⑧ Just as Taoism encourages practitioners to balance their lives between the forces of Yin and Yang, the macrobiotic diet proposes consuming foods in a manner that strikes a similar balance. 도교가 실천가들에게 음과 양의 힘 사이에서 삶의균형을 장려하는 것처럼, 매크로바이오틱 식이요법도 유사한 균형을 찾아가는 방식으로 음식을 먹을것을 제안한다.
⑨ Owing to the cycles of nature, different foods are recommended at different times of the year and even different times of the day. 자연의 주기 덕분에 각 계절마다 그리고 심지어는각 끼니마다 추천되는 음식이 서로 다르다.
⑩ Preferred foods include whole grains, brown rice, cereals, vegetables, fruits, and fish. 선호하는 음식에는 통곡식(껍질을 깎아내지 않은 곡물), 현미, 시리얼, 야채, 과일, 그리고 생선이 포함된다.
⑪ The macrobiotic diet recommends that its followers consume locally grown organic foods rather than processed or imported items. 매크로바이오틱 식이요법은 실천가들이 가공되었거나 수입된 식품보다는 현지에서 재배된 유기농 식품을 먹도록 권한다.
⑫ It even suggests that meals be prepared by traditional methods rather than modern ones using electric stoves or microwaves. 그것은 심지어 식사를 전기스토브나 전자레인지를사용하는 현대적 방식보다는 전통적 방식으로 준비하라고 제안한다.
⑬ Finally, the macrobiotic diet teaches us not to waste any of the ingredients during the preparation of meals. 마지막으로 매크로바이오틱 식이요법은 우리에게 식사 준비 과정에서 어떤 재료도 버리지 않도록 가르친다.
⑭ Research into the macrobiotic diet indicates that because of its low-fat and high-fiber content, it benefits people by reducing cholesterol, working toward the prevention of heart disease, reducing the risk of cancer, assisting with weight management, and strengthening the immune system. 매크로바이오틱 식이요법에 대한 연구 결과 낮은 지방 함유량과 높은 섬유질 함유량이 사람들로 하여금콜레스테롤을 줄여 주고, 심장병의 예방에 효과가있으며, 암 발병률을 줄여 주고, 체중 조절에 도움을주며, 면역체계를 강화시켜 주는 이로움이 있다고한다.
⑮ Critics, on the other hand, point out that there is no convincing scientific proof to the extravagant claims that the macrobiotic diet can help cure those stricken with serious diseases like cancer. 반면에 비판자들은 매크로바이오틱 식이요법이 암과같은 중환에 걸린 사람들의 치료에 도움을 줄 수 있다는 터무니없는 주장에 대해 납득이 가는 과학적증거가 없음을 지적 한다.
⑯ They also voice concerns that the diet is too restrictive, lacking protein, iron, calcium, and vitamin B12. 그들은 또한 이 식이요법은 너무 제한적이어서 단백질, 철분, 칼슘, 비타민 B12가 부족하다는 우려의목소리를 내고 있다.
⑰ The macrobiotic diet does, however, remind us of the important link between living well and eating well. 그러나 매크로바이오틱 식이요법은 우리에게 잘 사는 것과 잘 먹는 것 사이의 중요한 연관성을 상기시켜 준다.
⑱ As our lives become busier and more stressful, we might all benefit from rediscovering traditional approaches to what we eat and how we eat it. 우리의 생활이 보다 분주해지고 스트레스가 많아짐에 따라, 우리가 먹는 것과 그것을 먹는 방법에 대한전통적인 접근법을 재발견함으로써 우리 모두가 혜택을 볼지도 모른다.

 

 

 

Unit 05. Health - Reading 2: Biofeedback
① What if we could live in a world without medicine? 의술이 없는 세상에서 살 수 있다면 어떻게 될까?
② What if human beings had the ability to heal themselves with the power of their own minds? 사람에게 자신의 정신력으로 스스로를 치료할 수 있는 능력이 있다면 어떻게 될까?
③ It may sound like science fiction, but a real life therapy method called "biofeedback" is training people to use their brains to control what ails their bodies. 공상 과학처럼 들리겠지만, '바이오피드백(생체자기제어)'이 라고 일컬어지는 실재의 치료 방법이 신체를 고통스럽게 하는 것을 조절하기 위해 뇌를 사용하도록 사람들을 훈련시키고 있다.
④ Biofeedback therapists train patients to control bodily responses, such as changes in their blood pressure and brain activity that are usually considered to be involuntary. 바이오피드백 치료사들은 환자들을 흔히 무의식적인 것으로 여겨지는 혈압 및 뇌 활동에서의 변화와같은 신체 반응을 조절할 수 있도록 훈련시킨다.
⑤ Sometimes it is used to treat specific problems. 때로는 특정 질병을 치료하는 데 사용되기도 한다.
⑥ A physical therapist might train stroke victims to regain proper use of their muscles, a psychologist can help people learn how to relax, and a medical specialist might teach patients how to deal with pain through biofeedback. 바이오피드백을 통해 물리치료사는 뇌졸중 환자들이 그들의 근육을 적절히 다시 사용할 수 있도록 훈련시킬 수 있고, 심리학자는 사람들이 느긋한 마음을 갖는 법을 배우도록 도울 수 있으며, 전문의는 환자들에게 고통에 대처하는 방법을 가르칠 수 있다.
⑦ At other times it is used simply to promote general good health. 또 어떤 때에는 단순히 전반적인 건강을 증진시키기위해 사용되기도 한다.
⑧ Biofeedback works by providing tangible feedback on how the body reacts to stressful situations. 바이오피드백은 신체가 스트레스 상황들에 반응하는 방법에 대해 눈에 보이는 결과를 제공함으로써작용한다.
⑨ During a typical session, electrical sensors are attached to the body as a measuring device. 전형적인 치료 과정 시 측정 장치인 전기 센서가 몸에 부착된다.
⑩ These sensors can record the body's various reactions to stress, such as sweat or muscle contractions. 이 센서들은 발한 혹은 근육 수축과 같이 스트레스에 대한 신체의 다양한 반응들을 기록할 수 있다.
⑪ The therapist then uses an indicator, perhaps a light or a sound, to create a visual or aural association for the patient. 그런 다음 치료사는 환자에게 시각적 혹은 청각적연상을 형성시키려고 빛이나 소리 같은 지표를 사용한다.
⑫ Every time the body reacts in a certain way, the indicator goes off. 신체가 특정 방식으로 반응할 때마다 지표가 나타난다.
⑬ The patient is then instructed to try to control the sound or light, and in doing so learns to control his or her body. 그러면 환자는 소리나 빛을 조절하기 위해 애쓰도록지시를 받으며, 그렇게 하는 동안에 신체를 조절하는 법을 배운다.
⑭ Different forms of biofeedback therapy deal with different disorders. 바아오피드백 치료는 다양한 형태로 여러 가지 질환들을 다룬다.
⑮ Electromyograms, for example, measure muscle tension and can be helpful in treating backaches and headaches. 예를 들어 근전도는 근육의 긴장도를 측정하며, 요통이나 두통 치료에 도움이 될 수 있다.
⑯ Patients with circulatory problems and migraines benefit from temperature biofeedback, which records the temperature of the skin. 순환기 장애나 편두통을 앓는 환자들은 피부의 체온을 기록하는 체온 바이오피드백으로 효과를 얻는다.
⑰ Galvanic skin response training measures perspiration, and is helpful in dealing with anxiety-related disorders. 전기 피부반응훈련은 땀을 측정하며 불안 관련 질환치료에 도움이 된다.
⑱ And brainwaves can be charted and then used to treat insomnia; they also have the potential to be applied to a variety of neurological disorders. 그리고 뇌파는 도표화되어 불면증 치료에 사용될 수있으며, 그것은 또한 여러 신경 질환에도 적용될 수있는 가능성이 있다.
⑲ Biofeedback seems effective in reducing patients' dependency on medicine and raising their awareness of how their bodies work. 바이오피드백은 의술에 대한 환자의 의존도를 줄이고 신체의 작용 방법에 대한 환자의 의식을 고취시키는 데 효과적인 것으로 보인다.
⑳ It also has the potential to significantly reduce medical costs. 그것은 또한 의료비를 상당히 줄여줄 가능성도 있다.
㉑ But the true medical value of biofeedback is still in question. 그러나 바이오피드백의 진정한 의학적 가치는 여전히 의문스럽다.
㉒ Until scientists can accurately explain how the therapy works and the exact means by which patients can control their bodily responses, a shadow of doubt will remain. 과학자들이 이 치료법이 어떻게 작용하는지와 환자들이 자신의 신체 반응을 조절할 수 있는 정확한 수단에 대해 정확하게 설명할 수 있을 때까지 의심의그림자는 남아있을 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 06. Language - Reading 1: Code-switching
① In linguistics, the type of speech a person uses is referred to as a code. 언어학에서 개인이 사용하는 화법의 유형은 코드(말하는 방식)라고 불린다.
② A code can be a language, a dialect, or even an intonation or style. 코드는 언어, 방언, 혹은 심지어 억양이나 말씨가 될수도 있다.
③ Code-switching occurs when a person changes his or her code during a conversation. 코드변환은 개인이 대화 중에 코드를 변경할 때 이루어진다.
④ Sometimes there is a very practical reason for this change. 때때로 이러한 변환에는 아주 실용적인 이유가 있다.
⑤ If a person is unable to express a thought in one code, he or she will switch to another. 만일 개인이 하나의 코드로 생각을 표현할 수 없다면 그 사람은 다른 코드로 변환할 것이다.
⑥ Other times, however, the motivations behind code-switching can have more complex social implications. 그러나 또 어떤 때는 코드 변환 이면에 있는 동기들이 보다 복잡한 사회적 의미들을 내포할 수 있다.
⑦ It can be a way of identifying a reassuring similarity with someone from the same geographic or socioeconomic background, such as with people who have immigrated to a new country. 그것은 새로운 나라로 이민을 간 사람과 같이 동일한 지리적 또는 사회 경제적 배경을 가진 어떤 사람과의 위안을 주는 유사성을 확인하는 방법이 될 수있다.
⑧ During the day, they'll speak their adopted language, but at home they mix it together with their native tongue. 그들은 주간에는 차용어로 말하지만 집에서는 모국어를 섞어 말할 것이다.
⑨ Code-switching can also be used to express perceived intellectual superiority. 코드 변환은 또한 인지된 지적 우월성을 표현하기위해 사용될 수도 있다.
⑩ For instance, educated English speakers may add Latin or French phrases to flaunt their language skills. 예를 들어, 교육을 받은 영어 화자들은 그들의 언어능력을 과시하기 위해 라틴어나 프랑스어 어구를 덧붙일 수 있다.
⑪ Depending on the motivation behind the change, code-switching can be categorized as one of two types. 변환 이면에 있는 동기에 따라 코드 변환은 두 개 유형 중 하나의 범주에 속할 수 있다.
⑫ Situational code-switching, as the name implies, occurs because of a change in situation. 상황적 코드 변환은 그 명칭이 암시하듯이 상황의변화로 인해 발생한다.
⑬ For example, a child at school might speak a dialect of urban slang in the playground but switch to standard English when entering the classroom. 예를 들어 학교에 있는 학생은 운동장에서는 도시속어가 들어간 말씨를 쓰다가 교실에 들어가서는 표준 영어로 변환할 것이다.
⑭ The motivation behind metaphorical code-switching, on the other hand, is a change in the topic of conversation. 반면에 은유적 코드 변환 이면의 동기는 대화 주제의 변화이다.
⑮ In Norway, official business is usually conducted in the Bokmal dialect. 노르웨이에서 공식적 업무는 주로 북몰어로 이루어진다.
⑯ But when the topic changes to more casual subjects, the speakers will switch to the Nynorsk dialect. 그러나 보다 일상적인 내용으로 주제가 바뀔 경우화자는 니노르스크어로 변환할 것이다.
⑰ Another qualification of code-switching is whether it is internal or external. 코드 변환의 또 다른 요건은 그것이 내적이냐 외적이냐이다.
⑱ Internal code-switching occurs within a single language, with a change in tone or dialect. 내적 코드 변환은 하나의 언어 속에서 어조나 말씨의 변화로 발생한다.
⑲ External code-switching occurs between two different languages. 외적 코드 변환은 두 개의 다른 언어 사이에서 발생한다.
⑳ In multilingual countries, such as India, external code-switching often happens in everyday conversation without even being noticed. 인도와 같이 여러 언어를 사용하는 나라에서는 외적코드 변환이 일상 대화 속에서 무심결에 종종 발생한다.
㉑ Both internal and external code-switching can occur with either situational or metaphorical code-switching and vice versa. 내적 코드 변환과 외적 코드 변환 모두 상황적 코드변환이나 은유적 코드 변환 중 하나와 함께 발생할수 있으며, 그 반대도 마찬가지이다.
㉒ Not everyone is bilingual, but most people have the ability to use more than one code. 모든 사람이 2개 국어를 하는 것은 아니지만, 대부분의 사람들은 한가지 코드 이상을 사용할 수 있는능력을 가지고 있다.
㉓ The ability to know when to switch from one to another is an integral part of the set of conversational skills that humans rely on to effectively express their feelings. 하나의 코드에서 다른 코드로 언제 변환해야 하는지를 아는 능력은 사람이 자신의 느낌을 효과적으로표현하기 위해 의존하는 일련의 대화 기술에서 없어서는 안 될 부분이다.

 

 

 

Unit 06. Language - Reading 2: TOEFL (Globish)
① Globalization brings people of different cultures into contact with each other, often highlighting language barriers. 세계화는 다른 문화권의 사람들을 서로 접촉하게 하면서 종종 언어 장벽을 드러나게 한다.
② Some believe that the best way to deal with language barriers is to create a completely artificial language for all the world's inhabitants to learn. 어떤 이들은 언어장벽을 해결할 최선의 방법이 전세계 주민들이 배울 수 있는 전혀 새로운 언어를 만들어 내는 것이라고 생각한다.
③ Others, however, insist that this is impractical, proposing instead the simplification or alteration of a language that is already in widespread use. 그러나 또 어떤 이들은 이것은 비실용적이라고 주장하면서 대신 이미 통용되고 있는 언어의 단순화 혹은 변경을 제안한다.
④ The creation of Globish, a condensed version of English, was inspired by this idea. 영어의 간결판인 글로비쉬의 창안은 이러한 생각으로부터 고무된 것이었다.
⑤ Former vice president of IBM Jean-Paul Nerriere invented Globish after observing an interesting phenomenon in his professional travels. IBM의 전 부회장인 Jean-Paul Nerriere는 출장 중에 흥미로운 현상을 관찰한 후 글로비쉬를 고안했다.
⑥ As a non-native English speaker, he experienced more success in communicating with other non-native speakers than his native-speaking associates did. 비(非)영어 원어민인 그는 영어 원어민인 동료들보다 다른 비영어 원어민들과 의사소통을 더 잘했다.
⑦ He concluded that non-native speakers do not actually speak standard English, but rather a simplified version of it. 그는 비영어 원어민들이 사실 표준 영어가 아니라그것을 약간 간결화한 것을 말하는 것이라고 결론지었다.
⑧ Combining the words "global" and "English," Nerriere termed this language system Globish; he then created an official list of its vocabulary and began promoting it as a tool for increasing the efficiency of international communication. Nerriere는 'global'과 'English' 단어를 합쳐 이 언어 체계를 글로비쉬라고 칭한 후, 공식적인 어휘 목록을 만들어 국제적 의사 소통의 효율성 증대를 위한 도구로서 이를 홍보하기 시작했다.
⑨ Central to Nerriere's creation are its differences from such wholly artificial languages as Esperanto and Interlingua. Nerriere의 (글로비쉬) 창안에 있어서의 핵심은 에스페란토나 인터링구아와 같은 완전한 인공 언어들과의 차이점들이다.
⑩ Because it is based on the English language, Globish builds on linguistic knowledge that people already possess instead of requiring them to learn a completely new language. 글로비쉬는 영어를 기초로 하고 있기 때문에 사람들에게 완전히 새로운 언어 학습을 요구하는 대신 사람들이 이미 가지고 있는 언어적 지식을 토대로 한다.
⑪ In fact, Nerriere maintains that Globish is not a separate language at all since it does not represent a unique culture or history. 사실 Nerriere는 글로비쉬가 독자적인 문화나 역사를 나타내지 않기 때문에 전혀 별개의 언어가 아니라고 주장한다.
⑫ Its aim is simply to take the basic and most essential elements of English and disregard its more complex aspects. 그것의 목표는 단순히 영어의 기본적이고 가장 필수적인 요소는 취하고 보다 복잡한 측면은 무시하는것이다.
⑬ Speakers of Globish can communicate using only 1,500 words. 글로비쉬 사용자는 1,500 단어만을 사용하여 의사소통할 수 있다.
⑭ For example, instead of learning the word "nephew," a speaker relies on the simpler phrase "the son of my brother" to communicate the same idea. 예를 들어 'nephew'라는 단어를 학습하는 대신 화자는 같은 의미를 전달하기 위해 보다 간단한 어구인 '내 남자 형제의 아들'을 사용한다.
⑮ Also, Globish employs only the most elementary of English's grammatical structures, and it holds that our assessment of pronunciation should be based on intelligibility, not perfection. 또한 글로비쉬는 가장 기본적인 영어 문법 구조만을사용하며, 발음에 대한 우리의 평가가 완벽성이 아니라 이해에 토대를 두어야 한다고 주장한다.
⑯ Not all linguistic experts agree on the usefulness of Globish, however. 그러나 모든 언어학 전문가들이 글로비쉬의 유용성에 동의하는 것은 아니다.
⑰ One of the most frequent criticisms is with the selection of Globish's vocabulary. 가장 흔한 비판 중 하나는 글로비쉬의 어휘 선택에관한 것이다.
⑱ It is not clear how the 1,500 words were chosen, and certain additions and omissions are seen as arbitrary. 1,500 단어가 어떻게 선정되었는지가 분명하지 않으며, 특정 어휘의 가감은 임의적으로 보인다.
⑲ Furthermore, Nerriere's book explaining the pronunciation and grammar of Globish contains various inconsistencies, causing confusion among learners of the system. 더욱이 글로비쉬의 발음과 문법을 설명하는Nerriere의 책에는 여러 가지 모순되는 내용이 들어있어서 이 체계를 배우고자 하는 학습자들 간에 혼란을 야기시키고 있다.
⑳ Considering these issues, Globish will probably require further development before it can be accepted on a larger scale. 이러한 문제점들을 생각해 볼 때, 글로비쉬가 보다널리 인정받을 수 있기 전에 더 심도 있게 개발될 필요가 있을 것 같다.

 

 

 

Unit 07. Environment - Reading 1: Eco Fashion
① Environmentalism has become a hot topic in recent years. 최근 몇 년간 환경 보호 문제가 뜨거운 주제로 떠올랐다.
② We are starting to take a long look at the way we do things and then trying to find eco-friendly alternatives. 우리는 우리의 행동 방식에 대해 심사숙고하기 시작했고, 그리고는 환경친화적인 대안을 찾아내려고 노력하고 있다.
③ When we think about protecting the planet, however, we don't usually think too much about the clothes we wear. 그러나 지구 보호에 대해 생각할 때, 우리는 대개 우리가 입는 옷에 대해서는 그다지 많이 생각하지 않는다.
④ But consider this: 그러나 이것을 생각해 보라.
⑤ Clothing manufacturers have been rapidly producing cheap garments in an effort to keep up with ever-changing fashion trends. 의류 제조업자들이 늘 변화하는 유행 추세에 발맞추기 위한 노력으로 값싼 의류를 신속하게 생산해 오고 있다.
⑥ The clothes may look good, but they are not made to last. 그 옷이 좋아 보일지는 모르겠지만 오래 입도록 만들어지지는 않았다.
⑦ They call it "fast fashion," and it's taking a toll on the environment. 그것은 '패스트패션(fast fashion)' 이라고 일컬어지는데, 환경에 해를 끼치고 있다.
⑧ The textiles that companies elect to make their clothing from, cheap, nonbiodegradable synthetic materials such as nylon and polyester, are a big part of the problem. 기업들이 옷을 만들기 위해 선택하는 직물 원료인나일론이나 폴리에스테르와 같이 값싸고 자연 분해가 되지 않는 합성 물질들이 문제의 커다란 부분을차지한다.
⑨ These fabrics are created through a manufacturing process that pollutes the atmosphere, and when they are thrown away they can end up in landfills that pollute our ground water for years and years. 이 직물들은 대기를 오염시키는 제조 과정을 통해만들어지고, 버려질 경우 매립지에서 수년간 지하수를 오염시키는 결과를 낳을 수 있다.
⑩ Not only synthetic textiles but also the natural materials used in fast fashion, such as cotton, can damage the environment. 합성 직물뿐만 아니라 면처럼 패스트패션에 사용되는 천연 물질도 환경을 훼손시킬 수 있다.
⑪ There are more pesticides used in the commercial farming of cotton than with most other crops, and many of these textiles are later bleached or colored with artificial dyes, which adds to the ever-growing number of chemicals poisoning our world. 면을 상업적으로 재배할 때는 대부분의 다른 농작물들의 경우보다 살충제가 더 많이 사용되며, 이 직물의 대부분은 나중에 인공 색소로 표백되거나 염색되는데, 이는 지구를 오염시키는 끊임없이 늘어나는화학물질들의 수를 증가시킨다.
⑫ Eco fashion was born as an environmentally friendly response to these unsound practices. 이러한 불건전한 관행에 대한 환경친화적 대응으로에코패션(eco fashion)이 탄생했다.
⑬ Instead of manufacturing clothes from harmful materials, eco fashion makes use of ecofriendly fibers, such as hemp, linen, and cotton that is grown organically. 해로운 물질로 옷을 제조하는 대신에 에코패션은삼, 리넨, 유기농법으로 재배한 면과 같은 환경친화적 섬유를 사용한다.
⑭ By coloring these fabrics with natural dyes made from plants and roots, companies can drastically reduce the amount of chemicals that goes into making each garment. 이 섬유들을 식물이나 뿌리로 만든 천연염료로 염색함으로써 기업에서 각 의류를 만드는 데 들어가는화학물질의 양을 대폭 감소시킬 수 있다.
⑮ Eco fashion also utilizes old or discarded clothing and other recyclable materials to make new clothes and accessories, creating fashionable garments from items as diverse and unlikely as plastic bottles and bicycle tires. 에코패션은 또한 새로운 옷과 액세서리를 만들기 위해 오래되었거나 버려진 의류 및 기타 재활용 물질을 사용하며, 플라스틱병과 자전거 타이어와 같이다양하고 어울릴 것 같지 않은 물품들로 최신 유행의 옷을 만든다.
⑯ By recycling existing materials, the amount of waste that ends up in landfills is minimized and energy expenditure is reduced by cutting back on the amount of textiles shipped from abroad. 기존 재료를 재활용함으로써 매립지로 전락하는 쓰레기 양이 최소화되고, 해외에서 운송되는 직물의양을 줄임으로써 에너지 비용이 감소한다.
⑰ Although the eco fashion industry is still in its infancy, it represents a growing understanding of the importance of the decisions we make as consumers. 아직 에코패션 산업이 걸음마 단계에 있지만, 그것은 소비자로서 우리가 내리는 결정의 중요성에 대한점진적 이해를 나타낸다.
⑱ What we choose to buy really can make a difference. 우리가 구매하기로 결정하는 것아 실로 큰 변화를가져올 수 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 07. Environment - Reading 2: Endocrine Disruptors
① Technological advances over the past century have allowed human civilization to flourish. 지난 세기 동안 과학기술의 진보는 인간 문명이 번영할 수 있도록 해주었다.
② We live at a level of comfort and convenience that previous generations could scarcely have imagined. 우리는 이전 세대들이 좀처럼 상상할 수 없었던 안락과 편리의 수준에서 살고 있다.
③ Unfortunately, some of these advances have come at a troubling cost - endocrine disruptors. 유감스럽게도 이러한 진보의 일부 결과들은 고통스러운 대가를 가져왔는데, 바로 환경 호르몬이다.
④ The hormones our bodies produce are essential to our well-being since they play a role in a wide variety of vital life processes, including growth and reproduction. 우리 몸이 생산해 내는 호르몬은 성장과 생식을 포함한 다양한 필수 생존 과정에서 일익을 담당하기때문에 우리가 제대로 살아가는 데 없어서는 안 된다.
⑤ Endocrine disruptors are synthetic chemicals that adversely affect the production, distribution, and behavior of these hormones, a disruption that can have catastrophic effects. 환경호르몬은 이러한 호르몬의 생성, 분배 기능에악영향을 미치는 합성화학물질이며, 심각한 폐해를가져올 수 있는 파괴 물질이다.
⑥ Animals have long suffered from exposure to these contaminants, and there is reason to believe that humans are being directly affected as well. 동물들은 이러한 오염물질들에 노출되면서 오랫동안 고통을 당해 왔고, 사람 역시 직접적으로 영향을받고 있다고 생각하는 데는 근거가 있다.
⑦ Endocrine disruptors are found in a variety of man-made materials. 환경호르몬은 다양한 인공 물질에서 발견된다.
⑧ When such materials are dumped into the environment, these harmful chemicals accumulate in the fat of fish and animals that live nearby. 이런 물질들이 환경 속으로 버려질 때 이 해로운 화학물질들은 근처에 사는 어류와 동물들의 지방에 축적된다.
⑨ If people eat these contaminated fish or animals, the endocrine disruptors can enter their systems. 만일 사람이 이렇게 오염된 어류나 동물을 섭취하면환경호르몬이 사람의 몸 속으로 들어갈 수 있다.
⑩ These chemicals can also become airborne during the manufacture or disposal of products that contain them, leading to the possibility of contamination through inhalation. 이 화학물질들은 또한 그것들을 함유한 제품의 제조및 처분 과정 중에 공기로도 운반될 수 있어서 호흡을 통해 오염될 가능성이 있다.
⑪ They can also be absorbed through the skin by direct contact with pesticides, detergents, and other substances. 그것들은 또한 살충제, 세제 및 기타 물질들과 직접접촉함으로써 피부를 통해 흡수될 수도 있다.
⑫ So what happens to living organisms which have been exposed? 그렇다면 (환경호르몬에) 노출된 생명체에게는 어떤 일이 일어나는가?
⑬ Scientists have observed severe consequences in a variety of animal species, from alligators to eagles, including birth defects, malformed reproductive systems, and immune problems. 과학자들은 악어에서 독수리까지의 여러 종의 동물에서 선천적 결함 기형의 생식 기관, 면역력 문제 등을 포함한 심각한 결과들을 관찰했다.
⑭ Endocrine disruptors affect growth and development, and because of this there is a fear that unborn children are at the greatest risk. 환경호르몬은 성장과 발육에 영향을 미치며, 이런이유로 인해 태아들이 커다란 위험에 처해 있다는우려가 있다.
⑮ There is also evidence tying endocrine disruptors to an increase in the incidence of reproductive cancer in young men. 환경호르몬이 젊은 남성들의 생식기와 관련된 암 발병률을 증가시키는 것과 관련이 있다는 증거도 있다.
⑯ The risk of exposure to endocrine disruptors can be reduced by eating organic food and avoiding the use of pesticides in your home. 유기농 음식을 먹고 가정 내 살충제 사용을 피함으로써 환경호르몬에의 노출 위험을 줄일 수 있다.
⑰ Fatty foods, such as cheese and meat, are best eaten in moderation and should not be stored in plastic containers or plastic wrap. 치즈와 육류 같은 지방질 음식은 적당량을 먹는 것이 가장 좋으며 플라스틱 용기나 식품 포장용 랩에저장해서는 안 된다.
⑱ No foods should be heated in any form of plastic. 어떤 음식도 플라스틱 형태의 제품에 담아 가열해서는 안 된다.
⑲ These steps may help you avoid contamination, but they won't solve the problem faced by our society. 이러한 조치들은 당신이 오염을 피하도록 하는 데도움이 될 수는 있겠지만 우리 사회가 직면한 문제를 해결하지는 못할 것이다.
⑳ Science and technology must come up with an effective way to clean up the mess they have made. 과학과 기술은 스스로가 만든 곤란한 상황을 해결하기 위해 효과적인 방법을 마련해야 한다.

 

 

 

Unit 08. Archaeology - Reading 1: Moray
① In Peru, approximately 50 km northwest of the former Incan capital city of Cuzco and about 3,500 meters above sea level, there is a stunning and mysterious series of Inca ruins. 페루에 있는 예전 잉카의 수도인 쿠스코에서 북서쪽으로 약 50km, 해발 약 3,500m 위에 놀랍고 신비스러운 잉카 문명의 유적이 연속해서 존재한다.
② Called Moray, this archaeological site is composed of several enormous, bowl-like depressions, each formed by a series of circular terraces. 모라이라고 불리는 이 고고학적 유적지는 여러 개의거대하고, 그릇처럼 움푹 패인 부분들로 이루어져있는데, 각각 연속적인 원형 계단식 논을 형성하고있다.
③ Although the purpose that these depressions served is uncertain, most archaeologists agree that they were used to carry out agricultural research. 비록 이 움푹 패인 곳이 어떤 목적을 위한 것이었는지는 불확실하지만, 대부분의 고고학자들은 농업 연구를 시행하기 위해 사용되었다는 데에 의견을 일치하고 있다.
④ Moray has several amazing characteristics that would make it an ideal place for conducting agricultural research. 모라이가 가지고 있는 여러 놀라운 특징들이 이곳을농업 연구를 행하기 위한 이상적인 장소로 만들었을것이다.
⑤ First, there is a remarkable difference in temperature, as much as 15 'C, from the tops of the depressions to their lowest points. 첫째로, 움푹 패인 곳의 가장 윗 부분에서 가장 낮은지점까지 15도 만큼의 상당한 온도 차가 존재한다.
⑥ The result is that, much like a modern day greenhouse, each depression contains several microclimate zones, small areas with their own unique climates. 그 결과, 오늘날 온실과 흡사하게 각 움푹 패인 곳은, 특정 기후를 가지고 있는 좁은 지역인 여러 미기후 지역을 포함하게 된다.
⑦ Even more incredibly, these different temperatures correspond to the natural climates of surrounding areas, from coastal farmland to high-elevation terraces. 이보다 더 믿기 힘든 것은, 이러한 다른 온도 차가해안가 농지에서부터 고지대 계단식 논에 이르는 주변 지역의 자연 기후와 일치한다는 것이다.
⑧ This would have allowed the Inca to study how different climatic conditions affected crops all in one place. 이것은 잉카 사람들이 상이한 온도 조건이 농작물에어떤 영향을 끼치는지에 대하여 한 곳에서 모두 연구할 수 있도록 만들었을 것이다.
⑨ Pollen studies have even shown that soils from different regions of the Inca Empire were imported to Moray. 심지어 꽃가루 연구에서도 잉카 제국의 여러 지역에서 온 흙이 모라이로 유입되었음을 보여주고 있다.
⑩ This would have made it possible to recreate the growing conditions in these different regions almost exactly. 이는 다른 지역의 재배 조건을 거의 완벽하게 다시만드는 것을 가능케 했었을 것이다.
⑪ The second remarkable feature of Moray is its drainage system. 모라이의 두 번째 놀라운 특징은 배수 장치이다.
⑫ Because of the depressions' bowl-shaped design, it seems like the lower parts of the depressions would easily fill up with water during heavy rain. 움푹 패인 곳의 그릇 형태의 모양 때문에 폭우 기간에 움푹 패인 곳의 낮은 부분들은 쉽게 물로 가득 찰것 같아 보인다.
⑬ Even in heavy downpours, though, the structures never flood. 하지만 폭우 속에서도 그 구조물은 절대 범람하지않는다.
⑭ How the depressions drain remains a mystery, but it has been suggested that underground channels at the bottom may carry the water away. 그 움푹 패인 곳에서 어떻게 물이 빠지는지는 미스터리로 남아있지만, 바닥에 있는 지하 수로가 아마물을 뺀다는 설이 있다.
⑮ Another theory suggests that the depressions are located over a natural rock formation that is highly porous, which would enable water to steadily filter out. 또 다른 이론은 움푹 패인 곳이 아주 투과성이 높은천연 암석 위에 위치해 있어 물이 끊임없이 여과될수 있다고 제시하고 있다.
⑯ Amazingly, about 60 percent of the world's food crops, including hundreds of varieties of maize and thousands of varieties of potato, originated in the Andes Mountains. 놀랍게도 수백 가지 종류의 다양한 옥수수와 수천가지의 다양한 감자를 포함한 세계 식용 작물의 약60퍼센트가 안데스 산맥에서 비롯되었다.
⑰ This shows how good the indigenous population was at developing crops that were well suited to the region's different climates. 이것은 지역 토착민들이 그 지역의 각기 다른 기후에 잘 맞는 작물을 재배하는 데 얼마나 능숙했는지를 보여준다.
⑱ Although we may never know conclusively why Moray was constructed, it is highly likely that the site was used to learn how to make the best use of the Inca Empire's diverse lands. 비록 모라이가 왜 만들어졌는지 결코 확실히 알 수는 없겠지만, 그 장소가 잉카 제국의 다양한 토지를최대한 활용하기 위한 방법을 배우기 위해 사용됐을가능성은 아주 높다.

 

 

 

Unit 08. Archaeology - Reading 2: TOEFL (Decoding Egyptian Hieroglyphs)
① In 1799, French troops reconstructing a fort near an Egyptian town once known as Rosetta discovered an interesting object. 1799년에 한때 Rosetta라고 알려졌던 이집트 마을근처에 요새를 재건하던 프랑스 군대가 흥미로운 물체를 발견했다.
② Named the "Rosetta Stone," it turned out to be the key to deciphering ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic script. '로제타석(Rosetta Stone)'이라고 이름 지어진 이것은 고대 이집트의 상형문자 해독의 열쇠임이 드러났다.
③ The Rosetta Stone was created in 196 B.C., the first anniversary of the coronation of Ptolemy V Epiphanes, ruler of Egypt. 로제타석은 이집트의 통치자 Ptolemy V Epiphanes의 대관식 1주년이던 기원전 196년에 만들어졌다.
④ Its inscriptions declare Egyptian priests' support of Ptolemy and list the ways the country had benefited under his rule. 비문은 이집트 성직자들이 Ptolemy를 지지한다는내용을 말하고 있고 그의 통치하에 국가가 입은 혜택의 내용을 나열하고 있다.
⑤ They also mention various honors and privileges granted to the ruler by the priests. 그것은 또한 성직자들이 그 통치자에게 수여한 여러가지 영예와 특권을 언급하고 있다.
⑥ Scholars believe the stone was one of many such official acts designed to increase loyalty to Ptolemy among all Egyptians. 학자들은 그 돌이 모든 이집트인들 사이에서Ptolemy에 대한 충성을 강화하기 위해 계획된 그런여러 공식적 행위 중 하나였다고 믿는다.
⑦ A smooth, dark gray slab that is about 112 centimeters tall and 75 centimeters wide, the Rosetta Stone bears inscriptions of the exact same text in three different writing styles. 세로 약 112cm, 가로 약 75cm 크기인 매끄럽고 짙은 회색의 석판인 로제타석에는 정확하게 똑같은 내용의 비문이 세 개의 서로 다른 문자로 기록되어 있다.
⑧ First is Egyptian hieroglyphics, an ancient script used primarily for important religious documents of the time. 첫째는 주로 당시의 중요한 종교 문서에 사용되었던고대 활자인 이집트 상형문자이다.
⑨ Second is Demotic, a cursive-like script utilized by commoners during Ptolemy's reign. 둘째는 Ptolemy의 통치 기간 동안 평민들이 사용한초서체 유형의 활자인 데모틱 문자이다.
⑩ The final script is Greek, as the administrative heads of Egypt in this era, and indeed Ptolemy himself, were of Greek origin. 마지막 활자는 그리스어인데, 이는 이 시대의 이집트관리 수뇌들과 실제로 Ptolemy 자신도, 그리스 출신이었기 때문이다.
⑪ The Rosetta Stone's importance to *Egyptology is immense. 이집트학에 있어서 로제타석의 중요성은 엄청나다.
⑫ Almost all ancient Egyptian texts were written in hieroglyphics, yet knowledge of this writing system had disappeared around A.D. 400 when it ceased to be used. 거의 모든 고대 이집트 문서는 상형문자로 쓰였는데이 글자 체계에 대한 지식은 그것이 쓰이지 않게 된서기 400년경에 사라졌다.
⑬ For this reason, Egyptologists before 1800 had no way of accessing the information contained in such texts. 이런 이유로 1800년 이전의 이집트학자들은 그런문서에 담긴 정보를 알아낼 방법이 없었다.
⑭ The significance of the Rosetta Stone was that it provided a point of comparison between hieroglyphic writing and the Greek language, allowing scholars to use the Greek inscription as a key to the translation of the hieroglyphs. 로제타석의 중요성은 그것이 상형문자와 그리스어간의 비교점을 제공해 주어 학자들이 상형문자 해독의 열쇠로 그리스어 비문을 사용할 수 있게 하였다는점이다.
⑮ In the course of studying the stone, French Egyptologist Jean-Francois Champollion made a momentous discovery. 로제타석 연구 과정 중에 프랑스의 이집트학자Jean-Francois Champollion은 중대한 발견을 했다.
⑯ Previously, it had been assumed that the hieroglyphic script was only intended to be read, not spoken. 이전에는 상형문자가 말하기 위해서가 아니라 오로지 읽혀지기 위한 것이라고 여겨졌었다.
⑰ In other words, Egyptologists did not think the hieroglyphs corresponded to specific spoken sounds. 다시 말해, 이집트 학자들은 상형문자가 특정 구어의음과 대응하지 않는다고 생각했다.
⑱ Champollion's conclusion to the contrary proved to be an enormous breakthrough, allowing researchers to translate countless hieroglyphic texts and gain invaluable information about ancient Egyption civilization. 이와 반대되는 Champollion의 결론은 획기적인 전환이 되어 연구원들로 하여금 수많은 상형문자 문서를 해독하고 고대 이집트 문명에 대해 아주 귀중한정보를 얻을 수 있게 하였다.
⑲ Because of his work and that of many others, this chance discovery by French troops in 1799 is responsible for much of what we now know about ancient Egypt. 그와 그 외 많은 이들의 작업 덕분에, 1799년에 프랑스 군대에 의한 이 우연한 발견이 우리가 현재 고대 이집트에 대해 알고 있는 많은 것들을 얻는 계기가 되었다.

 

 

 

Unit 09. Film - Reading 1: Performance Capture
① You've seen them come to life on the movie screen. 당신은 그들이 영화 속 화면에서 살아나는 것을 보았다.
② They're not really alive, but their movements seem real and their faces show emotion. 그들은 실제로 살아 있지는 않지만 그들의 움직임은실제처럼 보이고 그들의 얼굴은 감정을 드러낸다.
③ So what makes the characters in movies like Polar Express and Avatar seem so life like? 그렇다면 무엇이 〈폴라 익스프레스〉와 〈아바타〉와 같은 영화 속에 나오는 등장인물들을 그렇게 살아 있는 것처럼 보이게 하는 걸까?
④ It's the fact that they were all created with a combination of acting and digital effects called "performance capture." 그것은 그것들이 모두 연기와 '퍼포먼스 캡처'라고불리는 디지털 효과의 결합으로 만들어졌기 때문이다.
⑤ Performance capture is a refinement of a special effects technique called motion capture. 퍼포먼스 캡처는 모션 캡처라고 불리는 특수 효과기술의 진보된 형태이다.
⑥ Motion capture is what makes artificial figures move so realistically in animation movies and video games. 모션 캡처는 애니메이션 영화와 비디오게임에서 가상 인물이 매우 사실적으로 움직이게 해주는 것이다.
⑦ It's created by capturing the motions of an actual person and applying them to a computer-generated character. 그것은 실제 인물의 움직임들을 포착해서 그것들을컴퓨터로 만들어 낸 등장인물에 적용함으로써 창조된다.
⑧ But performance capture takes this one step further, recording not only general body movements but also subtle facial expressions. 그러나 퍼포먼스 캡처는 이것을 한 단계 더 진보시켜 일반적인 신체의 움직임뿐만 아니라 미세한 얼굴표정까지도 포착해 낸다.
⑨ To bring a character to life through performance capture, an actor's face and body are first covered in small sensors. 퍼포먼스 캡처로 하나의 등장인물이 살아나게 하가위해, 우선 배우의 얼굴과 신체를 작은 감지기들로뒤덮는다.
⑩ The actor then enters a special black box and performs while infrared cameras record the action from four angles, creating a three-dimensional effect. 그런 다음 배우가 검정색 특수 상자 안으로 들어가서 연기를 하는 동안 적외선 카메라는 3차원의 효과가 나도록 네 군데 각도에서 그 움직임을 기록한다.
⑪ Using these recordings, software digitally transfers the actor's performance onto computer-generated characters. 이렇게 기록한 것들을 이용해 소프트웨어가 배우의연기를 디지털화하여 컴퓨터로 만들어 낸 등장 인물들에게 전이시킨다.
⑫ The characters are then projected onto a highly detailed virtual set, complete with virtual props and virtual costumes, and the illusion of reality is complete. 그런 다음 이 등장인물들이 가상의 소품과 가상의의상이 완비된 아주 섬세한 가상 세트에 투영되면서실제와 같은 환상이 이루어진다.
⑬ For a filmmaker, performance capture offers a faster alternative to traditional time-consuming animation methods; it also creates movements and facial expressions that are more natural. 퍼포먼스 캡처는 영화 제작자에게 시간이 많이 걸리는 종래의 애니메이션 방법에 대해 보다 신속한 대안을 제공하며, 보다 자연스러운 움직임과 얼굴 표정을 만들어 주기도 한다.
⑭ And, compared to scenes using live actors, there is more control over the editing process. 그리고 실제 배우를 사용하는 장면들과 비교해볼때, 편집 과정이 보다 통제 가능하다.
⑮ If something goes wrong with the shot, it doesn't need to be re-filmed. 만일 장면에서 원가가 잘못되었을 경우, 그것을 다시 찍을 필요가 없다.
⑯ It can just be retouched on the computer. 그냥 컴퓨터로 수정하면 그만이다.
⑰ And from an actor's point of view, performance capture is advantageous because it lets him or her act using complex facial expressions that in the past would have been lost beneath latex masks or special effects. 또한 배우 입장에서도 퍼포먼스 캡처는 과거에 라텍스 마스크나 특수 효과로 가려졌을 복잡한 얼굴 표정을 사용하면서 연기를 할 수 있게 하기 때문에 이득이 된다.
⑱ It can even allow a single actor to play multiple roles, such as in Polar Express, where Tom Hanks portrayed five different characters, including Santa Claus and a young boy. 그것은 심지어 Tom Hanks가 산타클로스와 어린소년을 포함한 5명의 다른 등장인물들을 연기한 〈풀라 익스프레스〉에서와 같이 한 사람의 배우가 다수의 역할을 할 수 있게 한다.
⑲ Performance capture brings filmmakers the best of both worlds, affording a workable balance between the skills of actors and the abilities of special effects technicians. 퍼포먼스 캡처는 영화 제작자들에게 배우의 능력과특수 효과 전문가들의 역량 사이에서 작업 균형을이루게 하면서 두 분야에서 최선의 능력을 발휘하게한다.
⑳ As a result, millions of viewers are rewarded with dazzling scenes of movie magic. 그 결과 수백만 관객들은 마술과 같은 눈부신 영화장면들을 접하게 된다.

 

 

 

Unit 09. Film - Reading 2: Method Acting
① The famous actor Marlon Brando is known for his powerhouse performances in some of Hollywood's biggest blockbusters. 유명 배우인 Marlon Brando는 몇 편의 할리우드 최고 흥행작에서의 명연기로 이름이 알려져 있다.
② Marilyn Monroe and James Dean are both movie legends, admired even after death for the film personas they created. Marilyn Monroe와 James Dean은 둘 다 사망 이후에조차 그들이 만들어 낸 영화 속 인물들로 칭송되고 있는 영화계의 전설들이다.
③ And all three of them cast their on-screen spells using a technique known as "method acting." 그리고 이들 셋은 모두 '메소드 연기'로 알려진 기법을 사용하여 영화에 마술을 부렸다.
④ Method actors seek to create realistic performances by analyzing and understanding the psychological motivations behind the actions of the characters they portray. 메소드 배우들은 자신이 배역을 맡은 등장 인물들의행동 이면에 있는 심리적 동기를 분석하고 이해함으로써 사실적인 연기를 하려고 노력한다.
⑤ The technique was initially developed by Konstantin Stanislavski in Russia around the turn of the 20th century. 이 기법은 20세기 전환기 즈음에 러시아의Konstantin Stanislavski에 의해 처음 개발되었다.
⑥ And it enjoyed a resurgence in the United States in the 1950s when it was popularized by Lee Strasberg, an American director, producer, and acting teacher. 그리고 그것은 미국의 감독이자 프로듀서이고 연기교사였던 Lee Strasberg에 의해 인기를 얻게 된1950년대에 미국에서 다시 부활되었다.
⑦ Method acting places great demands upon the actors who use it, requiring them to create complex emotions for people that don't exist outside of a script. 메소드 연기는 대본 밖에서는 존재하지 않는 사람들에 대해 복잡한 감정을 부여할 것을 요구하기 때문에그것을 사용하는 배우들에게 많은 부담을 준다.
⑧ They construct entire histories for the characters they are playing, using imaginary experiences and events in order to better understand why the characters act and feel the way they do. 배우들은 왜 등장인물들이 그러한 방법으로 행동하고 느끼는지를 더 잘 이해하기 위해 가상의 경험과사건을 이용하면서 그들이 연기하고 있는 등장인물의 전체적인 이력을 세워 놓는다.
⑨ The actors then attempt to recreate these feelings within themselves, delving into their personal memories for experiences that generate similar emotions. 그런 다음 배우들은 유사한 감정을 만들어 주는 경험에 대한 자신의 개인적인 기억들을 깊이 더듬어 보면서 이러한 감정들을 자신들 속에서 재창조하려고 노력한다.
⑩ If method acting is done correctly, the actors become completely immersed, and it can result in frighteningly realistic performances, the kind that movie-goers don't easily forget. 만일 메소드 연기가 제대로 되면 배우들은 완전히 몰입하여, 그 결과 영화 관객들이 쉽게 잊지 못할 아주사실적인 연기를 이끌어 낼 수 있게 된다.
⑪ But method acting requires a great deal of discipline and can take a severe mental and physical toll on performers. 그러나 메소드 연기는 많은 훈련을 필요로 하며 연기자에게 정신적, 신체적 손해를 많이 끼칠 수 있다.
⑫ Some actors immerse themselves so deeply that they place themselves in danger. 어떤 배우들은 너무 깊이 몰입한 나머지 위험에 처하기도 한다.
⑬ This has manifested itself in such things as experimental drug use, which in the case of River Phoenix actually led to death from a drug overdose. 이는 실험적 마약 복용과 같은 것으로 나타났었는데, River Phoenix의 경우 이것이 마약 과다 복용으로 인한 사망을 초래했다.
⑭ A more common and less serious negative result is simply bad acting. 보다 일반적이고 덜 심각한 부정적인 결과는 바로 서툰 연기이다.
⑮ Poorly executed method acting has resulted in some of the least impressive performances in movie history. 제대로 구현되지 못한 메소드 연기는 영화 역사에 있어 일부 가장 볼품없는 연기를 초래했다.
⑯ But along with unskilled performers who are unable to pull off the demanding requirements of method acting, there have been some modern Hollywood stars who have successfully applied it to their roles, including Al Pacino, Robert De Niro, and Dustin Hoffman. 메소드 연기의 힘든 요구 조건들을 훌륭히 해내지 못하는 재능 없는 연기자들도 있지만, Al Pacino, Robert De Niro, 그리고 Dustin Hoffman 등 자신의 역할에 그것을 성공적으로 적용시킨 몇몇 현대 할리우드 배우들이 있다.
⑰ The power of their performances proves that there is potential for exceptional results from this unique approach to acting. 그들의 연기력은 연기에 대한 이 독특한 점근으로부터 빼어난 결과를 얻어낼 수 있는 가능성이 있음을증명한다.

 

 

 

Unit 10. Psychology - Reading 1: Freud's Categorization of the Human Mind
① Describing Sigmund Freud's ideas about the mind, someone once said that the human personality is "basically a battlefield ... a dark cellar in which a well-bred spinster and a pleasure-seeking monkey are forever engaged in mortal combat, the struggle being refereed by a rather nervous bank clerk." 혹자가 한번은 정신에 대한 Sigmund Freud의 견해를 묘사하면서 인간의 인성은 '근본적으로 전쟁터, 즉 예의 바른 미혼 여성과 쾌락을 추구하는 원숭이가 상당히 신경질적인 은행 직원이 심판을 보는가운데 끊임없이 사투를 벌이는 어두운 지하실'이라고 말한 적이 있다.
② To understand what these odd characters have to do with personality, one must analyze the makeup of the mind as Freud imagined it. 이 기이한 등장 인물들이 성격과 어떤 관계가 있는지를 이해하기 위해서는 Freud가 생각한 정신의 구조를 분석해야 한다.
③ Think of the mind as an iceberg. 정신을 빙산이라고 생각해 보라.
④ The visible tip of the iceberg is comparable to our conscious, the small portion of the mind that we are aware of. 눈에 보이는 빙산의 꼭대기 부분은 우리가 인식하고있는 정신의 작은 영역인 의식에 견주어진다.
⑤ The vast majority of the mind is our unconscious, lying below our awareness like the mass of an iceberg immersed in water. 정신의 대부분을 차지하는 영역은 무의식으로서, 물속에 잠긴 거대한 빙산처럼 우리의 의식 밑에 깔려있다.
⑥ Freud's partitioning of the mind into these two sectors was later incorporated into a more comprehensive conception, the structural theory, which attempted to better describe the mind's complexity by dividing it into three parts: the id, the superego, and the ego. Freud가 정신을 이 두 영역으로 나눈 것은 추후에보다 포괄적인 개념인 구조이론으로 통합되었는데, 이 이론은 정신을 이드, 초자아, 자아라는 세 가지영역으로 나눔으로써 정신의 복잡함을 보다 정확히묘사하려 했다.
⑦ According to Freud's theory, the id is the part of the mind that is completely buried in the unconscious. Freud의 이론에 따르면 이드는 무의식 속에 완전히묻혀 있는 정신의 한 영역이다.
⑧ The instinctive drives that motivate humans to pursue pleasure and avoid pain originate there. 사람으로 하여금 쾌락을 추구하고 고통을 회피하게하는 본능적인 충동은 이곳에서 기인한다.
⑨ The next partition of the human mind is termed the superego. 인간 정신의 또 다른 영역은 초자아로 불린다.
⑩ Partly conscious, the superego acts as a moral conscience, regulating the desires of the id with its concepts of right and wrong. 부분적으로 의식 영역을 차지하고 있는 초자아는 도덕적 양심역할을 하여, 그것이 정하는 선악의 기준으로 이드의 욕구를 조절한다.
⑪ Finally, Freud's third division of the mind, the ego, operates mostly at the level of conscious thought. 마지막으로 Freud의 세 번째 정신 영역인 자아는 주로 의식적 사고 수준에서 활동한다.
⑫ Concerned with external reality, the ego is aware of others' needs and perceives that the tendencies of the id and the superego need to be tempered. 외부 현실에 신경을 쓰는 자아는 타인의 욕구를 의식하며 이드와 초자아의 습성이 조절되어야 한다는것을 인식하고 있다.
⑬ It is obvious that the interplay of the three parts of the mind is quite essential, for they mesh together to form a personality that interacts smoothly with the world. 이 세 가지 정신 영역의 상호 작용이 아주 필수적이라는 사실은 분명한데 이것들이 서로 맞물려 세상과원활히 상호 작용하는 인격을 형성하기 때문이다.
⑭ With overpowering ids, people would only care about the fulfillment of their desires and have no concern for others. 이드가 지나치게 지배하게 되면 사람이 오직 자신의욕구 충족에만 신경을 쓰고 타인에게 전혀 무관심할것이다.
⑮ With dominating superegos, people would be extremely narrow-minded and would likely lead lonely lives due to their inability to accept moral faults in others. 초자아가 지배하면 사람이 아주 편협해져서 타인의도덕적 결점을 수용하는 능력 부족으로 외로운 삶을영위할 것이다.
⑯ And finally, the ego is indispensable to a balanced personality, because without it people would be unable to harmonize the contrasting desires of the id and the superego. 결국 균형 잡힌 인격에는 자아가 필수불가결한데,이것이 없으면 사람이 이드와 초자아의 서로 다른욕구를 조화롭게 할 수 없을 것이기 때문이다.

 

 

 

Unit 10. Psychology - Reading 2: TOEFL (Cognitive Dissonance)
① A person's worldview is made up of countless cognitions, pieces of information including facts, beliefs, values, and feelings. 사람의 세계관은 수많은 인지, 즉 사실, 믿음, 가치관, 감정 등의 정보 조각으로 이루어져 있다.
② Throughout life, a person continually takes on new cognitions as new information is encountered. 전 생애에 걸쳐 사람은 새로운 정보에 직면할 때 계속해서 새로운 인지를 하게 된다.
③ If, during the process, a new cognition conflicts with a previously held cognition, the result is called "cognitive dissonance." 그 과정에서 새로운 인지가 이전에 지니고 있던 인지와 마찰을 일으키면 '인지 부조화'라는 결과를 가져온다.
④ Cognitive dissonance creates a sense of discomfort. 인지 부조화는 불안감을 조성한다.
⑤ For example, a man buys an expensive car because he thinks it gets good gas mileage. 예를 들어, 한 남자가 비싼 자동차는 연비가 좋다고생각하여 비싼 자동차를 산다.
⑥ He then sees a commercial for a cheaper car that gets even better mileage. 그 후 그는 연비가 훨씬 좋은 좀 더 저렴한 자동차에대한 광고를 본다.
⑦ The man naturally feels upset because his initial cognition is in conflict with the new cognition. 자신이 처음 지니고 있던 인지가 새로운 인지와 충돌하기 때문에 남자는 당연히 속이 상한다.
⑧ People have a natural urge to avoid cognitive dissonance, and this can be done in many ways. 사람에게는 원래 인지 부조화를 회피하고 싶은 욕구가 있고, 이것은 여러 가지 방법으로 해결될 수 있다.
⑨ The man in the previous example could simply choose to ignore the commercial. 앞의 예에서 남자는 그저 광고를 무시하는 쪽을 택할 수 있다.
⑩ Then, in the future, he might attempt to avoid watching television commercials. 그런 다음 그 후로 그 TV 광고를 보지 않으려고 할지도 모른다.
⑪ Another method of eliminating the dissonance would be to introduce new cognitions to the situation. 인지 부조화를 제거하는 또 하나의 방법은 그 상황에 새로운 인지를 도입하는 것이다.
⑫ The man could begin to emphasize other positive features of his car, thereby lessening the importance of gas mileage and price. 남자는 자신이 소유하고 있는 자동차의 다른 긍정적인 특징들을 강조하기 시작하여 연비와 가격의 중요도를 축소시킬 수 있다.
⑬ And, if the feeling of dissonance became extreme enough, the man might trade in his car for the second one. 그리고 만일 인지 부조화 정도가 극도로 심해지면남자는 자신의 자동차를 그 저가의 자동차로 바꿀지도 모른다.
⑭ It is easy to discount the power of cognitive dissonance, but it has been proven in various experiments. 인지 부조화의 영향력을 경시하기 쉬운데, 이것은여러 실험에서 입증되어 왔다.
⑮ In the 1950s, researcher Leon Festinger studied the members of a cult who had been told by their leader that aliens would destroy Earth on a certain date. 1950년대에 연구원 Leon Festinger는 교주로부터외계인들이 특정 날짜에 지구를 파괴할 것이라는 말을 들은 어느 신흥 종교 신자들을 연구했다.
⑯ After the day came and nothing happened, cult members became even more loyal to their leader. 그 날이 왔고 아무 일도 일어나지 않은 이후 이 종교신자들은 자신들의 교주에 대한 믿음이 훨씬 더 커졌다.
⑰ Festinger explained that, instead of accepting the cognition that they had been fooled, members chose to believe the leader's new message - the aliens had spared the planet to save the cult. Festinger의 설명에 의하면 신자들은 자신들이 속았다는 인지를 받아들이기보다는 외계인들이 자신들의종교를 구하기 위해 지구를 그대로 둔 것이라는 교주의 새로운 메시지를 믿는 쪽을 택한 것이라고 한다.
⑱ Obviously, cognitive dissonance can lead people to act in nonsensical ways. 확실히 인지 부조화는 사람들로 하여금 비이성적인방법으로 행동하게끔 할 수 있다.
⑲ However, it also has the potential for positive uses, such as conflict resolution. 그러나 그것은 또한 분쟁 해결과 같이 긍정적으로사용될 가능성도 있다.
⑳ Cognitive dissonance challenges previously held beliefs and values and can force people to revise them. 인지 부조화는 이전에 지니고 있던 믿음과 가치관에제동을 걸어 사람들로 하여금 그것들을 바꾸게 할수 있다.
㉑ In a war, each side may view the other as inhuman or even evil. 전쟁에서 각 진영은 상대를 비인간적이나 심지어 사악하다고 여길 수 있다.
㉒ A tactic to counter this cognition might be to discuss or give examples of the enemy's family life and emphasize similarities between the two groups. 이러한 인지에 맞설 수 있는 한 가지 방법으로 적군의 가정생활에 대해 얘기하거나 그 예를 들어 주며두 진영의 유사점을 강조하는 것이 될지도 모른다.
㉓ By showing each side aspects of the other's humanity, the initial stereotype can be challenged and possibly overcome by the power of cognitive dissonance. 각 진영에게 상대의 인간적인 측면을 보여 줌으로써처음 가졌던 고정관념이 인지 부조화의 영향에 도전을 받게 되어 극복될 수도 있는 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 11. Social Issues - Reading 1: Twixters
① The word "twixter" was coined to refer to a new social group that exists somewhere between adolescence and adulthood, a group that is rapidly growing all around the world. 단어 '트윅스터(twixter)'는 전 세계적으로 급속히늘어나고 있는 집단인 청소년기와 성인기 사이 어딘가에 존재하는 새로운 사회 집단을 칭하기 위해 만들어졌다.
② It was derived from the word "betwixt," which has the same meaning as "between." 그것은 'between'과 같은 의미를 지니는 단어'betwixt'에서 유래했다.
③ Twixters are "twentysomethings" who are no longer adolescents, but are not yet behaving like typical adults. 트윅스터는 더 이상 청소년이 아니면서 아직 전형적인 어른처럼 행동하지 않고 있는 '20대'이다.
④ They're more concerned with enjoying their lives than saving up money, changing jobs often as they expect a lot more from a job than a paycheck. 그들은 돈을 모으는 것보다 삶을 즐기는 것에 더 관심이 많고, 직장으로부터 급여 외에 훨씬 더 많은 것을 기대하기 때문에 직장을 자주 바꾼다.
⑤ Many of them still live at home, relying on their parents for financial support. 그들 중 많은 이들은 재정적 지원을 받기 위해 부모에게 의지하면서 여전히 본가에 산다.
⑥ Without a proper income, twixters are reluctant to pursue two of the basic elements by which our society defines adulthood: marriage and a home. 적정 수입이 없이 트윅스터들은 우리 사회가 성인기를 규정하는 두 가지 기초 요소인 결혼과 집을 추구할 마음이 없다.
⑦ No one cause can be singled out as being responsible for the twixter lifestyle. 트윅스터식 생활양식에 대해 책임이 있는 것으로 꼽을 수 있는 한 가지 원인은 없다.
⑧ Instead, it appears to be a combination of various factors. 대신 여러 요인들이 결합되어 있는 것 같다.
⑨ Rising unemployment rates and slow economic growth have made it more difficult than ever to start a career. 늘어나는 실업률과 느린 경제 성장은 일자리를 구하는 것을 그 어느 때보다도 힘들게 하고 있다.
⑩ It has also been suggested that the college experience isn't properly preparing students for real-world jobs. 대학 경험이 학생들에게 실제 직업에 대한 대비를적절히 해주지 못하고 있다는 말도 나오고 있다.
⑪ Furthermore, the rising costs of higher education mean that many twixters graduate under the burden of heavy debt, extending the time it takes to achieve financial independence. 게다가 계속 오르는 고등 교육비는 많은 트윅스터들이 과중한 부채 부담을 안고 졸업하여 경제적 독립을 이루는 데 걸리는 시간이 늘어남을 의미한다.
⑫ As twixters continue to increase in numbers, they are beginning to reveal themselves as a serious burden on society. 트윅스터들의 수가 계속 증가함에 따라 그들은 사회에 심각한 부담으로 드러나기 시작하고 있다.
⑬ Some economists see them as a bleak omen of a future in which succeeding generations become caught in the same destructive economic cycle. 일부 경제학자들은 그들을 이후 세대들이 동일한 경제적 악순환에 빠지게 되는 미래에 대한 어두운 징조로 본다.
⑭ If twixters never fully accept their adulthood, the world may be faced with a generation devoid of economic and political leaders. 만일 트윅스터들이 자신의 성인기를 제대로 받아들이지 못한다면, 세상은 경제 및 정치 지도자가 없는세대를 맞이하게 될지도 모른다.
⑮ Views on twixters differ. 트윅스터를 보는 시각들은 다르다.
⑯ Some sociologists and psychologists focus on the positive aspects. 일부 사회학자 및 심리학자들은 긍정적인 측면에 초점을 둔다.
⑰ They feel the twixters are simply taking advantage of the benefits that an affluent society offers. 그들은 트윅스터들이 그저 풍족한 사회가 제공하는혜택들을 이용하고 있는 것일 뿐이라고 생각한다.
⑱ They're extending the relatively carefree years of adolescence in order to prepare for the rigors of adulthood, trying out different career paths and lifestyles before committing to one. 그들은 성인기의 어려움을 준비하기 위해 상대적으로 걱정이 없는 청소년기를 연장하면서 한가지 진로나 생활양식에 전념하기 전에 여러 가지 경우를 경험하고 있다는 것이다.
⑲ But others see them in a more negative light, as failed adults who are not equipped with the necessary tools to survive on their own. 그러나 어떤 이들은 그들을 스스로 생존하는 데 필요한 도구를 갖추고 있지 못한 실패한 어른과 같이보다 부정적인 시각으로 바라본다.
⑳ So for some, twixters represent a generation of idealists, while for others they are nothing more than an unwanted social group who never outgrow their laziness. 그래서 어떤 이들에게는 트윅스터가 이상주의 세대를 대표하는 반면, 어떤 이들에게는 게으름에서 벗어나지 못한 사람들의 불필요한 사회 집단에 불과하다.

 

 

 

Unit 11. Social Issues - Reading 2: Terrorism
① Terrorism seeks to bring about social or political changes through the generation of fear. 테러는 공포를 불러일으켜 사회적 혹은 정치적 변화를 일으키고자 한다.
② This fear is usually used to weaken the power and influence of the status quo. 이러한 공포는 주로 현 상태의 지배력과 영향력을약화시키기 위해 사용된다.
③ Although the modern concept of terrorism has been around since the late 19th century, the sheer scale of the September 11th, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States sent shock waves of fear across the entire world. 비록 테러에 대한 현대적 개념이 19세기 후반 이래로 존재해오긴 했지만, 2001년 미국의 9.11테러 공격의 엄청난 규모는 전 세계에 공포의 충격을 안겨주었다.
④ Terrorism has existed throughout history. 테러는 역사와 같이 공존해 왔다.
⑤ Groups that have been alienated because of religious persecution, political oppression, economic exploitation, cultural domination, ethnic discrimination, or any combination of these usually perpetrate it. 종교적 박해, 정치적 억압, 경제적 착취, 문화적 지배, 인종 차별 혹은 이런 것들이 결합된 형태의 이유로 인해 소외되어 왔던 단체들이 주로 테러를 저질렀다.
⑥ In some cases, extremists who believe that their faith is the one true religion have turned to terrorism. 어떤 경우에는 자신의 신앙이 유일한 진짜 종교라고믿는 극단주의자들이 테러에 가담해 왔다.
⑦ Sometimes, terrorist acts are committed by people who feel that their rights are being denied or that they have no legal outlets. 때때로 테러 행위는 자신들의 권리가 묵인되거나 자신들에게 아무런 법적 출구가 없다고 생각하는 사람들에 의해 자행된다.
⑧ Modern terrorism is often incited by the wide disparities in wealth we see throughout the world. 현대적 테러는 흔히 우리가 전 세계적으로 보게 되는 만연한 부의 불균형에 의해 유발된다.
⑨ The September 11th terrorist attacks were extreme, but they serve as a prime example of the increasing deadliness of modern terrorism. 9.11테러 공격은 극단적이었으나 현대적 테러가 점점 더 치명적으로 되어감을 보여 주는 중요한 예에해당한다.
⑩ Terrorism is not made up of random acts of violence. 테러는 임의대로 이루어지는 폭력 행위들로 이루어지지 않는다.
⑪ Each attack is planned carefully as a means to a specific end. 각각의 공격은 특정 목적을 이루기 위한 수단으로치밀하게 계획되어진다.
⑫ Targets are meticulously chosen, often selected to maximize fear by taking the lives of innocent civilians. 대상들은 세심하게 선정되는데, 흔히 무고한 시민들의 목숨을 희생시킴으로써 공포를 극대화할 수 있도록 선정된다.
⑬ These efforts are coordinated with great precision, all in the interest of creating fear and gaining media attention. 이러한 노력들은 모두 공포를 불러일으키고 매체의관심을 끌기 위해서 아주 정확하게 조율된다.
⑭ And as terrorist groups seek international attention in today's globalized society, they've been progressively escalating their attacks in order to achieve this aim. 그리고 테러 단체들은 오늘날의 세계화된 사회에서국제적인 관심을 얻으려고 하기 때문에 이 목적을달성하기 위해 점점 공격을 확대해 나가고 있다.
⑮ Although the most obvious effect of terrorism is the loss of human life, it also has the potential to strike an economic blow. 비록 테러의 가장 명백한 결과가 인명의 피해이기는하지만 그것은 또한 경제적 타격을 입힐 가능성도있다.
⑯ Property damage and subsequent insurance claims after an attack often add up to enormous amounts. 재산 손실액 및 공격 이후 잇따르는 보험 청구액의총계는 종종 엄청난 액수에 이른다.
⑰ The financial world can be disrupted by fear, which sometimes even causes stock markets to crash. 금융업계는 공포에 의해 혼란에 빠져, 때로는 주식시장의 붕괴까지 초래된다.
⑱ Because of this, terrorism has the potential to stunt economic growth, or perhaps even to collapse a national economy. 이런 이유로 테러는 경제 성장을 저해하거나 혹은심지어 국가 경제를 무너뜨릴 가능성도 있다.
⑲ And as terrorism steps up to a global scale, it is the global economy that is affected. 그리고 테러가 국제적인 규모로 커짐에 따라 영향을받는 것도 국제경제가 되고 있다.
⑳ If modern terrorism is to be prevented, its causes must be understood. 현대적 테러가 예방되려면 그 원인들이 이해되어야한다.
㉑ Whatever the underlying motivations of terrorist groups are, there is no excuse for vicious actions that affect innocent civilians. 테러 단체의 저번 동기가 무엇이든지 간에 무고한시민들에게 영향을 미치는 악의적인 행위에 대해서는 변명의 여지가 없다.

 

 

 

Unit 12. Education - Reading 1: Temperament
① It has long been recognized that both biological and environmental factors are involved in shaping personalities. 생물학적 요인 및 환경적 요인 둘 다 인격 형성에 관련이 있다고 오랫동안 여겨져 왔다.
② Those traits that are genetically determined are referred to as an individual's "temperament." 유전적으로 결정되는 특징들은 개인의 '기질'이라고일컬어진다.
③ Researchers have identified nine temperament traits that characterize young children during their early years of development. 연구자들은 초기 발달 단계에 있는 어린 아동들을특징짓는 아홉 가지 기질적 특징들을 밝혀냈다.
④ None of these traits are absolute; rather, every child exhibits each of these traits to a greater or lesser extent. 이 특징들은 절대적인 것이라기보다는 아동에 따라각각의 특징을 더 많이 혹은 더 적게 보인다고 할 수있다.
⑤ Specifically, the behaviors relate to physical energy, the regularity of biological functions, initial response to an unfamiliar environment or new people, adaptability to long-term change, the intensity of a child's reaction to a situation, a predisposition to being distracted by external events, persistence in task-solving, general sensitivity to the environment, and overall mood or demeanor. 구체적으로 말하자면 각 행동은 신체 에너지, 생리적 기능의 규칙성, 낯선 환경이나 새로운 사람들에대한 초기 반응, 장기적 변화 때의 순응성, 어떤 상황에 대한 아동의 반응 강도, 외부 환경에 의한 주의산만도, 문제 해결에 대한 끈기, 환경에의 일반적 민감성, 전반적인 기분 및 행실과 연관이 있다.
⑥ Based upon which of these traits are manifest, a child's personality can be categorized as belonging to one of three types. 이 특징들 중 어느 것이 명백히 드러나는가를 토대로 아동의 인성은 세 가지 유형 중 하나에 속하는 것으로 분류될 수 있다.
⑦ The "easy" child tends to adapt easily to new environments, has smooth biological functions, and is usually cheerful and in a good mood. '순한' 아이 (easy child)는 새로운 환경에 쉽게 적응하는 경향을 보이고, 생리적 기능이 고르며, 대체로 성격이 밝고 좋은 기분 상태에 있다.
⑧ The "difficult" child, on the other hand, has irregular biological functions, shows a negative response to new situations, and is slow to adapt to new environments or people. 반면에 '까다로운' 아이(difficult child)는 생리적 기능이 불규칙적이고, 새로운 상황에 부정적인 반응을보이며, 새로운 환경이나 사람에게 적응하는 것이느리다.
⑨ Somewhere in-between is the "slow-to-warm-up" child who has a slightly negative response to new situations but can adapt more easily than the latter type. 둘의 중간쯤에 있는 '더디게 반응하는' 아이(slow-to-warm-up child)는 새로운 상황에 약간 부정적인 반응을 보이기는 하지만 후자의 유형(까다로운아이)보다 좀 더 쉽게 적응할 수 있다.
⑩ In addition, their bodily functions are not as regular as the "easy" child. 또 이들의 신체 기능은 '순한' 아이만큼 규칙적이지는 않다.
⑪ The inborn temperament of children will obviously have an impact on family life. 아동의 선천적 기질은 분명 가정생활에 영향을 미칠것이다.
⑫ An "easy" child will adapt more readily to family life and routines, thereby lessening the likelihood of adding additional stress to the family network. '순한' 아이는 가정생활과 일상생활에 보다 쉽게 적응할 것이며, 이 때문에 가족 구성원들에게 부가적인 스트레스를 줄 가능성을 줄여 준다.
⑬ More intense children will likely generate greater tension between themselves, parents, and siblings by upsetting family dynamics that may already be quite volatile, particularly if the other family members are also of a difficult nature. 보다 까다로운 아이들은 특히 다른 가족 구성원들도까다로운 성격일 경우, 이미 상당히 불안정할지도모르는 가족간의 역학관계를 망쳐 그들 자신과 부모및 형제들간에 보다 심한 긴장 상태를 유발할 가능성이 있다.
⑭ Parents should analyze the temperament of their children, not simply as an academic exercise, but as a means for better understanding them both as individuals and members of the family unit. 부모는 자녀들의 기질을 단순히 이론적인 사용으로서가 아니라 개인 및 가족 구성원 모두로서 그들을보다 잘 이해하기 위한 수단으로서 분석해야 한다.
⑮ By recognizing the inborn traits of their children, parents can respond to them in a positive way and try to influence their personal growth rather than simply compel them to change. 자녀들의 타고난 특징을 인식함으로써 부모는 긍정적인 방향으로 그들에게 대응할 수 있고, 그저 그들에게 변하기를 강요하기보다는 그들의 개인적인 성장에 영향을 미치려고 노력할 수 있다.
⑯ This will help children learn how to deal with others in socially acceptable ways and lead to less friction within the home. 이것은 자녀들이 사회적으로 용인되는 방법으로 남을 대하는 법을 배우고 가정 내에서 마찰을 덜 일으키도록 도울 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 12. Education - Reading 2: TOEFL (The Montessori Teaching Method)
① The Montessori Teaching Method Dr. Maria Montessori (1870 - 1952), the first woman in Italy to qualify as a physician, became interested in child development through her work on childhood diseases. 이탈리아에서 의사 자격을 취득한 최초의 여성인Maria Montessori 박사(1870-1952)는 아동 질병에 대한 연구를 통해 아동 발달에 관심을 갖게 되였다.
② Over time, she cultivated a particular interest in children deemed unable to be educated. 시간이 흐르면서 그녀는 교육이 불가능한 것으로 여겨지는 아동들에 대해 특별한 관심을 쏟았다.
③ From her observations of such children, she went on to create the Montessori method for the education of low-income students. 그런 아동들에 대한 관찰에서 더 나아가 그녀는 저소득층 학생들의 교육을 위해 몬테소리 방법을 창안했다.
④ Montessori's notions were strongly influenced by the 18th century philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who set out his views on education in the classic work Emile. 몬테소리의 견해는 18세기 철학자 Jean-Jacques Rousseau의 영향을 강하게 받았는데, 그는 대작인〈에밀〉에서 교육에 대한 자신의 견해를 제시했다.
⑤ The Montessori method later became a well-known alternative to conventional educational techniques. 몬테소리 방법은 나중에 전통적인 교육 기법에 대한유명한 대안이 되었다.
⑥ The goal of the Montessori teaching method is to provide students with a stimulating environment. 몬테소리 교수법의 목표는 학생들에게 자극적인 환경을 제공하는 것이다.
⑦ One of Dr. Montessori's learning principles was "first the education of the senses, then the education of the intellect." Montessori 박사의 학습 원칙 중 하나는 '감각 교육의 선행, 지능 교육의 후행'이었다.
⑧ As such, Montessori classrooms reflect a truly "hands-on" approach to learning, as activities and learning objects are designed to engage all the senses during the learning process. 그런 만큼 몬테소리 교실은 활동들과 교구들이 학습과정에서 모든 감각을 사용하게끔 고안되어 있기 때문에 '개인이 적극 참여하는' 학습 방법을 정확하게반영한다.
⑨ At the primary level, students are divided into two age groups: from birth to age six, and from six through twelve. 초기 단계에서 학생들은 출생부터 6세까지와 6세부터 12세까지의 두 나이 집단으로 나뉜다.
⑩ Montessori schools for students older than this are not as widespread, but they do exist. 이보다 더 나이가 많은 학생들을 위한 몬테소리 학교는 그렇게 널리 퍼져 있지는 않지만 존재하기는한다.
⑪ The initial level is called the "children's house" and focuses on individual learning and self-paced development. 첫 번째 단계는 '어린이들의 집'이라고 불리며 개별학습과 학습자의 속도에 맞춘 발달에 초점을 둔다.
⑫ At the second level, students undergo "cosmic education," in which collaboration with others is encouraged as part of their development. 두 번째 단계에서 학생들은 '우주 교육'을 받는데, 이때는 타인과의 협력이 발달의 일부분으로 장려된다.
⑬ Rather than teacher-centered approaches that tend to dominate in the traditional school system, Montessori classrooms are student-centered, encouraging each student to develop uniquely. 몬테소리 교실은 전통적인 학교 제도에서 대세인 교사 중심의 방법이라기보다 학생 중심이기 때문에 각학생들이 개성있게 성장하도록 장려한다.
⑭ Every activity that students undertake is self-contained and leads to a new level of understanding upon completion. 학생들이 하는 모든 활동에는 필요한 것이 다 갖추어져 있어서, 마치고나면 새로운 이해 단계에 이르게 된다.
⑮ Although activities are sequenced, there is no prescribed timetable as to when tasks should be finished. 비록 활동들이 차례대로 진행되기는 하지만 언제 과제가 끝나야 하는지에 관한 규정된 시간표가 없다.
⑯ A Montessori instructor, much like the teacher in Emile, observes rather than instructs students, providing them with appropriate lessons at appropriate times. 〈에밀〉의 교사와 아주 흡사한 몬테소리 교사는 학생들을 가르치기보다는 관찰을 하며 적절한 때에 그들에게 적절한 수업을 제공한다.
⑰ There have been a number of criticisms brought against the Montessori method. 몬테소리 방법에 반대하는 많은 비판들이 제기되어왔다.
⑱ Some believe that the sequenced learning activities stifle, rather than foster, a child's creativity. 일부는 차례대로 진행되는 학습 활동들이 아동의 창의성을 북돋아 주기보다는 저해한다고 믿는다.
⑲ Others find fault with the fact that Montessori pupils are rarely assigned homework as it would be troublesome because of the teaching methodology and the learning materials used in class. 또 다른 일부는 몬테소리 교실에서 사용되는 교수방법론과 학습 자료들로 인해 곤란할 것이라는 이유로 몬테소리 학생들에게 숙제가 거의 주어지지 않는다는 사실을 비난한다.
⑳ Yet despite its critics, Montessori schools continue to be popular with a certain segment of the population a half century after their founder's death. 그러나 그렇게 비판하는 사람들이 있음에도 불구하고 창안자의 사망 후 반세기가 지났지만 몬테소리학교는 여전히 특정 집단에게 인기가 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 13. Chemistry - Reading 1: Luminol
① Its chemical name is C8H7N3O2. 이것의 화학명은 C8H7N3O2이다.
② In its natural state, it is a yellowish crystal that is quite unremarkable. 자연 상태일 때, 이것은 특별할 것 없는 노르스름한결정체이다.
③ However, when mixed with an appropriate oxidant such as hydrogen peroxide, it becomes anything but ordinary. 그러나 과산화수소와 같은 적절한 산화제와 혼합되면 이것은 아주 특별해진다.
④ It can bring evidence to light at crime scenes that would otherwise be invisible to the naked eye. 아것은 범죄 현장에서 빛을 내어 그렇지 않으면 육안으로는 보이지 않을 증거를 드러나게 한다.
⑤ Known as "luminol," this compound will glow a certain color when activated by a catalyst. '루미놀'이라고 알려진 이 화합물은 촉매에 의해 활성화될 경우 특정 색깔로 빛을 낼 것이다.
⑥ Luminol takes on a bright blue-green glow in the presence of certain paints, chemical products, plants, and most importantly, iron. 루미놀은 특정 페인트, 화학제품, 식물, 그리고 가장중요하게는 철분이 있을 때 밝은 청록색 빛을 띤다.
⑦ Since blood contains some iron, luminol allows investigators to detect blood, even when it has been cleaned away or has remained at the crime scene for years. 혈액에는 약간의 철분이 들어 있기 때문에 루미놀은수사관들이 심지어 혈흔이 깨끗이 씻기었거나 범죄현장에 수년간 그대로 남아 있을 때라도 혈흔을 찾아낼 수 있게 해준다.
⑧ When luminol is sprayed on a suspicious area in a darkened room, it will glow blue-green if there are any traces of blood. 어두운 방에서 의심스런 부분에 루미놀을 뿌리면,혈혼이 있을 경우 그것은 청록색 빛을 낼 것이다.
⑨ The chemistry behind this is rather straightforward. 이 현상 이면에 있는 화학적 작용은 꽤 간단하다.
⑩ The iron acts to accelerate an oxidized chemical reaction between the hydrogen peroxide and luminol. 철분은 과산화수소와 루미놀 간의 화학적 산화 반응을 가속화시키는 역할을 한다.
⑪ During this reaction, the luminol loses hydrogen and nitrogen atoms while gaining oxygen atoms, resulting in a new chemical compound in a highly energized state. 이 반응 과정에서 루미놀은 수소와 질소 원자를 잃는 반면 산소 원자를 얻어 아주 높은 에너지 상태의새로운 화학적 화합물이 된다.
⑫ Most atoms that have this boosted energy, however, return almost immediately back to their previous states, releasing excess energy along the way. 그러나 이렇게 높은 에너지 상태의 원자 대부분은도중에 여분의 에너지를 방출하면서 거의 즉각적으로 이 전의 상태로 되돌아간다.
⑬ Therefore, in the case of luminol, the electrons in the oxygen atoms return to a lower energy level and release their extra energy as a bluish green glow. 따라서, 루미놀의 경우 산소 원자 속의 전자는 보다낮은 에너지 수준으로 되돌아가며 청록색 빛으로 여분의 에너지를 방출한다.
⑭ One would think that luminol would routinely be used during violent crime investigations. 사람들은 루미놀이 폭력 범죄 수사 시 일상적으로사용될 것이라고 생각할 것이다.
⑮ However, the fact is that it is usually resorted to when other methods of investigation have been exhausted. 그러나 실제로 그것은 주로 다른 수사 방법들이 고갈되었을 때 사용된다.
⑯ The reason for this is that luminol breaks down genetic material that it comes into contact with. 그 이유는 루미놀이 그것이 닿은 유전자 물질을 파괴하기 때문이다.
⑰ Its greatest asset - being able to detect even minute traces of blood - is, ironically, its greatest risk to investigators. 미세한 혈흔조차 탐지할 수 있는 그것의 가장 커다란 강점이 모순되게도 수사관들에게 가장 커다란 위험이 되고 있다.
⑱ Because these blood samples are so small originally, spraying luminol on them can render them useless as *forensic evidence. 이러한 혈액 샘플들은 애초에 너무 소량이기 때문에거기에 루미놀을 뿌리는 것은 그것들을 법의학적 증거로서 무용지물이 되게 할 수 있다.
⑲ Yet, when investigators are unable to find evidence of blood on their own, they hope that the luminol gamble will pay off by providing them with usable samples. 그러나 수사관들이 스스로 혈흔의 증거를 발견하지못할 경우, 그들은 루미놀 도박이 유용한 샘플을 제공해줌으로써 성과를 거두기를 바란다.

 

 

 

Unit 13. Chemistry - Reading 2: Aerogel
① If you were to put on a white glove and plunge your hand into a tub of black ink, you'd naturally expect the result to be a wet, black glove. 만일 당신이 흰색 장갑을 끼고 손을 검정색 잉크통에 집어넣으면, 당신은 당연히 그 결과가 젖은 검정색 장갑이 될 것이라고 예상할 것이다.
② But what if you first covered your hand with a strange man-made material known as frozen smoke? 그러나 냉동 연기로 알려진 색다른 인공 물질로 먼저 손을 감싸면 어떻게 될까?
③ You'd end up with a dry hand and a white glove. 물기 없는 손과 흰색 장갑 그대로일 것이다.
④ Frozen smoke's proper name is "aerogel," and it was created by Steven Kistler in 1931 in an attempt to win a bet that he could replace the liquid inside of a jar with gas without causing any shrinkage. 냉동 연기의 정식 명칭은 '에어로젤'로 1931년 병에든 액체를 양의 감소 없이 기체로 대체시키겠다는내기에서 이기려는 시도 중에 Steven Kistler에 의해 만들어졌다.
⑤ Kistler won the bet and, in the process, discovered aerogel. Kistler는 내기에서 이겼고, 그 과정에서 에어로젤을발견했다.
⑥ However, the fragility of the material, along with the costly and difficult manufacturing process it required, hampered widespread production until recently. 그러나 이 물질이 필요로 하는 값비싸고 어려운 제조 과정과 더불어 이 물질의 부서지기 쉬운 성질은최근까지 광범위한 생산을 어렵게 했다.
⑦ Aerogel is semi-transparent, bluish-white and dry to the touch, with a texture similar to that of foam. 에어로젤은 반투명의 푸르스름한 백색을 띄며 만지면 물기가 없고 거품과 비슷한 감촉이 난다.
⑧ Structurally, it is extremely porous, which means it is full of small holes. 그것은 구조적으로 극도의 다공성을 띠는데, 이는에어로젤이 작은 구멍들로 가득 차 있다는 것을 의미한다.
⑨ Because of this, it's incredibly lightweight: If you were to try to lift a chunk of aerogel the size of a person, you'd find that it weighs less than a pound. 이런 이유로 그것은 믿을 수 없을 정도로 가벼워서, 사람 크기 정도의 에어로젤 뭉치를 들어 올리려고할 경우 그것의 무게가 1파운드도 안된다는 것을 알게 될 것이다.
⑩ Despite this, it is strong enough to hold more than 2,000 times its own weight, although if enough pressure is applied, it will shatter like glass. 이러한 사실에도 불구하고, 그것은 충분한 압력이가해지면 유리처럼 산산 조각이 나기는 하지만 자신의 무게의 2,000배 이상을 지탱할 만큼 충분히 강하다.
⑪ Although aerogel is a solid material, it is made up of up to 99.8 percent air. 에어로젤은 고체 물질이기는 하지만 최대 99.8%가공기로 이루어져 있다.
⑫ It can be produced from a variety of chemicals by removing the liquid from a gel and replacing it with gas. 그것은 겔에서 액체를 제거하고 이를 기체로 대체함으로써 다양한 화학물질들로부터 생산될 수 있다.
⑬ Commercially speaking, the most significant characteristic of aerogel is its insulating ability. 상업적으로 말하자면, 에어로젤의 가장 두드러진 특징은 절연 능력이다.
⑭ Aerogel is effective at blocking sound and electricity, but its thermal insulation properties have the most promising applications. 에어로젤은 소리와 전기를 차단하는 데 효과적이지만, 그것의 단열성이 가장 응용 가능성이 크다.
⑮ It has already been used to insulate the Rover, a robotic probe that was sent to Mars. 그것은 화성으로 보내진 로봇 탐사선인 Rover의 단열재로 이미 사용되었다.
⑯ During the mission, the temperature on Mars dropped as low as -67 degrees Celsius, but aerogel kept the sensitive electronic components inside of Rover warm and functioning. 그 임무 기간 동안 화성의 기온은 최저 섭씨 영하67도까지 내려갔었지만, 에어로젤은 Rover의 내부에 있는 민감한 전자 부품들이 얼지 않고 제 기능을수행하도록 유지시켜 주었다.
⑰ Another potential usage of aerogel is as a substitute for glass in windows. 에어로젤의 또 다른 잠재 용도는 창문의 유리 대체물로서이다.
⑱ Because it has 20 times the insulating ability of standard glass, aerogel windows could save homeowners money by minimizing heat loss. 일반 유리 단열 능력의 20배를 가지고 있기 때문에, 에어로젤 창은 열 손실을 최소화하여 집주인들이 돈을 절약할 수 있도록 한다.
⑲ It can be employed in various other ways, too, making aerogel a truly versatile material. 에어로젤은 또한 다양한 다른 방법들로도 사용될 수있어서 진정한 다용도 물질이 되고 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 14. Biology - Reading 1: Animal Camouflage
① Survival in the wild can hinge on the ability to remain unseen. 야생에서의 생존은 눈에 보이지 않게 존재하는 능력여하에 달려 있을 수 있다.
② Many species of animals accomplish this through camouflage, whether the purpose is to conceal themselves from predators or to sneak up on prey. 많은 종류의 동물들은 그 목적이 포식동물로부터 스스로를 숨기는 것이든, 먹이에게 몰래 다가가는 것이든 위장을 통해 이를 달성한다.
③ In either case, the effectiveness of this concealment is often based on an animal's ability to blend into its natural habitat. 어떤 경우이든 간에 이러한 장복의 효과는 흔히 자연 서식지에 동화될 수 있는 동물의 능력에 기반한것이다.
④ Blending in can be accomplished through adopting a color that resembles the surrounding environment. 동화는 주변 환경을 닮은 색을 취함으로써 이루어질수 있다.
⑤ For example, deer are the reddish-brown color of the earth around them, whereas sharks are a bluish- gray color, matching the hue of the sea. 예를 들어, 사슴은 주변 땅 색깔인 적갈색인 반면 상어는 바다 빛깔과 일치하는 청회색이다.
⑥ Other animals utilize pattern or texture to disguise themselves either within their environment or among large same-species groups. 또 어떤 동물들은 환경 속이나 동일 종의 거대한 무리 사이에 스스로를 숨기기 위해 무늬나 문양을 이용한다.
⑦ Tigers, for example, are striped so as to blend into the tall grasslands they roam in search of food. 예를 들어, 호랑이는 먹이를 찾아 돌아다니는 높은풀숲에 동화되도록 줄무늬가 나 있다.
⑧ The stripes of zebras, however, work quite differently. 그러나 얼룩말의 줄무늬는 아주 다르게 작용한다.
⑨ When zebras herd together, their black and white stripes serve as a visual disruption; that is, they make it very difficult for a predator to single out one animal among many. 얼룩말이 떼를 지어 모여 있을 때 그들의 흑백 줄무늬는 시각적 혼란을 일으키는 역할을 한다. 즉, 흑백줄무늬는 많은 얼룩말 중에서 포식동물이 하나를 골라내는 일을 아주 어렵게 만든다.
⑩ The method by which animals adapt their colors to their environment depends on physiology. 동물들이 자신의 색깔을 환경에 맞게 변화시키는 방법은 생리 기능에 따라 다르다.
⑪ Birds and mammals are generally covered in fur or feathers, which cannot change color; thus there's the need to grow a new coat. 조류와 포유동물들은 일반적으로 털이나 깃털로 뒤덮여 있어서, 색깔을 변화시킬 수 없으므로 새로운외피를 자라게 할 필요가 있다.
⑫ Some species, on the other hand, are able to change the appearance of their skin through cells that determine coloration, known as chromatophores. 반면, 어떤 종들은 색소 세포로 알려진 천연색을 결정하는 세포를 통해 자신의 피부 외양을 바꿀 수 있다.
⑬ Cuttlefish, for example, manipulate skin cells to change colors and patterns, and marine snails alter their color to match their environment by changing their diet. 예를 들어, 갑오징어는 색과 무늬를 바꾸기 위해 피부 세포를 조작하며, 바다 달팽이는 먹이를 바꿈으로써 환경과 일치하도록 색을 바꾼다.
⑭ Another type of camouflage is known as mimicry. 또 다른 유형의 위장은 모방으로 알려져 있다.
⑮ Some species of insects use mimicry to appear to be an inanimate object or even a different kind of animal. 일부 곤충의 종은 생명이 없는 물체나 심지어 다른종류의 동물인 것처럼 보이기 위해서 모방을 이용한다.
⑯ When predators approach stick insects, for example, they stand still and are often mistaken for twigs. 예를 들어, 포식동물이 접근해 오면 대벌레는 움직이지 않고 가만히 있어서 종종 나뭇가지로 오인된다.
⑰ And, hawk moth caterpillars scare away predators with a pattern on their back that resembles a snake's head. 그리고 박각시나방 애벌레는 뱀의 머리를 닮은 등의무늬로 포식동물들을 쫓아버린다.
⑱ A predator that might want to eat a caterpillar probably wouldn't choose to attack a snake. 애벌레를 먹고 싶어할지도 모르는 포식동물은 아마도 뱀을 공격하지는 않을 것이다.
⑲ Each of these camouflaging devices was developed gradually through the process of natural selection. 이러한 각각의 위장 장치는 자연 선택의 과정을 통해 서서히 발달되었다.
⑳ An animal that is more difficult to see than other members of its species has a better chance of surviving, and therefore has the opportunity to reproduce and ensure that its genes are passed on to the next generation. 그 종의 다른 구성원들보다 찾아내기가 더 어려운동물은 생존 가능성이 더 많으며, 따라서 번식을 하고 자신의 유전자를 확실히 다음 세대에게 물려줄수 있는 기회를 갖게 된다.

 

 

 

Unit 14. Biology - Reading 2: TOEFL (The Venus Flytrap)
① The Venus flytrap is a small, carnivorous plant that grows only in the wetlands of the southeastern United States. 파리지옥은 미국 남동부의 습지에서만 자라는 작은식충 식물이다.
② The plant's odd name, thought to be a reference to the Roman goddess of love, was chosen by botanists who compared the plant's ability to trap insects to a beautiful woman's ability to ensnare men. 로마의 사랑의 여신을 가리키는 것으로 여겨지는 이식물의 기이 한 이름은 곤충을 잡는 이 식물의 능력을 남자를 유혹하는 아름다운 여인의 능력에 비유했던 식물학자들에 의해 선정되었다.
③ It is, in fact, the Venus flytrap's predatory nature that makes it stand out in the world of botany. 사실 식물학계에서 파리지옥을 눈에 띄게 하는 것은바로 그것의 포식성이다.
④ Although the plants are able to synthesize glucose through photosynthesis, the marshy soil in which they grow lacks other essential nutrients, such as nitrogen. 비록 이 식물이 광합성을 통해 포도당을 합성할 수있기는 하지만, 이것이 자라나는 습지 토양에는 질소와 같은 다른 필수 영양소들이 부족하다.
⑤ Venus flytraps make up for this deficiency by consuming live prey, such as insects and spiders. 파리지옥은 이러한 결핍을 곤충과 거미 같은 살아있는 먹이를 섭취함으로써 보충한다.
⑥ Because Venus flytraps don't have brains and muscles like most carnivores, they rely on a series of mechanical and chemical processes. 파리지옥은 대부분의 육식동물들처럼 뇌와 근육을갖고 있지 않기 때문에 기계적이고 화학적인 일련의과정에 의존한다.
⑦ The plants attract their prey into their traps - specially formed leaves that resemble an open mouth - with sweet-smelling nectar. 이 식물은 달콤한 향기가 나는 과즙을 사용하여 벌린 입처럼 생긴 특별한 형태의 잎인 그들의 덫으로먹이를 유인한다.
⑧ These leaves are covered in sensitive "trigger hairs." 이 잎은 민감한 '감각모(感짬毛)'로 덮여 있다.
⑨ When an insect touches one of them, the plant is alerted to its presence. 곤충이 감각모 중 하나를 건드리면 이 식물은 곤충의 존재에 경계 태세를 취한다.
⑩ If a trigger hair is touched for a second time in quick succession, the leaf responds by closing partly shut, trapping the insect with stiff *protuberances that interlock to form a cage. 만일 감각모를 연달아 두 번째로 건드리면, 잎이 일부분 닫히면서 반응을 하는데, 서로 맞물려 우리를형성하는 뻣뻣한 돌기들로 그 곤충을 가둔다.
⑪ The trap, however, will not completely close unless the trigger hairs are activated again. 그러나 덫은 감각모가 다시 반응하지 않는다면 완전히 닫히지 않을 것이다.
⑫ This is how the plant differentiates between live prey and other objects that may fall onto its leaves. 이런 방식으로 이 식물은 살아 있는 먹이와 잎에 우연히 떨어질지도 모르는 기타 물체들을 구별한다.
⑬ An inanimate twig or leaf, for example, will not reactivate the hairs. 예를 들어, 생명이 없는 나뭇가지나 잎은 감각모를다시 움직이게 하지 않을 것이다.
⑭ If the trigger hairs are not reactivated, the leaves slowly open again, an effort that takes about 12 hours, allowing the unwanted object to fall free. 만일 감각모가 다시 반응하지 않으면 잎은 다시 서서히 열리는데, 약 12시간이 걸리는 작용이며, 불필요한 물체가 자유롭게 떨어져 나가게 해준다.
⑮ This process is designed to allow the plant to avoid wasting precious energy attempting to digest something inedible. 이 과정은 그 식물이 먹을 수 없는 것을 소화시키려고 하면서 귀중한 에너지를 낭비하는 일을 피하기위한 것이다.
⑯ Once the leaves have sealed completely shut, trapping the insect inside, the plant begins to feed by producing acidic liquids that act like the digestive fluids in an animal's stomach. 일단 잎이 완전히 닫혀 곤충을 내부에 가두면, 이 식물은 동물 위 속의 소화액처럼 작용을 하는 산성액을 만들어 먹이를 먹기 시작한다.
⑰ The prey is slowly dissolved over the course of the next several days, and its nutrients are absorbed by the plant. 먹이는 다음 며칠 간의 기간에 걸쳐 서서히 용해되고 영양소는 식물에 의해 흡수된다.
⑱ Once the nutrients are gone, the trap reopens and the remains are allowed to fall away. 영양소가 다 섭취되면 덫이 다시 열리고 찌꺼기가떨어져 나간다.
⑲ When the next unsuspecting creature stumbles into the trap, the process will begin again. 그 다음에 의심을 하지 않는 생물이 우연히 덫에 걸리면 이 과정은 다시 시작될 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 15. Politics - Reading 1: Ombudsman
① An ombudsman is an official who serves as a liaison between the public and an organization by receiving and investigating complaints. 옴부즈맨은 불만 사항을 받고 조사함으로써 대중과조직 사이에서 연락자 역할을 하는 관리이다.
② The odd-sounding title comes from the Swedish language but has been adopted into standard English. 이상하게 들리는 이 명칭은 스웨덴어에서 유래하지만 표준 영어로 사용되어 왔다.
③ The first modern official ombudsmen were appointed by the Swedish government early in the 19th century, although similar positions existed in a variety of cultures around the world. 비록 전 세계 여러 문화권에서 유사한 직책들이 존재하기는 했지만 근대 최초의 공식적 옴부즈맨은19세기 초 스웨덴 정부에 의해 임명되었다.
④ Ombudsmen traditionally serve a political role, acting as representatives of common citizens who have complaints against their elected officials. 옴부즈맨은 선출된 관리들에 대해 불만이 있는 일반시민들의 대표자 역할을 하면서 전통적으로 정치적역할을 수행한다.
⑤ Although ombudsmen are appointed by the government as opposed to being elected by the people, they maintain their impartiality by operating independently outside of the system. 비록 옴부즈맨은 국민들에 의해 선출되는 것과 반대로 정부에 의해 임명될지라도 그들은 조직 외부에서독자적으로 활동함으로써 그들의 공정성을 유지한다.
⑥ They generally don't have the power to take legal action against the government if evidence of wrongdoing is found, but they can bring the situation under investigation by publishing a report on their findings. 그들은 일반적으로 부정 행위의 증거가 발견될지라도 정부에 대해 법적 조치를 취할 권한은 없지만, 그들의 발견에 대한 보고를 공포함으로써 그 상황을조사에 착수시킬 수 있다.
⑦ Whenever possible, they seek to resolve situations before they go to the courts. 가능한 한 그들은 법정으로까지 가기 전에 상황을해결하려고 노력한다.
⑧ These days, however, the position of ombudsman is also being utilized in a variety of non-governmental institutions, such as universities, private businesses, hospitals, and nonprofit organizations. 그러나 오늘날 옴부즈맨의 지위는 대학, 사기업, 병원, 비영리단체와 같은 다양한 비정부 기관에서도활용되고 있다.
⑨ It is critical that organizational ombudsmen remain impartial. 기관 옴부즈맨은 공정함을 유지하는 것이 중요하다.
⑩ They are charged primarily with safeguarding the legal and ethical interests of company employees. 그들은 주로 회사 직원의 법적, 윤리적 이익을 보호할 책임이 있다.
⑪ They also monitor new issues that may affect their employers, addressing them before they can cause problems. 그들은 또한 그들의 고용주에게 영향을 미칠 수도있는 새로운 문제들을 감시하여, 문제를 일으키기전에 이를 처리한다.
⑫ Organizational ombudsmen are high-ranking officials but are not part of the company's management, often reporting to a board of directors. 기관 옴부즈맨은 고위 관리이지만 회사 경영진의 일부는 아니며, 종종 이사진에게 보고를 한다.
⑬ The news ombudsman is another non-governmental variation of the position, usually employed by media outlets. 뉴스 옴부즈맨은 또 다른 형태의 비정부 지위로 주로 매체에 의해 고용된다.
⑭ The position provides the public with an avenue for their complaints and keeps journalists in touch with the public's views. 이 지위는 대중들에게 그들의 불만을 토로하는 통로를 제공해 주며 언론인들이 대중의 의견을 계속 접할 수 있게 해준다.
⑮ News ombudsmen listen to complaints about the accuracy and balance of news stories and then present suggestions to the journalists and editors involved. 뉴스 옴부즈맨은 보도 기사들의 정확성과 공정성에대한 불만을 경청하고 나서 관련된 언론인과 편집자에게 제안을 한다.
⑯ By doing so, they ensure that future news coverage will be fair and balanced, while encouraging readers or viewers by allowing them to have their say. 그렇게 함으로써, 그들은 독자들이나 시청자들이 발언권을 가질 수 있게 그들을 장려하는 한편 앞으로의 뉴스 보도가 공정하고 균형을 유지할 수 있도록보장한다.
⑰ It has become increasingly apparent that ombudsmen can play an important role in any sort of organization that deals with the public, providing citizens with not only an ear for their complaints but also a voice. 국민들에게 그들의 불만을 들어주는 귀뿐만이 아니라 목소리도 제공하면서, 옴부즈맨이 대중을 다루는어떤 종류의 기관에서든지 중요한 역할을 할 수 있다는 사실은 점점 더 분명해지고 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 15. Politics - Reading 2: Populism
① Populism generally refers to political activities or ideals that claim to promote the interests of the public. 대중주의(populism)는 일반적으로 대중의 이익을향상시키는 것을 주장하는 정치적 활동이나 이상을말한다.
② Often, populism is understood to be a political party's strategy of utilizing the public's interests to its advantage as a means to gain or maintain power. 종종 대중주의는 권력을 얻거나 유지하기 위한 수단으로서, 대중의 이익을 유리하게 이용하는 정당의전략으로 이해된다.
③ The term populism originated from the Populist Party, or the People's Party, which was first organized in the U.S. in 1891. 대중주의라는 용어는 1891년에 미국에서 처음 조직된 파퓰리스트당 혹은 인민당에서 유래했다.
④ It came up with mass appeal policies to compete against other parties. 그것온 다른 정당들과 경쟁하기 위해서 대중에게 호소하는 정책을 내놓았다.
⑤ This strategy later came to be known as a typical characteristic of populism. 이 전략은 후에 대중주의의 전형적인 특징으로 알려지게 되었다.
⑥ Argentina's former presidential couple, Juan and Eva Peron, are well-known examples of populists. 아르헨티나의 전 대통령 부부인 Juan Peron과 Eva Peron은 대중주의정치가의 잘 알려진 예이다.
⑦ Juan Peron, who was elected president on a wave of public support after World War II, adopted pro-labor policies to maintain his power. 2차 세계 대전 후 대중의 지지에 힘입어 대통령에선출된 Juan Peron은 자신의 권력을 유지하기 위해친노동 정책을 채택했다.
⑧ He also provided unlimited material support to the public, justifying his policies as being reformative. 그는 또한 대중에게 무제한의 물질적 지원을 제공하여 자신의 정책을 개혁적인 것으로 정당화했다.
⑨ Meanwhile, his wife, Eva Peron, was revered as the "mother of Argentina." 한편 그의 아내 Eva Peron은 '아르헨티나의 어머니'로 존경받았다.
⑩ She acted cold-heartedly toward the rich and was kind and charitable to the poor. 그녀는 부자들에게는 냉담하게 대했고 가난한 사람들에게는 친절하고 관대했다.
⑪ But as a result of their radical reforms, Argentina fell deep into debt and faced abrupt economic ruin. 그러나 그들의 급진적인 개혁의 결과로 아르헨티나는 심한 부채에 빠졌고 갑작스런 경제 위기에 직면했다.
⑫ Having been a top five world economic power until the 1940s, Argentina is still struggling today from the consequences of populism. 1940년대까지 세계 5대 경제 강국의 하나였던 아르헨티나는 오늘날에도 여전히 대중주의의 결과로 어려움을 겪고 있다.
⑬ Behind the policies of populism always lies the intention to acquire public support. 대중주의 정책들 이면에는 항상 대중의 지지를 얻으려는 의도가 있다.
⑭ Populists often adopt paternalistic attitudes by having direct dialogues with the public and presenting their ideas through writing. 대중주의정치인들은 종종 대중과 직접적인 대화를갖고 그들의 생각을 글로 표현함으로써 온정적인 태도를 취한다.
⑮ They also attack the privileges of the rich and the powerful while appealing to the middle and lower classes with their anti-elitist ideals. 그들은 또한 부자들과 권력자들의 특권을 비난하며,한편으로는 그들의 반엘리트 사상으로 중산층과 하류층에게 호소한다.
⑯ That is why they often employ policies that prioritize the distribution of wealth. 그것이 바로 그들이 종종 부의 분배를 우선하는 정책을 쓰는 이유이다.
⑰ At first glance, there seems to be nothing wrong with populist policies, since they appear to benefit the public. 얼핏 보면 대중들에게 이익이 되는 것처럼 보이기때문에 대중주의 정책에는 잘못된 것이 없는 것처럼보인다.
⑱ However, policies that call for extreme distribution of wealth can cause tremendous financial loss and inflation. 그러나 지나친 부의 분배를 요구하는 정책은 엄청난재정적 손실과 인플레이션을 일으킬 수 있다.
⑲ This leads to a vicious cycle of low growth, causing lower wages for the public and ultimately threatening the national economy. 이는 저성장이라는 악순환에 이르게 하여, 대중에게저임금을 안겨주고 궁극적으로는 국가 경제를 위협한다.
⑳ All around the globe, many politicians are still relying on populist sentiment to gain support. 전 세계적으로 많은 정치인들은 지지를 얻기 위해여전히 대중주의 정서에 의존하고 있다.
㉑ Hopefully, behind the rhetoric lies the wisdom to turn popular support for policies into a foundation for national growth, instead of allowing it to be utilized as a means to seize political power. 바라건대, 그런 언변 이면에 정책에 대한 대중의 지지를 정치적 권력을 잡기 위한 수단으로 사용되게하는 것이 아니라, 국가 성장을 위한 초석이 되도록하는 지혜가 있었으면 한다.

 

 

 

Unit 16. Law - Reading 1: The Statue of Limitations
① In an ideal legal system, all criminals would be immediately brought to court and punished for their offenses. 이상적인 법치 체제에서는 모든 범죄자들은 재판에즉시 회부되어 범죄에 대해 처벌을 받을 것이다.
② But in reality, there are laws that actually free criminals from the burden of being brought to court for their crimes once a certain amount of time has passed. 그러나 실제로는 일단 특정 기간이 경과되면 범죄자들을 범죄로 인해 재판에 회부되는 부담에서 벗어나게 하는 법이 있다.
③ Tracing their roots back to Roman times, these laws are known as "statutes of limitations." 그 기원이 로마 시대로 거슬러 올라가는 이 법은 '공소시효(출소기한법)'로 알려져 있다.
④ The expiration periods set by statutes of limitations vary depending on the types of cases, and there are certain case types that are not covered by such statutes. 공소시효에 의해 정해진 만료기간은 소송 사건의 유형에 따라 다르며 그러한 법령이 적용되지 않는 일부 소송 사건의 유형들도 있다.
⑤ In most states in the U.S., there is no statute of limitations for murder cases, and the right to file lawsuits against murder suspects never expires. 미국 대부분의 주에서는 살인 사건에 대한 공소시효가 없으며, 살인 용의자에 대해 소송을 제기할 수 있는 권리에 대한 공소 시한도 전혀 없다.
⑥ However, in many countries, statutes of limitations apply even to murder cases. 그러나 많은 국가에서 공소시효는 심지어 살인 사건에도 적용된다.
⑦ Each country sets different expiration periods for murder; for example, it is 25 years in Korea and 30 years in Taiwan. 나라마다 살인에 대한 만료기간을 서로 다르게 정해놓고 있는데, 예를 들어 한국은 25년이고 대만은30년이다.
⑧ Advocates of statutes of limitations claim there are valid reasons why lawmakers enacted these laws. 공소시효를 지지하는 사람들은 입법자들이 이 법을제정한 데에는 타당한 이유가 있다고 주장한다.
⑨ One purpose of statutes of limitations is to maintain fairness. 공소시효의 한 가지 목적은 공정성을 유지하는 것이다.
⑩ In other words, memories fade, evidence can be damaged, and witnesses disappear with the passing of time, making circumstances unsuitable for court trials. 다시 말해서, 시간이 경과함에 따라 기억들은 사라지고 증거는 손상될 수 있으며 목격자가 사라져서정황들이 법정 재판에 부적합해 질 수 있다.
⑪ Another reason for statutes of limitations is closure or certainty, meaning society and law enforcement agencies will eventually stop investing effort and public resources in trying to investigate old cases that are unlikely to be resolved, and instead turn their attention to recent crimes. 공소시효를 지지하는 또 다른 이유는 종결 혹은 확실성으로, 사회와 법 집행기관들이 결국 해결될 것같지 않은 오래된 사건들을 조사하는 데 노력과 공공 자원을 들이는 것을 멈추고, 대신 그들의 관심을최근 범죄로 들리는 것을 의미한다.
⑫ Opponents of statutes of limitations see them as an irrelevance and call for the legal system to be updated accordingly. 공소시효를 반대하는 사람들은 그것을 부적절한 것으로 보며, 법제도가 시대에 맞게 갱신되어야 한다고 주장한다.
⑬ They point, first, to advances in scientific investigation. 그들은 첫째로 과학 수사에서의 진보를 지적한다.
⑭ Modern techniques used in evidence recovery and analysis mean that a crime can be proven long after it was committed. 증거 복원과 분석에 사용되는 현대 기술들은 범죄가행해진지 한참 뒤에도 증명될 수 있다는 것을 의미한다.
⑮ Secondly, they believe that certain crimes should never be sent to the unsolved file and that criminals should be made to pay for their crimes no matter what the circumstances are. 둘째로 그들은 특정 범죄들이 절대로 미결사건 파일로 분류되어서는 안 되며, 범인들은 반드시 자신의죄에 대한 대가를 치러야 한다고 믿는다.
⑯ Allowing the perpetrators of murder or child rape to escape unpunished, they argue, may even encourage such criminal behavior. 그들은 살인범이나 아동 성폭행범들이 처벌받지 않고 달아나게 두는 것은 그런 범죄 행위를 조장하는것일 수도 있다고 주장한다.
⑰ Whether legally or morally justifiable, statutes of limitations must at the very least reflect social interest. 법적으로 정당하든 도덕적으로 정당하든 간에 공소시효는 적어도 사회적 관심을 반영해야만 한다.
⑱ Lawmakers must remain mindful of the fact that punishment is a tool of social order, but that so too is faith in the law. 입법자들은 처벌이 사회 질서의 도구이기도 하지만법에 대한 신뢰 역시 그렇다는 사실을 반드시 유념해야 한다.

 

 

 

Unit 16. Law - Reading 2: TOEFL (Trial by Jury)
① In the U.S., as in many countries around the world, accused criminals are tried under a jury system. 전 세계의 여러 국가에서처럼 미국에서도 기소된 범죄자들은 배심원제도 하에서 재판을 받는다.
② A panel of ordinary citizens is charged with hearing the facts in a case and delivering a verdict. 일반인으로 구성된 배심원단은 소송 사건에서 사실들을 심리하고 평결을 내리는 일을 부여받는다.
③ A judge presides over the trial to ensure that all appropriate laws and rules of conduct are followed, but he or she does not interfere with the jury's decision. 판사가 모든 적법한 법률들과 행동 지침들이 잘 준수되도록 하기 위해 재판을 주재하지만 배심원의 결정에는 간섭하지 않는다.
④ Variations of this concept have been implemented since ancient times, but an early version of the modern jury system was introduced by the Magna Carta, an English document granting certain people the right to be tried before a group of their peers. 이러한 개념의 여러 가지 형태가 고대 이후로 실행되어 왔지만, 현대 배심원 제도의 초기 형태는 일부국민들에게 동료 집단 앞에서 재판을 받을 수 있는권리를 허용하는 영국 문서인 〈마그나카르타〉에 의해 도입되었다.
⑤ A jury is made up of individual jurors, in most instances numbering 12. 배심원단은 대부분의 경우 12명에 이르는 각각의배심원들로 구성된다.
⑥ The jurors listen to the testimonies and arguments presented by both the defense and prosecution, consider these facts, and agree on a verdict of either guilty or not guilty. 배심원들은 피고측과 기소자측 모두에 의해 제시되는 증언과 주장을 듣고 이러한 사실들을 고려해서유죄 또는 무죄 평결을 내린다.
⑦ Different situations dictate different requirements for reaching a verdict, ranging from a simple majority to a unanimous decision by the jury. 단순한 과반수에서부터 배심원단의 만장일치에 이르기까지, 상황에 따라 평결을 내리는데 요구되는조건들이 다르다.
⑧ American jurors are chosen at random from lists of registered voters and licensed drivers. 미국의 배심원들은 등록된 유권자와 면허가 있는 운전자 목록에서 무작위로 선발된다.
⑨ However, many people are excluded from jury duty - those whose jobs do not allow them to take the time to serve on a jury and people with medical conditions, criminal records, or conflicting religious beliefs. 그러나 많은 사람들이 배심원 자격에서 제외되는데,배심원단으로 봉사할 시간을 낼 수 없는 직업의 사람들과 질병 범죄 기록, 상충되는 종교적 믿음을 가진 사람들이다.
⑩ Potential jurors must also be examined to verify their lack of bias and outside interest in the case before they are accepted by the defense and prosecution. 예비 배심원들은 또한 피고측과 기소자 측에 의해인정되기에 앞서 소송 사건에 있어서 편견이나 외부적 이해관계가 없음을 증명하기 위해 조사를 받아야한다.
⑪ During the trial, jurors are forbidden from obtaining any information about the case outside of the trial setting. 재판 기간 동안 배심원들은 재판 장소 밖에서 소송사건에 대한 어떤 정보의 입수도 금지되어 있다.
⑫ This allows them to focus solely on the facts that are presented by the defense and prosecution. 이것은 그들로 하여금 피고측과 기소자측에 의해 제시된 사실들에만 집중하게 한다.
⑬ Once the trial is concluded, the jury assembles to deliberate on a verdict in the case. 일단 재판이 끝나면 배심원단은 소송 사건에 대한평결을 심의하기 위해 모인다.
⑭ There is no set time limit for deliberations, and American criminal trials require a unanimous decision, so juries have been known to take days to reach a verdict. 심의에 대해 정해진 기한은 없으며, 미국의 형사 재판은 만장일치의 판결을 요구해서 배심원단이 평결을 내리는 데 며칠이 걸리는 것으로 알려져 있다.
⑮ The jury system is seen as a vital part of democratic government, as it allows ordinary people to take part in the administration of justice. 배심원 제도는 일반인이 법의 집행에 참여할 수 있도록 허용하기 때문에 민주주의 정부의 필수 요소로보인다.
⑯ Because the selection process is random, juries represent a diverse and accurate sampling of local populations. 선발 과정이 무작위이기 때문에 배심원들은 지역 인구의 다양하고 정확한 표본을 나타낸다.
⑰ In this way, the criminal justice system is integrally connected to the community, not above or at odds with it. 이런 식으로 하여 형사 재판 제도는 지역사회의 우위에 있거나 지역사회와 대립하지 않고 긴밀하게 연계되어 있다.

 

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전체 내용

Unit 01. Culture - Reading 1: Colombian Carnival
① The Carnival of Blacks and Whites may not sound like a colorful event, but it actually is! 혹과 백의 축제는 다채로운 행사처럼 들리지 않을수도 있지만, 사실은 다채롭다!
② This annual festival is held in Pasto, Colombia, from January 4th through 6th and includes parades with elaborately designed floats and costumes. 이 연례행사는 1월 4일부터 6일까지 콜롬비아의 파스토에서 열리고, 공들여 디자인된 장식 차량 및 의상으로 이루어진 행진을 포함한다.
③ It is also one of the oldest carnival celebrations in South America and was officially declared part of Colombia's cultural heritage in 2002. 이것은 남미에서 가장 오래된 축제 행사 중 하나이기도 하며, 2002년에 콜롬비아 문화유산의 일부로공식 선언되었다.
④ The festival's earliest origins can be traced back to the 17th century. 축제의 초창기 기원은 17세기로 거슬러 올라간다.
⑤ After a slave rebellion in the city of Remedios in 1607, the region's slaves began to demand a special day off. 1607년에 레메디 오스라는 도시에서 노예 반란이있었던 이후, 그 지역의 노예들은 하루의 특별 휴일을 요구하기 시작했다.
⑥ In response, the king of Spain, who ruled Colombia at that time, declared January 5th a day on which all slaves could enjoy temporary freedom. 이에 대해, 그 당시 콜롬비아를 지배하던 스페인 왕은 1월 5일을 모든 노예들이 일시적인 자유를 즐길수 있는 날로 선언하였다.
⑦ Upon hearing the news, the region's slaves celebrated with music and dancing, blackening the city's white walls with coal. 그 소식을 듣자마자, 그 지역의 노예들은 석탄으로도시의 하얀 벽을 검게 만들며 음악과 춤으로 축하했다.
⑧ Their masters even painted their own faces black to take part in the fun. 그들의 주인들은 즐거움에 동참하기 위해 심지어 자신의 얼굴을 까맣게 칠하기까지 했다.
⑨ The next day, the slaves responded by painting their faces white. 다음 날에는 노예들이 자신의 얼굴을 하얗게 칠하는것으로 응답했다.
⑩ In this way, a great tradition began. 이러한 방식으로, 한 위대한 전통이 시작되었다.
⑪ Sometime around the mid-19th century, this tradition was brought to Pasto, and the modern Carnival of Blacks and Whites was born. 19세기 중반 언젠가, 이 전통이 파스토에 들어오게됐고, 현대의 혹과 백의 축제가 탄생했다.
⑫ Today, it begins with a big parade on January 4th. 요즘에는 1월 4일에 큰 행렬로 축제가 시작된다.
⑬ People dress up in colorful, old-fashioned clothes and walk through the city's streets. 사람들은 형형색색의 복고풍 옷으로 차려입고 도시의 거리를 걷는다.
⑭ The two main events of the carnival are held on January 5th and 6th. 축제의 두 가지 주요 행사는 1월 5일과 6일에 열린다.
⑮ First is the Day of the Blacks. 첫 번째는 흑의 날이다.
⑯ People of all races and ethnicities cover themselves with black paint, and orchestras give free concerts in the street. 모든 인종과 민족적 배경의 사람들이 검은색 페인트로 자신을 칠하고, 관현악단은 거리에서 무료 공연을 한다.
⑰ On the next day, the Day of the Whites, people throw white powder on one another. 다음 날인 '백의 날'에는 사람들이 서로에게 하얀 가루를 던진다.
⑱ These two events symbolize equality and integrate all of Colombia's citizens, regardless of race or ethnicity. 이 두 가지 행사는 평등을 상징하며 인종이나 민족성에 상관없이 모든 콜롬비아 시민들을 통합시킨다.
⑲ The Carnival of Blacks and Whites is considered to be one of the liveliest festivals in South America, full of friendly people who welcome visitors from all across the globe. 흑과 백의 축제는 남미에서 가장 활기가 넘치는 축제 중 하나로 여겨지며, 전 세계에서 온 방문객들을환영하는 상냥한 사람들로 가득하다.
⑳ It is a time when everyone can come together to have fun. 이 축제는 모든 사람이 즐거운 시간을 보내기 위해다 같이 모일 수 있는 시간이다.
㉑ But more importantly, it is a celebration of Colombia's racial diversity and unity. 하지만 더 중요한 것은 이것이 콜롬비아의 인종적다양성과 통합을 기념한다는 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 01. Culture - Reading 2: Aish Baladi
① The ancient Egyptians are remembered for their impressive tombs and monuments. 고대 이집트인들은 인상적인 무덤과 기념물로 기억된다.
② There is, however, a less famous piece of ancient Egyptian life that is a part of every Egyptian home today. 그러나 오늘날 모든 이집트 가정의 일부인, 고대 이집트인의 삶에서 덜 유영한 것이 있다.
③ It is aish baladi, a flatbread made from wheat. 그것은 밀로 만든 플랫브레드(납작한 빵)인 아이시발라디(aish baladi) 이다.
④ In ancient Egypt, wheat was one of the main sources of food and was considered a sacred plant of the gods. 고대 이집트에서 밀은 주요 식량원 중의 하나였고신의 신성한 식물로 여겨졌다.
⑤ The wheat-growing tradition brought about aish baladi, which has remained a unique part of Egyptian culture. 밀을 재배하는 전통은 아이시 발라디를 만들어 냈는데, 그것은 이집트 문화의 독특한 부분으로 남아 있다.
⑥ Aish baladi can be found everywhere in Egypt. 아이시 발라디는 이집트 어디에서나 볼 수 있다.
⑦ In Cairo, you are never far from someone selling freshly baked aish baladi. 카이로에서 여러분은 갓 구워진 아이시 발라디를 파는 사람에게서 절대로 멀리 떨어져 있지 않다.
⑧ The pieces of flatbread are round and puffed up with air in the middle. 플랫브레드는 둥글고 가운데는 공기로 불룩하다.
⑨ They have cracked wheat on top and come in different textures, from soft and fluffy to dry. 그것들은 위에 빻은 밀이 있으며 부드럽고 폭신한것부터 마른 것까지 여러 질감으로 나온다.
⑩ Because they are made from whole wheat, they have the nutritional benefits of this grain's high fiber, vitamin, and mineral content. 통일로 만들어지기 때문에, 그것들은 이 곡물이 지닌 높은 섬유질, 비타민, 그리고 미네랄 함량에 대한영양상의 이점을 가지고 있다.
⑪ At mealtime, aish baladi is perfect for making sandwiches or scooping up soft food and sauces. 식사 때에, 아이시 발라디는 샌드위치를 만들거나부드러운 음식과 소스를 퍼내는 데 안성맞춤이다.
⑫ Archaeology has shown that aish baladi has been around for a very long time. 고고학은 아이시 발라디가 아주 오랫동안 존재해 왔다는 것을 보여주었다.
⑬ Artwork in ancient tombs includes pictures of food that looks just like the round flatbread made today, and even preserved pieces of bread have been found. 고대 무덤의 예술 작풍은 오늘날 만들어지는 둥근플랫브레드와 똑같아 보이는 음식의 그림을 담고 있으며, 심지어 보존된 빵 조각들도 발견되었다.
⑭ The ancient Egyptians made bread by adding wild yeast to their dough and baking the dough in ovens made from the Nile's red mud. 고대 이집트인들은 반죽에 야생 효모를 넣고, 그 반죽을 나일강의 붉은 진흙으로 만든 화덕에 넣고 구워서 빵을 만들었다.
⑮ The recipe for aish baladi and the method of baking it have stayed the same for thousands of years. 아이시 발라디의 조리법과 그것을 굽는 방법은 수천년 동안 그대로 유지되어 오고 있다.
⑯ The importance of bread since ancient times has influenced the Egyptian language and culture. 고대부터 빵의 중요성은 이집트의 언어와 문화에 영향을 주었다.
⑰ Even the name aish baladi reflects this. 아이시 발라디라는 이름도 이 점을 반영한다.
⑱ It is much different from the typical Arabic word for "bread." 그것은 '빵을 나타내는 대표적인 아랍어와 매우 다르다.
⑲ It is formed from words meaning "traditional"(baladi) and "life" (aish). 그것은 '전통적인'(baladi)과 '삶'(aish猶} 의미하는단어들로부터 형성되었다.
⑳ During the Egyptian revolution of 2011, the slogan "bread, freedom, and social justice" was used because bread stands for all the basic needs of life. 2011년 이집트 혁명 도중 '빵, 자유, 사회적 정의 라는 구호가 사용되었는데, 빵이 삶의 모든 기본적인욕구를 나타내기 때문이다.
㉑ Like many foods, aish baladi is more than just a meal. 많은 음식들처럼, 아이시 발라디는 단순한 식사 이상의 것이다.
㉒ It represents generations of tradition and thousands of years of history. 그것은 세대에 걸친 전통과 수천 년의 역사를 나타낸다.
㉓ And as it still plays a large role in modern life, its story continues to grow. 아이시 발라디가 여전히 현대의 삶에서 큰 역할을하기 때문에 그것의 이야기는 계속해서 늘어나고 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 02. Health - Reading 1: Digital Dementia
① Dementia is a well-known disorder that affects memory and concentration. 치매는 기억력과 집중력에 영향을 끼치는 잘 알려진장애이다.
② Dementia patients often find it hard to remember simple things, such as phone numbers and people's names. 치매 환자들은 전화번호나 사람들의 이름처럼 간단한 것들을 기억하는 데 자주 어려움을 느낀다.
③ While it is typically diagnosed in the elderly, there has been a recent and troubling increase in dementia-like symptoms in teenagers and adults in their 20s and 30s. 치매가 일반적으로 노인들에게 진단이 되기는 하지만, 최근에 10대 및 20대와 30대 성인에게도 치매와 비슷한 증상이 늘고 있어 문제가 되고 있다.
④ This new type of dementia has been called "digital dementia." 이런 새로운 유형의 치매는 '디지털 치매'라고 불려오고 있다.
⑤ Why do we call it "digital"? 왜 '디지털'이라고 부르는가?
⑥ It has been blamed on the excessive use of smartphones and long hours spent in front of television and computer screens. 그것은 스마트폰의 과도한 사용과 TV와 컴퓨터 화면 앞에서 긴 시간을 보내는 것 때문으로 여겨지고있다.
⑦ When these devices are overused, the left side of the brain, which is responsible for logic and reasoning, tends to get overworked. 이러한 기기들이 지나치게 사용되면, 논리 및 추론을 담당하는 좌뇌가 과도하게 사용되는 경향이 있다.
⑧ Meanwhile, the right side of the brain, which supports cogmt1ve functions like memory, attention, and the processing of ideas, is hardly utilized. 그동안, 기억, 집중, 사고 처리와 같은 인지 기능을돕는 우뇌는 거의 활용되지 않는다.
⑨ This imbalance in how the brain is used leads to memory problems. 뇌가 사용되는 방법에 있어서 이러한 불균형은 기억력 문제를 야기한다.
⑩ Because of this, experts in some countries have recommended banning smartphones and other electronic devices from classrooms. 이 때문에 몇몇 국가의 전문가들은 교실에서 스마트폰과 다른 전자 기기를 금지할 것을 권고하고 있다.
⑪ In addition, people these days tend to store phone numbers and other bits of information on their smartphones instead of in their minds. 또한, 사람들은 요즘에 전화번호와 다른 단편적인정보들을 머릿속 대신 스마트폰에 저장하는 경향이있다.
⑫ It has been suggested that the resulting lack of mental stimulation hinders memory and brain development. 그 결과로 발생한 정신적 자극의 결핍이 기억력과두뇌 발달을 저해한다는 것이 제기되어 왔다.
⑬ This idea is supported by the fact that in South Korea, where over 90% of teenagers own a smartphone, there has been an alarming increase in cases of digital dementia. 이 견해는 10대의 90% 이상이 스마트폰을 소유하고 있는 한국에서 디지털 치매 발생이 걱정스러울정도로 증가하고 있다는 사실에 의해 뒷받침된다.
⑭ So what can you do to fight digital dementia? 그러면 디지털 치매에 맞서 싸우기 위해 여러분은무엇을 할 수 있을까?
⑮ First, try to use digital devices only when you need to. 우선, 필요할 때만 디지털 기기를 사용하도록 노력하라.
⑯ Also, memorizing phone numbers of family members and friends is a good way to keep your memory sharp. 또, 가족과 친구들의 전화번호를 외우는 것도 기억력을 예리하게 유지하는 좋은 방법이다.
⑰ Reading books and keeping a diary are great activities for keeping the brain stimulated, too. 책을 읽는 것과 일기를 쓰는 것도 두뇌를 지속적으로 자극하는 좋은 활동이다.
⑱ Finally, aerobic exercise enhances blood circulation in the brain and is good for your mental health. 마지막으로, 유산소 운동은 두뇌의 혈액 순환을 강화하고 정신 건강에도 줄다.
⑲ These activities can help you lead a healthy life and avoid becoming a victim of digital dementia. 이러한 활동들은 여러분이 건강한 생활을 하고 디지털 치매의 희생자가 되는 것을 막도록 도와줄 수 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 02. Health - Reading 2: Western and Chinese Medicine
① Sometimes, two people can look at the same problem and come up with two very different methods for solving it. 때로는 두 사람이 같은 문제를 보고 두 개의 매우 다른 해결 방법을 생각해 낼 수 있습니다.
② Such is the case with practitioners of Western medicine and those of Chinese, or Oriental, medicine. 서양 의료진과 중국, 즉 동양 의료진의 경우가 바로그러하죠.
③ Our reporter sat down with two physicians to learn more about what sets them apart. 우리 기자가 무엇이 그들을 구분 짓는지 더 알아보기 위해 두 명의 의사와 좌담을 했습니다.
④ Reporter: Dr. Smith, explain for us the general approach that Western physicians take toward medicine. 기자: 스미스 박사님, 서양의 의사들이 의학에 대해갖는 일반적인 접근법에 대해 설명해주세요.
⑤ Dr. Smith: Modern medicine evolved around the same time as the other physical sciences. 스미스 박사: 현대 의학은 다른 자연 과학과 같은시기에 발달했습니다.
⑥ Because we view it as a science, our medical understanding is guided by carefully designed laboratory experiments. 우리는 의학을 과학으로 생각하기 때문에, 의학에대한 우리의 이해는 신중하게 계획된 실험실 실험에좌우됩니다.
⑦ Likewise, the treatments we develop often come from the laboratory in the form of chemically synthesized drugs. 마찬가지로, 우리가 개발하는 치료약은 대개 실험실에서 화학적으로 합성된 약품의 형태로 옵니다
⑧ Reporter: Dr. Wu, how does Chinese medicine differ from what Dr. Smith just described? 기자: 우 박사님, 동양 의학은 방금 스미스 박사님이 설명하신 것과 어떤 차이가 있습니까?
⑨ Dr. Wu: If Western medicine is a science, Chinese medicine can be thought of as an art. 우 박사: 서양 의학이 과학이라면, 동양 의학은 예술이라고 생각할 수 있습니다.
⑩ Just as art is based on cultural tradition and evolves through the centuries, so does our practice of medicine. 예술이 문화적 전통에 기반을 두고 여러 세기를 거쳐 발전하는 것과 마찬가지로, 우리의 의료술도 그러합니다.
⑪ Moreover, Chinese treatments typically utilize the careful administration of pure, natural herbs rather than synthesized drugs. 또한, 동양의 치료약은 보통 합성된 약품보다는 순수한 자연의 약초를 주의해서 투여하는 것을 이용합니다.
⑫ Reporter: Dr. Smith, what is one drawback of the Western approach to medicine? 기자: 스미스 박사님, 서양식 의학 접근법의 한 가지 단점이라면 뭐가 있을까요?
⑬ Dr. Smith: Unfortunately, we view the human body as a machine, and it follows that each illness is seen as a defect in the machine. 스미스 박사: 안타깝게도, 우리는 인체를 하나의 기계로 간주하고, 그래서 각 각의 질병을 기계의 결함으로 보게 됩니다.
⑭ Repair or replace the defective part, and the machine should function normally. 결함이 있는 부분을 수리하거나 교체하면, 기계는정상적으로 기능하게 됩니다.
⑮ However, because the human body is a complex set of systems linked with one another, the true nature of how it works as a whole is not fully understood yet. 하지만, 인체는 서로 연결된 복잡한 조직망이기 때문에, 인체가 전체로서 어떻게 작용하는지 그 실체를 아직 완전히 이해할 수는 없습니다.
⑯ Reporter: Dr. Wu, what about a weakness in the Chinese approach? 기자: 우 박사님, 동양식 접근법의 단점은 어떻습니까?
⑰ Dr. Wu: I don't think we put enough emphasis on studying and investigating the causes of specific illnesses. 우 박사: 특정 질병의 원안에 대한 연구 및 조사에충분한 주의를 기울이지 않는 것이라고 생각합니다.
⑱ Western doctors have powerful diagnostic tools at their disposal, something that many Chinese doctors either lack or simply aren't interested in. 서양 의사들은 효과적인 진단 도구를 재량껏 사용하는데, 이건 많은 동양 의사들에게 부족하거나 그들이 관심을 갖지 않는 점이죠.
⑲ Reporter: What are your predictions for the future of medicine? 기자: 여러분은 앞으로의 의학에 대해 어떻게 예측하십니까?
⑳ Dr. Wu: I believe both traditions will work together more closely in the future. 우 박사: 미래에는 두 전통이 좀 더 긴밀히 협력할것으로 생각합니다.
㉑ Both have important innovations to offer, and in so combination they could be quite effective. 둘 다 중요한 혁신을 일궈낼 것이고, 이 둘이 협력한다면 상당히 효과적일 수 있습니다.
㉒ Dr. Smith: Yes, I agree. 스미스 박사: 네, 저도 그렇게 생각합니다.

 

 

 

Unit 03. Media - Reading 1: Meaningful Social Media
① You probably use a Facebook or Twitter account to keep in touch with your friends and share pictures and information from your daily life. 여러분은 친구들과 연락하거나 일상 사진과 정보를공유하기 위해 아마 페이스북이나 트워터 계정을 사용할지도 모른다.
② But social media has the potential to do much more. 하지만 소셜 미디어는 훨씬 많은 것을 할 수 있는 잠재력이 있다.
③ For example, some people have started using social media to give a voice to those who are less fortunate. 예를 들면, 어떤 사람들은 불우한 사람들에게 발언권을 주려고 소셜 미디어를 사용하기 시작했다.
④ In this way, it can be more than just a fun way to share information; it can also make a real difference in people's lives. 이렇게 소셜 미디어는 단지 정보를 공유하는 재미있는 방법 그 이상이 될 수 있고, 사람들의 삶에 실제변화를 가져올 수도 있다.
⑤ Internationally recognized activist Mark Horvath has been doing just that. 세계적으로 인정받는 사회 운동가 마크 호바스가 바로 그것을 해 오고 있다.
⑥ Since starting a website in 2008, he has been sharing the stories of homeless men and women across the United States and Canada. 2008년에 웹 사이트를 개설한 이후 그는 미국과 캐나다 전역에 걸쳐 집 없이 살아가는 사람들의 이야기를 공유해 왔다.
⑦ He started out by interviewing homeless people in Seattle and posting the conversations on YouTube. 그는 시애틀에서 노숙자들을 인터뷰하고, 그 대화를유튜브에 게시하면서 시작했다.
⑧ He was encouraged by the large number of views the videos got, and once he realized he had supporters, he went on a road trip and interviewed people across the United States. 그는 영상의 높은 조회수에 용기를 얻었고, 지지자들이 있다는 것을 깨닫자 자동차 여행을 하며 미국전역에 있는 사람들을 인터뷰했다.
⑨ Then in 2010, he created another website to help homeless people get involved with social media, tell their stories, and contact support services. 그리고 그는 2010년에 노숙자들이 소셜 미디어에참여하고, 그들의 이야기를 전하고, 지원 서비스와접촉할 수 있도록 돕기 위해 또 다른 웹 사이트를 개설했다.
⑩ Horvath has said that when homeless people have a problem, no one wants to listen to them. 호바스는 노숙자들에게 문제가 있을 때 아무도 그들에게 귀 기울이고 싶어 하지 않는다고 말했다.
⑪ He knows this because he was once homeless himself. 그 역시 한때 노숙자였기 때문에 이 점을 알고 있다.
⑫ He has said that, at that time, he felt more powerless than anyone could ever imagine. 그 당시 그는 상상하는 것 이상으로 더 무기력함을느꼈다고 말했다.
⑬ But now, thanks to his activism, people are listening. 하지만 지금은 그의 활동 덕분에 사람들이 귀를 기울이고 있다.
⑭ Many have even started to take action. 많은 사람 둘이 심지어 행동으로 옮기기 시작했다.
⑮ When people in Calgary saw his interview with a man named Donny, who had lived on the street for 21 years, they helped him find housing. 캘거리에 있는 사람들은 거리에서 21년간 생활했던도니라는 남자와 그의 인터뷰를 보고 그 남자가 집을 찾을 수 있게 도와주었다.
⑯ Then after watching the videos on Horvath's website, a farmer in Arkansas donated 40 acres of land to be used to produce food for low-income families. 또, 호바스의 웹 사이트에서 영상을 보고 난 뒤 아칸소 주에 있는 한 농부는 저소득층 가정을 위한 식량을 생산하는 데 사용되도록 40에이커의 땅을 기부했다.
⑰ While social media is most often used to simply share one's opinions and ideas about daily life, its possibilities are endless. 소셜 미디어가 일상생활에 대한 개인의 의견이나 생각을 단순히 공유하는 데 가장 흔히 사용되기는 하지만, 그 가능성은 무한하다.
⑱ Most people just think of the homeless as street people begging for money. 대부분의 사람들은 노숙자들을 그저 돈을 구걸하는거리의 사람으로 생각한다.
⑲ They rarely hear or think about those people's struggles or their attempts to rebuild their lives. 그들 온 고 사람들의 분투나 삶을 재건하려는 그들의 노력에 대해서는 거의 듣지도, 생각하지도 않는다.
⑳ Horvath's work is a great example of how social media can shatter stereotypes and give a voice to those in need. 호바스의 일은 소셜 미디어가 고정 관념을 깨부수고도움이 필요한 사람들에게 발언권을 줄 수 있는 방법을 보여주는 아주 종은 예이다.

 

 

 

Unit 03. Media - Reading 2: Audience Research for TV
① When discussing the success or failure of television programs, people generally refer to the number of viewers. 텔레비전 프로그램의 성공이나 실패에 대해 논할때, 사람들은 대개 시청자의 수를 언급한다.
② This is an important statistic, as companies use it to make advertising decisions. 이것은 기업들이 광고 결정을 하는 데 사용하므로중요한 통계치이다.
③ But have you ever wondered how this number is determined? 그런데 여러분은 이 숫자가 어떻게 정해지는지 궁금하게 여긴 적이 있는가?
④ There is actually an entire field dedicated to doing so, and it is known as audience research. 실제로 그렇게 하는 것을 다루는 온전한 분야가 있는데, 그것은 시청자층 조사라고 알려져 있다.
⑤ Of course, it is impossible to find out what every person in the world is watching at any particular time. 물론, 전 세계 모든 사람이 어떤 특정한 시간에 무엇을 시청하는지 알아내는 것은 불가능하다.
⑥ Instead, a sample audience is surveyed. 그 대신에, 표본 시청자가 조사된다.
⑦ In America, this sample consists of 25,000 households. 미국에서, 이러한 표본은 25,000세대로 구성된다.
⑧ In the past, these families were asked to keep a diary of their viewing habits and submit it once a week. 과거에는 이 가족들에게 시청 습관에 대한 일지를적어 일주일에 한 번 제출하도록 요구하였다.
⑨ Then in the 1990s, this method was abandoned in favor of TV meters. 그리고 1990년대에는, TV 미터 덕분에 이 방식이폐기되었다.
⑩ These were devices that were attached to each household's televisions in order to record exactly what the family watched. 이것은 가족이 무엇을 시청하는지를 정확히 기록하기 위해 각 세대의 텔레비전에 부착된 장치였다.
⑪ Nowadays, however, most TV meters have been replaced with "people meters." 그러나 요즘 대부분의 TV 미터는 '피플 미터'로 대체되었다.
⑫ These devices can gather more detailed information. 이 장치는 좀 더 자세한 정보 수집이 가능하다.
⑬ For example, they can track what each individual member of a household watches. 예를 들어, 그것들은 각 세대의 개별 구성원이 시청하는 것을 추적할 수 있다.
⑭ When you sit down to watch TV, you push a personalized button that activates the people meter. TV를 보기 위해 앉을 때, 여러분은 피플 미터를 작동시키는 개인 전용 버튼을 누르는 것이다.
⑮ You push it again when you are finished viewing. 여러분은 시청이 끝나면 다시 버튼을 누른다.
⑯ This lets advertisers know important things, such as which shows are popular with women or which age groups like a certain show best. 이렇게 함으로써 광고주들은 중요한 사실을 알게 되는데, 가령 어떤 프로그램이 여성들에게 인기 있는지, 또는 어떤 연령대가 특정 프로그램을 가장 좋아하는지와 같은 것이다.
⑰ Unfortunately, there are some doubts that these rating figures are reliable. 유감스럽게도, 이 시청률 수치들이 신뢰할 만한지에관한 약간의 의구심이 있다.
⑱ Part of the problem is the sample size. 일부 문제가 되는 것은 표본의 크기이다.
⑲ Collectively, the 25,000 American households used in audience research represent only about 0.02% of the total population. 종합해서, 시청자층 조사에 이용되는 미국의25,000세대는 전체 인구의 겨우 0.02%에 해당한다.
⑳ Therefore, the viewing habits of 99.9% of America are being ignored. 따라서 미국인 99.9%의 시청 습관은 무시되고 있는 것이다.
㉑ There is also some specific criticism of people meters. 피플 미터에 관한 몇몇 특정 비판들도 있다.
㉒ They rely on people consistently pressing their buttons when they enter or exit the room. 피플 미터는 방을 출입할 때 일관성 있게 버튼을 누르는 사람들에게 의존한다.
㉓ Special cameras have been created to fix this problem, but their high cost has prevented them from being installed in most households. 이 문제를 해결하기 위해 특별 카메라가 생겨났지만, 가격이 비싸 대부분의 세대에 설치되지 못했다.
㉔ Furthermore, people increasingly watch TV in places other than their own home, such as restaurants or other public locations. 게다가 사람들은 점점 자기 집이 아닌 곳, 가령 식당이나 기타 공공장소에서 TV를 시청한다.
㉕ And, of course, the growing popularity of watching shows on the Internet and smartphones creates a whole new problem for accurate audience research. 그리고 물론, 인터넷과 스마트폰으로 프로그램을 시청하는 것아 점점 인기가 많아지는 것도 정확한 시청자층 조사에 전적으로 새로운 문제를 만들어 낸다.

 

 

 

Unit 04. Biology - Reading 1: Symbiosis
① No one can live life alone, but some creatures share their lives more than others. 아무도 삶을 혼자 살 수 없지만, 어떤 생물들은 다른생물들보다 더 많이 삶을 함께한다.
② Nature's closest relationships between different species are called symbiosis. 자연에서 다른 종둘 사이의 가장 가까운 관계는 공생이라 불린다.
③ It is a name formed from the Greek words meaning "together" and "life." 그것은 '함께와 삶'을 의미하는 그리스어에서 형성된 이름이다.
④ In the past, the term "symbiosis" was used only for relationships in which both creatures benefit. 과거에 '공생'이라는 용어는 두 생물 모두가 이득을보는 관계에만 사용되었다.
⑤ Today, however, it refers to a wider variety of interactions. 하지만 오늘날 그것은 더 다양한 상호 작용을 나타낸다.
⑥ The first type of symbiosis is called mutualism, and it describes the original meaning of the word. 공생의 첫 번째 유형은 상리 공생이라 불리며, 그것은 그 단어의 원래 의미를 말한다.
⑦ In mutualism, both species gain something from their interaction. 상리 공생에서는 두 종 모두 그들의 상호 작용에서무언가를 얻는다.
⑧ Clownfish and sea anemones are a good example. 흰동가리와 말미잘이 좋은 예이다.
⑨ Clownfish live within the stinging tentacles of sea anemones. 흰동가리는 말미잘의 쏘는 촉수 안에 산다.
⑩ They are immune to the stings, and the tentacles give them protection from predators. 그것들은 독침에 면역이 되어 있으며, 촉수는 그것들을 포식자로부터 보호해 준다.
⑪ In return, the clownfish eat parasites off of the anemones and lure other fish into the anemones' grasp. 보답으로, 흰동가리는 말미잘의 기생 동물을 잡아먹고, 다른 물고기를 말미잘의 사정권 안으로 유인한다.
⑫ The second type of symbiosis is called commensalism. 공생의 두 번째 유형은 편리 공생이라 불린다.
⑬ In this type of interaction, one organism benefits while the other is hardly affected at all. 이 상호 작용의 유형에 서는 한 유기체가 득을 보는데 반해 다른 유기체는 거의 영향을 받지 않는다.
⑭ Remoras are fish with an organ on their heads that works like a suction cup. 빨판상어는 자신의 머리 위에 흡착기 같은 역할을하는 기관이 달린 물고기이다.
⑮ They use this organ to attach themselves to larger sea creatures, including sharks. 그것들은 자신들을 상어를 포함한 더 큰 바다 생물에 달라붙게 하는 데 이 기관을 사용한다.
⑯ This is not harmful to the larger animal. 이것은 더 큰 동물에게 해가 되지 않는다.
⑰ Fish have to swim or move their gills constantly to get oxygen out of the water, but thanks to their hosts, remoras can move quickly through the water without using up their own energy. 물고기는 물에서 산소를 얻을 수 있도록 끊임없이헤엄치거나 아가미를 움직여야 하지만, 빨판상어는그것의 숙주 덕분에 자신의 힘을 소모하지 않고 물속을 빠르게 이동할 수 있다.
⑱ The third type of symbiosis is called parasitism. 공생의 세 번째 유형은 기생이라 불린다.
⑲ In this case, one of the living things in the relationship benefits by harming the other. 이러한 경우에는 관계에 있는 생물들 중 하나가 다른 생물에게 해를 끼침으로써 이득을 본다.
⑳ Fleas and ticks are all-too-familiar examples. 벼룩과 진드기가 너무나도 친숙한 예이다.
㉑ Fleas live on the body of an animal and suck its blood when they get hungry. 벼룩은 동물의 몸에 살면서 배가 고파지면 그것의피를 빨아먹는다.
㉒ Ticks bury their head in an animal's skin, also to suck its blood. 진드기도 동물의 피를 빨아먹기 위해 그것의 피부에자신의 머리를 묻는다.
㉓ The parasites benefit by getting a constant supply of food, but their hosts suffer. 기생 동물은 끊임없이 먹이를 공급받음으로써 이익을 얻지만, 그것의 숙주는 고통받는다.
㉔ Besides taking nutrients away from the host, these parasites also carry many diseases that can be deadly. 숙주에게서 영양분을 빼앗아가는 것 외에도, 이 기생 동물들은 치명적일 수 있는 많은 질병도 옮긴다.
㉕ Symbiotic relationships are a fascinating example of how creatures are connected. 공생 관계는 생물이 관계를 맺는 방식에 관한 대단히 흥미로운 예이다.
㉖ It would be nice if mutualism and commensalism were the only forms, but parasitism is unavoidable, and it shows that organisms will find any way possible to survive. 상리 공생과 편리 공생이 유일한 형태라면 좋겠지만, 기생은 불가피하며, 그것은 유기체가 살아남을수 있는 어떤 방법이라도 찾을 것이라는 것을 보여준다.

 

 

 

Unit 04. Biology - Reading 2: Fire Adaptation Strategies of Plants
① Wildfires sweep through forests and plains, burning everything in their path. 들불은 지나는 길에 있는 모든 것을 태우면서 숲과평야를 휩쓸고 지나간다.
② Unlike animals, plants have no way of running from the flames. 동물과는 달리 식물에게는 불길로부터 달아날 방법이 없다.
③ However, they have developed several survival strategies to protect themselves from fire. 하지만 그것들은 화재로부터 자신을 보호하기 위해몇 가지 생존 전략을 개발해 왔다.
④ In some cases, fire is even a necessary part of their life cycles. 몇 가지 경우에 불은 심지어 그들의 생명 주기에 필요한 부분이다.
⑤ Some plants have seeds that will only sprout after a fire. 어떤 식물들은 불이 난 이후에만 싹이 트는 씨앗을가지고 있다.
⑥ Certain pine trees grow their seeds inside of protective cones sealed up with a glue-like substance called resin. 어떤 소나무는 송진이라 불리는, 접착제와 같은 물질로 봉해진 보호용 솔방울 안에서 씨앗을 키운다.
⑦ When a fast-moving fire sweeps through, the resin melts and the seeds eventually fall to the ground and grow. 빠르게 번지는 불이 휩쓸고 지나가면, 송진이 녹고결국 씨앗이 땅에 떨어져서 자라난다.
⑧ Other plants have seeds that stay unchanged in the soil for years. 다른 식물들은 수년간 흙 속에서 변하지 않는 씨앗을 가지고 있다.
⑨ The seeds have tough coatings that don't allow them to grow until they have been exposed to extreme heat or the chemical changes that a fire produces in the soil. 그 씨앗은 불이 흙 속에서 만들어 내는 극심한 열기나 화학 변화에 그것이 노출되고 나서야 자라게 해주는 단단한 막을 가지고 있다.
⑩ A second survival strategy involves protecting the living tissues of adult plants from fire. 두 번째 생존 전략은 불로부터 성체 식물의 살아있는 조직을 보호하는 것과 관련이 있다.
⑪ It keeps the tree safe from intense heat even when it is surrounded by flames. 어떤 나무는 매우 타기 힘든 두꺼운 나무껍질을 가지고 있다.
⑫ Some trees have thick bark that is very difficult to burn. 그것은 나무가 불길에 둘러싸였을 때조차도 나무를극심한 열기에서 안전하게 지켜준다.
⑬ Another variation of this strategy is found in plants that grow moist tissues for protection. 이 전략의 다른 변형은 보호를 위해 촉촉한 조직을자라게 하는 식물에서 찾을 수 있다.
⑭ During a fire, the moisture prevents them from burning or becoming dehydrated. 화재 시에 그 습기가 식물들이 불에 타거나 건조해지는 것을 막아준다.
⑮ In other cases, the fire survival strategy is focused on keeping vulnerable parts of the plant out of the reach of flames. 다른 경우에서, 화재 생존 전략은 식물의 취약한 부분이 불길에 닿지 않도록 하는 데 주력한다.
⑯ Several types of trees accomplish this by growing tall trunks with branches only near the top. 몇 종류의 나무가 가지가 꼭대기 근처에만 달린 높은 몸통을 자라게 함으로써 이것을 해낸다.
⑰ Some of them drop their dead lower branches as they grow, which ensures that living branches at the top will stay safe from fire. 그것들 중 일부는 자라면서 더 낮은 곳에 있는 죽은나뭇가지들을 떨어뜨리는데, 이는 꼭대기의 살아 있는 가지들이 불로부터 안전할 수 있게 해 준다.
⑱ This is important since dead branches provide fuel that could keep flames burning dangerously close to the living flowers, leaves, and other important structures at the top of the tree. 이것은 중요한데, 죽은 나뭇가지가 나무 꼭대기의살아 있는 꽃, 잎, 그리고 다른 중요한 조직 가까이에서 불길이 위험하게 타게 할 수 있는 연료를 제공하기 때문이다.
⑲ Other fire protection strategies exist in the plant kingdom. 식물계에는 다른 화재 방어 전략들도 존재한다.
⑳ Some eucalyptus species, for example, have buds under their bark that form new branches only after a fire, while fire lilies remain flowerless until fire causes them to quickly bloom. 예를 들어, 어떤 유칼립투스 종은 나무껍질 아래에, 불이 난 후에만 새로운 가지를 형성하는 새싹을 지닌 반면, 글로리오사는 불이 그것들로 하여금 빠르게 꽃을 피우게 할 때까지 꽃이 없는 상태로 있다.
㉑ Fire is a part of nature, and plants have a multitude of ways to live with it. 불은 자연의 일부이며, 식물들은 불과 함께 살아갈다수의 방법을 가지고 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 05. History - Reading 1: The Treaty of Waitangi
① The indigenous people of New Zealand, the Maori, have lived there since the 13th century. 뉴질랜드의 토착민인 마오리족은 13세기부터 그곳에 살았다.
② A Dutch explorer discovered the islands in 1642, and European settlers began arriving in the 18th century. 1642년에 네덜란드인 탐험가가 그 섬들을 발견했고, 18세기에 유럽 이주민들이 도착하기 시작했다.
③ By 1840, there were about 2,000 settlers and 125,000 Maori living on the islands. 1840년쯤에는 그 섬에 약 2,000명의 이주민과125,000명의 마오리족이 살고 있었다.
④ As more and more settlers arrived, Maori leaders began to worry. 점점 더 많은 이주민들이 도착하자, 마오리족의 지도자들은 걱정하기 시작했다.
⑤ They asked Britain for protection from aggressive countries, such as France, as well as from British settlers who tried to steal their land. 그들은 영국에게 자신들의 땅을 빼앗으려 하는 영국이주민들뿐만 아니라 프랑스와 같은 공격적인 나라들로부터의 보호를 요청했다.
⑥ The British government agreed to sign an official treaty with the Maori chiefs―it was written in English and then translated into the Maori language. 영국 정부는 마오리족의 족장과 공식적인 조약을 체결하는 데 동의했는데, 그것은 영어로 쓰인 다음 마오리어로 번역되었다.
⑦ The treaty was signed by the British and 43 chiefs in 1840 and was then transported across the country over the next eight months, where it was signed by more than 500 Maori chiefs. 1840년에 그 조약은 영국과 43명의 족장에 의해 서명되었고 그다음 8개월에 걸쳐 전국으로 수송되었는데, 그곳에서 그것은 500명이 넘는 마오리 족장들에 의해 서명되었다.
⑧ The Treaty of Waitangi consisted of three main articles. 와이탕이 조약은 세 개의 주요 조항으로 구성되어있었다.
⑨ The first gave the British monarchy sovereignty over all of New Zealand. 첫 번째는 영국 왕가에 뉴질랜드 전체의 주권을 이양했다.
⑩ The second allowed the chiefs to keep their land, stating that they could sell it only to the British government. 두 번째는 족장들이 토지를 오직 영국 정부에게만팔 수 있다는 것을 명시하면서, 그들이 그것을 계속소유하는 것을 허용했다.
⑪ Finally, the treaty gave all Maori the same rights as British citizens. 마지막으로, 그 조약은 모든 마오리족에게 영국 시민과 같은 권리를 주었다.
⑫ Unfortunately, translation problems soon caused controversy. 안타깝게도 곧 번역 문제가 논란을 일으켰다.
⑬ The main problem was with the word "sovereignty," which means "having complete power over a group." 주된 문제는 '주권'이라는 단어에 관한 것이었는데, 그것은 '한 집단에 대해 완전한 권력을 가지는 것'을의미한다.
⑭ However, it was translated into a Maori word meaning "the right to govern an independent group." 하지만 그것은 '하나의 독립된 집단을 다스릴 권리'를 의미하는 마오리어로 번역되었다.
⑮ Because of this, the British believed the treaty gave them complete authority over the Maori and their land. 이 때문에, 영국은 그 조약이 그들에게 마오리족과그들의 땅에 대한 완전한 권한을 주었다고 생각했다.
⑯ The Maori, however, believed it simply allowed the British to use their land. 하지만 마오리족은 그 조약은 단순히 영국이 자신들의 땅을 사용하게 해 주는 것이라고 생각했다.
⑰ These disagreements led to the New Zealand Land Wars, which were fought from 1845 to 1872. 이러한 의견 차이는 뉴질랜드 토지 전쟁으로 이어졌는데, 그것은 1845년부터 1872년까지 치러졌다.
⑱ Hundreds were killed on both sides, but the British were eventually victorious. 양측에서 수백 명이 사망했으나, 결국 영국이 승리했다.
⑲ This led to the *confiscation of Maori land, a practice which continued into the 20th century, until nearly all the land in New Zealand belonged to the British. 이것은 뉴질랜드의 거의 모든 토지가 영국에 귀속될때까지 20세기에도 계속된 행위인 마오리족 토지의몰수로 이어졌다.
⑳ To help Maori tribes that had been mistreated, the Waitangi Tribunal was established in 1975. 부당한 대우를 받았던 마오리 부족을 돕기 위해1975년에 와이탕이 재판소가 설립되었다.
㉑ When the tribunal finds that the terms of the treaty were broken, the tribe receives compensation. 재판소가 조약의 조항들이 위배되었다는 판결을 내리면, 그 부족은 보상을 받는다.
㉒ Although debates regarding the Treaty of Waitangi continue today, it is considered one of the most important documents in New Zealand's history. 비록 와이탕이 조약에 관한 논쟁이 오늘날 계속되고있지만, 그것은 뉴질랜드 역사상 가장 중요한 문서중 하나로 여겨진다.

 

 

 

Unit 05. History - Reading 2: TOEFL (The American Civil War)
① By 1860, the Northern states and Southern states of the U.S. had developed into two different regions with opposing economic and political views. 1860년쯤에는 미국 북부와 남부의 주들이 대립된경제적, 정치적 견해를 가진 두 개의 다른 지역으로발전했다.
② Politically, the South believed that the rights of the states were more important than a national government, while the North needed a central government to integrate the states into a union. 정치적으로, 북부는 주들을 하나의 연합으로 통합시키는 중앙 정부를 필요로 한 반면, 남부는 주의 권한이 중앙 정부보다 더 중요하다고 여겼다.
③ The North and South were most sharply divided over the issue of slavery, in particular, and the reason was that they had different economic interests; 북부와 남부는 특히 노예 제도 문제를 놓고 가장 첨예하게 갈라져 있었는데, 그 이유는 그들이 서로 다른 경제적 이해관계를 가지고 있었기 때문이었다.
④ the North strongly opposed slavery, while the South was firm in its position on the necessity of slavery. 즉, 남부는 노예 제도의 필요성에 대해 확고한 태도를 보인 반면, 북부는 강하게 노예 제도를 반대했다.
⑤ These disagreements became the main reason for the American Civil War, which lasted from 1861 to 1865. 이런 의견의 불일치는 미국 남북 전쟁의 주된 이유가 되었는데, 그것은 1861년부터 1865년까지 지속되었다.
⑥ In the South, landowners, who only accounted for 5% of the population, operated plantations to cultivate cotton, tobacco, and sugar cane, and more than 4 million slaves were essential for their sustainability. 남부에서는 인구의 겨우 5%를 차지하는 지주들이면화, 담배, 사탕수수를 재배하기 위해 대농장을 경영했고, 농장을 유지하는 데 4백만 명이 넘는 노예들이 필수적이었다.
⑦ Cotton agriculture burgeoned in the South during the industrial revolution with the development of the *cotton gin and other machines. 남부에서는 산업 혁명 기간 중 조면기(綾綿機)와 기타 기계들의 개발로 면화 농업이 급성장했다.
⑧ The Southern states accumulated their wealth by growing agricultural goods. 남부의 주들은 농작물을 재배해서 부를 축적했다.
⑨ To do so, they relied on the low-cost labor of slaves and therefore resisted efforts to end the practice of slavery. 그렇게 하기 위해서 그들은 노예들의 값싼 노동력에의존했고, 따라서 노예제를 폐지하고자 하는 노력에반대하였다.
⑩ Meanwhile, the North had developed into an industrial capitalist society. 한편, 북부는 산업 자본주의 사회로 발전했다.
⑪ With the growth in the production of industrial products such as textiles, paper, and metal, there was no longer a reliance on agriculture. 섬유, 종이, 그리고 금속과 같은 공산품 생산이 증가함에 따라, 더는 농업에 의존하지 않게 되었다.
⑫ Therefore, Northerners saw little need for slavery and were more likely to oppose it. 따라서, 북부 사람들은 노예제의 필요성을 거의 느끼지 못했고 그것에 반대할 가능성이 더 컸다.
⑬ Against this backdrop, Abraham Lincoln, who was against slavery, became president in 1861. 이러한 배경에서 노예 제도를 반대하던 에이브러햄링컨이 1861년에 대통령에 당선되었다.
⑭ Seven Southern states broke away and attacked Fort Sumter at the end of the same year, signaling the beginning of the American Civil War. 남부의 일곱 개 주가 독립하고 그해 말에 섬터 요새를 공격하며 미국 남북 전쟁의 시작을 알렸다.
⑮ By July 1864, the war was going favorably for the North with its victory at Gettysburg. 1864년 7월까지 전쟁은 게티즈버그에서 승리를 거둔 북부에 유리하게 돌아가고 있었다.
⑯ The war finally ended when the Southern army surrendered in 1865. 전쟁은 결국 남군이 1865년에 항복하면서 종결되었다.
⑰ The drawn-out war forced social and economic structures of the South to change. 오랫동안 이어진 전쟁은 남부의 사회적, 경제적 구조를 바꾸어 놓았다.
⑱ Plantations disappeared and capitalists from the North flocked to invest in the South, driving the rapid growth of industries such as textiles, tobacco, and iron, as well as resources such as oil and coal. 대규모 농장은 사라지고, 남부에 투자하기 위해 북부에서 자본가들이 떼 지어 몰려오면서 석유, 석탄과 같은 자원뿐 아니라 섬유, 담배, 철 같은 산업의급속한 성장을 가져왔다.
⑲ Between 1869 and 1870, American capitalism bloomed, with industrial production as a whole doubling. 1869년과 1870년 사이 산업 생산 전체가 두 배로증가하면서 미국 자본주의는 꽃을 피웠다.

 

 

 

Unit 06. People - Reading 1: Beatrix Potter
① Author Beatrix Potter is best remembered for writing the children's book The Tale of Peter Rabbit in 1902, although she was also a skilled and important amateur biologist, sheep farmer, and conservationist. 작가 베아트릭스 포터는 숙련되고 영향력 있는 아마추어 생물학자이자 양을 치는 농부였으며, 자연 보호론자이기도 했지만, 1902년에 〈피터 래빗 이야기〉라는 아동용 책을 쓴 것으로 가장 유명하다.
② The characters she created, like Benjamin Bunny and Squirrel Nutkin, touched children all over the world and sold millions of books, and the legacy of her other works can still be appreciated today. 벤자민 버니와 스쿼럴 너트킨처럼 그녀가 만들어낸캐릭터들은 전 세계의 어린이들을 감동시켰고, (사람들이) 수백만 권의 책을 사게끔 했으며, 그녀의 다른 활동들이 남긴 유산은 오늘날에도 여전히 높이평가될 만하다.
③ As a child, Beatrix was home schooled by governesses while her brother was sent away to be educated. 어린 시절, 그녀의 남동생이 교육을 받기 위해 외지로 보내진 반면, 베아트릭스는 집에서 여자 가정교사에 의해 교육을 받았다.
④ She was often alone and spent a lot of time in nature. 그녀는 자주 혼자 남겨졌고 자연 속에서 많은 시간을 보냈다.
⑤ This made her develop a strong attachment to animals, and whenever she got the chance, she secretly brought them home as companions. 이는 그녀가 동물들에 대해 강한 애착을 갖도록 만들었고, 그녀는 기회가 있을 때마다 그것들을 벗 삼아 집으로 몰래 데려왔다.
⑥ Studying their behavior, she practiced drawing them and created stories about them. 동물들의 행동을 연구하면서 그녀는 그것들을 그리는 연습을 했고, 그것들에 대한 이야기를 만들어 냈다.
⑦ The Tale of Peter Rabbit was based on letters she wrote to the son of her former governess, and it was inspired by the actions of a real-life rabbit. 〈피터 래빗 이야기〉는 그녀의 예전 가정교사의 아들에게 쓴 편지에 기반을 두었고, 실제 토끼의 행동에서 영감을 받았다.
⑧ Sales of The Tale of Peter Rabbit had exceeded 50,000 copies within a year and Potter started to use the earnings to purchase real estate. 〈피터 래빗 이야기〉의 판매가 1년도 안 되어 5만 부를 넘자, 포터는 판매 수익을 부동산을 구입하는 데쓰기 시작했다.
⑨ Her purpose in acquiring land was to preserve the British countryside for the National Trust, an organization set up to protect and preserve land and buildings of beauty or historical importance. 땅을 사들이는 데 있어 그녀의 목적은 아름답거나역사적으로 중요한 땅과 건물을 보호하고 보존하기위해서 설립된 기관인 내셔널 트러스트에 기증할 영국의 전원을 보존하기 위함이었다.
⑩ She not only bought land but also worked it as well. 그녀는 땅을 샀을 뿐만 아니라 그것을 경작하기도했다.
⑪ She learned how to farm, making a business out of raising sheep. 그녀는 경작하는 법을 배우면서 양을 키우는 일을직업으로 삼기도 했다.
⑫ In her work as a farmer, Beatrix aimed to make sure that traditional lifestyles and farming methods would not be forgotten. 농부로 일하면서 베아트릭스는 전통적인 생활 방식과 농법이 잊혀지지 않게 하는 것을 목표로 했다.
⑬ When she died in 1943, Beatrix Potter left 4,000 acres of land to the National Trust to ensure that its beauty could remain unspoiled. 1943년에 그녀가 삶을 마감했을 때, 베아트릭스 포터는 4,000에이커의 땅이 그 아름다움을 잃지 않고유지하도록 하기 위해 그것을 내셔널 트러스트에 남겼다.
⑭ Her legacy is now part of the Lake District National Park, thus helping to preserve for future generations not only the images of natural beauty in the works she penned but also the actual places that inspired her books. 그녀의 유산은 현재 레이크 디스트릭트 국립 공원의일부가 되어, 다음 세대들을 위해 그녀가 쓴 작품들속에 묘사된 자연의 아름다움에 대한 이미지뿐만 아니라 그녀의 책에 영감을 준 실제 장소들을 보존하는 데도 일조하고 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 06. People - Reading 2: Terry Fox
① If you were to listen to his mother, you would think that Terry Fox was "a very ordinary young man." 그의 어머니 말씀을 듣는다면, 당신은 테리 폭스가'매우 평범한 젊은이'였다고 생각할 것이다.
② Yet the legacy of his short life has been anything but ordinary. 그러나 그의 짧은 인생이 남긴 유산은 결코 평범하지 않다.
③ He has been the subject of two movies and two songs, has had a mountain named after him, and has appeared on the face of a coin. 그는 두 편의 영화와 두 곡의 노래의 소재가 되었고,그의 이름을 따서 이름이 지어진 산도 있으며, 한 동전의 앞면에도 그의 모습이 새겨져 있다.
④ At the age of 18, Terry, a long distance runner and basketball player, was diagnosed with bone cancer. 장거리 육상 선수이자 농구 선수였던 테리는 18세의나이에 골수암 진단을 받았다.
⑤ After he had his leg amputated above the knee, the suffering of other cancer patients he had seen convinced him that he should do something. 한쪽 다리를 무릎 위까지 절단하고 난 후에, 그가 목격한 다른 암 환자들의 고통은 그로 하여금 무엇인가를 해야 한다는 확신을 주었다.
⑥ So, he decided to attempt to raise funds for cancer research by, incredibly, running across Canada and showing that he was no less of a person just because cancer had claimed one of his legs. 그래서 그는 암 연구를 위한 기금을 모금해 보기로했는데, 그 방법은 놀랍게도 캐나다를 횡단해서 달림으로써 단지 암이 다리 하나를 앗아갔다는 이유로그가 더 열등한 사람인 것은 아니라는 것을 보여주는 것이었다.
⑦ On 12 April 1980, Terry Fox set out on his journey. 1980년 4월 12일에 테리 폭스는 긴 여정을 시작했다.
⑧ Beginning at St. John's, his goals were to run to Vancouver, a distance of more than 8,000 km, and to raise $24 million in donations, one dollar for each Canadian. 세인트 존스에서 시작해 그의 목표는 8,000km 이상 떨어진 밴쿠버까지 달려서, 캐나다 사람 1인당 1달러씩 해서 2천4백만 달러의 기부금을 모으는 것이었다.
⑨ Setting off on his journey with one natural and one artificial leg, Fox somehow managed to cover a distance of42 km a day, approximately the length of a marathon. 원래 다리 한쪽과 의족 한쪽으로 여정을 시작한 폭스는 어떻게 해서든 하루에 42km, 즉 대략 마라톤거리만큼을 달렸다.
⑩ After 143 days he was well over halfway to achieving his goal of crossing Canada, but that was to be his last day of running. 143일 후 그는 캐나다 횡단이라는 목표를 달성하는데 있어 절반 이상을 훨씬 넘겼지만, 그날이 그가 마지막으로 달리는 날이 되고 말았다.
⑪ Terry's cancer had spread to his lungs, and he, along with his dream of finishing his "Marathon of Hope," was dying. 테리의 암은 폐까지 퍼져있었고, 그는 '희망의 마라톤'을 완주하겠다는 꿈과 함께 죽어가고 있었다.
⑫ Before passing away, he helped set up the Terry Fox Run to commemorate his Marathon of Hope. 죽기 전에 그는 자신의 희망의 마라톤을 기념하기위해 테리 폭스 달리기(Terry Fox Run)를 창설하는 것을 도왔다.
⑬ Each year, people help raise funds for cancer research by collecting donations and running a short marathon in his memory. 해마다 사람들은 기부금을 모으고 그를 기리는 단거리 마라톤을 뛰면서 암 연구를 위한 기금 모금에 도움을 주고 있다.
⑭ Upon Terry's insistence, the run is not competitive. 테리의 주장에 따라, 테리 폭스 달리기는 경쟁을 하지 않는다.
⑮ There are no winners, no ribbons, and no prizes. 우승자도 없고 리본도 없으며 상도 없다.
⑯ Today, his run is held annually in over 60 countries and has raised more than $750 million for cancer research. 오늘날 테리 폭스 달리기는 해마다 60개국이 넘는곳에서 개최되고 있으며 암 연구를 위해 7억 5천만달러 이상을 모금했다.
⑰ His hope for a cure for cancer lives on in those people his remarkable achievements continue to inspire. 암 치료법에 대한 그의 희망은 그가 이룬 놀라운 업적에 끊임없이 영감을 받는 사람들 안에 계속 살아있다.

 

 

 

Unit 07. Places - Reading 1: Antarctica
① Many of our planet's most beautiful natural environments have been affected by the presence of humans. 지구의 가장 아름다운 자연환경들 중 많은 곳이 인간의 존재로 영향을 받아왔다.
② But Antarctica, which is about twice the size of Australia, remains a mystical land that is relatively untouched. 하지만 호주 규모의 약 2배에 해당하는 남극 대륙은상대적으로 본래 그대로의 신비한 땅으로 남아 있다.
③ This southernmost continent is valuable for several reasons. 이 최남단의 대륙은 여러 이유로 가치가 있다.
④ It is a place of unspoiled natural wilderness, great beauty, and important scientific research. 그곳은 훼손되지 않은 자연 그대로의 황무지, 대단한 아름다움, 그리고 중요한 과학 연구의 장소이다.
⑤ The wilderness of Antarctica is unlike that of a forest or jungle. 남극 대륙의 황무지는 숲이나 밀림의 것과는 다르다.
⑥ You won't find any plants there, and there are very few animals. 여러분은 그곳에서 어떤 식물도 찾을 수 없을 것이고, 동물도 거의 없다.
⑦ Also, it is a land of extremes: it is the coldest and driest of the continents, and it has the highest average elevation. 또한, 그곳은 극한의 땅으로 대륙 중에서 가장 춥고건조하며, 평균 고도가 가장 높다.
⑧ About 98% of the continent is covered with a vast ice sheet that is larger than all of Europe. 대륙의 약 98%가 유럽 전체보다 더 큰 거대한 빙상으로 덮여 있다.
⑨ And because there are only a few thousand scientists living on the continent, it has been left almost entirely in its natural state. 그리고 대륙에 겨우 몇천 명의 과학자들만 살고 있기 때문에, 남극 대륙은 거의 전적으로 자연 상태로남아 있다.
⑩ In addition, the continent is treasured for its stunning beauty. 게다가, 남극 대륙은 경이로운 아름다움으로도 소중히 여겨지고 있다.
⑪ Its pure white land expands endlessly toward the horizon, and at night, streamers of colored light, called an aurora, dance across the sky. 그곳의 순백색의 땅은 지평선을 항해 끝없이 펼쳐져있고, 밤에는 오로라라고 불리는 색이 있는 빛의 띠가 하늘에서 춤을 춘다.
⑫ There are also "polar nights," in which the night lasts for more than 24 hours. '극야'도 있는데, 그때에는 밤이 24시간 넘게 지속된다.
⑬ Before and after these long nights, the sun rises just barely above the horizon. 이 긴 밤 전후에, 태양은 지평선 위로 아주 조금 떠오른다.
⑭ It then moves as if it were rolling slowly along the ground, creating a beautiful and mysterious spectacle. 그러고는 그것은 마치 땅을 따라서 천천히 굴러가는것처럼 움직이며 아름답고 신비로운 장관을 연출한다.
⑮ Antarctica is also extremely valuable as a scientific research site. 남극은 또한 과학 연구 장소로 매우 가치가 있다.
⑯ In 1958, the Antarctic Treaty established the continent as a peaceful and cooperative international research zone. 1958년에 남극 조약이 남극 대륙을 평화적, 협조적인 국제 연구 지역으로 설정하였다.
⑰ Each year between 1,000 and 4,000 scientists from over 27 countries live and work on research stations there. 매년 27개국이 넘는 곳에서 온 1,000명에서 4,000명에 이르는 과학자들이 그곳의 연구소에서 생활하며 일한다.
⑱ The experiments they perform help us to better understand our planet by providing important information on everything from the earth's ancient geological history to climate change. 그들이 행하는 실험은 지구의 고대 지질학적 역사에서부터 기후 변화에 이르는 모든 것에 대한 중요한정보를 제공해 줌으로써, 우리가 지구를 더 잘 이해할 수 있도록 돕는다.
⑲ Because of these intrinsic, unique qualities, all nations must cooperate to ensure that Antarctica is protected and preserved. 이러한 고유하고 독특한 특징들 때문에 모든 국가는남극 대륙이 반드시 보호되고 보존될 수 있도록 협력해야 한다.
⑳ It is essential that all activities that take place on the continent have a minimal environmental impact. 남극 대륙에서 일어나는 모든 활동은 환경에 최소한의 영향을 미쳐야 한다.
㉑ That way, it can remain a valuable treasure for years to come. 그렇게 함으로써, 남극 대륙은 앞으로 수년간 소중한 보물로 남을 수 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 07. Places - Reading 2: The Danakil Depression
① In a place sometimes referred to as the "gateway to hell," pools of lava glow in the night and mirages dance above a blinding white layer of dried salt during the day. 때때로 '지옥으로 가는 관문'이라 불리기도 하는 장소에서, 밤에는 용암 웅덩이가 빛나고 낮 동안에는건조된 소금의 눈부신 하얀 막 위에서 신기루가 춤을 춘다.
② This is the Danakil Depression, one of the hottest places on earth. 이곳은 지구상에서 가장 뜨거운 곳 중 하나인 다나킬 함몰지이다.
③ It covers around 100,000 square kilometers of land in northeastern Ethiopia. 그곳은 에티오피아 북동부 지역의 약 100,000 평방킬로미터에 걸쳐져 있다.
④ The Danakil Depression is part of a rift valley, a place where the earth's tectonic plates are moving apart and new crust is forming, which means the area is highly active geologically. 다나킬 함몰지는 지구의 지질 구조 판이 떨어져 이동하고 새로운 지각이 형성되는 장소인 열곡의 일부인데, 그것은 그 지역이 지질학적으로 매우 활발하다는 것을 의미한다.
⑤ It has volcanoes, hot springs, and colorful pools full of sulfur and other minerals. 그곳에는 화산, 온천, 그리고 유황과 다른 광물로 가득한 형형색색의 웅덩이가 있다.
⑥ The heat from within the earth contributes to the extreme temperatures, which reach 55 degrees Celsius in summer. 지구 내부로부터 나오는 열은 극한 기온의 원인이되는데, 여름에 그것은 섭씨 55도에 이른다.
⑦ Once, the entire area was part of the Red Sea, but buildups of lava separated it into an inland sea; 예전에는 전 지역이 홍해의 일부였지만, 용암의 축적이 그것을 내륙해로 분리시켰다.
⑧ later, the water evaporated in the dry climate, leaving vast deposits of salt. 후에, 그 물은 건조한 기후에 증발하여 광대한 소금퇴적물을 남겼다.
⑨ In spite of its inhospitable climate, the Danakil Depression has been useful in studying the evolution of life. 살기 힘든 기후임에도 불구하고, 다나킬 함몰지는생명체의 진화를 연구하는 데 도움이 되어 왔다.
⑩ Lucy, one of the oldest known early human ancestor fossils, was discovered here in 1974, confirming that humans originated in Africa. 가장 오래된 것으로 알려진 초기 인류 조상의 화석중 하나인 루시가 1974년에 이곳에서 발견되어 인류가 아프리카에서 기원했음을 확인해 주었다.
⑪ Moreover, the hot springs in the area are home to ancient species of microbes that live in extreme conditions that may be similar to those from earth's past or on other planets. 게다가, 그 지역의 온천들은 지구의 과거나 다른 행성의 극한의 환경과 유사할지도 모르는 환경에서 사는 고대 미생물 종의 서식지이다.
⑫ Modern humans have found a way to survive in the Danakil Depression. 현대 인류는 다나킬 함몰지에서 생존할 방법을 찾아냈다.
⑬ The Afar people move around the region, staying in portable wooden huts and herding animals. 아파르인들은 이동식 목조 오두막에서 지내고 동물들을 몰면서 그 지역을 돌아다닌다.
⑭ The Awash River gives them water and a little fertile land on which their animals can graze. 아와시 강은 그들에게 물과, 그들의 동물들이 풀을뜯을 수 있는 약간의 비옥한 땅을 제공해 준다.
⑮ Their livelihood is based on salt trading-they cut out blocks of salt, load up their camels and donkeys, and walk for a week to sell them in town. 그들의 생계는 소금 장사에 기반한다. 그들은 도시에서 소금 덩어리를 팔기 위해 그것들을 잘라내고, 낙타와 당나귀에 실어 일주일 동안 걷는다.
⑯ Because their bodies are adapted to the heat, they can survive this journey with only a little bread and water. 그들의 몸이 열에 적응했기 때문에, 그들은 약간의빵과 물만을 가지고 이 여정에서 살아남을 수 있다.
⑰ Eventually, the Red Sea will likely cover the Danakil Depression again, but not for a few million years. 결국 홍해가 아마 다나킬 함몰지를 다시 덮겠지만, 수백만 년 동안은 그러지 않을 것이다.
⑱ For now, it remains accessible to scientists who are fascinated by the life forms that could give clues about life on other planets-and to the people who make their homes and livings there. 지금 그곳은 다른 행성의 생명체에 대한 단서를 줄수도 있는 생물 형태에 매료된 과학자들과 그곳에살며 생계를 유지하는 사람들이 이용할 수 있는 곳으로 남아 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 08. Economy - Reading 1: The Longevity Economy
① In 2015, the world's population included over 1.6 billion people who were 50 or older. 2015년에, 세계 인구는 50세 이상의 16억 명이 넘는 사람을 포함했다.
② This age group already makes up a larger percentage of the population than it did in the past, and experts predict that it will double in number by 2050. 이 연령대는 과거에 그랬던 것보다 이마 더 많은 인구 비율을 차지하고 있으며, 전문가들은 2050년까지 그 수가 두 배가 될 것이라고 예측한다.
③ This shift is transforming economies everywhere. 이 변화가 모든 곳의 경제를 바꾸고 있다.
④ Some see this change as a negative development. 어떤 이들은 이 변화를 부정적인 전개로 본다.
⑤ As the ratio of young people to old people goes down, taxes intended to support the elderly could become more burdensome to young workers. 노인에 대한 청년의 비율이 낮아지면서 노인들을 부양하기 위한 세금이 젊은 노동자들에게 더 부담이될 수도 있다.
⑥ More people are taking money out of social security systems, while fewer are paying into them. 더 많은 사람들이 사회 보장 제도에서 돈을 가져가는 데 반해, 더 적은 사람들이 그것에 돈을 불입하고있다.
⑦ In Europe, many nations now tax wages at 20 percent or more to make up for this. 유럽에서는 현재 많은 국가들이 이것을 보완하기 위해 임금에 20% 이상의 세금을 부과한다.
⑧ To meet the medical needs of an older population, more government resources must go towards health care, which could mean fewer resources are available elsewhere. 노년 인구의 의료 수요를 충족시키기 위해 더 많은정부의 재원이 의료 서비스에 쓰여야 하는데, 그것은 다른 곳에 더 적은 재원을 이용할 수 있다는 것을의미할 수도 있다.
⑨ In addition, as the number of elderly people grows, there will be a shortage of skilled workers trained to care for them. 게다가, 노인의 수가 증가하면서 그들을 돌볼 수 있도록 교육받은 능숙한 근로자들이 부족하게 될 것이다.
⑩ These difficulties make many people uneasy about the world's economic future. 이러한 어려움들은 많은 사람들이 세계 경제의 미래에 대해 불안감을 느끼게 한다.
⑪ Others, however, have a brighter view of the economic impact of the aging population. 하지만 다른 이들은 인구 고령화의 경제적인 영향을보다 긍정적으로 보고 있다.
⑫ In general, this age group makes large contributions to the financial growth of countries. 일반적으로, 이 연령대는 국가의 재정 성장에 크게기여한다.
⑬ The economic activities of senior citizens are called the longevity economy, and they could compensate for the rise in public spending on health care. 노인들의 경제 활동은 장수 경제라고 불리며, 그것은 의료 서비스에 대한 공공 지출의 증가를 벌충할수 있을 것이다.
⑭ For example, Oxford Economics found that people over SO make up 35 percent of the US population but produce 43 percent of the country's GDP and contribute 55 percent of the money spent on consumer goods. 예를 들어, 옥스포드 이코노믹스는 50세 이상의 사람들이 미국 인구의 35%를 차지하지만, 국가 GDP의 43%를 생산하며 소비재에 지출되는 비용의55%를 제공한다는 것을 밝혀냈다.
⑮ Seniors volunteer and donate to charities at higher rates than younger people, and many of them run small businesses, creating job opportunities for others. 노인은 젊은 사람들보다 더 높은 비율로 자원봉사를하고 자선 단체에 기부하며, 그들 중 많은 수가 작은사업을 운영하여 다른 사람들을 위한 일자리를 창출한다.
⑯ Because the longevity economy drives economic growth that benefits everyone, an aging population could actually pay for itself. 장수 경제가 모두에게 득이 되는 경제 성장을 추진하기 때문에 인구 고령화는 실제로 수지가 맞을 수도 있다.
⑰ Longer life spans have created the need for more medical care, placing a burden on younger taxpayers, but they also mean that people can work productively for longer, which boosts the economy. 길어진 수명은 더 많은 의료 서비스의 필요성을 만들어 내어 젊은 납세자에게 부담을 지우지만, 그것은 또한 사람들이 더 오랫동안 생산적으로 일할 수있다는 것을 의미하는데, 이는 경기를 부양한다.
⑱ Disagreements over the outcome persist, and the world waits to see whether the positives or negatives will win out. 결과에 대한 의견 차이는 계속되고, 세계는 긍정적인 것이 승리할지 부정적인 것이 승리할지 지켜본다.

 

 

 

Unit 08. Economy - Reading 2: Freeconomics
① Everyone loves getting something for free, and these days it is easier than ever to receive a variety of free items. 모든 사람이 공짜로 원가를 얻는 것을 좋아하며, 요즘은 갖가지 공짜 물건을 받는 것이 어느 때보다 쉽다.
② Companies give away free food, free T-shirts, even free cell phones. 기업들은 공짜 음식, 공짜 티셔츠, 심지어 공짜 휴대전화까지 나누어 준다.
③ This might not seem like a smart thing for businesses to do, but it's actually a well-planned strategy based on something called "freeconomics." 기업이 이런 일을 하는 것은 현명한 일이 아닌 것처럼 보일지도 모르지만, 실은 이것은 '프리코노믹스' 라고 불리는 것에 기반한 잘 계획된 전략이다.
④ One basic practice of freeconomics is letting people try something once in order to make them become regular customers. 프리코노믹스의 기본적인 한 가지 전략은 사람들을단골 고객으로 만들기 위해 뭔가를 한 번 써 보게 하는 것이다.
⑤ For example, if you are given a free coffee at a cafe one morning, you might come back day after day to buy the same drink. 예를 들어, 당신이 어느 날 아침 카페에서 공짜 커피를 받는다면 당신은 똑같은 음료를 사기 위해 날마다 올지도 모른다.
⑥ This is the same reason a company might send you a small container of shampoo in the mail― 아는 기업에서 당신에게 우편으로 작은 샴푸 용기를보내는 것과 같은 이유이다.
⑦ they hope you will buy a full bottle the next time you go shopping. 그들은 당신이 다음번에 쇼핑을 갈 때는 큰 병을 구입 하기를 바라는 것이다.
⑧ Another strategy of freeconomics is to give consumers something for free, knowing they will then need to purchase something to accompany it. 프리코노믹스의 또 다른 전략은 소비자들이 그 후에그것에 수반되는 뭔가를 구매해야 할 것이라는 것을알면서, 그들에게 무언가를 공짜로 주는 것이다.
⑨ A phone company, for example, may give you a free cell phone, but you then need to pay for an annual plan. 예를 들어, 전화 회사에서 당신에게 공짜 휴대 전화를 줄지도 모르지만, 그러고 나면 당신은 연간 요금제를 지불해야 한다.
⑩ The concept offreeconomics has been around for a while, but the Internet has made it more popular than ever. 프리코노믹스라는 개념은 한동안 존재해 왔지만, 인터넷이 그것을 그 어느 때보다 더 대중화시켰다.
⑪ Because the cost of running an online business is so low, websites are constantly offering free benefits in the hope of attracting more visitors. 인터넷 업체를 운영하는 비용이 매우 적기 때문에, 웹 사이트들은 더 많은 방문객을 끌어들이기를 바라고 끊임없이 무료 혜택을 제공하고 있다.
⑫ Although some people will simply take advantage of the free offerings, the business may be able to convince them to upgrade to more attractive paid services. 일부 사람들은 단지 무료 제공품을 이용할 것임에도불구하고, 업체는 그들에게 좀 더 매력적인 유료 서비스로 상향 조정하라고 설득할 수 있을지도 모른다.
⑬ This is known as the "freemium" strategy, a combination of the words "free" and "premium." 이것은 'freemium' 전략이라고 알려진 것으로'free(공짜의)'와 'premium(고급의)'이란 단어가 결합한 것이다.
⑭ Some experts believe freeconomics will eventually change the way business takes place. 일부 전문가들은 프리코노믹스가 결국은 사업이 이루어지는 방식을 바꿀 것이라고 생각한다.
⑮ Already, any company with a superior product can benefit by giving potential consumers a free taste. 이미, 뛰어난 제품을 보유한 어떤 기업이든 잠재 고객에게 무료 체험을 하게 해주어 이득을 얻을 수 있다.
⑯ And online, there are plenty of businesses, such as YouTube and Google, that don't need to sell anything to consumers at all. 그리고 인터넷상에는 유튜브나 구글처럼 소비자들에게 어떤 것도 전혀 판매할 필요가 없는 사업체들이많다.
⑰ They simply attract millions of people to their websites with free services, and then they make their profits from charging other companies to advertise on their site. 그들은 단지 무료 서비스로 자신들의 웹 사이트에수백만 명을 끌어들이고, 다른 업체가 그들의 사이트에서 광고를 하는 것에 대해 요금을 청구하는 것으로 이윤을 얻는다.
⑱ These businesses make money, and we get to enjoy something for free. 이러한 업체들은 수익을 얻고, 우리는 뭔가를 공짜로 즐길 수 있게 된다.

 

 

 

Unit 09. Language - Reading 1: Whistled Languages
① Whistling is often thought of as a simple action done without thinking, but some people use whistling to have entire conversations. 휘파람을 부는 것은 흔히 생각 없이 하는 단순한 행동으로 여겨지지만, 어떤 사람들은 모든 대화를 하는 데 휘파람을 사용한다.
② Today, as many as 70 whistled languages are used around the world. 오늘날 70개나 되는 휘파람 언어가 전 세계적으로사용된다.
③ Some are based on widespread spoken languages, like Spanish, while others are based on languages with few speakers. 어떤 것들은 스페인어와 같이 널리 사용되는 구어를기반으로 하는 데 반해, 다른 것들은 사용자가 거의없는 언어를 기반으로 한다.
④ What they usually have in common is that they are used in mountainous areas or thick forests. 보통 휘파람 언어들이 가지고 있는 공통점은 그것들이 산악 지대나 울창한 숲에서 사용된다는 것이다.
⑤ In these surroundings, whistling can be heard more clearly and from farther away than shouting can. 이러한 환경에서 휘파람은 소리를 지르는 것보다 더분명하게, 더 멀리서도 들릴 수 있다.
⑥ Whistled languages are in danger of extinction because they tend to be used in isolated places. 휘파람 언어는 고립된 장소에서 사용되는 경향이 있어서 소멸될 위기에 처해 있다.
⑦ Take Sfyria, a whistled language from Antia, Greece, as an example. 그리스 안티아의 휘파람 언어인 스피리아를 예로 들어 보자.
⑧ Its whistled sounds are based on the spoken sounds of Greek. 그것의 휘파람 소리는 그리스어의 구어음을 기반으로 한다.
⑨ Different combinations of whistled tones represent vowels, and consonants are reproduced by changing the tones of vowels. 휘파람 음조의 다양한 조합은 모음을 나타내고, 자음은 모음의 음조를 바꿈으로써 다시 만들어진다.
⑩ In the village where Sfyria originated, the population has declined to 37 people. 스피리아가 생겨난 마을에서는 인구가 37명으로 줄어들었다.
⑪ Some residents have lost their teeth in their old age, so only six people able to whistle the language remain. 어떤 주민들은 노년기에 이가 빠져서, 그 (휘파람) 언어를 불 수 있는 사람은 단 6명만 남아 있다.
⑫ In an attempt to save Sfyria, the people of Antia agreed to teach it to outsiders, something that was not done historically, and in 2012, they held a festival that attracted attention from around Greece and internationally. 스피리아를 보존하기 위해 안티아 사람들은 외부인들에게 그것을 가르치는 데 동의했는데, 그것은 역사적으로 행해지지 않은 것이었으며, 2012년에 그들은 그리스로부터, 그리고 국제적으로 이목을 끈축제를 열었다.
⑬ Some groups have been fairly successful in preserving their whistled languages. 어떤 집단은 자신들의 휘파람 언어를 보존하는 데꽤 성공했다.
⑭ On the island of La Gomera, near northern Africa, a whistled language called Silbo Gomero allows people to communicate in Spanish over long distances. 북아프리카 부근에 있는 라고메라 섬에서, 실보 고메로라고 불리는 휘파람 언어는 사람들이 먼 거리에서도 스페인어로 소통할 수 있게 해 준다.
⑮ It works by simplifying the sounds of Spanish into two whistled vowels and four whistled consonants. 그것은 스페인어 소리를 두 개의 휘파람 모음과 네개의 휘파람 자음으로 단순화함으로써 행해진다.
⑯ In the 1950s, the use of Silbo Gomero declined because of new communication technology, but in the 1980s, people began to realize what they were losing and took steps to protect it. 1950년대에는 새로운 통신 기술로 인해 실보 고메로의 사용이 감소했지만, 1980년대에 사람들은 그들이 잃어가던 것을 깨닫기 시작했고, 그것을 지키기 위한 조치를 취했다.
⑰ They revived classes in schools and introduced programs for adults, and people of all ages on the island can use Silbo Gomero today. 그들은 학교 수업을 부활시켰고 성인을 위한 프로그램을 도입해서, 오늘날 그 섬에 사는 남녀노소의 사람들이 실보 고메로를 사용할 수 있다.
⑱ So why fight to preserve a whistled language when we have long-distance communication tools? 우리에게는 장거리 통신 수단이 있는데 왜 (그들은) 휘파람 언어를 보존하기 위해 노력할까?
⑲ Each language carries information about the culture and history of the people who use it. 각각의 언어는 그것을 사용하는 사람들의 문화와 역사에 대한 정보를 전달한다.
⑳ As people everywhere begin to communicate in similar ways, will we remember the unique stories of people who saw, and talked about, the world in their own distinctive ways? 모든 곳에 있는 사람들이 비슷한 방식으로 소통하기시작한다면, 우리는 자신들만의 독특한 방식으로 세계를 보고 그것에 대해 말했던 사람들의 특별한 이야기들을 기억하게 될까?

 

 

 

Unit 09. Language - Reading 2: Esperanto
① What would the world be like if everyone could communicate in one language? 만일 모든 사람이 한 가지 언어로 의사소통할 수 있다면 세상은 어떤 모습일까?
② There was a man who tried to put this idea into practice-Poland's Dr. Ludovic Lazarus Zamenhof. 이 생각을 실행에 옮기려고 했던 한 사람이 있다. 바로 폴란드의 루도빅 라자루스 자멘호프 박사이다.
③ His language, which was developed in the late 1870s and early 1880s, is known as Esperanto. 1870년대 후반에서 1880년대 초반에 걸쳐 개발된그의 언어는 에스페란토라고 알려져 있다.
④ It is a constructed language intended for use among people who speak different native languages. 그것은 서로 다른 모국어를 구사하는 사람들 간에사용하도록 만들어진 인공어이다.
⑤ The word "Esperanto" means "a person who is hoping." '에스페란토'라는 단어는 '희망하는 사람'이라는 뜻이다.
⑥ Zamenhof's goal was to create an easy and flexible language to foster peace and international understanding and to resolve many of the problems that lead to strife and conflict. 자멘호프의 목표는 평화와 국제적 이해를 증진하고,분쟁과 갈등으로 이어지는 많은 문제를 해결하기 위해 쉽고도 융통성 있는 언어를 만들어 내는 것이었다.
⑦ It was to serve as an international auxiliary language-that is, as a universal second tongue―not to replace ethnic languages. 그것은 민족어들을 대체하기 위함이 아니라 국제적보조 언어, 즉 전 세계적인 제2 언어의 역할을 하기위함이었다.
⑧ The number of speakers grew rapidly over the next few decades, at first primarily in the Russian Empire and Eastern Europe, and then in Western Europe and East Asia. 이 언어를 사용하는 사람의 수는 이후 몇십 년 동안급속도로 증가했는데, 처음에는 러시아 제국과 동유럽에서 주로 쓰이다가, 그다음에는 서유럽과 동아시아에서 쓰였다.
⑨ There are three particular features that make Esperanto easy to learn compared to other languages. 다른 언어들에 비해 에스페란토를 배우기 쉽게 만드는 세 가지 특별한 특징들이 있다.
⑩ First, its system uses one letter for one sound, which means the spoken and written language can be learned and applied very quickly. 우선, 이 언어의 체계가 한 가지 소리에 한 글자를사용한다는 점인데, 그것은 구어와 문어를 아주 빨리 배우고 적용할 수 있다는 것을 의미한다.
⑪ Furthermore, just 16 grammatical rules need to be learned to understand nearly all the grammar of Esperanto. 게다가 에스페란토의 거의 모든 문법을 이해하기 위해서는 단 16개의 문법 규칙만 배우면 된다.
⑫ Finally, it is easy to form words from the most basic roots, and it is considered acceptable to create your own words. 마지막으로, 가장 기본이 되는 어근으로부터 단어들을 만드는 것이 쉽고, 자신만의 단어를 만들어 내는것도 허용된다.
⑬ It is estimated that around two million people are currently able to speak Esperanto. 약 2백만 명이 현재 에스페란토를 사용할 수 있는것으로 추정된다.
⑭ However, despite its easy-to-learn system, it was never made an official language of any country. 하지만 배우기 쉬운 체계에도 불구하고 에스페란토는 어떤 나라의 공식 언어도 되지 못했다.
⑮ This could be because Esperanto is frequently criticized for having vocabulary and grammar that are too closely related to Western European languages. 이는 에스페란토가 서유럽의 언어들과 너무 밀접하게 연관된 어휘와 문법을 가지고 있다는 비판을 자주 받는 것 때문일 수 있다.
⑯ Another common criticism of the language is that it has no culture. 이 언어에 대한 또 하나의 일반적인 비판은 이 언어에 문화가 없다는 것이다.
⑰ However, Esperanto is intentionally culturally neutral. 그렇지만 에스페란토는 의도적으로 문화적 중립성을 지키고 있다.
⑱ It was intended to be a facilitator between cultures, not the carrier of any one culture. 이 언어는 문화 간의 조력자 역할을 하게끔 의도된것이지, 어떤 한 문화의 운반자 역할을 하도록 의도된 것은 아니었다.
⑲ Perhaps the future of the language depends on the outcome of the dispute between two sides within the Esperanto-speaking community: 어쩌면 이 언어의 미래는 에스페란토를 사용하는 집단 내에 존재하는 양측 논쟁의 결과에 달려있다고볼 수 있다.
⑳ those who retain the original goal that Esperanto must become the universal second language and those who instead treat Esperanto as a kind of alternative lifestyle with no grand ambitions. 즉, 에스페란토가 세계 제2 언어가 되어야 한다는원래의 목표를 지닌 측과, 큰 야심 없이 에스페란토를 일종의 대안적인 생활 양식으로 여기는 또 다른측을 말한다.

 

 

 

Unit 10. Art - Reading 1: Rembrandt
① Rembrandt, a baroque artist, ranks as one of the greatest painters in Western history. 바로크 시대의 화가인 렘브란트는 서양사에서 가장위대한 화가 중 한 사람으로 손꼽힌다.
② Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn was born on July 15, 1606, in Leiden, Netherlands. 렘브란트 하르먼스존 판 레인은 1606년 7월 15일네덜란드의 레이던에서 태어났다.
③ Combining a deep understanding of human nature with brilliant technique, he produced nearly 600 paintings. 그는 인간 본성에 대한 깊은 이해와 뛰어난 기교를결합하며 거의 600점에 이르는 그림을 그렸다.
④ Rembrandt's work is famous for his command of light and dark, often using contrast to draw the viewer into the painting. 렘브란트의 작품은 명암 표현 능력으로 유명한데,보는 사람을 그림 속으로 끌어들이는 (명암) 대비를자주 사용하였다.
⑤ This feature is best shown in Night Watch, his largest painting. 이러한 특징은 그의 가장 큰 그림인 〈야간 순찰〉에서가장 잘 나타난다.
⑥ It was completed in 1642, at the peak of the Dutch Golden Age. 그것은 네덜란드 황금시대의 절정이었던 1642년에완성되었다.
⑦ Viewing the painting in person, one is struck by the extreme contrast between light and dark, which adds to the feeling of movement and depth. 그 그림을 직접 보면 명암의 극단적인 대비에 탄복하게 되는데, 그것은 동적 효과와 깊이감을 더한다.
⑧ There is a man in the foreground of the painting carrying a spear that almost appears to be three-dimensional. 그림의 전경에 거의 삼차원처럼 보이는 투창을 들고있는 한 남자가 있다.
⑨ This illusory depth shows what a genius Rembrandt was. 이러한 착각을 일으키는 깊이감은 렘브란트가 얼마나 천재였는지를 보여준다.
⑩ His ability to use light and color, along with linear perspective, brings his paintings to life. 직선 원근법과 함께, 빛과 색을 사용하는 그의 능력은 그의 그림에 활기를 불어넣는다.
⑪ However, if you were to look at a reproduction of Night Watch in a book, you would not be able to appreciate this. 하지만, 여러분이 책에서 〈야간 순찰〉의 복제본을 본다면 이를 감상할 수 없을 것이다.
⑫ The spear, which seems so real in person, looks completely unremarkable in a photograph. 직접 보면 정말 실제 같은 투창이 사진에서는 전혀두드러져 보이지 않는다.
⑬ From the late 1630s, Rembrandt began to paint landscapes. 1630년대 후반부터 렘브란트는 풍경화를 그리기시작했다.
⑭ These works focused on the darker side of nature, showing mysterious scenes such as huge fallen trees in a storm or threatening skies. 이 작품들은 폭풍을 맞고 쓰러진 거대한 나무나 위협적인 하늘과 같이 신비로운 장면들을 보여주면서, 자연의 더 어두운 면에 중점을 두었다.
⑮ Such characteristics can be found in his painting Stormy Landscape(l638). 이러한 특징들은 그의 그림인 〈폭풍우 몰아치는 풍경〉에서 찾아볼 수 있다.
⑯ Toward the end of his life, Rembrandt painted some of his finest self-portraits, highlighting the effect that grief and sorrow had had on his face. 그의 인생 막바지에 이르러, 렘브란트는 자신의 얼굴에 서려 있던 고뇌와 슬픔의 느낌을 강조하여 그의 가장 훌륭한 자화상들 중 일부를 그렸다.
⑰ They reflected his painful family life as opposed to his successful public career. 그것들은 대중에게 알려진 그의 성공적인 이력과는대조되는 그의 가슴 아픈 가정사를 반영한 것이었다.
⑱ The numerous self-portraits he produced give us a remarkable record of the aging process of his own facial features in addition to the changes of his own character. 렘브란트가 그린 수많은 자화상들은 그 자신의 성격변화와 더불어 자신의 얼굴 이목구비가 노화되어 가는 과정의 두드러진 기록을 우리에게 보여준다.
⑲ Compared to other artists of his time, Rembrandt studied the world surrounding him more clearly and with greater insight. 당대의 다른 화가에 비해 렘브란트는 더 명료하게, 더 깊은 통찰력으로 그를 둘러싼 세계를 연구했다.
⑳ The consistently high standard throughout his work has earned Rembrandt the reputation of being a central figure in the golden age of Dutch art. 그의 작품들을 통틀어 한결같이 지킨 높은 기준은그가 네덜란드 미술의 황금시대의 한 중심인물이 되는 명성을 얻도록 해 주었다.

 

 

 

Unit 10. Art - Reading 2: TOEFL (Baroque Art)
① After the Renaissance period had come to a close, European art was transformed with the dawn of the Baroque period around 1600. 르네상스 시대가 끝난 뒤, 유럽의 미술은 1600년경바로크 시대의 도래와 함께 변화를 겪었다.
② Baroque style originated in Rome and spread to most of Europe. 바로크 양식은 로마에서 시작되어 유럽 대부분의 지역으로 퍼져 나갔다.
③ The popularity and success of the Baroque movement was encouraged by the Catholic Church's populist movement. 바로크 운동의 인기와 성공은 가톨릭교회의 대중주의 운동에 의해 장려되었다.
④ In response to the challenge of the Protestant Reformation in the 17th century, the Catholic Church promoted traditional values of spirituality. 17세기에 있었던 종교 개혁의 도전에 대응하여 가톨릭교회는 영성의 전통적인 가치를 장려했다.
⑤ The Church intended to use art as a tool of communicating its teachings to the illiterate as well as the educated. 가톨릭교회는 교육을 받은 사람들뿐만 아니라 글을모르는 사람들에게도 그 가르침을 전하기 위한 수단으로 미술을 이용하려 했다.
⑥ Many Baroque artists drew religious themes with direct, emotional involvement. 다수의 바로크 미술가들은 직접적이고 감정적으로개입해서 종교적인 주제를 그렸다.
⑦ While the classical art of the Renaissance promoted human reason, Baroque art focused on feelings and human sensitivity. 르네상스 시대의 고전 미술이 인간의 이성을 장려한데 반해, 바로크 미술은 감정과 인간의 감성에 초점을 맞췄다.
⑧ In an attempt to appeal to the senses, Baroque artists tried to show emotion, variety, and movement in their artwork. 감각에 호소하기 위한 하나의 시도로, 바로크 미술가들은 그들의 작품 속에서 감정과 다양성, 그리고움직임을 보여주려고 했다.
⑨ They did this by using strong contrasts in value. 그들은 명암의 강한 대비를 사용해서 이를 해냈다.
⑩ Employing different colors, they highlighted the power of brightness and darkness to show paintings in a more emotional way. 다양한 색을 사용하여 그들은 그림을 보다 더 감성적인 방식으로 보여주기 위해 명암의 힘을 강조했다.
⑪ They also dealt with real life and common people as subjects rather than idealized, perfectly formed models like those used in the Renaissance period. 그들은 또한 르네상스 시대에 쓰였던 것과 같이 이상화 되고 완벽한 체형을 가진 모델 대신 실생활과보통 사람들을 소재로 다루었다.
⑫ Caravaggio and Annibale Carracci are two great figures of the Baroque tradition, bringing a new richness to Italian painting. 카라바조와 안니발레 카라치는 바로크 전통의 위대한 두 인물로, 이탈리아 미술에 새로운 풍부함을 가져왔다.
⑬ The peak point of Baroque art was the work of Gian Lorenzo Bernini, who dominated the High Baroque period with his energetic and spectacular art forms. 바로크 미술의 정점은 지안 로렌조 베르니니의 작품이었는데, 그는 힘이 넘치고 웅장한 예술 형식으로바로크 시대 전성기를 주도했다.
⑭ Although the Baroque movement actually started in Rome, it eventually influenced the artists of the Netherlands, France, Germany, and Spain, undergoing some change in each of the countries to which it migrated. 바로크 운동은 사실상 로마에서 시작되었지만, 그것이 전파된 각 나라에서 어느 정도의 변화를 겪으면서, 결국 네덜란드, 프랑스, 독일, 그리고 스페인의미술가들에게 영향을 미쳤다.
⑮ Dutch Baroque was based more on everyday life and led to the dominance of portraiture, landscape, and still life, as illustrated by the works of Vermeer and Rembrandt. 네덜란드의 바로크 양식은 일상생활에 좀 더 기반을두었고, 베르메르와 렘브란트의 작품에서 나타나듯이 초상화, 풍경화, 그리고 정물화의 우세로 이어졌다.
⑯ In France, the Baroque style was used in the major art forms and promoted by the monarchy. 프랑스에서는 바로크 양식이 주된 예술 형식으로 쓰였으며 군주제에 의해 장려되었다.
⑰ By the beginning of the 18th century, the Baroque style had been largely replaced by the lighter Rococo movement that developed in the art world of Paris. 18세기가 시작될 즈음에, 바로크 양식은 파리의 미술계에서 발달한 좀 더 경쾌한 로코코 운동에 의해대부분 대체 되었다.
⑱ Nevertheless, Baroque art and its influence continued to spread around the world. 그럼에도 불구하고, 바로크 미술과 그 영향력은 계속해서 전 세계로 퍼져 나갔다.

 

 

 

Unit 11. Biotechnology - Reading 1: Biomimetics
① Human beings are endlessly innovative. 인간은 끝없이 혁신적이다.
② Over the centuries, we have created many amazing ideas and inventions in order to solve some of the most difficult problems in history. 수 세기에 걸쳐 우리는 역사상 가장 어려운 문제들중 일부를 해결하기 위해 많은 놀라운 생각과 발명품을 창조해 왔다.
③ However, the inspiration for many of these ideas and inventions came from nature. 하지만 이런 생각과 발명품 중 많은 것들의 영감은자연으로부터 온 것이다.
④ There is even a name for this field: biomimetics. 심지어 이 분야를 나타내는 생체 모방 기술이라는이름도 존재한다.
⑤ Biomimetics takes advantage of the fact that nature has been undergoing a process of trial and error for billions of years. 생체 모방 기술은 자연이 수십억 년 동안 시행착오과정을 거쳐오고 있다는 사실을 이용한다.
⑥ Over that time, it has perfected many systems and processes that allow plants and animals to survive in challenging circumstances and harsh environments. 그 시간 동안 자연은 식물과 동물이 어려운 상황과거친 환경 속에서 살아남을 수 있게 하는 여러 체계와 과정을 완벽하게 만들었다.
⑦ Therefore, throughout history, humans have been looking to nature for solutions to problems and ideas for inventions. 따라서 역사를 통틀어 인간은 문제에 대한 해결책과발명품을 위한 아이디어를 얻기 위해 자연을 관찰하고 있다.
⑧ The bodies of birds, for example, inspired the design of airplanes, while the water-resistant qualities of lotus flowers have been copied to make waterproof paint. 예를 들어, 새의 몸은 비행기 디자인에 영감을 준 반면, 연꽃의 방수 특성은 방수 페인트를 제작하기 위해 모방되었다.
⑨ Today, many new and exciting applications of biomimetics re being considered by scientists. 오늘날, 여러 새롭고 흥미로운 생체 모방 기술의 적용이 과학자들에 의해 고려되고 있다.
⑩ For example, the strong silk used by spiders to make their webs may lead engineers to a flexible material that could be used to make bridge cables. 예를 들어, 거미가 거미줄을 만드는 데 사용되는 강한 실은 다리의 케이블을 만들기 위해 사용될 수 있는 탄력적인 물질로 공학자들을 이끌 수 있을 것이다.
⑪ Scientists have also been carefully studying animals that dive deep into the water to learn how they lower their brain temperatures and slow their metabolisms. 과학자들은 물속 깊이 잠수하는 동물들이 뇌의 온도를 어떻게 낮추고, 신진대사를 어떻게 늦추는지를알기 위해 그 동물들도 면밀히 연구해 오고 있다.
⑫ It is hoped that this can help doctors find a way to treat seriously injured patients by putting their bodies into a similar state. 이는 의사들이 심각한 부상을 입은 환자의 몸을 비슷한 상태에 둠으로써 그들을 치료하는 방법을 찾는데 도움이 될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.
⑬ Biomimetic research is also being done on a wide variety of other ideas. 또한, 생체 모방 기술 연구는 매우 다양한 아이디어로도 행해지고 있다.
⑭ A strong illustration is research on how plant leaves could be used as the model for a new kind of solar panel. 한 가지 설득력 있는 예는 식물의 잎이 새로운 종류의 태양 전지판 모델로 사용될 수 있는 방법에 관한연구이다.
⑮ A substance mussels use to attach themselves to rocks is similarly being studied and copied in order to create a non-toxic glue for surgeons. 홍합이 자신을 바위에 부착시키기 위해 사용하는 물질은 외과 전문의들을 위한 무독성 접착제를 고안할수 있도록 마찬가지로 연구되고 모방되고 있다.
⑯ Ultimately, biomimetics creates a new kind of relationship between humans and nature. 궁극적으로, 생체 모방 기술은 인간과 자연 간의 새로운 종류의 관계를 만드는 것이다.
⑰ Instead of treating animals, plants, and microbes as resources to be controlled or harvested, we are now looking at them as teachers with valuable information to share. 동물, 식물 및 미생물을 통제하고 채취하는 자원으로 다루는 대신, 이제 우리는 그것들을 소중한 정보를 공유하는 스승으로 보고 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 11. Biotechnology - Reading 2: Bioluminescence
① Nearly 200 years ago, Charles Darwin described the first time that he observed ocean water full of tiny bioluminescent organisms. 거의 200년 전에, 찰스 다윈은 아주 작은 생물 발광의 유기체로 가득 한 바닷물을 처음으로 관찰했던때를 묘사했다.
② He wrote that the sea was glowing with flickers of light. 그는 바다가 깜빡이는 빛으로 빛나고 있다고 적었다.
③ He also noted that the water still flashed with sparks of light after it was collected in a bottle. 그는 또한 그 물이 병 속에 들어간 후에도 여전히 섬광을 내며 번쩍였다고 써두었다.
④ At the time, no one knew what caused the glow, but bioluminescence has been the subject of much research since then. 그 당시에는 무엇이 그 불빛을 생겨나게 했는지 아무도 몰랐지만, 그때부터 생물 발광은 많은 연구의주제가 되어 왔다.
⑤ Bioluminescence simply means light made by living things. 생물 발광은 단순히 생명체에 의해 만들어진 빛을의미한다.
⑥ Fireflies are a common example, but the phenomenon is found in some fish, mushrooms, bacteria, and other creatures as well. 반딧불이가 흔한 예이지만, 그 현상은 일부 어류, 버섯, 박테리아, 그리고 다른 생물에서도 발견된다.
⑦ We now know that the light is made by chemicals called luciferins. 이제 우리는 그 빛이 루시페린이라 불리는 화학 물질에 의해 만들어진다는 것을 안다.
⑧ The organisms light up when enzymes called luciferases interact with luciferin, and the varieties of luciferin in different creatures produce different colors of light. 유기체들은 루시페라아제라고 불리는 효소가 루시페린과 상호 작용할 때 빛이 나고, 여러 생물 속의다양한 루시페린은 다른 색의 빛을 만들어 낸다.
⑨ Humans have occasionally made use of bioluminescence in the past. 과거에 인간은 가끔 생물 발광을 이용했다.
⑩ Glowing fungus growing on wood may have been used to mark trails through forests, and miners have used jars of fireflies to light their work underground. 나무에서 자라는 발광 곰팡이는 숲을 가로지르는 길을 표시하는 데 사용되었을지도 모르며, 광부들은지하에 있는 그들의 작업장을 밝히는 데 반딧불이가든 병을 사용해 왔다.
⑪ Unlike common light sources, bioluminescence produces almost no heat, so it is an attractive tool under many c1rcumstances. 흔한 광원과는 달리, 생물 발광은 열을 거의 내지 않으므로 많은 상황에서 매력적인 도구이다.
⑫ Today, even more applications of bioluminescence are possible. 오늘날에는, 생물 발광을 훨씬 더 많이 적용할 수 있다.
⑬ For example, it is used to warn of toxic substances in water. 예를 들어, 그것은 물속의 독성 물질을 경고하는 데사용된다.
⑭ Bioluminescent bacteria in water grow dimmer when toxic substances are present, alerting people to test for contamination from pesticides or heavy metals. 물속의 생물 발광 박테리아는 독성 물질이 있으면더 흐릿해져서 살충제나 중금속으로부터의 오염이있는지 검사하도록 사람들에게 경고한다.
⑮ In addition, inventors are trying to create eco-friendly lamps from algae that glow when the water they live in moves. 또한, 발명가들은 자신들이 서식하는 물이 움직일때 빛을 내는 조류를 이용해 친환경적인 램프를 만들기 위해 노력하고 있다.
⑯ These lamps are expected to reduce energy usage and light pollution. 이러한 램프는 에너지 사용량과 광공해를 줄여줄 것으로 기대된다.
⑰ In medical research, firefly luciferase is mixed with a dye that causes it to emit near-infrared light, which can be detected through relatively thick layers of tissue. 의학 연구에서 반딧불이의 루시페라아제는 그것이근적외선을 방출하게 하는 염료와 혼합되는데, 그근적외선은 비교적 두꺼운 조직층을 통해 감지될 수있다.
⑱ This mixture is used to mark blood clotting proteins, making it easier to monitor the effectiveness of blood thinners. 이 혼합물은 혈액 응고 단백질을 표시하는 데 사용되어 혈액 희석제의 효과를 추적 관찰하는 것을 더용이하게 해 준다.
⑲ Bioluminescence is older than the human species, but modern technology is giving it brand new uses. 생물 발광은 인류보다 더 오래되었지만, 현대 기술은 그것에 완전히 새로운 용도를 제공하고 있다.
⑳ What was once a mysterious phenomenon is now helping us understand more about our bodies and the world around us, and hopefully allowing us to find ways to generate light with minimal environmental impact. 한때는 불가사의한 현상이었던 것이 이제는 우리가우리의 신체와 우리를 둘러싼 세계를 더 잘 이해하게 도와주고, 바라건대 우리가 최소한의 환경적인영향을 주는 빛을 만들어 내는 방법들을 찾도록 해주고 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 12. Social Issues - Reading 1: Coltan and Conflict
① You may have never heard of coltan, a kind of mineral found mostly in Africa. 여러분은 주로 아프리카에서 발견되는 광물의 한 종류인 콜탄에 대해 한 번도 들어본 적이 없을지도 모른다.
② However, it contains tantalum, a rare metal that is probably a big part of your life. 하지만 이것은 아마 여러분의 인생에서 큰 부분을차지하고 있을 희귀한 금속인 탄탈럼을 포함하고 있다.
③ Tantalum is used to make tantalum capacitors, which are an essential component of cameras, laptops, and cell phones. 탄탈럼은 카메라, 노트북, 휴대 전화의 필수 구성 요소인 탄탈럼 축전기를 만드는 테 사용된다.
④ Not surprisingly, this makes tantalum highly valuable-so valuable, in fact, that a terrible conflict is being fought over it. 이 점이 탄탈럼을 매우 가치 있게 만드는 것은 당연한 것이고, 사실 너무 귀하기 때문에 그것을 두고 심한 갈등이 빚어지고 있다.
⑤ About 80% of the world's coltan is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 전 세계 콜탄의 약 80%는 콩고 민주 공화국에서 발견된다.
⑥ Currently, the country is in the middle of a violent armed conflict, and most of its coltan mines are controlled by military groups. 현재 이 국가는 폭력적인 무력 분쟁을 겪고 있고, 대부분의 콜탄 광산은 군사 세력에 의해 통제된다.
⑦ They extract the coltan and sell it to neighboring countries, using the money to buy more weapons. 그들은 콜탄을 추출하고 이웃 국가에 판매하여 그돈을 더 많은 무기를 사는 데 사용한다.
⑧ More and more people are buying electronic devices containing tantalum each year. 점점 더 많은 사람들이 매년 탄탈럼을 함유한 전자기기를 구매하고 있다.
⑨ To meet this demand, large amounts of coltan must be dug out of the earth. 이러한 수요를 충족시키기 위해서는 많은 양의 콜탄이 땅에서 채굴되어야 한다.
⑩ In many cases, small children are forced to work in the mines. 많은 경우에 어린아이들이 광산에서 일하도록 강요당한다.
⑪ Many farmers, whose fields have been destroyed in the fighting, are also employed by these mines. 이 분쟁으로 농경지가 훼손된 많은 농부들도 이러한광산에 고용된다.
⑫ Although they receive a fair wage, they are often robbed of their pay by armed soldiers. 비록 적정한 임금을 받고 있지만, 그들은 종종 무장군인들에게 급료를 강탈당한다.
⑬ But humans aren't the only ones being negatively affected. 하지만 인간들만 부정적인 영향을 받고 있는 것은아니다.
⑭ Wildlife in the area is also suffering. 그 지역의 야생 동물들 또한 고통받고 있다.
⑮ Endangered gorillas live in the area where coltan is mined, and they are often killed in the process of mining. 멸종 위기에 처한 고릴라들이 콜탄이 채굴되는 지역에 서식하고 있고, 그들은 채굴 과정에서 자주 죽임을 당한다.
⑯ The eastern region of the Congo was once home to thousands of eastern lowland gorillas; 콩고의 동쪽 지역은 한때 동부 저지대 고릴라 수천마리의 서식지였다.
⑰ although the current population is unknown, it is believed to have been reduced by more than 50%. 현재 개체 수는 알려져 있지 않지만, 50% 이상 감소한 것으로 여겨진다.
⑱ The conflict in the Congo is a complicated situation without an easy solution. 콩고의 이 분쟁은 쉬운 해결책이 없는 복잡한 상황이다.
⑲ However, businesses can improve the situation by refusing to buy any coltan coming from military groups. 하지만 기업들이 군사 세력이 제공하는 콜탄을 구입하는 것을 거부함으로써 이 상황을 개선할 수 있다.
⑳ Moreover, within the Congo, they can work to support legitimate coltan mines, making sure the profits are used to benefit communities. 게다가, 콩고 내에서는 (콜탄 채굴로부터의) 수익이반드시 지역 사회에 이득이 되는 데 쓰이도록 하면서 기업들은 적법한 콜탄 광산을 지원하기 위해 노력할 수 있다.
㉑ Individuals can also help. 개개인도 도움을 줄 수 있다.
㉒ By keeping our old electronic devices rather than buying new ones each year, we can reduce the demand for coltan. 매년 새로운 것을 사는 대신, 가지고 있던 전자 기기를 유지하며 콜탄의 수요를 줄일 수 있다.
㉓ Then when we do upgrade to a newer model, we can recycle the old one or give it to charity instead of throwing it in the trash. 그리고 새로운 모델로 업그레이드를 할 때 오래된물건을 쓰레기통에 버리는 대신 재활용하거나 자선단체에 기증할 수도 있다.
㉔ Even the smallest efforts, when made by millions of consumers, can make a difference. 아주 작은 노력이라도 수백만 명의 소비자들에 의해행해지면 변화를 일으킬 수 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 12. Social Issues - Reading 2: Multicultural Society
① Decades ago, foreigners were a rare sight in Korea, and many Koreans were actually proud of the fact that their country had very little ethnic diversity. 수십 년 전에는 한국에서 외국인을 거의 보기 힘들었고, 많은 한국인들은 자신의 나라가 인종적 다양성이 거의 없다는 사실에 실제로 자부심을 느꼈다.
② But things have certainly changed. 하지만 상황이 확실히 변했다.
③ As Korea globalizes, the country's population is starting to become more ethnically and racially diverse. 한국이 세계화함에 따라, 한국의 인구도 민족적, 인종적으로 더 다양해지기 시작하고 있다.
④ These changes came after the Korean War, when Korea began rebuilding and accepting foreign influences. 이 변화는 한국 전쟁 후에 일어났는데, 그때는 한국이 재건하고 외세를 받아들이기 시작한 때였다.
⑤ The country grew rapidly over several decades and established itself as a global power in business and technology. 한국은 몇십 년간 급격히 성장했고 사업과 기술 분야에서 강대국으로서의 입지를 다졌다.
⑥ Many foreigners started to move to Korea for work, which gradually broadened the country's demographics. 많은 외국인들이 일하기 위해 한국에 오기 시작했는데, 그것은 점차적으로 한국의 인구 통계를 넓혔다.
⑦ Meanwhile, many Korean families opened their arms to people from different backgrounds through transnational marriages. 그러는 동안, 많은 한국 가구들은 다국적 결혼을 통해 다른 배경 출신의 사람들을 맞이했다.
⑧ Unfortunately, members of these multiracial families, along with many of the people who have immigrated to Korea, do not always find it easy to feel accepted. 안타깝게도, 이러한 다인종 가구의 구성원들은 한국에 이민 온 사람들 중 다수와 마찬가지로 (한국에) 받아들여졌다고 느끼기가 항상 쉽지는 않다.
⑨ Some Koreans still have a hard time thinking of people from other cultures as being Korean. 일부 한국인은 아직도 다른 문화권 출신의 사람들을한국인으로 여기는 것을 어려워한다.
⑩ There is a need to change these old attitudes and find a way for everyone to live in harmony. 이런 낡은 태도를 바꾸고 모두가 조화를 이루며 살방법을 찾을 필요가 있다.
⑪ One country that can serve as a model for Korea is Canada. 한국에 모범을 보여줄 수 있는 한 나라가 캐나다이다.
⑫ Canada has the highest immigration rate in the world and was the first country to make multiculturalism an official national policy. 캐나다는 세계에서 이민자 비율이 가장 높으며, 다문화주의를 국가의 공식 정책으로 삼은 최초의 나라였다.
⑬ Rather than expecting immigrants to adopt Canadian culture, the Canadian government encourages them to hold on to their own culture and identity. 이민자들이 캐나다의 문화를 받아들이기를 기대하기보다, 캐나다 정부는 이민자들이 자신의 고유한문화와 정체성을 유지하도록 장려한다.
⑭ At the same time, they expect the immigrants to embrace Canada as their new home and respect Canadian society. 동시에 그들은 이민자들이 캐나다를 새로운 조국으로 받아들이고 캐나다 사회를 존중할 것을 기대한다.
⑮ A country does not automatically become multicultural by allowing a large number of immigrants through its borders. 국경을 통해 다수의 이민자를 허용한다고 해서 자동으로 다문화 국가가 되는 것은 아니다.
⑯ It requires truly understanding and accepting the cultures and beliefs of newcomers. 새로 온 사람들의 문화와 신념을 진정으로 이해하고받아들이는 것이 필요하다.
⑰ This process can take many years, as it is often quite difficult to change the attitudes of the older generation. 이 과정은 수년이 걸릴 수도 있는데, 기성세대의 태도를 바꾸는 것은 대개 꽤 어렵기 때문이다.
⑱ Yet this is where Korea now finds itself, taking the first few steps on the road to multiculturalism. 그러나 이곳이 현재 한국이 서 있는 자리이며, 다문화주의로 가는 여정의 첫발을 내딛고 있는 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 13. Psychology - Reading 1: Hierarchy of Needs
① What are the basic requirements of life and what do we need next after those? 삶의 기본적인 필요조건은 무엇이고 그다음에는 무엇이 필요할까?
② When you answer these questions, you're doing the same kind of work that American psychologist Abraham Maslow did in his "hierarchy of needs" theory. 여러분이 이 질문들에 답을 한다면 미국의 심리학자에이브러햄 애슬로가 그의 '욕구 단계설'에서 행한것과 같은 작업을 하고 있는 것이다.
③ The theory states that we must progress through various levels, satisfying the needs of each before being able to move on to the next. 그 이론에서 말하는 바는 우리가 여러 단계를 거쳐나아가야 하는데, 각 단계의 욕구를 충족시키고 난다음에야 다음 단계로 옮겨갈 수 있다는 것이다.
④ He thought individuals could eventually fulfill their potential if they could just satisfy several fundamental needs. 매슬로는 개개인이 몇몇 기본적인 욕구들을 충족시킬 수 있다면 결국에는 자신이 지닌 잠재력을 실현시킬 수 있을 것이라고 생각했다.
⑤ The most basic needs form the bottom of Maslow's hierarchy and are referred to as physiological needs. 가장 기본적인 욕구들은 매슬로의 단계설의 최하부를 형성하며 생리적 욕구라고 불린다.
⑥ Physiological needs include our needs for food and shelter. 생리적 욕구는 음식과 주거지에 대한 우리의 욕구를포함한다.
⑦ Unless these are satisfied, we cannot move to the next level, safety needs. 이런 것들이 충족되지 않으면, 우리는 다음 단계인안전에 대한 욕구로 옮겨가지 못한다.
⑧ We need to feel secure in our environment, and this feeling of security usually means protection and freedom from fear. 우리는 처한 환경에서 안전함을 느끼고자 하는데,이런 안전함은 대개 보호와 두려움으로부터의 자유를 의미한다.
⑨ The third level is the need for love and belonging. 제3단계는 애정과 소속에 대한 욕구이다.
⑩ People satisfy this need through their families and homes, as well as by joining and forming groups, making friends, and being part of a team. 사람들은 단체에 가입하거나 그것을 만들고, 친구를사귀고, 팀의 일원이 됨으로써 뿐만 아니라 가족과가정을 통해서도 이 욕구를 충족시킨다.
⑪ In the fourth level, the need for esteem refers to people's need to be recognized. 제4단계인 존중에 대한 욕구는 인정받고자 하는 사람의 욕구를 말한다.
⑫ Here, they want to feel that others think highly of them; 이 단계에서 사람들은 다른 사람들이 자신을 높이평가한다고 여기고 싶어 한다.
⑬ they may need praise and want to feel good about themselves. 그들은 칭찬을 필요로 하고 자기 자신에 대해 만족하고 싶어 하기도 한다.
⑭ They may try to accomplish this by achieving set goals. 사람들은 정해진 목표를 달성함으로써 이를 얻기 위해 노력하기도 한다.
⑮ Self-actualization, the fifth level, is the summit of Maslow's hierarchy of needs. 제5단계인 자아실현 욕구는 매슬로의 욕구 단계설의 정점에 해당한다.
⑯ It is the quest to reach one's full human potential. 이는 인간의 최대 잠재력에 도달하려는 추구이다.
⑰ In this process people tend to have needs such as truth, justice, wisdom, and spiritual fulfillment. 이 과정에서 사람들은 진실, 정의, 지혜, 정신적인충만함과 같은 욕구를 갖게 되는 경향이 있다.
⑱ Despite the appealing logic of Maslow's hierarchy, it seems to have some limits. 매슬로의 단계설이 지닌 흥미로운 논리에도 불구하고, 거기에는 몇 가지 한계가 있는 것으로 보인다.
⑲ Extensive research has suggested that there is little evidence for the ranking of levels and the argument of a definite hierarchy. 단계를 서열화하는 것과 분명한 단계가 있다는 주장에 대한 증거가 미비하다는 것이 광범위한 연구를통해 제기되어 왔다.
⑳ Moreover, the concept of self-actualization is vague, and there's no evidence to show that every individual can reach it. 게다가 자아실현 욕구라는 개념이 모호하며, 개개인모두가 그것에 도달할 수 있다는 것을 보여주는 증거도 전혀 없다.
㉑ Maslow was the first psychologist to carry out academic research on human needs. 매슬로는 인간의 욕구에 대한 학문적 연구를 수행한최초의 심리학자였다.
㉒ He believed everybody should be encouraged to discover their vocations in life and endeavor to make life better. 그는 모든 사람이 삶에서 자신의 천직을 발견하고더 나은 삶을 위해 노력하도록 장려되어야 한다고생각했다.
㉓ These are still important lessons today. 이는 오늘날에도 여전히 귀중한 교훈이다.

 

 

 

Unit 13. Psychology - Reading 2: Synesthesia
① Richard Feynman, winner of the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physics, said that he saw letters in particular colors. 1965년도의 노벨 물리학상 수상자인 리처드 파인만은 자신이 글자들을 특정한 색으로 본다고 말했다.
② For example, he saw the letter J in light tan, N in violet-blue, and X in dark brown. 예를 들어, 그는 J라는 글자를 연한 황갈색으로, N이라는 글자를 남보라색으로, 그리고 X라는 글자를짙은 갈색으로 보았다.
③ The experience he described is known as synesthesia, a consistent association between two different types of sensory perception. 그가 묘사한 그 경험은 두 가지 다른 유형의 감각적인식 사이의 일관적인 연결인 공감각으로 알려져 있다.
④ The word "synesthesia" is formed from Greek roots meaning "together" and "feeling." '공감각'이라는 단어는 '함께'와 '느낌'을 의미하는그리스어 어근으로부터 형성되었다.
⑤ In general, the five senses are isolated from each other, but synesthesia results when input from one sense or a specific type of perception stimulates another one as well. 일반적으로 오감은 서로 분리되어 있지만, 공감각은한 감각이나, 특정한 유형의 지각으로부터의 입력이또 다른 것도 자극할 때 생긴다.
⑥ It can involve any combination of experiences of sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell. 그것은 시각, 청각, 촉각, 미각, 후각에 관한 경험들의 어떤 결합도 포함할 수 있다.
⑦ One of the most common types is the association of colors with letters, numbers, or shapes, like the experiences described by Richard Feynman. 가장 흔한 유형 중 하나는 리처드 파인만이 서술한경험과 같이 색을 글자, 숫자, 혹은 모양과 연관시키는 것이다.
⑧ Another is the association of colors with sounds. 또 다른 유형은 색을 소리와 연관시키는 것이다.
⑨ A famous example of this comes from the composer Franz Liszt, who would tell his orchestra to play "a little bluer" or "not so rose!" 이것의 유명한 예는 작곡가인 프란츠 리스트에게서비롯되는데, 그는 자신의 관현악단에게 '조금 더 파랗게'나 '너무 장미 같지 않도록!' 연주하라고 말하곤했다.
⑩ Studies have shown that people who have synesthesia are usually born with it or develop it in early childhood and that it can be inherited genetically. 연구는 공감각을 지닌 사람들이 보통 그것을 가지고태어나거나 유아기에 그것을 발달시킨다는 것과 그것이 유전적으로 전해질 수 있다는 것을 보여주었다.
⑪ Researchers have also asked people to describe their synesthetic associations at points separated by long periods of time and found that they remain very similar. 연구자들은 또한 사람들에게 오랜 기간을 두고 떨어져 있는 시점에서 그들의 공감각적 연상을 말해 달라고 요청했고, 그것들이 매우 유사하다는 것을 알아냈다.
⑫ For instance, a woman was asked to list the colors that she associated with 100 different words. 예를 들어, 한 여성은 그녀가 100개의 다른 단어들과 연관시킨 색을 나열해 달라는 요청을 받았다.
⑬ A year later, without warning, she was asked the same thing and gave the same answers for more than 90 of them. 일 년 후에, 예고 없이 그녀는 동일한 것을 요청받았는데 그 단어들 중 90개가 넘는 것에 같은 대답을했다.
⑭ Various theories exist about exactly what is happening in the brain when people experience synesthesia. 사람들이 공감각을 경험할 때 뇌에서 정확히 무슨일이 일어나는지에 관한 다양한 이론이 있다.
⑮ Some researchers think that areas of the brain that deal with the senses simply have more connections between them than usual. 어떤 연구자들은 감각을 다루는 뇌의 영역들이 단순히 평소보다 그것들 사이에 더 많은 연결망을 가진다고 생각한다.
⑯ Others point out that information usually flows along neural connections in certain directions. 다른 연구자들은 정보는 보통 신경 연결망을 따라특정 방향으로 흘러간다고 지적한다.
⑰ Perhaps synesthesia results when this flow is regulated less than usual and some information moves "backwards." 공감각은 아마 이 흐름이 평소보다 덜 통제되어 일부 정보가 '뒤로' 이동할 때 발생하는 것일지도 모른다.
⑱ Even with all our advances in studying the brain, we still have a lot to learn about synesthesia. 뇌 연구에 있어서의 우리의 모든 진보에도, 우리는아직 공감각에 대해 연구할 것이 많다.
⑲ Through genetic studies and imaging techniques that show the brain in action, researchers hope to understand more. 유전학 연구와 활동 중인 뇌를 보여주는 영상 기술을 통해, 연구자들은 더 많이 알게 되기를 바란다.
⑳ For now, its mystery is simply part of what makes it fascinating. 현재로서는, 공감각의 수수께끼는 그저 그것을 흥미롭게 만들어주는 것의 일부이다.

 

 

 

Unit 14. Environment - Reading 1: Elephants
① Elephants are facing an increasing threat as human behavior continues to influence their natural environment. 인간의 행동이 계속해서 코끼리들의 자연환경에 영향을 끼치게 되면서 코끼리들은 점점 더 위협에 직면하고 있다.
② The number of people living in Asia and Africa has increased fourfold since 1900, which means that elephants have lost some of their habitat to human settlements. 1900년 이후 아시아와 아프리카에 거주하는 사람들의 수가 4배 증가하였는데, 이것은 코끼리들이 그들의 서식지 중 일부를 인간의 정착지에 빼앗겨왔음을 의미한다.
③ Although the sale of ivory was banned in 1990, the demand for it continues even today― 1990년에 상아의 판매가 금지되긴 했지만, 그것에대한 수요는 오늘날까지도 계속된다.
④ this has led to a dramatic decline in elephant populations over the past few decades. 이것은 지난 몇십 년에 걸쳐 코끼리의 개체 수를 급격하게 감소시켜 왔다.
⑤ The figures show a decrease in African elephant numbers of more than 90% since 1930, from more than 6 million to fewer than half a million today. 수치들은 1930년 이후로 아프리카코끼리의 개체수가 90% 넘게 감소하여, 6백만 마리가 넘었던 것이 현재는 5십만 마리도 채 되지 않음을 보여준다.
⑥ There are even fewer Asian elephants left; only 35,000 to 40,000 still exist. 아시아코끼리는 그보다도 훨씬 더 적게 남아서 겨우3만 5천에서 4만 마리만이 여전히 존재한다.
⑦ The threat of elephant extinction is worrisome in view of the vital role they play in the ecosystem. 코끼리가 생태계에서 수행하는 중대한 역할을 고려할 때, 코끼리 멸종의 위협은 걱정스러운 일이다.
⑧ As huge and powerful consumers, elephants are a keystone species in their environment, affecting biodiversity in their regional habitats. 거대하고 막강한 소비자로서, 코끼리들은 그들의 환경에서 중추가 되는 종(種)이며 그들의 지역 서식지에 있는 생물의 다양성에 영향을 미친다.
⑨ They eat large quantities of woody vegetation and are thus responsible for clearing much of the land, contributing to the creation and maintenance of grasslands. 그들은 대량의 목초를 먹어 치워서 많은 토지를 개간하는 것의 원인이 되고, 초원의 생성과 보존에 기여하게 된다.
⑩ These grasslands provide a habitat for other animals, such as antelopes. 이 초원은 영양과 같은 다른 동물들에게 서식지를제공한다.
⑪ Furthermore, elephant dung is important to the environment. 게다가 코끼리의 배설물도 자연환경에 중요한 역할을 한다.
⑫ Baboons and birds pick through elephant dung for undigested seeds and nuts, and dung beetles reproduce in these deposits. 개코원숭이와 새들은 코끼리 배설물을 들춰 소화되지 않은 씨앗과 나무 열매를 찾고, 쇠똥구리는 이 퇴적물 안에서 번식 활동을 한다.
⑬ The nutrient-rich dung also helps damaged soil to recover. 영양가가 풍부한 그 배설물은 또한 손상된 토양이회복되는 데 도움을 주기도 한다.
⑭ Finally, it is a vehicle for spreading seeds over a wide area. 마지막으로, 이 배설물은 광대한 지역에 걸쳐 씨앗들을 퍼뜨리는 매개체가 된다.
⑮ It's important to note that some seeds will not grow unless they have passed through an elephant's digestive system. 몇몇 씨앗들이 코끼리의 소화계를 통과하지 않고서는 자라지 못할 것이라는 사실을 아는 것은 중요하다.
⑯ In an attempt to save elephants, environmental groups have declared them an endangered species and have been using drones and GPS technology to protect them from hunters. 코끼리를 구하고자 하는 노력의 일환으로, 환경보호단체들은 코끼리들을 멸종 위기에 처한 종(種)으로공표했으며, 그들을 사냥꾼들로부터 보호하기 위해드론과 GPS 기술을 이용해오고 있다.
⑰ Moreover, many elephant habitats have been conserved as national parks. 또한, 많은 코끼리 서식지가 국립 공원으로 보존되어 왔다.
⑱ Most environmentalists believe, however, that the parks are too small and too isolated from each other to allow elephant populations to recover. 그러나 대부분의 환경 운동가들은 이 공원들이 코끼리의 개체 수를 회복시키기에는 너무나 작고 서로너무 떨어져 있다고 생각한다.
⑲ What most people do agree on is that without serious international cooperation, elephants face the threat of extinction in the near future. 대부분의 사람들이 확실히 동의하는 부분은 진지한국제 협력이 없다면 코끼리들은 가까운 미래에 멸종될 위험에 직면한다는 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 14. Environment - Reading 2: The Great Barrier Reef
① Over the centuries, people have built some impressive structures, but did you know that the largest known thing built by any group of living creatures is the Great Barrier Reef off the coast of Australia? 수 세기 동안 사람들은 몇몇 인상적인 구조물들을만들어 왔지만, 여러분은 어떤 생물군에 의해 만들어진, 가장 커다란 알려진 구조물이 호주 연안의 그레이트 배리어 리프라는 것을 알았는가?
② This giant reef system covers 344,400 square kilometers and can be divided into 2,900 individual reefs, all made by tiny coral polyps building hard shells around themselves. 이 거대한 암초 체계는 344,400 평방 킬로미터에걸쳐져 있고 2,900개의 개별 암초로 나뉠 수 있는데, 모두 자신의 주변에 딱딱한 껍질을 형성하고 있는 작은 산호충에 의해 만들어진 것이다.
③ The reef was designated a World Heritage Site in 1981, and it both supports a diverse community of wildlife and serves as an important indicator of the health of our planet. 그 암초는 19810년에 세계 문화유산으로 지정되었으며, 그것은 다양한 야생 생물 군집을 서식하게 해주고 지구의 건강을 나타내는 중요한 지표 역할을한다.
④ The Great Barrier Reef is home to vast numbers of species, including 400 types of coral and 1,500 species of fish, and gives shelter to endangered species such as dugongs and sea turtles. 그레이트 배리어 리프는 400종류의 산호와 1,500종의 어류를 포함하는 엄청나게 많은 종의 서식지이며, 듀공과 바다거북 같은 멸종 위기에 처한 종에게살 곳을 제공해 준다.
⑤ The reef system helps regulate the global climate because coral polyps absorb carbon dioxide as they build their shells. 산호충은 껍질을 형성할 때 이산화탄소를 흡수하기때문에, 그 암초 체계는 세계의 기후를 조절하는 데도움이 된다.
⑥ It also keeps large waves and rough weather away from the coast of Australia, making it a safer place for people to live. 암초 체계는 또한 큰 파도와 거친 날씨를 호주 해안으로부터 몰아내어 그곳을 사람들이 살기에 더 안전한 곳으로 만들어 준다.
⑦ Currently, the reef faces several dangers to its health and even survival. 현재, 그 암초는 자신의 건강과 심지어 생존에 있어서도 몇 가지 위험에 직면해 있다.
⑧ It is a popular tourist destination, and careless visitors are harming it. 그곳은 인기 있는 관광지인데, 부주의한 방문객들이그곳을 훼손하고 있다.
⑨ Human activity on the land is also threatening the reef, as fertilizers and pesticides wash into the water, making it toxic for some organisms. 육지에서의 사람들의 행위도 그 암초를 위협하고 있는데, 비료와 농약이 물에 씻겨 들어가서 그곳을 일부 생물에게 유독하게 만들기 때문이다.
⑩ But most serious is the danger posed by climate change. 그러나 가장 심각한 것은 기후 변화로 인해 초래되는 위험이다.
⑪ Since coral stays healthiest within a specific range of temperatures, warmer water puts it at risk of disease and death, which in turn endangers the entire ecosystem that depends on it. 산호는 특정 수온 범위 내에서 가장 건강하기 때문에 더 따뜻한 물은 그것을 질병과 죽음의 위험에 처하게 하는데, 이는 결국 산호에 의존하는 전체 생태계를 위태롭게 한다.
⑫ To protect the reef, people in Australia have established conservation programs and guidelines for tourists. 암초를 보호하기 위해, 호주인들은 보호 프로그램과관광객을 위한 지침서를 만들었다.
⑬ Both government and private funds are being used to improve water quality around the reef and address specific threats to its health. 정부와 민간 자금 모두가 암초 주변의 수질을 향상하고, 그것의 건강에 대한 특정 위협에 대처하는 데사용되고 있다.
⑭ Tourists visiting the reef can contribute to conservation efforts by choosing tour options certified by Ecotourism Australia to avoid causing damage to the area. 암초를 방문하는 관광객들은 그 지역을 훼손하지 않도록 호주 에코투어리즘 협회에 의해 인증된 여행옵션을 선택함으로써 보호 노력에 기여할 수 있다.
⑮ For years, people have thought of the Great Barrier Reef primarily as a tourism site. 수년간, 사람들은 그레이트 배리어 리프를 주로 관광지로 생각해 왔다.
⑯ It is also a wonderland for biologists and nature lovers. 그곳은 또한 생물학자와 자연을 사랑하는 사람들에게 아주 멋진 곳이기도 하다.
⑰ However, before we view it as anything else, we need to remember that it is a collection of delicate living things that can easily be injured and must be protected. 하지만 우리가 그곳을 그밖에 다른 곳으로 보기 전에, 우리는 그곳이 쉽게 다칠 수 있으며 보호받아야하는 연약한 생물들이 모여있는 곳이라는 것을 기억해야 한다.

 

 

 

Unit 15. Politics - Reading 1: Athens and Sparta
① The 6th century B.C. witnessed the development of rapid changes in ancient Greece as rival city-states competed with each other for power. 기원전 6세기에는 고대 그리스에서 경쟁 관계의 도시 국가들이 서로 권력 쟁탈을 벌임에 따라 급속한변화가 전개되었다.
② The two most powerful of these city-states, Athens and Sparta, developed different systems of government, each with unique characteristics that would have profound effects on the future of ancient Greece. 이 도시 국가들 중 가장 강력한 두 국가였던 아테네와 스파르타는 각각 고대 그리스의 미래에 깊은 영향을 끼칠 독특한 특성을 가진 서로 다른 정부 체제를 발전시켰다.
③ Athens entered its golden age with the introduction of democracy ruled by the "common people." 아테네는 '시민'에 의해 통치되는 민주주의의 도입으로 황금기를 맞았다.
④ A council, known as the Boule, had both executive and administrative control. 불레(Boule)라고 알려져 있는 평의회가 집행권과행정권 모두를 가졌다.
⑤ Members of this council were chosen by lot, rather than by election, and served for one year. 이 평의회의 의원들은 선거가 아니라 추첨으로 선정되었으며, 재임 기간은 1년이었다.
⑥ Any citizen over the age of 30 was eligible, but only men born in Athens were considered citizens. 30세 이상의 어떤 시민도 자격이 있었지만, 아테네에서 태어난 남자들만이 시민으로 간주되었다.
⑦ An assembly, open to all citizens, passed laws and made policy decisions. 모든 시민들에게 개방이 된 의회는 법을 통과시키고정책을 결정했다.
⑧ Meanwhile, an oligarchy had developed in Sparta, which was ruled by two kings from two great aristocratic houses and a group of five powerful leaders known as Ephors, who had full administrative and executive authority with the privilege to control the kings of Sparta. 한편, 스파르타에서는 과두 정치가 발달했는데, 그곳은 두 최고 귀족 집안 출신의 두 명의 왕과 에포르(Ephor)라고 알려져 있는 5명의 유력한 지도자들에의해 통치되었으며, 이 지도자들은 스파르타의 왕들을 통제할 특권과 함께 행정과 집행에 대한 전권을가졌다.
⑨ These Ephors were, in turn, chosen by the Spartiates, native male Spartans over the age of 30 who formed the top level of society and were the only inhabitants to receive full legal and political rights. 이 에포르들은 차례로 스파르티아트에 의해 선출되었는데, 그들은 사회의 최상위층을 형성하며 전적인법적, 정치적 권리를 부여받은 유일한 주민들인 30세 이상의 남성 스파르타 토착민이었다.
⑩ Despite their apparent positive attributes, the systems of these two city-states had their own limitations. 그것들의 뚜렷한 긍정적인 특성에도 불구하고, 이두 도시 국가들은 그들의 체제에 한계점이 있었다.
⑪ In Sparta, slaves outnumbered their masters by seven to one, and the city could not function without the work of enslaved people. 스파르타에서는 노예가 그들의 주인에 비해 7대 1 정도로 많았으며, 그 도시는 노예가 된 사람들의 노동 없이는 기능할 수 없었다.
⑫ Accordingly, Spartan society suffered from a fear of a slave rebellion and developed a military state in order to retain stability. 따라서 스파르타 사회는 노예 반란에 대한 두려움으로 고통받았고, 안정을 유지하기 위해 군사 국가를발전시켰다.
⑬ In contrast to Sparta, democracy was able to be established in Athens. 스파르타와 대조적으로, 아테네에서는 민주주의가수립될 수 있었다.
⑭ But it was a limited democracy, where only a small percentage of men had influence, women could not vote, and slaves did most of the work. 하지만 그것은 제한된 민주주의였는데, 그 안에서는소수의 남자들만 영향력을 가졌고, 여자들은 투표하지 못했으며, 노예들이 대부분의 노동을 했다.

 

 

 

Unit 15. Politics - Reading 2: TOEFL (Plato’s Republic)
① Ancient Athens was home to the first democracy, and it produced some great thinkers. 고대 아테네는 최초의 민주주의의 발원지였으며, 몇몇의 위대한 사상가들을 배출했다.
② As democracy started to fail, the philosophers of the time tried to figure out why and to think of ways to fix it. 민주주의가 실패하기 시작하자, 그 당시의 철학자들은 그 이유를 알아내고 그것을 고칠 방법을 생각해내려고 노력했다.
③ One of these philosophers was Plato(427-347 B.C.), a student of Socrates(469-399 B.C.). 이러한 철학자들 중 한 사람이 소크라테스(기원전469-399)의 제자인 플라톤(기원전 427-347)이었다.
④ Plato began to doubt the democracy of his time and tried to think of a better option. 플라톤은 그 시대의 민주주의에 의구심을 갖기 시작했고, 더 나은 대안을 생각해 내려고 했다.
⑤ In one of his most famous works, The Republic, Plato proposed his ideal society. 그의 가장 유명한 저서 중 하나인 〈국가론〉에서 플라톤은 그의 이상 사회를 제안했다.
⑥ It was based on what he saw as the four virtues of the state: wisdom, courage, self-discipline, and justice. 그것은 그가 국가가 지녀야 할 네 가지 덕목으로 본것들, 즉 지혜, 용기, 절제, 그리고 정의에 기초를 두었다.
⑦ He designated a different class of people to fulfill three of these virtues. 그는 이 덕목 중 세 개를 실현할 각기 다른 계급의사람들을 지명했다.
⑧ The wise would rule as "philosopher kings," the brave would act as "guardians," the self-disciplined would do "manual work," and the whole of society would work together toward justice. 지혜로운 사람들은 '철인 왕'으로서 통치하고, 용감한 사람들은 '수호자'로서 활동하고, 절제력이 있는사람들은 '육체노동'을 하여, 사회 전체가 정의를 향해 함께 협력해 나갈 것이라는 생각이었다.
⑨ Plato saw people as being naturally inclined to serve one of these roles because of their soul. 플라톤은 인간의 영혼 때문에 그들이 천성적으로 이역할들 중 한 가지를 수행하는 경향이 있다고 보았다.
⑩ The soul, according to Plato, is divided into three parts: the rational, the will, and the appetite. 플라톤에 의하면, 이 영혼은 세 개의 부분, 즉 이성,의지, 그리고 욕구로 나뉜다.
⑪ If the individual is governed more by the rational element, he or she is suited to rule. 만약 개인이 이성적인 요소에 의해 더 많이 지배를받으면, 그 사람은 통치하는 데 적합하다.
⑫ Someone who is governed by the will would make a good guardian, and a person governed by the appetite would make a good worker. 의지에 의해 지배받는 사람은 좋은 수호자가 될 것이고, 욕구에 의해 지배받는 사람은 좋은 노동자가될 것이다.
⑬ The ultimate goals of society, for Plato, were fulfillment of needs and happiness. 플라톤에게 있어서 사회의 궁극적인 목적은 욕구와행복의 실현이었다.
⑭ Everyone has needs, and everyone has abilities. 모든 사람은 욕구를 가지며, 모든 사람은 능력을 가지고 있다.
⑮ But people don't have the range of abilities required to meet all of their individual needs. 하지만 사람들은 그들 개개인의 모든 욕구를 충족시키는 데 필요한 범위의 능력은 가지고 있지 않다.
⑯ Therefore, he felt, society must work together to satisfy the needs of all people. 따라서 그는 사회가 모든 사람들의 욕구를 만족시키기 위해서 함께 협력해야 한다고 생각했다.
⑰ When everyone specializes in their occupation and then exchanges the fruits of their labor with others, all people can meet their needs and be happy. 모든 사람이 그들이 맡은 일을 전문으로 하고, 그들의 노동의 결실을 다른 사람들과 교환할 때, 모든 사람들은 그들의 욕구를 충족시키고 행복해질 수 있다.
⑱ Crucially, Plato believed that the perfect society would occur only when kings became philosophers or philosophers were made kings, as it is the wisdom of their decision-making that is the key to the success of a social unit. 결정적으로, 플라톤은 사회 구성단위의 성공의 핵심요소는 바로 왕들이 의사 결정을 하는 데 필요한 지혜이기 때문에, 완벽한 사회는 오직 왕이 철학자가되거나 철학자가 왕이 될 때만 가능하다고 생각했다.
⑲ Plato's Republic was designed to put in place a system that addressed the innate characteristics of the people. 플라톤의 〈국가론〉은 사람들 속에 내재한 특질을 다루는 체제를 실행하기 위해 쓰여졌다.
⑳ Although its aim seems too impractical to become reality, his thoughts laid the foundations of Western philosophy. 이 책의 목표가 너무 비현실적이라서 실현될 수 없을 것 같긴 하지만, 그의 사상은 서양 철학의 토대를마련했다.

 

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Unit 01. Places - Reading 1: The Equator in Ecuador
① Here is an interesting fact: 여기 흥미로운 사실이 있다.
② Despite circling the entire globe, the equator runs through just 13 countries. 지구 전체를 돌지만, 적도는 단 13개 국가 만을 통과한다.
③ One of these nations takes its name from the Spanish word for equator: the Republic of Ecuador. 이 국가들 중 하나는 적도를 의미하는 스페인어에서이름을 땄는데, 바로 에콰도르 공화국이다.
④ Ecuador is located on the northwest coast of South America, sandwiched between Colombia to the north and Peru to the south. 에콰도르는 남미의 북서 해안에 위치해 있고, 북쪽으로는 콜롬비아, 남 쪽으로는 페루 사이에 끼어있다.
⑤ In 1736, a French mathematician named Charles-Marie de La Condamine traveled to the area that is now Ecuador and conducted a series of measurements. 1736년에 샤를마리 드 라 콩다민이라는 이름의 프랑스 수학자는 현재 에콰도르인 이 지역으로 여행을떠나 일련의 측정을 했다.
⑥ His work showed that our planet, once considered to be a perfect sphere, is actually flatter at the poles and bulges at the equator. 그의 연구는 한때 완벽한 구로 여겨졌던 우리 행성이 사실 극 에서는 좀 더 평평하고 적도에서는 볼록하다는 것을 보여줬다.
⑦ Today, La Condamine's work is remembered with a 30-meter-tall tower in a park named Mitad del Mundo, which means "middle of the world." 오늘날 라 콩다민의 연구는 제상의 중심이라는 뜻의미타드 델 문도라는 이름의 공원에 있는 30미터 높이의 탑과 함께 기억된다.
⑧ The park even has a yellow line running through it, which is said to mark the location of the equator. 이 공원에는 십지어 그 탑을 지나는 노란색 선이 있는데, 그것이 적도의 위치를 표시해 뜬 것으로 전해진다.
⑨ However, GPS technology shows that the actual equator is located 240 meters to the north. 하지만 GPS 가술은 실제 적도가 북쪽으로 240미터지점에 위치해 있음을 보여준다.
⑩ Despite this, thousands of visitors each year photograph one another standing with one foot on either side of the line. 이 점에도 불구하고 매년 수천 명의 관 광객들이 선양쪽에 발 하나씩을 놓고 선 채로 서로 사진을 찍는다.
⑪ They don't care whether the line is accurate or not-they just want a fun memory of their trip to the equator. 그들은 그 선이 정확한지 아닌지에 신경을 쓰지 않는다. 그저 적도로 온 여행의 즐거운 추억을 원하는것이다.
⑫ For those interested in geographical accuracy, a visit to the lntifian Solar Museum is recommended. 지리학적 정확성에 관심이 있는 사람들에게는, 적도박물관에 가볼 것을 추천한다.
⑬ Just a two-minute drive from Mitad del Mundo, the museum claims that GPS calculations have proved it to be located exactly at O degrees latitude. 미타드 델 문도에서 차로 겨우 2분 거리에 있는 이박물관은 GPS 계산이 이곳이 정확히 위도 0도 지점에 위치해 있음을 증명한다고 주장한다.
⑭ At the museum, guides demonstrate special scientific "experiments." 박물관에서는 안내원둘이 특별한 과학 '실험들'을보여준다.
⑮ For example, a sink is placed right on the equator to show that water goes straight down the drain. 예를 들어, 물이 바로 배수구로 내려가는 것을 보여주기 위해 개수대 하나가 정확히 적도에 놓여 있다.
⑯ It doesn't spin to the left or right as it is supposed to! 물이 원래 그래야 하는 것처럼 왼쪽이나 오른쪽으로회전하지 않는다!
⑰ And visitors are encouraged to try to balance an egg on top of a nail. 그리고 방문객들은 못 위에 달걀을 세워 보도록 권유 받는다.
⑱ The guides claim this is only possible at the equator. 안내원들은 이것이 적도에서만 가능하다고 말한다.
⑲ Although these experiments are not scientifically true, they are still a lot of fun! 이 실험들은 과 학적으로 사실이 아니지만, 그것들은 여전히 아주 재미있다!
⑳ With or without scientific facts, a visit to the equator is a memorable experience. 과학적 사실 여부와 상관없이 적도 방문은 기억에남을만한 경험이다.
㉑ Besides being a fun place to take photos, the equator reminds us that we live on a big, (almost) round planet 30 traveling through space! 사진을 찍을만한 즐거운 장소가 된다는 점 외에도적도는 우주를 여행하는 커다란 (거의) 원 형태의행성에 우리가 살고 있다는 것을 상기시켜 준다!

 

 

 

Unit 01. Places - Reading 2: Robben Island
① Seven kilometers from the coast of Cape Town, South Africa, is a UNESCO world heritage site called Robben Island. 남아프리카 공화군 케이프타운의 해안에서 7킬로미터 떨어진 곳에는 로벤섬이라고 불리는 유네스코 세계 문화유산이 있다.
② When the Dutch came to settle in South Africa in 1652, the largest animals living on the island were seals. 1652년에 네덜란드인들이이 남아프리카 공화국에정착하기 위해 왔을 때 그 섬에 살고 있던 가장 큰생물체는 물개였다.
③ In fact, the name "Robben" is derived from the Dutch word meaning "seal." 실제로 '로벤'이라는 아름은 '물개'를 의미하는 네덜란드어에서 유래되었다.
④ What makes this island valuable, however, is its history during the colonial period. 그러나 이 섬을 가치 있게 만드는 것은 그것의 식민지 시대의 역사이다.
⑤ As more colonists moved into Africa, conflicts with the people already living there sprang up everywhere. 더 많은 식민지 개척자들이 아프리카로 이주함에 따라, 이미 그곳에 살고 있던 사람들과의 갈등이 곳곳에서 생겨났다.
⑥ Therefore, the Dutch needed a place to imprison whoever fought against them, and they chose Robben Island. 그러므로 네덜란드인들은 자신들에게 대항하는 사람들은 누구든지 투옥할 곳이 필요했고, 그들은 로벤섬을 골랐다.
⑦ Soldiers, civilians, and leaders of various tribes were imprisoned on the island. 군인들, 민간인들 고리고, 여러 부족의 지도자들이그 섬에 투옥되었다.
⑧ Even kings and princes who defied Dutch rule in faraway colonies were brought there to be prisoners. 심지어 멀리 떨어진 식민지에서 네덜란드의 통치에저항하는 왕과 왕자들도 그곳으로 연행되어 죄수가되었다.
⑨ During the 1800s, Robben Island became a prison for people with serious illnesses as well. 1800년대에 로벤섬은 또한 중병을 앓는 사람들의수용소가 되었다.
⑩ People who were mentally ill or had leprosy were sent to the island to keep them far from others. 정신병이 있거나 나병을 앓는 사람들은 다른 사람들로부터 멀리 떼어놓기 위해 그 섬으로 보내졌다.
⑪ At first, some of them were allowed to leave if they wanted, but later they were forced to stay. 처음에, 그둘 중 일부는 그들이 원하면 떠나도록 허용되었으나 나중에는 강제로 머물러야 했다.
⑫ This practice remained in place until 1931. 이 관행은 1931 년까지 계속되었다.
⑬ Under the government-approved system of racial discrimination known as apartheid, Robben Island was used as a maximum security prison for political leaders who wanted racial equality. 아파르트헤이트로 알려진 정부가 승인한 인종 차별제도 하에서, 로벤 섬은 인종 평등을 원하는 정치 지도자들을 수감하기 위한 최고 보안 수용소로 사용되었다.
⑭ The most famous of these was Nelson Mandela, who was imprisoned there for 18 years, from 1964 to 1982. 이들 중 가장 유명한 사람은 넬슨 만델라였는데, 그는 1964 년부터 1982년까지 18년 동안 그곳에 수감되어 있었다.
⑮ Nelson Mandela's imprisonment drew international attention to South Africa, which increased the pressure to end apartheid. 넬슨 만델라의 수감은 남아프리카 공화국에 국제적인 관심을 끌어모았으며, 이는 아파르트헤이트를 철폐하기 위한 압력을 강화했다.
⑯ Robben Island's time as a prison ended in 1991 due to South Africans' efforts to undo apartheid policies. 로벤섬의 수용소로서의 시기는 아파르트헤이트 정책을 폐지하기 위한 남아프리카 공화국 사람들의 노력 덕분에 1991년에 막을 내렸다.
⑰ Because of Mandela and others who faced hardship for the cause of equality, Robben Island became a symbol of overcoming oppression. 평등이라는 대의를 위해 고난을 겪은 만델라와 다른이들로 인해, 로벤섬은 억압을 극복하는 것의 상징이 되었다.
⑱ In 1997, the many historical sites on Robben Island were turned into a museum. 1997년에 로벤섬의 많은 유적지들이 박물관으로 바뀌었다.
⑲ Since then, the Robben Island Museum has run school programs and tours to educate people about the island's history. 그때부터 로벤섬 박물관은 사람들에게 섬의 역사를교육하기 위해 학교 프로그램과 투어를 운영해오고있다.
⑳ By remembering the injustice of the past, people can be motivated to create a better future. 과거의 불평등을 기억함으로써, 사람들은 더 나은미래를 만들도록 동기를 부여받을 수 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 02. Jobs - Reading 1: Water Sommelier
① When you hear the word "sommelier," you probably think of wine. '소물리에'라는 단어를 들으면, 당신은 아마도 와인율 생각할 것이다.
② Traditionally, sommeliers are experts in wine who help diners choose an appropriate wine to go with their meal. 전통적으로 소믈리에는 식사하는 사람들이 자신들의음식과 잘 어울리는 적절한 와인을 고르도록 도와주는 와인 전문가이다.
③ But there is also another kind of sommelier-one who is an expert in water. 하지만 또 다른 종류의 소믈리에도 있는데, 바로 물전문가이다.
④ Water sommeliers can detect the smallest differences in how different types of water taste. 워터 소믈리에는 각기 다른 종류의 물이 어떤 맛을내는지에 대해 정말 작은 차이도 감지할 수 있다.
⑤ On a daily basis, you probably don't think about the taste of water, but if you travel to a new place, you might notice that the water tastes different than the water you are used to. 당신은 일상생활을 하면서 아마 물의 맛에 대 하여생각하지는 않겠지만, 새로운 곳으로 여행을 간다면아마 익숙했던 물과는 다른 물맛이 난다는 것을 알아차릴 것이다.
⑥ That's because the water we drink contains all kinds of different salts and minerals that give it a unique taste. 우리가 마시는 물은 고유한 맛을 주는 모든 종류의각기 다른 염분과 미네랄을 포함하고 있기 때문이다.
⑦ For this reason, some high-class restaurants offer water selections for their diners to choose from. 이러한 이유로 어떤 고급 식당은 손님이 고를 수 있게 선택 가능한 (다양한) 물들을 제공한다.
⑧ A water sommelier helps the restaurant build this list and also recommends which kind of water will pair best with which dishes. 워터 소믈리에는 식당이 이러한 목록을 만드는 것을돕고 어떤 종류의 물이 어떤 음식과 가장 잘 맞을지를 추천한다.
⑨ So how do water sommeliers taste water? 그럼 워터 소믈리에는 어떻게 물맛을 보는 걸까?
⑩ First, they raise the glass to their nose and breathe in deeply to enjoy any faint aromas. 우선, 코에 잔을 갖다 대고 희미한 향을 음미하기 위해 깊이 숨을 들이쉰다.
⑪ Next, they take a smaller sip, move the water around their tongue, and swallow it. 그다음, 소량의 물을 마시고 혀 주위로 물을 움직여보고 삼킨다.
⑫ This process allows the sommelier to detect all of the water's delicate flavors. 이러한 과정은 소믈리에 가 울의 모든 섬세한 맛을감지할 수 있게 해준다.
⑬ Particular words are used to describe the taste of the water, such as "acidity," "effervescence," and "structure." 물의 맛을 설명하기 위해 'acidity(산성)', 'effervescence(비등)', 'structure(구조)'와 같은특정 한 단어들이 사용된다.
⑭ Respectively, these refer to the water's freshness, its bubbles, and how rich and complex its taste is. 이 단어들 각각은 물의 신선함, 거품, 맛이 얼마나 깊고 복합적인지를 나타낸다.
⑮ Restaurants are focusing more and more on the water that they serve. 식당에서는 그들이 제공하는 물에 점점 더 중점을 두고 있다.
⑯ One restaurant in Los Angeles, for example, offers a selection of 20 different kinds of water from all over the world. 예를 들면, 로스앤젤레스의 한 식당에서는 전 세계의20가지 다른 종류의 물을 제공하고 있다.
⑰ Their most expensive water costs 20 dollars per bottle! 가장 비싼 물은 한 병에 20달러나 한다!
⑱ So next time you take a drink of water, don't just swallow it. 그러니 다음에 물을 마시게 되면, 그냥 삼키지 마라.
⑲ Take a moment to think about how it tastes! 맛이 어떤지 생각하는 시간을 가져보라!

 

 

 

Unit 02. Jobs - Reading 2: Future Jobs
① We live in a rapidly changing world. 우리는 급격히 변화하는 세계 속에서 살고 있다.
② And as our world changes, so do our jobs. 그리고 우리 세계가 변 하면서 우리의 직업도 바뀌고 있다.
③ There are many issues that are currently affecting the job market. 현재 일자리 시장에 영향을 미치고 있는 여러 이슈가 있다.
④ They include efforts to reduce environmental damage, the aging of populations, and the rapid advancement of technology. 이는 환경 훼손을 줄이려는 노력, 인구의 노령화, 기술의 급격한 발전을 포함한다.
⑤ With these in mind, here are some jobs that haven't been created yet but probably will be soon. 이러한 점들을 염두에 두고 아직은 생겨나지 않았지만 아마 곧 생기게 될 직업들이 여기 몇 가지가 있다.
⑥ You may have heard of website designers and fashion designers, but what about garbage designers? 아마 웹 디자이너나 패션 디자이너는 들어봤겠지만,쓰레기 디자이너는 어떤가?
⑦ Although this job title might sound strange, the primary task of garbage designers is to find new uses for old products that would otherwise be thrown away. 이 직업 이름이 이상하게 들리겠지만 쓰레기 디자이너의 주요 업무는 달리 쓰임이 없다면 버려지게 될오래된 제품의 새로운 사용법을 찾아내는 것이다.
⑧ This process, known as upcycling, helps reduce the amount of trash sent to landfills. 업사이클링이라고 알려진 이 과정은 매립지로 보내지는 쓰레기의 양을 줄이는 데 도움을 준다.
⑨ Some garbage designers also modify manufacturing processes to reduce the amount of waste produced by factories. 몇몇 쓰레기 디자이너는 공장에서 만 들어지는 쓰레기의 양을 줄이기 위해 제조 과정을 바꾸기도 한다.
⑩ Over time, they may completely redesign the way companies make things! 시간이 흐르면 그들은 회사가 물건을 제조하는 방법을 완전히 재설계할지도 모른다!
⑪ Nostalgists are another new kind of designer. 노스탤지스트는 또 다른 새로운 형태의 디자이너이다.
⑫ They design special homes for wealthy senior citizens who would like to be reminded of the happiest times of their lives. 그들은 자신들의 삶에서 가장 행복했던 시절을 떠올리고 싶어 하는 부유한 노인들을 위해 특별한 집을설계한다.
⑬ Rather than living in a typical modern apartment, they can have a living space that looks like a home from the 1970s or 80s. 노인들은 전형적인 현대식 아파트에서 살기보다는, 1970년대 혹은 1980년대의 집처럼 보이는 주거 공간을 갖게 된다.
⑭ People are living longer lives these days, and the populations of many countries are aging rapidly. 요즘 사람들은 더 오래 살고 있고, 많은 나라의 인구가 빠른 속도로 고령화되고 있다.
⑮ Nostalgists, along with many other specialists, will aim to meet the needs of this growing age group. 여러 다른 전문가들과 함께 노스탤지스트는 증가하는 노령 인구 집단의 욕구를 충족시키는 것을 목표로 할 것이다.
⑯ Robots are expected to eliminate jobs rather than create them. 로봇은 직업을 창출하기보다는 제거할 것으로 예상된다.
⑰ But robot counselors are an exception! 하지만 로봇 상담 전문가는 예외이다!
⑱ Soon there will be robots that can drive cars, cook meals, and clean homes. 머지않아 운전을 할 수 있고, 요리도 하고, 집을 청소하는 로봇이 존재할 것이다.
⑲ The role of robot counselors will be to meet with families and assist them in choosing the robots that best fit their needs. 로봇 상담 전문가의 역할은 가족들을 만나 그들의필요에 가장 잘 맞는 로봇을 선택하도록 도와주는것이 될 것이다.
⑳ They will also help family members adjust to having robots in their lives by providing ongoing customer service. 또 한 그들은 가족 구성원들에게 지속적인 고객 서비스를 제공함으로써 그들 삶에 로봇이 있다는 것에적응하도록 도와줄 것이다.
㉑ If a robot doesn't work out, they can work with families to pick a new one. 로봇이 제대로 효과가 없을 경우에는 가족들이 새로운 로봇을 고르게 해줄 수 있다.
㉒ Of course, no one knows exactly what the future holds. 물론 미래에 무슨 일이 일어날지는 그 누구도 정확히 알 수 없다.
㉓ But it is highly likely that some of today's familiar jobs will disappear and be replaced by new and unusual occupations. 하지만 오늘날의 친숙한 직업 중 일부가 사라지고새롭고 특이한 직업으로 교체될 가능성은 크다.

 

 

 

Unit 03. Language - Reading 1: English as a Global Language
① I'm Eric Smith, and I've been teaching English to non-native speakers for nearly 20 years. 나는 에릭 스미스이고 거의 20년간 원어민이 아닌사람들에게 영어를 가르쳐오고 있다.
② One common problem I've seen is students not speaking because they're afraid of making a mistake. 내가 지켜본 가장 흔한 문제점은 학생들이 실수하는것이 두려워서 말하지 않는다는 것이다.
③ Whenever I see a student "handcuffed" by his or her inability to speak Standard English, I ask myself, "Is speaking Standard English really that important?" 나는 학생들이 표준 영어를 말하지 못하는 것에 '구속당하는 것을 볼 때마다, ''표준 영어를 말하는 것이정말 그렇게 중요한가?"라고 자문한다.
④ These days, English functions as a tool for global communication. 요즘에 영어는 세계적인 의사소통의 도구로 기능한다.
⑤ Traveling through airports, I'm always struck by how many conversations between strangers are taking place in English, even though it's not the first language of either of the speakers. 공항을 거쳐 여행할 때, 나는 낯선 사람들 간에 얼마나 많은 대화가 영어로 이루어지고 있는가에 항상깊은 인상을 받는다. 심지어 대화를 나누는 쌍방의어느 쪽도 영어가 모국어가 아닌데도 말이다.
⑥ A Korean airline worker might be answering the questions of a French passenger in English. 한국 항공사 직원이 프랑스 승객의 질문에 영어로대답하고 있을 수도 있다.
⑦ Or a Vietnamese man might be using English to discuss the local food with a woman from Egypt. 아니면 베트남 남자가 그 지역 음식에 대해서 이야기하기 위해 이집트 여성과 영어를 사용할 수도 있다.
⑧ As a native speaker, I sometimes have a hard time figuring out what they're talking about, but they usually seem to understand each other just fine. 원어민으로서, 나는 가끔 그들이 무슨 말을 하고 있는지 이해하는 데 어려움을 겪기도 하지만, 그들은대체로 서로 아주 잘 이해하는 것처럼 보인다.
⑨ More interestingly, English is being changed in some countries. 더 흥미로운 것은, 일부 국가에서는 영어가 바뀌고있다는 것이다.
⑩ People in different countries modify it to make it fit their native culture. 각기 다른 나라의 사람들은 자기 나라의 문화에 적합하게 영어를 변형시킨다.
⑪ In Malaysia, for example, people speak a dialect they call Manglish, which is English combined with bits of Chinese and Malay. 예를 들어, 말레이시아에서는 사람들이 Manglish라고 부르는 방언을 말하는데, 이는 약간의 중국어와말레이시아어가 결합된 영어이다.
⑫ In particular, the word "lah" is often used. 특히, 'lah' 라는 말이 흔히 사용된다.
⑬ Its usage is varied, but it can be used to change a verb into an imperative. 이것의 용법은 다양하지만, 동사를 명령어로 바꾸는데 사용되기도 한다.
⑭ For instance, the verb "drink" in English can be made a command by saying "Drink, lah!" 예를 들어, 영어의 동사 'drink'는 "Drink, lah!" 라고 말함으로써 명령이 될 수 있다.
⑮ All of the examples above are evidence of how English is being used practically. 위에서 말한 예들은 모두 영어가 어떻게 실용적으로쓰이고 있는지를 보여주는 증거이다.
⑯ Don't get me wrong: 내 말을 오해하지는 말기를 바란다.
⑰ I still think it's very important for students to learn how to read and write Standard English. 나도 여전히 학생들이 표준 영어를 읽고 쓰는 법을배우는 것이 매우 중요하다고 생각한다.
⑱ But it's also important to understand that there is more than one way to speak the language, especially when your main desire is to communicate. 그러나 언어를 말하는 데는 한 가지 방법만 있는 것이 아님을 이해하는 것 또한 중요하다. 특히 주된 목적이 의사소통하는 것일 경우는 말이다.
⑲ Students who learn to switch back and forth between Standard English and practical English will be best prepared to succeed in our global future. 표준 영어와 실용 영어를 오가며 전환하는 법을 배운 학생들이 세계화된 미래에 성공할 준비가 가장잘 되어 있을 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 03. Language - Reading 2: Aphasia
① Aphasia is a language disorder that makes it very difficult to communicate. 실어증은 의사소통을 매우 어렵게 만드는 언어 장애이다.
② It is caused by brain damage, often resulting from a stroke or head injury. 이것은 주로 뇌졸중이나 머리 부상으로 인한 뇌 손상에 의해 초래된다.
③ Aphasia is classified according to the location of the brain injury, as damage to different parts of the brain causes different problems. 실어증은 뇌 손상 위치에 따라 나뉘는데, 손상이 가해지는 뇌의 부위에 따라 다른 문제를 야기하기 때문이다.
④ Two of the most common types are Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia. 가장 흔한 두 가지 유형은 브로카 실어증과 베르니케 실어증이다.
⑤ The following examples may help you imagine what it is like to suffer from these conditions. 다음 예들은 이런 증상을 겪는다는 것이 어떠한 것인지를 생각해보는 데 도움을 줄 것이다.
⑥ Someone with Broca's aphasia is very likely to come out with a sentence such as "Walk dog." 브로카 실어증이 있는 사람은 "Walk dog."와 같은문장을 말하는 경우가 아주 흔하다.
⑦ But what does this mean? 그런데 이 말은 무슨 뜻인가?
⑧ The dog wants to go for a walk? 개가 산책하기를 원한다는 말인가?
⑨ Let's walk the dog? 개를 산책시키자는 말인가?
⑩ There are many possible ways to interpret this sentence because there are no pronouns, prepositions, or conjunctions to tell us "who" is doing "what." '누가', '무엇을 하고 있는지에 대해 말 해 줄 대명사나 전치사, 접속사가 없기 때문에 이 문장을 해석하는 데는 여러 가지 방법이 있을 수 있다.
⑪ People with Broca's aphasia have difficulty making grammatically correct sentences. 브로카 실어증이 있는 사람들은 문법적으로 옳은 문장을 만드는 데 어려움을 겪는다.
⑫ For these people, getting others to understand them is difficult and frustrating. 이 사람들에게는, 다른 사람들에게 자신을 이해시키는 것이 힘들고 절망적이다.
⑬ In contrast, Wernicke's aphasia causes problems with comprehension. 이와 대조적으로, 베르니케 실어증은 이해력에 문제를 초래한다.
⑭ People suffering from this condition can speak easily but have trouble understanding others. 이 증상으로 고통받는 사람들은 말은 쉽게 하지만다른 사람의 말을 이해하는 데 어려움을 겪는다.
⑮ This means their conversations often don't make sense. 이는 그들의 대화가 말이 안 되는 경우가 종종 있음을 의미한다.
⑯ For example, you might ask a person with Wernicke's aphasia, "Did you have lunch?" 예를 들어, 베르니케 실어증이 있는 사람에게 "점심먹었어요?"라고 묻는다고 하자.
⑰ He or she may respond with something like this: "You know that I want him to visit." 그 사람은 "그가 오기를 내가 바란다는 걸 당신도 알잖아요"와 같은 대답을 할 것이다.
⑱ As you can imagine, conversations are just as difficult for these people. 짐작할 수 있듯이 이 사람들에게도 대화는 역시 힘들다.
⑲ Normally, speech therapy is recommended as treatment for aphasia. 보통 실어증의 치료법으로 언어 치료가 권장된다.
⑳ It helps some patients learn to overcome their difficulties and communicate more effectively with their limited abilities. 그것은 일부 환자들이 장애를 극복하고 제한된 능력으로 보다 효과적으로 의사소통하는 법을 배우는 데도움을 준다.
㉑ Aphasia patients also need help from others. 실어증 환자들에게는 또한 다른 사람들의 도움이 필요하다.
㉒ Family members can play an important role in aiding aphasia patients with their communication, emotional, and psychological problems. 가족들은 실어증 환자들이 의사소통이나 정서적, 심리적 문제를 다루는 것을 돕는 데 중요한 역할을 할수 있다

 

 

 

Unit 04. Social Issues - Reading 1: Ageism
① Discrimination is the act of treating people unfairly because of a certain characteristic that they possess. 차별이란 사람들이 가지고 있는 어떤 특징 때문에그들을 불공평하게 대하는 행동이다.
② You probably know all about racism and sexism, but you may not realize that people can also be treated unfairly due to their age. 당신은 인종 차별 성차별주의에 관하여는 아마 잘알고 있겠지만, 사람들이 나이 때문에 불평등하게대우받을 수도 있다는 것은 모를 수도 있다.
③ This is known as ageism. 이것은 연령차별주의라고 알려져 있다.
④ The term "ageism" was first used in 1969 by Robert Butler, an American doctor and author who was interested in protecting the rights of the elderly. '연령차별주의 라는 용어는 노인들의 권리를 보호하는 데 관심이 있었던 미국인 의사이자 작가인 로버트 버틀러에 의해 1969년에 처음 사용되었다.
⑤ He created it to help bring attention to the social problems older people sometimes face. 그는 노인들이 때때로 마주하게 되는 사회문제에 이목을 집중시키고자 그 용어를 만들었다.
⑥ Although it is often said that we must respect the elderly, many of us believe the stereotypes that they are slow, have bad memories, or are unable to learn how to use modern technology. 자주 우리는 노인을 공경해야 한다고 하지만, 많은사람들이 그들은 느리고, 기억력이 좋지 않거나, 현대 기술을 사용하는 방법을 배우지 못한다는 고정관념을 믿는다.
⑦ The elderly are also sometimes stereotyped as being poor decision-makers who are uncreative and resistant to change. 또한, 노인들은 창의적이지 않고 변화를 거부하여결정을 잘 내리지 못하는 사람들로 정형화되어 있기도 하다.
⑧ This kind of image can be quite harmful to senior citizens, especially when they are in the workplace or trying to find a new job. 이런 이미지는 특히 노인들이 일터에 있거나 새로운직업을 구하려고 할 때 상당히 해로울 수 있다.
⑨ However, the elderly aren't the only ones who can experience ageism. 하지만 노인들만 연령차별주의를 경험하는 것은 아니다.
⑩ Teenagers and young adults sometimes face similar problems. 10대들과 젊은 청년들도 가끔 비슷한 문제를 겪는다.
⑪ Some companies refuse to hire younger workers, or they pay them a lower wage than older employees. 어떤 회사는 나이가 어린 근로자들의 고용을 거부하거나, 나이가 많은 직원들보다 더 낮은 임금을 지급한다.
⑫ There is also the issue of unpaid internships. 무보수 인턴십의 문제도 있다.
⑬ Although they are designed to provide work experience, they are sometimes used to take advantage of youthful jobseekers, manipulating them into providing free labor. 그것은 업무 경험을 제공하려고 만들어졌지만, 종종젊은 구직자들이 무급 인력을 제공하도록 교묘히 조종하여 그 둘을 이용하는 데 쓰인다.
⑭ Like the elderly, young people also have to deal with certain negative stereotypes. 노인들처럼 젊은 사람들도 특정한 부정적인 고정관념에 대처해야 한다.
⑮ Some are denied promotions at work because their managers have the opinion that young people are lazy and unreliable; 관리자가 젊은 사람들은 게으르고 믿을 수 없다는의견을 가지고 있어서 몇몇은 회사에서 승진하지 못한다.
⑯ others are turned away from apartment buildings because the landlords feel that young people are irresponsible and noisy. 또 어떤 젊은이들은 집주인이 젊은 사람들은 무책임하고 시끄럽다고 생각해서 아파트 건물에 (입주하지못하게) 들려 보내지기도 한다.
⑰ These days more and more people are becoming aware of the issues caused by ageism. 요즘 점점 더 많은 사람들이 연령차별주의에 의해야기되는 문제들을 인지하고 있다.
⑱ However, it can be a difficult problem to eliminate. 하지만 이것은 뿌리 뽑기에는 어려운 문제일 수 있다.
⑲ Many of the stereotypes related to age have become an accepted part of society. 나이에 관련된 많은 고정관념들이 사회의 한 부분으로 용인되어 왔다.
⑳ But we can all do our part by remembering to treat every person like a unique individual, no matter how old or how young they are. 하지만 나이가 많든 적든지 간에 우리는 모든 사람들을 특별한 개개인으로 대할 것을 명심함으로써 우리의 역할을 다할 수 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 04. Social Issues - Reading 2: Factory Farms
① The traditional image of a farm is a quiet place in the countryside run by a farmer who takes good care of his or her animals. 농장의 전통적인 모습은 동물을 잘 돌보는 농부가운영하는 도시 외곽의 한적한 곳이다.
② But in reality, about two thirds of the world's farm animals are currently being raised in factory farms. 하지만 실제로는 세계의 농장 동물 중 약 3분의 2가량이 현재 공장식 농장에서 길러지고 있다.
③ And these factory farms are very different from our peaceful image of farm life. 그리고 이러한 공장식 농장은 농촌 생활의 평화로운모습과는 아주 다르다.
④ Factory farms are large, crowded places that put corporate profits before the health and safety of their animals. 공장식 농장은 동물의 건강과 안전보다 기업의 이윤을 먼저 생각하는 규모가 크고, 복잡한 장소이다.
⑤ These animals are packed together so tightly that they can barely move, often spending their entire lives indoors. 이 동물들은 빽빽이 한데 모여 거의 움직일 수도 없고, 실내에서 평생을 보내야 하는 경우가 다반사이다.
⑥ In order to make the animals grow faster, factory farms give them growth hormones. 동물들을 더 빨리 자라게 하기 위해, 공장식 농장에서는 동물들에게 성장 호르몬을 투여한다.
⑦ This unnatural growth causes many physical problems, including chronic pain and heart issues. 이러한 부자연스러운 성장은 만성 통증과 심장 질병등 동물의 몸에 많은 문제를 야기한다.
⑧ When these animals grow too sick, they are not even treated. 이 동물들이 너무 아플 때에는 치료조차 받지 못한다.
⑨ Instead, they are simply killed to cut costs. 대신 비용을 절감하기 위해 도살을 당할 뿐이다.
⑩ Moreover, factory farms damage the environment and have adverse effects on the health of humans. 게다가, 공장식 농장은 환경에 피해를 주고 사람들의 건강에 악영향을 끼친다.
⑪ Keeping so many animals in one place means that a lot of waste is generated. 한 장소에 그렇게 많은 동물을 두는 것은 많은 양의쓰레기가 배출 된다는 것을 의미한다.
⑫ This waste can pollute the air, land, and water of the surrounding community. 이 쓰레기는 주변 지역의 공기, 땅, 물을 오염시킬수 있다.
⑬ Factory farms also require large amounts of water and energy to operate. 또한 공장식 농장은 운영에 많은 양의 물과 에너지를 필요로 한다.
⑭ They can be a threat to consumers as well. 공장식 농장은 소비자들에게 위협이 될 수도 있다.
⑮ Bacteria such as salmonella can thrive in unsanitary conditions, contaminating the meat, milk, and eggs that come from factory farms. 살모넬라와 같은 박테리아는 비위생적인 환경에서잘 자랄 수 있어 공장식 농장에서 생산되는 육류, 우유, 달걀을 오염시킨다.
⑯ Animals are given large doses of antibiotics to combat such bacteria, but this causes a bigger problem. 그런 박테리아를 없애기 위해 동물들은 많은 양의항생제를 투여받게 되는데, 이것은 더 큰 문제를 일으킨다.
⑰ The bacteria simply evolve and become stronger, creating a serious health risk to humans. 박테리아는 그야말로 진화하고 더 강해지면서 인간에게 심각한 건강상의 위험을 준다.
⑱ So how can we help end the harmful practices of factory farms? 그럼 우리가 어떻게 이 해로운 공장식 농장의 관행을 없애도록 도울 수 있을까?
⑲ First of all, we can start by purchasing only meat and dairy products that come from farms that meet high animal welfare and environmental standards. 일단 까다로운 동물 복지 및 환경 기준을 충족하는농장에서 생산 된 육류 및 유제품만 구매하는 것으로 시작할 수 있다.
⑳ These products are generally indicated by special labels, such as ''Animal Welfare Approved." 이런 제품들은 일반적으로 '동물 복지 인증'과 같이특별한 라벨로 표시되어 있다.
㉑ We can also encourage politicians to pass strict laws banning cruelty to animals. 우리는 또한 정치인들이 동물 학대를 금지하는 엄격한 법을 통과시키도록 촉구할 수도 있다.
㉒ Although it may be impossible to completely eliminate factory farming, efforts such as these will help ensure that farms treat their animals better. 비록 공장식 농장을 완전히 없애는 것이 불가능할지도 모르지만, 이러한 노력들이 농장에서 동물들을더 잘 다룰 수 있도록 반드시 도울 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 05. History - Reading 1: Independence of Ireland
① Did you know that the island of Ireland and the country of lreland are not the same? 아일랜드 섬과 아일랜드 국가가 같지 않다는 것을알고 있었는가?
② Part of the island is designated as Northern Ireland and belongs to the United Kingdom. 그 섬의 일부는 북아일랜드로 불리며 영국에 속한다.
③ In fact, for 120 years, the entire island was under the UK's rule. 사실, 120년 동안 그 섬 전체는 영국의 지배를 받았다.
④ How did this happen, and how did Ireland become its own country? 이 일은 어떻게 일어났으며, 아일랜드는 어떻게 자치 국가가 되었을까?
⑤ Ever since several invasions in the 1100s, England had some political influence over Ireland. 1100년대의 수차례의 침략 이후로 영국은 아일랜드에 어느 정도 정치적 영향력이 있었다.
⑥ At first both countries were Catholic, but in the 1500s, King Henry VIII of England adopted Protestantism as the state religion, which applied to Ireland, as well. 처음에는 두 국가 모두 가톨릭교였지만, 1500년대에 잉글랜드의 헨리 8세가 개신교를 국교로 채택했고, 이는 아일랜드에도 적용되었다.
⑦ Unhappy with the change, the Irish leaders rebelled against England. 그 변화에 불만을 가진 아일랜드 지도자들은 잉글랜드에 대항했다.
⑧ English rulers restricted the political and economic activities of any Irish who refused to convert to Protestantism. 잉글랜드 통치자들은 개신교로 바꾸기를 거부한 아일랜드인들의 정치적 그리고 경제적 활동을 제한했다.
⑨ Furthermore, they encouraged Protestants to move to Ireland and gave them land confiscated from Irish owners. 게다가 개신교도들을 아일랜드로 이주하도록 장려했고 그들에게 아일랜드 지주들로부터 빼앗은 땅을주었다.
⑩ In 1800, the English introduced a bill that would remove restrictions that prohibited Catholics from holding political office if Ireland agreed to join the UK. 1800년대에 영국인들은 아일랜드가 연합 왕국에 합류하기로 합의하면 가톨릭교도들의 공직 진출을 금지했던 제한을 없애기로 하는 법안을 도입했다.
⑪ Although the act became official on January 1, 1801, discrimination against Catholics continued. 그 법령은 1801년 1월 1일에 공인되었으나, 가톨릭교도들에 대한 차별은 계속되었다.
⑫ Tired of unfair treatment, many Irish wanted complete separation from the UK. 부당한 대우에 지친 많은 아일랜드 사람들이 영국으로부터의 완전한 독립을 원했다.
⑬ Finally, in 1916, a small group began a rebellion against the English in order to establish the Irish Republic. 마침내 1916년에 한 작은 집단이 아일랜드 공화국을 세우기 위해 영국인들에게 대항하는 반란을 일으켰다.
⑭ They were quickly defeated, but the movement they started was not. 그들은 빠르게 패배했지만, 그들이 일으킨 운동은그렇지 않았다.
⑮ Many Irish politicians promised to separate from the UK if they were elected, and in 1918, their party was voted into power. 많은 아일랜드 정치인들이 자신들이 당선되면 영국에서 독립하겠다고 공약했고, 1918년에 그들의 당이 선출되어 권력을 갖게 되었다.
⑯ They supported a group called the Irish Republican Army. 그들은 아일랜드 공화국군(IRA)이라고 불리는 집단을 지원했다.
⑰ The IRA began another rebellion against the English a year later. 1년 후 IRA는 영국에 대항하는 또 다른 반란을 일으켰다.
⑱ After two years of war, the two countries signed a peace treaty in 1921. 2년간의 전쟁 후 1921년에 두 나라는 평화 조약에서명했다.
⑲ Protestants in the north did not want to leave the UK, and Northern Ireland was created as a result. 북쪽의 개신교도들은 영국을 떠나고 싶어 하 지 않았고 그 결과로 북아일랜드가 만들어졌다.
⑳ The rest of Ireland began a journey towards independence. 아일랜드의 나머지는 독립을 향한 여정을 시작했다.
㉑ The situation remained complicated until 1949, when the Republic of Ireland Act finally ended all political connections between Ireland and the UK. 1949년까지 복잡한 상황이 지속되었고, 그때 아일랜드 공화국 법령이 마침내 아일랜드와 영국 사이의모든 정치적 관계를 단절시켰다.
㉒ Although conflicts continued to exist for years, both Ireland and Northern Ireland are now enjoying a period of peace and stability. 갈등이 몇 해 동안 계속해서 있었지만, 지금은 아일랜드와 북아일랜드 모두 평화와 안정의 시대를 누리고 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 05. History - Reading 2: TOEFL (The Tea Act)
① During the British colonial period, Britain's Parliament imposed many taxes on the American colonies. 영국 식민지 시대에 영국 국회는 미국 식민지에 많은 세금을 부과했다.
② The colonies had no elected representatives in British Parliament, which meant the colonists weren't treated like British citizens. 식민지들은 영국 국회에 선출된 대표가 없었는데,이는 식민지 주민들이 영국 시민처럼 대우받지 못했음을 의미했다.
③ Many Americans believed it was illegal to tax people without any political rights. 많은 미국인들은 어떤 정치적 권리도 없는 사람들에게 세금을 부과하는 것은 불법이라고 생각했다.
④ The situation grew even worse with the passing of the Tea Act of 1773. 상황은 1773년 차 조례의 통과로 훨씬 더 악화되었다.
⑤ This event triggered the beginning of the American Revolution. 이 사건은 미국 독립 혁명의 기폭제가 되었다.
⑥ Members of Parliament did not realize how angry the Tea Act would make the colonists. 국회의원들은 차 조례가 식민지 주민들을 얼마나 분노하게 할지 알지 못했다.
⑦ The purpose of the Tea Act was to help the East India Company by allowing it to export half a million pounds of tea to the American colonies tax-free. 차 조례의 목적은 동인도 회사가 50만 파운드의 차를 면세로 미국 식민지에 수출하도록 허용하여 그회사를 돕는 것이었다.
⑧ But colonists had been buying tea smuggled from Holland because they didn't like the idea of a British company having a monopoly on tea. 그러나 식민지 주민들은 영국 회사가 차 독점권을갖는다는 방안이 마음에 들지 않았기 때문에 네덜란드에서 밀수입한 차를 사들여오고 있었다.
⑨ Regardless of the cheaper price, they angrily resisted Parliament's Tea Act. 보다 싼 가격과 관계없이 식민지 주민들은 국회의차 조례에 격렬하게 저항했다.
⑩ As a form of protest, the colonists decided to boycott tea. 저항의 한 가지 형태로 식민지 주민들은 차 불매 운동을 하기로 했다.
⑪ Some colonial ports stopped ships carrying British East India Company tea from docking. 일부 식민지 항구에서는 영국 동인도 회사의 차를실은 배의 정박을 금했다.
⑫ When ships docked in Boston, patriots wanted to come up with a plan to prevent the tea from being unloaded. 배가 보스턴에 정박하게 되었을 때 애국지사들은 차를 내리지 못 하게 할 방도를 생각해내기를 원했다.
⑬ Members of a patriotic group named the Sons of Liberty met to decide what action should be taken to send a clear message to Britain. 자유의 아들들이라는 이름의 한 애국 단체 단원들은모여서 영국에 분명한 메시지를 전달하기 위해 어떤행동을 취해야 할지를 정했다.
⑭ On the night of December 16, 1773, some members of the Sons of Liberty dressed as Mohawks, a native American tribe, and boarded the ships. 1773년 12월 16일 밤에, 자유의 아들들의 일부 단원아 미국 원주민 부족의 하나인 모호크족 복장을하고 배에 올랐다.
⑮ They dumped 342 boxes of tea into Boston Harbor. 그들은 342개의 차 상자를 보스턴 항에 버렸다.
⑯ The colonists demonstrated that they were no longer willing to sit by and allow their rights to be ignored. 식민지 주민들은 더 이상 가만히 앉아서 자신 들의권리가 무시당하는 걸 보고 있지 않겠다는 것을 보여 주었던 것이다.
⑰ The British response was to pass a set of regulations that became known as the "Intolerable Acts." 영국의 대응은 '불용의 법령으로 알려진 일련의 법조항을 통과시키는 것이었다.
⑱ One of these laws closed Boston Harbor. 이 법 조항의 하나가 보스턴 항을 폐쇄하는 것이었다.
⑲ Americans were told that the harbor would open as soon as they paid for the tea they had destroyed. 미국인들은 그들이 없앤 찻값을 지불하는 대로 보스턴 항이 바로 재개될 것이라는 통보를 받았다.
⑳ They were angered by the acts and decided that it was time to fight back. 그들은 이 법에 분노했고 이제 맞서 싸워야 할 때라고 판단했다.
㉑ A convention was called and the First Continental Congress was formed. 집회가 소집되었고 1차 대륙 회의가 구성되었다.
㉒ The revolution was about to begin. 혁명이 막 시작되려 하고 있었다.

 

 

 

Unit 06. IT - Reading 1: AI Therapy
① Thanks to the recent, rapid developments in artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, AI is now successfully being used to provide mental health assistance and therapy. 최근 인공지능(AI) 기술의 빠른 발달 덕분에, AI는이제 정신 건강 도움과 치료를 제공하기 위해 성공적으로 이용되고 있다.
② There are many ways in which AI can be used for patients of all ages. AI가 모든 연령의 환자들을 위해 사용될 수 있는 많은 방법이 있다.
③ Let's look at a few examples. 몇 가지 예를 살펴보자.
④ Milo is a robot that looks and acts like a real human. 마일로는 실제 인간처럼 생기고 행동하는 로봇이다.
⑤ It was designed to help children with autism. 그것은 자폐증이 있는 아이들에게 도움을 주기 위해고안되었다.
⑥ Milo helps them understand other people's emotions, express empathy, and develop their social skills. 마일로는 그들이 다른 사람의 감정을 이해하고, 공감을 표현하고, 그들의 사회적 기술이 발달하도록도와준다.
⑦ By interacting with Milo, they can become more confident in real social situations. 마일로와 상호 작용을 함으로써 그들은 실제 사회적상황에서 더욱 자신감을 가질 수 있다.
⑧ Best of all, this robot therapist never expresses frustration, no matter how many times it repeats the same task! 무엇보다도, 이 로봇 치료사는 똑같은 일을 몇 번을반복하든 절대 불만을 표현하지 않는다!
⑨ Woebot, a chatbot therapist that operates on computers and mobile devices, is another example. 컴퓨터와 모바일 기기에서 작동하는 챗봇 치료사인워봇이 또 다른 예다.
⑩ It helps people recognize what triggers negative thoughts in them and keep such thoughts under control. 그것은 무엇이 사람들에게 부정적인 사고를 유발하는지 인식하고 그러한 생각을 통제할 수 있도록 도움을 준다.
⑪ Every day, Woebot sends messages to its users. 매일 워봇은 사용자들에게 메시지를 보낸다.
⑫ It asks simple questions like, "How do you feel today?" 그것은 "오늘 기분은 어때요?''와 같은 단순한 질문을 한다.
⑬ The AI behind Woebot allows it to remember users' responses and recognize mood changes. 워봇 이면의 AI는 그것이 사용자의 응답을 기억하고기분 변화를 인지하게 해 준다.
⑭ Woebot can give suggestions just like a real therapist. 워봇은 마치 실제 치료사처럼 제안을 할 수 있다.
⑮ In addition, users can feel more comfortable knowing that it will never judge them, since it is just an application. 게다가 사용자들은 그것이 그저 애플리케이션이므로 자신을 절대로 판단하지 않을 것을 알기 때문에편안함을 느낄 수 있다.
⑯ Similarly, a virtual therapist called Ellie was designed to help gather behavioral evidence from patients who are suffering from depression or post-traumatic stress disorder. 유사하게 엘리라고 불리는 가상 치료사는 우울증이나 외상 후 스트레스 장애를 앓고 있는 환자들로부터 행동 징후를 수집하는 것을 돕기 위해 고안되었다.
⑰ Like Woebot, Ellie isn't judgmental at all, so people can easily open up and share sensitive information with it. 워봇처럼 엘리는 전혀 비판을 하지 않아서, 사람들은 쉽게 마음을 열고 민감한 정보를 그것과 공유할수 있다.
⑱ While a patient interacts with Ellie, it analyzes things like their facial expressions, gestures, and tone of voice. 환자가 엘리와 소통하는 동안 그것은 그들의 표정, 손짓, 그리고 목소리 톤과 같은 것들을 분석한다.
⑲ This data is then transferred to a human doctor who uses it to recommend further treatment or therapy. 그다음, 이 데이터는 추가적인 치료 및 요법을 권하는 데 그것을 이용하는 인간 의사에게 전송된다.
⑳ Although AI cannot fully replace human therapists, it is a great help to doctors when it comes to collecting and analyzing patient data. AI가 인간 치료사를 완전히 대신할 수는 없지만, 그것은 환자의 데이터를 수집하고 분석하는 데 있어서의사들에게 큰 도움이 된다.
㉑ Also, patients who struggle to interact socially with others can benefit from therapy provided by AI. 또한 다른 사람들과 사회적으로 소통하는 데 어려움을 겪는 환자들은 AI에 의해 제공되는 치료가 도움이 될 수 있다.
㉒ As artificial intelligence technology continues to develop, AI therapy is likely to become more and more common. 인공 지능 기술이 계속해서 발달함에 따라 AI치료는점점 더 보편화될 것 같다.

 

 

 

Unit 06. IT - Reading 2: Big Data
① A middle school student wants to buy a new pair of jeans and has been comparing prices online. 한 중학생이 새 청바지 한 벌을 사고 싶어 온라인상에서 가격을 비교 해오고 있었다.
② To her surprise, she receives an email advertising a special sale on jeans from one of the websites that she visited. 놀랍게도 그녀는 방문했던 웹사이트 중 한 곳으로부터 청바지 특별 할인을 광고하는 이메일을 받게 된다.
③ Soon after, she sees a banner advertisement for that same website while surfing the Internet. 그녀는 인터넷을 검색하면서 이내 같은 웹사이트의배너 광고를 보게 된다.
④ How could this be? 어떻게 이럴 수 있는 것일까?
⑤ It is all because of "big data-a revolution in the way that customer data is being collected and utilized. 바로 '빅 데이터'라는 것 때문인데, 이는 고객의 자료가 수집되고 활용되는 방법에서의 혁명이다.
⑥ These days, it is not hard for companies to gather huge amounts of customer data. 요즘은 기업들이 거대한 양의 고객 자료를 수집하는것이 어렵지 않다.
⑦ What's difficult is putting it all to good use. 어려운 것은 그것을 잘 활용하는 것이다.
⑧ When properly analyzed, big data can show patterns and trends that can be useful in predicting what a shopper will be interested in. 적절하게 분석되면 빅 데이터는 구매자가 무엇에 관심을 가질지를 예측하는 데 유용한 유형과 추세를보여줄 수 있다.
⑨ In other words, big data is less about huge increases in storage capacity and more about improved statistical and computational methods that actually make all of this data useful. 다시 말해 빅 데이터는 저장 용량의 큰 증가라기보다, 실제로 이 모든 자료를 유용하게 해주는 통계에근거하고 계산을 요구하는 발전된 방법에 관한 것이다.
⑩ One example of a company making the best use of big data is Amazon.com. 기업이 빅 데이터를 가장 잘 활용하는 한 가지 예는Amazon.com이다.
⑪ Amazon keeps track of what items people purchase on their website, which items are in a shopper's virtual shopping cart, and even which items they have only viewed. Amazon은 사람들이 웹사이트에서 어떤 물건을 구입하는지, 어떤 물건이 구매자의 가상 쇼핑 카트에담겨 있는지, 심지어 그들이 보기만 했던 상품들조차 파악한다.
⑫ Then, they use this data to provide customers with a personalized shopping experience. 그다음, 고객들에게 개인 맞춤형 쇼핑 경험을 제공하기 위해 이 자료를 활용한다.
⑬ As soon as shoppers return to the website, they are shown both items that they have already considered purchasing and items that Amazon predicts that they will be interested in. 구매자들은 그 웹사이트로 들어오자마자 그들이 이미 구입하려고 했던 상품과 고객이 관심을 가질 것이라고 Amazon에서 예측한 상품을 보게 된다.
⑭ In fact, 29% of Amazon's sales now come through these recommendations. 사실 현재 Amazon 판매량의 29%가 이러한 추천으로 발생한다.
⑮ But there are also concerns about big data, both for the customers whose data is being collected and for the companies trying to use it. 하지만 자료가 수집되는 고객들과 그것을 사용하려는 기업 모두에게 빅 데이터에 관한 우려가 존재한다.
⑯ One of the biggest issues is privacy because data is often sold to third parties without the customers knowing. 가장 큰 문제 중 하나는 개인정보로, 고객들이 인지하지 못한 채 제 3자에게 자료가 종종 팔리기 때문이다.
⑰ Also, companies like Amazon depend on Internet search terms, but these can be misleading because the words that people search are not always related to what they would like to purchase. 또 한 Amazon과 같은 기업들은 인터넷 검색어에의존하는데, 사람들이 검색하는 단어들이 항상 그들이 사고 싶어 하는 것은 아니기 때문에, 이는 잘못된판단으로 이어질 소지가 있다.
⑱ In spite of these problems, it is clear that big data has revolutionized the way that individuals interact with the online world. 이러한 문제점들에도 불구하고 빅 데이터가 개인이온라인 세계와 상호작용하는 방법에 혁신을 일으켰다는 것은 분명하다.

 

 

 

Unit 07. Psychology - Reading 1: Imposter Syndrome
① Do you feel as though you don't deserve your success? 당신은 성공을 누릴 자격이 없는 것 같은 느낌이 드는가?
② If so, you could be experiencing the imposter syndrome. 만약 그렇다면, 당신은 가면 증후군을 겪고 있을 수도 있다.
③ It's a strong feeling that you aren't really as competent as others think you are. 그것은 당신이 실제로는 다른 사람들이 생각하는 것만큼 유능하지 않다는 확고한 생각이다.
④ Instead, you feel like an imposter. 대신에 당신은 사기꾼처럼 느껴질 뿐이다.
⑤ It's not an uncommon feeling-even Albert Einstein worried that his work was getting more attention than it deserved. 그것은 드문 생각이 아닌데, 알베르트 아인슈타인조차 그의 성과가 과분한 관심을 받고 있다고 걱정했다.
⑥ However, it can lead to negative consequences. 그러나, 그것은 부정적인 결과로 이어질 수 있다.
⑦ People with this syndrome have difficulty sharing their ideas or pursuing challenging goals. 이 증후군을 겪는 사람들은 그들의 생각을 공유하거나 도전적인 목표를 추구하는 데 어려움을 겪는다.
⑧ The imposter syndrome was first noticed in the 1970s, by psychologists Pauline Clance and Suzanne Imes. 가면 증후군은 1970년대에 폴린 클랜스와 수잔 임스라는 심리학자들에 의해 처음 주목받았다.
⑨ They found that many of their female students felt they didn't deserve to be enrolled at their college. 그들은 자신들의 여학생들 중 다수가 자신의 학교에등록할 자격이 없다고 느낀다는 것을 발견했다.
⑩ Based on a hypothesis that only high-achieving women are affected by this syndrome, they conducted more research. 높은 성취를 이룬 여성들만이 이 증후군의 영향을받는다는 가설을 바탕으로 그들은 더 많은 연구를수행했다.
⑪ They realized that it was a widespread issue regardless of age, race, and gender. 그들은 그것이 연령, 인종, 성별과 상관없이 일어나는 널리 퍼진 문제라는 것을 깨달았다.
⑫ There isn't a single cause of the imposter syndrome. 가면 증후군에는 한 가지 원인이 있는 것이 아니다.
⑬ However, many people who suffer from it share the same personality trait perfectionism. 그러나, 그것을 겪는 많은 사람들이 같은 성향을 가지는데, 바로 완벽주의다.
⑭ In their minds, only people without flaws deserve success. 그들의 마음에는 결점이 없는 사람만이 성공을 누릴자격이 있다.
⑮ It is actually natural to focus on one's own flaws because the human brain is hardwired to pay closer attention to negative things, which it considers a threat. 사실 자신의 결점에 집중하는 것은 자연스러운 일인데, 인간의 뇌가 위협 요소로 간주하는 부정적인 것들에 더 깊은 주의를 기울이도록 만들어졌기 때문이다.
⑯ The best way to deal with the imposter syndrome is simply by talking. 가면 증후군에 대처하는 가장 좋은 방법은 그저 이야기하는 것이다.
⑰ People struggling with it are usually afraid to ask others about their performance. 그것을 겪는 사람들은 대개 다른 사람들에게 자신들의 성과에 관해 묻는 것을 두려워한다.
⑱ They worry that they will find out that they really are a fraud. 그들은 자신이 실제로는 사기꾼이라는 것을 그들(다른 사람들)이 알게 될까 봐 걱정한다.
⑲ But the opposite is actually true. 그러나 실제로는 정 반대가 사실이다.
⑳ When they open up and discuss their fears and doubts, they are likely to find out that they really do deserve their success. 그들이 마음을 열고 자신들의 두려움과 의혹에 관해상의할 때, 자신이 정말로 성공을 누릴 자격이 있다는 것을 깨달을 가능성이 있다.
㉑ What's more, they will realize that they are not the only ones who feel like imposters. 게다가, 그들은 사기꾼처럼 느끼는 것은 자신뿐만이아니라는 것을 알게 될 것이다.
㉒ There is no way to make the imposter syndrome go away forever. 가면 증후군을 영영 사라지게 만들 방법은 없다.
㉓ However, communicating openly and honestly can control these negative feelings and prevent them from becoming overwhelming. 그렇지만, 터놓고 솔직하게 소통하는 것은 부정적인생각을 통제하고 그것들이 감당할 수 없게 되는 것을 예방할 수 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 07. Psychology - Reading 2: The Primacy and Recency Effects
① Many people think that they make purchasing decisions on their own. 많은 사람들은 자신이 스스로 구매 결정을 내린다고생각한다.
② But in fact, there are several psychological factors that influence one's opinion of a product. 하지만 사실은 제품에 관한 의견에 영향을 주는 여러 가지 심리적 요인이 있다.
③ The two strongest of these factors are called the "primacy effect" and the "recency effect." 이 요인들 중 가장 영향력이 큰 두 가지는 '초두성효과'와 '최신 효과'라고 불리는 것들이다.
④ The primacy effect is the strong impression left on a consumer by the first information that he or she receives about a certain product. 초두성 효과는 어떤 제품에 관해서 소비자가 받은첫 번째 정보에 의해 만들어진 강렬한 인상이다.
⑤ Imagine that you first find out about a product in a commercial that presents the product as being exciting and revolutionary. 광고에서 흥미롭고 혁신적이라고 보여주는 한 제품을 처음 봤다고 가정해보라.
⑥ This information is more likely to stick in your mind than other information that comes immediately after. 이 정보는 뒤이어 나오는 정보보다 머릿속에 더 오래 남을 가능성이 있다.
⑦ The recency effect, though, is considered to be even stronger. 하지만 최신 효과는 훨씬 더 강렬하다고 여겨진다.
⑧ It is the impression made by the last information received about an item. 이것은 상품에 관해 마지막으로 받은 정보에 의해만들어진 인상이다.
⑨ So, if you hear some negative reviews after having a positive first impression, the recency effect takes over, and your impression becomes negative. 따라서 긍정적인 첫인상을 가진 뒤에 부정적인 평가를 듣게 되면 최신 효과가 커지게 되고, (제품에 대한) 느낌도 부정적으로 변하게 된다.
⑩ These two powerful effects overshadow what you learn between your first and last impressions. 영향력이 큰 이 두 가지 효과가 당신이 첫인상과 마지막 인상 사이에서 얻게 된 것을 무색하게 만든다.
⑪ As a result, large amounts of information have little effect on the opinion you form. 그 결과 다량의 정보가 당신이 형성하는 의견에 거의 영향을 미치지 않게 된다.
⑫ Marketers are very aware of this. 마케팅 담당자들은 이것에 관해 아주 잘 알고 있다.
⑬ To assure a good first impression, they try to promote products through print, radio, television, and Internet advertising before there is any chance of them being reviewed negatively. 좋은 첫인상을 보장하기 위해서 그들은 부정적으로평가될 가능성이 있기 전에 인쇄물, 라디오, 텔레비전 및 인터넷 광고를 통해 제품을 홍보하려고 노력한다.
⑭ They also try to control the recency effect by designing packaging that makes their product look sophisticated and appealing. 또한 제품이 세련되고 매력적으로 보이도록 포장을디자인하면서 최신 효과를 통제하려고 한다.
⑮ They hope that this final positive impression erases any previous negative opinion a consumer might have had. 그들은 이 마지막의 긍정적인 느낌이 소비자가 가지고 있을 수 있는 이전의 부정적인 의견을 모두 지우기를 바란다.
⑯ This means that much of the research you do about a product ends up being wiped away by marketing. 이것은 어떤 제품에 관해 당신이 조사하는 많은 것이 결국에는 마케팅에 의해 지워진다는 것을 의미한다.
⑰ So what can you do? 그럼 당신은 무엇을 할 수 있을까?
⑱ If there is something you want, search for reliable sources like customer reviews without looking at any advertisements. 가지고 싶은 물건이 있다면 어떤 광고도 보지 않고소비자 평가와 같은 신뢰 할 수 있는 자료를 찾아보라.
⑲ This will allow you to form educated opinions before being controlled by advertising tactics. 이것은 광고 전략에 통제를 받기 전에 당신이 지식에 근거한 의견을 갖추도록 할 것이다.
⑳ As a result, you can be sure to make good purchasing decisions. 그로 인해, 당신은 분명히 좋은 구매 결정을 내릴 수있을 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 08. Education - Reading 1: Malala Yousafzai
① One day, a fifteen-year-old Pakistani girl named Malala Yousafzai was riding a bus home from school. 어느 날, 말랄라 유사프자이라는 이름을 가진 15살의 파키스탄 소녀가 학교에서 집으로 버스를 타고가고 있었다.
② Suddenly, a man from a group called the Taliban got on the bus and attacked her, nearly killing her. 갑자기 탈레반이라는 단체에서 온 한 남자가 버스를타더니, 그 소녀를 공격하여 그녀는 거의 죽을 뻔했다.
③ People all over the world were shocked and wondered why a young girl would be the target of such an attack. 전 세계에 있는 사람들이 충격을 받았고, 왜 어린 소녀가 그런 공격의 표적이 됐는지를 궁금해했다.
④ Malala's town in Pakistan had been under constant threat from Taliban soldiers, who had forbidden girls from going to school. 파키스탄에 있는 말랄라의 동네는 탈레반 군인들로부터 끊임없이 위협을 받고 있었는데, 고들은 여자아이들이 학교에 가는 것을 금지했다.
⑤ Malala had written for a BBC News blog, describing what daily life was like under such conditions. 말라라는 BBC 뉴스 블로그에 그런 상황 속에서의일상이 어떤지를 설명하는 글을 썼다.
⑥ She had also written about what a great loss it was for Pakistan to have so many young girls not attending school. 또, 그녀는 많은 어린 여자아이들이 학교에 가지 못하는 것이 파키스탄에 얼마나 큰 손해인지에 대해서도 썼다.
⑦ The Taliban were very angry at her for this. 탈레반은 이것 때문에 그 소녀에게 몹시 화가 났던것이다.
⑧ Miraculously, Malala survived the attack. 기적적으로 말랄라는 공격에서 살아남았다.
⑨ Since then, her voice has only become stronger as she has continued fighting to improve education for girls in Pakistan. 그 이후부터 파키스탄의 소녀들을 위해 교육을 개선하고자 계속 맞서 싸우면서 그녀의 목소리는 더욱강해졌다.
⑩ Unfortunately, almost half of the girls in Pakistan have never been to school or have dropped out. 안타깝게도 파키스탄의 여자아이들 중 거의 절반이학교에 한 번도 가본 적이 없거나 중퇴했다.
⑪ Without proper education and training, these girls will never have an equal opportunity to achieve great things in their lives. 적절한 교육과 훈련 없이 이 소녀들은 인생에서 많은 것을 이룰 수 있는 동등한 기회를 절대 갖지 못할것이다.
⑫ But thanks to Malala's brave actions, people's attitudes in Pakistan are changing. 하지만 말랄라의 용감한 행동 덕분에 파키스탄 사람들의 태도가 변하고 있다.
⑬ They are now realizing the importance of education for girls, and the government has started to make efforts to increase the participation of girls in primary schools. 이제 그들은 여자아이들에게 있어서 교육의 중요성을 깨닫고 있고, 정부도 여자아이들의 초등학교 참여를 높이고자 노력을 기울이기 시작했다.
⑭ But a lack of education is not just a problem in Pakistan. 하지만 교육의 부족은 파키스탄의 문제만은 아니다.
⑮ Around the globe, there are millions of girls who are prevented from going to school. 전 세계적으로 학교에 가지 못하는 수백만 명의 여자아이들이 있다.
⑯ That is why Malala started the Malala Fund, a charity whose goal is to make it possible for girls all over the world to access education. 그것이 말랄라가 전 세계의 여자아이들이 교육을 받는 것을 가능하게 하는 것을 목표로 하는 자선 단체인 말라라 펀드를 시작한 이유이다.
⑰ The Malala Fund supports educators and activists in order to raise awareness and provide opportunities to girls worldwide. 말라라 펀드는 의식을 고취시키고 전 세계의 여자아이들에게 기회를 제공하기 위해 교육자들과 활동가들을 지원한다.
⑱ Now, thanks to Malala's bravery and passion, people all over the world are acknowledging the importance of education. 현재, 말랄라의 용기와 열정 덕분에 전 세계에 있는사람들이 교육의 중요성을 인정하고 있다.
⑲ We should all follow Malala's lead and unite to make sure that every child in the world gets the education that he or she deserves. 우리는 세계에 있는 모든 아이들이 마땅히 누려야할 교육을 받을 수 있도록 말랄라의 선례를 따라 단결해야 한다.

 

 

 

Unit 08. Education - Reading 2: The German Education System
① Tonight, 14-year-old Wolfgang is getting his tools ready. 오늘 저녁 14살의 볼프강은 그의 장비를 준비하고있다.
② Tomorrow is his first day of training at a computer company. 내일은 그가 컴퓨터 회사에서 훈련을 받는 첫날이다.
③ For the next three weeks, Wolfgang will not attend classes at his vocational high school. 앞으로 3주 동안 볼프강은 자신이 다니고 있는 직업고등학교 수업을 듣지 않는다.
④ Instead, he will get work experience that will help him become a meister, or "master," computer technician. 대신 그는 마이스터 (meister), 즉 '전문적인' 컴퓨터 기술자가 되는 데 도움이 될 업무 경험을 얻게 된다.
⑤ Anna, his ten-year-old sister, is busy studying in the next room. 10살 된 그의 여동생 안나는 옆방에서 공부하느라바쁘다.
⑥ She goes to a different school than her brother. 그녀는 오빠와 다른 학교에 다닌다.
⑦ At her school, all of the students are planning to eventually attend university. 그녀가 다니는 학교에서는 모든 학생들이 나중에 대학에 갈 계획이다.
⑧ Wolfgang and Anna live in Germany. 볼프강과 안나는 독일에 살고 있다.
⑨ When children enter elementary school there, they stay with the same group of students and the same teacher for four years. 그곳에서는 아동이 초등학교에 입학하면 같은 학생들과 같은 선생님 밑에서 4년간 같이 지낸다.
⑩ At the end of the fourth year, students are evaluated based upon their school records and natural abilities. 4학년 말 이 되면 학생들은 학교 성적과 타고난 재능을 토대로 평가를 받는다.
⑪ They can then attend either an academic school to prepare for university or a vocational school to learn a trade. 그 후 그들은 대학을 준비하는 인문 학교나 직업 교육을 받는 직업 학교에 들어 갈 수 있다.
⑫ This system of education is quite different from those of Asian countries. 이러한 교육 제도는 아시아 국가들과 상당히 다르다.
⑬ In Japan, for example, students take competitive examinations throughout their school years. 예를 들어 일본의 학생들은 학창 시절 내내 경쟁적인 시험을 치른다.
⑭ These examinations determine which junior high school, high school, and college they can attend. 이 시험이 그들이 어떤 중학교, 고등학교, 대학교에입학할 수 있는지를 결정한다.
⑮ In Germany, on the other hand, students' futures are largely decided by the time they finish the fourth grade of elementary school. 반면에 독일 학생들의 미래는 대체로 초등학교 4학년을 마칠 때쯤이면 결정된다.
⑯ Students in Germany seem happy with the system. 독일 학생들은 이 제도에 만족해하는 것 같다.
⑰ Many feel that the lack of competitive tests creates a less stressful environment. 많은 학생들이 경쟁적인 시험이 적으면 스트레스가더 적은 환경이 된다고 느낀다.
⑱ ''I'd rather focus on something I love, like computers, than other subjects, like history and biology," says Wolfgang. ''전 역사나 생물 같은 다른 과목들보다 컴퓨터같이제가 좋아하는 분야에 집중하고 싶어요."라고 볼프강은 말한다.
⑲ The work experience he'll get at a company before he finishes high school will allow him to get a good job in the future. 그가 고등학교를 졸업하기 전에 회사에서 얻게 될업무 경험은 그로 하여금 미래에 좋은 직업을 얻을수 있게 해 줄 것이다.
⑳ The German education system benefits both the individual and the country. 독일의 교육 제도는 개인과 국가 모두에게 유익하다.
㉑ Students are able to focus on their particular interests and natural abilities. 학생들은 자신만의 특별한 흥미와 재능에 집중할 수있다.
㉒ After they graduate, they can then apply these skills in ways that earn them money while making the national economy stronger. 졸업 후, 그들은 이러한 기술들을 돈을 벌 수 있는여러 방면에 적용하는 동시에 나라 경제를 더욱 튼튼하게 만들 수 있게 된다.

 

 

 

Unit 09. Environment - Reading 1: Cork
① When people hear the word "cork," they usually think about wine. 사람들은 '코르크'라는 단어를 들으면, 보통 와인을생각한다.
② This is because 70% of cork is used to make bottle stoppers. 이것은 코르크의 70%가 병마개를 만드는 데 사용되기 때문이다.
③ But cork can be used to make many things, including musical instruments and floor tiles. 하지만 코르크는 악기와 바닥 타일을 포함하여 많은것을 만드는 데 사용될 수 있다.
④ What's more, using cork has a minimal impact on the environment. 게다가 코르크를 사용하는 것은 환경에 최소한의 영향을 끼친다.
⑤ Cork trees grow in many Mediterranean countries, such as Spain, Italy, and Algeria. 코르크나무는 스페인, 이탈리아, 알제리와 같은 여러 지중해 국가에서 재배된다.
⑥ Portugal, the world's top cork producer, closely regulates the harvesting of cork. 세계 제1의 코르크 생산지인 포르투갈은 엄격하게코르크의 수확을 규제한다.
⑦ Cork trees cannot be harvested until they are at least 25 years old. 코르크나무는 적어도 25년 산이 될 때까지는 수확할 수 없다.
⑧ After that, harvesting can only take place once every nine years. 그 이후에도 수확은 오직 9년에 한 번씩 이루어진다.
⑨ Cork trees are not cut down when they are harvested. 수확할 때는 코르크나무를 베지 않는다.
⑩ Instead, the outer layer of their bark is peeled away. 대신, 나무껍질의 바깥층을 벗겨낸다.
⑪ This does not kill the trees. 이 작업은 나무를 죽이지 않는다.
⑫ In fact, they can keep living for another 170 years or more. 사실, 나무는 170년 이상 더 살 수 있게 된다.
⑬ There is also another benefit to this method. 이 방법에는 또 다른 이점이 있다.
⑭ When trees are regrowing their bark, they absorb five times more carbon dioxide than they usually do. 나무가 껍질을 재생시킬 때, 평상시보다 5배 더 많은 이산화탄소를 흡수한다.
⑮ Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases that is causing the earth to heat up. 이산화탄소는 지구의 온도를 높이는 온실가스 중 하나이다.
⑯ Therefore, removing it from the atmosphere can help slow down climate change. 따라서 대기로부터 그것을 제거하는 것은 기후 변화를 늦추도록 도와줄 수 있다.
⑰ After the cork is harvested, it is transported to a factory. 코르크는 수확된 후, 공장으로 옮겨진다.
⑱ There, it is dried and boiled, and then turned into various products. 그곳에서 건조되고, 끓여진 뒤 다양한 제품으로 변하게 된다.
⑲ These cork factories are also environmentally friendly. 이러한 코르크 공장들 또한 환경친화적이다.
⑳ Manufacturing cork products leaves behind lots of cork dust. 코르크 제품을 생산하는 것은 많은 양의 코르크 가루를 남긴다.
㉑ The factories burn this dust to create up to 90% of the energy they use. 공장에서는 이 가루를 태워 그들이 사용하는 에너지의 90%까지 만들어낸다.
㉒ Of all the cork that is removed from trees, almost none is wasted. 나무에서 벗겨낸 코르크의 거의 모든 것이 버려지지않는다.
㉓ The cork used to make bottle stoppers can even be recycled into a variety of products, from sports balls to engine parts. 병마개를 만드는 데 사용되는 코르크는 운동용 공에서 엔진 부품까지 다양한 제품으로 재활용될 수도있다.
㉔ Therefore, we can say that growing cork trees helps protect our planet. 그러므로 코르크나무를 재배하는 것이 우리의 행성(지구)을 보호하는 데 도움이 된다고 말할 수 있다.
㉕ For these reasons, many people consider cork to be a nearly perfect material. 이러한 이유들로 많은 사람들이 코르크를 거의 완벽한 물질로 여긴다.

 

 

 

Unit 09. Environment - Reading 2: Curitiba
① Cities are not the problem, they are the solution." ''도시는 문제가 아니다, 그것은 해결책이다.''
② This sentence was spoken by Jaime Lerner, the former mayor of a Brazilian city named Curitiba. 이 문장은 쿠리치바라는 이름의 브라질 도시의 전시장인 자이메 레르네르가 한 말이다.
③ Since the 1950s, Curitiba has been a model city for urban planning, which is the science of designing cities to make them more convenient and practical. 1950년대 이후로 쿠리치바는 도시 계획의 본보기도시가 되고 있는데, 도시 계획은 도시를 더 편리하고 실용적으로 만들어 주는 도시 설계의 과학이다.
④ When Lerner became mayor in the 1970s, he took this concept further, making Curitiba a green city by taking environmentally friendly steps. 레르네 르가 1970년대에 시장이 됐을 때, 그는 이개념에서 더 나아가 환경친화적인 조치를 취하면서쿠리치바를 녹색 도시로 만들었다.
⑤ One of the most notable features of Curitiba is its large amount of green space. 쿠리치바의 가장 인상적인 특징 중 하나는 대규모의녹지 공간이다.
⑥ Despite the fact that the city's population has tripled in the past 20 years, there are more than 1,000 public green spaces including man-made parks and forests. 지난 20년간 도시 인구가 세 배로 증가했다는 사실에도 불구하고, 인공의 공원과 숲을 포함하여1,000개가 넘는 공공녹지 공간이 있다.
⑦ This is because the city has strict laws protecting local vegetation from development. 이것은 이 도시에 지역 식물들을 개발로부터 보호하는 엄격한 법이 있기 때문이다.
⑧ But perhaps Curitiba's most effective project is its Green Exchange program, introduced in 1991. 하지만 아마도 쿠리치바의 가장 효과적인 프로젝트는 1991 년에 도입된 녹색 교환 프로그램이다.
⑨ Under the program, low-income families can exchange bags of trash for useful items, such as bus tickets and food. 이 프로그램에서 저소득층 가정은 쓰레기가 든 봉투를 버스표, 음식과 같이 유용한 물건으로 바꿀 수 있다.
⑩ When children bring in recyclable goods, they receive school supplies, chocolate and toys in return. 아이들이 재활용할 수 있는 제품을 가져오면 그들은보상으로 학용품, 초콜릿, 장난감을 받게 된다.
⑪ Because of this program and other similar ones, approximately 70% of the city's trash is recycled, which reduces the impact on landfills and keeps the streets clean. 이 프로그램 및 그 밖의 유사 프로그램 때문에 도시쓰레기의 약 70%가 재활용되고 있고, 이것은 매립지에 끼치는 영향을 줄이고 거리를 깨끗하게 유지한다.
⑫ Finally, Curitiba's bus system has played a large role in making the city a better place to live. 마지막으로 쿠리치바의 버스 체계는 도시를 더 살기좋은 곳으로 만드는 데 큰 역할을 하고 있다.
⑬ Some of the buses are long and split into three sections like a train. 버스 중 일부는 기차처럼 길고 세 부분으로 나뉜다.
⑭ This allows each vehicle to carry more people, reducing both traffic and carbon emissions. 이것은 각 차량이 더 많은 사람들을 수용할 수 있게해주는데, 이는 교통량과 탄소 배출량 모두를 줄인다.
⑮ What's more, there's only one price for a bus ticket no matter how far you travel. 게다가 얼마나 멀리 이동하든지 간에 버스표 값은동일하다.
⑯ This attracts more riders, greatly reducing the number of private automobiles on the road and thereby lowering fuel consumption. 이것은 더 많은 승객을 유치해서 도로의 개인 차량의 수를 크게 줄이고, 그렇게 함으로써 연료 소비를줄이고 있다.
⑰ Curitiba is often called one of the most sustainable cities on Earth but it didn't get this title just by luck. 쿠리치바는 종종 지구상에서 가장 지속 가능한 도시중 하나로 불리는 데, 이 타이틀은 단지 운으로 얻은것이 아니다.
⑱ It was earned through the careful planning and innovative programs of the city's government, along with the hard work and cooperation of Curitiba's citizens. 그것은 쿠리치바 시민의 노고와 협력과 더불어 도시정부의 신중한 계획과 획기적인 프로그램을 통해 얻어진 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 10. Geology - Reading 1: Volcano
① Watching a volcano erupt can be amazing, but it is also very dangerous. 화산이 폭발하는 것을 보는 것은 멋지지만 그것은또한 매우 위험할 수 있다.
② Although other natural disasters, such as floods and earthquakes, kill far more people each year, volcanoes remain a serious threat in many parts of the world. 홍수나 지진 같은 다른 자연재해들로 해마다 훨씬더 많은 사람이 사망하지만, 화산은 여전히 세계 많은 지역에서 심각한 위협이다.
③ There are two basic kinds of eruptions. 기본적으로 두 가지 종류의 화산 폭발이 있다.
④ The key difference between the two is how sticky the magma is. 둘의 결정적인 차이점은 마그마가 얼마나 끈적거리느냐이다.
⑤ If the magma is thin, like water, it is easy for gas to escape from it. 마그마가 물처럼 붉으면, 가스가 새어 나오기 쉽다.
⑥ Therefore, an explosive eruption is unlikely to occur. 따라서 폭발성 분출이 일어날 가능성이 거의 없다.
⑦ This is the situation in Hawaii. 이것은 하와이의 경우에 해당한다.
⑧ Hot lava sometimes flows over the edges of Hawaii's famous volcanoes, but it rarely does much damage and is easy to predict. 뜨거운 용암이 가끔 하와이의 유명한 화산들의 가장자리로 흘러넘치지만, 큰 해를 끼치는 경우가 거의없고 예측하기도 쉽다.
⑨ Some volcanoes, on the other hand, contain magma that is very thick. 반면에 어떤 화산들은 매우 걸쭉한 마그마 담고 있다.
⑩ The gas bubbles that form within it are unable to escape, so pressure builds up over time. 마그마 내부에서 형성된 가스 거품이 새어 나올 수없어, 시간이 지나면서 압력이 상승한다.
⑪ Eventually, the magma explodes in a violent eruption. 결국, 마그마가 격렬한 분출로 폭발한다.
⑫ These eruptions are quite dangerous and difficult to predict. 이러한 화산 폭발은 매우 위험하고 예측하기 어렵다.
⑬ Most famous eruptions, such as the one that destroyed ancient Pompeii and the one that occurred at Mount St. Helens in 1980, were of this type. 대부분의 유명한 화산 폭발, 예를 들어 고 대 폼페이를 멸망시킨 것과 1980년에 세인트헬렌스 산에서발생한 것이 이 종류였다.
⑭ In recent years, however, scientists have been experimenting with different ways to predict when eruptions will occur and how strong they will be. 그러나 최근에 과학자들은 화산 폭발이 언제 발생할것이고 얼마나 강력할지를 예측하는 다양한 방법을실험해오고 있다.
⑮ One of their most reliable methods is to measure the shaking of the volcano. 가장 믿을 만한 방법 중 하나는 화산의 흔들림을 측정하는 것이다.
⑯ When magma travels upward from deep in the earth, it causes thousands of tiny earthquakes. 마그마는 지면 깊은 곳으로부터 위로 이동할 때, 수천 번의 작은 지진을 유발한다.
⑰ When the number of these earthquakes increases, scientists know an eruption is drawing closer. 이 지진들의 수가 증가할 때 과학자들은 화산 폭발이 가까워져 오고 있음을 알게 된다.
⑱ There are other methods as well, including analyzing the gases rising from the volcano, measuring the angle of its slopes, and even observing the behavior of animals in the area. 다른 방법들도 있는데, 화산에서 나오는 가스를 분석하는 것, 화산의 경사면 각도를 측정하는 것, 나아가 그 지역에 사는 동물들의 행동을 관찰하는 것 등이 있다.
⑲ Predicting eruptions is important work, but it can also be extremely dangerous. 화산 폭발을 예측하는 것은 중요한 작업이지만, 또한 극도로 위험할 수 있다.
⑳ Ten scientists were killed in 1993 when a Colombian volcano they were investigating erupted unexpectedly. 1993년에 10명의 과학자가 그들이 조사하던 콜롬비아 화산이 예기치 않게 폭발하면서 사망했다.
㉑ To prevent such tragedies, most of the activities used to predict eruptions are now done from a safe distance. 그러한 비극을 막기 위해서, 폭발을 예측하기 위해취해지는 대부분의 활동은 현재 안전한 거리에서 이루어진다.
㉒ Although it remains difficult to predict exactly when an eruption will occur, scientists hope that continuous research will someday make this possible. 폭발이 언제 일어날지 정확히 예측하는 것은 여전히어렵지만, 과학자들은 계속된 연구로 언젠가 이를가능하게 만들 것을 희망한다.

 

 

 

Unit 10. Geology - Reading 2: TOEFL (Lunar Sample 14321)
① In 1971, NASA's Apollo 14 mission landed on the surface of the moon. 1971년에 나사의 아폴로 14호는 달 표면에 착륙했다.
② After taking photos and conducting some research, the astronauts collected moon rocks to bring back to Earth. 사진을 찍고 약간의 조사를 한 뒤에, 우주 비행사들은 지구로 가지고 돌아올 월석을 수집했다.
③ One of these rocks is now getting a lot of attention. 이 암석들 중 하나가 현재 많은 주목을 받고 있다.
④ It is a nine-kilogram rock about the size of a basketball, officially known as sample 14321. 그것은 크기가 농구공쯤 되는 9킬로그램의 암석이며, 공식적으로 표본 14321로 알려져 있다.
⑤ This rock may have formed on Earth about 4 billion years ago. 이 암석은 약 40억 년 전 지구에서 형성되었을지도모른다.
⑥ If so, it would be the oldest Earth rock ever found. 만약 그렇다면 그것은 이제껏 발견된 것 중 가장 오래된 지구의 암석이 된다.
⑦ The rock is made up of many small pieces stuck together. 그 암석은 하나로 합쳐진 많은 작은 조각들로 구성된다.
⑧ Most of them are dark and seem to be typical lunar material. 그중 대부분은 어두우며, 전형적인 달의 물질로 보인다.
⑨ One piece, however, is brighter than the rest and contains zircon, a mineral that is more commonly found on Earth than on the moon. 그러나, 한 조각은 나머지 다른것 들 보다 더 밝고달보다 지구에서 더 흔하게 발견되는 광물인 지르콘을 포함하고 있다.
⑩ Scientists analyzed the chemistry of the zircon and concluded that the piece found in sample 14321 formed in relatively cool, oxygen-rich magma that had been subjected to high pressure. 과학자들은 지르콘의 화학성분을 분석했고, 표본14321에서 발견된 한 조각이 강한 압력을 받은 비교적 시원하며 산소가 풍부한 마그마에서 형성되었다고 결론지었다.
⑪ These conditions are extremely rare on the moon. 이러한 환경은 달에서는 극히 드물다.
⑫ It's more likely that it formed about 20 kilometers beneath Earth's surface approximately 4 billion years ago. 그것은 대략 40억 년 전에 지구 표면의 약 20킬로미터 아래서 형성되었을 가능성이 더 크다.
⑬ At that time, Earth's conditions would have closely matched the ones in which the piece is thought to have formed. 그 당시 지구의 환경은 그 조각이 형성되었을 것으로 여겨지는 환경과 근접하게 맞아떨어졌을 것이다.
⑭ But how did it end up on the moon? 그러나 그것이 어떻게 달로 가게 되었을까?
⑮ Billions of years ago, Earth was constantly being hit by asteroids and meteorites. 수십 억 년 전 지구는 지속적으로 소행성과 운석에부딪히고 있었다.
⑯ Over time, these impacts may have driven the rock closer and closer to Earth's surface. 시간이 흐르며 이러한 충돌들은 그 암석을 지구 표면에 점점 더 가까이 오도록 했을지도 모른다.
⑰ Finally, a huge collision could have sent it flying through space until it crashed into the moon and was buried there. 마침내, 엄청난 충돌이 그것이 달과 부딪쳐 파묻힐때까지 그것을 우주로 날려 보냈을 수도 있다.
⑱ This assumption is plausible because the moon was three times closer to Earth than it is today. 이 추정은 달이 지금보다 지구에 세 배 더 가까웠기때문에 설득력이 있다.
⑲ Later, another impact may have brought it up onto the moon's surface, where it remained until an astronaut picked it up. 이후에 또 다른 충돌이 그것을 달 표면 위에 오도록했을지도 모르는데, 그곳에서 우주 비행사가 그것을집어 들 때까지 남아 있던 것이다.
⑳ Sample 14321 could provide scientists with vital information about the geologic conditions on early Earth. 표본 14321은 과학자들에게 초창기 지구의 지질학적 환경에 관한 중요한 정보를 제공해 줄지도 모른다.
㉑ It is also possible that there are rocks from other planets, such as Mars and Venus, on the moon's surface. 또한, 달 표면에는 화성과 금성 같은 다른 행성에서온 암석들이 있을 가능성도 있다.
㉒ These too would likely provide scientists with valuable data about the early solar system. 이것들 또한 과학자들에게 초창기 태양계에 관한 귀중한 자료를 제공해 줄 가능성이 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 11. Culture - Reading 1: Kazakh Eagle Hunting
① Imagine an eagle that has a wingspan of two meters and can fly at speeds of more than 300 kilometers per hour. 날개폭이 2미터이고 시속 300킬로미터가 넘는 속도로 날 수 있는 독수리를 상상해 보아라.
② Now imagine hunting with it. 이제 그 독수리와 함께 사냥하는 것을 상상해 보아라.
③ This is what the Kazakhs, the largest minority in Mongolia, have been doing for centuries. 이것은 몽골에서 가장 큰 소수민족인 카자흐족이 수세기 동안 해온 일이다.
④ Hunting with golden eagles is a way of life for them. 검독수리로 사냥을 하는 것은 그들에게 하나의 삶의방식이다.
⑤ It starts with an important ritual-capturing and training golden eagles. 그것은 검독수리들을 포획해 훈련시키는 중요한 의식으로 시작한다.
⑥ The birds are caught when they are still young, and females are preferred over males, as they are larger and more aggressive. 그 새들은 아직 새끼일 때 포획되고, 암컷들이 더 크고 공격적이기 때문에 수컷보다 선호된다.
⑦ As a part of the training, hoods are placed over their heads, and their owners spend hours singing to them. 훈련의 일환으로 독수리들의 머리 위에 가리개를 씌우고 독수리 주인은 독수리들에게 몇 시간 동안 노래를 불러준다.
⑧ This helps the birds learn to recognize their master's voice. 이것은 그 새들이 주인의 목소리를 인식하는 것을배우는 데 도움이 된다.
⑨ Golden eagles can live up to 40 years, but they are only kept by hunters for about 10. 검독수리는 40년까지 살 수 있지만, 약 10년 동안만 사냥꾼들에게 길러진다.
⑩ After that, they are released back into the wild. 그 후에는 다시 야생으로 돌려보내 진다.
⑪ The Kazakhs normally hunt in winter, despite temperatures as low as -40 'C. 카자흐족은 섭씨 영하 40도까지 떨어지는 기온에도불구하고 보통 겨울에 사냥한다.
⑫ The white snow makes it easier for the eagles to spot their prey, such as rabbits and foxes. 흰 눈은 독수리들이 토끼와 여우 같은 사냥감을 발견하기 더 쉽게 해준다.
⑬ The fur of these animals, important material for the Kazakhs' winter clothing, is also thickest at this time of year. 카자흐족의 겨울옷의 중요한 재료인 이 동물들의 털은 연중 이 시기에 가장 두텁기도 하다.
⑭ Along with fur, eagle hunting traditionally provided meat for the nomadic Kazakhs. 털 외에도, 독수리 사냥은 유목 생활을 하는 카자흐족에게 전통적으로 고기를 제공했다.
⑮ In the past, this skill was passed down from fathers to sons. 과거에 이 (사냥) 기술은 아버지로부터 아들에게 전해졌다.
⑯ Today, however, some young Kazakh women learn it as well. 그러나 오늘날에는 일부 젊은 카자흐족 여성들도 그것을 배운다.
⑰ In order to promote Kazakh culture to the next generation and around the world, the Golden Eagle Festival has been held since 1999. 카자흐족 문화를 다음 세대와 전 세계에 홍보하기위해 1999년 이후로 검독수리 축제가 개최되어 왔다.
⑱ About 100 hunters participate each year, making it one of the Kazakh's largest annual gatherings. 약 100명의 사냥꾼이 매년 참가하는 0| 축제는 카자흐족의 가장 큰 연례 모임 중 하나다.
⑲ There is a parade, followed by competitions in which hunters show off the skills of their eagles. 행진 후에 사냥꾼들이 그들의 독수리의 기술을 뽐내는 경합이 이어진다.
⑳ More importantly, the festival is a symbol of Kazakh pride and helps preserve their traditions. 더 중요한 것은 그 축제가 카자흐족 자긍심의 상징이며 그들의 전통을 보존하도록 돕는다는 점이다.
㉑ Sadly, overgrazing has reduced local wildlife populations, meaning there is far less prey to hunt. 안타깝게도, 지나친 방목으로 인해 지역의 야생 동물의 개체 수가 줄어들었는데, 이는 사냥감이 훨씬적어졌다는 것을 의미한다.
㉒ What's more, many younger Kazakhs are moving to the city to earn a living. 게다가, 많은 젊은 카자흐족들이 생계를 유지하기위해 도시로 이주하고 있다.
㉓ However, it is unlikely that the Kazakhs will ever let their traditional lifestyle die. 그러나, 카자흐족은 결코 그들의 전통적인 생활 방식이 없어지도록 두지는 않을 것 같다.
㉔ As an old Kazakh proverb explains, "Fast horses and fierce eagles are the wings of the Kazakh people." 오래된 카자흐족 속담이 설명하듯, '빠른 말과 맹렬한 독수리는 카자흐족 사람들의 날개다.'

 

 

 

Unit 11. Culture - Reading 2: Tan-Tan Moussem
① The Sahara desert, which stretches for more than three million square miles across the northern part of Africa, might seem like a harsh and empty place. 아프리카 북부에 걸쳐 삼백만 제곱마일 넘게 펼쳐진사하라 사막은 황량하고 텅 빈 곳처럼 보일지도 모른다.
② But in Tan-Tan, a town in southwestern Morocco, there is a great gathering where the desert comes to life. 그러나 모로코 남서부 지역의 한 마을인 탄탄에서는그 사막에 활기를 띠게 해주는 큰 모임이 있다.
③ In May or June each year, thousands of people from more than 30 nomadic tribes attend this festival, called the Tan-Tan Moussem. 매년 5월이나 6월에 30개가 넘는 유목 민족의 수천명이 탄탄 무셈이라고 불리는 이 행사에 참가한다.
④ The Tan-Tan Moussem was first organized in 1963 as a way for different tribes to socialize and share their local traditions. 탄탄 무셈은 서로 다른 부족들이 교류하고 그들의지역 전통을 공유하는 하나의 방식으로서 1963년에처음 개최되었다.
⑤ The gathering was banned for a while in the mid-1970s due to security problems in the region. 그 모임은 1970년대 중반에 그 지역의 안보 문제로인해 한동안 금지되었다.
⑥ However, in 2004, thanks to efforts to revive the event, it once again became the largest gathering of nomadic tribes in North Africa. 그러나 2004년에 그 행사를 되살리려는 노력 덕분에 그것은 다시 한번 북아프리카 유목 민족의 가장큰 모임이 되었다.
⑦ During the festival, the desert is turned into a temporary city, as hundreds of tents are set up to accommodate the nomadic tribes. 축제 기간 동안, 유목 민족들을 수용하기 위해 사막에 수백 개의 텐트들이 세워지면서 일시적인 도시로바뀌게 된다.
⑧ Aspects of the traditional lifestyles of the tribes are displayed in some of the tents, such as traditional food and handmade crafts. 유목 민족들의 전통적인 생활방식의 측면들이 일부텐트에 전시되는데, 전통 음식과 수제 공예품들이해당한다.
⑨ The Tan-Tan Moussem also features a variety of events, including camel trading and musical performances. 탄탄 무셈은 또한 낙타 거래와 음악 공연을 비롯한다양한 행사들이 특징이다.
⑩ The most exciting event of the festival, however, is the Tbourida. 그러나 이 축제에서 가장 흥미진진한 행사는Tbourida이다.
⑪ During this thrilling performance, nomadic warriors ride their horses while holding rifles in the air and shouting terrifying war cries. 이 신나는 공연에서 유목민 전사들이 소총을 공중에들고 무시무시한 함성을 외치며 말을 탄다.
⑫ Recently, economic changes and advances in technology have made it difficult for the Sahara's nomadic populations to maintain their traditional ways of life. 최근 경제 변화와 기술 발전은 사하라의 유목만 인구가 그들의 전통적인 생활 방식을 유지하는 것을어렵게 만들었다.
⑬ This has prompted concerns that their cultural heritages might disappear. 이것은 그들의 문화유산들이 사라질지도 모른다는우려를 불러일으켰다.
⑭ For this reason, the Tan-Tan Moussem plays a critical role in ensuring that these tribes' unique traditions are not forgotten. 이런 이유로, 탄탄 무셈은 이 부족들의 독특한 전통이 잊히지 않도록 보장하는 데 중요한 역할을 한다.
⑮ UNESCO has acknowledged the importance of the Tan-Tan Moussem by adding it to its Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity list. 유네스코는 인류 무형 문화유산에 탄탄 무셈을 등재함으로써 그것의 중요성을 인정했다.
⑯ This special gathering is now recognized globally as an event that helps the Sahara's nomadic tribes pass down their cultures to future generations. 이 특별한 모임은 이제 사하라의 유목 민족들이 그들의 문화를 미래 세대에 전승하도록 돕는 행사로서세계적으로 인정받는다.

 

 

 

Unit 12. Music - Reading 1: Musical Geniuses
① In music, sight-reading is the act of playing a piece of music that one has never seen or heard before simply by reading sheet music. 음악에서 초견(연주)은 전에 한 번도 보거나 둘은적이 없는 곡을 단지 악보를 읽어 연주하는 것을 말한다.
② While most musicians struggle to do this with fluency, legends exist about the amazing sight-reading abilities of famous composers of the past. 대부분의 음악가들이 유창하게 이것을 하려고 고군분투하는 반면, 과거의 유명한 작곡가들의 놀라운초견 능력에 대한 전설적인 이야기가 있다.
③ These geniuses could sight-read a piece as if they had been playing it for years. 이 천재들은 마치 몇 년 동안 연주해온 것처럼 음악을 즉석에서 연주할 수 있었다.
④ Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was one such genius. 볼프강 아마데우스 모차르트도 그러한 천재 중 한명이었다.
⑤ Without any practice or rehearsal, he could look at a sheet of music and play it perfectly on the piano, down to the very last note. 어떤 연습이나 시연 없이도, 그는 악보를 보고 마지막 한 음까지 완벽하게 피아노로 연주할 수 있었다.
⑥ This skill came in handy for him when he was writing his own music, as he always knew how each note of a piece would sound before he had even written it down or tried playing it. 이런 능력은 직접 곡을 쓸 때 그에게 도움이 되었는데, 그는 곡의 각 음을 적거나 연주해보기 전에 어떤소리가 될지를 항상 알고 있었기 때문이다.
⑦ Ludwig van Beethoven had a similar ability and is famous for once having played an entire concerto in a new key due to an out-of-tune piano. 루트비히 판 베토벤도 비슷한 능력이 있었는데, 한번은 음이 맞지 않는 피아노 때문에 한 협주곡 전체를 새로운 키로 연주했던 것으로 유명하다.
⑧ This is the same as asking an actor, five minutes before a show, to deliver his lines in Swedish instead of English. 이것은 마치 배우에게 공연 시작 5분 전에 영어 대신 스웨덴어로 대사하라고 요구하는 것과 마찬가지이다.
⑨ Like Mozart, Beethoven could mentally "hear" notes without playing them, which became important later in his life when he continued writing music despite going completely deaf. 모차르트와 마찬가지로, 베토벤은 음을 연주하지 않고도 머리로 그것을 '들을 수 있었고, 이것은 그가완전히 귀를 먹었음에도 불구하고 작곡을 계속해 나갔던 인생 후반에 중요한 역할을 했다.
⑩ However, most scholars agree that Franz Liszt was likely the most talented sight-reader ever. 그러나 대부분의 학자는 프란츠 리스트가 초견(연주)에 가장 재능이 있었을 것이라는 데 동의한다.
⑪ There is a story about a student composer who brought Liszt a piano concerto he had just written. 학생 작곡가 한 명이 리스트에게 자신이 방금 쓴 피아노 협주곡을 가져온 일화가 있다.
⑫ The music was scrawled messily across several pages, with frequent scratch-outs and substitutions. 그 곡은 몇 페이지에 걸쳐 지저분하게 휘갈겨 쓴 것으로, 여러 번 줄을 그어 지우고 다시 써넣은 흔적이있었다.
⑬ But Liszt took the manuscript from him, glanced at it for a second, and proceeded to play the entire thing―including the orchestra parts-without missing a note! 하지만, 리스트는 학생에게서 원고를 받아 잠깐 훑어보고, 오케스트라 파트까지 포함하여 전체 악보를음 하나 놓치지 않고 계속해서 연주했다!
⑭ His skill was so great that he is said to have given a perfect performance of every known piece of music in history. 그의 솜씨는 매우 뛰어나서 역사상 알려진 모든 곡을 완벽하게 연주했다고 전해진다.

 

 

 

Unit 12. Music - Reading 2: Tango
① These days, when people hear the word "tango," they usually think about the popular and energetic style of dance. 오늘날, 사람들이 '탱고'라는 단어를 들으면 그들은보통 대중적이고 활기찬 스타일의 춤을 떠올린다.
② But it originally referred to a style of music used to console the sad and the lonely. 그러나 원래 그것은 슬픈 사람들과 외로운 사람들을위로하기 위해 사용된 음악의 한 형식을 가리켰다.
③ During the 1880s, thousands of penniless immigrants from Europe came to Argentina, hoping to make their fortunes on the plains. 1880년대에 유럽에서 무일푼인 수천 명의 이민자가부자가 되기를 바라며 아르헨티나의 대평원으로 건너왔다.
④ However, many failed and gathered in the poorest areas of Buenos Aires. 그러나 많은 사람들이 실패했고 부에노스아이레스의 빈민가로 모여들었다.
⑤ These immigrants felt lost and alone, and they shared their unhappiness through music. 이 이민자들은 상실감과 외로움을 느꼈고 음악을 통해 자신들의 불행을 나누었다.
⑥ They created their own special music and dances, using the rhythms of African slaves and the sounds of Spanish colonists. 그들은 아프리카 노예의 리듬과 스페인 식민지 이주민들의 소리를 이용해 자신들만의 독특한 음악과 춤을 만들어냈다.
⑦ The sadness of the music was emphasized by the melancholic sounds of a type of accordion known as the bandoneon. 이 음악에 깃든 슬픈 정서는 아코디언의 일종인 반도네온의 구슬픈 소리에 의해 두드러졌다.
⑧ From this point onward, tango began to develop. 이때 이후로, 탱고가 발달하기 시작했다.
⑨ After World War I, tango became the dominant music style in Argentina. 1차 세계대전이 끝난 후, 탱고는 아르헨티나의 지배적인 음악 스타일이 되었다.
⑩ As Argentina's economy gradually developed, tango was refined to make it more fashionable and elegant. 아르헨티나의 경제가 점차 발전함에 따라 탱고를 더세련되고 우아하게 만들기 위해 그것은 다듬어졌다.
⑪ The lyrics of the songs slowly moved from the subjects of poverty and the loneliness of immigrants to the general subject of romance. 노랫말은 가난과 이민자의 외로움이라는 주제에서사랑이라는 보편적인 주제로 차츰 옮겨 갔다.
⑫ Stars were made: singers, dancers, lyricists, and composers. 가수나 무용수, 작사가, 작곡가 등의 스타도 탄생했다.
⑬ Carlos Gardel, a famous singer, introduced tango through radio and the movies, which made it a worldwide phenomenon. 유명 가수인 카를로스 가르델은 탱고를 라디오와 영화를 통해 소개했는데, 이는 그 음악을 세계적인 현상으로 만들었다.
⑭ However, in 1930, there was a violent change of government in Argentina. 그러나 1930년 아르헨티나에서는 무력에 의한 정부교체가 있었다.
⑮ People lost their right to vote, along with many other freedoms. 사람들은 많은 다른 자유와 함께 투표할 권리를 잃었다.
⑯ A somber mood spread across the country, which left few people interested in singing or dancing. 침울한 분위기가 나라 전역에 퍼졌고, 이는 노래와충에 관심을 가지는 사람들이 거의 없게 만들었다.
⑰ It was not until the late 1930s that Argentinians got their freedom back. 1930년대 후반이 되어서야 아르헨티나 사람들은 자유를 되찾았다.
⑱ They began to enjoy tango-it was once again a part of their daily lives. 그들은 탱고를 즐기기 시작했고, 탱고는 다시 한번그들 일상의 일부분이 되었다.
⑲ However, tango became less fashionable after the 1940s due to the arrival of American swing and rock and roll. 그러나 탱고는 1940년대 이후에는 미국의 스윙과로큰롤의 유입으로 인해 인기가 떨어졌다.
⑳ From the 1960s to the 1980s, it was enjoyed only by the older generation and by a few enthusiasts. 1960년대에서 1980년대까지, 탱고는 나이 든 세대와 소수의 애호가에 의해서만 즐겨졌다.
㉑ The current revival dates from the early 1980s, when a stage show called Tango Argentina toured the world with a dazzling version of tango. 최근의 부흥은 1980년대 초반부터 시작되는데, 이때 〈탱고 아르헨티나〉라는 무대 공연이 탱고의 매혹적인 형태로 전 세계 순회공연을 했다.
㉒ The 1990s became another period of renewal, with tango being influenced by contemporary music like jazz. 1990년대는 탱고가 재즈와 같은 현대 음악의 영향을 받으면서 또 다른 부흥기가 되었다.

 

 

 

Unit 13. Art - Reading 1: Calligraphy
① Do you have artistic talent and good handwriting? 당신은 예술적 재능이 있고 글씨를 잘 쓰는가?
② If so, maybe you should consider calligraphy. 만약 그렇다면, 캘리그래피를 고려해봐도 좋을 것이다.
③ Literally meaning "beautiful writing," it is the art of writing letters, characters, words and sentences in an elegant and attractive manner. 문자 그대로는 '아름다운 글'이라는 뜻으로, 이것은글자나 문자, 단어, 문장을 세련되고 멋진 방법으로쓰는 예술이다.
④ The key to becoming an expert calligrapher is being able to control the rhythm and movement of your pen strokes when you write. 전문 캘리그래퍼가 되는 비결은 글씨를 쓸 때 펜 놀림의 리듬과 움직임을 조절할 줄 아는 것이다.
⑤ Calligraphy is one of the more difficult art forms, as you only get one chance to write each character or letter. 캘리그래피는 다소 까다로운 예술 형태 중 하나인데, 각각의 문자나 글자를 쓸 기회가 한 번밖에 없기때문이다.
⑥ Each work is completed quickly and spontaneously. 각 작업은 순식간에 즉흥적으로 완성된다.
⑦ Most importantly, there is no going back and correcting errors. 가장 중요한 점은, 되돌아가 실수를 바로잡을 수 없다는 것이다.
⑧ Once the artist stops writing, the work is finished. 예술가가 일단 쓰는 것을 멈추면, 작업은 끝난다.
⑨ But calligraphy is far more than just a technical skill. 하지만, 캘리그래피는 단지 전문적인 기술 그 이상의 것이다.
⑩ Expert calligraphers must also be able to express specific emotions in their work. 전문 캘리그래퍼는 자신의 작품에 특유의 정서를 표현할 수 있어야 한다.
⑪ They do this not just through the meaning of the words they write, but also through their shape and form. 그들은 자신이 쓰는 말의 의미뿐만 아니라 그 형태와 모양을 통해서도 이를 구현한다.
⑫ Each strokes of the calligrapher's pen must be in harmony with the rest, resulting in a work that can create deep feelings within its viewers. 캘리그래퍼의 펜 놀림 하나하나는 나머지와 조화를이루어야, 보는 사람들에게 깊은 느낌을 불러일으킬수 있는 작품이 된다.
⑬ There are two essential sides to modern calligraphy. 현대 캘리그래피에는 두 가지 본질적인 측면이 있다.
⑭ On the one hand, it can be a pure art form, like painting or sculpting. 한편으로는, 그것은 회화나 조각처럼 순수한 형태의예술이 될 수 있다.
⑮ In this type of calligraphy, the words themselves may or may not be readable-it is their appearance that matters. 이러한 유형의 캘리그래피에서는 단어 그 자체는 읽힐 수도, 읽히지 않을 수도 있다. 중요한 것은 바로그것의 모양이다.
⑯ However, calligraphy can also be used as a visually pleasing way of communicating a message. 하지만, 캘리그래피는 또한 메시지를 시각적으로 보기 좋게 전달하는 방법으로 사용되기도 한다.
⑰ This kind of functional calligraphy can most commonly be found in fancy wedding invitations and greeting cards. 이와 같은 실용적인 캘리그래피는 화려한 결혼식 초청장이나 인사카드에서 가장 흔하게 발견된다.
⑱ Surprisingly, it is used every time we send an email as well. 놀랍게도, 이것은 우리가 이메일을 보낼 때마다 사용되기도 한다.
⑲ The @ symbol, used in email addresses, is believed to have originated from calligraphy hundreds of years ago. 이메일 주소에 쓰이는 @라는 기호는 수백 년 전의캘리그래피로부터 비롯된 것이라고 여겨진다.
⑳ So why not give calligraphy a try? 그러니 캘리그래피에 한 번 도전해 보는 게 어떤가?
㉑ By writing beautiful letters and characters in harmony with one another, you can create your own works of art that convey a special message to all who view them. 아름다운 글자나 문자를 서로 조화를 이루게 씀으로써, 당신은 그것을 보는 모든 사람에게 특별한 메시지를 전하는 자신만의 예술작품을 만들어낼 수 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 13. Art - Reading 2: René Magritte
① Do you think that a painting should accurately represent reality? 당신은 그림이 현실을 정확하게 나타내야 한다고 생각하는가?
② If so, the paintings of Rene Magritte might make you think again. 그렇다면 르네 마그리트의 그림은 당신이 다시 생각하게 할지도 모른다.
③ Magritte was a famous Belgian artist who created many interesting surrealist images. 마그리트는 흥미로운 초현실주의 이미지를 많이 만들어낸 벨기에의 유영한 미술가였다.
④ His paintings are known for making viewers think about the concept of reality, but doing so with a clever sense of humor. 그의 그림은 보는 사람으로 하여금 실체라는 개념에대해서 생각하게 만드는데, 재치 있는 유머 감각으로 그렇게 하는 것으로 유명하다.
⑤ Magritte was part of the surrealism movement, which began partly as a reaction to the horrors of World War I. 마그리트는 초현실주의 사조의 일원이었는데, 초현실주의는 부분적으로는 제1차 세계대전의 공포에대한 반발로서 생겨났다.
⑥ The artists felt that it was excessive rational thought that had led the world into war. 예술가들은 세계를 전쟁으로 이끈 것은 바로 과도한합리적 사고라고 여겼다.
⑦ Magritte and the other surrealists focused instead on expressing themselves with creativity and imagination. 마그리트와 다른 초현실주의 작가들은 그보다는 창의력과 상상력을 가지고 자신을 표현하는 데 중점을두었다.
⑧ Magritte often painted familiar objects, but he placed them in unusual situations, giving new meaning to ordinary things. 마그리트는 대개 친숙한 사물들을 그리면서도, 그것들을 평범하지 않은 환경에 배치하여 일상적인 사물에 새로운 의미를 부여했다.
⑨ One of his most famous works, The Treachery of Images, is the simple image of a pipe against a plain background. 그의 가장 유명한 작품 중 하나인 〈이미지의 배반〉은아무 무늬가 없는 배경을 바탕으로 한 단순한 파이프의 이미지이다.
⑩ Beneath it, however, Magritte wrote the words "Ceci n'est pas une pipe." 그러나 그 아래에, 마그리트는 "Ceci n'est pas une pipe.''라는 말을 썼다.
⑪ This is French for "This is not a pipe." 이는 ''이것은 파이프가 아니다.''라는 뜻의 프랑스어이다.
⑫ He did this to make the viewer consider the difference between an actual pipe and the image of a pipe. 그는 이렇게 해서 보는 사람으로 하여금 실제 파이프와 파이프 이미지 간의 차이에 대해서 생각하도록만들었다.
⑬ The Listening Room is similar in that Magritte painted an everyday object-in this case, an apple-in a straightforward way. 〈청강실〉도 마그리트가 간단한 방식으로 일상적인사물을 그렸다는 점에서 유사한데, 이 (작품의) 경우에는 사과이다.
⑭ He challenges our perception, however, by making it appear to be large enough to fill an empty room. 그러나 그는 사과가 빈방을 가득 채울 정도로 커다랗게 보이게 함으로써 우리의 인식에 의심을 제기한다.
⑮ Once again, the viewer is left to think about the differences between image and reality. 다시 한번 보는 사람들은 이미지와 실체 간의 차이에 대해서 생각하게 된다.
⑯ When asked about his artwork, Magritte once said, "When one sees one of my pictures, one asks oneself the simple question, 'What does that mean?' 한번은 마그리트가 자신의 작품에 대해 질문을 받고이렇게 말한 적이 있었다, "누군가 내 그림 중 하나를 보면, 스스로에게 '저건 무슨 의미이지?'라는 간단한 질문을 합니다.
⑰ It does not mean anything because mystery means nothing either it is unknowable." 그건 아무 의미가 없는데, 미스터리 역시 아무 의미가 없기 때문이죠. 그건 알 수 없는 것입니다."
⑱ But even if the true meaning of these paintings cannot be known, they still provide art lovers with plenty to think about. 하지만, 이 그림들의 참된 의미는 알 수 없을지라도, 이 그림들은 미술 애호가들에게 여전히 많은 생각할거리들을 준다.

 

 

 

Unit 14. Human Rights - Reading 1: Declaration of Women’s Rights
① In 1776, when the writers of the Declaration of Independence wrote "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal..." they used the word "men" literally. 1776년 미국 독립 선언서 작성자들이 "우리는 다음과 같은 사실을 자명한 진리로 받아들인다. 즉 모든남자는 평등하게 태어났고 ..."라고 썼을 때, 그들은문자 그대로 'men(남자들)'이라는 단어를 사용했다.
② Women were excluded from many of the rights that were guaranteed in the Declaration of Independence, and in the US Constitution as well. 여성들은 독립 선언서 및 미국 헌법에 보장되어 있던 권리 중 다수에서 제외되었다.
③ It took women 144 more years to finally receive the basic rights that all human beings deserve. 여성들이 마침내 모든 인간이 받아 마땅한 기본권을보장받는 데는 144년이 더 걸렸다.
④ The first meeting to discuss women's rights was called by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott in 1848. 여권에 대해 논의하기 위한 최초의 회의가 1848년엘리자베스 캐디 스탠턴과 루크리셔 모트에 의해서소집되었다.
⑤ At the Seneca Falls Convention, named for the New York town in which it was held, Stanton read the Declaration of Sentiments, a document she wrote based on the Declaration of Independence. 행사가 열린 뉴욕의 마을 이름을 딴 세네카 폴스 회의에서 스탠턴은 독립 선언서에 기초하여 자신이 직접 쓴 감성선언서를 낭독하였다.
⑥ It listed the injustices suffered by women in the US and proposed resolutions to correct them. 그 선언서에는 미국 내에서의 여성들이 겪는 부당한일들이 나열되었고 이를 바로잡기 위한 결의안이 제안되었다.
⑦ First on her list of injustices was the fact that women were not allowed to vote, which meant that they had no voice in writing the laws that governed their lives. 그녀의 불평등 목록 중 첫 번째는 여성에게 투표권이 허락되어 있지 않다는 사실인데, 이는 곧 여성들이 자신의 삶을 지배하는 법률을 제정하는 데 있어아무런 의견도 내지 못한다는 뜻이었다.
⑧ Also, as married women, their property belonged entirely to their husbands. 또한, 기혼여성의 경우 그들의 재산은 전적으로 남편의 소유였다.
⑨ Women were denied education, entrance into professions, and the right to participate publicly in church affairs. 여성은 교육도 받을 수 없었고, 전문직에 종사할 수도 없었으며, 교회 일에 공식적으로 참여할 수 있는권리도 없었다.
⑩ The resolutions in the declaration demanded that women be recognized as equal to men in all aspects of law and society. 선언서에 제시된 결의안은 법률 및 사회의 모든 분야에서 여성을 남성과 동등하게 인정해 달라고 요구했다.
⑪ It called for women to demand their rights as citizens and to end the practice of allowing men to control their lives and property. 선언서는 여성들이 시민으로서의 자신의 권리를 요구할 것과 남성들이 여성들의 삶과 재산을 지배하도록 하는 관습을 종식시킬 것을 요구했다.
⑫ Newspapers and religious leaders made fun of the events that took place at the convention and criticized the resolutions. 신문 및 종교 지도자들은 세네카 폴스 회의 때 이루어진 행사들을 조롱했고 결의안의 내용을 비난했다.
⑬ Nevertheless, the convention was the first significant step for the women's rights movement in the US. 그럼에도 불구하고 세네카 폴스 회의는 미국 내 여권 신장 운동의 중요한 첫 단계가 되었다.
⑭ Finally, women over the age of 21 were given the right to vote in 1920, when the US Constitution was officially changed. 마침내 1920년에 미국 헌법이 공식적으로 개정되자, 21세가 넘는 여성들에게 투표권이 주어졌다.

 

 

 

Unit 14. Human Rights - Reading 2: Global March against Child Labor
① In 1959, the United Nations agreed on a list of rights for children called the Declaration of the Rights of the Child. 1959년에 국제 연합은 아동 권리 선언이라고 불리는 아동의 권리 목록에 동의했다.
② The list contains ten items, including the rights to education, protection against exploitation, and relief in all circumstances. 그 목록에는 교육에 대한 권리, 착취로부터의 보호, 그리고 모든 상황에서의 구조를 포함한 열 개의 조항이 있다.
③ However, in spite of the declaration, many children could not enjoy these rights because they were forced to work under harsh conditions. 그러나 이 선언에도 불구하고 많은 아동들이 혹독한환경에서 일하도록 강요받았기 때문에 이러한 권리들을 누릴 수 없었다.
④ Almost 40 years later, in 1998, an Indian human rights activist named Kailash Satyarthi organized the Global March against Child Labor, an enormous demonstration against the ongoing problem. 거의 40년 후인 1998년에 카일라시 사티아르티라는 이름의 인도 인권 운동가가 계속되는 문제에 대항하는 대규모 시위인 아동 노동에 반대하는 글로벌행진을 조직했다.
⑤ At the time, it was estimated that there were still 250 million child laborers worldwide. 그 당시 전 세계에 아직도 2억 5천만 명의 아동 노동자들이 있는 것으로 추정되었다.
⑥ For example, in the United States, around 230,000 children were illegally working on farms picking fruit and vegetables, and about 45 percent of them had dropped out of school. 예를 들어 미국에서는 약 23만 명의 아동들이 과일과 채소를 따며 농장에서 불법적으로 일하고 있었고, 그중 약 45퍼센트가 학교를 중퇴했다.
⑦ Similar or worse situations existed in nations around the globe. 이와 비슷하거나 더 심각한 상황들이 전 세계 국가들에 존재했다.
⑧ The Global March against Child Labor began on January 17, 1998, and took place in 103 countries. 아동 노동에 반대하는 글로벌 행진은 1998년 1월17일에 시작했고 103개국에서 진행되었다.
⑨ Over seven million people participated in the demonstration to demand a change. 7백만 명이 넘는 사람들이 변화를 요구하기 위해 그시위에 참가했다.
⑩ Some of them marched only in their local areas, and others continued on along with Kailash Satyarthi to Geneva, Switzerland. 일부 참가자들은 그들의 지역 내에서만 행진했고,다른 이들은 카일라시 사티아르티와 함께 스위스 제네바로 가서 행진을 이어나갔다.
⑪ Here, the International Labor Organization (ILO) was meeting to discuss solutions to the problem of child labor. 이곳에서는 국제 노동 기구(ILO)가 아동 노동 문제에 대한 해결책을 논의하기 위해 회합하고 있었다.
⑫ In June, Satyarthi and the other marchers entered the United Nations Office at Geneva and insisted on resolving the issue with the ILO. 6월에 사티아르티와 다른 행진 참가자들은 제네바의 국제 연합 사무소로 들어가 ILO와 함께 그 문제를 해결해 줄 것을 강력히 주장했다.
⑬ The march was a great success because it drew attention to the problem and pressured the ILO to create effective laws against child labor. 그 행진은 대단한 성공이었는데, 왜냐하면 그것이(아동 노동) 문제에 대해 관심을 끌어모았고 ILO로하여금 아동 노동을 규제하는 효과적인 법을 만들도록 압력을 주었기 때문이다.
⑭ The agreement the ILO reached was accepted by nations around the world faster than any other set of labor standards they had published. ILO가 도달한 합의는 그들이 발표했던 다른 어떤 근로 기준들보다 더 빠르게 전 세계 국가들에서 받아들여졌다.
⑮ Although the situation has gradually improved since then, the problem persists. 그때 이후로 상황은 점차 개선되었으나 그 문제는지속되고 있다.
⑯ The fight continues because around 152 million child laborers are still being exploited. 아직도 약 1억 5천 2백만 명의 아동 노동자들이 착취당하고 있기 때문에 투쟁은 계속되고 있다.
⑰ Today, the Global March against Child Labor exists as an organization rather than an event. 오늘날, 아동 노동에 반대하는 글로벌 행진은 하나의 행사로서보다는 조직으로서 존재한다.
⑱ As a network of teachers, trade unions, and other groups, it works daily to protect children's rights to freedom and education. 선생님, 노동조합, 그리고 다른 집단의 연계망으로서, 그것은 아동의 자유와 교육에 대한 권리를 보호하기 위해 나날이 노력한다.

 

 

 

Unit 15. Astronomy - Reading 1: Halley’s Comet
① In November l835, a baby was born while a comet lit up the sky. 1835년 11월, 혜성이 하늘을 밝게 비출 때 한 아기가 태어났다.
② The baby grew up to be the great writer Mark Twain. 그 아기는 자라서 위대한 작가인 마크 트웨인이 되었다.
③ In 1909 he said, "I came in with the comet in 1835. 1909년에 그는 다음과 같이 말했다. "나는 1835년에 혜성과 함께 왔다.
④ It is coming again next year, and I expect to go out with it." 그것은 내년에 또 올 것이며, 나는 그것과 함께 가기를 바란다.''
⑤ And he did! 그리고 그는 그렇게 했다!
⑥ Mark Twain died the day after the comet reappeared in 1910. 마크 트웨인은 1910년 그 혜성이 다시 나타난 다음날 사망했다.
⑦ The comet was Halley's Comet, one of the most famous objects in our solar system. 그 혜성은 우리 태양계에서 가장 유명한 천체 중 하나인 핼리 혜성이었다.
⑧ Astronomers believe that there may be as many as one trillion comets traveling through the universe. 천문학자들은 1조 개에 달하는 많은 혜성이 우주를항해하고 있을 것으로 생각한다.
⑨ But only a few thousand of these have actually been observed. 하지만 이들 중 불과 수천 개만이 실제로 관측되었다.
⑩ People have been noticing Halley's Comet since 240 BC. 사람들은 기원전 240년부터 핼리 혜성을 목격해 왔다.
⑪ It looks like a star with a glowing tail moving across the sky. 그것은 하늘을 가로질러 움직이는 빛나는 꼬리를 가진 별처럼 보인다.
⑫ For a very long time, many people believed it to be a terrible sign of bad luck. 아주 오랫동안 많은 사람들은 핼리 혜성이 불운을상징하는 흉조라고 믿었다.
⑬ But, in 1705, an English astronomer named Edmund G. Halley changed their minds. 그러나 1705년에 에드먼드 G. 핼리라는 영국의 한천문학자가 사람들의 생각을 바꿔 놓았다.
⑭ In his book, he said that comets observed in 1531, 1607 and 1682, were actually one comet making return trips every 76 years. 그는 그의 저서에서 1531년, 1607년 그리고 1682년에 목격된 혜성들이 사실은 76년마다 되돌아오는하나의 혜성이라고 말했다.
⑮ He also predicted that the comet would come again in 1758. 그는 또한 그 혜성이 1758년에 다시 올 것이라고예측했다.
⑯ Unfortunately, Halley didn't live to see it. 불행히도, 핼리는 그것을 볼 때까지 살지 못했다.
⑰ But when the comet appeared in 1758, his theory was proven and the comet was named after him. 하지만 1758년에 혜성이 나타나자, 그의 이론은 증명되었고, 혜성은 그의 이름을 따서 이름 붙여졌다.
⑱ Halley's Comet is a very large ball of frozen dust and gas. 핼리 혜성은 얼어붙은 먼지와 가스로 이루어진 매우큰 원형체이다.
⑲ We cannot usually see it as it travels across the solar system. 우리는 그것이 태양계를 가로질러 움직일 때, 대부분의 경우 그것을 보지 못한다.
⑳ However, about every 76 years, it passes near the Sun, the heat of which causes some of the frozen dust and gas to melt and burn away. 그러나 76년마다 한 번씩 그것은 태양과 근접하여지나는데, 태양의 열은 얼어붙은 먼지와 가스 일부를 녹이거나 태운다.
㉑ The burning dust and gas reflect the Sun's light, appearing as the comet's famous tail. 불타는 먼지와 가스는 태양 빛을 반사해서 핼리 혜성의 유명한 꼬리로 나타나게 된다.
㉒ This is the only time we can see Halley's Comet move dramatically across the night sky. 바로 이때가 우리가 핼리 혜성이 밤하늘을 눈부시게가로질러 움직이는 것을 볼 수 있는 유일한 때이다.

 

 

 

Unit 15. Astronomy - Reading 2: TOEFL (The Planet Saturn)
① Saturn, the sixth planet from the Sun, is known for its large, distinct rings. 태양으로부터 여섯 번째 행성인 토성은 크고 뚜렷한고리들로 알려져 있다.
② These rings were first seen in 1610 by Galileo Galilei, but not very clearly. 이 고리들은 1610년 갈릴레오 갈릴레이에 의해 처음으로 관측되었지만 아주 명확하게 보인 것은 아니었다.
③ He wondered if they were just two large moons of the planet. 그는 자신이 그 행성의 두 개의 큰 위성을 보고 있는것은 아닌지 궁금해했다.
④ Later, with more developed telescopes, astronomers were able to discern the shape of the rings and eventually discovered that they were made of numerous small pieces of material. 이후에, 더 좋은 망원경을 이용해 천문학자들이 고고리들의 형태를 식별할 수 있었고, 마침내 그것들이 물질의 수많은 작은 조각들로 이루어졌음을 발견했다.
⑤ In the 1980s, the two Voyager space probes collected more detailed information about Saturn, and exploration continued from 2004 to 2017 with the Cassini probe. 1980년대에 두 대의 보이저 우주 탐사선이 토성에관한 더 상세한 정보를 수집했고, 카시니 탐사선을이용해 2004년부터 2017년까지 탐사가 계속되었다.
⑥ Thanks to the detailed images taken by these spacecraft, we got to see that Saturn is surrounded by thousands of small rings. 이 우주선들에 의해 촬영된 상세한 이미지들 덕분에우리는 토성이 수많은 작은 고리들로 둘러싸여 있는것을 알게 되었다.
⑦ The collected data revealed information about what Saturn's rings are made of, where they might have come from, and how they change. 수집된 정보는 토성의 고리들이 무엇으로 만들어져있는지, 그것들이 어디에서 왔을지와 그것들이 어떻게 변화하는지에 관한 정보를 밝혀냈다.
⑧ Billions and billions of individual bits form the rings of Saturn. 수십억 개의 각 조각들이 토성의 고리를 형성한다.
⑨ Some are the size of a mountain and others are the size of a grain of sand. 몇몇은 크기가 산만하고, 다른 것들은 모래알만 하다.
⑩ They are made up mostly of frozen water. 그것들은 주로 얼어붙은 물로 이루어져 있다.
⑪ When seen through a telescope, the rings look like one large disk. 망원경을 통해 관측될 때, 그 고리들은 하나의 커다란 원반처럼 보인다.
⑫ However, there are actually four major ring groups and three smaller groups, all separated by gaps. 그러나 실제로는 네 개의 주요 고리 집단과 세 개의더 작은 집단이 있으며, 모두 간극으로 분리되어 있다.
⑬ They all orbit the planet at high speeds. 고것들은 모두 빠른 속도로 그 행성(토성)의 궤도를돈다.
⑭ At first, astronomers thought the rings were as old as the planet and were made from material left over when Saturn formed. 처음에 천문학자들은 그 고리들이 행성(토성)만큼오래되었으며 토성이 형성될 때 남겨진 물질들로 만들어졌다고 생각했다.
⑮ But the rings turned out to be made of very pure ice, which suggests they are much younger than the planet. 그러나 그 고리들은 매우 순수한 얼음으로 만들어져있다는 것이 드러났는데, 이는 그것들이 그 행성보다 훨씬 젊다는 것을 암시한다.
⑯ If they were old, they would have collected more dust. 만약 그것들이 오래된 것이라면, 그것들은 먼지를더 많이 축적했을 것이다.
⑰ Instead, astronomers now think the rings could have been made from broken moons. 그 대신, 천문학자들은 이제 고 고리들이 깨어진 위성들로 만들어졌을 수도 있다고 생각한다.
⑱ It's more likely that asteroids or comets collided with some of Saturn's moons, breaking them into pieces in the distant past. 먼 과거에 소행성이나 혜성이 토성의 위성들과 충돌하여 그것들을 산산조각 냈을 가능성이 더 많다.
⑲ The pieces may have then spread out and formed the rings around Saturn. 그 후에 그 조각들이 넓게 퍼져 토성 주위에 고리들을 형성했을 수도 있다.
⑳ Regardless of how the rings formed, scientists agree that they won't last long compared with the lifespan of a planet. 고리들이 어떻게 형성되었는지와 관계없이, 과학자들은 행성의 수명에 견주었을 때 고리들이 오래가지않을 것임에 동의한다.
㉑ Saturn's magnetic field pulls the rings' particles inward, causing them to fall onto the planet like rain. 토성의 자기장아 고리 입자들을 안으로 끌어당겨서그것들이 그 행성에 비처럼 내리게 한다.
㉒ The rings are gradually losing mass and will probably disappear within 300 million years. 고리들은 점차 질량이 줄어들고 있고 아마도 3억 년내로 사라질 것이다.

 

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Unit 01. Animals - Reading 1: Alligator Snapping Turtle
① The Wonders of Wildlife 야생 동물의 경이로움
② Not an Ordinary-Looking Turtle! 평범하게 생기지 않은 거북!
③ The alligator snapping turtle has an odd appearance. 악어거북은 기묘한 생김새를 하고 있다.
④ Its head is covered in rough ridges, and it has a sharp, hooked beak like a hawk's. 그것의 머리는 울퉁불퉁하게 솟은 돌기로 덮여 있고, 매의 부리처럼 날카로운 갈고리 모양의 부리가있다.
⑤ It also grows quite large, weighing up to 100 kilograms. 또한, 몸집이 꽤 크게 자라서, 무게가 최대 100킬로그램까지 나간다.
⑥ Because of its unique appearance and large size, the animal is called the dinosaur of the turtle world. 독특한 생김새와 큰 몸집 때문에, 그 동물은 거북 세계의 공룡으로 불린다.
⑦ Why Is It Called an "Alligator Snapping Turtle"? 왜 그것은 '악어거북'으로 불리는가?
⑧ The species' strange name makes sense if you look at each word separately. 이 종의 이상한 이름은 각각의 단어를 따로따로 살펴보면 이해가 된다.
⑨ The turtle's shell is covered with a series of pointed ridges, just like the skin of an alligator! 이 거북의 등딱지는 꼭 악어 피부처럼 일련의 뾰족한 돌기들로 덮여 있다!
⑩ That's where the first word comes from. 그것에서 첫 번째 단어가 유래했다.
⑪ The second is a description of how the turtle catches its prey. 두 번째 단어는 이 거북이 먹이를 잡는 방식에 대한묘사이다.
⑫ It snaps down on fish with its sharp, powerful beak! 그것은 날카롭고 강력한 부리로 물고기를 낚아챈다!
⑬ And finally, it's a member of the turtle family. 그리고 마지막으로, 그것은 거북과에 속한다.
⑭ A Patient Hunter's Waiting Game 인내심 있는 사냥꾼의 기다리기 전략
⑮ What is more amazing than its appearance and name, however, is the way it catches its dinner. 그러나 생김새나 이름보다 더 놀라운 것은 이 거북이 저녁 먹잇감을 잡는 방식이다.
⑯ The turtle sits perfectly still at the bottom of a river with its mouth wide open. 이 거북은 입을 크게 벌린 채로 강바닥에서 가만히앉아 있는다.
⑰ It waits like this for a fish to pass by. 그것은 이런 식으로 물고기가 지나가기를 기다린다.
⑱ It can wait so long that river algae will begin to cover its bumpy shell! 그것은 아주 오랫동안 기다릴 수 있어서 강에 사는조류가 울퉁불퉁한 등딱지를 덮기 시작한다!
⑲ Luckily, though, the turtle can also attract fish. 하지만 다행히도, 이 거북은 물고기를 유인할 수도있다.
⑳ By wiggling its pink tongue, it imitates the appearance of a worm. 그것은 분홍색 혀를 흔들어서 벌레의 생김새를 흉내낸다.
㉑ When a hungry fish comes by for a closer look, it gets snapped! 굶주린 물고기가 더 가까이 보려고 다가왔을 때 그것은 잡히고 만다!
㉒ A Purposeful Journey out of the Water 물 밖으로의 목적 있는 여정
㉓ Alligator snapping turtles live in lakes and streams. 악어거북은 호수나 개울에 산다.
㉔ However, females venture onto land to build a nest and lay their eggs. 하지만 암컷은 둥지를 짓고 알을 낳기 위해서 육지로 오르는 모험을 감행한다.
㉕ They lay from 10 to 50 eggs at a time and bury them with dirt, sand, or whatever materials are available. 그들은 한 번에 10개에서 50개까지의 알을 낳아 흙이나 모래, 그 밖에 구할 수 있는 어떤 재료로든지알을 묻어 둔다.
㉖ Strangely, the sex of the young turtles depends on the temperature within the nest. 기이하게도, 새끼 거북의 성별은 둥지 안의 온도에의해 결정된다.
㉗ When the temperature is moderate, more males are born, while above- or below-average temperatures result in more females! 온도가 적당하면 더 많은 수컷이 태어나고, 반면에평균 이상이나 이하의 온도는 더 많은 암컷을 태어나게 한다!

 

 

 

Unit 01. Animals - Reading 2: Saiga Antelope
① The saiga, an antelope inhabiting Central Asia, has long, thin legs and a body about the size of a sheep's. 중앙아시아에 서식하는 영양인, 사이가영양은 길고가는 다리와 대략 양의 크기 정도의 몸집을 가지고있다.
② Males have ridged horns that can grow to about 25 centimeters long. 수컷들은 약 25센티미터의 길이까지 자랄 수 있는굴곡진 무늬의 뿔을 가지고 있다.
③ The most distinctive feature of the saiga is its large and bent nose, which hangs downward over its mouth. 사이가영양의 가장 뚜렷한 특징은 그것의 크고 구부러진 코인데, 그것은 아래쪽으로 늘어져 입을 덮고있다.
④ This unusually shaped nose filters out dust during dry summers and warms the air the saiga breathes in during cold winters. 이 특이하게 생긴 코는 건조한 여름에는 먼지를 걸러 주고 추운 겨울에는 사이가영양이 들이마시는 공기를 따뜻하게 해준다.
⑤ It also helps the saiga communicate ― males use it to create loud roars that attract females. 그것은 또한 사이가영양이 의사소통하는 것을 돕는데, 수컷들은 암컷들을 유혹하는 큰 울음소리를 내기 위해 그것을 사용한다.
⑥ The saiga is a migratory animal, and each spring herds made up of thousands of individuals undertake a long, difficult journey north to their grazing grounds. 사이가영양은 이동하는 동물이며, 매년 봄 수천 마리로 이루어진 무리들이 풀을 뜯어 먹을 곳을 향해북쪽으로 길고 힘겨운 여정을 떠난다.
⑦ Males start off first and females follow after giving birth. 수컷들이 먼저 출발하고 암컷들은 출산 후에 따라간다.
⑧ During this migration, they travel more than 100 kilometers per day. 이 이동 기간 동안, 그들은 하루에 100킬로미터 이상 움직인다.
⑨ Once the migration is finished, they disperse into smaller herds. 일단 이동이 끝나면, 그들은 더 작은 무리로 흩어진다.
⑩ Each November, they make the equally challenging journey back south. 11월마다, 그들은 다시 남쪽으로 똑같이 도전적인여정을 떠난다.
⑪ The saiga faces several serious threats. 사이가영양은 몇 가지 심각한 위협에 직면해 있다.
⑫ They are hunted for their meat by local people, and this has caused the number of saigas to drop considerably. 그들은 그들의 고기를 얻고자 하는 지역 사람들에의해 사냥되고 있고, 이것이 사이가영양의 수를 상당히 줄어들게 했다.
⑬ Moreover, poachers kill the males for their horns, which has resulted in a large disparity between the number of males and females. 게다가, 밀렵꾼들은 뿔을 얻기 위해 수컷들을 죽이는데, 그것은 수컷과 암컷의 수에 큰 차이를 가져왔다.
⑭ Manmade climate change has also caused a decrease in the saiga population, as many parts of the saiga's habitat are turning into desert. 인간에 의한 기후 변화 또한 사이가영양의 개체 수의 감소를 야기했는데, 사이가영양의 서식지의 많은부분이 사막으로 바뀌고 있기 때문이다.
⑮ As a result, the plants the saiga feeds on have become scarce, which endangered the species. 그 결과, 사이가영양이 먹는 식물들이 부족해졌고,이것은 이 종을 멸종 위기에 처하게 했다.
⑯ Finally, a deadly epidemic has spread from the livestock of local farmers to the saiga. 마지막으로, 치명적인 전염병이 지역 농민들의 가축에서 사이가영양에게로 퍼졌다.
⑰ As these farm animals are not native to the region, saigas have no immunity to the diseases they carry. 이 농장 동물들은 그 지역의 토착 동물이 아니기 때문에, 사이가영양은 그들이 옮기는 질병들에 대한면역력이 없다.
⑱ Despite the recent conservation efforts, the saiga population has been dropping dramatically. 최근의 보존 노력에도 불구하고, 사이가영양의 개체수는 급격히 감소해오고 있다.
⑲ In the early 1990s it exceeded one million but is now estimated to be approximately 50,000. 1990년대 초에는 100만 마리가 넘었지만 지금은약 5만 마리로 추정된다.

 

 

 

Unit 02. Technology - Reading 1: Energy Harvesting
① Everything we do requires energy. 우리가 하는 모든 것은 에너지를 필요로 한다.
② Unfortunately, a great deal of the energy we generate is lost before it can be utilized. 불행하게도, 우리가 만들어 내는 에너지 중 많은 양이 활용되기 전에 손실된다.
③ In power stations, for example, about two-thirds of the energy created is lost, mostly in the form of released heat. 예를 들면, 발전소에서 생산되는 에너지의 약 3분의2가 손실되는데, 대부분 방출된 열의 형태이다.
④ This is why experts have focused on "energy harvesting," the process of recapturing and using lost energy. 이것이 전문가들이 손실된 에너지를 되찾아 사용하는 과정인 '에너지 수확'에 집중해 온 이유이다.
⑤ One method of energy harvesting involves pressure. 에너지 수확의 한 방법은 압력과 관련이 있다.
⑥ When a material receives pressure from another source, its molecules are disturbed. 어떤 물질이 다른 원천으로부터 압력을 받으면, 그것의 분자들은 흐트러진다.
⑦ This creates a small amount of electrical voltage. 이것은 소량의 전압을 생성한다.
⑧ In Brazil, for example, energy-harvesting tiles were placed underneath the artificial grass of an outdoor soccer field in a poor neighborhood. 예를 들면, 브라질에서는 에너지 수확 타일들이 가난한 동네에 있는 야외 축구장의 인공 잔디 밑에 설치되었다.
⑨ The pressure created by players running up and down the field now generates enough electricity to illuminate the field for up to 10 hours, allowing local kids to play safely at night. 경기장을 이리저리 뛰어다니는 선수들에 의해 만들어진 압력은 이제 경기장을 최대 10시간까지 밝힐수 있는 충분한 전기를 만들어 내서, 지역의 아이들이 밤에도 안전하게 경기를 할 수 있게 한다.
⑩ Temperature disparity is another potential source of energy harvesting. 온도 차이는 에너지 수확의 또 다른 잠재적인 원천이다.
⑪ When two adjacent objects have a large and constant temperature difference, voltage is created. 두 개의 인접한 사물들이 크고 지속적인 온도 차이를 가질 때, 전압이 생성된다.
⑫ One company has taken advantage of this fact to create a self-sustaining telephone charger that resembles a drink coaster. 한 회사는 음료 컵받침을 닮은 자립형 휴대폰 충전기를 만들기 위해서 이 사실을 이용했다.
⑬ The charger works when either a hot or cold drink is placed upon it. 그 충전기는 뜨겁거나 차가운 음료가 그 위에 놓일때 작동한다.
⑭ The difference in temperature between the drink and the device creates enough electricity to charge a phone. 음료와 그 장치 사이의 온도 차이는 휴대폰을 충전하기에 충분한 전기를 생산한다.
⑮ Energy that is harvested can be used as a substitute for batteries in a variety of low-power electric devices. 수확된 에너지는 다양한 저전력 전자 기기에서 건전지의 대체품으로써 사용될 수 있다.
⑯ This has several advantages, such as eliminating the need to constantly replace dead batteries. 이것은 다 쓴 건전지를 끊임없이 교체해야 하는 필요를 제거하는 것과 같은 몇 가지 이점을 가진다.
⑰ It also benefits the environment by reducing the number of batteries that end up in landfills, where harmful substances can leak into the soil. 그것은 또한 매립지에 묻히게 되는 건전지의 수를줄임으로써 환경을 이롭게 하는데, 그곳에서는 유해한 물질들이 토양으로 유출될 수 있다.
⑱ Finally, harvested energy can be used in remote regions where mass-produced electricity is not available, and even at the bottom of the sea. 마지막으로, 수확된 에너지는 대량 생산되는 전기를이용할 수 없는 외딴 지역이나 심지어 바다의 밑바닥에서도 사용될 수 있다.
⑲ Currently, energy harvesting is still being developed and has yet to reach its full potential. 현재로서는, 에너지 수확은 여전히 개발 중이며 아직 그것의 완전한 잠재력에 도달하지 못했다.
⑳ It is likely, however, that it will play an essential role in providing some of the energy humans need in the future. 그러나, 그것은 미래에 인간들이 필요로 하는 에너지의 일부를 제공하는 데 필수적인 역할을 할 가능성이 크다.

 

 

 

Unit 02. Technology - Reading 2: A Bionic Hand
① A Danish man named Dennis Sorensen lost his left hand in a fireworks accident when he was in his twenties. 덴마크 출신의 데니스 소런슨은 20대에 불꽃놀이사고로 왼손을 잃었다.
② Nine years later, in 2013, Dr. Silvestro Micera and his team allowed Sorensen to test a robotic hand. 9년 후인 2013년에 실베스트로 미세라 박사와 그의팀은 소런슨에게 로봇 손을 시험해 보게 했다.
③ This special technology let him feel the sense of touch! 이 특별한 기술은 그가 촉감을 느끼게 해 주었다!
④ It was the first successful robotic hand of its kind. 그것은 이러한 종류로서는 최초의 성공적인 로봇 손이었다.
⑤ "The sensory feedback was incredible," Sorensen said. "그 감각 반응은 놀라웠습니다."라고 소런슨은 말했다.
⑥ "I could feel things that I hadn't been able to feel in over nine years." "저는 9년 넘게 느낄 수 없었던 것들을 느낄 수 있었습니다."
⑦ To properly test the device, Sorensen wore a blindfold and earplugs. 그 장치를 제대로 시험하기 위해 소런슨은 안대와귀마개를 착용했다.
⑧ Then he was given different objects to hold with the robotic hand. 그러고 나서 로봇 손으로 잡을 여러 사물이 그에게주어졌다.
⑨ Sorensen not only recognized that he was holding something, but he was able to describe its shape and texture. 소런슨은 자신이 무언가를 잡고 있다는 것을 인식했을 뿐만 아니라, 그것의 모양과 감촉을 설명할 수 있었다.
⑩ How was it possible that an artificial hand could sense objects? 인공 손이 물체를 감지하는 것이 어떻게 가능했을까?
⑪ It was a matter of complicated science. 그것은 복잡한 과학의 문제였다.
⑫ The device used a sensory feedback system connected to Sorensen's nerves. 그 장치는 소런슨의 신경에 연결된 감각 반응 시스템을 이용했다.
⑬ Micera and his team built sensors inside the device, and these sensors recorded tension levels inside the hand when it touched or held objects. 미세라와 그의 팀은 그 장치 안에 센서들을 심었고, 이 센서들은 그것이 물체를 건드리거나 잡을 때 손안의 장력도를 기록했다.
⑭ The information about the tension levels was turned into an electric current. 장력도에 대한 정보는 전류로 전환되었다.
⑮ Then, with the help of a computer program, the electric current was transformed into an impulse that the nerves could interpret. 그런 다음 컴퓨터 프로그램의 도움으로, 그 전류는신경이 해석할 수 있는 자극으로 변환되었다.
⑯ Finally, these impulse signals were sent through wires surgically attached to Sorensen's upper-arm nerves. 마지막으로, 이 자극 신호는 소런슨의 팔 위쪽 신경에 외과적으로 부착된 전선을 통해 전달되었다.
⑰ Micera explained that sensory feedback has never before been restored and used in real-time to control an artificial body part. 미세라는 감각 반응이 회복되어 인공 신체 부위를제어하기 위해 실시간으로 사용된 적이 이전에 결코없었다고 설명했다.
⑱ Nevertheless, the doctors acknowledged that modern science is years away from a "bionic hand" for everyday use. 그럼에도, 의사들은 현대 과학이 '생체공학 손'을 상용화하기까지는 몇 년이 더 걸릴 것임을 인정했다.
⑲ A device like that would have to be surgically and permanently implanted, which cannot be done today. 그와 같은 장치는 수술을 통해 영구적으로 이식되어야 할 것인데, 이것은 현재로선 불가능하다.
⑳ However, Micera and his team seem headed in the right direction. 그렇지만, 미세라와 그의 팀은 올바른 방향으로 나아가고 있는 것 같다.

 

 

 

Unit 03. Space - Reading 1: Space Junk
① On a space walk in 1965, astronaut Edward White dropped his glove. 1965년 우주 유영 도중에 우주 비행사 에드워드 화이트는 그의 장갑을 떨어뜨렸다.
② It then circled Earth for a month at an amazing speed. 그 후 그것은 엄청난 속도로 한 달 동안 지구를 돌았다.
③ Ever since the beginning of the "Space Age" in 1957, similar incidents have been occurring. 1957년에 '우주 시대'가 시작된 이후로, 비슷한 일들이 일어나고 있다.
④ Thousands of pieces of space junk were created when China destroyed a non-working satellite in 2009, and thousands more the following year when two satellites collided. 2009년에 중국이 작동을 멈춘 인공위성을 파괴했을때 수천 조각의 우주 쓰레기 발생했으며, 다음 해에두 개의 인공위성이 충돌했을 때 수천 개가 추가로발생했다.
⑤ In fact, outer space is starting to resemble a huge garbage dump. 사실상 대기권 밖의 우주는 거대한 쓰레기장과 비슷해지기 시작했다.
⑥ Today there are more than half a million pieces of garbage in space. 현재 우주에는 50만 개 이상의 쓰레기 조각들이 있다.
⑦ Some bits of garbage are as small as a screw; others are large pieces of metal. 어떤 쓰레기 조각은 나사못만큼 작지만, 다른 것들은 커다란 금속 덩어리들이다.
⑧ What makes space junk so dangerous is a spacecraft's incredible speed in orbit ― an average of 28,000 km per hour. 우주 쓰레기가 그토록 위험한 이유는 우주선이 평균시속 28,000킬로미터라는 믿을 수 없는 속도로 궤도를 돌기 때문이다.
⑨ In fact, a tiny piece of paint dust from a satellite once made a small hole in a spacecraft's window. 실제로 언젠가 인공위성에서 떨어져 나온 아주 작은페인트 조각 하나가 우주선의 유리창에 작은 구멍을낸 적이 있었다.
⑩ Larger objects could seriously threaten the lives of astronauts in a spacecraft or the International Space Station. 더 큰 물체는 우주선이나 국제 우주 정거장에 있는우주 비행사들의 생명을 심각하게 위협할 수 있다.
⑪ Unfortunately, the situation is getting worse, not better. 안타깝게도, 상황은 나아지기는커녕 점점 나빠지고있다.
⑫ Scientists warn NASA that by the middle of this century, there may be so much space junk that space travel will become too dangerous. 과학자들은 금세기 중반 무렵에는 우주 쓰레기가 너무 많아져 우주여행이 대단히 위험해질 것이라고 미항공우주국에 경고한다.
⑬ And the risk is not only to astronauts. 그리고 그러한 위험은 우주 비행사들에게만 국한되지 않는다.
⑭ Space junk can also be dangerous if it falls back to Earth. 우주 쓰레기는 또한 그것이 지구로 떨어진다면 위험할 수 있다.
⑮ A falling piece of space garbage actually killed a cow in Australia in 1979. 1979년 호주에서는 떨어지는 우주 쓰레기 조각이실제로 소를 죽게 했다.
⑯ But unlike dealing with garbage on Earth, there is no simple solution for cleaning up space junk. 그렇지만 지구에서의 쓰레기 처리와 달리, 우주 쓰레기를 치울 간단한 해결책은 없다.
⑰ Currently, there are several projects being developed to help clean up space junk. 현재, 우주 쓰레기를 제거하는 것을 돕기 위해 여러프로젝트가 개발되고 있다.
⑱ However, it is equally important to find a way to limit the amount of garbage left in space in the future. 그러나 앞으로 우주에 남겨질 쓰레기 양을 제한할방법을 찾는 것 또한 그에 못지않게 중요하다.
⑲ There are no rules to deal with space junk at present, but people now realize that keeping space clean is as important as keeping our streets clean. 우주 쓰레기 문제를 다룰 법률이 현재는 없지만, 사람들은 이제 우주를 깨끗하게 하는 것이 우리가 사는 거리를 깨끗하게 하는 것만큼 중요하다는 사실을깨닫고 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 03. Space - Reading 2: The Giant Magellan Telescope
① The Most Powerful Telescope in the World 세계에서 가장 강력한 망원경
② What development in the field of astronomy has excited astronomers most? 천문학 분야에서 어떤 발전이 천문학자들을 가장 흥분하게 만들었을까?
③ Ask a group of them, and the most common answer is likely to be the Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT). 그들에게 물어본다면 아마 가장 흔한 대답은 거대마젤란 망원경일 것이다.
④ In the 17th century, Galileo invented his first 37 mm telescope. 17세기에 갈릴레오는 그의 첫 37밀리미터 망원경을발명했다.
⑤ Since then, the history of astronomy has been marked by significant innovations in its design. 그때 이후로, 천문학의 역사는 망원경의 설계에 있어 중대한 혁신들로 특징지어졌다.
⑥ More recently, the Hubble Space Telescope revolutionized the way we see the universe. 좀 더 최근에는, 허블 우주 망원경이 우리가 우주를보는 방식에 혁신을 가져왔다.
⑦ Positioned in orbit around Earth, it gives us an unobscured view of deep space. 지구 궤도를 돌면서 그것은 우리에게 먼 우주 공간을 뚜렷하게 보여 준다.
⑧ With so many other telescopes in use today, what's so special about the Giant Magellan Telescope? 오늘날 그렇게 많은 다른 망원경들이 사용되고 있는상황에서, 거대 마젤란 망원경은 무엇이 그렇게 특별할까?
⑨ Telescope of the Future 미래의 망원경
⑩ The GMT truly belongs to the next generation of astronomical instruments. GMT는 진정 차세대 천문학 장비에 속한다.
⑪ In terms of both size and resolution, it is breaking new ground in telescope design. 크기와 해상도 두 가지 측면에서, 이것은 망원경 설계에 있어 새로운 지평을 열고 있다.
⑫ One of its most striking features is the combination of seven different mirrors, each with a diameter of 8.4 meters ─ far larger than those of any other telescope built before. 그것의 가장 눈에 띄는 특징 중 하나는 일곱 개의 다른 거울의 결합으로, 각각은 지름이 8.4미터로 이전에 만들어진 다른 어떤 망원경의 거울보다 훨씬 더크다.
⑬ This will allow the GMT to take in up to six times more starlight than any telescope in operation today, giving it 30 times better resolution than any other land-based telescope. 이것은 GMT가 오늘날 운용 중인 어떤 망원경보다도 별빛을 최대 6배나 더 흡수하게 하여, 지상에 설치된 어느 망원경보다 30배나 뛰어난 해상도를 갖도록 해줄 것이다.
⑭ It will even outdo the Hubble Space Telescope in the sharpness of its images by a factor of 10. 이것은 이미지의 선명함 면에서 허블 우주 망원경을10배나 능가할 것이다.
⑮ With this enhanced capacity, the GMT will help us understand the origin of planetary systems and witness the formation of stars and galaxies. 이렇게 강화된 성능으로, GMT는 우리가 행성계의기원을 이해하고 별과 은하들의 형성을 관측하는 데도움을 줄 것이다.
⑯ Where the GMT Will Be Built GMT가 설치될 장소
⑰ A mountaintop in Chile's Atacama Desert was chosen for the GMT site. 칠레 아타카마 사막의 산꼭대기가 GMT 부지로 선정되었다.
⑱ Known as the driest place on the planet, the desert provides astonishingly clear skies at an extreme elevation. 지구상에서 가장 건조한 곳으로 알려진 그 사막은최고 고도에서 놀라울 만큼 맑은 하늘을 볼 수 있다.
⑲ It will be constructed, operated, and monitored by an international team from several countries, including South Korea, Australia, and the US. 그것은 대한민국, 호주, 미국을 비롯한 다국적 국제팀에 의해 건설되고, 운영되며, 관찰될 것이다.
⑳ Work on the project is underway and scheduled to be completed in 2025. 프로젝트에 관한 작업은 진행 중이며 2025년에 완료될 예정이다.
㉑ At that time, astronomers will be able to look farther into the universe than ever before, and they hope to be able to find answers to some of the biggest astrophysics riddles of our day. 그때가 되면, 천문학자들은 그 어느 때보다 우주를더 멀리까지 살펴볼 수 있게 될 것이며, 그들은 현시대 최대의 천체물리학 수수께끼 중 일부에 대한 해답을 발견할 수 있기를 희망한다.

 

 

 

Unit 04. People - Reading 1: Victor Hugo Green
① Slavery was officially abolished in the United States in the 1860s. 노예 제도는 1860년대에 미국에서 공식적으로 폐지되었다.
② However, state and local laws known as "Jim Crow laws" made racial segregation legal in places throughout the country. 그러나, '짐크로법'이라 알려진 주 및 지방 법규들은전국 도처에서 인종 분리 정책을 합법화했다.
③ These laws affected schools, libraries, restaurants, and even drinking fountains. 이러한 법들은 학교, 도서관, 식당, 그리고 심지어는식수대까지도 영향을 미쳤다.
④ They made it especially difficult for African Americans to travel because they could be denied service at restaurants and hotels. 그것들은 특히 아프리카계 미국인들이 여행하는 것을 어렵게 만들었는데, 왜냐하면 그들은 식당이나호텔에서 서비스를 거부당할 수 있었기 때문이다.
⑤ There were even "sundown towns," which required non-whites to leave by nighttime, all across the country. 심지어 나라 전역에 걸쳐 '일몰 마을'들이 있었는데, 그곳들은 유색 인종들이 밤이 되기 전까지 떠나도록요구했다.
⑥ In 1936, after experiencing discrimination while traveling by car, an African American postal employee named Victor Hugo Green came up with an idea. 1936년에, 빅터 휴고 그린이라는 이름의 아프리카계 미국인 우체부는 자동차로 여행하는 동안 차별을경험한 이후 아이디어를 하나 생각해 냈다.
⑦ He wrote a guidebook to make travel easier and more enjoyable for African Americans. 그는 아프리카계 미국인들에게 여행을 더 쉽고 더즐겁게 만들어 주기 위해 여행 안내서를 썼다.
⑧ With the help of his co-workers in the Postal Service, Green gathered and compiled information about suitable accommodations for African American travelers in various regions. 우체국에 있는 그의 동료들의 도움으로, 그린은 아프리카계 미국인 여행자들을 위해 다양한 지역에 있는 적절한 숙박 시설에 대한 정보를 모아서 편집했다.
⑨ The first edition of the book focused on the New York area. 그 책의 초판은 뉴욕 지역에 초점을 두었다.
⑩ It listed gas stations, restaurants, hotels, and motels where African Americans could safely stop. 그것은 아프리카계 미국인들이 안전하게 들를 수 있는 주유소, 식당, 호텔, 그리고 모텔을 나열했다.
⑪ In areas where no hotels or motels would accept African American guests, Green listed welcoming "tourist homes," homes where the host families willingly lent rooms to the guests. 아프리카계 미국인 손님들을 받는 호텔이나 모텔이없는 지역에 대해서는, 그린은 따뜻하게 맞이해 주는 '민박 숙소', 즉 주인 가족이 기꺼이 손님들에게방을 빌려주는 집을 나열했다.
⑫ In later editions of the book, Green added information on other places, such as barbershops and drugstores. 더 나중에 출판된 책에서, 그린은 이발소나 약국 같은 다른 장소들에 대한 정보를 추가했다.
⑬ In the introduction to the first edition of the book, Green wrote, "There will be a day sometime in the near future when this guide will not have to be published. 그 책의 초판 도입부에, 그린은 적었다. "가까운 미래에 언젠가 이 여행 안내서가 출판되지 않아도 될때가 있을 것이다.
⑭ That is when we as a race will have equal rights and privileges in the United States." 바로 그때가 우리가 인종으로서 미국에서 동등한 권리와 특권을 갖게 되는 때이다."
⑮ Shortly after his death in 1960, the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 officially made segregation illegal throughout the United States and proved Green's words true. 1960년에 그가 죽고 얼마 지나지 않아 1964년 민권법의 통과는 공식적으로 미국 전역에서의 차별 정책을 불법으로 만들었고 그린의 말이 사실임을 증명했다.

 

 

 

Unit 04. People - Reading 2: Maria Mitchell
① Maria Mitchell, the great astronomer and educator, was born in Nantucket, Massachusetts, in 1818. 위대한 천문학자이자 교육자인 마리아 미첼은 1818년에 매사추세츠주의 낸터킷에서 태어났다.
② From a young age, she was always looking up at the stars. 어려서부터 그녀는 언제나 별들을 바라보고 있었다.
③ When her father noticed this, he taught her how to use a telescope, and the two often observed the night sky together. 그녀의 아버지가 이것을 알아차렸을 때, 그는 그녀에게 망원경을 사용하는 방법을 가르쳐 주었고, 그둘은 종종 함께 밤하늘을 관찰했다.
④ When Maria was only 12 years old, she and her father calculated the position of their home based on their observations of a solar eclipse. 마리아가 겨우 12살이었을 때, 그녀와 그녀의 아버지는 그들이 관측한 일식을 토대로 그들의 집의 위치를 계산했다.
⑤ One day in 1847, when Mitchell was 28 years old, she was on the roof alone, scanning the night sky through a telescope. 1847년의 어느 날, 미첼이 28살이었을 때, 그녀는망원경을 통해 밤하늘을 살펴보면서 지붕 위에 홀로있었다.
⑥ She noticed something unusual that looked like a star, but no star had ever been seen at its location. 그녀는 별처럼 보였던 특이한 무언가를 알아차렸으나, 그 위치에서는 별이 관측된 적이 없었다.
⑦ She concluded that it must be a comet that scientists had never charted before. 그녀는 그것이 과학자들이 이전에 한 번도 기록한적이 없는 혜성임이 틀림없다고 결론지었다.
⑧ She recorded its coordinates, and it turned out that she was right. 그녀는 그것의 좌표를 기록했고, 그녀가 옳았다는것이 밝혀졌다.
⑨ This newly discovered comet, which was given the formal title C/1847 T1, was nicknamed "Miss Mitchell's Comet." 이 새롭게 발견된 혜성은, 공식적인 명칭 C/1847 T1이 주어졌는데, '미첼의 혜성'이라는 별명이 붙여졌다.
⑩ This breakthrough brought her respect and recognition from other astronomers and scientists. 이 중대한 발견은 그녀에게 다른 천문학자와 과학자들로부터 존경과 인정을 가져다 주었다.
⑪ Soon, she became America's first professional female astronomer. 곧, 그녀는 미국 최초의 전문 여성 천문학자가 되었다.
⑫ The next year, Mitchell was hired by the United States Nautical Almanac Office to help predict the location of the planet Venus. 다음 해, 미첼은 금성의 위치를 예측하는 것을 돕기위해 미국의 항해력 연구소에 고용되었다.
⑬ It was a mathematically rigorous job that required her to perform complex calculations. 그것은 그녀가 복잡한 계산을 수행하게 하는 수학적으로 정밀한 임무였다.
⑭ She later became a professor of astronomy at Vassar College, where she and her students observed and documented the extremely rare occurrence of Venus traversing the sun. 그녀는 나중에 바사르 대학의 천문학 교수가 되었는데, 그곳에서 그녀와 그녀의 학생들은 금성이 태양을 가로지르는 극히 드문 현상을 관찰하고 기록했다.
⑮ Mitchell retired from teaching in 1888 and died shortly after, in 1889. 미첼은 1888년에 교단에서 물러났고 얼마 되지 않아 1889년에 죽었다.
⑯ To preserve her legacy, the Maria Mitchell Association was founded, and the observatory in Nantucket was named the Maria Mitchell Observatory in her honor. 그녀의 유산을 보존하기 위해서, 마리아 미첼 협회가 설립되었고, 낸터킷의 천문대는 그녀를 기리기위해 마리아 미첼 천문대라고 이름 지어졌다.
⑰ Even a crater on the moon and an asteroid were named after her. 심지어 달의 한 분화구와 소행성도 그녀의 이름을따서 지어졌다.
⑱ In 1994, Mitchell was inducted into the US National Women's Hall of Fame. 1994년에, 미첼은 미국 국립 여성 명예의 전당에이름을 올렸다.
⑲ Honors like these ensure that this incredible woman will continue to be remembered for her great achievements. 이와 같은 명예는 이 놀라운 여성이 그녀의 위대한업적들로 계속 기억되게 할 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 05. Environment - Reading 1: Avocados
① Avocados are a tropical fruit native to Central America. 아보카도는 중앙아메리카가 원산지인 열대 과일이다.
② They are valued not only for their unique taste and texture, but also for their many health benefits. 그것들은 독특한 맛과 식감뿐만 아니라, 많은 건강상의 이점 때문에 가치 있게 여겨진다.
③ They contain essential nutrients such as vitamins and minerals. 그것들은 비타민과 미네랄 같은 필수 영양소를 가지고 있다.
④ Avocados are especially rich in potassium, which regulates blood pressure and lowers the risk of heart attacks and strokes. 아보카도는 특히 포타슘이 매우 풍부한데, 그것은혈압을 조절하고 심장 마비와 뇌졸중의 위험을 낮춘다.
⑤ What's more, they do not contain any cholesterol and are low in saturated fat. 게다가, 그것들은 콜레스테롤이 전혀 들어 있지 않고 포화 지방이 낮다.
⑥ It is therefore not surprising that the EU imports about 440,000 metric tons of avocados each year. 그래서 유럽연합이 매년 약 44만 미터톤의 아보카도를 수입한다는 것은 놀랍지 않다.
⑦ There is, however, a downside to avocados ― we are simply growing too many of them. 그러나, 아보카도에는 단점이 있는데, 우리가 정말로 아보카도를 너무 많이 키우고 있다는 것이다.
⑧ In Mexico, where 30% of the world's avocados are grown, the increasing demand for avocados has driven farmers to cut down woodlands and turn them into avocado groves. 멕시코에서는, 전 세계 아보카도의 30퍼센트가 재배되는데, 아보카도에 대한 수요 증가는 농부들이삼림 지대를 베어내고 그곳을 아보카도 밭으로 바꾸도록 만들었다.
⑨ The woodlands are the natural habitat of monarch butterflies, along with other plants and animals. 그 삼림 지대는 다른 동식물들과 함께 왕나비의 자연 서식지이다.
⑩ Although the Mexican government has taken steps to protect these natural areas, farmers continue to expand their groves illegally. 비록 멕시코 정부가 이 자연 지역을 보호하기 위한조치를 취해 왔지만, 농부들은 계속해서 불법적으로그들의 밭을 확장하고 있다.
⑪ In Chile, the rapid growth of the avocado industry has led to water shortages. 칠레에서, 아보카도 산업의 급속한 성장은 물 부족을 야기했다.
⑫ This is because it takes about 1,000 liters of water to grow just one kilogram of avocados in the country's dry climate. 이것은 그 나라의 건조한 기후에서 단 1킬로그램의아보카도를 경작하는 데 약 1,000리터의 물이 필요하기 때문이다.
⑬ In comparison, it takes around 110 liters of water to grow a kilogram of oranges. 이에 비해, 1킬로그램의 오렌지를 경작하는 데는 약110리터의 물이 필요하다.
⑭ A kilogram of tomatoes can be produced using just about 63 liters of water. 1킬로그램의 토마토는 단지 약 63리터의 물을 사용하여 생산될 수 있다.
⑮ The avocado industry also harms the environment in other ways ― dangerous chemicals are sprayed on groves, which makes the soil less fertile, and large amounts of wood are used to pack and ship them. 아보카도 산업은 또한 다른 방식으로 환경을 해치기도 하는데, 위험한 화학 물질들이 밭에 뿌려지고, 그것은 토양을 덜 비옥하게 만들며, 많은 양의 나무들이 그것들을 포장하고 운송하는 데 사용된다.
⑯ Due to the environmental damage avocados cause, some restaurants in the UK have stopped serving them. 아보카도가 야기하는 환경적 피해 때문에, 영국의일부 식당들은 그것들을 제공하는 것을 중단했다.
⑰ Consumers should consider avoiding them as well, at least until the avocado industry finds more sustainable ways to grow their product. 적어도 아보카도 산업이 그 농작물을 재배하는 더지속 가능한 방법들을 찾을 때까지 소비자들 또한그것들을 피하는 것을 고려해야 한다.

 

 

 

Unit 05. Environment - Reading 2: TOEFL (The Gaia Hypothesis)
① The Gaia Hypothesis 가이아 가설
② The Gaia Hypothesis is a theory that has not yet been proven. 가이아 가설은 아직 입증되지 않은 학설이다.
③ It is named after the ancient Greek Earth goddess, Gaia, who the Greeks saw as the source of all living and nonliving things on earth. 그것은 고대 그리스 신화에 나오는 대지의 여신 가이아에서 이름을 따왔는데, 그리스 사람들은 가이아를 지구상의 모든 생명체 및 무생물의 근원으로 여겼다.
④ The theory suggests that the earth works as a single self-regulating organism. 이 학설은 지구는 자체적으로 조절하는 하나의 유기체로 기능한다는 것을 시사한다.
⑤ All animals, plants, and even human beings are part of a larger, integrated system similar to that found in living organisms. 모든 동물과 식물, 심지어 인간도, 살아 있는 유기체에서 발견되는 체계와 비슷한 더 크고 통합된 체계의 일부분이라는 것이다.
⑥ According to the hypothesis, only species that help maintain the health of the earth will survive. 이 가설에 따르면, 오로지 지구의 안정을 유지하는데 도움이 되는 종만 살아남을 것이라고 한다.
⑦ The Gaia Hypothesis was formulated by a scientist named James Lovelock. 가이아 가설은 제임스 러브록이라는 과학자에 의해서 만들어졌다.
⑧ He studied the history of life on earth in relation to the atmosphere. 그는 지구상에 있는 생명체의 역사를 대기와 연관지어 연구했다.
⑨ He realized that around 3 billion years ago, bacteria and water plants began producing oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from the air. 그는 약 30억 년 전에 박테리아와 수중 식물이 산소를 만들어 내고 대기의 이산화탄소를 없애기 시작했다는 것을 알아냈다.
⑩ When there was too much oxygen in the air, it was reduced by other species until the correct balance was reached. 대기 중에 산소가 너무 많아지면, 균형이 바로잡힐때까지 다른 종들에 의해서 산소가 줄어들었다.
⑪ Lovelock's research led him to believe that the earth's ecosystem was being controlled by all of the organisms living within it. 러브록의 연구는 그가 지구의 생태계는 지구에 사는모든 유기체에 의해 조절되고 있다고 믿게 해 주었다.
⑫ According to Lovelock, their interactions have kept nature in balance for millions of years. 러브록에 따르면, 그들의 상호 작용이 수백만 년 동안 자연을 균형 있게 유지하도록 해 왔다.
⑬ The Gaia Hypothesis suggests that every animal and plant on earth is connected, so that what happens to one species has an effect on our entire planet. 가이아 가설은 지구상의 모든 동식물이 연관되어 있고, 따라서 하나의 종에게 일어나는 일이 우리 지구전체에 영향을 미친다는 것을 시사한다.
⑭ For example, when forests are cut down, there is a decrease in the amount of oxygen and an increase in that of carbon dioxide in the air. 예를 들어, 삼림이 줄어들면 대기 중의 산소량은 줄어들고 이산화탄소량은 증가한다.
⑮ Conversely, the growth of trees increases the amount of oxygen and decreases the amount of carbon dioxide in the air. 반대로, 나무의 성장은 대기 중의 산소량을 증가시키고 이산화탄소량은 감소시킨다.
⑯ Whether it is true or not, the Gaia Hypothesis can help us think more deeply about our behavior as a species. 그것이 사실이든 아니든, 가이아 가설은 우리가 하나의 종으로서 우리의 행위에 대해 더 깊이 생각해보도록 도움을 줄 수 있다.
⑰ This, in turn, can inspire us to find ways to change our destructive activities and to take more responsibility for the well-being of the planet on which we live. 이는 결과적으로 우리의 파괴적 행위들을 바꾸는 방법들을 찾고 우리가 살고 있는 행성의 안녕을 위해더 많은 책임을 지도록 우리를 고취시킬 수 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 06. Economics - Reading 1: Loss Aversion
① A man accidentally drops a ten-dollar bill on the sidewalk. 어떤 남자가 우연히 10달러짜리 지폐를 인도에 떨어뜨린다.
② When he gets home, he realizes what happened, and he is very upset. 집에 도착했을 때, 그는 무슨 일이 일어났는지 깨닫고, 매우 속상해한다.
③ A woman sees the ten-dollar bill on the sidewalk and picks it up. 어떤 여자가 인도에서 그 10달러짜리 지폐를 보고그것을 줍는다.
④ It's her lucky day! 그녀의 행운의 날이다!
⑤ You might think that the woman's feeling of happiness is equally as strong as the man's feeling of disappointment. 당신은 그 여자의 행복감이 그 남자의 실망감과 똑같이 크다고 생각할지도 모른다.
⑥ However, a cognitive bias called "loss aversion" suggests that it isn't. 그러나, '손실 회피'라고 불리는 인지적 편향은 그렇지 않다는 것을 시사한다.
⑦ According to researcher Daniel Kahneman, loss aversion causes people to prefer avoiding losses to receiving gains. 대니얼 카너먼이라는 연구원에 따르면, 손실 회피는사람들이 이익을 얻는 것보다 손실을 피하는 것을더 선호하게 한다.
⑧ Kahneman's study of loss aversion showed that people value what they have more than what they may be able to get. 손실 회피에 대한 카너먼의 연구는 사람들이 자신이소유하고 있는 것을 얻을 수 있는 것보다 더 가치 있게 여긴다는 것을 보여 주었다.
⑨ He conducted an experiment with a number of people that he divided into three groups. 그는 세 그룹으로 나눈 많은 수의 사람들을 대상으로 실험을 했다.
⑩ One group received mugs, another received chocolate, and the last received nothing. 한 그룹은 머그잔을 받았고, 다른 그룹은 초콜릿을받았고, 마지막 그룹은 아무것도 받지 않았다.
⑪ They were given the chance to switch their item, or to choose one if they had received nothing. 그들은 자신들의 물건을 교환하거나, 아무것도 받지못했으면 물건을 하나 선택할 수 있는 기회를 얻었다.
⑫ The results of the experiment showed that people preferred to keep their belongings. 이 실험의 결과는 사람들이 자신의 소유물을 유지하는 것을 선호했다는 것을 보여 주었다.
⑬ Among those who originally received nothing, there was no significant preference for choosing chocolate or a mug. 원래 아무것도 받지 않았던 사람들 중에는 초콜릿이나 머그잔을 고르는 것에 있어서 뚜렷한 선호도가없었다.
⑭ Meanwhile, 90% of the people with chocolate and 86% of the people with a mug chose to keep what they had. 한편, 초콜릿을 가진 사람의 90퍼센트와 머그잔을가진 사람의 86퍼센트가 자신이 가지고 있던 것을유지하는 쪽을 택했다.
⑮ Loss aversion could explain many real-life situations. 손실 회피는 실생활의 많은 상황들을 설명할 수 있다.
⑯ Imagine you sign up for a 30-day free trial for a movie streaming service. 당신이 영화 스트리밍 서비스의 30일짜리 무료 체험을 신청했다고 상상해 보라.
⑰ After a month, you find it hard to give up! 한 달 후, 당신은 그것을 끊기가 어렵다는 것을 알게된다!
⑱ Free trials are a good marketing strategy, because people are less likely to pay for something new than they are to pay to keep what they already have. 무료 체험은 좋은 마케팅 전략인데, 왜냐하면 사람들은 그들이 이미 가지고 있는 것을 유지하기 위해지불하는 것보다 새로운 무언가에 대해 비용을 지불할 가능성이 더 작기 때문이다.
⑲ Whether it's a mug or a movie streaming service, people are more likely to stick with what they have. 그것이 머그잔이든 영화 스트리밍 서비스이든, 사람들은 자신들이 가진 것을 고수하려 할 가능성이 더크다.
⑳ Despite the potential for an improved situation or better gains, human beings show a clear preference for keeping what they have and avoiding an uncomfortable feeling of loss. 개선된 상황이나 더 많은 이익의 가능성이 있음에도불구하고, 인간은 자신이 가지고 있는 것을 계속 유지하고 손실이라는 불편한 감정을 회피하려 하는 명백한 선호도를 보여 준다.

 

 

 

Unit 06. Economics - Reading 2: The Veblen Effect
① The law of supply and demand is one of the most basic principles of economics. 수요 공급의 법칙은 경제학에서 가장 기본적인 원칙중 하나이다.
② If supply is high or demand is low, the price of a product usually drops. 공급이 많거나 수요가 적을 경우, 상품의 가격은 보통 떨어진다.
③ If demand is high or supply is low, the price usually rises. 수요가 많거나 공급이 적으면, 가격은 대개 올라간다.
④ A second basic principle is that people are more likely to buy a product when its price is low. 두 번째 기본 원칙은 상품의 가격이 낮을 때 사람들이 상품을 살 가능성이 더 높다는 것이다.
⑤ However, there are some exceptions to this rule. 그러나 이 법칙에는 몇 가지 예외가 있다.
⑥ One of them is the Veblen effect. 그중 하나가 베블런 효과이다.
⑦ First noted in 1899 by the sociologist Thorstein Veblen, this theory states that under certain conditions, consumers are actually attracted to items because they are more expensive. 1899년 사회학자인 소스타인 베블런에 의해 처음언급된 이 이론은 특정 상황에서는 상품이 더 비싸기 때문에 소비자가 실제로 그 상품에 끌린다고 설명한다.
⑧ Consumers who act this way, according to Veblen, are usually rich people who want to show others just how wealthy they are. 베블런에 따르면, 이같이 행동하는 소비자들은 대개다른 사람들에게 단지 자신들이 얼마나 부유한지를보여 주고 싶어하는 부자들이라고 한다.
⑨ By purchasing and displaying expensive items, they seek to either raise or confirm their social status. 비싼 상품을 구매하고 과시함으로써, 자신들의 사회적 지위를 높이거나 확인하고 싶어한다는 것이다.
⑩ The items involved with the Veblen effect are generally luxury goods, such as designer handbags, brand-name sports shoes, and expensive cars. 베블런 효과와 관련된 상품들은 보통 명품 가방, 유명 상표의 운동화나 값비싼 자동차 같은 사치품들이다.
⑪ These so-called "status goods" are generally not of higher quality than their more reasonably priced counterparts. 이러한 소위 '신분재'들이 좀 더 합리적인 가격의 동종 상품들보다 일반적으로 품질이 더 뛰어나지는 않다.
⑫ What actually matters to the purchaser is the level of prestige associated with the product or its manufacturer. 구매자들에게 실제로 중요한 것은 그 상품이나 제조업체와 연관된 명성의 수준이다.
⑬ Understanding this, marketers sometimes use the Veblen effect in their ads. 이것을 알고, 마케팅 담당자들은 때때로 광고에 베블런 효과를 이용한다.
⑭ By including words like "prestigious," "impress," and "envy," they can attract certain consumers to their high-priced goods and services. '명성 있는', '깊은 인상을 주다', '선망(하다)'와 같은 어휘들을 포함함으로써, 특정 소비자들을 자신들의 고가 제품이나 서비스로 끌어들일 수 있다.
⑮ These days, there are also people who want to keep up with their wealthier neighbors. 요즘에는 부유한 주변인들을 따라잡기 원하는 사람들도 있다.
⑯ They may not be able to comfortably afford luxury items, but they want others to think they can. 그들은 사치품들을 마음 놓고 구매할 수 있는 여유가 없을 수도 있지만, 다른 사람들은 그들이 그럴 여유가 있다고 여기기를 원한다.
⑰ Some people will spend an entire month's salary on a single high-prestige item, such as a designer bag. 어떤 사람들은 명품 가방과 같은 유명 상품 하나에한 달 치 월급 전부를 쓸 것이다.
⑱ As a result, counterfeit products, made to look like expensive brand-name goods, have become popular. 그 결과, 고가의 유명 상표 제품처럼 보이도록 만들어진 모조품들이 인기를 얻게 되었다.
⑲ Ultimately, the Veblen effect is about belonging to an exclusive group. 궁극적으로, 베블런 효과는 특권층에 소속되는 것에관한 것이다.
⑳ If the prices of these products were lowered and everyone could afford them, they would no longer hold the same appeal. 이러한 상품들의 가격이 낮아져서 모든 사람이 구매할 수 있다면, 그것들은 더는 예전만큼의 매력을 갖지 못하게 될 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 07. Social Issues - Reading 1: Underpopulation
① Scientists tell us that if each woman has on average 2.1 babies, the society she lives in will have stable population growth. 과학자들은 만일 각각의 여성이 평균적으로 2.1명의 아기를 출산한다면 그 여성이 사는 사회는 안정적인 인구 증가를 보일 것이라고 말한다.
② Just a few decades ago, many women in countries such as Brazil and Italy were having five or six children. 불과 몇십 년 전만 해도 브라질과 이탈리아 같은 나라의 수많은 여성들이 대여섯 명의 자녀를 낳았다.
③ Scientists warned of overpopulation because people were starting to live longer thanks to general improvements in health conditions and medicine. 과학자들은 전반적으로 건강 상태가 좋아지고 의학이 진보한 덕분에 사람들의 수명이 더욱 길어지기시작했다는 이유로 인구 과잉을 경고했다.
④ Today we are more likely to hear of underpopulation when scientists talk about the future. 오늘날 우리는 과학자들이 미래에 관해 이야기할 때인구 부족에 대해 듣게 되는 경우가 더 많은 것 같다.
⑤ Underpopulation occurs when the birthrate falls below 2.1. 인구 부족은 출산율이 2.1 아래로 떨어질 때 발생한다.
⑥ Already, half the countries in the world are experiencing a birthrate below this number. 이미, 전 세계 절반에 해당하는 국가들이 이 수치에못 미치는 출산율을 겪고 있다.
⑦ This is occurring for a number of reasons. 이런 현상이 발생하는 데는 여러 가지 이유가 있다.
⑧ One of the major factors is the rising cost of bringing up children. 주된 요인 중 하나는 자녀 양육에 드는 비용의 증가이다.
⑨ Because it's becoming more expensive to raise children, people are choosing to have fewer babies. 자녀를 키우는 데 드는 비용이 더 늘고 있기 때문에사람들은 아이를 보다 적게 갖는 것을 선택하고 있다.
⑩ Also, more women are working these days, so it's common for them to have children when they are older or not to have children at all. 또한, 요즘은 더 많은 여성이 일하고 있어 더 늦은나이에 아이를 갖거나 아이를 아예 갖지 않는 경우도 흔하다.
⑪ Furthermore, young married couples are often more concerned with their careers and reaching their personal goals than with having children. 더욱이 젊은 부부들은 보통 아이를 갖는 것보다 경력이나 개인적인 목표를 달성하는 데 더 관심이 많다.
⑫ A decreasing birthrate is related to an increasing elderly population. 줄어드는 출산율은 늘어나는 노령 인구와 관련이 있다.
⑬ For seniors, the problem is that there are fewer young, working people to finance programs for retirement and health care. 노인들에게 있어, 문제는 퇴직과 건강 관리를 위한프로그램을 재정적으로 지원해 줄 젊은 노동 인력이줄어든다는 것이다.
⑭ Simply put, the group depending on the programs is larger than the programs can support. 간단히 말해, 그런 프로그램들에 의존하는 집단이프로그램이 지원할 수 있는 것보다 더 크다는 것이다.
⑮ The situation also affects young people's futures, as there may not be enough money to support them eventually. 이 상황은 젊은이들의 미래에도 영향을 미치는데,결국 그들을 부양할 충분한 돈이 없을지도 모르기때문이다.

 

 

 

Unit 07. Social Issues - Reading 2: Sweatshops
① No More Blood & Sweat Factories! 피와 땀을 착취하는 공장은 이제 그만!
② In some factories in Bangladesh, workers are paid just $25 per month and are only allowed half a day off each week. 방글라데시의 일부 공장에서, 노동자들은 월급으로겨우 25달러를 받고 매주 반나절의 휴식만을 허락받는다.
③ These jobs also require long, hard hours under very difficult conditions. 이 일들은 또한 매우 열악한 환경에서 오랜 시간 고된 노동을 요구한다.
④ These dangerous factories, called sweatshops, can be found throughout the world. 노동 착취 공장이라고 불리는 이 위험한 공장들은세계 곳곳에서 찾아볼 수 있다.
⑤ The conditions in sweatshops are terrible. 노동 착취 공장의 환경은 끔찍하다.
⑥ Workers must work for over 12 hours a day without bathroom breaks. 노동자들은 화장실에 갈 휴식 시간도 없이 하루에12시간 이상을 일해야 한다.
⑦ Many have to breathe in poisonous chemicals all day. 대다수가 온종일 유독성 화학 물질을 들이마셔야 한다.
⑧ Also, sweatshop workers can be children under 12 years old. 게다가 노동 착취 공장 노동자들은 12세 미만의 어린이일 수도 있다.
⑨ Sweatshops exist mainly in the clothing industry, where machines cannot replace all of the detailed work done by hand. 노동 착취 공장은 섬유업계에서 주로 존재하는데,이곳은 기계가 손으로 이뤄지는 모든 섬세한 작업을대신할 수는 없는 곳이다.
⑩ Since the rise of globalization in the 1980s, multinational companies have been using sweatshops to save money. 1980년대에 세계화의 등장 이래로, 다국적 기업들은 경비 절감을 위해 노동 착취 공장을 이용해 오고있다.
⑪ They tend to build factories in poor countries in Africa, Asia, and Central America. 그들은 아프리카나 아시아, 중앙아메리카의 가난한나라에 주로 공장을 세운다.
⑫ But sweatshops can even be found in the US, where firms employ illegal immigrants. 그러나 노동 착취 공장은 심지어 미국에서도 발견되는데, 이곳에서는 기업들이 불법 이민자들을 채용한다.
⑬ Some of the best-known brands in the world have also used sweatshop labor. 세계적으로 가장 잘 알려진 브랜드 가운데 일부도노동 착취 공장의 노동력을 이용해 왔다.
⑭ To get rid of sweatshops, consumers should refuse to buy clothes produced in them. 노동 착취 공장을 근절시키기 위해서는 소비자들이그곳에서 생산된 의류 구매를 거부해야 한다.
⑮ Many boycotts have been successful, including a huge one in the US, in which university students refused to buy popular college clothing ― T-shirts and hats with logos of their schools on them ― because it had been produced in sweatshops. 많은 불매 운동이 성공을 거두어 왔는데, 그중에는대학생들이 노동 착취 공장에서 생산되었다는 이유로 학교 로고가 찍힌 티셔츠와 모자 같은 인기 있는대학 의류 구매를 거부했던 미국의 대규모 불매 운동도 포함되어 있다.
⑯ We can also ask for laws to monitor sweatshops more closely. 우리는 또한 노동 착취 공장을 좀 더 면밀히 감시하는 법을 요구할 수도 있다.
⑰ For example, we can demand laws that make factories provide information about workers' conditions and wages. 예를 들어, 우리는 공장이 노동 조건이나 임금에 대한 정보를 제공하도록 하는 법을 요구할 수 있다.
⑱ We can also demand more inspections of factories to make sure that workers are not suffering. 우리는 또한 노동자들이 혹사당하지 않는다는 것을확인할 수 있도록 공장에 대한 더 많은 시찰을 요구할 수도 있다.
⑲ Some people say that any job is better than no job and that sweatshop labor lets people in the developed world buy products at a cheaper price. 어떤 이들은 일이 없는 것보다는 어떤 일이라도 있는 것이 더 나으며, 노동 착취 공장의 노동이 선진국국민들이 제품을 더 싼 가격에 살 수 있게 한다고 말한다.
⑳ But tiring, dangerous jobs in sweatshops do not allow workers to escape from poverty. 하지만 노동 착취 공장에서의 고단하고 위험한 일들이 노동자들을 가난에서 벗어날 수 있게 하지는 않는다.
㉑ Abusing people for the benefit of global companies cannot be justified for any reason. 세계적 기업들의 이익을 위해서 사람들을 혹사시키는 것은 어떤 이유로도 정당화될 수 없다.

 

 

 

Unit 08. Psychology - Reading 1: Generalized Anxiety Disorder
① Have you ever worried about your grades or your health? 당신은 당신의 성적이나 건강에 대해 걱정해 본 적이 있는가?
② Of course you have. 물론 있을 것이다.
③ These are things everyone worries about once in a while. 이것들은 모든 사람들이 이따금 걱정하는 것들이다.
④ However, there are some people who worry about things all the time, even when there isn't a problem. 그러나, 문제가 없을 때조차도, 항상 걱정을 하는 일부 사람들이 있다.
⑤ They suffer from a condition called Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). 그들은 범불안장애라 불리는 질환으로 고통받고 있다.
⑥ People with GAD realize they are worrying unnecessarily, but they can't stop. 범불안장애를 가진 사람들은 자신들이 불필요하게걱정하고 있다는 것을 알지만, 그들은 멈출 수 없다.
⑦ GAD should not be confused with phobias. 범불안장애가 공포증과 혼동되어서는 안 된다.
⑧ Phobias are illogical fears about specific things, such as snakes or elevators, while GAD is a general state of anxiety. 공포증은 뱀이나 엘리베이터 같이 특정한 대상에 대한 비논리적인 공포인 반면에, 범불안장애는 일반적인 불안의 상태이다.
⑨ For example, if people with GAD don't hear from a friend for a few days, they'll start to worry that they somehow made their friend angry. 예를 들어, 범불안장애를 가진 사람들은 며칠 동안친구로부터 소식을 듣지 못한다면, 그들은 아무래도자신이 친구를 화나게 했다고 걱정하기 시작할 것이다.
⑩ Even after their friend calls and reassures them that nothing is wrong, they will continue to worry. 심지어 그들의 친구가 전화해서 아무 일도 없다고안심시킨 후에도, 그들은 계속해서 걱정할 것이다.
⑪ This is a key characteristic of GAD ― the anxiety goes on and on. 불안이 지속된다는 것이 범불안장애의 핵심적인 특징이다.
⑫ Along with constant worry, people with GAD often experience sleep deprivation, decreased concentration, and increased muscle tension. 지속적인 걱정과 더불어, 범불안장애를 가진 사람들은 종종 수면 부족, 집중력 저하, 그리고 근육 긴장증가를 경험한다.
⑬ Unfortunately, there is no clear cause of this condition. 불행하게도, 이 질환의 명확한 원인이 없다.
⑭ It is believed to be due to a combination of genetics, brain chemistry, and childhood experiences. 유전적 요인, 뇌 화학, 그리고 아동기 경험의 조합때문인 것으로 여겨진다.
⑮ As with many other conditions, some people are genetically more likely to develop GAD than others. 많은 다른 질환들과 같이, 몇몇의 사람들은 유전적으로 다른 사람들보다 범불안장애가 생기기 더 쉽다.
⑯ In terms of brain chemistry, it is a disruption in the amygdala, the part of the brain that processes feelings of fear and anxiety, that seems to lead to GAD. 뇌 화학의 관점에서, 범불안장애를 일으키는 것은바로 공포와 불안의 감정을 처리하는 뇌의 부분인편도체의 교란인 것으로 보인다.
⑰ Children who experience traumatic events or whose parents are overly anxious are also more likely to develop GAD in adulthood. 대단히 충격적인 사건들을 경험하거나 부모님들이과도하게 불안해하는 아이들도 또한 성인기에 범불안장애가 생길 가능성이 더 높다.
⑱ Medication and therapy are sometimes used to treat people suffering from GAD. 범불안장애로 고통받는 사람들을 치료하기 위해서약물과 치료법이 때때로 사용된다.
⑲ There are, however, certain things they can do to reduce their anxiety themselves. 그러나, 불안을 줄이기 위해서 그들이 직접 할 수 있는 몇 가지 일들이 있다.
⑳ These include exercising regularly, limiting the amount of caffeine they consume, and engaging in stress-reduction techniques such as meditation. 여기에는 규칙적으로 운동하기, 섭취하는 카페인의양 제한하기, 그리고 명상과 같은 스트레스 감소 기법들에 참여하는 것이 포함된다.

 

 

 

Unit 08. Psychology - Reading 2: The Ulysses Contract
① No matter how hard Jason tried, he couldn't stop playing computer games late at night. 제이슨은 아무리 노력해도 밤늦게까지 컴퓨터 게임을 하는 것을 멈출 수가 없었다.
② As a result, his grades dropped greatly. 그 결과, 그의 성적은 크게 떨어졌다.
③ Finally, he made a deal with himself. 결국, 그는 자신과 거래를 했다.
④ If he played a single game after 11 p.m., he would give away his computer. 그가 밤 11시 이후에 단 한 번이라도 게임을 하면,그는 컴퓨터를 넘겨주기로 했다.
⑤ He couldn't imagine living without it, so he eventually stopped playing games late at night. 그는 그것이 없이 사는 것을 상상할 수 없어서, 마침내 밤늦게까지 게임하는 것을 멈추었다.
⑥ Jason used something called a "Ulysses contract." 제이슨은 '율리시스의 계약'이라 불리는 것을 활용했다.
⑦ It's a decision people freely make to restrict themselves in the future. 그것은 사람들이 미래의 자신에게 제약을 가하기 위해서 자발적으로 내리는 결정이다.
⑧ Its name comes from the hero of the Greek poem, Odyssey. 그것의 명칭은 그리스 시, <오디세이>에 등장하는영웅으로부터 유래했다.
⑨ Ulysses was the captain of a ship that had to sail past dangerous creatures called Sirens. 율리시스는 사이렌이라 불리는 위험한 생명체들을지나쳐 항해해야만 했던 배의 선장이었다.
⑩ The Sirens sang beautiful songs causing sailors to crash their ships. 사이렌들은 아름다운 노래를 불러 선원들이 그들의배를 충돌하게 만들었다.
⑪ Ulysses made everyone else fill their ears with wax, but he wanted to hear the songs himself. 율리시스는 다른 모든 사람들의 귀를 밀랍으로 막게했지만, 자신은 직접 그 노래를 듣고 싶었다.
⑫ So he tied himself to the ship's mast until they had passed the Sirens. 그래서 그들이 사이렌들을 지나칠 때까지 그는 자신의 몸을 배의 돛대에 묶었다.
⑬ Both Ulysses and Jason bound themselves to avoid doing something foolish later. 율리시스와 제이슨 둘 다 나중에 어리석은 일을 하는 것을 피하기 위해 스스로를 구속했던 것이다.
⑭ The effectiveness of the Ulysses contract was proven in an experiment involving a health reward program. 율리시스의 계약의 효과는 건강 보상 프로그램과 관련된 실험에서 입증되었다.
⑮ Members of this program received a cash-back bonus for purchasing healthy food. 이 프로그램의 회원들은 건강식품을 구매한 것에 대해 현금 상환 보너스를 받았다.
⑯ Then members were challenged to increase the amount of healthy products they purchased the next month. 그런 다음 회원들은 다음 달에 그들이 구매하는 건강식품의 양을 늘릴 것을 요구받았다.
⑰ If they failed, they would have to give up their bonuses. 만약 실패하면, 그들은 보너스를 포기해야 했다.
⑱ This challenge was refused by most members. 이 도전은 대부분의 회원들에게 거절당했다.
⑲ However, some members who wanted to improve their diets but feared they lacked the willpower to do so accepted it. 그러나 자신의 식습관을 개선하기를 원했지만 그렇게 할 의지가 부족한 것을 걱정하는 일부 회원들은도전을 받아들였다.
⑳ In the end, members who took the challenge increased healthy purchases more than the other members. 결국, 도전에 응한 회원들은 나머지 회원들보다 건강한 구매를 더 많이 늘렸다.
㉑ A company called StickK also makes use of Ulysses contracts. 스틱이라 불리는 회사 역시 율리시스의 계약을 이용한다.
㉒ After setting a goal, some StickK users give money to the company. 일부 스틱 이용자들은 목표를 설정한 후에 그 회사에 돈을 지불한다.
㉓ If they meet their goal, they get it back. 그들이 목표를 달성하면, 그들은 그 돈을 돌려받는다.
㉔ If they don't, the money is given to a recipient that they designated earlier, such as their friend or charity. 만약 달성하지 못한다면, 그 돈은 그들의 친구나 자선 단체와 같이 그들이 미리 지정한 수령인에게 주어진다.
㉕ Their success rate is twice that of StickK users who choose not to commit any money. 그들의 성공률은 돈을 걸지 않기로 선택한 스틱 이용자들의 두 배나 된다.
㉖ If you have a goal you can't seem to reach, consider making a Ulysses contract. 만약 당신이 달성하지 못할 것 같은 목표가 있다면, 율리시스의 계약을 맺는 것을 고려해 보라.
㉗ It may give you the extra motivation you need. 그것은 아마도 당신에게 필요한 추가적인 동기 부여를 줄지도 모른다.

 

 

 

Unit 09. Culture - Reading 1: Turkish Coffee
① When you think about coffee, countries like Italy and France probably come to mind first. 당신이 커피에 대해 생각할 때, 이탈리아와 프랑스같은 나라들이 아마도 먼저 떠오를 것이다.
② In fact, though, coffee had been enjoyed in Turkey long before it arrived in Europe. 하지만, 사실 커피는 유럽에 전파되기 훨씬 전부터터키에서 즐겨졌다.
③ People in Turkey started drinking coffee in the early 15th century. 터키 사람들은 15세기 초에 커피를 마시기 시작했다.
④ In the following century, coffee houses started appearing in Istanbul. 그 다음 세기에, 이스탄불에 커피 하우스가 등장하기 시작했다.
⑤ Then in the 17th century, Turkish merchants began selling coffee beans throughout Europe. 그 후 17세기에, 터키 상인들은 유럽 전역에서 커피콩을 팔기 시작했다.
⑥ Unlike coffee made using the common filter-brewing method, Turkish coffee is boiled in a small pot called a cezve, which is filled with finely ground beans, cold water, and sugar. 일반적인 필터 양조 방식을 사용하여 만들어진 커피와는 달리, 터키식 커피는 체즈베라고 불리는 작은솥에서 끓여지는데, 그것은 곱게 간 커피콩과 찬물, 그리고 설탕으로 채워진다.
⑦ This mixture is heated slowly on a stove so that foam forms well on its surface. 이 혼합물은 그것의 표면에 거품이 잘 형성되도록화로 위에서 천천히 가열된다.
⑧ Turkish coffee is usually served with a glass of water. 터키식 커피는 보통 물 한 잔과 함께 제공된다.
⑨ By taking a sip of water to cleanse the palate before drinking the coffee, one can enjoy its full flavor. 커피를 마시기 전에 미각을 정화하는 물 한 모금을마심으로써, 커피의 풍미를 제대로 즐길 수 있다.
⑩ Another sip of water after drinking the coffee helps to get rid of any tiny coffee grounds left in one's mouth. 커피를 마신 후의 또 다른 물 한 모금은 입에 남아있는 아주 작은 커피 찌꺼기를 없애는 것을 도와준다.
⑪ Upon finishing the coffee, it is tradition to rotate one's cup, make a wish, and turn the cup upside down on the saucer. 커피를 다 마시고 나서, 컵을 돌리고, 소원을 빌고, 받침 접시에 컵을 거꾸로 뒤집어 놓는 것이 전통이다.
⑫ Then, the remains left in the cup are used to tell his or her fortune. 그러고 나서, 컵에 남아 있는 잔여물은 그 사람의 운세를 말해주는 데 쓰인다.
⑬ For example, a group of black dots suggests that one will receive money in the future. 예를 들어, 한 무리의 검은 점들은 미래에 돈을 받게되리라는 것을 암시한다.
⑭ Coffee is so much a part of Turkish culture that many famous songs and poems have been written about it. 커피는 터키 문화의 매우 중요한 부분이어서 많은유명한 노래와 시들이 그것에 대해 써왔다.
⑮ There is even a well-known proverb that says, "The memory of a cup of coffee lasts for forty years." 심지어 '커피 한 잔의 기억이 40년 동안 지속된다'라는 유명한 속담도 있다.
⑯ Because of its long history and the various traditions surrounding it, Turkish coffee was added to UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage List in 2013. 커피의 오랜 역사와 그것을 둘러싼 다양한 전통 때문에, 터키식 커피는 2013년에 유네스코의 무형 문화 유산 목록에 추가되었다.
⑰ While coffee is a common drink in many countries, it is enjoyed in Turkey as a part of the country's unique cultural heritage. 커피는 많은 나라에서 흔한 음료이지만, 터키에서는그것이 그 나라의 고유한 문화적 유산의 일부로 즐겨진다.

 

 

 

Unit 09. Culture - Reading 2: Uros Floating Islands
① Lake Titicaca is located high in the Andes Mountains, on the border between Peru and Bolivia. 티티카카 호수는 안데스 산맥의 고지대에 위치해 있으며 페루와 볼리비아의 국경에 있다.
② It is one of the highest lakes in the world and is also home to numerous floating islands made of reeds. 그것은 세계에서 가장 높은 호수 중 하나이고, 또한갈대로 만들어진 수많은 떠다니는 섬들의 본고장이다.
③ These islands were constructed by the Uros people. 이 섬들은 우로스 족에 의해 건설되었다.
④ Many centuries ago, they lived by farming on the land. 수 세기 전에, 그들은 육지에서 농사를 지으며 살았다.
⑤ But as the neighboring Inca Empire began to invade their territory, the Uros started building islands. 그러나 인접한 잉카 제국이 그들의 영토를 침략하기시작하자, 우로스 족은 섬을 만들기 시작했다.
⑥ Instead of farming, they lived by fishing and hunting on the islands. 농사를 짓는 대신에, 그들은 그 섬에서 낚시와 사냥을 하며 살았다.
⑦ This new lifestyle protected them, and they could avoid being absorbed into the Inca Empire as a result. 이 새로운 생활 방식은 그들을 보호했고, 그 결과 그들은 잉카 제국에 흡수되는 것을 피할 수 있었다.
⑧ Today there are about 100 floating islands, with approximately 3,000 people living on them. 오늘날에는 약 100여 개의 떠다니는 섬들이 있고, 대략 3,000명의 사람들이 그곳에서 살고 있다.
⑨ The islands are built using dried totora reeds, which grow on the lake's shores. 그 섬들은 마른 토토라 갈대를 이용하여 만들어지는데, 그것들은 그 호숫가에서 자란다.
⑩ The Uros weave the reeds together, creating a thick floating mass. 우로스 족은 갈대를 서로 엮어서, 물에 뜨는 두꺼운덩어리를 만든다.
⑪ The bottom layer decays quickly, so new layers must constantly be added. 바닥층은 빠르게 썩어서, 새로운 층이 지속적으로추가되어야만 한다.
⑫ Each island lasts about 30 years before the entire island must be replaced. 각 섬은 섬 전체가 교체되기 전까지 약 30년간 지속된다.
⑬ The Uros also use totora reeds to make boats and a variety of crafts. 우로스 족은 또한 보트와 다양한 공예품들을 만드는데 토토라 갈대를 사용한다.
⑭ Totora's flowers are used to make tea and medicine. 토토라의 꽃들은 차와 약을 만드는 데 사용된다.
⑮ The white part at the bottom of the reeds is eaten by the Uros, while the green part is fed to their livestock. 갈대의 아래쪽의 흰 부분은 우로스 족이 먹지만, 녹색 부분은 그들의 가축에게 먹인다.
⑯ Although they live a traditional lifestyle, the Uros have also embraced modern technology. 우로스 족은 전통적인 생활 방식으로 살고 있지만, 현대 기술 또한 받아들였다.
⑰ They now have solar panels on some of their islands and motors on their boats. 그들은 이제 일부 섬에는 태양 전지판을, 그리고 보트에는 모터를 가지고 있다.
⑱ Tourism is another part of modern culture that has become a part of the Uros' lifestyle. 관광은 우로스 족의 생활 방식의 일부가 된 현대 문화의 또 다른 부분이다.
⑲ Travel agencies bring tourists to the islands by boat. 여행사들은 보트로 그 섬에 여행객들을 데려온다.
⑳ The Uros, wearing traditional clothes, welcome these visitors and show them around. 우로스 족은 전통 의상을 입고 이 방문객들을 맞이하고 그들에게 주변을 안내한다.
㉑ Although this may seem intrusive, it is an important source of income for the Uros. 비록 이것이 침해하는 것처럼 보일 수도 있지만, 그것은 우로스 족에게 중요한 수입원이다.
㉒ In today's globalized world, there are fewer and fewer traditional cultures with a unique lifestyle. 오늘날의 세계화된 세상에서, 독특한 생활 방식을가진 전통 문화가 점점 더 줄어들고 있다.
㉓ The Uros, however, seem to have found a way to accept the modern world while holding on to their fascinating traditions. 그러나, 우로스 족은 그들의 매력적인 전통을 유지하면서 현대 세계를 받아들일 방법을 찾은 것처럼보인다.

 

 

 

Unit 10. Art - Reading 1: Pablo Picasso
① The work of Pablo Picasso is famous around the world because of his influence as an artist. 파블로 피카소의 작품은 화가로서의 그의 영향력 때문에 세계적으로 유명하다.
② Even people who don't have much knowledge of art have probably heard of or seen the work of Picasso. 미술에 대한 지식이 많지 않은 사람들 조차도 피카소의 작품에 대해 들어 보았거나 본 적이 있을 것이다.
③ Picasso was born in Spain and spent much of his life living in France. 피카소는 스페인에서 태어나 생애 대부분을 프랑스에서 보냈다.
④ He was well known for producing huge quantities of work. 그는 엄청난 양의 작품을 그린 것으로 유명했다.
⑤ He completed over 20,000 different pieces during his lifetime. 그는 일생 동안 2만 점이 넘는 작품들을 완성했다.
⑥ His paintings can be divided into different categories based on their styles and ideas. 그의 그림들은 화풍과 사상을 토대로 다양한 범주로나뉠 수 있다.
⑦ During the "Blue Period," in his early years of painting, he produced many works in shades of blue. 그가 그림을 그리던 초기인 '청색 시대'에는 많은 작품을 청색의 색조로 그렸다.
⑧ This was followed by the "Rose Period," when his works showed warmer rose and red colors. 이후 '장미 시대'가 이어졌는데, 이때의 그의 작품들은 좀 더 따뜻한 느낌의 장밋빛과 붉은색을 보여 주었다.
⑨ However, Picasso's most famous artistic contribution was "Cubism"; it is a style that he helped develop and popularize, using it in a great number of his works. 하지만 피카소의 가장 유명한 미술사적 기여는 '입체주의'로서, 이것은 피카소가 상당수 그의 작품에사용하면서 발전시키고 보급하는 데 일조한 화풍이다.
⑩ In Cubism, a single object may be broken down and shown from a number of different angles at once. 입체주의에서는, 하나의 사물이 조각으로 쪼개지고한 번에 여러 다른 각도에서 보여진다.
⑪ The colors and shapes in his work from this period contained symbolic meanings, and he loved to use especially bright, energetic colors. 이 시기부터 그의 작품 속 색채와 형태는 상징적인의미를 담았으며, 그는 특히 밝고 생동감 있는 색채를 즐겨 사용했다.
⑫ Picasso did not just focus on producing artistic beauty, however. 그러나 피카소는 예술적인 아름다움을 창출하는 데만 중점을 두지 않았다.
⑬ He also wanted to make people feel strong emotions through his work. 그는 또한 자신의 작품을 통해 사람들이 강렬한 감정을 느끼게 하고 싶었다.
⑭ This was especially apparent in his painting Guernica, which shows the tragedy in the town of the same name during the Spanish Civil War. 이는 특히 그의 그림 <게르니카>에서 분명히 드러나는데, 그것은 스페인 내전 중에 같은 이름의 마을에서 발생한 비극을 보여 준다.
⑮ A very interesting point about Picasso is that he was very popular and successful while he was alive. 피카소에 관한 매우 흥미로운 점은 그가 생전에 매우 유명했고 성공을 거두었다는 것이다.
⑯ This is unusual for great artists. 이는 위대한 화가들에게 있어서는 드문 일이다.
⑰ Not only was he admired by the public, but he also had a following of other artists who were influenced by his unique style. 그는 대중으로부터 존경을 받았을 뿐만 아니라, 그의 독특한 화풍에 영향을 받은 다른 화가들로부터추종을 받았다.

 

 

 

Unit 10. Art - Reading 2: TOEFL (Neoclassicism and Romanticism)
① Neoclassicism and Romanticism 신고전주의와 낭만주의
② Art movements come and go as artists feel the need to express themselves in new and different ways. 예술 운동은 예술가들이 새롭고 다른 방식으로 자신을 표현할 필요성을 느낌에 따라 생겨나고 사라진다.
③ From the mid-18th to early 19th century, Neoclassicism was the main style of European art. 18세기 중반부터 19세기 초까지, 신고전주의는 유럽 예술의 주요 양식이었다.
④ The name Neoclassicism literally means "New Classicism." 신고전주의라는 명칭은 문자 그대로 '새로운 고전주의'라는 뜻이다.
⑤ It was named this because the artists tried to create paintings and sculptures in the classical styles of ancient Greece and Rome. 예술가들이 고대 그리스와 로마의 고전적 양식으로그림과 조각을 창조하고자 했기 때문에 그렇게 이름붙여졌다.
⑥ To do this, they followed strict rules about calmness, simplicity, balance, and harmony. 이렇게 하기 위해서 그들은 평온함과 단순함, 균형및 조화에 대한 엄격한 규칙을 따랐다.
⑦ But towards the end of the 18th century, a new movement of art, called Romanticism, was growing. 그러나 18세기 말 무렵으로 가면서, 낭만주의라는새로운 예술 운동이 대두되고 있었다.
⑧ Romanticism began because artists wanted to break all the Neoclassical rules. 낭만주의는 예술가들이 신고전주의의 모든 규칙들을 깨뜨리기를 원했기 때문에 시작되었다.
⑨ Nature and emotion were important to them, and they no longer wanted to create calm, inexpressive works of art. 그들에게는 자연과 감정이 중요했고, 더 이상 그들은 차분하고 감정이 배제된 예술 작품을 만들길 원치 않았다.
⑩ Romantic artists wanted to express their emotions through the use of strong colors. 낭만주의 화가들은 강렬한 색채를 사용하여 감정을표현하고자 했다.
⑪ They looked for exciting and interesting subjects to paint. 그들은 그림 그릴 흥미진진하고 재미있는 주제를 모색했다.
⑫ In France, Romantic artists liked to paint images that included magic, drama, and heroic themes. 프랑스에서는 낭만주의 화가들이 마술, 극적인 사건, 영웅적인 주제를 담은 이미지를 그리고 싶어 했다.
⑬ They painted dramatic battles and scenes that were full of movement. 그들은 움직임으로 가득 찬 극적인 전투나 장면들을그렸다.
⑭ Sometimes they painted individuals, such as Napoleon, showing them as courageous heroes. 때로 그들은 나폴레옹 같은 인물들을 그렸는데, 그들을 용감한 영웅으로 묘사했다.
⑮ At other times, they painted dramatic circumstances, such as wounded soldiers surrounded by clouds and smoke. 다른 때에는 구름과 연기에 둘러싸인 부상당한 군인들 같은 극적인 상황을 그렸다.
⑯ Some artists painted subjects from literature and their travels to the Middle East. 일부 화가들은 문학 작품이나 자신들의 중동 여행에서 따온 소재를 그렸다.
⑰ English Romantic artists mainly painted outdoor scenes. 영국의 낭만주의 화가들은 주로 야외 풍경을 그렸다.
⑱ Unlike the Neoclassical painters, they chose landscapes that were wild and mysterious. 신고전주의 화가들과 달리, 그들은 야성적이고 신비스러운 경치를 선택했다.
⑲ Artists such as John Constable used a scientific approach. 존 컨스터블 같은 화가들은 과학적인 접근법을 썼다.
⑳ He studied cloud formations and how the light changed depending upon weather conditions. 그는 구름의 형성과 기상 상태에 따라 빛이 어떻게바뀌는지를 연구했다.
㉑ Other artists, such as William Turner, created pictures from their imaginations, painting snowstorms and seascapes with mixtures of clouds, snow, fire, and the sea. 윌리엄 터너 같은 다른 화가들은 상상력으로 그림을창조했는데, 구름과 눈, 불, 바다가 뒤섞인 눈보라와바다 경치를 그렸다.
㉒ Romantic painters had an important influence on later artists. 낭만주의 화가들은 후대 화가들에게 중대한 영향을미쳤다.
㉓ Because they experimented with color and other techniques, they introduced new ways of representing their subjects. 그들은 색채와 여러 기법을 실험하여, 자신들의 주제를 표현하는 새로운 방식을 도입했다.
㉔ Their impact can be seen in the works of the later Impressionists. 그들이 끼친 영향은 후대 인상파 화가들의 작품에서찾아볼 수 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 11. Business - Reading 1: Marketing Strategies
① In psychology, the term "compliance" refers to changes in behavior caused by the actions of another person. 심리학에서 '순응'이라는 용어는 다른 사람의 행동에의해 야기된 태도의 변화를 나타낸다.
② In business, sellers sometimes use marketing strategies designed to create compliance in buyers. 사업에 있어, 판매자들은 때때로 구매자들에게서 순응을 얻어내기 위해 고안된 마케팅 전략을 사용한다.
③ One such method is the foot-in-the-door technique. 그러한 한 가지 방법은 문간에 발 들여놓기 기법이다.
④ It involves making a small request that buyers are likely to agree to. 그것은 구매자들이 동의할 것 같은 작은 요구를 하는 것을 포함한다.
⑤ This is followed by a larger request, which is the actual goal of the seller. 이것에 이어서 더 큰 요구가 뒤따르는데, 그것이 판매자의 실제 목표이다.
⑥ For example, a salesperson might ask, "May I ask which mobile carrier you use?" 예를 들어, 판매원은 "어느 이동 통신사를 이용하는지 물어봐도 되겠습니까?"라고 물을 수 있다.
⑦ After you agree, the salesperson will try to persuade you to switch to a different company. 당신이 동의한 후에, 판매원은 다른 회사로 옮기도록 당신을 설득하려 할 것이다.
⑧ It is believed this technique works because people would like to be consistent ― once they agree to do something, they want to continue being agreeable. 이 기법은 사람들이 일관적이고 싶어하기 때문에 효과가 있다고 믿어지는데, 즉 일단 그들이 무언가를하는 데 동의하면, 그들은 계속해서 호의적이고 싶어 한다.
⑨ The door-in-the-face technique is similar but works in reverse. 면전에서 문 닫기 기법은 비슷하지만 반대로 작용한다.
⑩ The salesperson starts with a big request that is likely to be rejected. 판매원은 거절당할 것 같은 큰 요구로 시작한다.
⑪ This is followed by a more reasonable request, which is the seller's intended goal. 이것에 이어서 좀 더 합리적인 요구가 뒤따르는데, 그것이 판매자의 의도된 목표이다.
⑫ For instance, a buyer at a flea market might ask the price of a used laptop. 예를 들어, 벼룩시장에서 구매자는 중고 노트북의가격을 물어볼 수 있다.
⑬ The seller will respond with a ridiculously high price. 판매자는 터무니없이 비싼 값으로 대답할 것이다.
⑭ When the buyer refuses, the seller will drop the price dramatically. 구매자가 거절하면, 판매자는 가격을 급격히 낮출것이다.
⑮ Compared to the first price, the second deal seems more reasonable, so the buyer accepts it. 첫 번째 가격과 비교했을 때, 두 번째 거래는 더 합리적인 것처럼 보여서, 구매자는 그것을 받아들인다.
⑯ The guilt that the buyer feels for rejecting the first offer also helps this technique work. 첫 번째 제안을 거절한 것에 대해 구매자가 느끼는죄책감도 이 기법이 작용하는 데 도움을 준다.
⑰ Finally, the that's-not-all technique involves making a request but then presenting additional persuasive information before the buyer can respond. 마지막으로, 그것이 전부가 아니다 기법은 요청을하고 나서 구매자가 반응할 수 있기 전에 추가적인설득력 있는 정보를 제시하는 것을 포함한다.
⑱ For example, after giving the price of the latest model, a smartphone salesperson might say, "But wait! There's more!" 예를 들어, 최신 기종의 가격을 제시한 후에, 스마트폰 판매원은 "그런데 잠깐만요! 더 있어요!"라고 말할지도 모른다.
⑲ At this point, an additional product, such as a pair of wireless headphones, will be added to the original offer at no extra charge. 이 시점에서, 무선 헤드폰과 같은 추가 상품이 추가비용 없이 원래의 제안에 더해질 것이다.
⑳ Even if the buyer has little interest in the additional product, its inclusion makes the original deal more attractive. 구매자가 추가 상품에 거의 관심이 없더라도, 그것의 포함은 원래의 거래를 더욱 매력적으로 만든다.
㉑ Understanding the concept of compliance and how to obtain it from consumers can help businesses succeed. 순응의 개념과 그것을 소비자로부터 얻는 방법을 이해하는 것은 사업들이 성공하도록 도움을 줄 수 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 11. Business - Reading 2: Multi-National Business
① When companies promote their products around the world, it benefits them to understand local customs. 기업들이 자사 제품을 전 세계에 홍보할 때, 현지의관습을 이해하는 것이 그들에게 유리하다.
② Knowing what appeals to potential customers, as well as knowledge of the "dos and don'ts" of each market, can help a business successfully market a product. 각 시장에서 '해야 할 일과 하지 말아야 할 일'에 대한 지식뿐만 아니라 무엇이 잠재 고객들에게 매력적인가를 아는 것은 제품을 성공적으로 시장에 내놓는데 도움이 될 수 있다.
③ When it comes to the name of the product, it is very important to consider the local language. 제품명과 관련해서, 현지의 언어를 고려하는 것이매우 중요하다.
④ It may seem obvious, but companies often make mistakes. 이것은 뻔한 사실처럼 보일지 모르지만, 기업들은종종 실수를 저지른다.
⑤ For example, Coca-Cola tried to write their name on posters in China as ke-ke-ken-la. 예를 들면, 코카콜라는 홍보 포스터에 그들의 제품명을 커-커-컨-라라는 중국어로 쓰려 했다.
⑥ However, they soon found out this meant "Bite the wax tadpole." 하지만 그들은 곧 이 말이 '밀랍 올챙이를 씹어라.'라는 뜻임을 알게 되었다.
⑦ Of course, this sounded so silly that the company had to take down all the posters! 당연하게도, 이것은 너무 우스꽝스럽게 들려서 코카콜라는 모든 홍보 포스터를 내려야 했다!
⑧ The name was later changed into the more appropriate Chinese character ke-kou-ke-le, meaning "The more you drink, the more fun you'll have." 제품명은 이후 좀 더 적절한 한자 커-코우-커-러로바뀌었는데, 이는 '더 많이 마실수록 더 즐거워진다.'라는 뜻이다.
⑨ There are other things to think about, too. 그 외에도 고려해야 할 다른 점들이 있다.
⑩ Even simple things can affect the success of a product. 단순한 것들 조차도 제품의 성공에 영향을 미칠 수있다.
⑪ For example, in some cultures there are unlucky colors, such as black in Japan or white in China. 예를 들어, 어떤 문화권에서는 불운을 나타내는 색상이 있는데, 가령 일본에서는 검은색, 중국에서는흰색이 그러하다.
⑫ Some cultures also think that certain numbers are unlucky. 또한 어떤 문화권에서는 특정 숫자가 불길하다고 생각한다.
⑬ Many hotels in the US and the UK do not have a 13th floor. 미국과 영국의 많은 호텔에는 13층이 없다.
⑭ And buildings in China often don't have a 4th floor. 그리고 중국의 건물에는 종종 4층이 없다.
⑮ It would be very unwise to use these unlucky colors and numbers in your product or advertising. 제품이나 광고에 이렇게 불운을 나타내는 색상이나숫자를 사용하는 것은 매우 어리석은 일일 것이다.
⑯ Finally, different cultures have different concepts of appropriate relationships between men and women. 마지막으로, 서로 다른 문화에서는 남녀 간의 적절한 관계에 대한 개념도 서로 다르다.
⑰ This may make certain pictures unsuitable for some cultures. 이 때문에 일부 문화권에서는 특정 사진들이 적절하지 않을 수 있다.
⑱ For example, though it is common to see pictures of couples kissing each other on posters in the US, such images might be offensive to Muslims in the Middle East. 예를 들어, 미국에서는 광고 포스터에서 연인이 키스하는 사진을 보는 것이 흔하지만, 중동의 이슬람교도들에게는 그런 이미지들이 매우 불쾌할지도 모른다.
⑲ Although a product may be the same everywhere, its success depends on how it appeals to different groups of people. 어디서나 제품은 같을지도 모르지만, 그것의 성공은그 제품이 어떻게 서로 다른 집단의 사람들의 흥미를 끄느냐에 달려있다.
⑳ So when you prepare to do business in a foreign country, you should investigate the language and customs there. 그러므로 외국에서 사업을 준비할 때는, 그곳의 언어와 관습을 조사해야 한다.
㉑ Knowing such things is the golden rule of doing global business. 그러한 것들을 아는 것이 국제적인 기업 활동의 황금률이다.

 

 

 

Unit 12. Literature - Reading 1: Jules Verne
① Sci-fi fans consider Jules Verne to be "the father of science fiction." 공상 과학 소설의 팬들은 쥘 베른을 '공상 과학 소설의 아버지'라고 여긴다.
② Born in 1828 during the Industrial Revolution, Verne witnessed the birth of many new technologies. 산업 혁명이 한창이던 1828년에 태어나서 베른은많은 신기술의 탄생을 목격했다.
③ Inspired by such innovations, he began to write novels about exciting adventures in futuristic worlds. 그러한 혁신에 영감을 받아, 그는 미래 세계에서 벌어질 신나는 모험들에 관한 소설을 쓰기 시작했다.
④ His creativity captured readers' imaginations, and he went on to become the second most translated author in the world. 그의 창의력은 독자들의 상상력을 사로잡았고, 나아가 그는 세계에서 두 번째로 많이 번역된 작가가 되었다.
⑤ Perhaps his most impressive achievement is that he described ideas for technological developments long before they became realities. 아마도 그의 가장 인상적인 업적은 그가 기술의 진보가 현실화되기 훨씬 전에 그에 대한 아이디어를기술했다는 것이다.
⑥ In his 1865 novel From the Earth to the Moon, Verne described men traveling to the moon in a manner almost identical to the 1969 moon mission of Apollo 11. 그의 1865년 소설인 <지구에서 달까지>에서, 베른은 아폴로 11호의 1969년 달 탐사 임무와 거의 동일한 방식으로 달을 여행하는 사람들을 묘사했다.
⑦ He correctly imagined the size of the space capsule and rightly estimated that it would take three days to get to the moon. 그는 우주 캡슐의 크기를 정확하게 상상해냈고 달까지 도달하는 데 3일이 걸릴 것이라고 제대로 예측했다.
⑧ Without knowing the effects of zero gravity, Verne accurately described weightlessness in space. 무중력 효과를 알지 못한 채로, 베른은 우주에서의무중력 상태를 정확히 묘사했다.
⑨ Moreover, he predicted that the spacecraft involved in the first successful moon landing would be launched from Florida in the US. 게다가 그는 최초의 성공적인 달 착륙과 관련된 우주선이 미국 플로리다에서 발사될 것이라고 예견했다.
⑩ In 1867, Verne started to write 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, in which he described a submarine traveling around the world. 1867년에 베른은 <해저 2만 리>를 쓰기 시작했는데, 거기에서 그는 세계를 누비는 잠수함을 묘사했다.
⑪ In the story, Verne predicted the use of submarines for war and scientific research and hinted at the possibility of nuclear power. 이 이야기에서 베른은 전쟁과 과학 연구를 위한 잠수함의 사용을 예견했고, 원자력의 실현 가능성을암시했다.
⑫ Verne even imagined the feasibility of hydrogen-powered cars in his novel The Mysterious Island. 베른은 심지어 그의 소설 <신비의 섬>에서 수소를동력으로 하는 차의 가능성을 상상했다.
⑬ While the majority of Verne's novels were optimistic about the future, Verne also saw a darker side of technology. 베른의 소설 대부분이 미래에 대해 낙관적이었지만,베른은 기술의 어두운 면도 보았다.
⑭ In his novel The Begum's Fortune, he predicted the kind of horrors seen in World War II, in which bombs and poison gas killed millions of people. <인도 왕비의 유산>이라는 그의 소설에서는 폭탄과 독가스가 수백만의 사람을 살상한 제2차 세계 대전에서 보인 것과 같은 종류의 공포를 예견했다.
⑮ Overall, Verne showed extraordinary powers of foresight and tried hard to offer his readers a blend of optimism and pessimism in relation to how science can change the world. 대체로, 베른은 놀라운 예지력을 보여주었고, 과학이 세상을 어떻게 바꿀 수 있는지에 관해 낙관론과비관론을 혼합해 그의 독자들에게 제시하고자 부단히 노력했다.
⑯ Over time, his works have been adapted many times for television series, theater, and movies. 시간이 흐르면서 그의 작품들은 텔레비전 시리즈,연극, 영화로 수없이 개작되었다.
⑰ Without his contribution to the genre, sci-fi classics such as Star Wars or E.T. might never have been created. 이 장르에 대한 그의 헌신이 없었다면, <스타워즈>나 <E.T.> 같은 공상 과학 영화의 명작들은 결코만들어지지 않았을 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 12. Literature - Reading 2: Walden (by Henry David Thoreau)
① "In proportion as he simplifies his life, the laws of the universe will appear less complex, and solitude will not be solitude, nor poverty, nor weakness. "삶을 단순화하는 데 비례하여, 우주의 법칙은 덜 복잡해 보일 것이며, 고독은 고독이 아니고, 가난은 가난이 아니며, 약함도 약함이 아닐 것이다.
② If you have built castles in the air, your work need not be lost; that is where they should be. 공중에 성을 지었다면, 당신의 수고가 허사로 돌아가는 일은 없을 것이며, 그곳이 바로 성이 있어야 할자리이다.
③ Now put the foundations under them." - Excerpt from Walden 이제 그 아래에 기초를 세워라." - <월든>에서 발췌
④ In 1845, Henry David Thoreau, a famous American writer, built a cabin next to Walden Pond, deep in the woods and far away from everyone else. 1845년에 유명한 미국 작가인 헨리 데이비드 소로는 숲속 깊이 다른 모든 사람과 멀리 떨어진 곳에 있는 월든 호수 옆에 오두막을 지었다.
⑤ He lived in the cabin for two years, two months and two days, later writing a book, called Walden, about his experience there. 그는 2년 2개월하고 이틀간 그 오두막에 살았고, 나중에 그곳에서의 그의 경험에 대해 <월든>이라는책을 저술했다.
⑥ Thoreau felt it was necessary to live outside of society in order to fully understand it. 소로는 사회를 충분히 이해하기 위해서는 사회 밖에서 살 필요가 있다고 느꼈다.
⑦ His thoughts about society make up part of the book, focusing on his concern that people spent so much time trying to earn money that they couldn't appreciate being alive. 사회에 대한 그의 생각이 이 책의 일부를 차지하는데, 사람들이 돈을 버느라 애쓰는 데 너무 많은 시간을 허비해서 살아있다는 것에 감사하지 못한다는 그의 우려에 초점을 두고 있다.
⑧ Thoreau's advice to his readers was to spend more time thinking deeply about their lives. 독자들에게 보내는 소로의 조언은 자신의 삶에 대해깊이 생각하는 데 더 많은 시간을 보내라는 것이었다.
⑨ The rest of the book explains Thoreau's daily activities during the time he spent at Walden Pond. 책의 나머지 부분에서는 소로가 월든 호수에서 지내던 시기에 그의 일상 활동들을 설명하고 있다.
⑩ He often walked to the nearest town, and wrote about the people he met there. 그는 종종 가장 가까운 마을까지 걸어갔고, 그곳에서 만난 사람들에 관해 썼다.
⑪ But Thoreau spent most of his time in nature, and that's what he wrote about the most. 그러나 소로는 대부분 시간을 자연에서 보냈고, 그것이 그가 가장 많이 쓴 것이었다.
⑫ He described the squirrels he fed and the ants he watched fight against each other. 그는 자신이 먹이를 줬던 다람쥐와, 서로 싸우는 것을 지켜봤던 개미들에 대해 묘사했다.
⑬ When winter came, he wrote about how the lake froze over and men from the town came to gather the ice. 겨울이 오면, 그는 호수가 어떻게 꽁꽁 얼어붙었으며, 어떻게 마을의 남자들이 와서 얼음을 주워 모았는지를 썼다.
⑭ And when winter ended, he joyously described the return of spring. 그리고 겨울이 끝났을 때는, 봄의 귀환을 기쁘게 묘사했다.
⑮ Walden ends with Thoreau telling his readers to become explorers, though he did not mean that he wanted them to explore the world. <월든>은 소로가 독자들에게 탐험가가 되라고 말하는 것으로 끝나는데, 그들이 세계를 탐험하기를원한다는 뜻은 아니었다.
⑯ Instead, he was urging them to explore the mysteries of their own thoughts and lives. 대신에, 그는 스스로의 생각과 삶의 신비를 탐험하라고 독자들을 독려하고 있었다.
⑰ Although written long ago, Thoreau's masterpiece still has a lot to teach us today. 오래전에 쓰였음에도 불구하고, 소로의 걸작은 오늘날에도 여전히 우리에게 가르쳐 줄 많은 것을 담고있다.

 

 

 

Unit 13. Food - Reading 1: Lobster
① Freshly-cooked lobster has a savory, buttery flavor, and people pay a lot of money to enjoy it. 갓 요리된 바닷가재는 향긋한 버터 향이 나고, 사람들은 그것을 즐기기 위해 많은 돈을 지불한다.
② It is also full of protein, vitamins, and minerals. 그것은 또한 단백질, 비타민, 그리고 미네랄이 풍부하다.
③ Lobster is considered a luxury food, but it hasn't always been that way. 바닷가재는 고급스러운 음식으로 여겨지지만, 그것이 언제나 그래왔던 것은 아니다.
④ Once it was considered a worthless food. 한때 그것은 가치 없는 음식으로 여겨졌다.
⑤ When British settlers came to the New England area of North America in the 1600s, they found that lobsters washed up in huge piles on the beach after storms. 1600년대에 영국 정착민들이 북아메리카의 뉴잉글랜드 지역으로 왔을 때, 그들은 바닷가재들이 폭풍후 바닷가로 떠밀려와 무더기로 쌓여 있는 것을 발견했다.
⑥ They were easy to collect, but they spoiled too fast. 그것들은 모으기 쉬웠지만, 너무 빨리 상했다.
⑦ The colonists thought the shore was covered in ugly, rotting sea cockroaches. 식민지 개척자들은 흉측하고, 썩어가는 바다 바퀴벌레로 해안이 뒤덮였다고 생각했다.
⑧ Because of its abundance, both the Native Americans and the British easily got sick of lobster, and only the poor who couldn't afford other foods ate it. 그것의 풍부함 때문에, 북미 원주민과 영국인들은모두 바닷가재에 쉽게 싫증이 났고, 오직 다른 음식을 살 여유가 없었던 가난한 사람들만이 그것을 먹었다.
⑨ It was even fed to prisoners and slaves to keep costs down. 그것은 심지어 비용을 낮추기 위해 죄수들과 노예들에게 먹여졌다.
⑩ However, changing times transformed people's ideas completely. 그러나, 변화하는 시대는 사람들의 생각을 완전히바꾸어 놓았다.
⑪ In the mid-1800s, canning and railways caused lobster to become popular. 1800년대 중반에, 통조림 제조와 철도가 바닷가재를 유행시켰다.
⑫ First, canning made it possible to ship food over long distances. 첫째로, 통조림 제조는 음식을 장거리로 운송하는것을 가능하게 했다.
⑬ Cooked lobster could easily be canned, and it was still cheap. 조리된 바닷가재는 쉽게 통조림으로 만들 수 있었고, 그것은 여전히 저렴했다.
⑭ People thousands of miles to the west started to eat it as an inexpensive source of protein. 서쪽으로 수천 마일 떨어져 있는 사람들도 저렴한단백질의 공급원으로 그것을 먹기 시작했다.
⑮ Without knowing lobster's bad reputation in New England, they came to love it. 뉴잉글랜드에서의 바닷가재의 나쁜 평판을 모른 채,그들은 그것을 매우 좋아하게 되었다.
⑯ Railroads then allowed tourists to visit New England and try fresh lobster, which fascinated them. 그 후 철도는 관광객들이 뉴잉글랜드를 방문하여 신선한 바닷가재를 맛보게 해 주었고, 그것은 그들의마음을 사로잡았다.
⑰ Chefs discovered that boiling the lobsters alive made them taste better, and soon even New England locals started to lose their prejudice against the dish. 요리사들은 바닷가재를 산 채로 삶는 것이 맛을 더좋게 한다는 것을 발견했고, 곧 뉴잉글랜드 주민들도 그 요리에 대한 자신들의 편견을 없애기 시작했다.
⑱ Restaurants in other areas wanted to serve lobster too. 다른 지역의 식당들도 바닷가재를 팔기를 원했다.
⑲ It was costly to ship lobsters alive, so the price of the meal highly increased. 바닷가재를 산 채로 운송하는 것은 비용이 많이 들어서, 식사의 가격이 크게 올랐다.
⑳ By the early 1900s, lobster became a fashionable food for the wealthy. 1900년대 초반 무렵, 바닷가재는 부유한 사람들에게 유행하는 음식이 되었다.
㉑ Its image had changed drastically in under 50 years. 그것의 이미지는 50년도 채 되지 않아 급격하게 변했다.
㉒ Lobster isn't the only food people have changed their minds about. 바닷가재는 사람들이 그들의 마음을 바꾼 유일한 음식이 아니다.
㉓ Europeans once thought tomatoes were poisonous, and Americans thought of peanuts as food for farm animals. 유럽인들은 한때 토마토가 독성이 있다고 생각했고,미국인들은 땅콩을 농장 동물들을 위한 먹이로 생각했다.
㉔ As times continue changing, what other foods will we open our minds to? 시대가 계속해서 변함에 따라, 우리는 어떤 다른 음식에 마음을 열게 될까?

 

 

 

Unit 13. Food - Reading 2: Colors of Food
① Does your mother make good food? 당신의 어머니는 좋은 음식을 만드는가?
② Mother Nature does. 대자연은 그렇다.
③ She also knows how to make her food attractive, providing delicious fruits and vegetables of every color. 자연은 또한 자신의 음식을 구미가 당기게 만드는법도 알아, 갖가지 색의 맛있는 과일과 채소를 제공한다.
④ These colors make life more beautiful and contain the secret of living a long, healthy life. 이러한 색들은 삶을 더 아름답게 만들며, 장수하고건강한 삶을 사는 비결을 담고 있다.
⑤ Think of the wonderful bright colors of different fruits and vegetables. 여러 가지 과일과 채소의 놀라운 선명한 색상들을생각해 보라.
⑥ Red ones such as strawberries, guavas, tomatoes, and watermelon contain a nutrient called lycopene. 딸기, 구아바, 토마토, 수박 같은 붉은색 과일과 채소들은 리코펜이라는 영양소를 함유하고 있다.
⑦ Scientists know that lycopene helps fight heart disease and some forms of cancer. 과학자들은 리코펜이 심장 질환이나 일부 암을 퇴치하는 데 도움이 된다는 것을 알고 있다.
⑧ Yellow and orange fruits and vegetables such as mangoes, peaches, carrots, and pumpkins all contain plenty of beta-carotene. 망고나 복숭아, 당근, 호박 같은 노란색 및 주황색과일과 채소는 모두 베타카로틴이 풍부하다.
⑨ Beta-carotene is an important source of vitamin A in your diet. 베타카로틴은 당신의 식단에서 비타민 A의 중요한공급원이다.
⑩ It can help maintain your heart and vision, and keep your immune system strong. 그것은 당신의 심장과 시력을 지켜주고, 면역 체계를 튼튼히 유지하는 데 도움이 될 수 있다.
⑪ Looking around nature, it's clear that Mother Nature's favorite color is green. 자연을 둘러보면, 대자연이 가장 좋아하는 색은 녹색임이 분명하다.
⑫ So it's no surprise that green vegetables are especially healthy! 그래서 녹색 채소가 특히 건강에 좋다는 것은 전혀놀라운 사실이 아니다!
⑬ They contain carotenoids, powerful nutrients that promote long-term health for many parts of the human body, including the eyes, lungs, heart, and skin. 그것에는 카로티노이드가 함유되어 있는데, 이것은눈과 폐, 심장, 피부를 포함한 인체의 많은 부분의장기적인 건강을 증진하는 매우 효과적인 영양소이다.
⑭ All green vegetables also contain strong antioxidants. 모든 녹색 채소에는 강력한 항산화물질도 들어 있다.
⑮ These have enormous health benefits, such as better circulation and stronger bones and teeth. 이것은 혈액 순환 개선과 뼈와 치아의 강화와 같은막대한 건강상의 이점을 갖고 있다.
⑯ Finally, indigo blue and purple fruits and vegetables include blueberries, plums, eggplant, and purple cabbage. 마지막으로, 남색과 자주색 과일과 채소에는 블루베리, 자두, 가지, 자색 양배추가 있다.
⑰ The substance that gives color to blue and purple foods is high in anti-cancer qualities. 파랑과 자주색 음식에 색깔을 내는 물질은 항암 특성이 풍부하다.
⑱ It also strengthens tiny blood vessels, which can help swollen feet or ankles, speed up the healing of bruises, and promote healthy collagen for fewer wrinkles. 이것은 또한 미세한 혈관들을 튼튼하게 하는데, 이는 부어오른 발이나 발목에 도움이 되고, 멍을 빨리치유하며, 주름살이 덜 지도록 건강에 좋은 콜라겐을 촉진한다.
⑲ Nutritionists recommend eating around 400 grams of fruit and vegetables per day. 영양학자들은 하루에 약 400그램의 과일과 채소를먹을 것을 권장한다.
⑳ So, fill your pockets with blueberries, cut up some watermelon, and finish all the green vegetables on your plate. 그러니 주머니에 블루베리를 가득 채우고, 수박 몇쪽을 자르고, 식탁에 오른 녹색 채소를 남김없이 먹어라.
㉑ Your body will thank you for doing so! 당신의 몸이 고마워할 것이다!

 

 

 

Unit 14. Architecture - Reading 1: Nek Chand Rock Garden
① Within the carefully planned modern city of Chandigarh, India, lies a fantasy world full of beautiful chaos. 치밀하게 계획된 현대 도시인 인도의 찬디가르에는아름다운 혼돈으로 가득 찬 환상의 세계가 있다.
② By paying around 30 cents and walking through a small doorway, you can enter a wonderland of stone pathways, strange figures, and interesting buildings surrounded by flowing streams and waterfalls. 약 30센트를 내고 작은 출입구를 통과해 걸으면, 당신은 흐르는 개울과 폭포에 둘러싸인 돌길, 기이한조각상, 그리고 흥미로운 건물이 가득한 이상한 나라에 들어갈 수 있다.
③ This is the Nek Chand Rock Garden. 이곳은 넥 찬드 바위 정원이다.
④ The garden is named after its creator, Nek Chand, who started it in 1957. 이 정원은 그것을 만든 넥 찬드의 이름을 따서 지어졌는데, 그는 1957년에 그것을 만들기 시작했다.
⑤ Chand was a city road inspector. 찬드는 도시 도로 감독관이었다.
⑥ He carefully chose the spot it's built on because no development was planned there. 그는 정원이 지어지는 장소를 신중을 기해 골랐는데, 그곳에 어떤 개발도 계획되어 있지 않았기 때문이었다.
⑦ For many years he worked on it secretly because the land was the city's property and he knew that he could get in serious trouble if government officials found out about the garden. 그 땅은 시의 소유였고 그는 공무원들이 그 정원에대해 알게 되면 자신이 매우 곤란해질 수 있다는 것을 알았기 때문에 수년 동안 그것을 비밀리에 작업했다.
⑧ To build his masterpiece, he brought all sorts of materials to the site, including rocks, wires, old tires, and broken bottles. 자신의 걸작을 만들기 위해, 그는 돌, 철사, 낡은 타이어, 깨진 병을 비롯한 온갖 종류의 재료를 그 장소로 가져왔다.
⑨ One of the most amazing things about this garden is that it is built entirely out of recycled items. 이 정원에 있어 가장 놀라운 것 중 하나는 그것이 전적으로 재활용품으로 만들어졌다는 것이다.
⑩ Since Chand didn't like throwing things away, he reused them to create his beautifully odd statues, which include figures of people with broken teapots for hats. 찬드는 물건을 버리는 것을 좋아하지 않았기 때문에, 그것들을 재사용하여 아름답게 기이한 조각상들을 창조해 냈는데 그중에는 망가진 찻주전자를 모자로 쓴 사람들의 조각상도 있다.
⑪ Another special feature of the garden is that it represents the cultural heritage of India. 그 정원의 또 다른 특색은 그것이 인도의 문화유산을 나타낸다는 것이다.
⑫ For example, its buildings reflect traditional Indian architecture, and there are statues of Indian gods and local animals. 예를 들어, 그 정원의 건물들은 전통적인 인도 건축양식을 반영하고 있고, 인도의 신들과 현지 동물들의 조각상이 있다.
⑬ Chand worked on the rock garden as a hobby and didn't think anyone else would ever see it. 찬드는 취미로 바위 정원을 만들었고 다른 누군가가그것을 볼 것이라고는 생각하지 않았다.
⑭ However, this changed in 1975, when government officials discovered it. 그러나 이것은 1975년, 공무원들이 그것을 발견했을 때 바뀌었다.
⑮ Even though it was illegal, the officials were so charmed by the garden that they declared it a public space and opened it to visitors. 불법이었음에도 불구하고 공무원들은 그 정원에 아주 매료되어 그것을 공공장소로 공표하고 방문객들에게 개방했다.
⑯ Today, the Nek Chand Rock Garden is visited by more than 5,000 people every day. 오늘날, 매일 5,000명 이상의 사람들이 넥 찬드 바위 정원을 방문한다.
⑰ It is one of India's most popular attractions and leaves a lasting impression on people from all over the world. 그곳은 인도의 가장 인기 있는 관광지 중 하나이며전 세계 사람들에게 오랜 감명을 남긴다.
⑱ If you ever find yourself in Chandigarh, make sure to spend a whole day exploring this unique garden. 언제 당신이 찬디가르에 가게 되면 온 하루를 꼭 이독특한 정원을 탐험하는 데 보내도록 해라.

 

 

 

Unit 14. Architecture - Reading 2: Antoni Gaudí
① At last! Here I am on the roof of La Pedrera. 마침내! 나는 여기 라 페드레라의 지붕 위에 있다.
② Since I first saw a picture of this building, I have dreamed of visiting it. 처음 이 건물의 사진을 본 이후로, 나는 여기에 오는것을 꿈꾸어 왔다.
③ And now I'm finally in Barcelona, which is famous for architecture by Antoni Gaudi. 그리고 이제 나는 마침내 안토니 가우디의 건축물로유명한 바르셀로나에 있다.
④ He was a leader of the Art Nouveau movement in Spain, and he designed some of the city's most remarkable landmarks, inspired by nature. 그는 스페인 아르 누보 운동의 선구자였으며, 자연에서 영감을 받아 바르셀로나의 가장 놀라운 건축물들 중 몇몇을 설계했다.
⑤ The thing I really love about Gaudi's designs is that they are unique. 내가 가우디의 설계에서 정말로 마음에 드는 것은그것들이 독창적이라는 점이다.
⑥ Gaudi used colors, textures, and movement in ways never before imagined. 가우디는 이전에는 상상하지도 못했던 방식으로 색채와 질감, 동적 효과를 사용했다.
⑦ He noticed that nature is never straight or symmetrical, and so neither are his buildings. 그는 자연은 결코 일직선이나 대칭이 아니라는 점에주목했고, 따라서 그의 건축물들도 그렇지 않다.
⑧ Instead of the standard mathematical designs, he would use curved and twisted forms. 규격화된 수학적 디자인 대신에, 그는 구부러지고뒤틀린 형태를 쓰곤 했다.
⑨ When he started a project, he would make a model out of clay. 그는 작업을 시작할 때, 점토로 모형을 만들곤 했다.
⑩ That way, he had more freedom to design shapes. 그런 식으로, 그는 더욱 자유롭게 형태를 설계했다.
⑪ La Pedrera is a good example of this creative freedom, with its wavy, sea-like appearance. 라 페드레라는 이렇게 창의적인 자유로움의 좋은 예로서, 물결 모양의 바다를 연상시키는 외관을 띠고있다.
⑫ In fact, the shape of the building is so unusual that people were worried their furniture wouldn't fit inside! 사실, 그 건물의 형태가 너무나 특이해서 사람들은자신들의 가구가 내부에 맞지 않을까 봐 걱정했다!
⑬ Another of his well-known buildings is La Sagrada Familia, an enormous gothic cathedral. 잘 알려진 그의 건물들 중 또 하나는 라 사그라다 파밀리아인데, 거대한 고딕 양식의 성당이다.
⑭ Gaudi was given the project in 1883 and worked on it for over 40 years until his death. 가우디는 1883년에 이 작업을 의뢰받았고, 사망할때까지 40년 넘게 이를 계속했다.
⑮ Four huge towers in the cathedral are each crowned with a complex and uniquely decorated top. 성당에 있는 네 개의 거대한 탑들은 꼭대기가 각각복잡하고 독특하게 장식된 상단으로 덮여 있다.
⑯ Gaudi died in 1926, leaving the building uncompleted. 그 건물을 미완성으로 남긴 채, 가우디는 1926년에사망했다.
⑰ It is estimated that the building will be completed around 2026, the year marking the 100th anniversary of Gaudi's death. 그 건물은 가우디 죽음의 100주년을 기념하는 해인2026년경에 완공될 것으로 추정된다.
⑱ Upon its completion, it will be the largest cathedral in the world. 완공되면, 그것은 세계에서 가장 큰 성당이 될 것이다.
⑲ And these are only two of Gaudi's works of art. 그리고 이것들은 가우디의 예술 작품 중에서 겨우두 개에 불과하다.
⑳ I still have two more months to see all of Gaudi's genius that Barcelona has to offer! 나에게는 바르셀로나가 선사할 가우디의 천재성을모두 둘러볼 두 달의 시간이 아직 남아 있다!

 

 

 

Unit 15. Biology - Reading 1: Baobab Trees
① In the deserts of Australia and Africa lives a very strange-looking tree. 호주와 아프리카의 사막에는 아주 이상하게 생긴 나무가 자란다.
② Called the baobab, it lives for up to 5,000 years and can grow 25 meters tall. 바오밥이라고 불리는 그것은 최대 5,000년 동안 살며 25미터 높이까지 자랄 수 있다.
③ Some people refer to it as the "dead rat tree," because the seedpods that dangle from its branches resemble dead rats hanging by their tails. 어떤 사람들은 그것을 가리켜 '죽은 쥐 나무'라고 부르는데, 가지에 대롱대롱 매달려 있는 꼬투리가 꼬리로 매달려 있는 죽은 쥐를 닮았기 때문이다.
④ But what really makes this tree unusual is its shape and proportions. 하지만 정말로 이 나무를 특이하게 만들어 주는 것은 나무의 모양과 비율이다.
⑤ The baobab's thick trunk and twisting, root-like branches make it appear as if the tree is growing upside down. 바오밥 나무의 굵은 몸통과 뒤틀리고 뿌리처럼 생긴가지들은 마치 나무가 거꾸로 자라고 있는 것처럼보이게 만든다.
⑥ The explanations for the baobab's peculiar features are found in the harsh, dry climate in which it lives. 바오밥 나무의 독특한 특징에 관한 설명은 그것이서식하는 황량하고 건조한 기후에서 찾아볼 수 있다.
⑦ Its massive trunk is partially hollow, allowing the tree to store up to 100,000 liters of water during droughts. 그것의 거대한 몸통은 부분적으로 속이 비어 있어, 나무가 가뭄 동안 최대 100,000리터의 물을 저장할수 있게 해 준다.
⑧ It's an effective strategy: Baobabs are typically seen growing in the middle of empty areas where many other large plants can't survive. 이것은 효과적인 전략이다. 일반적으로 바오밥 나무는 다른 많은 큰 식물들이 생존할 수 없는 텅 빈 지역 한복판에서 자라는 게 목격된다.
⑨ Though it inhabits isolated areas, the baobab is never alone. 바오밥 나무는 외딴 장소에 서식하지만, 결코 혼자가 아니다.
⑩ Humans visit baobab trees frequently, as they are a vital source of food and supplies. 그것들은 식량과 물자의 중요한 공급원이기 때문에,사람들은 이 나무를 자주 찾는다.
⑪ People consume the baobab's nutritious fruit and turn its leaves into medicine and its bark into cloth and rope. 사람들은 바오밥 나무의 영양이 풍부한 열매를 먹고, 잎은 약으로, 나무껍질은 천이나 밧줄로 만든다.
⑫ Moreover, the water in its trunk can save people in need of water. 게다가, 나무의 몸통 안에 든 물은 물이 필요한 사람들을 구할 수도 있다.
⑬ Beyond its helpfulness for humans, the baobab serves as a mini-ecosystem for all kinds of desert animals, both large and small. 인간에게 도움이 되는 점 외에도, 바오밥 나무는 크고 작은 모든 종류의 사막 동물들에게 작은 생태계역할을 한다.
⑭ The extreme usefulness of the baobab has earned it the nickname "the giving tree," for it gives many things to the people who share its environment. 바오밥 나무의 엄청난 유용성은 그것이 '아낌없이 주는 나무'라는 별칭을 얻도록 해 주었는데, 이는 그것의 환경을 공유하는 사람들에게 많은 것들을 제공하기 때문이다.
⑮ It can also serve to remind us of all the wonderful things we receive from nature every day, from the vegetables we eat to the water that sustains our life. 그것은 우리에게 우리가 먹는 채소에서부터 우리의생명을 유지시켜주는 물에 이르기까지, 매일 자연으로부터 받는 모든 놀라운 것들에 대해 상기시키는역할을 하기도 한다.

 

 

 

Unit 15. Biology - Reading 2: TOEFL (Toxins for Medicine)
① Toxins for Medicine 의약용 독소
② It is obvious that venom and poison from animals and plants are harmful. 동물과 식물로부터 나오는 독액과 독이 해롭다는 것은 명백하다.
③ You don't want these dangerous substances in your body, do you? 당신은 이러한 위험한 물질들이 당신의 몸에 있는것을 원하지 않는다, 그렇지 않은가?
④ Both in the past and in modern times, however, some toxic substances have been used to treat certain medical problems. 그러나, 과거와 현재 모두 어떤 독성 물질들은 특정한 의학적 문제들을 치료하기 위해 사용되어 왔다.
⑤ Some medicines have been made from both venoms and poisons, but what is the difference between these two things? 어떤 약들은 독액과 독으로부터 만들어져 왔는데,이 두 가지의 차이점은 무엇인가?
⑥ Think of venom as an attack to kill prey and poison as a defense to avoid being eaten. 독액은 먹잇감을 죽이는 공격으로, 그리고 독은 잡아먹히지 않기 위한 방어로 생각하라.
⑦ Venom is made in a gland attached to a stinger or fangs and is injected through them. 독액은 침이나 송곳니에 붙어있는 분비샘에서 만들어지고 그것들을 통해서 주입된다.
⑧ Poison is found within the body tissues of a plant or animal, making the creature dangerous to eat. 독은 식물이나 동물의 신체 조직 내에서 발견되며, 그 생명체를 먹기에 위험하게 만든다.
⑨ One venom used in medicine today comes from a spider called the Chilean rose tarantula. 오늘날 의학에 사용되는 독액 중 하나는 칠리안 로즈 타란툴라라고 불리는 거미로부터 얻어진다.
⑩ When certain diseases invade cells, the cells normally react by swelling or releasing growth factors, which makes infected cells grow. 특정 질병이 세포에 침투할 때, 세포는 보통 부풀어오르거나 성장 인자를 방출함으로써 반응하는데, 이것은 감염된 세포가 성장하게 한다.
⑪ However, the venom from the Chilean rose tarantula helps the cells fight diseases. 그러나, 칠리안 로즈 타란툴라의 독액은 세포가 질병과 싸우는 것을 돕는다.
⑫ For example, during a heart attack, medicine made from this venom could stop heart cells from swelling and causing more damage. 예를 들면, 심장 마비가 일어나는 동안, 이 독액으로만들어진 약은 심장의 세포가 부풀어 오르거나 더큰 손상을 야기하는 것을 막는다.
⑬ It could also stop cells around a tumor from helping the tumor grow. 그것은 또한 종양 주위의 세포들이 종양이 자라도록돕는 것을 막을 수 있다.
⑭ Around a quarter of prescription drugs today were inspired by substances from plants, including a poison found in foxgloves. 오늘날 처방약의 약 4분의 1은 디기탈리스에서 발견되는 독을 포함하여, 식물들로부터 얻은 물질들에의해 영감을 받았다.
⑮ These bell-shaped flowering plants are very poisonous if they are simply eaten. 이 종 모양의 꽃식물은 단순히 섭취되었을 때는 매우 독성이 있다.
⑯ Their poison, however, has been used to treat swelling at least since the 1700s. 그러나 그것들의 독은 적어도 1700년대 이래로 부기를 치료하는 데 사용되어 왔다.
⑰ At the time, people believed it could treat many other diseases that it actually had no effect on. 그 당시에, 사람들은 그것이 실제로는 아무 효과가없는 많은 다른 질병들도 치료할 수 있을 것이라 믿었다.
⑱ Today, medicines made from foxglove poisons are used to treat heart failure. 오늘날, 디기탈리스 독으로 만든 약들은 심부전을치료하는 데 사용된다.
⑲ Even though toxic animals and plants are usually associated with fear and danger, they can be used beneficially by humans. 비록 독성 동식물들이 보통 공포와 위험과 연관되어있지만, 그것들은 인간에 의해 유익하게 사용될 수있다.
⑳ As technology improves, we continue to discover new medical uses for the venoms and poisons they produce. 기술이 향상됨에 따라, 우리는 그들이 생산하는 독액과 독에 대한 새로운 의학적 용도를 계속해서 발견한다.
㉑ It will be exciting to see what new treatments are developed from these naturally dangerous substances in the future. 미래에, 자연적으로는 위험한 이런 물질들로부터 어떠한 새로운 치료제가 개발될지 보는 것은 흥미로울것이다.

 

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전체 내용

Unit 01. Sports - Reading 1: Capoeira
① If you plan to learn a martial art, how about capoeira? 무술을 배울 계획이라면, 카포에이라는 어떨까?
② Capoeira is a Brazilian art form that combines dance, music, and martial arts. 카포에이라는 춤, 음악, 그리고 무술을 결합한 브라질의 한 예술 행위이다.
③ Participants perform inside a circle of people who clap, sing, and play musical instruments. 참가자들은 손뼉 치고, 노래하고, 악기를 연주하는사람들이 이룬 원 안에서 공연한다.
④ They punch and kick without hitting each other, creating a fascinating dance. 그들은 서로를 때리지 않으면서 주먹을 날리고 발차기를 하며 매혹적인 춤을 만들어 낸다.
⑤ When I first began to learn capoeira, I was most impressed by its powerful actions and graceful moves. 내가 처음 카포에이라를 배우기 시작했을 때 나는그것의 힘 있는 동작과 우아한 움직임에 깊은 인상을 받았다.
⑥ Later, however, I began to understand that it also has a rich and interesting history. 그러나 나중에, 나는 그것이 다채롭고 흥미진진한역사도 가지고 있다는 것을 이해하기 시작했다.
⑦ It was created by slaves brought to Brazil from Africa, mostly during the 16th century. 그것은 주로 16세기에, 아프리카에서 브라질로 끌려온 노예들에 의해 만들어졌다.
⑧ They wanted to teach one another how to fight, but they had to hide this activity from their masters. 그들은 서로에게 싸우는 법을 가르치고 싶었지만 그들의 주인에게 이 행위를 숨겨야 했다.
⑨ Therefore, they disguised it as a form of dance. 그래서 그들은 그것을 춤의 한 형태로 위장했다.
⑩ If you watch a capoeira performance today, you may notice how the musicians often change their tempo. 오늘날 카포에이라 공연을 보면, 여러분은 아마 연주가들이 어떤 식으로 박자를 자주 바꾸는지 알아챌것이다.
⑪ In the past, this was done to indicate that the master was approaching and to warn the performers to switch from fighting moves to dance moves. 과거에, 이는 주인이 다가오고 있음을 알리고 카포에이라를 하는 사람들이 싸움 동작에서 춤 동작으로바꾸도록 경고하기 위해 행해졌다.
⑫ During the Paraguayan War, which took place from 1865 to 1870, many slaves were forced to join the army. 1865년부터 1870년에 일어난 파라과이 전쟁 중에많은 노예가 강제로 군대에 합류하게 되었다.
⑬ Their capoeira skills made them fierce fighters, and the art form gained many admirers. 그들의 카포에이라 기술은 그들을 사나운 투사로 만들었고, 그 예술 행위는 많은 추종자를 얻게 되었다.
⑭ However, in 1890, shortly after slavery in Brazil was ended, the government made capoeira illegal. 그러나 브라질에서 노예 제도가 종식된 직후인1890년에, 정부는 카포에이라를 불법으로 규정했다.
⑮ They feared that it could be used for violent crimes. 그들은 그것이 폭력적인 범죄에 이용될까봐 두려워했다.
⑯ The ban on capoeira was lifted in the 1930s, and today it is one of Brazil's national sports and it is more popular than ever. 카포에이라에 대한 금지는 1930년대에 철회되었고, 오늘날 그것은 브라질의 국가 스포츠 중 하나이며,그 어느 때보다 인기가 많다.
⑰ Capoeira is a beautiful art form to watch, and it is fun to participate in. 카포에이라는 보기에 아름다운 예술 행위이고, 참여하기에 재미있다.
⑱ What's more, it builds strength, increases flexibility, and makes you a more disciplined person. 게다가, 그것은 힘을 키우고, 유연성을 길러 주며, 여러분을 더 절제된 사람으로 만들어 준다.
⑲ I strongly encourage all of you to give capoeira a try. 나는 여러분 모두가 카포에이라를 한번 해 보길 적극 권장한다.

 

 

Unit 01. Sports - Reading 2: Alpine-Style Climbing
① Climbing the world's tallest mountains is no easy task. 세계에서 가장 높은 산을 오르는 것은 쉬운 일이 아니다.
② But it is even more difficult when it is done in what is known as "alpine style." 하지만 그것을 '알파인 스타일'이라고 알려진 방식으로 하면 훨씬 더 어렵다.
③ This is what Reinhold Messner and Peter Habeler decided to do in 1975. 이 일이 1975년에 라인홀트 메스너와 피터 하벨러가 하기로 결심했던 것이다.
④ The alpine style of climbing was developed as an alternative to the traditional way the tall mountains of the Asian Himalayas were being climbed. 알파인 스타일 등반은 아시아 히말라야 산맥의 높은산들을 오르는 전통적인 방법에 대한 대안으로 생겨났다.
⑤ In the traditional or siege style, climbers would hire dozens of assistants to set up a series of camps equipped with the necessary supplies. 전통적이거나 포위 방식에서는 등반가들이 수십 명의 보조를 고용해서 필요한 물품을 갖춘 일련의 캠프를 설치한다.
⑥ They would then climb their way from one camp to the next, eventually reaching the mountain's top. 그러고 나서 그들은 한 캠프에서 다음 캠프로 올라가며, 마침내 산 정상에 도달하게 된다.
⑦ But alpine style means climbing the mountain in a single attempt, carrying everything you need on your back. 그러나 알파인 스타일은 필요한 모든 것을 등에 지고 한 번의 시도로 산을 오르는 것을 의미한다.
⑧ Named after the Alps mountain range of Europe, this style requires climbers to start at the very bottom of the mountain. 유럽의 알프스 산맥에서 이름을 딴 것으로, 이 스타일에서는 등반가들이 산의 맨 밑에서 출발해야 한다.
⑨ They cannot use fixed ropes, bring along oxygen tanks, or hire porters to help carry their equipment and supplies. 그들은 고정된 밧줄을 사용하거나, 산소통을 가지고가거나, 자신의 장비와 물품 운반을 도와줄 짐꾼을고용할 수 없다.
⑩ When Messner and Habeler set out to climb the Himalayan mountain known as Gasherbrum I in this way, other climbers thought they were crazy. 메스너와 하벨러가 가셔브룸 1봉이라고 알려진 히말라야의 산을 이 방식으로 등반하려고 출발했을때, 다른 등반가들은 그들이 미쳤다고 생각했다.
⑪ They thought that alpine style was fine for smaller mountains, but not the Himalayas. 그들은 알파인 스타일은 더 조그만 산에 적합한 것이지, 히말라야 산맥에는 맞지 않는다고 생각했다.
⑫ However, Messner and Habeler proved everyone wrong. 그러나 메스너와 하벨러는 모두가 틀렸다는 것을 증명했다.
⑬ It took them only three days to reach the top of Gasherbrum I, and they became the first ever to climb a mountain taller than 8,000 meters in the alpine style. 그들이 가셔브룸 1봉 정상에 도달하는 데 단 3일이걸렸고 그들은 알파인 스타일로 8,000미터 이상의산을 오른 최초의 팀이 되었다.
⑭ Despite the high risk, there are several advantages to the alpine style. 위험성이 큼에도 불구하고, 알파인 스타일에는 몇가지 장점이 있다.
⑮ Since it takes less time, there is a smaller chance of being caught in a snowstorm or an avalanche. 시간이 덜 들기 때문에, 눈보라나 눈사태를 만날 확률이 더 낮다.
⑯ It is also better for the environment. 이 방식은 환경에도 더 좋다.
⑰ In traditional-style expeditions, large climbing teams with many camps leave behind a lot of garbage, such as torn tents and empty oxygen tanks. 전통적인 스타일의 탐험에서는, 많은 캠프를 짓는대규모의 등반 팀들이 찢어진 텐트나 빈 산소통 같은 쓰레기를 많이 남긴다.
⑱ But alpine-style climbers work quickly, leaving behind no trace of their amazing accomplishments. 그러나 알파인 스타일 등반가들은 신속히 작업하여그들의 놀라운 성취의 흔적을 남기지 않는다.

 

 

 

Unit 02. Language - Reading 1: Puns
① Puns create a double meaning by using words that either sound or look alike. 말장난은 소리나 형태가 비슷한 단어들을 사용함으로써 이중적인 의미를 만들어 낸다.
② They can also be made using words that have more than one meaning. 말장난은 하나 이상의 의미를 가진 단어들을 써서만들어질 수도 있다.
③ Puns are often used to make people laugh, but they can make people think more deeply as well. 말장난은 대개 사람들을 웃게 하려고 사용되지만,사람들이 더 깊이 생각하도록 만들 수도 있다.
④ Puns using words with multiple meanings are known as homographic puns. 여러 가지 의미를 가진 단어들을 사용하는 말장난은동형이의어 말장난이라고 알려져 있다.
⑤ A good example can be found in the following riddle: 한 가지 좋은 예를 다음 수수께끼에서 찾아볼 수 있다.
⑥ What is the difference between a conductor and a teacher? 차장과 교사의 차이점은 무엇인가?
⑦ The answer is "A conductor minds a train, but a teacher trains a mind." 정답은 '차장은 기차를 지키지만, 교사는 정신을 교육한다.'이다.
⑧ In this case, two words each have two different meanings. 이 경우에, 두 단어는 각기 두 개의 다른 의미를 지니고 있다.
⑨ "Mind," as a verb, can mean "to watch over." 동사로 'mind'는 '지키다'를 의미할 수 있다.
⑩ But as a noun, it means "brain." 그러나 명사로 그것은 '정신'을 의미한다.
⑪ And the word "train" can refer to a mode of transportation or the act of teaching. 그리고 단어 'train'은 교통수단의 형태 또는 가르치는 행위를 가리킬 수 있다.
⑫ Homophonic puns, on the other hand, use two words that sound alike but have different meanings. 반면에, 동음이의어 말장난은 발음이 비슷하지만 다른 의미를 가진 두 단어를 사용한다.
⑬ For example, a sign in a pizza restaurant might read: 예를 들어, 한 피자 가게의 간판에 쓰여 있을지 모른다.
⑭ Seven days without pizza makes one weak. 피자가 없는 일주일은 사람을 약하게 만든다.
⑮ Here, the pun is made with the word "weak," as it sounds the same as the word "week." 여기서, 'weak'라는 단어는 'week'라는 단어와 소리가 같아서 말장난이 만들어졌다.
⑯ Seven days do indeed make one week, while not eating pizza can make a person weak. 7일은 실제로 정말 한 주를 구성하지만, 피자를 먹지 않는 것은 사람을 약하게 할 수 있다.
⑰ Or at least that is what the restaurant owner wants you to believe. 혹은 적어도 그것은 그 식당 주인이 당신들로 하여금 믿게 하고 싶은 말이다.
⑱ But puns have also been used in some of the greatest literature in the English language. 그러나 말장난은 가장 위대한 영문학 작품의 일부에도 사용되어 왔다.
⑲ In Romeo and Juliet, for example, Shakespeare wrote, "Ask for me tomorrow, and you shall find me a grave man." 예를 들어 <로미오와 줄리엣>에서 셰익스피어는'내일 나를 찾으면, 당신은 내가 진지한 사람(무덤에있는 사람)임을 알게 될 것이다.'라고 썼다.
⑳ This line is spoken by Mercutio after he has just been stabbed. 이 대사는 막 칼에 찔린 후 머큐시오에 의해 읊어진다.
㉑ While the word "grave" can mean "serious," here it also suggests that he will be dead soon. 'grave'라는 단어가 '진지한'을 의미할 수 있지만, 여기에서 그것은 또한 곧 그가 죽을 것임을 암시한다.
㉒ This example clearly shows that puns, although they are often simply jokes, can also be used to make writing more powerful. 이 예는 말장난이 흔히 그저 농담이지만, 글을 더 강렬하게 만드는 데에도 사용될 수 있음을 분명하게보여 준다.

 

 

 

Unit 02. Language - Reading 2: The Varieties of English
① More than 400 million people around the world are native English speakers. 전 세계 인구 중 4억 명 이상이 영어 원어민이다.
② While all of these people speak English, distance and time have caused differences in the language. 이들 모두 영어를 쓰고는 있지만, 거리와 시간이 이언어에 차이점들을 만들어냈다.
③ These can be anything from different accents to very different vocabularies. 이 차이점들은 서로 다른 억양에서부터 매우 다른어휘까지 어떤 것이든 될 수 있다.
④ Take the example of an American boy getting dressed in the morning. 아침에 옷을 입는 미국 소년을 예로 들어 보자.
⑤ He puts on underwear, pants, a sweater, socks, and running shoes. 그는 속옷, 바지, 스웨터를 입고, 양말과 운동화를신는다.
⑥ A British boy putting on the same clothes wears underpants, trousers, a jumper, socks, and trainers. 이와 똑같은 옷을 입는 영국 소년은 속옷, 바지, 스웨터를 입고, 양말과 운동화를 신는다.
⑦ The American boy goes to high school; the British boy goes to secondary school. 미국 남학생은 고등학교에 가고, 영국 남학생은 중고등학교에 간다.
⑧ The English spoken in Australia is also different. 호주에서 사용되는 영어 또한 다르다.
⑨ Australians use many words that English speakers from other countries may not recognize. 호주인들은 다른 나라 영어 사용자들이 알지 못할수도 있는 어휘를 많이 쓴다.
⑩ They call a kangaroo a "roo," a chicken a "chook," and a farm a "station." 그들은 캥거루를 'roo'라고 하고, 닭을 'chook'이라고 하며, 농장을 'station'이라고 한다.
⑪ When American or British friends meet, they say "Hi!" or "Hello!" 미국인 또는 영국인 친구들은 만나면 'Hi!' 또는'Hello!'라고 한다.
⑫ But in Australia, the common greeting is "G'day!" 하지만 호주에서 흔한 인사말은 "G'day!"이다.
⑬ Of course, these differences can cause confusion, especially when you consider how many movies, books, and TV programs are shared between English-speaking countries. 당연히 이런 차이점은 혼란을 일으킬 수 있는데, 특히 영어 사용 국가 간에 얼마나 많은 영화와 책, 텔레비전 프로그램이 공유되는지를 고려해보면 말이다.
⑭ Thus, before a British book is published in America, editors change many words and spellings to help American readers understand it. 따라서, 영국 책이 미국에서 출판되기 전에 편집자들은 미국 독자들의 이해를 돕기 위해 많은 어휘와철자를 바꾼다.
⑮ But movies and TV programs are shown without changes, so it is sometimes hard for even native English speakers to understand them. 그러나 영화와 텔레비전 프로그램은 변경 없이 보여지기 때문에, 이따금 영어 원어민조차도 그것들을이해하기 어려울 때가 있다.
⑯ Nevertheless, the various differences between British, American, and Australian English show the richness and variety of the English language. 그럼에도 불구하고 영국 영어, 미국 영어, 호주 영어간의 여러 가지 차이점은 영어의 풍부함과 다양성을보여 준다.
⑰ You will find it is fun to learn the unique words of each type of English. 당신은 각 영어의 독특한 어휘를 배우는 일이 재미있다는 것을 알게 될 것이다.
⑱ With a little practice, you will be able to guess a speaker's country from his or her accent and vocabulary. 조금만 연습하면 당신은 어떤 사람의 억양과 어휘로부터 사람의 국적을 알아맞힐 수 있게 될 것이다.
⑲ But be careful! 하지만 조심해라!
⑳ If you make the wrong guess, you could make a British person "get angry," an American "get mad," or an Australian "go berko"! 만일 당신의 짐작이 틀리면 영국인을 'get angry'하게, 미국인을 'get mad'하게, 호주인을 'go berko'하게 할 수도 있으니 말이다!

 

 

 

Unit 03. Jobs - Reading 1: Recent Jobs
① Did you know that many of the jobs you are familiar with today didn't actually exist until recently? 오늘날 당신이 친숙하게 여기는 직업의 다수가 최근까지는 사실 존재하지 않았다는 것을 알고 있었는가?
② For example, consider people whose work is related to smartphones. 예를 들어, 업무가 스마트폰과 관련이 있는 사람들을 생각해 보라.
③ Until smartphones became popular in the mid-2000s, there were no "app developers" or "app marketers." 스마트폰이 2000년대 중반에 인기를 끌 때까지, '앱 개발자' 또는 '앱 마케팅 담당자'는 없었다.
④ Nowadays, however, thousands of people do these jobs. 그러나 요즘, 수천 명의 사람이 이런 일들을 한다.
⑤ So what other kinds of jobs have appeared recently? 그러면 어떤 다른 종류의 직업들이 최근에 등장했을까?
⑥ One of the most common new jobs is "data miner." 가장 흔한 새로운 직업 중 하나는 '데이터 수집가'이다.
⑦ Since modern market research relies heavily on customer data, companies are hiring experts to gather and analyze it. 현대의 시장 조사는 고객 데이터에 크게 의존하기때문에, 기업들은 그것을 모으고 분석하기 위해 전문가들을 고용하고 있다.
⑧ Those experts who look through large amounts of customer data to identify trends in consumer behavior are data miners. 소비자 행동 동향을 파악하기 위해 많은 양의 고객데이터를 검토하는 그 전문가들이 데이터 수집가이다.
⑨ With their help, businesses can predict future trends or build personalized advertising. 그들의 도움으로 사업체들은 미래 동향을 예측하거나 맞춤형 광고를 제작할 수 있다.
⑩ Another recently created job is "drone operator." 최근에 생겨난 또 다른 직업은 '드론 조종사'이다.
⑪ Drones have been around for a long time, but they were only used by the military or people who flew them as a hobby. 드론은 오랫동안 존재해 왔지만, 그것들은 오직 군대나 취미로 그것들을 날리는 사람들에 의해 사용되었다.
⑫ Now, however, some big companies are making drones part of their business. 그러나, 지금은 일부 대기업들이 드론을 그들의 사업의 일부로 만들고 있다.
⑬ Online shopping sites, for example, are planning to use them to make deliveries, and movie studios are already using them to film scenes from the air. 예를 들면, 온라인 쇼핑 사이트들은 배송하는 데 그것들을 사용할 계획을 하고 있고, 영화 제작사들은공중에서 장면들을 촬영하기 위해 이미 그것들을 사용하고 있다.
⑭ All of these companies will require individuals skilled in flying high-tech drones. 이 모든 기업들은 최첨단 드론을 조종하는 데 숙련된 사람들을 필요로 할 것이다.
⑮ Of course, new technology is not the only factor affecting job trends. 물론, 새로운 기술이 직업 동향에 영향을 미치는 유일한 요인은 아니다.
⑯ Society's changing needs are also shaping the job market. 사회의 변화하는 요구 역시 직업 시장을 형성하고있다.
⑰ For example, some companies are now hiring "sustainability experts" to help ensure that their business practices are environmentally sustainable. 예를 들어, 이제 어떤 기업들은 반드시 그들의 사업관행이 환경 보호적으로 지속 가능하도록 도와줄'지속 가능성 전문가'를 고용하고 있다.
⑱ Other companies are even looking for "youth experts." 다른 기업들은 심지어 '젊은 세대 전문가'를 찾고 있다.
⑲ These are mostly young people who can explain the behavior of the younger generation to older executives. 이들은 나이가 든 경영진에게 젊은 세대의 행동을설명해 줄 수 있는 대개 젊은 사람들이다.
⑳ Examples like these make it clear that job trends are changing rapidly. 이와 같은 예들은 직업 동향이 빠르게 변화하고 있다는 것을 명확히 해 준다.
㉑ Can you imagine what kind of jobs will be available by the time you go out into society? 당신이 사회에 나갈 때쯤이면 어떤 종류의 직업들이있을지 상상할 수 있겠는가?

 

 

 

Unit 03. Jobs - Reading 2: A Glass Artist
① Dale Chihuly is a glass artist from Seattle, Washington. 데일 치훌리는 워싱턴 시애틀 출신의 유리 공예가이다.
② One day while he was studying interior design at college, Chihuly saw some glassblowing. 대학에서 인테리어 디자인을 공부하던 어느 날, 치훌리는 유리 세공을 보게 되었다.
③ He was amazed by this skill and decided to become a glass artist. 그는 이 기술에 놀라서 유리 공예가가 되기로 결심했다.
④ Now his artwork is displayed in museums and public buildings worldwide, and people from many countries love his beautiful glass creations. 현재 그의 예술품은 전 세계적으로 박물관과 공공건물에 전시되어 있고, 많은 나라 사람들이 그의 아름다운 유리 창작물을 매우 좋아한다.
⑤ I recently spoke with the artist at a coffee shop near his studio. 나는 최근에 그의 작업실 근처에 있는 커피숍에서그 예술가와 대화를 나누었다.
⑥ Q: Why did you choose to create art with glass? 질문: 왜 유리를 가지고 예술 작품을 만들기로 결심하셨습니까?
⑦ Chihuly: Glass is very beautiful because it shows light and color so well. 치훌리: 유리는 빛과 색을 아주 잘 보여 주기 때문에매우 아름답습니다.
⑧ I can shape it into many different forms. 저는 그것을 여러 가지 다른 형태로 만들어 낼 수 있습니다.
⑨ Also, glass is very fragile. 또한, 유리는 매우 깨지기 쉽습니다.
⑩ It can break very easily, so it seems very special. 아주 쉽게 깨질 수 있어서 매우 특별해 보입니다.
⑪ I create pieces of many different shapes and sizes out of brilliantly colored glass. 저는 화려하게 색을 입힌 유리로 여러 다른 모양과크기의 작품을 만들어 냅니다.
⑫ Q: Where do the ideas for your glass creations come from? 질문: 유리 창작물에 대한 아이디어는 어디에서 얻으십니까?
⑬ Chihuly: They come from the world around me. 치훌리: 그것은 제 주변의 세상으로부터 나옵니다.
⑭ My mother's beautiful flower garden inspires me. 제 어머니의 아름다운 화원은 제게 영감을 줍니다.
⑮ Also, I live near the ocean and I love to walk along the beach because the ocean gives me ideas. 또 저는 바다 근처에 사는데 바다가 제게 아이디어를 주기 때문에 해변을 따라 걷는 것도 아주 좋아합니다.
⑯ I also get ideas from other types of art, like Native American baskets and blankets. 또한, 북미 원주민의 바구니나 담요 같은 다른 종류의 예술품에서 아이디어를 얻기도 합니다.
⑰ Q: Can you tell us about the glass ceiling you created for the Bellagio Hotel in Las Vegas? 질문: 라스베이거스의 벨라지오 호텔에 만드신 유리천장에 대해 말씀해 주시겠습니까?
⑱ Chihuly: I built the ceiling in the lobby of the Bellagio with the help of a hundred other people. 치훌리: 100명의 다른 분들의 도움으로 벨라지오로비에 그 천장을 만들었습니다.
⑲ It is the largest piece I have ever made. 그것은 제가 지금까지 만든 것 중 제일 큰 작품이지요.
⑳ It contains about one thousand multicolored glass flowers that hang from metal branches. 거기에는 다양한 색상을 지닌 천여 개의 유리 꽃이금속 가지에 매달려 있습니다.
㉑ Q: Do you usually create your art alone or with others? 질문: 작품 작업을 보통 혼자 하십니까, 다른 사람들과 함께 하십니까?
㉒ Chihuly: I work in the style of a movie director; I lead a team of glass artists at my studio. 치훌리: 저는 영화감독 스타일로 일합니다. 제 작업실에서 유리 공예가 팀을 이끄는 것이지요.
㉓ Each artist has a special job. 각 공예가는 전문적으로 맡은 일이 있습니다.
㉔ We work together to create the pieces according to my designs. 우리는 제 디자인에 따라 작품을 만들기 위해 협업합니다.
㉕ It's a wonderful process. 그 일은 아주 멋진 과정이지요.

 

 

 

Unit 04. Society - Reading 1: Back on My Feet
① At 5:30 a.m. in an empty parking lot, a group of people gather together for a morning run. 새벽 5시 30분, 텅 빈 주차장에 한 무리의 사람들이아침 조깅을 위해 모인다.
② But they are not jogging to lose weight or to train for a marathon. 그러나 그들은 체중을 줄이거나 마라톤 연습을 위해조깅을 하는 것이 아니다.
③ They are homeless people, and many of them are former drug and alcohol addicts trying to improve their lives. 그들은 노숙자들이며, 그들 중 많은 이가 자신들의삶을 개선하기 위해 노력하는 이전의 마약, 알코올중독자들이다.
④ They are part of an organization called Back on My Feet. 그들은 Back on My Feet이라는 단체의 회원이다.
⑤ Members go on group runs three times a week. 회원들은 일주일에 세 번 단체 달리기를 한다.
⑥ The only requirement is that they must be clean and sober for at least one month before joining the group. 유일한 요건은 그들이 그 단체에 합류하기 전에 적어도 한 달간, 마약을 하거나 술을 마시지 않아야 한다는 것이다.
⑦ Besides having fun and getting exercise, members also get some useful benefits after 30 days. 즐기며 운동을 할 뿐만 아니라, 회원들은 30일 후에유용한 혜택도 얻는다.
⑧ These include financial aid, housing assistance, and access to employment opportunities. 이것들에는 재정적인 도움, 주거지 지원, 고용 기회로의 접근이 포함된다.
⑨ Back on My Feet started in 2007, when Anne Mahlum decided to organize a running club at a homeless shelter in Philadelphia. Back on My Feet은 2007년에 시작되었는데, 그당시 앤 말럼은 필라델피아의 노숙자 쉼터에 달리기클럽을 조직하기로 했다.
⑩ Many people told her that her idea would never work. 많은 사람이 그녀의 생각은 절대로 성공하지 못할거라고 그녀에게 말했다.
⑪ "People said, 'These guys aren't going to want to run. They have other things to worry about,'" she explains. "사람들이 '이들은 뛰길 원하지 않을 겁니다. 그들은다른 걱정거리들이 있어요.'라 말했죠."라고 그녀는설명한다.
⑫ However, they were clearly wrong. 그러나 그들은 분명히 틀렸다.
⑬ In just six years, the club expanded to nearly 400 members in 10 different cities, and by 2019 it had spread to a total of 13 cities across the US. 단 6년 만에, 그 클럽은 10개 도시에 회원이 거의 4백 명에 달하는 클럽으로 확대되었고, 2019년까지미국 전역에 총 13개 도시로 퍼져나갔다.
⑭ The New York branch of Back on My Feet currently has about 60 members in its running club. Back on My Feet의 뉴욕 지부에는 현재 달리기 클럽에 약 60명의 회원이 있다.
⑮ In its first year, it helped 41 people find jobs, assisted 34 people in finding places to live, and enrolled 50 people in job-training programs. 그 지부는 첫해에 41명의 사람이 일자리를 찾는 것을 도왔고, 34명의 사람들이 거주지를 찾는 것을 도왔으며, 50명의 사람들을 직업 훈련 과정에 등록시켰다.
⑯ Morning runs may be the main activity for Back on My Feet's members, but they are just the first steps toward getting their lives back on track. 아침 조깅이 Back on My Feet 회원들의 주요 활동이겠지만, 그것은 바로 그들의 삶을 다시 정상 궤도로 돌려놓는 첫걸음이다.

 

 

 

Unit 04. Society - Reading 2: The Recycled Orchestra of Cateura
① "The world sends us garbage. We send back music." - Favio Chavez "세상은 우리에게 쓰레기를 보내죠. 우리는 음악을돌려보냅니다." - 파비오 차베스
② The town of Cateura, Paraguay, was built on a landfill. 파라과이의 카테우라라는 마을은 쓰레기 매립지에지어졌다.
③ Most of the population makes a living by collecting recyclable items from the trash that is brought daily to the town. 인구의 대부분은 마을로 매일 가져다지는 쓰레기에서 재활용이 가능한 물품들을 수거하여 생계를 꾸려간다.
④ In addition to poverty, another challenge the people of Cateura face is a lack of education. 가난 외에도, 카테우라의 사람들이 직면하고 있는또 다른 난관은 교육의 부족이다.
⑤ Forty percent of the children there do not finish school. 그곳의 아이들 중 40%는 학교를 졸업하지 못한다.
⑥ These children are often sent to work in the landfill. 이 아이들은 보통 일하기 위해 쓰레기 매립지로 보내진다.
⑦ In order to provide a better future for the children of Cateura, two men, Favio Chavez and Nicolas Gomez, wanted to create a children's orchestra. 카테우라의 아이들에게 더 나은 미래를 주기 위해서, 파비오 차베스와 니콜라스 고메스라는 두 남자는 어린이 오케스트라를 만들기를 원했다.
⑧ However, instruments were too expensive. 그러나, 악기들이 너무 비쌌다.
⑨ One day, Favio and Nicolas had an idea. 어느 날, 파비오와 니콜라스에게 방안이 떠올랐다.
⑩ The idea was to build their own instruments out of materials found in the landfill, such as pieces of sheet metal, oil cans, rope, and broomsticks. 그 방안은 판금 조각들, 기름통, 밧줄, 그리고 빗자루들과 같은 쓰레기 매립지에서 발견된 재료들로 그들의 악기를 만드는 것이었다.
⑪ That's how the "Recycled Orchestra of Cateura" was born. 그렇게 '카테우라 재활용 오케스트라'가 탄생하게 되었다.
⑫ The orchestra started with only a few musicians. 그 오케스트라는 오직 몇 명의 연주자들로 시작했다.
⑬ But it has expanded to more than 35 members. 그러나 그것은 35명 이상의 단원으로 확장되었다.
⑭ It is now teaching more than 200 children how to play music and even how to build recycled instruments of their own. 그것은 현재 200명 이상의 아이들에게 음악을 연주하는 방법과 심지어 그들 자신의 재활용 악기를 만드는 방법을 가르치고 있다.
⑮ While the orchestra cannot immediately fix problems like hunger and poverty, the education that it provides will lead to fewer children facing these problems in the future. 이 오케스트라가 배고픔과 빈곤과 같은 문제들을 즉시 해결할 수는 없지만, 그것이 제공하는 교육은 미래에는 이러한 문제들을 직면하는 아이들의 수를 더줄일 것이다.
⑯ Inspired by the Recycled Orchestra, people in other countries, such as Spain, Brazil, and Mexico, started their own recycled orchestras. 재활용 오케스트라에 의해 영감을 받아서, 스페인,브라질, 그리고 멕시코와 같은 다른 나라의 사람들도 그들만의 재활용 오케스트라를 시작했다.
⑰ Not only has the Recycled Orchestra brought hope and a sense of pride to the residents of Cateura, but it has also shown that music truly has the power to change society. 재활용 오케스트라는 카테우라의 거주민들에게 희망과 자부심을 가져다주었을 뿐만 아니라, 음악이진실로 사회를 변화시킬 수 있는 힘을 가진다는 것을 보여 주었다.

 

 

 

Unit 05. Animals - Reading 1: A Rabbit Problem in Australia
① Are rabbits dangerous? 토끼들은 위험할까?
② In most places, the answer is no. 대부분의 장소에서, 대답은 아니요이다.
③ They are usually considered cute and lovable, and many people keep them as pets in their homes. 그것들은 보통 귀엽고 사랑스럽다고 여겨지고, 많은사람들은 그것들을 집에서 애완동물로 기른다.
④ But in Australia, rabbits are a big problem, due to the fact that they are a danger to the country's delicate ecosystem. 그러나 호주에서, 토끼들은 그 나라의 민감한 생태계에 위협이 된다는 사실 때문에 큰 문제이다.
⑤ Rabbits were not indigenous to Australia. 토끼들은 호주의 토착 동물이 아니었다.
⑥ In 1859, however, a man brought 24 wild rabbits from England to Victoria, Australia, and released them into the woods so they could be hunted. 그러나, 1859년에 한 남자가 24마리의 야생 토끼를영국으로부터 호주의 빅토리아로 들여와서 그것들이 사냥될 수 있도록 숲에 풀어놨다.
⑦ Unfortunately, Australia is the perfect habitat for rabbits, as there are plenty of open spaces, lots of vegetation to eat, and few people. 불행하게도, 호주는 풍부한 공터와 먹을 수 있는 많은 식물이 있고, 사람들은 거의 없기 때문에 토끼들에게 완벽한 서식지이다.
⑧ Also, Australian winters are mild, so the rabbits can breed all year. 또한, 호주의 겨울은 온화해서, 토끼들은 일 년 내내번식할 수 있다.
⑨ Most importantly, rabbits have fewer natural predators in Australia. 가장 중요한 것은, 호주에는 토끼들의 자연적 포식자가 적다는 것이다.
⑩ Soon there were millions of rabbits in Victoria. 곧 빅토리아에는 수백만 마리의 토끼들이 있게 되었다.
⑪ Most of the land in Australia isn't good for growing food, and the rabbits made this situation even worse. 호주 땅의 대부분은 식량을 재배하는 데 알맞지 않고, 토끼들은 이 상황을 더욱더 나쁘게 만들었다.
⑫ They ate so many plants that the soil underneath was eroded by the wind, leaving the land even less fertile. 그것들은 너무나 많은 식물들을 먹어 버려서 그 밑의 흙이 바람에 침식되었고 땅은 더욱 황폐해졌다.
⑬ Moreover, some native animals which had to compete with the rabbits for food and habitat greatly decreased in number. 게다가, 먹이와 서식지를 놓고 그 토끼들과 경쟁해야 했던 일부 토종 동물들은 그 개체 수가 크게 줄었다.
⑭ Soon, the rabbits began to spread across the country. 곧, 토끼들은 전국으로 퍼지기 시작했다.
⑮ By the 1920s, the Australian rabbit population was estimated to be about 10 billion. 1920년대 경에는, 호주 토끼의 개체 수가 대략 100억 마리로 추정되었다.
⑯ The Australian government has tried many things to control the rabbit population. 호주 정부는 토끼 개체 수를 통제하기 위해서 많은것들을 시도해 왔다.
⑰ At the beginning of the 20th century, they built long fences to keep the rabbits away from farmland. 20세기 초에는, 토끼들이 농지에 가지 못하게 막기위해서 긴 울타리를 세웠다.
⑱ Contrary to the government's expectation, many rabbits crossed to the other side during construction, while others dug holes under the fences. 정부의 예상과는 달리, 많은 토끼들이 울타리 공사중에 반대편으로 건너갔고, 다른 토끼들은 울타리밑에 구멍을 팠다.
⑲ The government also introduced diseases that kill rabbits. 정부는 또한 토끼를 죽이는 질병들도 들여왔다.
⑳ This significantly reduced the rabbit population, but only in certain areas. 이것은 토끼 개체 수를 크게 감소시켰지만, 오직 특정 지역에만 해당되었다.
㉑ Today, Australia's rabbit population is estimated to be about 200 million. 오늘날, 호주의 토끼 개체 수는 약 2억 마리로 추정된다.
㉒ Although the situation has improved, it is still a serious problem that the country is desperately trying to solve. 상황이 나아지기는 했지만, 그것은 여전히 호주가필사적으로 해결하고자 하는 심각한 문제이다.

 

 

 

Unit 05. Animals - Reading 2: TOEFL (American Bison)
① American Bison 아메리카 들소
② The American bison is the largest land animal in North America. 아메리카 들소는 북미에서 가장 큰 육지 동물이다.
③ Males can weigh up to 2,000 pounds and stand 1.8 meters tall. 수컷은 무게가 2,000파운드까지 나가고 키가 1.8미터나 된다.
④ Bison have huge heads, humps on their backs, and long, messy brownish-black fur. 아메리카 들소는 커다란 머리, 등에 난 혹, 길고 헝클어진 흑갈색 털을 가지고 있다.
⑤ Bison travel together in herds looking for grass to eat. 아메리카 들소는 먹을 풀을 찾아 무리 지어 함께 다닌다.
⑥ Huge herds of bison once traveled across the grasslands of North America. 한때 거대한 아메리카 들소 떼가 북미의 초원 지대를 누볐다.
⑦ They were an important resource for Native Americans living on the plains. 그것들은 평원 지대에 사는 북미 원주민들에게 중요한 자원이었다.
⑧ They hunted bison and used almost every part of the animal. 그들은 아메리카 들소를 사냥하여 이 동물의 거의모든 부분을 이용했다.
⑨ They ate the meat and made tools and weapons out of the bones. 고기는 먹고 뼈로는 연장과 무기를 만들었다.
⑩ Blankets, clothing, and tents were all made from bison skins. 담요, 옷, 텐트 모두가 아메리카 들소의 가죽으로 만들어졌다.
⑪ Bison were also important to the Native Americans' spiritual beliefs. 아메리카 들소는 또한 북미 원주민의 영적인 믿음에도 중요한 것이었다.
⑫ Bison calves are born in April, and the Native Americans believed that a kind spirit sent them bison each spring to help them survive. 아메리카 들소의 새끼는 4월에 태어나는데, 북미 원주민들은 친절한 정령이 그들이 생존할 수 있도록도우려고 매년 봄에 그들에게 아메리카 들소를 보내주는 것이라고 믿었다.
⑬ All of this changed with the arrival of Europeans in the 1800s. 이 모든 것은 1800년대에 유럽인들의 등장으로 변했다.
⑭ The Native Americans only hunted bison when they needed resources. 북미 원주민들은 자원이 필요할 때만 아메리카 들소를 사냥했다.
⑮ The Europeans, on the other hand, killed them in huge numbers for sport. 반면에 유럽인들은 재미 삼아 그것들을 엄청나게 많이 죽였다.
⑯ They competed to see who could kill the most animals in one day. 그들은 하루 만에 누가 가장 많은 동물을 죽일 수 있는지 알아보기 위해 경쟁했다.
⑰ The effect on the environment was huge; when Columbus arrived in America, there were about 60 million bison. 이것이 환경에 미친 영향은 엄청났다. 콜럼버스가미국에 도착했을 때는 약 6,000만 마리의 아메리카들소가 있었다.
⑱ By 1890, less than 1,000 animals survived. 1890년경에는 1,000마리도 안 되는 숫자가 생존해있었다.
⑲ Bison were saved from extinction by the American Bison Society, which was formed in 1905. 아메리카 들소는 아메리카 들소 협회에 의해 멸종위기를 모면했는데, 그 협회는 1905년에 생겨났다.
⑳ Many were raised in protected areas and then released into national parks. 많은 수가 보호 지역에서 사육되었고 그 후 국립 공원에 풀어졌다.
㉑ Today, there are about 500,000 animals. 오늘날에는 약 50만 마리가 있다.
㉒ Although bison still need to be protected, they aren't at risk of extinction anymore. 아메리카 들소는 여전히 보호되어야 할 필요는 있지만 더 이상 멸종 위기에 처해 있지 않다.
㉓ Even though the bison can no longer live freely on the grasslands of North America, it remains a symbol of the American Wild West. 아메리카 들소가 더 이상 북미 초원 지대에서 자유롭게 살 수는 없지만, 그것은 여전히 미국 서부 개척시대의 상징이다.
㉔ Each year, thousands of visitors to national parks can see herds of bison and imagine the past. 해마다 국립 공원을 찾는 수천 명의 방문객들은 아메리카 들소 떼를 보며 과거를 상상해 볼 수 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 06. Literature - Reading 1: Elements of Detective Stories
① Most detective novels and stories share the same basic storyline: 대부분의 탐정 소설과 이야기들은 동일한 기본 줄거리를 공유한다.
② There is a mystery that must be solved by uncovering clues, questioning witnesses, and discovering the identity of the criminal. 단서를 찾고, 증인을 심문하고, 범인의 정체를 알아냄으로써 풀려야 하는 미스터리가 있다는 것이다.
③ There are also a number of standard character types that occur again and again in detective fiction. 또한, 탐정 소설에는 반복적으로 존재하는 많은 전형적인 등장인물 유형이 있다.
④ The heroes of these stories are almost always some sort of detective. 이런 이야기들의 영웅들은 거의 항상 일종의 탐정이다.
⑤ The detective may be a professional or an amateur, but he or she must be very wise, observant, and logical. 탐정은 전문가나 비전문가일 수 있지만, 그 사람은매우 현명하고, 관찰력이 있으며, 논리적이어야 한다.
⑥ The detective uses these qualities to solve the crime along with the person who is reading the story. 탐정은 이러한 자질들을 이야기를 읽고 있는 사람과함께 범죄를 해결하는 데 사용한다.
⑦ These detectives often have a faithful assistant to help them out. 이 탐정들에게는 종종 그들을 돕는 충실한 조수가있다.
⑧ This character is sometimes referred to as a "Watson," after Sherlock Holmes's trusted companion. 이런 등장인물은 셜록 홈스의 믿음직한 친구의 이름을 따서 종종 '왓슨'이라 불린다.
⑨ He or she is generally not as wise and logical as the detective and often makes foolish mistakes. 그 사람은 보통 탐정만큼 현명하거나 논리적이지 않으며 종종 어리석은 실수를 저지른다.
⑩ However, the Watson character still manages to help the detective solve the crime. 그러나 왓슨 캐릭터는 여전히 탐정이 범죄를 해결하는 것을 어떻게든 돕는다.
⑪ Finally, all good detective stories must contain a villain. 마지막으로, 모든 잘 짜인 추리 소설에는 악당이 있어야 한다.
⑫ The storyline is usually focused on discovering who this person actually is. 줄거리는 보통 이 사람이 실제로 누구인지를 밝히는데 초점이 맞추어져 있다.
⑬ For this reason, in most cases, the true identity of the villain isn't revealed until the end of the novel. 이런 이유로, 대부분의 경우에 악당의 실체는 소설의 마지막에 가서야 밝혀진다.
⑭ Unlike the Watson character, the villain is usually as intelligent as the detective. 왓슨 캐릭터와 달리, 악당은 대개 탐정만큼이나 똑똑하다.
⑮ However, he or she always makes one big mistake and is captured in the end. 그러나 그 사람은 항상 한 가지 중대한 실수를 저지르고 결국 체포된다.
⑯ The next time you read a detective story, think about how these characters are described. 다음에 추리 소설을 읽을 때, 이 등장인물들이 어떻게 묘사되었는지 생각해 보아라.
⑰ But don't forget to try to solve the mystery, too! 그러나 미스터리를 풀어보는 것도 잊지 마라!
⑱ That's the best part of reading detective fiction! 그것이 추리 소설을 읽는 데 있어 가장 재미있는 부분이니까!

 

 

 

Unit 06. Literature - Reading 2: Awards for Children’s Literature
① Kids enjoy fun and exciting stories, and reading helps their brains develop. 아이들은 재미있고 흥미로운 이야기들을 즐기고, 독서는 그들의 뇌가 발달하는 것을 돕는다.
② But how can readers find the best children's books? 하지만 독자들은 어떻게 최고의 아동 도서들을 찾을수 있을까?
③ One way is to look up the winners of major awards. 한 가지 방법은 주요 상들의 수상 작품들을 찾아보는 것이다.
④ There are many awards for children's literature. 아동 문학에 대한 많은 상들이 있다.
⑤ However, two of the biggest are the Newbery Medal and the Hans Christian Andersen Award. 그러나, 가장 큰 두 개의 상은 뉴베리상과 한스 크리스티안 안데르센상이다.
⑥ The Newbery Medal has been given out annually since 1922. 뉴베리상은 1922년부터 해마다 수여되어왔다.
⑦ It was started by Frederic G. Melcher, a bookseller and editor. 그것은 책 판매상이자 편집자인 프레더릭 G. 멜처에의해 시작되었다.
⑧ At that time, children's literature was often overlooked. 그 당시에는, 아동 문학이 흔히 간과되었다.
⑨ Melcher hoped his award would bring public attention to children's books and make it easier for librarians to recommend good books to kids. 멜처는 그의 상이 아동 도서에 대한 대중적인 관심을 불러일으키고 사서들이 아이들에게 좋은 책들을추천하는 것을 더 쉽게 만들어 주기를 희망했다.
⑩ He named the award after John Newbery, an 18th-century English publisher considered the "father of children's literature." 그는 '아동 문학의 아버지'로 여겨지는 18세기의 영국 출판업자 존 뉴베리의 이름을 따서 그 상의 이름을 지었다.
⑪ Prize-winning works include The Giver by Lois Lowry and A Single Shard by Linda Sue Park. 수상작에는 로이스 라우리의 <기억 전달자>와 린다 수 박의 <사금파리 한 조각>이 있다.
⑫ The Hans Christian Andersen Award was started in 1956 to honor the famous writer's contribution to children's literature. 한스 크리스티안 안데르센상은 아동 문학에 대한 유명한 작가의 기여를 기리기 위해서 1956년에 시작되었다.
⑬ It is given every other year to one author and one illustrator of children's books. 그것은 2년마다 아동 도서 분야에서 한 명의 작가와한 명의 삽화가에게 수여된다.
⑭ Along with the quality of the work, the award's judges consider the ability of each nominee to see the world from a child's point of view and to stimulate children's imaginations. 작품의 질과 더불어, 그 상의 심사 위원들은 각 후보자의 아이의 관점에서 세상을 보는 능력과 아이들의상상력을 자극하는 능력을 고려한다.
⑮ Some well-known past winners include Tove Jansson, the writer of the famous Moomin books, and Eiko Kadono, the author of Kiki's Delivery Service. 몇몇 잘 알려진 과거 수상자들에는 유명한 <무민> 책의 작가인 토베 얀손과 <마녀 배달부 키키>의 작가인 카도노 에이코가 있다.
⑯ Although both of these awards are highly respected, there are some big differences between them. 이 두 상 모두 매우 존경받지만, 그들 사이에는 몇가지 큰 차이점들이 있다.
⑰ The Newbery Medal recognizes the best children's book of the year. 뉴베리상은 그해 최고의 아동 도서를 인정한다.
⑱ The Andersen Award, on the other hand, isn't based on a single book. 반면에, 안데르센상은 한 권의 책에만 근거하지 않는다.
⑲ It celebrates the lifelong work of the people who receive it. 그것은 상을 받는 사람들의 일생 동안의 업적을 기린다.
⑳ Also, the Andersen Award considers writers and illustrators of all nationalities, while the Newbery Medal is only given to American citizens or residents. 또한, 안데르센상은 모든 국적의 작가와 삽화가들을고려하는 반면, 뉴베리상은 오직 미국의 시민이나거주자들에게만 주어진다.

 

 

 

Unit 07. Environment - Reading 1: The Bullitt Center
① These days, architecture is "going green," as more and more architects design buildings with efficiency and sustainability in mind. 오늘날, 점점 더 많은 건축가들이 효율성과 지속 가능성을 염두에 두고 건물을 설계함에 따라, 건축이'친환경적'이 되고 있다.
② One great example is the Bullitt Center, a six-story office building in Seattle, Washington, USA. 한 가지 훌륭한 예는 미국 워싱턴주의 시애틀에 있는 6층짜리 사무실 건물인 불릿 센터이다.
③ This impressive building produces more energy than it uses, and it is the new standard for sustainable architecture. 이 인상적인 건물은 그것이 사용하는 것보다 더 많은 에너지를 생산하고, 지속 가능한 건축의 새로운기준이다.
④ The Bullitt Center was opened on Earth Day, April 22, in 2013. 불릿 센터는 2013년 4월 22일, 지구의 날에 문을열었다.
⑤ Its primary purpose is to be a good model for office buildings pursuing sustainability. 그것의 주된 목적은 지속 가능성을 추구하는 사무실건물들에 좋은 본보기가 되는 것이다.
⑥ The building has many eco-friendly features. 그 건물은 많은 친환경적인 특징들을 가지고 있다.
⑦ For example, there is a garage for bicycles but not for cars. 예를 들어, 자전거를 위한 차고는 있지만 자동차를위한 차고는 없다.
⑧ Also, solar panels on the roof provide all the building's energy. 또한, 지붕의 태양 전지판은 그 건물의 모든 에너지를 공급한다.
⑨ For another thing, the elevator is located out of sight and the stairway offers beautiful views of the city, which encourages people to take the stairs. 또 다른 예로, 엘리베이터가 보이지 않는 곳에 위치해 있고 계단은 도시의 아름다운 경관을 제공하는데, 이것은 사람들이 계단을 이용하도록 장려한다.
⑩ In summertime, blinds on the outside of the windows automatically adjust depending on the angle of the sun to manage the temperature inside the building. 여름철에는, 창문 밖의 블라인드가 건물 내부의 온도를 관리하기 위해 태양의 각도에 따라서 자동으로조정된다.
⑪ On cold winter days, a special heat pump system absorbs heat from deep in the ground. 추운 겨울날에는 특별한 열펌프 시스템이 땅 깊은곳으로부터 열을 흡수한다.
⑫ And then the system transfers this heat into the building, while triple-pane windows provide fantastic insulation. 그런 다음 그 시스템이 이 열을 건물 안으로 전달하고 그와 동시에 삼중창이 환상적인 단열 기능을 제공한다.
⑬ The roof of the Bullitt Center has holes that collect rainwater. 불릿 센터의 지붕에는 빗물을 모으는 구멍들이 있다.
⑭ This water is stored in an underground tank and is used throughout the building. 이 물은 지하의 탱크에 저장되고 건물 전체에서 사용된다.
⑮ Even though the building only uses about 500 gallons of water per day, the tank can hold up to 56,000 gallons! 비록 이 건물은 하루에 단지 약 500갤런의 물을 사용하지만, 그 탱크는 56,000갤런까지 수용할 수 있다!
⑯ Finally, the Bullitt Center has a unique toilet system that transforms human waste into fertilizer. 마지막으로, 불릿 센터는 사람의 배설물을 비료로바꾸는 특별한 화장실 시스템을 가지고 있다.
⑰ Thanks to these amazing features, the Bullitt Center will have its own steady supply of water and electricity ― and will avoid utility bills ― for the next 250 years! 이러한 놀라운 특징들 덕분에, 불릿 센터는 앞으로250년 동안 자체적으로 물과 전기의 지속적인 공급을 확보할 것이고 공과금 고지서를 피할 것이다!
⑱ The building's creators hope that it will inspire others to embrace green architecture and take practical action for sustainability. 그 건물의 창조자들은 그 건물이 다른 사람들로 하여금 친환경적 건축을 받아들이고 지속 가능성을 위한 실질적인 행동을 취하도록 고무하기를 희망한다.

 

 

 

Unit 07. Environment - Reading 2: The Disappearing Honeybee
① Reporter: Good afternoon, Dr. Kirkland. 기자: 안녕하십니까, 커클랜드 박사님.
② Recently, the world's honeybee population has been dropping dramatically. 최근 세계의 벌꿀 개체 수가 급격히 감소하고 있습니다.
③ Strangely, nobody is sure why. 이상하게도, 아무도 이유를 확실히 모릅니다.
④ Can you please explain the situation? 이 상황을 설명해 주시겠습니까?
⑤ Dr. Kirkland: Certainly. Ever since the 1970s, the number of wild honeybees in North America has been dropping rapidly. 커클랜드 박사: 그러죠. 1970년대 이후로 줄곧, 북아메리카의 야생 꿀벌 수가 급속도로 감소해 오고있습니다.
⑥ But now we're seeing a similar drop in the number of honeybees kept by beekeepers. 하지만 현재 우리는 양봉가들이 기르는 꿀벌 숫자에서도 비슷한 감소 추세를 목격하고 있습니다.
⑦ Reporter: I see. What are some possible causes? 기자: 그렇군요. 가능한 원인으로 무엇이 있습니까?
⑧ Dr. Kirkland: The most likely cause is climate change. 커클랜드 박사: 가장 예상되는 원인은 기후 변화입니다.
⑨ Bees depend on flowers, and the growing seasons of many plants are changing along with the climate. 꿀벌은 꽃에 의존해 사는데, 많은 식물들의 성장 시기가 기후에 따라 함께 변화하고 있습니다.
⑩ Scientists are trying to find out what kind of effect this is having on honeybees. 과학자들은 이것이 꿀벌에 어떤 식으로 영향을 미치는지를 알아내기 위해 노력하고 있습니다.
⑪ There are also some researchers who think that our cell phones are the problem. 또한 우리의 휴대 전화기가 문제라고 생각하는 일부연구자들도 있습니다.
⑫ These phones use electromagnetic waves, which might be confusing the bees. 이러한 전화기는 전자파를 사용하는데, 이것이 꿀벌을 교란시키고 있을 수 있습니다.
⑬ If they can't find their way back to their hive, they'll most likely die. 꿀벌들은 자신의 벌집으로 돌아가는 길을 찾지 못할경우, 대부분 죽을 가능성이 높습니다.
⑭ And finally, some scientists believe that toxic chemicals in some pesticides sprayed on plants are causing the honeybees to die. 그리고 마지막으로, 몇몇 과학자들은 식물에 뿌려지는 일부 살충제 안에 있는 유독한 화학 물질이 꿀벌을 죽게 한다고 믿습니다.
⑮ Reporter: Interesting. But why should people care? 기자: 흥미롭군요. 그런데 사람들이 왜 관심을 가져야 할까요?
⑯ Without honeybees, we'd have no honey. 꿀벌이 없으면, 꿀을 구하지 못하겠지요.
⑰ But surely there are bigger problems to worry about. 하지만 분명 걱정해야 할 더 큰 문제가 있을 텐데요.
⑱ Dr. Kirkland: Honeybees are responsible for more than just honey. 커클랜드 박사: 꿀벌은 단순히 꿀 그 이상을 책임지고 있습니다.
⑲ In fact, some experts believe that if bees were to go extinct, so would humans. 실제로, 일부 전문가들은 만약 벌이 멸종된다면, 인간도 그렇게 될 것으로 생각합니다.
⑳ This is because bees pollinate nearly 100 different crops, including soybeans, apples, and broccoli. 이는 벌들이 콩이나 사과, 브로콜리를 비롯한 거의백여 가지의 다양한 작물을 수분시키기 때문입니다.
㉑ It is estimated that one third of our diet comes from plants that are pollinated by insects. 우리 식단의 3분의 1이 곤충이 수분하는 식물에서비롯된다고 추정됩니다.
㉒ Without honeybees, it is possible that we wouldn't be able to grow enough food to feed ourselves. 꿀벌이 없다면 우리가 먹을 만큼의 충분한 식량을재배하지 못할 수도 있습니다.
㉓ Reporter: I see. Clearly, this is a problem that should not be ignored. 기자: 알겠습니다. 분명 이것은 간과해서는 안 될 문제이군요.
㉔ Thank you very much, Dr. Kirkland. 정말 감사합니다, 커클랜드 박사님.

 

 

 

Unit 08. Culture - Reading 1: UK Tea Culture
① For many British people, the morning must begin with a cup of tea. 많은 영국인에게 아침은 차 한 잔으로 시작되어야한다.
② Otherwise, they can't make it through the rest of the day! 그렇지 않으면 그들은 그날의 남은 시간을 견뎌낼수 없다!
③ It's no surprise, then, that the UK is one of the world's largest tea consumers. 그러므로 영국이 세계 최대의 차 소비국 중 하나인것은 전혀 놀라운 일이 아니다.
④ In this country, five cups a day is only average and for some this number is closer to 15 or 20. 이 나라에서는 하루에 다섯 잔은 평균에 불과하며어떤 이들에게는 이 숫자가 거의 15잔에서 20잔에이른다.
⑤ In fact, during World War II, Winston Churchill said tea was more important to British soldiers than weapons! 실제로 제2차 세계 대전 중에, 윈스턴 처칠은 영국병사들에게 차가 무기보다 더 중요하다고 말하기도했다!
⑥ The British tea habit started as a result of trade with China. 영국의 차 관습은 중국과의 교역의 결과로 시작되었다.
⑦ In China, the tradition of drinking tea goes back to 3000 B.C., but it only arrived in the UK in the mid-17th century. 중국에서 차를 마시는 전통은 기원전 3000년까지거슬러 올라가지만, 영국에는 17세기 중반에서야도래했다.
⑧ The most common tea during these years was the green variety. 이 시기에 가장 일반적인 차는 녹차 종류였다.
⑨ However, in the 19th century, black teas became the preferred type. 하지만 19세기에는, 홍차가 선호하는 타입이 되었다.
⑩ It was also around this time that a British tea culture started to form. 영국의 차 문화가 형성되기 시작한 것도 이 무렵이었다.
⑪ British people developed a practice of drinking tea with milk and sugar, whereas in other countries people usually drank it plain. 다른 나라에서는 사람들은 보통 아무것도 넣지 않고차를 마신 반면, 영국 사람들은 차에 우유와 설탕을넣어 마시는 관습을 발달시켰다.
⑫ Tea was also consumed at specific times of day and during certain events. 또한 하루 중 정해진 시간대나 특정한 경우에 차를마셨다.
⑬ Terms like "tea break," "tea time," and "tea party," which are commonly used today, were created at this time. '티 브레이크'나 '티타임', '티 파티' 같은 용어들은이때 만들어진 것인데, 오늘날에도 일반적으로 사용된다.
⑭ British people also got really good at making a proper pot of tea. 영국 사람들은 제대로 된 차를 만드는 일에도 정말뛰어나다.
⑮ You can do this easily yourself. 당신도 직접 쉽게 이것을 할 수 있다.
⑯ First, select a type of tea that you would like to try. 먼저, 마셔 보고 싶은 차 종류를 선택해라.
⑰ Here are some popular choices: Darjeeling, Ceylon, English Breakfast, and Earl Grey. 여기 몇 가지 인기 있는 선택지가 있다. 다르질링, 실론, 잉글리시 브렉퍼스트, 얼그레이가 그것이다.
⑱ Place an infuser filled with loose tea into a teapot full of water. 물이 가득 담긴 찻주전자 안에 찻잎이 담긴 인퓨저를 넣는다.
⑲ For convenience, you can also use a teabag. 편의를 위해 티백을 사용할 수도 있다.
⑳ Boil the water, and then let it sit for a few minutes. 물을 끓이고 그 후 몇 분간 그대로 둔다.
㉑ Your tea is now ready to serve, and you can add milk and sugar according to your taste! 이제 차를 낼 준비가 되었으니, 기호에 따라 우유와설탕을 넣으면 된다!

 

 

 

Unit 08. Culture - Reading 2: The Ghost Month
① In parts of Asia, the seventh month of the lunar calendar is known as the Ghost Month. 아시아의 일부 지역에서, 음력 7월은 유령의 달로알려져 있다.
② It is said that every year on the first day of the Ghost Month, the gates of Hell open. 매년 유령의 달의 첫 번째 날에는 지옥의 문이 열린다고 한다.
③ This allows ghosts to return to the world of the living and stay until the gates of Hell close again on the last day of the month. 이것은 유령들이 현실 세계로 돌아와 그달의 마지막날에 지옥의 문이 다시 닫힐 때까지 머무를 수 있게한다.
④ During this period, people remember their dead relatives and show respect to their ancestors. 이 기간 동안, 사람들은 그들의 죽은 친척들을 기억하고 그들의 조상들에게 경의를 표한다.
⑤ The Ghost Month features three important days. 유령의 달은 세 개의 중요한 날을 특징으로 한다.
⑥ On the first day, people burn small items made of paper, representing clothes and money. 첫 번째 날에는, 사람들이 옷과 돈을 상징하는 종이로 만든 작은 물건들을 태운다.
⑦ This is believed to provide ghosts with these items in Hell. 이것은 지옥에서 유령들에게 이 물건들을 제공한다고 믿어진다.
⑧ On the last day, people release paper lanterns onto rivers. 마지막 날에는, 사람들이 종이 등불을 강 위에 띄워보낸다.
⑨ These floating lanterns guide the ghosts to the items being offered to them. 이 떠다니는 등불들은 유령들을 그들에게 제공된 물건들로 안내한다.
⑩ The highlight of the month is the Hungry Ghost Festival celebrated on the fifteenth day of the month. 유령의 달의 가장 중요한 부분은 그달의 열다섯 번째 날에 기념하는 배고픈 유령 축제(중원절)이다.
⑪ During the festival, a delicious feast is offered to the hungry ghosts. 그 축제 기간 동안, 배고픈 유령들에게 맛있는 진수성찬이 제공된다.
⑫ In return for the food, the ghosts bring good luck. 음식에 대한 보답으로, 유령들은 행운을 가져다준다.
⑬ According to one legend, a man named Mulian worried about his dead mother in Hell. 한 전설에 따르면, 뮬리언이라는 이름의 남자가 지옥에 있는 그의 돌아가신 어머니를 걱정했다.
⑭ She had to compete with other hungry ghosts for food. 그녀는 음식을 두고 다른 배고픈 유령들과 경쟁해야만 했다.
⑮ He traveled to Hell on lunar July 15 to give her food. 그는 그녀에게 음식을 드리기 위해서 음력 7월 15일에 지옥으로 갔다.
⑯ Many people think this led to the tradition of offering food to the ghosts during the festival. 많은 사람들은 이것이 축제 기간 동안 유령들에게음식을 제공하는 전통으로 이어졌다고 생각한다.
⑰ There are some taboos associated with the Ghost Month. 유령의 달과 연관된 몇 가지 금기 사항이 있다.
⑱ People must not step on paper items being burned as offerings. 사람들은 제물로 태워지는 종이 물건들을 밟아서는안 된다.
⑲ Wearing red or black clothing after 11 p.m. should also be avoided because these colors could attract hungry ghosts. 밤 11시 이후에 빨간색이나 검은색 옷을 입는 것도피해야 하는데, 왜냐하면 이러한 색깔들은 배고픈유령들을 불러들일 수도 있기 때문이다.
⑳ Finally, people must not hang their clothes outside to dry, as passing ghosts may steal them. 마지막으로, 사람들은 그들의 옷을 말리기 위해 밖에 널어서는 안 되는데, 지나가는 유령들이 그것들을 훔쳐 갈 수도 있기 때문이다.
㉑ In addition to honoring the dead, the Ghost Month gives people a lesson about proper behaviors. 죽은 사람들을 기리는 것 외에도, 유령의 달은 사람들에게 올바른 행동에 대한 교훈을 준다.
㉒ Worshiping ancestors encourages respect for family members, while making offerings to ghosts represents the importance of sharing. 조상들을 숭배하는 것은 가족 구성원들에 대한 존경심을 갖게 하는데 반면 유령들에게 제물을 바치는것은 나눔의 중요성을 나타낸다.

 

 

 

Unit 09. Origins - Reading 1: Chess
① Two players stare at each other in silence. 두 선수가 침묵 속에 서로를 응시한다.
② Suddenly, one player makes a move. 갑자기, 한 선수가 말을 움직인다.
③ He captures the other player's king and wins the game! 그는 다른 선수의 왕을 잡고 게임에서 승리한다!
④ The game is chess, and it is centuries old. 이 게임은 체스로, 그 역사가 수 세기에 이른다.
⑤ It is played on a checkered board, with squares arranged on an 8x8 grid. 그것은 8x8의 격자형으로 배열된 정사각형의 체크무늬 보드 위에서 이루어진다.
⑥ You may have played chess before, but do you know where it comes from? 당신은 전에 체스를 둬 봤을지도 모르지만, 그것이어디서 유래했는지 아는가?
⑦ The earliest version of chess appeared in India in the 6th century. 체스의 최초 버전은 6세기 인도에서 등장했다.
⑧ According to a tale, a powerful king ordered a poor mathematician to invent an exciting game for him. 설화에 따르면, 강한 권력을 가진 왕이 가난한 수학자에게 자신을 위해 흥미로운 게임을 고안하라고 명령했다.
⑨ The mathematician created a game with two armies, each led by a king. 그 수학자는 각각 한 명의 왕에 의해 통솔되는 두 개의 군대가 있는 게임을 만들어 냈다.
⑩ The game pieces included foot soldiers, horse riders, elephants, and chariots, all standing on a board of 64 squares. 그 게임의 말은 보병, 기마병, 코끼리와 전차를 포함했는데, 이것들 모두 64개의 정사각형으로 된 보드위에 놓여 있었다.
⑪ The goal was to capture the enemy's king. 목표는 상대편의 왕을 잡는 것이었다.
⑫ The king loved the game and promised the mathematician a reward. 왕은 그 게임을 매우 마음에 들어 했고, 수학자에게보상을 약속했다.
⑬ The mathematician cleverly placed a grain of wheat on the first square of the board and asked the king to double it once for each of the other squares on the board. 그 수학자는 영리하게도 보드의 첫 번째 정사각형에한 개의 밀 낟알을 놓고, 왕에게 보드의 나머지 각정사각형마다 그 밀알을 두 배씩 늘리도록 요청했다.
⑭ At first, the king thought it didn't seem like much. 처음에 왕은 그것이 그다지 많아 보이지 않는다고여겼다.
⑮ He ordered his servants to begin counting out the wheat grains. 그는 자기 신하들에게 밀알을 세기 시작하라고 명했다.
⑯ As the number of wheat grains continued to double, the pile of wheat became huge. 밀알의 숫자가 계속 두 배씩 늘어나자, 밀 더미는 거대해졌다.
⑰ Eventually, the king realized there wasn't enough grain in the whole kingdom. 결국, 왕은 왕국 전체에도 충분한 밀알이 없다는 것을 깨달았다.
⑱ Laughing, he recognized that the mathematician was a genius. 웃으면서, 왕은 수학자가 천재임을 인정했다.
⑲ Over the centuries, the game became popular throughout India and started to spread west. 수 세기에 걸쳐, 그 게임은 인도 전역에서 대중화되었고 서양으로 전파되기 시작했다.
⑳ Once in Europe, the game pieces began to develop into a European style. 한때 유럽에서 그 게임 말들은 유럽 스타일로 발전하기 시작했다.
㉑ For example, instead of horse riders and chariots, there were knights and rooks. 예를 들어, 기마병과 전차 대신에 기사와 성이 있었다.
㉒ By the 15th century, the game had started to resemble our modern version of chess. 15세기에 이르자, 그 게임은 현대판 체스를 닮아 가기 시작했다.
㉓ Although it was once a game for an Indian king, now it is played by people all over the world. 그것은 한때 인도의 한 왕을 위한 게임이었지만, 지금은 전 세계 사람들에 의해 행해진다.

 

 

 

Unit 09. Origins - Reading 2: Guy Fawkes Day
① If Guy Fawkes's plan had succeeded, we might remember him as the world's first famous terrorist. 만일 가이 포크스의 계획이 성공했더라면 우리는 그를 세계 최초의 유명 테러리스트로 기억하고 있을지도 모른다.
② Instead, every year on November 5 people in Britain make models of him. 대신에 매년 11월 5일, 영국 사람들은 그의 모형들을 만든다.
③ Then, at night, they put the models on top of fires and burn them. 그리고 밤이 되면 그 모형들을 불 위에 올려놓고 태운다.
④ What did Guy Fawkes try to do? 가이 포크스는 무엇을 하려고 했던 것일까?
⑤ In 1605, James I was King of England. 1605년 제임스 1세는 영국의 왕이었다.
⑥ He treated Catholics very badly. 그는 가톨릭교도들을 매우 혹독하게 대했다.
⑦ Tired of the harsh treatment, Guy Fawkes and seven other Catholics made a plan to kill King James and every member of the English government. 그런 혹독한 처우에 지쳐서, 가이 포크스와 다른 7명의 가톨릭교도들은 제임스 왕과 영국 정부의 모든관계자를 살해하려는 계획을 세웠다.
⑧ They hid a huge bomb under the Houses of Parliament. 그들은 국회 의사당 지하에 거대한 폭탄을 숨겨 두었다.
⑨ Guy Fawkes knew that King James and all the members of the government would be there on the night of November 5. 가이 포크스는 제임스 왕과 정부 관리 모두가 11월5일 밤에 그곳에 있으리라는 것을 알고 있었다.
⑩ But when he went to light the bomb, the king's guards found him and arrested him. 하지만 폭탄을 점화시키려고 갔을 때, 왕실 근위대가 그를 발견하고 체포했다.
⑪ Immediately after his arrest, the English government declared November 5 to be a day of celebration. 그가 체포된 직후에, 영국 정부는 11월 5일을 기념일로 선포하였다.
⑫ Over 400 years later, although the man himself is sometimes remembered in a more sympathetic way, "Guy Fawkes Day" is still celebrated. 400년이 넘은 지금은 가이 포크스라는 사람 자체는간혹 좀 더 동정적으로 기억되기도 하지만, '가이 포크스 데이'는 여전히 기념되고 있다.
⑬ People spend several weeks getting ready for the big night. 사람들은 그 중요한 날 밤을 위한 준비를 하며 몇 주를 보낸다.
⑭ Stores start selling boxes of fireworks, and people buy their favorite kinds. 상점들은 폭죽 상자를 팔기 시작하고, 사람들은 그들이 가장 좋아하는 종류를 산다.
⑮ Everyone collects wood, leaves, and garden trash to make bonfires. 모든 사람이 모닥불을 피우기 위해 나무, 나뭇잎, 정원의 쓰레기를 모은다.
⑯ Traditionally, children take their models of Guy Fawkes ― called a "guy" ― through the streets, shouting "A penny for the guy!" 전통적으로, 아이들은 '가이'라고 불리는 가이 포크스 모형들을 들고, "가이에게 한 푼만요!"라고 외치며 길거리를 다닌다.
⑰ If people think it is a good model, they will give the children some money. 그것이 괜찮은 모형이라고 생각하면 사람들은 그 아이들에게 돈을 조금 줄 것이다.
⑱ The children then spend the money on fireworks. 그러면 아이들은 그 돈을 폭죽을 사는 데 쓴다.
⑲ On the night of November 5, people light fireworks in their gardens. 11월 5일 밤이 되면 사람들은 그들의 정원에서 불꽃놀이를 한다.
⑳ Then they stand around the bonfire, cooking the traditional Guy Fawkes Day meal ― sausages and potatoes. 그런 다음 모닥불 주위에 빙 둘러서서 전통적인 가이 포크스 데이 음식인 소시지와 감자를 요리한다.
㉑ Finally, of course, they put the "guy" on top of the bonfire and burn him, thinking about the crime that he tried to commit. 당연히 마지막으로 사람들은 그가 저지르려 했던 범죄를 생각하면서 '가이'를 모닥불 위에 올려놓고 태운다.

 

 

 

Unit 10. Geology - Reading 1: Opals
① Australia is the land of the opal. 호주는 오팔의 땅이다.
② This precious stone is the country's national emblem for a good reason: more than 90 percent of the world's opals come from a remote central area of Australia sometimes called the "Red Center." 이 귀한 원석이 그 나라의 국가적 상징인 데는 충분한 이유가 있다. 전 세계 오팔의 90퍼센트 이상이, 때론 '레드 센터'라고 불리는 호주의 외딴 중앙 지역에서 나오기 때문이다.
③ They are mined in severe climatic conditions in the desert areas of Queensland, South Australia, and New South Wales. 그것들은 퀸즐랜드주, 사우스오스트레일리아주, 뉴사우스웨일스주의 사막 지역에서 혹독한 기후 조건속에 채굴된다.
④ Despite the abundance and popularity of opals, scientists were unable until recently to explain exactly how or why so many of the earth's opals formed in Australia. 오팔의 풍부한 매장량과 인기에도 불구하고, 과학자들은 최근까지 어떻게, 왜 지구상의 오팔 중 그렇게많은 양이 호주에서 형성되었는지를 정확히 설명할수 없었다.
⑤ Recent research findings at the University of Sydney have provided new insights into the mysterious formation of opals. 시드니 대학의 최근 연구 결과는 오팔의 불가사의한형성 과정에 새로운 통찰을 제공해 주었다.
⑥ Around 100 million years ago, an inland sea that covered 60 percent of Australia began to dry out. 약 1억 년 전, 호주의 60퍼센트를 뒤덮고 있던 내륙해가 마르기 시작했다.
⑦ This caused extraordinary changes in the makeup of the rocks, soil, and minerals of the region. 이는 그 지역의 암석, 토양, 광물질 구성에 놀라운변화를 일으켰다.
⑧ Acidity levels in the sea first increased and then decreased. 바다의 산성도가 처음에는 높아졌다가 그 다음엔 낮아졌다.
⑨ This helped create ideal conditions for opals to form. 이는 오팔이 형성되기 위한 최적의 조건을 만드는데 일조했다.
⑩ Central Australia is known to be the only place on earth where these types of changes have ever occurred on such a large scale. 중앙 오스트레일리아는 이런 식의 변화가 그토록 대규모로 일어난 지구상의 유일한 장소로 알려져 있다.
⑪ Surprisingly, these findings may help us better understand the environment on Mars. 놀랍게도, 이런 발견들은 우리가 화성의 환경을 더잘 이해하는 데 도움이 될지도 모른다.
⑫ The red-colored dirt and terrain of Central Australia share many characteristics with the surface of the Red Planet. 중앙 오스트레일리아의 적색토와 지형은 붉은 행성의 표면과 많은 특징을 공유하고 있다.
⑬ In 2008, astronauts found opal-like deposits on the planet, strengthening the belief that opals may also exist there. 2008년에 우주 비행사들은 그 행성에서 오팔과 유사한 매장 층을 발견했고, 이는 오팔이 그곳에도 존재할지 모른다는 믿음에 힘을 실어 주었다.
⑭ The discovery of opals on Mars could be the key to further proving the similarities between Mars and the landscape of Central Australia. 화성에서의 오팔의 발견은 화성과 중앙 오스트레일리아의 지형 사이의 유사점을 한층 더 입증하는 열쇠가 될 수 있다.
⑮ This means that scientists may be able to study biological processes possibly present on the faraway planet, right here on earth. 이것은 과학자들이 바로 여기 지구에서, 멀리 떨어진 행성에 혹시 존재할 수도 있는 생물학적인 과정을 연구할 수 있을지도 모른다는 것을 의미한다.

 

 

 

Unit 10. Geology - Reading 2: TOEFL (The San Andreas Fault)
① The San Andreas Fault 샌안드레아스 단층
② The San Andreas Fault, the boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate, runs along the northern coast of California and extends inland into the southern part of the state. 태평양판과 북아메리카판 사이의 경계 부분인 샌안드레아스 단층은 캘리포니아주 북부 해안을 따라 지나고 있고 주의 남부 지역의 내륙으로 뻗어 있다.
③ It was discovered in 1895 and named after San Andreas Lake, which was formed by the movements of these plates. 그것은 1895년에 발견되었고 샌안드레아스 호수의이름을 따서 지어졌는데 그 호수는 이 판들의 이동으로 형성되었다.
④ These movements have helped shape the landscape of California in many other ways too. 이들의 이동은 여러모로 캘리포니아의 지형 형성도도왔다.
⑤ They have created beautiful mountains and valleys. 그것들은 아름다운 산과 계곡을 만들었다.
⑥ But the San Andreas Fault is also a cause of much concern. 하지만 샌안드레아스 단층은 심각한 우려도 낳고 있다.
⑦ The plates are still moving today, and they make the ground in the area dangerously unstable. 그 판들은 오늘날에도 여전히 움직이고 있어서 그지역의 지대를 위험할 만큼 불안정하게 만들고 있다.
⑧ The San Andreas Fault is a transform fault. 샌안드레아스 단층은 변환 단층이다.
⑨ This means that the plates that form it are moving past each other. 이는 그것을 형성하는 판들이 서로를 지나쳐 움직이고 있다는 것을 의미한다.
⑩ Since they are moving in opposite directions, there is a high chance of serious earthquakes occurring. 그것들이 반대 방향으로 움직이고 있기 때문에 심각한 지진이 일어날 가능성이 높다.
⑪ This is especially worrisome because the fault runs through several highly populated areas. 그 단층이 여러 인구 밀집 지역을 지나가기 때문에특히 걱정거리가 되고 있다.
⑫ Actually, a huge earthquake hit San Francisco in 1906. 실제로 1906년 샌프란시스코에 대규모 지진이 발생했다.
⑬ It destroyed much of the city and showed just how destructive these plate movements can be. 그것은 도시의 상당 부분을 파괴했으며 이러한 판의이동들이 얼마나 파괴적일 수 있는지 보여 주었다.
⑭ Earthquakes are very difficult to predict, but studying plate boundaries more carefully may help scientists develop better warning systems for these natural disasters. 지진은 예측하기 매우 어렵지만 판 경계를 좀 더 주의 깊게 연구하는 것은 과학자들이 이러한 자연재해에 대비해 더 나은 경보 체계를 개발하는 데 도움이될 수 있다.
⑮ The San Andreas Fault, one of rare plate boundaries on land, is much easier to study than other plate boundaries, which are mostly found beneath the ocean. 육지에 있는 보기 드문 판 경계 중 하나인 샌안드레아스 단층은 다른 판 경계보다 연구하기에 훨씬 더쉬운데, 다른 판 경계들은 대개 해저에서 발견되기때문이다.
⑯ Geologists are carefully studying it and watching for any signs that could help them predict when the next big earthquake may occur. 지질학자들은 그것을 자세히 연구하고, 다음 대지진이 언제 일어날지 예측하는 데 도움이 될 수 있는 징후들을 주의 깊게 관찰하고 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 11. Space - Reading 1: The Proper Spacesuit
① Most of us hope that space vacations will become possible in our lifetime. 우리 대부분은 우주 여행이 우리 생애에 가능해지기를 희망한다.
② Imagine it for a moment. 잠시 그것을 상상해 보아라.
③ You hop into your personal spacecraft and set off for a hike on Mars or a star-gazing trip through the Milky Way. 당신은 개인 우주선에 뛰어올라 타고 화성에서의 하이킹이나 은하계를 통과하는 별 관측 여행을 위해출발한다.
④ What should you take with you? 당신은 무엇을 가져가야 할까?
⑤ Certainly, you'll need your camera and some tasty snacks for the journey. 분명, 당신은 카메라와 여행을 위한 맛있는 간식이좀 필요할 것이다.
⑥ But above all, remember to wear the right kind of spacesuit. 그러나 무엇보다도, 알맞은 종류의 우주복을 입어야한다는 것을 기억하라.
⑦ Without it, you won't survive on some of Earth's nearest destinations. 그것 없이는 지구에서 가장 가까운 몇몇 목적지에서살아남을 수 없을 것이다.
⑧ Let's start with Mercury. 수성부터 시작하자.
⑨ It is a fun planet to explore, with deep craters and high cliffs. 그곳은 깊은 분화구들과 높은 절벽들이 있는, 탐사하기에 재미있는 행성이다.
⑩ However, Mercury has no air, so you definitely need a spacesuit with plenty of oxygen. 그러나 수성에는 공기가 없어서 당신은 반드시 산소가 충분한 우주복이 필요하다.
⑪ Also, temperatures range from -173℃ to 427℃, so wear a spacesuit that prevents you from freezing or burning. 또한, 기온 차가 섭씨 영하 173도에서 영상 427도에 이르니, 당신이 꽁꽁 얼거나 타 버리는 것을 막아주는 우주복을 입어라.
⑫ Next is Venus. 다음은 금성이다.
⑬ Frankly, Venus isn't a great vacation destination. 솔직히, 금성은 아주 좋은 휴가지는 아니다.
⑭ It is too hot and cloudy, and its atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide. 그곳은 너무 더운 데다 날씨가 흐리며, 그곳의 대기는 대부분 이산화탄소이다.
⑮ In addition, the pressure of the atmosphere there is 90 times greater than it is on Earth. 게다가, 그곳의 기압은 지구 기압보다 90배나 높다.
⑯ So, you need a titanium spacesuit to protect you. 따라서 당신을 보호해 줄 티타늄 우주복이 필요하다.
⑰ Without one, you will be instantly crushed. 티타늄 우주복이 없다면, 당신은 즉시 으스러질 것이다.
⑱ The safest destination is certainly our moon. 가장 안전한 목적지는 확실히 달이다.
⑲ Gravity on the moon is around 83 percent as strong as that of Earth. 달의 중력은 지구 중력의 약 83퍼센트 정도의 세기이다.
⑳ So you can easily bounce around and explore. 그래서 당신은 쉽게 주변을 뛰어다니며 탐사할 수있다.
㉑ Best of all, most spacesuits work well here. 무엇보다, 대부분의 우주복이 여기에서 잘 작동한다.
㉒ But make sure your spacesuit has temperature controls. 그러나 당신의 우주복에 반드시 온도 제어 장치를달아라.
㉓ On the moon, temperatures range from -173℃ to 100℃. 달에서는 기온 차가 섭씨 영하 173도에서 영상 100도에 이른다.
㉔ And you'll need oxygen, since there isn't any air there. 그리고 그곳에는 공기가 없으므로 산소가 필요할 것이다.
㉕ But if you run into any problems, there should be a handy moon base nearby! 그러나 당신에게 어떤 문제가 생기더라도, 근처에바로 이용 가능한 달 기지가 있을 것이다!

 

 

 

Unit 11. Space - Reading 2: Astronauts in Space
① You've probably seen pictures of astronauts in space. 당신은 아마도 우주에 있는 우주 비행사들의 사진을본 적이 있을 것이다.
② They are floating around and enjoying the feeling of weightlessness. 그들이 둥둥 떠다니면서 무중력의 느낌을 즐기고 있는 모습을 말이다.
③ But is living in space all fun and games? 하지만 우주에 사는 것이 늘 재미있고 즐겁기만 할까?
④ What is an astronaut's usual day like? 우주 비행사의 평상시 하루는 어떤 모습일까?
⑤ Actually, on the International Space Station there aren't any "days." 사실 국제 우주 정거장에는 '하루'라는 게 없다.
⑥ The station speeds around Earth so quickly that the sun rises 15 times every 24 hours. 이 정거장은 지구 주위를 너무나 빠르게 돌아서 해가 24시간마다 15번씩 뜬다.
⑦ However, astronauts must work and sleep on the natural 24-hour biological clock, or they would soon suffer from non-stop jet lag. 하지만 우주 비행사들은 본래의 24시간 생체 시계에 맞춰 일하고 자야 하는데, 그렇게 하지 않으면 얼마 안 있어 끊임없는 시차증을 겪게 된다.
⑧ So the astronauts use an alarm clock to wake them up at the right time. 따라서 우주 비행사들은 때맞춰 그들을 깨워줄 자명종을 사용한다.
⑨ After waking up, it is time to get clean. 잠에서 깨면, 씻을 차례이다.
⑩ Instead of taking a shower, however, astronauts give themselves a sponge bath. 하지만 샤워를 하는 대신, 우주 비행사들은 스펀지목욕을 한다.
⑪ This is because, without gravity to pull it down, water clings to the body. 이는 물을 아래로 끌어당기는 중력이 없으면 물이몸에 붙어 있기 때문이다.
⑫ It also conserves water, which is in limited supply on the station. 그것은 또한 물을 절약해 주기도 하는데, 우주 정거장에서는 물의 공급량이 한정적이다.
⑬ The astronauts then get dressed and sit down for breakfast. 그다음으로 우주 비행사들은 옷을 입고 아침 식사를위해 자리에 앉는다.
⑭ Space food is usually kept in plastic bags and drunk with straws. 우주 음식은 대개 비닐봉지에 들어 있고 빨대로 마셔야 한다.
⑮ Otherwise, it will float around. 그렇지 않으면 음식이 주변에 둥둥 떠다닐 것이다.
⑯ Sometimes, the astronauts eat regular food, but it is fixed to the dish with straps, and the dishes, knives, and forks have magnets attached. 우주 비행사들도 이따금 보통 음식을 먹긴 하지만음식은 끈으로 접시에 고정되어 있고, 접시, 칼, 그리고 포크에는 자석이 달려 있다.
⑰ The astronauts have plenty of scientific work to keep them busy through the day, but they must also exercise. 우주 비행사들은 많은 과학적인 업무로 온종일 바쁘지만 운동도 반드시 해야 한다.
⑱ Human muscle and bone weaken in space, so there is an exercise bike to keep the astronauts fit. 인간의 근육과 뼈는 우주에서 약해지므로, 우주 비행사들이 건강을 유지할 수 있도록 실내 운동용 자전거가 있다.
⑲ And what else must they do every day? 그리고 이 밖에도 우주 비행사들은 매일 무엇을 해야 할까?
⑳ Yes, what about the toilet? 그렇다, 화장실은 어떨까?
㉑ In space, toilets don't use water. 우주에서는 화장실에서 물을 사용하지 않는다.
㉒ A strong bar holds the astronauts onto the seat, and a fan empties the toilet like a vacuum cleaner. 강력한 봉이 우주 비행사들을 자리에 고정해 주고, 송풍기가 진공청소기처럼 변기를 비워 준다.
㉓ At the end of their day, the astronauts are ready to fix their sleeping bags to a wall and get some sleep. 하루가 끝나갈 무렵이 되면, 우주 비행사들은 침낭을 벽에 고정하고 잠잘 준비를 한다.
㉔ Or they can find a window and enjoy the most popular pastime in space ― watching the world go by hundreds of kilometers below. 아니면 그들은 창문 하나를 찾아 우주에서 가장 인기 있는 취미를 즐길 수도 있다. 수백 킬로미터 아래에서 세상이 돌아가는 모습을 바라보는 것 말이다.

 

 

 

Unit 12. Technology - Reading 1: Crash Test Dummies
① Decades ago, people rarely survived serious car accidents. 수십 년 전에는 사람들이 심각한 자동차 사고에서거의 살아남지 못했다.
② Cars today are much safer, thanks to improvements in safety tests. 오늘날의 자동차들은 안전성 검사의 개선 덕분에 훨씬 더 안전하다.
③ During a car safety test, a new car is crashed into a wall at high speed. 자동차 안전성 검사 동안 새 자동차는 빠른 속도로벽에 충돌하게 된다.
④ Inside the car there are passenger-sized dolls called "crash test dummies." 자동차 안에는 '충돌 실험용 인형'이라고 불리는 승객 크기의 인형이 있다.
⑤ By studying these crash test dummies, scientists can see what would happen to real passengers in a crash and improve the safety of the car. 이 충돌 실험용 인형을 연구함으로써 과학자들은 충돌 시 실제 승객들에게 어떤 일이 일어날지를 알 수있고 자동차의 안전성을 개선할 수 있게 된다.
⑥ Today's crash test dummies are built to be as much like human beings as possible. 오늘날의 충돌 실험용 인형들은 가능한 한 인간과흡사하게 만들어진다.
⑦ They have ribs like ours inside their artificial skin. 인형의 인공 피부 안쪽에는 우리처럼 갈비뼈가 있다.
⑧ They even have backbones made out of metal and rubber. 그것들은 심지어 쇠와 고무로 만들어진 척추도 갖고있다.
⑨ Their knees and ankles are designed to act just like ours do in accidents. 인형의 무릎과 발목은 사고 시 사람의 것과 똑같이움직이도록 설계되어 있다.
⑩ They also come in different sizes; there is an entire dummy family, including smaller "female" and even smaller "child" dummies. 그것들은 또한 다양한 크기로 제작되며, 더 작은 '여성'과 한층 더 작은 '어린이' 인형을 포함한 충돌 실험용 인형 가족이 있다.
⑪ The dummies have three different kinds of sensors that measure the impact of a crash. 충돌 실험용 인형에는 충돌의 충격을 측정하는 세가지 다른 종류의 감지기가 있다.
⑫ Sensors in the head, legs, and other areas show how fast a body part moves during a crash. 머리, 다리 및 기타 부위의 감지기는 충돌 시 신체부위가 얼마나 빨리 움직이는지를 보여 준다.
⑬ Another sensor can record how much pressure our bones can take before breaking. 또 다른 감지기는 우리의 뼈가 부러지기 전에 얼마나 많은 압력을 견딜 수 있는지를 기록한다.
⑭ Finally, a sensor in the chest area shows whether a crash would cause injuries that could lead to death. 마지막으로 가슴 부위 안에 있는 감지기는 충돌이사망으로 이어질 수 있는 부상을 유발하는지를 보여준다.
⑮ Crash test dummies are very high-tech, but they're also extremely expensive. 충돌 실험용 인형은 매우 첨단 기술인데, 몹시 비싸기도 하다.
⑯ Each one costs more than $100,000. 한 개 가격이 무려 10만 달러 이상이다.
⑰ A cheaper alternative, however, is being developed. 하지만 더욱 저렴한 대안이 개발되는 중이다.
⑱ "Virtual" crash test dummies exist only on the computer screen, yet it may be possible to make them even more lifelike than today's crash test dummies. '가상' 충돌 실험용 인형은 오직 컴퓨터 화면에서만존재하지만, 오늘날의 충돌 실험용 인형보다 훨씬더 실제 같이 만드는 것이 가능할지도 모른다.
⑲ They can easily be altered to resemble people of any height or weight, and, best of all, they can be used over and over without being damaged. 가상 인형은 어떠한 키나 몸무게를 가진 사람이라도닮게끔 쉽게 바뀔 수 있으며, 무엇보다도 그것들은손상 없이 몇 번이고 사용될 수 있다.
⑳ In the future, they may completely change the way crash tests are conducted. 미래에는 이 가상 인형이 충돌 실험이 시행되는 방식을 완전히 바꿀지도 모른다.

 

 

 

Unit 12. Technology - Reading 2: Inspired by Nature
① The Eiffel Tower in Paris is one of the most famous structures ever created by humans. 파리의 에펠탑은 지금까지 인간이 창조한 가장 유명한 건축물들 중 하나이다.
② But not many people know the inspiration behind the design of the tower. 그러나 탑 설계 이면의 발상에 대해서 아는 사람은많지 않다.
③ As a matter of fact, the Eiffel Tower is modeled on a human thigh bone! 사실, 에펠탑은 인간의 대퇴골을 본떠 만든 것이다!
④ Interesting discoveries were made about the thigh bone in the 1850s. 1850년대에 대퇴골에 대한 흥미로운 발견이 이루어졌다.
⑤ Anatomists were studying the top of the thigh bone, called the head, which connects to the hip joint. 해부학자들은 골두라고 불리는, 대퇴골 상단부를 연구하던 중이었는데, 그것은 고관절과 연결되는 부위이다.
⑥ The thigh bone head is specially designed to bear the weight of a standing human being. 대퇴골 골두는 서 있는 인간의 체중을 지탱하기 위해 특수하게 설계되어 있다.
⑦ Its internal structure is made up of many small interconnected struts like the bars of a cage. 그것의 내부 구조는 마치 우리에 있는 창살처럼 서로 연결된 다수의 작은 버팀대들로 이루어져 있다.
⑧ This interesting structure is what enables the thigh bone to support the body's weight. 이러한 흥미로운 구조가 대퇴골이 체중을 지탱할 수있게 하는 것이다.
⑨ The engineer Gustave Eiffel was very impressed with the structure of the thigh bone, and he used it to design the Eiffel Tower. 공학자인 구스타브 에펠은 대퇴골의 구조가 매우 인상적이라고 여겨, 이를 에펠탑을 설계하는 데 이용했다.
⑩ This structure is why the tower can remain steady in strong winds. 이 구조가 강풍에서도 탑이 안정을 유지할 수 있는이유이다.
⑪ Besides the Eiffel Tower, other human-made structures modeled on nature can be seen in many places in the world. 에펠탑 외에도, 자연을 본뜬 다른 인공 건축물들을세계 여러 곳에서 찾아볼 수 있다.
⑫ For example, the roof of Munich's Olympic Stadium is based on the design of a dragonfly's wings. 예를 들어, 뮌헨의 올림픽 경기장 지붕은 잠자리 날개의 디자인에 기초한 것이다.
⑬ It is made up of thousands of tiny transparent sections, giving it strength but also allowing light to pass through. 그것은 수천 개의 작은 투명한 부분들로 이루어져있어, 견고함을 부여할 뿐만 아니라 빛도 통과시킨다.
⑭ And gecko tape, which is stronger than glue but easily sticks on and peels off, was developed based on the microscopic hairs on a gecko lizard's toes. 그리고 접착제보다 더 강하지만 쉽게 붙였다 떼었다할 수 있는 게코 테이프는 게코 도마뱀의 발가락에있는 미세 섬모를 본떠서 만들어졌다.
⑮ These and other innovations show we actually have much to learn from nature. 이것들을 비롯한 기타 혁신적인 것들은 실은 우리가자연에서 배울 것이 많다는 것을 보여 준다.
⑯ People are beginning to realize that solutions to many of the problems we face may exist in the natural world already. 사람들은 우리가 직면하는 문제 중 많은 것들에 대한 해결책이 자연계에 이미 존재하고 있을지도 모른다는 것을 깨닫기 시작하고 있다.
⑰ All we have to do is find them. 우리가 해야 할 일은 그것들을 찾는 것뿐이다.

 

 

 

Unit 13. Health - Reading 1: The Nocebo Effect
① The placebo effect is a well-known phenomenon. 플라세보 효과는 잘 알려진 현상이다.
② Patients can receive positive effects from fake medicine due to their expectation that it will help them. 환자들은 가짜 약이 그들에게 도움이 될 것이라는기대로 인해 가짜 약으로부터 긍정적인 효과를 얻을수 있다.
③ But this can also work in the opposite way. 그러나 이것은 또한 정반대로도 작용할 수 있다.
④ Although it is less commonly discussed, this situation is called the nocebo effect. 덜 흔하게 논의되지만 이러한 상황은 노시보 효과라고 불린다.
⑤ According to numerous studies, a significant number of patients stop taking the fake medicine given to them because of unpleasant side effects. 다수의 연구에 따르면, 상당수 환자가 불쾌한 부작용 때문에 그들에게 처방된 가짜 약의 복용을 중단한다.
⑥ For example, when testing a drug for a chronic pain disorder, researchers gave some of the subjects fake medicine. 예를 들어, 만성 통증 질환 약을 시험할 때, 연구원들은 일부 피실험자들에게 가짜 약을 투여했다.
⑦ They found that 11% of these people quit the study because of dizziness and nausea. 그들은 이 사람들의 11%가 어지러움과 메스꺼움때문에 실험 참가를 포기했음을 알게 되었다.
⑧ Those subjects expected these side effects to occur, so they truly felt as though they were suffering from them. 그 피실험자들은 이러한 부작용들이 나타날 거라고예상해서 자신들이 정말 그것들로 고통을 겪고 있는것처럼 느꼈다.
⑨ The nocebo effect can also occur when patients take real medication. 노시보 효과는 환자들이 진짜 약을 복용할 때도 일어날 수 있다.
⑩ When doctors tell their patients about the possible side effects of a medication, the patients are more likely to experience them. 의사가 환자에게 발생 가능한 약의 부작용들에 대해말해 줄 때 환자는 그것들을 경험할 가능성이 더 높다.
⑪ Even the specific words that a doctor uses can cause the nocebo effect. 심지어 의사가 사용하는 특정한 말도 노시보 효과를일으킬 수 있다.
⑫ For example, women giving birth often receive a shot to reduce their pain. 예를 들어, 분만 중인 여성들은 종종 고통을 줄이기위해 주사를 맞는다.
⑬ In an experiment, some women were told that the shot would help them feel better. 한 실험에서 일부 여성들은 주사를 맞으면 한결 나아질 거라는 말을 들었다.
⑭ The others were told that the shot itself would hurt. 나머지 여성들은 주사 자체가 아플 것이라는 말을들었다.
⑮ Due to the doctor's word choice, the latter group reported the shot to be more painful than the former group did. 의사가 선택한 말 때문에 후자 그룹은 전자 그룹보다 주사가 더 아팠다고 전했다.
⑯ Because of the nocebo effect, doctors face a difficult decision. 노시보 효과 때문에 의사들은 어려운 결정에 직면한다.
⑰ On one hand, they want to be completely honest with their patients. 한편으로, 그들은 그들의 환자에게 전적으로 솔직해지길 원한다.
⑱ But, on the other hand, they don't want to cause their patients to experience unnecessary pain or side effects. 그러나 다른 한편으로, 그들은 그들의 환자가 불필요한 고통이나 부작용을 겪게 되길 원하지 않는다.
⑲ Experts believe that the best solution is for doctors to communicate clearly with their patients, but to avoid emphasizing negative things. 전문가들은 가장 좋은 해결책은 의사들이 그들의 환자와 명확히 의사소통하되 부정적인 것들을 강조하지 않는 것이라고 생각한다.

 

 

 

Unit 13. Health - Reading 2: Bacteria and Viruses
① Sneezing, coughing, and dealing with a runny nose can be very unpleasant! 재채기하기, 기침하기, 그리고 콧물 처리하기는 매우 불편할 수 있다!
② Luckily, having a cold or other infection that is linked to these symptoms generally isn't serious for healthy adults. 다행히도, 이러한 증상과 연관된 감기나 다른 감염병은 건강한 성인에게는 대개 심각하지 않다.
③ However, it is important to know whether the cause of the infection is bacteria or viruses, because this is the key to proper treatment. 그러나 감염의 원인이 박테리아인지 혹은 바이러스인지를 아는 것은 중요한데, 그것이 적절한 치료의열쇠이기 때문이다.
④ Bacteria are responsible for some infections, such as those of the ears, lungs, airways, and throat. 박테리아는 귀, 폐, 기도, 목의 감염과 같은 일부 질환의 원인이 된다.
⑤ However, most respiratory infections, including the common cold and flu, are caused by viruses. 그러나 보통의 감기와 독감을 포함한 대부분의 호흡기 감염병은 바이러스에 의해 유발된다.
⑥ Bacteria and viruses are very different. 박테리아와 바이러스는 매우 다르다.
⑦ Bacteria are one-celled organisms that divide in order to multiply. 박테리아는 증식하기 위해 분열하는 단세포 생물이다.
⑧ Meanwhile, viruses are much smaller and cannot survive or multiply on their own. 한편, 바이러스는 훨씬 더 작고 혼자서는 살아남거나 증식할 수 없다.
⑨ They spread by taking over cells and using them to reproduce. 그것들은 세포를 장악하여 그것들을 이용해 번식함으로써 퍼져 나간다.
⑩ One of the most important differences between bacteria and viruses is how they are treated. 박테리아와 바이러스의 가장 중요한 차이점 가운데하나는 그것들이 치료되는 방식이다.
⑪ Once doctors do tests to find the cause of an infection, they can figure out which kind of medicine to give to their patients. 일단 의사들이 감염병의 원인을 찾기 위한 검사를하면, 그들은 환자들에게 어떤 종류의 약을 처방해야 하는지 알 수 있다.
⑫ Antibiotics kill bacteria but do not fight viruses. 항생제는 박테리아를 죽이지만 바이러스를 퇴치하지는 못한다.
⑬ A different type of medicine is needed to stop a virus from taking over cells and reproducing. 바이러스가 세포를 장악해 번식하는 것을 막는 데는다른 종류의 약이 필요하다.
⑭ Giving antibiotics to patients when they are not necessary can be dangerous. 불필요할 때 환자들에게 항생제를 처방하는 것은 위험을 초래할 수 있다.
⑮ This is because the more bacteria are exposed to antibiotics, the more they are able to adapt and build up a resistance to them. 이는 박테리아가 항생제에 더 많이 노출될수록 그것들은 항생제에 더 적응하여 그에 대한 저항력을 기를 수 있기 때문이다.
⑯ When antibiotics stop working against certain bacteria, it becomes much harder to treat infections caused by them. 항생제가 특정 박테리아에 작용하지 않게 되면, 그박테리아에 의해 생긴 감염병을 치료하기 훨씬 더어려워진다.
⑰ Of course, it is best to try not to get respiratory infections in the first place. 당연히 애초에 호흡기 감염병에 걸리지 않도록 하는것이 최선이다.
⑱ Viruses in particular are easily spread because they can survive in the air for some time after someone sneezes or coughs. 바이러스는 누군가가 재채기나 기침을 한 뒤 얼마간공기 중에 살아남을 수 있기 때문에 특히 쉽게 퍼진다.
⑲ They can also be spread to shared objects, such as doorknobs. 그것들은 문손잡이와 같이 함께 쓰는 물건에 퍼질수도 있다.
⑳ That's why regular hand washing is so important. 그것이 잦은 손 씻기가 매우 중요한 이유이다.

 

 

 

Unit 14. Psychology - Reading 1: Tip of the Tongue
① Have you ever felt like you know the answer to a question, but for some reason you just can't think of the right word? 당신은 어떤 질문에 대한 답을 알고 있지만, 어떤 까닭인지 적합한 단어를 떠올릴 수 없는 것을 느껴본적이 있는가?
② This state is known as "lethologica," or the "tip of the tongue" phenomenon. 이 상태는 '적확언어망각,' 즉 '설단' 현상으로 알려져 있다.
③ One of the most common signs of lethologica is partial memory. 적확언어망각의 가장 흔한 징후 중 하나는 부분적인기억이다.
④ For example, one might know that a word begins with a certain letter, or they might even be convinced of the number of syllables it has, but they can't remember the rest. 예를 들면, 사람들은 어떤 단어가 특정 문자로 시작한다는 것을 알거나, 심지어 그 단어가 가진 음절의개수에 대해 확신할지도 모르지만, 나머지는 기억하지 못할 수 있다.
⑤ Sometimes, similar-sounding words come to mind. 때때로, 비슷한 소리의 단어들이 떠오른다.
⑥ There are several theories as to why lethologica occurs. 왜 적확언어망각이 일어나는지에 대해서는 몇 가지이론들이 있다.
⑦ The first theory says that lethologica occurs when the target word is not completely activated in one's memory. 첫 번째 이론은 적확언어망각은 목표 단어가 기억속에서 완전히 활성화되지 않을 때 일어난다고 주장한다.
⑧ This could happen when not all the cues normally used to trigger the target word in one's mind are present. 이것은 머릿속에서 목표 단어를 촉발하기 위해 일반적으로 사용되는 모든 단서들이 존재하지 않을 때발생할 수 있다.
⑨ Another theory suggests that memories of similar-sounding words block the memory of the word one is trying to remember. 또 다른 이론은 비슷한 소리의 단어들에 대한 기억이 어떤 사람이 기억해 내려고 노력하는 그 단어에대한 기억을 막는다고 주장한다.
⑩ The last theory claims that lethologica happens when the memory of a word's sound becomes disconnected from that of its meaning in the mind. 마지막 이론은 적확언어망각은 머릿속에서 어떤 단어의 소리에 대한 기억이 그것의 의미에 대한 기억으로부터 단절될 때 일어난다고 주장한다.
⑪ Researchers' opinions are divided when it comes to the effect of lethologica on memory. 적확언어망각이 기억에 미치는 영향에 대해서는 연구자들의 의견이 나누어진다.
⑫ Some believe that struggling but then retrieving a memory strengthens one's ability to recall it, while others think that this process makes it more likely for lethologica to happen again. 몇몇은 애를 쓰다가 기억을 되찾는 것이 기억을 상기시키는 능력을 강화한다고 믿는 반면, 다른 사람들은 이 과정이 적확언어망각이 다시 일어날 가능성을 높인다고 생각한다.
⑬ While it might be annoying to have a word on the tip of your tongue, you don't need to worry even if it happens to you. 혀끝에 맴도는 단어가 있다는 것은 짜증스러울 수도있겠지만, 그것이 당신에게 일어난다고 해도 걱정할필요는 없다.
⑭ It is a natural phenomenon, and researchers have discovered that it is common for speakers of different languages all over the world. 그것은 자연스러운 현상이고, 연구자들은 그것이 전세계적으로 다른 언어들을 사용하는 사람들에게 흔하다는 것을 발견했다.
⑮ It doesn't mean there is a problem with your brain or your memory, so don't let lethologica stress you out! 그것은 당신의 뇌나 기억에 문제가 있다는 것을 의미하지 않으니, 적확언어망각 때문에 스트레스 받지마라!

 

 

 

Unit 14. Psychology - Reading 2: The False Consensus Effect
① Have you ever been surprised to see negative reviews of a movie that you enjoyed? 당신이 재미있게 본 영화에 대한 부정적인 평을 보고 놀란 적이 있는가?
② This surprise can be explained by the false consensus effect. 이 놀라움은 허위 합의 효과에 의해 설명될 수 있다.
③ It is the assumption that most other people have the same opinions we do. 그것은 대부분의 다른 사람들이 우리와 동일한 의견을 가지고 있다는 추정이다.
④ Many experiments have proven that the false consensus effect is real. 많은 실험들이 허위 합의 효과가 사실이라는 것을증명했다.
⑤ In one study, researchers asked subjects if they would agree to walk around the campus for thirty minutes while wearing a sandwich board with an advertisement. 한 연구에서, 연구원들은 피실험자들에게 앞뒤로 매고 다니는 광고판을 착용한 채로 30분 동안 교정을걸어 다니는 것에 동의할 것인지 물었다.
⑥ The subjects were also asked to estimate how many people would agree or refuse to carry the board. 피실험자들은 또한 얼마나 많은 사람들이 그 광고판을 가지고 다니는 것에 동의하거나 거부할지 추측해보도록 요구받았다.
⑦ On average, both those who agreed to carry the board and those who refused estimated that the majority of others would make the same choice they did. 평균적으로, 광고판을 가지고 다니는 것에 동의한사람들과 거부한 사람들 모두 대다수의 다른 사람들이 자신이 했던 것과 같은 선택을 할 것이라고 추측했다.
⑧ There are three main causes of the false consensus effect. 허위 합의 효과에는 세 가지 주된 이유가 있다.
⑨ First, we predict how others think generally based on opinions of our friends and family, whose beliefs are likely to be similar to ours. 첫째, 우리는 일반적으로 다른 사람들이 어떻게 생각하는지를 우리의 친구들이나 가족의 의견에 근거하여 예측하는데, 그들의 생각은 우리의 것과 비슷할 가능성이 높다.
⑩ Second, believing that other people think like we do makes us feel good about ourselves. 둘째, 다른 사람들이 우리처럼 생각한다고 믿는 것은 우리 스스로에 대해 좋게 느끼게 한다.
⑪ Finally, we are more likely to notice and pay attention to other people's opinions when they are the same as ours. 마지막으로, 우리는 다른 사람들의 의견이 우리의것과 같을 때 그것들을 알아차리고 주의를 기울일가능성이 더 높다.
⑫ The false consensus effect becomes stronger when it comes to beliefs that we hold firmly. 우리가 확고하게 가지고 있는 신념에 관해서라면 허위 합의 효과는 더 강력해진다.
⑬ For example, if you are absolutely convinced that a certain law will help reduce crime in your neighborhood, then you will be highly likely to believe that most others in your neighborhood will also support the law. 예를 들어, 당신이 어떤 법이 당신 동네의 범죄를 줄이는 데 도움이 된다고 절대적으로 확신한다면, 당신은 이웃의 대부분 사람들 역시 그 법을 지지할 것이라고 믿을 가능성이 매우 높다.
⑭ Do you think the false consensus effect is real? 당신은 허위 합의 효과가 사실이라고 생각하는가?
⑮ Or do you doubt it? 아니면 그것을 의심하는가?
⑯ You might think that others have the same opinion as you. 당신은 다른 사람들도 당신과 같은 의견을 가지고있다고 생각할지도 모른다.
⑰ If so, you might be experiencing the false consensus effect right now! 만약 그렇다면, 당신은 바로 지금 허위 합의 효과를경험하고 있을지도 모른다!
⑱ Therefore, try to remember that not everyone shares the same opinion, even when it seems like common sense! 따라서, 모든 사람이 같은 의견을 공유하는 것은 아니라는 것을 기억하도록 해라, 심지어 그것이 상식처럼 보일 때에도 말이다!

 

 

 

Unit 15. History - Reading 1: A Cotton Spinning Wheel
① Britain ruled India as a colony from the 18th century until the middle of the 20th century. 영국은 18세기부터 20세기 중반까지 인도를 식민지로 지배했다.
② As a British colony, the people of India suffered a lot. 영국의 식민지로서 인도 사람들은 많은 고통을 겪었다.
③ Indians had almost no power in their own country. 인도인들은 자신의 나라에서 거의 아무런 힘이 없었다.
④ One example of this unfair relationship was the cotton industry. 이 불공평한 관계의 한 예가 목화 산업이었다.
⑤ Indians worked hard to grow and pick cotton. 인도인들은 목화를 재배하고 따기 위해 열심히 일했다.
⑥ After it was picked, it was shipped to England, where it was spun into cloth by steam-powered machines. 수확을 마치면 목화는 영국으로 수송되었고, 그곳에서 증기 동력 기계에 의해 천으로 지어졌다.
⑦ This cloth was then shipped back to India to be sold there. 그런 다음 그 천은 다시 인도로 선적되어 그곳에서팔렸다.
⑧ Cotton was cheap, but cloth was expensive. 목화는 값이 쌌지만, 천은 비쌌다.
⑨ Most Indians could not afford to buy the cloth made from their own cotton! 대부분의 인도인은 자신들의 목화로 만들어진 천을살 여력이 안 됐다!
⑩ By the middle of the 20th century, most Indians wanted to be free from British control. 20세기 중반에 이르러 대부분의 인도인들은 영국의지배로부터 자유로워지기를 원했다.
⑪ At that time many independence groups were started. 그 당시 많은 독립 단체들이 결성되었다.
⑫ Some of these groups were against the use of violence in their struggle. 이 단체 중 일부는 자신들의 투쟁 과정에서 폭력 사용을 반대했다.
⑬ The chosen symbol for their peaceful movement was the charkha ― a cotton spinning wheel. 그들의 평화적 운동을 위해 선택된 상징물이 면을짜는 물레인 차르카였다.
⑭ As a means of protest against England, Gandhi, the leader of the nonviolent movement, made his clothes himself using a new kind of spinning wheel. 영국에 대한 저항의 수단으로, 비폭력 운동의 지도자 간디는 새로운 종류의 물레를 사용하여 스스로옷을 만들었다.
⑮ This new machine was cheap enough for everyone to buy and small enough to carry from place to place. 이 새 기계는 모두가 살 수 있을 만큼 쌌고, 이곳저곳으로 갖고 다닐 수 있을 만큼 작았다.
⑯ Gandhi taught Indians how to use it and encouraged its use. 간디는 인도인들에게 그것을 사용하는 법을 가르쳤고 그것의 사용을 독려했다.
⑰ These machines became very popular, and Indians were able to spin cotton wherever they were. 이 기계는 많은 인기를 얻게 되었고, 인도인들은 자신들이 어디에 있든 면을 짤 수 있었다.
⑱ Often Indians would use these machines in public places where the British could see them. 그들은 종종 이 기계를 영국인들이 볼 수 있는 공공장소에서 사용하곤 했다.
⑲ By spinning their own cloth, Indians showed that they could take control of their own economy and future. 자신들의 천을 지어냄으로써 인도인들은 자신들의경제와 미래를 스스로 관리할 수 있다는 것을 보여주었다.
⑳ They did not need to depend on Britain. 그들은 영국에 의존할 필요가 없었다.
㉑ Nor did they need to depend on weapons. 그들은 무기에 의존할 필요도 없었다.
㉒ Rather, they chose to gain their independence peacefully. 대신 그들은 평화적으로 독립을 쟁취하는 것을 택했다.

 

 

 

Unit 15. History - Reading 2: TOEFL (American Slavery)
① American Slavery 미국의 노예 제도
② During the 1600s, many European settlers in North America made a living by growing tobacco, sugar, and cotton on plantations. 1600년대에 북미의 많은 유럽 정착민들은 농장에서담배, 설탕, 목화를 재배하여 생계를 유지했다.
③ These plantations were most common in the Southern states. 이 농장들은 남부에서 가장 흔했다.
④ For just 27 dollars, plantation owners there could buy an African slave. 단돈 27달러에 그곳의 농장주들은 아프리카 노예를살 수 있었다.
⑤ They made fortunes by keeping slaves and not paying them a penny for their labor. 그들은 노예를 두되 노동의 대가로 한 푼도 주지 않음으로써 많은 돈을 벌었다.
⑥ For over 200 years, thousands of slaves were shipped over from Africa and sold in slave markets every year. 200년이 넘도록, 해마다 수천 명의 노예가 아프리카에서 배로 실려와 노예 시장에서 팔렸다.
⑦ In 1807, the United States government passed the Act to Prohibit the Importation of Slaves in an effort to end the slave trade. 1807년에 미국 정부는 노예 거래를 끝내기 위한 노력으로 노예 수입 금지 법안을 통과시켰다.
⑧ Unfortunately, the law was not really kept, and slave traders continued to bring slaves to America. 안타깝게도 이 법은 실제로 지켜지지 않았고, 노예상인들은 계속해서 노예를 미국으로 데려왔다.
⑨ By 1860, there were about 4 million slaves in the Southern states. 1860년경에는 남부에 약 400만 명의 노예가 있었다.
⑩ Life for slaves was very hard. 노예들의 삶은 굉장히 힘들었다.
⑪ They did backbreaking work for long hours. 그들은 오랜 시간 매우 고된 일을 했다.
⑫ They were the property of their owners. 그들은 주인의 소유물이었다.
⑬ When they had children, they also belonged to the plantation owners. 그들이 아이를 낳으면 아이들 또한 농장주의 소유가되었다.
⑭ These children were slaves from the moment they were born till the day they died. 이 아이들은 태어나는 순간부터 그들이 죽는 날까지노예였다.
⑮ With such a system in place, it seemed that slavery would never end. 그러한 체제 속에서 노예 제도는 결코 끝나지 않을것 같았다.
⑯ Despite the awful life of slaves, few tried to escape the plantations. 노예의 끔찍한 삶에도 불구하고 농장을 탈출하려고시도하는 이들은 거의 없었다.
⑰ Running away was extremely dangerous, and very few succeeded. 도주는 굉장히 위험한 일이었고 성공한 사람이 거의없었다.
⑱ Slave owners would hunt them down using dogs. 노예 주인들은 개를 이용하여 그들을 추적했다.
⑲ If the runaway was caught, he or she was badly beaten or even killed as an example to other slaves. 도망자가 잡히면 그 사람은 심하게 매를 맞거나 심지어는 다른 노예들의 본보기로서 죽임을 당했다.
⑳ To be free, runaway slaves had to travel hundreds of miles to reach Canada, where slavery was illegal. 자유로워지기 위해, 도망친 노예는 캐나다에 도달하기 위해 수백 마일을 가야 했는데, 그곳에서는 노예제도가 불법이었다.
㉑ They had to travel secretly, or they would be caught by the police and sent back to the plantations. 그들은 몰래 이동해야 했고, 그렇지 않으면 경찰에잡혀 농장으로 되돌려 보내졌다.
㉒ However, there was a small, secret organization called the Underground Railroad that helped the runaways by giving them food and a place to hide. 그러나 음식과 숨을 곳을 제공함으로써 도망자들을도운 지하 철도라 불리는 소규모 비밀 조직이 있었다.
㉓ It was a long and dangerous journey, but some slaves did make it to freedom. 길고 위험한 여정이었지만, 일부 노예들은 자유를얻는 데 성공했다.

 

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NE능률 Reading Expert 4 [2020 개정]의 한줄해석(좌지문 우해석) 자료입니다. 이번에는 일부 학교에서 부교재로 사용되는NE능률의 Reading Expert 시리즈에 대해한줄해석(좌지문 우해석) 작업했습니다. 

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NE능률 Reading Expert 5 [2020 개정] - 한줄해석 (좌지문 우해석)

NE능률 Reading Expert 5 [2020 개정]의 한줄해석(좌지문 우해석) 자료입니다. 이번에는 일부 학교에서 부교재로 사용되는NE능률의 Reading Expert 시리즈에 대해한줄해석(좌지문 우해석) 작업했습니다. 

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전체 내용

Unit 01. Teens - Reading 1: A Crush
① Dear Miss Ella, 엘라 선생님께,
② I have a big problem! 제게 커다란 문제가 하나 생겼어요!
③ My neighbor is a girl named Nicole. 제 이웃 중에 니콜이라는 이름의 여자아이가 있어요.
④ She and I have been friends all our lives, and we hang out all the time. 그 애와 저는 평생 동안 친구였고 늘 같이 놀러 다녀요.
⑤ Everything was great until yesterday. 어제까지만 해도 모든 게 다 괜찮았어요.
⑥ We were walking home from school when Nicole told me that she is in love with me! 방과 후에 집으로 걸어가는 중에 니콜이 저를 사랑한다고 고백했어요!
⑦ She said she was too shy to tell me before. 그 애는 너무 부끄러워서 진작 말을 못 했대요.
⑧ But I wish she had never told me. 하지만 저는 그 애가 제게 그 말을 아예 하지 않았더라면 좋았을 거예요.
⑨ I think she is a cool girl, and I love to spend time with her. 저는 그 애가 괜찮은 여자아이라고 생각하고, 그 애와 같이 시간을 보내는 것을 정말 좋아해요.
⑩ But, Miss Ella, I don't love her! 하지만, 엘라 선생님, 저는 그 애를 사랑하진 않아요!
⑪ I actually have a crush on another girl at school: Amy. 전 사실 학교의 다른 여자아이에게 반해 있거든요. 에이미라는 아이예요.
⑫ How can I tell Nicole that I don't love her? 제가 니콜을 사랑하지 않는다는 것을 어떻게 얘기해야 하죠?
⑬ I want us to remain friends. 저는 우리가 친구로 남았으면 좋겠어요.
⑭ Sincerely, Tony 토니 드림
⑮ Dear Tony, 토니에게
⑯ Wow. What a difficult problem you have! 저런. 참 곤란한 문제가 생겼군요!
⑰ It sounds like Nicole has a big crush on you. 니콜이 학생에게 무척 반해있는 것 같네요.
⑱ When someone has a crush, he or she feels romantic, confused, and in pain all at once! (누군가에게) 푹 빠지면, 낭만적이고 혼란스럽고 고통스러운 감정을 동시에 느끼죠!
⑲ It will hurt Nicole to find out that you don't love her back. 당신이 니콜을 사랑하지 않는다는 걸 알면 니콜은괴로울 거예요.
⑳ That means you must be very gentle with her. 이 말은 곧 학생이 그녀를 아주 정중하게 대해야 한다는 것입니다.
㉑ My advice is to tell her that you don't want to ruin your friendship. 제 조언은 우정을 깨뜨리고 싶지 않다고 그녀에게말하라는 겁니다.
㉒ Describe the fun you have had together, and make sure she knows how much you like her. 둘이 함께한 즐거움에 관해 얘기하고, 학생이 그녀를 얼마나 좋아하는지 그녀가 확실히 알게 하세요.
㉓ But be very careful not to sound romantic. 하지만 낭만적으로 들리지 않게끔 조심해야 합니다.
㉔ Make it clear that you want her to be your friend, not your girlfriend. 그녀가 학생의 친구이기를 원하지 여자친구이기를원하는 게 아니라는 점을 분명히 하세요.
㉕ Also, be careful not to say the name of the girl that you like. 또한 학생이 좋아하는 여학생의 이름을 말하지 않도록 조심하세요.
㉖ If Nicole hears you say it, her heart will break even more. 학생이 그 이름을 말하는 것을 니콜이 들으면 그녀의 마음은 훨씬 더 아플 겁니다.
㉗ Good luck, Tony! 행운을 빌어요, 토니!
㉘ Sincerely, Miss Ella 엘라 선생님이

 

 

 

Unit 01. Teens - Reading 2: Adolescent Brain Development
① Did you know that your brain changes throughout your life? 당신은 당신의 뇌가 일생 동안 변한다는 것을 알고있었는가?
② When you were a toddler, it was like a sponge that absorbed everything around you. 당신이 걸음마를 시작한 아이였을 때, 뇌는 당신 주위의 모든 것을 흡수하는 스펀지 같았다.
③ At that time, your parents helped guide and shape your brain's development. 그 당시에, 당신의 부모는 당신의 뇌 발달을 이끌고형성하도록 도왔다.
④ Your teenage years are another important stage. 당신의 십 대 시절은 또 다른 중요한 (발달) 단계이다.
⑤ And this time you have the opportunity to affect how it changes. 그리고 이 시기에 당신은 뇌가 변하는 방식에 영향을 미칠 기회를 가진다.
⑥ Scientists say that between the ages of 13 and 25 your brain goes through a process of selection. 과학자들은 13세에서 25세 사이에 당신의 뇌가 선택의 과정을 거친다고 말한다.
⑦ The brain cells and nerve connections that are used the most become stronger, while those that are used the least die off. 가장 많이 쓰이는 뇌세포와 신경 연결은 더 강화되는 반면, 가장 적게 쓰이는 것들은 소멸한다.
⑧ This is why it is important to take part in healthy activities during this time. 이것이 바로 이 시기에 건전한 활동에 참여하는 것이 중요한 이유이다.
⑨ For example, spending a lot of time practicing the violin strengthens the brain connections involved in learning music. 예를 들어, 많은 시간을 바이올린을 연습하는 데 할애하는 것은 음악 학습에 관련된 뇌 연결을 강화한다.
⑩ But if you watch a lot of TV, that is what the brain will get used to. 하지만 TV를 많이 보면, 뇌는 그것에 익숙해질 것이다.
⑪ In addition, the part of the brain that is used for making judgments isn't completely developed yet. 또한, 판단을 내리는 데 쓰이는 뇌 부위가 아직 완전하게 발달하지 않았다.
⑫ This means that teenagers usually act based on emotions and follow along with what their friends do, even if it is not good for them. 이것은 십 대가 보통 감정에 기초하여 행동하고, 심지어 그들에게 좋지 않은 것인데도, 친구들이 하는것을 따라 한다는 것을 의미한다.
⑬ This may help explain why some teenagers try smoking and drinking alcohol, although it does not excuse such actions. 이는 왜 일부 십 대들이 담배를 피우고 술을 마시는지를 설명하는 데 도움이 될지도 모른다, 비록 그것이 그러한 행동들에 대한 변명이 될 수는 없지만 말이다.
⑭ You can stop yourself from making bad decisions if you know about the changes that are happening in your brain. 당신이 뇌에서 일어나고 있는 변화에 대해 안다면자신이 잘못된 결정을 내리는 것을 막을 수 있다.
⑮ Don't forget that what you do as a teenager can affect the rest of your life. 당신이 십 대에 하는 일이 당신의 여생에 영향을 미칠 수도 있다는 것을 잊지 마라.
⑯ Always think carefully before you act and try your best to make healthy choices! 행동하기 전에 항상 신중히 생각하고 건전한 선택을하도록 최선을 다하라!

 

 

 

Unit 02. People - Reading 1: Jacques-Yves Cousteau
① The world under the sea is magical. 바다 밑의 세계는 매혹적이다.
② It is amazing to see whales and colorful fish swim peacefully through the water. 고래들과 다채로운 물고기들이 물살을 가르며 평화롭게 헤엄치는 것을 보는 것은 놀라운 일이다.
③ Jacques-Yves Cousteau was one of the people who made it possible for us to explore this environment and its wonders. 자크 이브 쿠스토는 우리가 이런 환경과 그 경이들을 탐험하는 것을 가능하게 해 준 사람 중 하나였다.
④ He was born in France in 1910 and had a lifelong fascination with swimming and observing the underwater world. 그는 1910년 프랑스에서 태어났으며 수영과 수중세계를 관찰하는 데 평생 매료되었다.
⑤ In 1943, Cousteau created the first aqualung with the help of French engineer Emile Gagnan. 1943년에 쿠스토는 프랑스인 공학자 에밀 가냥의도움으로 최초의 잠수용 호흡기를 만들었다.
⑥ This device made it possible for people to stay underwater for a long time without having to come up for air. 이 기기는 사람들이 공기를 위해 위로 올라올 필요없이, 오랫동안 수중에 머무르는 것을 가능하게 해주었다.
⑦ Modern scuba diving developed from this invention. 현대의 스쿠버 다이빙은 이 발명품으로부터 발전했다.
⑧ Cousteau also created a camera that could be used deep underwater, and he used it to film his first sea documentaries. 쿠스토는 또한 심해에서 사용될 수 있는 카메라를만들어, 그것을 그의 첫 번째 해양 다큐멘터리를 촬영하는 데 사용했다.
⑨ In addition, Cousteau explored a sunken Roman ship beneath the ocean with divers and scientists, which was the first underwater archaeological research. 이 외에도 쿠스토는 바다 아래 가라앉은 로마 제국의 배를 잠수부 및 과학자들과 함께 탐험했는데, 그것은 최초의 수중 고고학 연구였다.
⑩ He wanted to share everything he learned about the sea with others, so he started to write books and filmed a television series called The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau. 그는 그가 바다에 대해 알게 된 모든 것을 다른 이들과 공유하고 싶어 책을 집필하기 시작했고 <자크 쿠스토의 해저 세계>라는 텔레비전 시리즈를 촬영했다.
⑪ The show began in 1968 and ran for nine seasons. 그 프로그램은 1968년에 시작되어 아홉 시즌 동안계속되었다.
⑫ It brought the beauty of the underwater world into the homes of millions of people. 그것은 바닷속 세계의 아름다움을 수백만 사람들의가정으로 가져다주었다.
⑬ Later in life, Jacques-Yves Cousteau started to worry about the damaging effects of human activity on ocean environments. 말년에, 자크 이브 쿠스토는 인간의 활동이 해양 환경에 미치는 해로운 영향들에 관해 우려하기 시작했다.
⑭ In 1973, he started the Cousteau Society in order to bring people's attention to this important issue. 1973년에 그는 이 중요한 사안에 대해 사람들의 관심을 끌고자 쿠스토 협회를 설립했다.
⑮ Today, this society has more than 300,000 members who continue to work on protecting the world's oceans. 오늘날, 이 협회에는 세계 해양을 보호하는 데 줄곧힘쓰고 있는 300,000명 이상의 회원이 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 02. People - Reading 2: Jane Addams
① Throughout history, many brave people have fought for human rights. 역사를 통틀어서, 많은 용감한 사람들이 인권을 위해 싸워왔다.
② Jane Addams was one of these people. 제인 애덤스는 이러한 사람들 중 한 명이었다.
③ Addams was born in 1860. 애덤스는 1860년에 태어났다.
④ She was part of a new generation of educated, independent American women. 그녀는 새로운 세대인 교육 받은 독립적 미국 여성들의 일부였다.
⑤ In 1888, she traveled to London, England, with a friend. 1888년, 그녀는 친구와 함께 영국 런던으로 여행을갔다.
⑥ They visited Toynbee Hall, which was a new kind of charity called a "settlement house." 그들은 토인비 홀을 방문했는데, 그곳은 '사회 복지관'이라고 불리는 새로운 종류의 자선 단체였다.
⑦ It was set up in a poor neighborhood to help the people who lived there. 그것은 가난한 동네에 사는 사람들을 돕기 위해 빈곤 지역에 세워졌다.
⑧ The two women decided to bring the idea to the USA. 그 두 여성은 그 아이디어를 미국으로 가져오기로결정했다.
⑨ The next year, Addams and her friend founded Hull House, the first settlement house in the USA. 이듬해, 애덤스와 그녀의 친구는 미국 최초의 사회복지관인 헐 하우스를 설립했다.
⑩ It was located in a poor part of Chicago and allowed educated women to share their knowledge and skills with the local people. 그것은 시카고의 가난한 지역에 위치해 있었고 교육을 받은 여성들이 자신의 지식과 기술을 그 지역의사람들과 공유할 수 있도록 했다.
⑪ Important services were also provided, including English classes for immigrants and job training. 중요한 서비스도 제공되었는데, 이민자들을 위한 영어 수업과 직업 훈련을 포함했다.
⑫ Hull House also offered a community center, a gym, and an art gallery. 헐 하우스는 또한 주민 센터, 체육관, 그리고 미술관도 제공했다.
⑬ Next, Addams began focusing on ending child labor. 다음으로, 애덤스는 아동 노동을 끝내는 데에 집중하기 시작했다.
⑭ At the time, many children were working in factories in unsafe conditions. 그 당시에는, 많은 어린이들이 안전하지 않은 환경의 공장에서 일하고 있었다.
⑮ In 1902, she co-founded a group that educated people about the negative effects of child labor. 1902년, 그녀는 아동 노동의 부정적 영향에 대해사람들을 교육하는 단체를 공동 설립했다.
⑯ Addams believed that a balanced education would make kids better citizens. 애덤스는 균형 잡힌 교육이 아이들을 더 나은 시민으로 만들 것이라 믿었다.
⑰ So Hull House offered them a wide range of classes. 그래서 헐 하우스는 그들에게 광범위한 수업들을 제공했다.
⑱ Soon, childhood education became a requirement across the country. 머지않아, 아동 교육은 전국적으로 필수 조건이 되었다.
⑲ In addition to helping people in need, Addams dedicated her life to world peace as well. 도움이 필요한 사람들을 돕는 것 외에, 애덤스는 그녀의 삶을 세계 평화에도 바쳤다.
⑳ After World War I began, Addams started working for global peace by writing articles and giving speeches. 제1차 세계 대전이 시작된 후에, 애덤스는 기사를작성하고 연설을 함으로써 세계의 평화를 위해 일하기 시작했다.
㉑ As a result of her lifelong efforts, she became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931. 그녀의 일생에 걸친 노력의 결과로, 1931년에 그녀는 노벨 평화상을 수상한 최초의 미국 여성이 되었다.

 

 

 

Unit 03. Health - Reading 1: Food Poisoning
① Food poisoning is a type of illness that is caused by eating spoiled or contaminated food. 식중독은 상하거나 오염된 음식을 먹어서 생기는 질병의 한 종류입니다.
② Food poisoning can make people severely ill. 식중독은 사람들을 심하게 아프게 할 수 있습니다.
③ Therefore, it is important to know about its symptoms and what we can do to prevent it. 따라서, 그것의 증상과 그것을 예방하기 위해 우리가 무엇을 할 수 있는지 아는 것이 중요합니다.
④ Q: What are the causes of food poisoning? 질문: 식중독의 원인은 무엇입니까?
⑤ A: Food poisoning is caused by bacteria or viruses in raw food or contaminated water. 답변: 식중독은 날음식이나 오염된 물에 있는 박테리아나 바이러스에 의해 발생합니다.
⑥ One common group of bacteria that causes food poisoning is Salmonella. 식중독을 일으키는 흔한 박테리아 집단 중 하나는살모넬라균입니다.
⑦ Salmonella can be found in raw or undercooked meat, poultry, milk, and eggs. 살모넬라균은 날고기나 덜 익은 고기, 가금류, 우유, 그리고 달걀에서 발견될 수 있습니다.
⑧ Another is a type of bacteria called vibrio vulnificus. 또 다른 것은 비브리오 패혈균이라고 불리는 박테리아의 한 종류입니다.
⑨ It is present in seawater and carried by raw seafood. 그것은 바닷물에 존재하고 날 해산물에 의해 옮겨집니다.
⑩ Finally, norovirus can be found in unwashed produce and contaminated shellfish. 마지막으로, 노로바이러스는 씻지 않은 농작물과 오염된 조개류에서 발견될 수 있습니다.
⑪ You can also get norovirus through contact with an infected person. 여러분은 감염자와의 접촉을 통해서도 노로바이러스에 감염될 수 있습니다.
⑫ Although most bacteria that cause food poisoning are common in summer, norovirus is more common in winter. 식중독을 일으키는 대부분의 박테리아가 여름에 흔하지만, 노로바이러스는 겨울에 더 흔합니다.
⑬ Q: What are the symptoms of food poisoning? 질문: 식중독의 증상은 무엇입니까?
⑭ A: Common symptoms of food poisoning include nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting. 답변: 식중독의 흔한 증상은 메스꺼움, 설사, 그리고 구토를 포함합니다.
⑮ Other symptoms include stomachache, blurry vision, and dizziness. 다른 증상은 복통, 흐린 시야, 그리고 현기증을 포함합니다.
⑯ In most cases, food poisoning is mild. 대부분의 경우, 식중독은 가볍게 지나갑니다.
⑰ However, it can sometimes lead to severe dehydration for children and the elderly, who are relatively weak. 그러나, 어린이들이나 노인들은 비교적 몸이 약하여때때로 심한 탈수로 이어질 수 있습니다.
⑱ Therefore, they may need to visit a hospital if symptoms occur. 따라서, 증상들이 나타나면 그들은 병원에 가야 할필요가 있을 수도 있습니다.
⑲ Q: How can food poisoning be prevented? 질문: 식중독은 어떻게 예방될 수 있습니까?
⑳ A: First, wash your hands with warm, soapy water before and after handling food and keep all the utensils clean. 답변: 첫째, 음식을 다루기 전후에 따뜻한 비눗물로손을 씻고 모든 식기를 깨끗이 유지하세요.
㉑ Also, you should always refrigerate or freeze perishable food within two hours of purchasing. 또한, 여러분은 부패하기 쉬운 음식은 구매한 지 두시간 이내에 항상 냉장 또는 냉동시켜야 합니다.
㉒ When cooking, always keep raw food separate from ready-to-eat food to prevent cross contamination. 조리할 때에는, 교차 오염을 방지하기 위해서 날음식은 즉석식품과는 언제나 분리해야 합니다.
㉓ Lastly, be sure to cook your food until it reaches a safe temperature. 마지막으로, 반드시 여러분의 음식이 안전한 온도에도달할 때까지 요리하세요.

 

 

 

Unit 03. Health - Reading 2: The Roseto Effect
① In the late 19th century, almost all of the people from the poor Italian village of Roseto Valfortore moved to a town in the United States. 19세기 후반, 이탈리아의 가난한 마을인 로세토 발포르토레의 주민 거의 모두가 미국의 한 소도시로이주했다.
② This town was founded in the state of Pennsylvania in 1887 by Nicola Rosato, who called it Roseto after his hometown. 이 소도시는 니콜라 로사토에 의해 1887년 펜실베이니아주에 만들어졌는데, 그는 그곳을 자기 고향의이름을 따서 로세토라고 불렀다.
③ The Italian immigrants who settled there were looking for a better life. 그곳에 정착한 이탈리아 이민자들은 더 나은 삶을찾고 있었다.
④ In the 1960s, a doctor named Stewart Wolf discovered something very surprising in Roseto. 1960년대에 스튜어트 울프라는 이름의 의사가 로세토에서 매우 놀라운 것을 발견했다.
⑤ After doing a study on everyone who lived there, he found that they were generally much healthier than the rest of the country. 그곳에 거주하는 모든 사람을 연구한 끝에, 그는 그들이 나라의 여타 지역 사람들보다 일반적으로 훨씬더 건강하다는 것을 알게 되었다.
⑥ The number of people in the town dying from heart disease was half the national average. 그 도시에서 심장병으로 사망하는 사람의 수가 국가평균의 절반이었다.
⑦ In fact, almost no one younger than 55 years of age died of a heart attack. 사실상, 55세 미만인 사람 중에 심장 마비로 사망한사람은 거의 없었다.
⑧ And the death rate from other causes was 35% lower than the national average. 그리고 다른 원인으로 인한 사망률도 국가 평균보다35% 낮았다.
⑨ Many people simply died of old age. 많은 사람이 단순히 고령으로 사망했다.
⑩ So, what was the Rosetans' secret? 그렇다면, 로세토 사람들의 비결은 무엇이었을까?
⑪ Wolf's findings showed that it certainly wasn't their diet. 울프의 결과에 따르면 그것은 확실히 식습관 때문은아니었다.
⑫ They ate a lot of fatty food and many were very overweight. 그들은 기름진 음식을 많이 먹었고, 많은 사람이 고도의 비만이었다.
⑬ In addition, they worked long hours in jobs that were very hard on their bodies. 게다가, 그들은 몸에 매우 무리가 가는 일을 장시간했다.
⑭ There was no clear medical explanation for why they were so healthy. 그들이 왜 그렇게 건강한지에 대한 명확한 의학적설명이 없었다.
⑮ Thus, researchers concluded that the Rosetans' excellent health was caused by the town itself. 그래서 연구자들은 로세토 사람들의 아주 좋은 건강상태는 그 도시 자체로부터 비롯된 것이라고 결론내렸다.
⑯ It was a closely connected community of families. 로세토는 긴밀히 연결된 가족 공동체였다.
⑰ Most children, parents, and grandparents lived under one roof, and everyone got involved in church, festivals, and social activities. 대부분의 아이, 부모, 그리고 조부모가 한 지붕 아래에서 살았고, 모든 사람이 교회, 축제, 그리고 사회활동에 참여했다.
⑱ Scientists refer to this mysterious influence of family and social life on health as the "Roseto Effect." 과학자들은 가족과 사회생활이 건강에 미치는 이 신비한 영향을 '로세토 효과'라고 부른다.
⑲ It shows that having close connections with others can help people reduce the everyday stresses that are bad for one's health. 그것은 다른 사람들과 긴밀한 관계를 유지하는 것이사람들로 하여금 건강에 좋지 않은 일상 스트레스를줄이도록 도울 수 있음을 보여 준다.

 

 

 

Unit 04. Food - Reading 1: 3D Food Printing
① Can you imagine walking into your kitchen and producing any food you want simply by touching a screen? 당신은 부엌으로 걸어 들어가서 단순히 화면을 건드림으로써 당신이 원하는 어떤 음식이든 만들어내는것을 상상할 수 있는가?
② 3D printing may soon make this possible. 3D 인쇄는 곧 이것을 가능하게 할지도 모른다.
③ 3D printers can produce almost any kind of item by building it layer by layer. 3D 프린터는 층층이 쌓아서 거의 모든 종류의 물건을 생산할 수 있다.
④ Now scientists are using them to "print" foods such as chocolate and even meat. 현재 과학자들은 초콜릿이나 심지어는 고기 같은 음식들을 '인쇄'하기 위해서 그것들을 사용하고 있다.
⑤ So how does it work? 그렇다면 그것은 어떻게 작동할까?
⑥ 3D food printing is actually quite simple. 3D 음식 인쇄는 사실 아주 간단하다.
⑦ First you put the raw materials into the printer. 우선 당신은 프린터에 원료를 넣는다.
⑧ These are the same for all foods. 이것들은 모든 음식에 공통적이다.
⑨ They are protein, carbohydrates, and fat. 그것들은 단백질, 탄수화물, 지방이다.
⑩ Next you tell the printer what ratio to use. 다음으로 어떤 비율을 사용할지 프린터에 지시한다.
⑪ Then you wait while the printer produces the food. 그러고 나서 프린터가 음식을 만들어내는 동안 기다린다.
⑫ In this way, people can create foods according to their needs. 이런 방식으로, 사람들은 그들의 필요에 따라 음식을 만들 수 있다.
⑬ For example, an athlete could print high-protein pasta. 예를 들어, 운동선수는 고단백 파스타를 인쇄할 수있을 것이다.
⑭ Or a pregnant woman could print bread with extra vitamins. 혹은 임신한 여성은 비타민이 추가로 들어간 빵을인쇄할 수 있을 것이다.
⑮ In addition, somebody with an allergy could tell the printer to leave out a certain ingredient. 그뿐만 아니라, 알레르기가 있는 사람은 특정 성분을 빼도록 프린터에 지시할 수 있을 것이다.
⑯ 3D food printing seems to offer many benefits. 3D 음식 인쇄는 많은 이점을 제공하는 것 같다.
⑰ First, printing food could save time. 첫 번째로, 음식을 인쇄하는 것은 시간을 절약할 수있다.
⑱ Instead of cooking food, people could print it while doing other things. 음식을 요리하는 대신, 사람들은 다른 일을 하면서그것을 인쇄할 수 있다.
⑲ Second, printed food might taste better than ordinary food. 두 번째로, 인쇄된 음식은 일반적인 음식보다 맛이더 좋을 수 있다.
⑳ That's because people could print food with customized flavors. 그것은 사람들이 개개인에 맞춘 맛으로 음식을 인쇄할 수 있기 때문이다.
㉑ Third, it will likely offer exciting possibilities for food design. 세 번째로, 그것은 음식 디자인에 있어 흥미진진한가능성을 열어 줄 것 같다.
㉒ As different textures and shapes become available, any design you want is possible. 다양한 질감과 모양을 낼 수 있기 때문에, 당신이 원하는 어떤 디자인도 가능하다.
㉓ Finally, it could improve our health. 마지막으로, 그것은 우리의 건강을 향상시킬 수 있다.
㉔ By allowing people to easily replace the unhealthy ingredients in processed foods with healthier options, it has the potential to help provide a more nutritious diet. 사람들이 가공식품의 건강하지 않은 성분들을 더 건강한 선택들로 쉽게 대체할 수 있게 함으로써, 그것은 더욱 영양가 있는 식단을 제공하도록 도와줄 수있는 잠재력을 가지고 있다.
㉕ With so many advantages, 3D printing may change the future of the food industry completely. 이렇게 많은 장점으로, 3D 인쇄는 음식 산업의 미래를 완전히 바꿀지도 모른다.

 

 

 

Unit 04. Food - Reading 2: Greek Food
① Like all national foods, those of Greece are a result of location. 모든 나라의 대표 음식들과 마찬가지로, 그리스 고유의 음식은 지리적 위치의 결과이다.
② There are three seas around Greece, so fresh fish is always available. 그리스는 삼면이 바다로 둘러싸여 있어 언제나 싱싱한 생선을 구할 수 있다.
③ The warm, dry climate is suitable for growing fruits and vegetables. 따뜻하고 건조한 기후는 과일과 채소를 재배하는 데적당하다.
④ Grapes can easily be grown in the sunshine. 포도는 햇빛 아래에서 쉽게 자랄 수 있다.
⑤ And the many olive trees are a source of olives. 그리고 많은 올리브 나무는 올리브 열매의 원천이다.
⑥ All of these natural factors give the people of Greece a very healthy diet. 이 모든 자연적 요인들이 그리스 사람들에게 건강에매우 좋은 식단을 제공해 준다.
⑦ Greek cooking uses many vegetables, which are an important source of vitamins. 그리스 요리는 많은 채소를 사용하는데, 이것들은비타민의 중요 공급원이다.
⑧ Therefore, it is not surprising that people who eat Greek food are likely to be healthy. 따라서 그리스 음식을 먹는 사람들이 건강할 가능성이 높다는 사실은 놀라운 일이 아니다.
⑨ Now scientists are finding out that certain vegetables can actually fight serious diseases. 요즈음 과학자들은 특정 채소들이 실제로 심각한 질병을 퇴치해 줄 수 있다는 사실을 발견하고 있다.
⑩ For example, tomatoes, which are commonly used in Greek dishes, help prevent certain types of cancer. 예를 들어, 그리스 요리에 흔히 사용되는 토마토는특정 종류의 암을 예방하는 데 도움이 된다.
⑪ Traditional Greek food also fights another major killer: heart disease. 전통적인 그리스 음식은 또 하나의 주요 사망 원인인 심장병도 예방한다.
⑫ Many Greek dishes use fish, which is good for people with high levels of cholesterol. 많은 그리스 음식에 생선을 사용하는데, 이는 콜레스테롤 수치가 높은 사람들에게 좋다.
⑬ Although some Greek dishes are very oily, very few Greeks suffer from heart disease. 일부 그리스 음식은 기름기가 아주 많음에도 불구하고 심장병을 앓는 그리스인은 극히 드물다.
⑭ There seem to be two reasons for this. 이에 대해서는 두 가지 이유가 있는 것 같다.
⑮ First, Greek people often drink a little red wine with meals, and scientists believe that this has advantages for fighting heart disease. 첫째, 그리스 사람들은 식사와 함께 종종 적포도주를 조금 마시는데 과학자들은 이것이 심장병을 예방하는 데 효능이 있다고 본다.
⑯ Second, almost all Greek dishes are made using olive oil. 둘째, 거의 모든 그리스 음식은 올리브유를 사용해만들어진다.
⑰ This is one of the healthiest types of oil, full of vitamins and with no cholesterol. 이것은 건강에 가장 좋은 형태의 기름 중 하나로, 비타민이 풍부하고 콜레스테롤은 없다.
⑱ Modern medical science offers great suggestions about healthy eating habits. 현대 의학은 건강한 식습관에 관한 훌륭한 제안들을한다.
⑲ But for hundreds of years, Greek people have been eating healthy foods that fight diseases. 하지만 수백 년 동안 그리스인들은 질병을 퇴치해주는 몸에 좋은 음식을 계속 먹어 왔다.
⑳ We can't all move to Greece, but we would all benefit from eating the Greek way. 우리가 모두 그리스로 이사를 할 수는 없지만, 그리스식으로 먹는 것은 우리 모두에게 이익이 될 수 있을 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 05. Society - Reading 1: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
① These days, many corporations are interested in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). 요즘에는 많은 기업이 기업의 사회적 책임(CSR)에관심을 보인다.
② CSR includes things like investing in communities and protecting the environment. CSR에는 지역 사회에 대한 투자나 환경 보호 같은것들이 포함된다.
③ Such activities improve the reputations of both a company and its products. 그러한 활동은 기업과 기업의 제품 모두의 평판을높여 준다.
④ In turn, this can lead to increased financial returns. 결과적으로 이것은 재정 수익의 증가로 이어질 수있다.
⑤ There are a number of ways companies can practice CSR. 기업이 CSR을 실천할 수 있는 여러 가지 방법이 있다.
⑥ IBM, for example, is helping people participate in the World Community Grid. 예를 들어, IBM은 사람들이 세계 공동체 전산망에참여하는 것을 돕고 있다.
⑦ They have created a small program for personal computers. 그들은 개인용 컴퓨터를 위한 소규모 프로그램을 만들었다.
⑧ Whenever the computer is not in use, the program donates its computing power to the World Community Grid supercomputer. 컴퓨터가 사용되지 않을 때마다, 그 프로그램이 컴퓨터의 처리 능력을 세계 공동체 전산망의 슈퍼컴퓨터로 기부한다.
⑨ This supercomputer assists with medical research that may lead to cures for serious diseases. 이 슈퍼컴퓨터는 심각한 질병에 대한 치료법 개발로이어질 수 있는 의학 연구를 돕는다.
⑩ Then there is Starbucks. 다음으로 스타벅스가 있다.
⑪ This business works together with nonprofit organizations to improve the lives of people living in communities that grow coffee. 이 기업은 커피를 재배하는 지역 사회 거주민의 삶을 개선하기 위해 비영리 단체와 함께 일한다.
⑫ In Guatemala, for example, Starbucks has teamed up with Save the Children to bring educational programs to remote villages. 예를 들어, 과테말라에서 스타벅스는 세이브더칠드런과 협력해 외딴 마을에 교육 프로그램을 제공한다.
⑬ Finally, some companies are created specifically to practice CSR. 마지막으로, 어떤 기업들은 CSR을 실천하기 위해특별히 만들어진다.
⑭ TOMS Shoes, founded by Blake Mycoskie, is one example. 블레이크 마이코스키가 설립한 탐스 슈즈가 한 예이다.
⑮ Mycoskie traveled through Argentina in 2006 and saw that many children had no shoes. 마이코스키는 2006년에 아르헨티나 전역을 여행하면서 많은 아이들이 신발이 없는 것을 보았다.
⑯ Now, TOMS Shoes sells shoes all over the world. 현재, 탐스 슈즈는 전 세계적으로 신발을 판매한다.
⑰ For every pair they sell, they donate one pair to a child in a developing nation. 그들이 판매하는 각각의 켤레에 대해, 개발 도상국의 아이에게 한 켤레씩 기부한다.
⑱ They have now given away more than 35 million pairs of shoes worldwide. 그들은 지금까지 전 세계적으로 삼천오백만 켤레 이상의 신발을 기부해 왔다.
⑲ CSR helps companies show consumers that they are not only making profits but working to improve society. CSR은 기업들이 이윤을 내는 것뿐만이 아니라 사회를 개선하기 위해서도 일하고 있음을 소비자들에게보여주도록 돕는다.
⑳ This makes the consumers more likely to choose products made by these companies. 이것은 소비자들이 이러한 기업이 만든 제품을 고를가능성을 높여 준다.
㉑ For these reasons, CSR is likely to expand in the future. 이런 까닭에 CSR은 앞으로도 확대될 것 같다.

 

 

 

Unit 05. Society - Reading 2: TOEFL (Bookcrossing)
① Bookcrossing 북크로싱
② There is an old saying, "If you love someone, set them free." '누군가를 사랑한다면 그들을 자유롭게 해 줘라.'라는옛 속담이 있다.
③ Ron Hornbaker was a man who thought that this was true about books as well. 론 혼베이커는 이 말이 책에도 적용된다고 생각한 사람이었다.
④ He didn't want to see the books he loved become dusty on his shelf. 그는 자신이 아주 좋아하는 책들이 책장에서 먼지가쌓여가는 모습을 보고 싶지 않았다.
⑤ He dreamed of sharing them with others. 그는 그것들을 다른 사람들과 공유하는 것을 꿈꿨다.
⑥ His goal was to "make the whole world a library" so that people could share their books for free. 그의 목표는 사람들이 그들의 책을 공짜로 나눠 볼수 있도록 '전 세계를 도서관으로 만드는' 것이었다.
⑦ Hornbaker wanted to encourage people to leave their books in public places for others to find. 혼베이커는 사람들에게 다른 사람들이 찾을 수 있도록 그들의 책을 공공장소에 두라고 권하고 싶었다.
⑧ He decided to make this fun, so he started the website www.bookcrossing. com. 그는 이것을 재미있게 만들기로 결심하고www.bookcrossing.com이라는 웹 사이트를 시작했다.
⑨ Using this website, people can continue to enjoy a book by sharing it with others. 이 웹 사이트를 이용하여 사람들은 책을 다른 사람들과 공유함으로써 계속해서 책을 즐길 수 있다.
⑩ Now the fun of reading doesn't end when the book does. 그리하여 책을 다 읽었어도 독서의 즐거움은 끝나지않는다.
⑪ The process is a simple system called the "Three R's" ― Read, Register, and Release. 그 과정은 '3R'이라 불리는 읽고, 등록하고, 내놓는간단한 구조로 되어 있다.
⑫ First, someone reads a book. 우선, 누군가가 어떤 책을 읽는다.
⑬ Next, he or she registers it on the website. 그다음에 그 사람은 그 책을 웹 사이트에 등록한다.
⑭ The book is then given an ID number, which is put on the inside cover of the book. 그러면 그 책은 ID 번호를 부여받는데, 그 번호는 책의 표지 안쪽에 기록된다.
⑮ Finally, the person releases the book by leaving it in a public place, such as a coffee shop or train station. 마지막으로, 그 사람은 책을 커피숍이나 기차역 같은공공장소에 둠으로써 그 책을 내놓는다.
⑯ Once someone finds the book, he or she will hopefully go to the site to say that they have "caught it." 일단 누군가가 그 책을 발견하면 그 사람은 기대감을안고 웹 사이트에 방문해서 '그 책을 찾았다'고 말할것이다.
⑰ This way, the original owner of the book can know that the book has been found. 이런 식으로, 그 책의 원래 주인은 자신의 책이 발견되었다는 것을 알 수 있게 된다.
⑱ Then the "Three R's" start all over again. 그런 다음 '3R'은 처음부터 또다시 시작되는 것이다.
⑲ When it was launched, about one hundred people joined the site per month. 웹 사이트가 개설되었을 때, 매달 백여 명의 사람들이 그 사이트에 가입했다.
⑳ There are now over 950,000 members, and Bookcrossing books are making their way all over the world. 지금은 95만 명이 넘는 회원이 있으며, 북크로싱의책들은 전 세계로 뻗어 나가는 중이다.
㉑ Bookcrossing is a fun way to share your experience of reading with others. 북크로싱은 당신의 독서 경험을 다른 사람들과 나누는 재미있는 방법이다.

 

 

 

Unit 06. Art - Reading 1: Vincent's Letter
① My Dear Theo, 보고 싶은 테오에게
② I just received your warm letter. 방금 너의 다정한 편지를 받았다.
③ Thank you very much for the things you said. 네가 얘기해 준 것들에 대해 매우 고맙게 생각한다.
④ I am taking a rest today, so I have a chance to write back. 오늘은 좀 쉬고 있어서 답장 쓸 기회가 생겼단다.
⑤ You asked me about my paintings. 내 그림들에 관해 물었더구나.
⑥ As you know, I've always been interested in the special characteristics of each season. 너도 알다시피, 나는 늘 각 계절이 지닌 독특한 특징에 관심이 많았어.
⑦ Well, it is autumn now, and the woods are showing unusual colors. 음, 지금은 가을이라 숲이 독특한 색들을 드러내고있단다.
⑧ I spent a whole day sitting among the trees, admiring the beauty of nature. 나는 자연의 아름다움에 감탄하며 온종일 나무들 사이에 앉아 시간을 보냈어.
⑨ I tried to paint all the colors, but it was a difficult task. 모든 색을 다 칠해 보려 했지만, 힘든 일이더구나.
⑩ I used one and a half large tubes of white to paint the ground, even though it was very dark. 땅은 아주 짙은 색이지만 그것을 칠하기 위해 커다란 흰색 튜브 물감을 하나 반이나 썼지.
⑪ I mixed the white with red, yellow, brown, and black. 그 흰색을 빨간색, 노란색, 갈색, 검은색과 섞었어.
⑫ The result was a dark red, like the color of wine. 결과는 포도주의 색과 같은 암적색이 되었어.
⑬ There was also some fresh grass which caught the light and sparkled brightly. 빛을 받아 밝게 빛나는 싱그러운 풀도 있더구나.
⑭ It was very difficult to paint. 그것은 색칠하기가 아주 까다로웠어.
⑮ I said to myself while I was doing it: 나는 그림을 그리면서 속으로 말했어.
⑯ I mustn't stop before I can show the mysterious mood of this autumn evening in my painting. 이 가을 저녁의 신비로운 분위기를 그림에 담아내기전까진 멈춰서는 안 된다고 말이야.
⑰ However, because this light didn't last, I had to paint quickly, with a few strong touches of the brush. 하지만 빛이 계속 있는 게 아니라서 강렬한 붓 터치몇 번으로 재빨리 그려야만 했어.
⑱ I will continue to work as hard as I can. 나는 최선을 다해 작업을 계속할 거야.
⑲ You asked about my health, but what about yours? 내 건강에 관해 물었는데, 네 건강은 어떠니?
⑳ I think my remedy would help you, too: to be outside, painting. 내 생각에 내 치료법이 너에게도 도움이 될 것 같구나. 야외로 나가서 그림을 그리는 것이지.
㉑ Even when I'm tired, I still feel like doing it. 나는 몸이 피곤할 때조차도 계속 그렇게 하고 싶더구나.
㉒ I hope that you are happy and in good health. 네가 행복하고 건강하길 바란다.
㉓ Affectionately yours, Vincent 너를 사랑하는 형, 빈센트가

 

 

 

Unit 06. Art - Reading 2: Henri Matisse
① At the beginning of the 20th century, many artists started to move away from tradition. 20세기 초에, 많은 화가들이 전통으로부터 벗어나기시작했다.
② One of the modern art movements of this time was Fauvism, which started to develop in France in 1904. 이 시기의 현대 미술 운동 중 하나는 야수파로, 이것은 1904년 프랑스에서 발전하기 시작했다.
③ The term "Fauvism" comes from the French word fauve, which means "wild beasts." 'Fauvism'이란 용어는 프랑스 단어 fauve에서 왔는데, 이것은 '야수'를 의미한다.
④ This name may have been chosen because Fauve artists were viewed as rebels during their time. 야수파 화가들이 활동하던 당시 그들이 반항아로 여겨졌기 때문에 이 이름이 선택되었을 것이다.
⑤ Their art shocked and even angered viewers. 그들의 예술은 보는 이들에게 충격을 주었고, 심지어 분노를 불러일으켰다.
⑥ It took something that people considered "right" and made it look "wrong." 그것은 사람들이 '옳다'고 생각하는 것을 가져다가'틀리게' 보이도록 만들었다.
⑦ Henri Matisse was one of the founders of this movement. 앙리 마티스는 이 운동의 창시자 중 한 명이었다.
⑧ Along with other Fauve artists, he painted familiar forms in colors that didn't match them naturally. 다른 야수파 화가들과 마찬가지로, 그는 친숙한 형태들을 그것들과 어울리지 않는 색으로 자연스럽게칠했다.
⑨ In other words, landscapes and portraits were painted in the "wrong" colors, which were often bright and unusual. 다시 말해, 풍경화와 초상화들을 '틀린' 색들로 칠했는데, 이 색들은 보통 선명하고 독특했다.
⑩ Traditionally, artists would choose a subject and paint it using its real-life colors. 전통적으로, 화가들은 대상을 선택해 그것을 대상의실제 색을 써서 채색하곤 했다.
⑪ However, Matisse believed that form shouldn't decide color. 그러나 마티스는 형태가 색을 결정지어서는 안 된다고 생각했다.
⑫ Instead of simply making things look like they do in reality, he used colors in his paintings to express his feelings. 사물을 단순히 현실에서 보이는 것처럼 만드는 대신, 그는 그림에 자신의 느낌을 나타내기 위해 색을사용했다.
⑬ As he put it, "When I put a green, it is not grass. 그의 표현에 따르자면, "내가 초록색을 칠할 때, 그것은 잔디가 아니다.
⑭ When I put a blue, it is not the sky." 내가 파란색을 칠할 때, 그것은 하늘이 아니다."
⑮ The painting Open Window, Collioure is a great example of Matisse's use of color. <콜리우르의 열린 창문>이라는 그림은 마티스의 색의 사용을 보여 주는 훌륭한 예이다.
⑯ The scene doesn't seem natural because the water is a shade of pink, not blue, and the walls are different colors. 물이 파란색이 아니라 분홍 색상이고, 벽이 서로 다른 색이기 때문에 그 풍경은 자연스러워 보이지 않는다.
⑰ However, the colors express the excitement Matisse felt on a summer day, which he wanted to recreate. 그러나 그 색들은 마티스가 어느 여름날 오후에 느낀흥분을 표현하는데, 이것이 그가 재현하고자 했던바였다.
⑱ That is why Matisse didn't think there was any "right" or "wrong" when it comes to color. 마티스가 색에 관해서는 '옳은 것' 또는 '틀린 것'이없다고 생각했던 이유가 그 때문이다.
⑲ Like other Fauve artists, he believed that the colors an artist chooses are always right because they express the artist's creative visions. 다른 야수파 화가들처럼, 그는 화가가 선택하는 색들은 화가의 창조적인 시야를 표현하기 때문에 그것들이 항상 옳다고 믿었다.

 

 

 

Unit 07. Technology - Reading 1: HTTPS
① When you visit a website, you can see "http" or "https" at the beginning of your web browser's address bar. 당신이 웹사이트를 방문할 때, 당신의 웹 브라우저의 주소창 앞부분에서 'http' 혹은 'https'를 볼 수있다.
② What do these letters mean? 이 글자들은 무엇을 의미할까?
③ And what is their purpose? 그리고 그것의 목적은 무엇일까?
④ HTTP stands for hypertext transfer protocol. HTTP는 하이퍼텍스트 전송 규약을 나타낸다.
⑤ It is the standard way to exchange information between a web browser and a server. 그것은 웹 브라우저와 서버 간에 정보를 교환하는표준 방식이다.
⑥ HTTP allows Internet users to access all kinds of content, including text, images, and videos. HTTP는 인터넷 사용자들이 문자, 이미지, 동영상을포함한 모든 종류의 콘텐츠에 접근할 수 있게 한다.
⑦ The problem is that using HTTP is not always safe. 문제는 HTTP를 이용하는 것이 언제나 안전한 것은아니라는 것이다.
⑧ Other users can sneak into the browsing process and steal your valuable information when HTTP is used. HTTP가 사용될 때 다른 사용자들이 검색 과정에 몰래 들어가 당신의 소중한 정보를 훔칠 수 있다.
⑨ That's why HTTPS, a secure version, was created. 그것이 바로 안전한 버전인 HTTPS가 만들어진 이유이다.
⑩ HTTPS makes web browsing safer by using secure encrypted connections between servers and browsers. HTTPS는 서버와 브라우저 사이에 안전한 암호화된연결을 사용함으로써 웹 검색을 더 안전하게 만든다.
⑪ Since other users cannot see the information that passes through these connections, HTTPS keeps your data private. 다른 사용자들은 이러한 연결을 통해 전달되는 정보를 볼 수 없기 때문에, HTTPS는 당신의 정보를 비밀로 지켜준다.
⑫ In addition, HTTPS prevents hackers from replacing requested data with other, harmful data. 게다가, HTTPS는 해커가 요청된 정보를 다른 해로운 정보로 바꾸는 것을 막는다.
⑬ The hackers also wouldn't be able to steal the data since it is encrypted. 해커들은 또한 데이터가 암호화되어 있기 때문에 훔칠 수 없을 것이다.
⑭ Because of its additional safety, most major websites are now using HTTPS. 그것의 부가적인 안전성 때문에, 대부분의 주요 웹사이트들은 현재 HTTPS를 사용하고 있다.
⑮ And popular web browsers like Google Chrome are encouraging this. 그리고 구글 크롬과 같은 인기 있는 웹 브라우저들은 이것을 권장하고 있다.
⑯ Now, if a website uses HTTPS, Chrome shows a lock icon at the beginning of the web address bar to let you know that your information is safe. 이제, 어떤 웹사이트가 HTTPS를 사용한다면, 크롬은 당신의 정보가 안전하다는 것을 알려주기 위해자물쇠 아이콘을 인터넷 주소창의 앞부분에 보여준다.
⑰ However, if a website uses HTTP, it displays a warning message that says "not secure" instead. 그러나, 어떤 사이트가 HTTP를 사용한다면, 그것은'안전하지 않음'이라는 경고 메시지를 대신 보여준다.
⑱ HTTPS is making the web safer, no matter what browser you use. HTTPS는 당신이 어떤 브라우저를 사용하든지 간에웹을 더 안전하게 만들고 있다.
⑲ So whenever you go online, make sure you see the "S"! 따라서 당신이 온라인에 접속할 때마다, 'S'가 보이는지 확인하라!

 

 

 

Unit 07. Technology - Reading 2: The CyberKnife
① What kind of knife isn't actually a knife? 어떤 종류의 칼이 실제로는 칼이 아닐까?
② The answer is the "CyberKnife." 정답은 '사이버나이프'이다.
③ The CyberKnife Robotic Radiosurgery System is high-tech equipment being used by doctors to treat people with tumors. 사이버나이프 로봇 방사선 수술 시스템은 종양이 있는 사람들을 치료하기 위해 의사들에 의해 사용되고있는 첨단 장비이다.
④ After the tumor is located, the CyberKnife shoots beams of high-energy radiation that begin to destroy the tumor without hurting the patient. 종양의 위치가 확인되면 사이버나이프는 환자에게고통을 주지 않고 종양을 파괴하기 시작하는 고에너지 방사선을 쏜다.
⑤ It is attached to a robotic arm, which helps it automatically adjust to any movements the patient may make. 그것은 로봇 팔에 붙어 있는데, 이것이 사이버나이프가 환자의 어떤 움직임에도 자동으로 조절되도록돕는다.
⑥ It can be used on any part of the body, including the lungs, spine, and brain. 그것은 폐나 척추, 뇌를 포함한 신체 어느 부위에도사용될 수 있다.
⑦ The CyberKnife is very accurate and can get rid of tumors without harming the surrounding tissue. 사이버나이프는 매우 정밀하여 주변 조직을 훼손하지 않고 종양을 제거할 수 있다.
⑧ This allows doctors to treat tumors in places that couldn't be reached with traditional surgery. 이것은 의사들이 기존의 수술로는 도달할 수 없었던곳에 있는 종양도 치료할 수 있도록 해준다.
⑨ The tumors are not instantly removed, but the CyberKnife stops their growth and gradually reduces their size. 종양이 즉시 없어지는 것은 아니지만, 사이버나이프는 종양이 커지는 것을 막고 서서히 그 크기를 감소시킨다.
⑩ The recovery time of patients is also shorter with the CyberKnife. 사이버나이프를 이용하면 환자의 회복기도 더 단축된다.
⑪ This makes it a good option for people who are too weak to undergo traditional kinds of surgery. 이 때문에 사이버나이프는 몸이 너무 약해 기존 형태의 수술을 견뎌내지 못하는 사람들에게 좋은 대안이 된다.
⑫ It can be done quickly, with patients often going home the same day. 이것은 신속히 끝나서, 환자들이 당일 퇴원하는 경우도 종종 있다.
⑬ All in all, it is much less stressful than traditional surgery. 대체로, 이것은 기존의 수술보다 훨씬 스트레스가적다.
⑭ Tens of thousands of patients have already had their tumors treated in this fashion, with CyberKnife Robotic Radiosurgery Systems installed in hundreds of hospitals around the world. 전 세계적으로 수백 개 병원에 설치된 사이버나이프로봇 방사선 수술 시스템을 통해 이미 수만 명의 환자가 이 방식으로 종양을 치료받았다.
⑮ Cancer is a difficult disease to overcome, but advanced technology like the CyberKnife is giving people hope. 암은 극복하기 어려운 질병이지만, 사이버나이프 같은 첨단 기술이 사람들에게 희망을 주고 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 08. Biology - Reading 1: Horseshoe Crabs
① Horseshoe crabs are amazing creatures. 투구게는 놀라운 생물체이다.
② They have barely changed in more than 250 million years. 그들은 2억 5천만 년이 넘도록 거의 변하지 않았다.
③ These days they provide scientists with a rare and valuable material: their blue blood. 오늘날 투구게는 과학자들에게 희귀하고 값진 물질을 제공해주는데, 바로 그들의 푸른 피이다.
④ Normal red blood contains iron, but horseshoe crab blood is blue because it contains copper. 보통의 붉은 피에는 철분이 포함되어 있지만, 투구게의 피는 구리를 포함하고 있기 때문에 푸른색이다.
⑤ This, however, is not what makes their blood so useful. 그러나 이것이 그들의 피를 아주 유용하게 만드는것은 아니다.
⑥ Instead, it is the way it clots. 대신, 그들의 피가 응고하는 방식이 그렇다.
⑦ Clotting occurs when blood thickens and forms solid material. 응고는 피가 걸쭉해져서 고형의 물질을 형성할 때일어난다.
⑧ This is done to stop the flow of blood from a cut or wound. 이것은 베인 상처나 다친 부위로부터 피가 흐르는것을 멈추게 하기 위해 이뤄진다.
⑨ Horseshoe crab blood begins to clot as soon as it encounters any type of impurity. 투구게의 피는 어떠한 종류의 불순물을 만나는 즉시응고되기 시작한다.
⑩ Frederick Bang, an American scientist, started experimenting with horseshoe crab blood in the 1950s. 미국의 과학자 프레더릭 뱅은 1950년대에 투구게의피를 가지고 실험을 시작했다.
⑪ He soon discovered the chemical that causes the clotting, known as Limulus amebocyte lysate, or LAL. 그는 곧 Limulus amebocyte lysate 또는 LAL이라고 알려진, 응고를 일으키는 화학 물질을 발견했다.
⑫ At that time, there wasn't a good method of testing drugs for impurities. 그 당시에는 약의 불순물을 검사할 좋은 방법이 없었다.
⑬ But Bang realized that LAL could be used for this purpose. 그러나 뱅은 LAL이 이런 목적으로 사용될 수 있다는것을 깨달았다.
⑭ Today, LAL is used in America to check all drugs before they are approved for human use. 오늘날 미국에서 LAL은 모든 의약품이 인체용으로승인을 받기 전에 그것을 검사하는 데에 쓰인다.
⑮ LAL is extremely rare and can cost as much as $15,000 per liter. LAL은 극도도 희귀하고 리터당 15,000달러만큼이나 값이 나갈 수 있다.
⑯ A synthetic form of LAL, which can be produced without horseshoe crab blood, is now available. LAL의 합성 형태는 투구게의 피 없이 생산될 수 있는데, 현재 이용 가능하다.
⑰ However, pharmaceutical companies have been slow to make the switch from the LAL found in horseshoe crab blood. 그러나 제약 회사들은 투구게의 피에서 발견되는LAL로부터 (합성 LAL로) 변경하는 데 꾸물거려왔다.
⑱ In order to preserve the species, scientists only extract about one third of the blood from each crab before returning it alive to the ocean. 그 종을 보존하기 위해서, 과학자들은 게를 살아있는 상태로 바다에 돌려보내기 전에 각 게로부터 약3분의 1의 혈액만을 추출한다.
⑲ Despite this, thousands of horseshoe crabs are killed during the blood-harvesting process each year. 이것에도 불구하고, 매년 수천 마리의 투구게가 피추출 과정에서 죽는다.
⑳ Hopefully, this number will decrease as synthetic LAL becomes more widely used. 바라건대, 합성 LAL이 더 널리 사용되면서, 이 숫자는 감소할 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 08. Biology - Reading 2: Blood Transfusion
① Do you know what a blood bank is for? 혈액은행이 왜 있는지 아는가?
② It is not for saving money. 그것은 돈을 저축하기 위한 것이 아니다.
③ It is for saving lives. 그것은 생명을 구하기 위한 것이다.
④ If somebody has an accident and loses a lot of blood, doctors can help that person by giving him or her a blood transfusion. 만일 누군가 사고를 당해 많은 피를 흘린다면, 의사는 수혈해줌으로써 그 사람을 도울 수 있다.
⑤ It all sounds quite simple, but blood transfusions today are the result of over 300 years of experiments. 이 모든 것이 아주 간단하게 들리지만, 오늘날의 수혈은 300년 이상에 걸친 실험의 결과물이다.
⑥ In 1667, some British scientists gathered to watch an experiment. 1667년, 몇몇 영국 과학자들이 한 실험을 지켜보기위해 모였다.
⑦ A man had agreed to have some blood injected into his arm. 한 남자가 자신의 팔에 피를 주입하는 것에 동의한상태였다.
⑧ The idea was similar to today's blood transfusions, but there was one important difference ― the blood came from a sheep! 그 개념은 오늘날의 수혈과 비슷했지만 한 가지 중요한 차이점이 있었는데, 그 피가 양의 피라는 것이었다!
⑨ This man survived, but another man died after a similar experiment in Paris. 이 남자는 살아남았지만 또 다른 남자는 파리에서유사한 실험 이후 사망했다.
⑩ The doctor involved was nearly sent to jail for murder, and in 1678 the French government stopped all blood transfusions. 관련 의사는 살인죄로 감옥에 갈 뻔했으며, 1678년에 프랑스 정부는 모든 수혈을 금지했다.
⑪ However, experiments with blood transfusions continued in Britain, and by 1840 doctors were carrying out human-to-human blood transfusions. 그러나 영국에서는 수혈 실험이 계속되었고, 1840년경에 의사들은 사람과 사람 간의 수혈을 시행하고있었다.
⑫ But unfortunately these transfusions sometimes made people sicker. 하지만 안타깝게도 이러한 수혈은 이따금 사람들을더 아프게 만들었다.
⑬ Finally, in 1901 an Austrian doctor named Karl Landsteiner discovered the reason for this ― blood groups. 마침내, 1901년에 카를 란트슈타이너라는 오스트리아 의사가 이에 대한 원인을 밝혀냈는데 그것은 바로 혈액형이었다.
⑭ He found out that there are four main types of human blood: A, B, AB, and O. 그는 사람의 피에는 A형, B형, AB형, O형과 같이네 가지의 주된 유형이 있다는 것을 알아냈다.
⑮ If a patient with blood type O needs a blood transfusion, doctors have to make sure the patient is given type O blood. O형 환자가 수혈이 필요하다면 의사는 그 환자가 반드시 O형 피를 수혈받도록 해야 한다.
⑯ Since this discovery, blood transfusions have been much safer and now save thousands of lives every year. 이 발견 이후로 수혈은 훨씬 더 안전해졌고 이제는매년 수천 명의 생명을 구한다.

 

 

 

Unit 09. Sports - Reading 1: Wimbledon's Dress Code
① Having started in 1877, the Championships, Wimbledon ("Wimbledon," for short) is the world's oldest tennis tournament. 1877년에 시작되어, 윔블던 선수권 대회(줄여서'윔블던')는 세계에서 가장 오래된 테니스 대회이다.
② Today, it is one of the four "Grand Slam" tennis tournaments, along with the Australian Open, the French Open, and the US Open. 오늘날, 그것은 호주 오픈, 프랑스 오픈, 미국 오픈과 함께 4개의 '그랜드 슬램' 테니스 대회 중 하나이다.
③ However, Wimbledon is known as the most prestigious of them all. 그러나, 윔블던은 그중에서도 가장 권위 있는 것으로 알려져 있다.
④ It is also known for a strict dress code. 그것은 또한 엄격한 복장 규정으로도 알려져 있다.
⑤ For a long time, the Wimbledon dress code has required players to dress almost entirely in white. 오랫동안, 윔블던의 복장 규정은 선수들이 거의 전부 흰옷을 입도록 요구해 왔다.
⑥ The tradition of wearing white while playing tennis can be traced back to the 1870s, when sweating was considered improper. 테니스를 치는 동안 흰옷을 입는 전통은 1870년대까지 거슬러 올라갈 수 있는데, 그때는 땀 흘리는 것이 부적절하다고 여겨졌다.
⑦ Tennis players would wear white, which kept them cooler than other colors, so that they would sweat less. 테니스 선수들은 땀을 덜 흘리도록 흰옷을 입고는했는데, 그것이 다른 색깔들보다 그들을 더 시원하게 해주었다.
⑧ Many players have challenged the dress code. 많은 선수들이 그 복장 규정에 도전해 왔다.
⑨ Former top-ranking player Andre Agassi, who liked colorful outfits, refused to play in the tournament from 1988 to 1990. 예전 최고 순위의 선수 안드레 아가시는 화려한 의상을 좋아했는데, 1988년부터 1990년까지 그 대회에서 경기를 하는 것을 거부했다.
⑩ Some other top players have been warned by officials for wearing colored garments and received media attention. 몇몇의 다른 최고의 선수들은 색깔이 있는 옷을 입은 것으로 관계자들로부터 경고를 받았고 언론의 집중을 받았다.
⑪ Serena Williams wore brightly colored shorts under her skirt in 2010 and 2012. 세리나 윌리엄스는 2010년과 2012년에 그녀의 치마 속에 밝은색의 반바지를 입었다.
⑫ In 2013, Roger Federer was told to change his shoes because the soles were orange-colored! 2013년, 로저 페더러는 밑창이 주황색이었기 때문에 그의 신발을 바꾸라는 말을 들었다!
⑬ In 2014, a very specific set of rules was introduced. 2014년에, 매우 구체적인 일련의 규칙들이 도입되었다.
⑭ These rules made it clear that, while non-white colors are allowed in a few places like the neckline and the sleeve cuff, only "a single trim of color no wider than one centimeter" is allowed. 이 규칙들은 목둘레선과 소맷동과 같은 몇 곳에는흰색이 아닌 색깔들이 허용되지만, 오직 '1센티미터보다 넓지 않은 한 줄의 테두리'만 허용된다는 것을분명히 했다.
⑮ This rule also applies to headbands, socks, shoes, and even the players' underwear! 이 규칙은 또한 머리띠, 양말, 신발, 그리고 심지어선수들의 속옷에도 적용된다!
⑯ Wimbledon's dress code has been criticized for being too strict. 윔블던의 복장 규정은 너무 엄격한 것으로 비판을받아 왔다.
⑰ However, the tournament's history and prestige help make it truly special. 그러나, 그 대회의 역사와 명성은 그것을 정말로 특별하게 만들도록 돕는다.
⑱ For this reason, the dress code is unlikely to change any time soon. 이러한 이유로, 그 복장 규정은 당분간 바뀔 것 같지않다.

 

 

 

Unit 09. Sports - Reading 2: Ultimate
① You might think that a Frisbee disc is just for tossing with your friends. 당신은 프리스비 원반이 단지 당신의 친구들과 던지기를 위한 것으로 생각할지도 모른다.
② But in many countries, it is used to play an exciting team sport called "Ultimate." 그러나 많은 나라들에서, 그것은 '얼티미트'라고 불리는 흥미로운 팀 경기를 하는 데 사용된다.
③ Ultimate was created in the United States in the 1960s. 얼티미트는 1960년대에 미국에서 만들어졌다.
④ But it has grown in popularity all over the world. 그러나 그것은 전 세계적으로 인기를 얻고 있다.
⑤ Today, there are even many international championships held regularly. 오늘날에는, 심지어 정기적으로 개최되는 많은 국제선수권 대회도 있다.
⑥ Ultimate requires two teams of seven people each. 얼티미트는 각 7명인 두 팀을 필요로 한다.
⑦ And it is played on a rectangular field with an end-zone at both ends. 그리고 그것은 양 끝에 엔드 존이 있는 직사각형의경기장에서 행해진다.
⑧ Players pass the disc to their teammates in order to move it towards the other team's end-zone. 선수들은 다른 팀의 엔드 존 쪽으로 원반을 옮기기위해서 자신의 팀원들에게 그것을 패스한다.
⑨ The player holding the disc cannot run with it. 원반을 들고 있는 선수는 그것을 가지고 달릴 수 없다.
⑩ Also, they must pass the disc swiftly to another player within ten seconds of catching it. 또한, 그들은 원반을 잡은 지 10초 안에 다른 선수에게 재빨리 패스해야 한다.
⑪ When a player catches the disc inside the appropriate end-zone, his or her team earns one point. 한 선수가 적합한 엔드 존 안에서 원반을 잡을 때,그 선수의 팀은 1점을 얻는다.
⑫ The game ends when one team reaches the predetermined number of points (usually 15). 경기는 한 팀이 미리 정해진 점수(보통 15점)에 이를 때 끝난다.
⑬ One interesting aspect of Ultimate is its usual absence of referees. 얼티미트의 한 가지 흥미로운 측면은 평상시의 심판의 부재이다.
⑭ It is the players who call fouls and resolve any disagreements among themselves. 반칙을 선언하고 그들 사이의 의견 충돌을 해결하는것은 바로 선수들이다.
⑮ Therefore, good sportsmanship is essential. 따라서, 좋은 스포츠맨 정신은 필수적이다.
⑯ All players must treat each other fairly and courteously. 모든 선수들은 서로를 공평하고 정중하게 대해야 한다.
⑰ This environment of fairness and respect is known as the "Spirit of the Game." 이러한 공정성과 존중의 환경은 '경기의 정신'으로알려져 있다.
⑱ In some cases, there is a mediator who watches the game and helps to make a decision if the two teams cannot resolve a disagreement. 경우에 따라서는, 경기를 보며 양 팀이 의견 불일치를 해결할 수 없을 때 결정을 도와주는 중재자가 있다.
⑲ And some professional leagues do employ referees in order to prevent delays. 그리고 몇몇의 프로 리그들은 지연을 막기 위해 심판들을 고용하기도 한다.
⑳ But in every game of Ultimate, the most important thing is that the "Spirit of the Game" is upheld. 그러나 얼티미트의 모든 경기에서, 가장 중요한 것은 '경기의 정신'이 유지되는 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 10. History - Reading 1: Alaska
① Alaska is part of the United States, yet is separated from the mainland by Canada. 알래스카는 미국의 일부이지만, 캐나다에 의해 본토에서 분리되어 있다.
② Nevertheless, Alaska is the largest state in the US, one fifth the size of the rest of the country. 그럼에도 불구하고 알래스카는 미국에서 가장 큰 주로, 미국 나머지 지역의 5분의 1 크기이다.
③ The state is covered by huge glaciers and snow-topped mountains, including Mt. McKinley, the highest mountain in North America. 이 주는 거대한 빙하들과 북미에서 가장 높은 매킨리산을 비롯한 눈 쌓인 산들로 뒤덮여 있다.
④ Thousands of tourists travel to Alaska each year to hike, hunt, and experience its great natural beauty. 해마다 수천 명의 관광객이 하이킹과 사냥을 하고, 그곳의 뛰어난 자연미를 경험하러 알래스카로 여행을 간다.
⑤ Russian explorers discovered Alaska in 1741, and Russian fur traders soon began hunting in the sea around Alaska for sea otters. 러시아 탐험가들이 1741년에 알래스카를 발견했고, 곧 러시아의 모피 상인들이 알래스카 주변 바다에서해달을 사냥하기 시작했다.
⑥ They also built a few military forts and towns. 그들은 또한 몇몇 군사 기지와 마을을 세웠다.
⑦ However, Alaska was considered too far away for any Russians to live there. 그러나 알래스카는 러시아인들이 살기에는 너무 멀리 떨어져 있다고 여겨졌다.
⑧ In the end, Russia sold Alaska to the United States in 1867. 결국 러시아는 1867년에 알래스카를 미국에 팔았다.
⑨ At a price of $7.2 million, the huge state cost only about two cents per acre. 720만 달러에 팔렸으니 이 거대한 주가 에이커당불과 2센트밖에 되지 않았던 것이다.
⑩ In spite of its surprisingly low cost, many Americans thought that the purchase was a terrible mistake. 그것의 놀랍도록 낮은 가격에도 불구하고, 많은 미국인은 이 매입이 엄청난 실수라고 생각했다.
⑪ Newspapers nicknamed the new area "Seward's Icebox" after the Secretary of State, William Henry Seward, who made the purchase. 신문들은 그 매입을 진행했던 윌리엄 헨리 수어드국무장관의 이름을 따서 이 새로운 곳을 '수어드의아이스박스'라고 불렀다.
⑫ But later discoveries proved Alaska to be full of resources. 하지만 이후의 발견들은 알래스카가 자원으로 가득차 있음을 입증했다.
⑬ When gold was discovered there in 1896, thousands moved there to get rich. 1896년에 그곳에서 금이 발견되자 수천 명이 부자가 되려고 그곳으로 이주했다.
⑭ The state is also a rich source of salmon, lumber, and oil, as well as an interesting place for tourists to visit. 이 주는 또한 관광객이 방문하기에 흥미로운 곳일뿐만 아니라 연어, 목재, 그리고 석유의 풍부한 원천이다.
⑮ The state that was once called "Seward's Icebox" is now one of America's richest and most beautiful places. 한때 '수어드의 아이스박스'라고 불렸던 이 주가 지금은 미국에서 가장 풍요롭고 아름다운 장소 중 하나이다.

 

 

 

Unit 10. History - Reading 2: TOEFL (The International Red Cross)
① The International Red Cross 국제 적십자
② In 1859, during the Second Italian War of Independence, the Battle of Solferino was fought in northern Italy. 제2차 이탈리아 독립 전쟁이 한창이던 1859년, 솔페리노 전투가 북부 이탈리아에서 벌어졌다.
③ It lasted nine hours, and in the end, tens of thousands of soldiers were killed or wounded. 그것은 9시간 지속되었고 결국 수만 명의 병사가 죽거나 부상당했다.
④ This was far too many for the armies' medical teams to take care of. 이것은 군대의 의료팀이 돌보기에는 너무 많은 숫자였다.
⑤ A Swiss businessman named Henry Dunant was traveling in the area when the battle occurred, and he was horrified by the suffering of the soldiers. 그 전투가 일어났을 때, 앙리 뒤낭이라는 스위스의한 사업가가 그 지역을 여행하고 있었고, 그는 병사들의 고통에 큰 충격을 받았다.
⑥ A few years later he wrote a book about what he had seen. 몇 년 후에 그는 그가 목격한 것에 관한 책을 썼다.
⑦ In his book, he suggested that all armies should be accompanied by volunteer doctors and nurses who could help wounded soldiers from both sides. 그의 책에서 그는 모든 군대는 양측의 부상병들을도울 수 있는 자원 의사와 간호사를 동반해야 한다고 제안했다.
⑧ The next year a Swiss organization called the Public Welfare Association held a meeting to discuss Dunant's proposal. 이듬해 공익협회라는 한 스위스 단체가 뒤낭의 제안을 논의하기 위해 회의를 열었다.
⑨ They set up a committee of five members that included Dunant. 그들은 뒤낭을 포함하여 다섯 명으로 구성된 위원회를 설립했다.
⑩ This committee was the beginning of the International Red Cross. 이 위원회가 국제 적십자의 시작이었다.
⑪ In 1864, representatives from European nations, Brazil, Mexico, and the US gathered in Switzerland to sign the "Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field." 1864년에 유럽 국가들과 브라질, 멕시코, 그리고미국의 대표들이 '전장에 있는 군대 부상자의 상태개선에 대한 제네바 협약'에 서명하기 위해 스위스에 모였다.
⑫ It established rules that would allow Red Cross volunteers to enter battlefields without being harmed. 이 협약은 적십자 자원봉사자들이 해를 입지 않고전장에 들어갈 수 있도록 하는 규약을 확립했다.
⑬ Eventually these rules were accepted as international law. 마침내 이 규약들은 국제법으로 인정되었다.
⑭ Due to a conflict with the group's leaders, Dunant was later kicked out of the organization. 조직 내 지도자들과의 갈등 때문에 뒤낭은 나중에그 조직에서 쫓겨났다.
⑮ Despite being awarded the first Nobel Peace Prize in 1901, he was mostly forgotten when he died in 1910. 1901년에 최초의 노벨 평화상을 받았음에도 불구하고, 1910년 세상을 떠날 당시에 그는 거의 잊힌상태였다.
⑯ However, the organization he started spread around the world. 그러나 그가 시작한 단체는 세계로 퍼져 나갔다.
⑰ Today it has branches in nearly every country and more than 90 million employees and volunteers work for the International Red Cross and its related organizations. 오늘날 그것은 거의 모든 나라에 지부를 두고 있고9천만 명 이상의 직원과 자원봉사자가 국제 적십자및 그와 관련된 단체에서 일하고 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 11. Culture - Reading 1: Dance and Music of Latin America
① Music and dance play a big role in Latin American culture. 음악과 춤은 라틴 아메리카 문화에서 큰 역할을 한다.
② The music is a mixture of traditional styles from the region's indigenous cultures, Europe, and Africa. 그 음악은 그 지역의 토착 문화, 유럽, 그리고 아프리카의 전통적인 양식들이 혼합된 것이다.
③ It began when the Spanish brought stringed instruments and European music to the Americas. 그것은 스페인 사람들이 현악기와 유럽의 음악을 아메리카 대륙으로 가져왔을 때 시작되었다.
④ Later, African slaves brought drums and their own music. 나중에, 아프리카 노예들은 북과 그들 자신만의 음악을 가져왔다.
⑤ Salsa is one of the most popular styles of Latin music, known for its fast tempo and complex rhythms. 살사는 라틴 음악에서 가장 인기 있는 양식 중 하나인데, 그것의 빠른 박자와 복잡한 리듬으로 알려져있다.
⑥ Salsa dancing, which involves moving your legs and hips to the beat of the lively music, is also popular. 살사 춤은 당신의 다리와 엉덩이를 경쾌한 음악의박자에 맞춰 움직이는 것을 포함하는데, 이 또한 인기가 있다.
⑦ The origin of salsa can be found in Cuban music. 살사의 기원은 쿠바 음악에서 찾을 수 있다.
⑧ After World War II, many Cubans moved to New York City. 제2차 세계 대전 이후, 많은 쿠바 사람들이 뉴욕시로 이주했다.
⑨ They settled in a neighborhood called Spanish Harlem. 그들은 스페니시 할렘이라 불리는 동네에 정착했다.
⑩ From there, their music mixed with that of other immigrants. 그곳에서, 그들의 음악은 다른 이민자들의 음악과섞였다.
⑪ By the 1960s, modern salsa had been born. 1960년대에 이르러, 현대의 살사가 생겨났다.
⑫ Another popular form of Latin music is samba. 라틴 음악의 또 다른 인기 있는 형태는 삼바이다.
⑬ It originally developed in Brazil in the 19th century. 그것은 원래 19세기에 브라질에서 생겼다.
⑭ Samba is played with stringed instruments, brass instruments and drums. 삼바는 현악기, 금관 악기, 그리고 북으로 연주된다.
⑮ Like salsa, it involves dancing as well. 살사와 마찬가지로, 그것 역시 춤을 포함한다.
⑯ Traditional Brazilian samba dances are performed alone. 전통적인 브라질 삼바 춤은 단독으로 공연된다.
⑰ However, ballroom samba, which is danced by couples, is more popular in other countries. 그러나, 볼룸 삼바는 커플들에 의해 춰지는데, 다른나라에서 더 인기가 있다.
⑱ In the past, samba had a bad reputation due to the fact that it was often performed in poor neighborhoods. 과거에, 삼바는 그것이 가난한 동네에서 자주 공연되었다는 사실 때문에 평판이 좋지 않았다.
⑲ So people began to form clubs called "samba schools." 그래서 사람들은 '삼바 학교'라고 불리는 클럽을 만들기 시작했다.
⑳ These schools gained popularity as they performed samba dancing at festivals. 이 학교들은 그들이 축제에서 삼바 춤을 공연하면서인기를 얻었다.
㉑ Gradually, samba became a more respectable performance. 서서히 삼바는 더욱 품위 있는 공연이 되었다.
㉒ There are many other forms of Latin American music and dance. 라틴 아메리카의 음악과 춤에는 많은 다른 형태들이있다.
㉓ They include bossa nova, merengue, rumba, and tango. 그것들은 보사노바, 메렝게, 룸바, 그리고 탱고를 포함한다.
㉔ All of them are a blend of different cultures and are loved by people all around the world. 그것들 모두는 다른 문화들의 혼합이고 전 세계의사람들로부터 사랑을 받는다.

 

 

 

Unit 11. Culture - Reading 2: Naming Law in Denmark
① You might think that parents have the right to choose any name for their children. 당신은 부모들이 그들의 자녀에게 어떠한 이름이든골라줄 권리가 있다고 생각할지도 모른다.
② However, this is not always the case. 그러나, 이것은 항상 그런 것은 아니다.
③ Many countries around the world have laws that regulate the naming of children. 세계의 많은 나라들은 아이들의 작명을 규제하는 법을 가지고 있다.
④ One of these countries is Denmark. 이러한 나라들 중 하나는 덴마크이다.
⑤ Danish parents must choose a name from a government-approved list. 덴마크의 부모들은 정부가 승인한 명단에서 이름을골라야 한다.
⑥ The name must clearly show the gender of the child. 그 이름은 아이의 성별을 분명하게 보여 줘야만 한다.
⑦ It also must be spelled exactly as it appears on the list. 그것은 또한 그 목록에 보이는 대로 철자가 정확하게 쓰여야 한다.
⑧ Therefore, Danish parents can name their daughters Camilla, but Cammilla would not be allowed. 따라서, 덴마크의 부모들은 그들의 딸 이름을 카밀라(Camilla)라고 지을 수 있지만, 카밀라(Cammilla)는 허용되지 않을 것이다.
⑨ There is, however, a process that parents can follow if they want to use a name that is not on the list. 그러나, 부모들이 그 목록에 없는 이름을 사용하기를 원한다면 따를 수 있는 절차가 있다.
⑩ They must start by getting approval from their local church. 그들은 그들의 지역 교회로부터 승인을 받는 것부터시작해야 한다.
⑪ After that, the request is sent to the government. 그 후에, 그 요청은 정부로 보내진다.
⑫ The government receives about 1,000 applications annually. 정부는 연간 약 1,000개의 신청서를 받는다.
⑬ But it rejects approximately 20% of them. 그러나 정부는 그것들 중 약 20%를 거절한다.
⑭ Even if the name ends up being approved, the process can take months. 결국 이름이 승인될지라도, 그 과정은 수개월이 걸릴 수 있다.
⑮ This policy may seem unfair and unnecessary. 이 정책은 불공평하고 불필요하게 보일 수 있다.
⑯ The government, however, has reasons for making it difficult to give children unusual names. 그러나 정부가 아이들에게 특이한 이름을 주는 것을어렵게 만드는 데는 이유가 있다.
⑰ The first reason is to protect the kids themselves. 첫 번째 이유는 아이들 자신을 보호하기 위해서이다.
⑱ Children with strange names are often teased by their classmates. 이상한 이름을 가진 아이들은 종종 그들의 반 친구들에게 놀림을 받는다.
⑲ The other is to protect Denmark's cultural heritage. 또 다른 이유는 덴마크의 문화유산을 지키기 위해서이다.
⑳ The country is trying to preserve the traditional names and spellings that have been used throughout Danish history. 그 나라는 덴마크의 역사에 걸쳐 사용되어 온 전통적인 이름들과 철자들을 보존하기 위해 노력하고 있다.
㉑ Despite these reasons, many people oppose the policy. 이러한 이유들에도 불구하고, 많은 사람들은 그 정책에 반대한다.
㉒ They believe it has a negative effect on diversity and fails to embrace the modern trend of globalism. 그들은 그것이 다양성에 부정적인 영향을 미치고 세계화라는 현대적 추세를 포용하지 못한다고 믿는다.
㉓ In response, the Danish government has made the law less strict, increasing the number of names on the list from 7,000 names to 33,000. 이에 대응하여, 덴마크 정부는 그 법을 덜 엄격하게만들었는데, 목록에 있는 이름의 수를 7,000개에서33,000개로 늘렸다.

 

 

 

Unit 12. Psychology - Reading 1: ASMR
① Imagine fingernails tapping on a hard surface or drops of water falling into a puddle. 딱딱한 표면 위를 두드리는 손톱이나 물웅덩이에 떨어지는 물방울을 상상해 보라.
② How do these sounds make you feel? 이러한 소리들은 당신이 어떤 기분이 들게 하는가?
③ For many people, they create feelings of happiness and relaxation. 많은 사람들에게, 그것들은 행복이나 휴식의 감정을자아낸다.
④ This kind of experience is called ASMR. 이러한 종류의 경험은 ASMR이라고 불린다.
⑤ It stands for "autonomous sensory meridian response." 그것은 '자동 감각 쾌락 반응'을 나타낸다.
⑥ People have been using it as a kind of therapy for years. 몇 년 동안 사람들은 그것을 치료의 한 종류로 사용해 왔다.
⑦ They often record and listen to the sounds with high-tech equipment to enhance the effect. 그들은 종종 그 효과를 높이기 위해서 최첨단의 장비로 소리들을 녹음하고 듣는다.
⑧ These days, it has become popular through free videos posted online. 요즘, 그것은 온라인에 게시된 무료 영상들을 통해인기를 얻게 되었다.
⑨ People listening to ASMR sounds often report feeling a pleasurable tingle in their heads that travels down the backs of their necks. ASMR 소리를 듣는 사람들은 종종 목덜미를 타고내려오는 기분 좋은 얼얼함을 그들의 머리에서 느낀다고 보고한다.
⑩ The sounds that create these feelings are called triggers. 이러한 느낌들을 만들어내는 그 소리들은 방아쇠라고 불린다.
⑪ Some of the most common auditory ASMR triggers include whispering, scratching, or tapping on various surfaces. 가장 일반적인 청각 ASMR 방아쇠들 중 몇몇은 속삭임, 긁음, 또는 다양한 표면들을 두드리는 것을 포함한다.
⑫ Along with sound triggers, there are also triggers related to sight and touch. 청각 방아쇠와 함께, 시각 그리고 촉각과 관계된 방아쇠들도 있다.
⑬ In terms of visual triggers, repetitive hand movements are common. 시각적 방아쇠의 측면에서는, 반복적인 손의 움직임이 흔하다.
⑭ As to tactile triggers, playing with a toy slime is included. 촉각에 관련한 방아쇠에 관해서는, 장난감 슬라임을가지고 노는 것이 포함된다.
⑮ Some people respond to some triggers but not to others. 어떤 사람들은 일부 방아쇠에 반응하지만 다른 것들에는 반응하지 않는다.
⑯ And other people fail to respond at all. 그리고 다른 사람들은 어떤 것에도 전혀 반응하지않는다.
⑰ People who respond to triggers use ASMR for various purposes. 방아쇠에 반응하는 사람들은 다양한 목적으로ASMR을 사용한다.
⑱ It can help people fall asleep or concentrate on their work. 그것은 사람들이 잠이 들게 하거나 그들의 일에 집중하는 것을 도울 수 있다.
⑲ People also can feel less stressed and more relaxed. 사람들은 또한 스트레스를 덜 느끼고 더 편안함을느낄 수 있다.
⑳ Even people suffering from depression can experience improvements in their moods after listening to ASMR. 심지어 우울증으로 고통받는 사람들도 ASMR을 들은 후에 기분이 나아지는 것을 경험할 수 있다.
㉑ Although interest in ASMR is growing rapidly, there still hasn't been enough scientific research to fully understand how it works. ASMR에 대한 관심이 급격하게 증가하고 있지만, 여전히 그것이 어떻게 작용하는지를 완전히 이해할수 있는 충분한 과학적 연구가 없었다.
㉒ In the future, it is possible that mental health professionals will be able to use ASMR to treat some of their patients. 미래에는, 정신 건강 전문가들이 그들의 환자들 중일부를 치료하기 위해 ASMR을 이용할 수 있을 가능성이 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 12. Psychology - Reading 2: Indecisiveness
① Do you find it difficult to decide what to wear when going out to meet your friends? 당신은 친구들을 만나러 나갈 때 무엇을 입을지 결정하는 데 어려움을 겪는가?
② Do you get stuck when you can't decide between two new smartphone models? 당신은 두 개의 새로운 스마트폰 모델 사이에서 결정을 할 수 없을 때 꼼짝 못하게 되는가?
③ If so, you might be struggling with indecisiveness. 그렇다면, 당신은 아마도 우유부단함으로 고군분투하고 있는지도 모른다.
④ Indecision can be a good thing when it prevents you from choosing without careful thought. 망설임은 당신이 신중한 생각 없이 선택하는 것을막아줄 때 좋은 것이 될 수 있다.
⑤ However, if you hesitate too long, it can lead to frustration and missed opportunities. 그러나, 당신이 너무 오래 망설인다면, 그것은 좌절과 기회를 놓치는 것으로 이어질 수 있다.
⑥ Indecisiveness is often caused by perfectionism. 우유부단함은 종종 완벽주의에 의해 일어난다.
⑦ When people are too worried about making mistakes or the possibility of failure, they become unable to make any decision at all. 사람들이 실수하는 것이나 실패의 가능성에 대해 너무 걱정할 때, 그들은 어떤 결정도 내릴 수 없게 된다.
⑧ Luckily, there are some tips you can follow to avoid unnecessary hesitation. 다행히도, 불필요한 망설임을 피하기 위해 당신이따를 수 있는 몇 가지 조언들이 있다.
⑨ These tips will help you become a more confident decision-maker. 이러한 조언들은 당신이 더욱 자신감 있는 의사결정자가 되도록 도와줄 것이다.
⑩ First, following your intuition can be helpful. 첫째, 당신의 직감을 따르는 것이 도움이 될 수 있다.
⑪ In order not to over-analyze, write down your options. 과도하게 분석하지 않기 위해서는, 당신의 선택지들을 적어 보아라.
⑫ And then quickly give each one a rating from one to ten. 그러고 나서 빠르게 각 선택지에 1부터 10까지의순위를 매겨라.
⑬ Then simply choose the option with the highest rating. 그런 다음 단순하게 가장 높은 순위를 가진 선택지를 골라라.
⑭ You can also practice your decision-making on trivial things, like what to eat for lunch. 당신은 또한 점심으로 무엇을 먹을지와 같은 사소한일에도 당신의 의사결정을 연습할 수 있다.
⑮ If you can get better at making quick, firm decisions on little things, you will be better equipped to tackle important decisions when you need to. 작은 일들에 빠르고, 확실한 결정을 잘할 수 있게 되면, 당신은 필요할 때 중요한 결정들을 다루는 데 더능숙해질 것이다.
⑯ Finally, it can be helpful to acknowledge that many decisions aren't as important as they seem. 마지막으로, 많은 결정들이 보이는 것만큼 중요하지않다는 것을 인정하는 것이 도움이 될 수 있다.
⑰ Just ask yourself, "Will this decision matter in ten years?" 그냥 스스로에게 물어보아라, "이 결정이 10년 후에중요할 것인가?"
⑱ Even if the answer is yes, remember that many decisions are reversible. 만약 답이 그렇다고 해도, 많은 결정들은 되돌릴 수있다는 것을 기억하라.
⑲ For example, if you decide to enroll in an art class only to find that you don't enjoy it, you can just quit. 예를 들어, 당신이 미술 수업에 등록하기로 결정했는데 결국 당신은 그것을 즐기지 않는다는 것을 알게 되었다면, 당신은 그냥 그만둘 수 있다.
⑳ The risk involved in trying something new is usually not that big. 새로운 것을 시도하는 데 따르는 위험은 보통 그렇게 크지 않다.

 

 

 

Unit 13. Animals - Reading 1: Bird's Feathers
① When we think of birds, we usually picture them flying gracefully through the air. 새를 생각할 때, 우리는 흔히 그것들이 상공을 우아하게 나는 모습을 상상한다.
② Not all birds can actually fly, but all birds have wings. 모든 새가 실제로 날 수 있는 건 아니지만, 모든 새는 날개가 있다.
③ However, wings are not unique to birds ― insects and bats also have them. 그러나 날개는 새에게만 있는 특징이 아니다. 곤충과 박쥐에게도 날개가 있다.
④ But what about feathers? 하지만 깃털은 어떤가?
⑤ All birds have feathers, and feathers are only found on birds. 모든 새는 깃털이 있으며, 깃털은 새에게서만 찾아볼 수 있다.
⑥ Feathers are designed to be as light as possible. 깃털은 가능한 한 가볍도록 설계되어 있다.
⑦ Yet they are also very strong and waterproof. 그러나 동시에 매우 튼튼하며 방수가 된다.
⑧ If you look at a feather closely, you'll see that it is made of thousands of tiny parts. 깃털을 자세히 들여다보면, 당신은 그것이 수천 개의 작은 부분들로 이루어져 있다는 것을 알게 될 것이다.
⑨ These parts are joined together in over a million places on a single feather. 이 부분들은 한 개의 깃털에서 백만 군데 이상 결합되어 있다.
⑩ On a bird's wing, the feathers partly cover one another, so no air can pass through. 새의 날개에는 깃털들이 부분적으로 서로를 덮고 있어 공기가 전혀 통과하지 못 한다.
⑪ This makes flight possible and keeps the bird warm. 이는 비행을 가능하게 해주고 새를 따뜻하게 해 준다.
⑫ But not all birds' feathers are the same. 하지만 모든 새의 깃털이 똑같은 것은 아니다.
⑬ For example, albatrosses have strong, broad feathers that allow them to fly long distances. 예를 들어, 앨버트로스는 먼 거리를 날 수 있게 해주는 튼튼하고 폭이 넓은 깃털을 가지고 있다.
⑭ On the other hand, penguins have thick, oily feathers that keep them warm and dry while they swim in icy water. 반면에, 펭귄은 차가운 물속을 헤엄치는 동안 그들을 따뜻하고 마른 상태로 유지해 주는 두껍고 기름기 있는 깃털을 가지고 있다.
⑮ Birds also use their feathers for a variety of other purposes. 새들은 또한 그들의 깃털을 여러 가지 목적으로 사용한다.
⑯ Some birds, for example, use their feathers to keep their eggs warm while they sit on them. 예를 들어, 몇몇 새들은 알을 품는 동안 알을 따뜻하게 유지하기 위해 깃털을 사용한다.
⑰ And some have feathers that are the same color as their environment; this helps them hide from enemies. 그리고 어떤 새들은 그들의 주변 환경과 같은 색의깃털을 가지고 있는데, 이것은 그들이 적으로부터숨을 수 있게 돕는다.
⑱ Other birds, such as the peacock, have very bright and colorful feathers, and they use them to attract a mate. 공작과 같은 다른 새들은 매우 밝고 화려한 깃털을가지고 있으며 그들은 짝을 유인하는 데 깃털을 사용한다.
⑲ The feathers of all birds are different, depending on where and how they live. 모든 새의 깃털은 그들이 어디에서 어떻게 사느냐에따라 다르다.
⑳ While they are often beautiful, they are always essential to each bird species' survival. 이 깃털들이 종종 아름답게 보일지라도 그것들은 새의 각 종(種)의 생존에 있어 항시 필수적이다.

 

 

 

Unit 13. Animals - Reading 2: African Tigerfish
① A bird flying low over a lake may not think there is anything dangerous in the water. 호수 위로 낮게 나는 새는 물속에 위험한 것이 도사리고 있다고 생각하지 않을지도 모른다.
② That is why it is surprised when a fish suddenly jumps out and catches it! 이 때문에 새는 물고기가 갑자기 튀어 올라 자신을잡는 순간 놀라는 것이다!
③ Scientists recently discovered that this is what happens to barn swallows as they fly over the Schroda Dam lake in South Africa. 과학자들은 최근에 이것이 제비들이 남아프리카 공화국의 슈로다 댐 호수 위를 날 때 일어나는 일임을발견했다.
④ The fish that hunt these birds are African tigerfish. 이 새들을 사냥하는 물고기는 아프리카 타이거피시다.
⑤ There are only about five types of freshwater fish in the world that feed on birds. 전 세계에서 새를 먹이로 하는 민물고기는 약 다섯종에 불과하다.
⑥ Most of these fish only do this when a bird falls into the water or paddles on the surface right above them. 이 물고기들의 대부분은 새가 물에 빠지거나 그들바로 위의 수면에서 헤엄치며 돌아다닐 때만 이렇게한다.
⑦ African tigerfish, however, regularly hunt barn swallows. 그러나 아프리카 타이거피시는 정기적으로 제비를사냥한다.
⑧ In fact, they do this every day. 사실상, 그들은 매일 그렇게 한다.
⑨ This may be because there isn't much other food for tigerfish to eat in the Schroda Dam lake. 이것은 아마 슈로다 댐 호수에 타이거피시가 먹을만한 다른 먹이가 많지 않기 때문일 것이다.
⑩ Scientists are amazed by the incredible hunting skills tigerfish have developed. 과학자들은 타이거피시가 발전시킨 엄청난 사냥 능력에 놀란다.
⑪ When a tigerfish spots a barn swallow flying above the lake, it follows the bird by swimming near the surface or deeper in the water. 타이거피시는 호수 위로 날고 있는 제비를 발견하면, 물 표면 가까이나 더 깊은 물 아래에서 헤엄을쳐서 그 새를 쫓아간다.
⑫ It speeds up until it is going faster than the bird. 그것은 새를 추월할 때까지 속도를 낸다.
⑬ Then it considers how the angle of light changes as the light enters the water from the air. 그러고 나서 빛이 대기에서 물로 들어올 때 빛의 각도가 어떻게 변하는지를 고려한다.
⑭ This allows the fish to be sure of the bird's actual position. 이것은 그 물고기가 새의 실제 위치를 확신하도록해준다.
⑮ Finally, the tigerfish jumps out of the water and grabs the barn swallow from the air with its sharp teeth. 최종적으로, 타이거피시는 물 밖으로 튀어 올라 그것의 날카로운 이빨로 공중에서 제비를 잡아챈다.
⑯ This is the opposite of what happens in most food chains. 이것은 대부분의 먹이 사슬에서 일어나는 일과 정반대이다.
⑰ Since it is much more common for birds to hunt fish, the fact that tigerfish feed on barn swallows is quite extraordinary. 새가 물고기를 사냥하는 것이 훨씬 더 일반적이기때문에, 타이거피시가 제비를 먹이로 한다는 사실은상당히 보기 드문 일이다.

 

 

 

Unit 14. Origins - Reading 1: Abracadabra
① The word "abracadabra" is familiar to speakers of many languages. '아브라카다브라'라는 말은 여러 언어 사용자들에게친숙하다.
② These days, it is mainly used by magicians. 요즘에 이 말은 주로 마술사들이 사용한다.
③ They say this "magic" word when they perform a magic trick. 그들은 마술 묘기를 부릴 때 이 '마법의' 말을 한다.
④ But in ancient times, people were more serious about the powers of this word. 그러나 고대에는 사람들이 이 말의 위력에 대해서좀 더 진지했다.
⑤ They believed it could cure fevers and other illnesses. 그들은 그것이 열과 다른 질병들을 치료할 수 있다고 믿었다.
⑥ The first known mention of abracadabra comes from a Roman doctor named Serenus Sammonicus. 아브라카다브라에 관한 최초의 알려진 언급은 세레누스 사모니쿠스라는 로마 의사에게서 비롯되었다.
⑦ In the second century A.D., he wrote a poem called De Medicina Praecepta. 서기 2세기에, 그는 <De Medicina Praecepta>라는 시를 썼다.
⑧ The poem tells of an amulet that sick people wore around their necks. 그 시는 병자들이 그들의 목에 둘렀던 부적에 대해말한다.
⑨ Inside the amulet was a piece of paper with the special word written on it. 부적 안에는 특별한 단어가 쓰인 종잇조각이 있었다.
⑩ The word was written eleven times, but each time it lost its last letter. 그 단어는 11번 쓰였는데, 매번 마지막 철자가 없어졌다.
⑪ Finally, in the eleventh row there was only an "A." 최종적으로, 11번째 행에는 'A' 하나만 남게 되었다.
⑫ The amulet was the shape of a triangle. 그 부적은 삼각형 모양이었다.
⑬ People thought that, together with the word abracadabra, the triangle could remove sickness from the body. 사람들은 아브라카다브라라는 말과 함께, 이 삼각형이 몸에서 병을 몰아낼 수 있다고 여겼다.
⑭ The illness would enter the wide top and flow out through the skinny bottom. 병은 폭이 넓은 맨 윗부분으로 들어와서 좁은 바닥을 통해 흘러 나간다.
⑮ Once gone, it could not reenter the narrow bottom of the triangle. 일단 (병이) 나가면, 그것은 삼각형의 좁은 바닥으로다시 들어올 수 없다.
⑯ Descriptions of this amulet are the first recorded evidence of the word abracadabra, but many people theorize that it is even older. 이 부적에 대한 설명이 아브라카다브라라는 말에 대한 최초의 기록된 증거이긴 하지만, 많은 사람은 그말이 훨씬 더 오래되었다는 이론을 내세운다.
⑰ Some people think it comes from ancient Hebrew: Ab, Ben, and Ruach Cadesh, which means "Father, Son, and Holy Ghost." 어떤 사람들은 그것이 고대 히브리어인 압, 벤, 그리고 루아치 카데시에서 유래한 것이라고 여기는데, 이는 '성부, 성자, 그리고 성령'이라는 뜻이다.
⑱ Others say it comes from Aramaic (from Avra kehdabra, meaning "I will create as I speak"), and still others claim the word is Chaldean. 다른 사람들은 그것이 ('내가 말하는 대로 창조하리라'라는 뜻의 아브라 케다브라에서 비롯된) 아람어에서 왔다고도 하고, 그럼에도 또 다른 이들은 그 말이 칼데아어라고 주장한다.
⑲ The answer is buried in history and will probably never be known. 정답은 역사 속에 묻혀 있고 아마도 끝내 밝혀지지않을 것이다.
⑳ But one thing is for sure: abracadabra is more than just a word used by magicians when they wave their magic wands. 그러나 한 가지는 확실한데, 아브라카다브라는 마술사들이 그들의 마법 지팡이를 흔들 때 사용되는 말그 이상이라는 점이다.

 

 

 

Unit 14. Origins - Reading 2: The Christmas Lectures
① The Royal Institution Christmas Lectures began in Great Britain more than 180 years ago. 영국 왕립연구소 크리스마스 강연은 180여 년 전에영국에서 시작되었다.
② They are held in London every December during the holiday break, which makes it easier for students to attend them. 강연은 매년 12월 연휴 기간 동안 런던에서 열리는데, 이는 학생들이 더 쉽게 강연에 참석하도록 한다.
③ Although the lectures are scientific and given by experts in their fields, they are so easy to understand that even young students can enjoy them. 강연은 과학에 관한 것이고 그 분야의 전문가들에의해 행해지지만, 이해하기 아주 쉬워서 심지어 어린 학생들도 즐길 수 있다.
④ The lectures were originally proposed by an English scientist named Michael Faraday in 1825. 이 강연은 원래 1825년에 마이클 패러데이라는 영국의 한 과학자에 의해 제안되었다.
⑤ At that time, Faraday was serving as the director of the laboratory at the Royal Institution. 그 당시에, 패러데이는 영국 왕립연구소에서 연구실책임자로 재직 중이었다.
⑥ He was interested in educating children who were too poor to attend school regularly. 그는 너무 가난해서 정식으로 학교에 다니지 못하는아이들을 교육하는 데 관심이 있었다.
⑦ Faraday himself came from a poor family and had a difficult time getting a proper education. 패러데이 자신도 가난한 집안 출신이었기에 제대로된 교육을 받는 데 어려움을 겪었다.
⑧ Inspired by a lecture given by the scientist Humphry Davy, Faraday dedicated himself to science at an early age. 과학자인 험프리 데이비의 강연에 영감을 받아, 패러데이는 어린 나이에 과학에 전념했다.
⑨ Over time, he made many contributions to the field, and he was honored by the government with an offer of a house and a pension. 시간이 지나면서 그는 그 분야에 많은 공헌을 했고, 정부로부터 집과 연금을 제의받는 영예를 누렸다.
⑩ He refused the offer, but recalling his own experience, he requested one thing: that poor children be provided with educational opportunities. 그는 그 제의를 거절하였지만, 자기 자신의 경험을떠올리고는 한 가지를 요청했는데 가난한 아이들이교육의 기회를 제공받아야 한다는 것이었다.
⑪ Thus, the Christmas Lectures were born. 그렇게 해서 크리스마스 강연이 탄생하였다.
⑫ The Christmas Lectures have inspired many people to consider careers in the field of science. 크리스마스 강연은 많은 사람이 과학 분야의 직업을고려해 보도록 고무했다.
⑬ The mathematician Marcus du Sautoy, who gave a lecture in 2006, was taken to the Christmas Lectures when he was 12. 수학자 마커스 드 사토이는 2006년에 강연을 했는데 그는 12살 때 크리스마스 강연에 따라갔었다.
⑭ It was that experience that made him decide to become a scientist. 그가 과학자가 되기로 결심하게 만든 것은 바로 그경험이었다.
⑮ These days, the Christmas Lectures have become a global event. 오늘날, 크리스마스 강연은 세계적인 행사가 되었다.
⑯ They have been broadcast in various countries including Korea. 강연들은 한국을 포함한 여러 나라에서 방송되었다.
⑰ They can also be watched online now. 그것들은 이제 온라인으로도 볼 수 있다.
⑱ Whether you are interested in science or not, why not consider listening to one? 당신이 과학에 관심이 있든 없든 간에, 하나 들어 보는 게 어떤가?

 

 

 

Unit 15. Economics - Reading 1: Conceptual Consumption
① Today, people consume to meet not only their physical needs but also their psychological needs. 오늘날, 사람들은 자신의 육체적 필요뿐만 아니라심리적 필요 또한 충족시키기 위해서 소비한다.
② For example, when choosing a new smartphone, many people ignore its features. 예를 들면, 새로운 스마트폰을 고를 때, 많은 사람들은 그것의 특징들은 무시한다.
③ They simply choose a famous brand. 그들은 단순히 유명한 브랜드를 고른다.
④ In this case, it is the concept of the brand that they consume, not the product itself. 이 경우, 그들이 소비하는 것은 제품 그 자체가 아니라 브랜드라는 개념이다.
⑤ This is known as conceptual consumption. 이것은 개념적 소비로 알려져 있다.
⑥ There are several kinds of conceptual consumption. 개념적 소비에는 몇 가지 종류가 있다.
⑦ The first involves expectations ― when we purchase something, we have an expectation of its value. 첫 번째는 기대를 포함하는데 우리는 어떤 것을 구매할 때, 그것의 가치에 대한 기대를 가진다는 것이다.
⑧ In one experiment, pleasure centers in the brain were more active when people thought they were drinking expensive wine rather than cheap wine. 한 실험에서, 사람들이 저렴한 와인보다는 비싼 와인을 마시고 있다고 생각할 때 뇌의 쾌락 중추들이더 활동적이었다.
⑨ In fact, however, both were the same cheap wine. 그러나, 사실 둘 다 똑같은 저렴한 와인이었다.
⑩ This shows people's expectations can affect how pleasurable their experience of consuming is. 이것은 사람들의 기대가 그들의 소비 경험이 얼마나즐거운지에 영향을 줄 수 있다는 것을 보여 준다.
⑪ The second type of conceptual consumption involves experiences. 개념적 소비의 두 번째 유형은 경험을 포함한다.
⑫ People want to possess new and interesting experiences they can show off to others. 사람들은 다른 사람들에게 과시할 수 있는 새롭고흥미로운 경험을 갖고 싶어 한다.
⑬ This kind of experience-seeking explains why some people choose to stay in a hotel made of ice rather than a fancy hotel. 이런 종류의 경험 추구는 왜 일부 사람들이 고급 호텔보다는 얼음으로 만들어진 호텔에 머무르는 것을선택하는지 설명한다.
⑭ They are willing to accept an inferior physical experience to enjoy a superior conceptual one. 그들은 우수한 개념적 경험을 즐기기 위해서 열등한육체적 경험을 흔쾌히 받아들인다.
⑮ The consumption of memories is the final type. 기억의 소비는 마지막 유형이다.
⑯ People sometimes value the memory of an experience over the experience itself. 사람들은 때때로 어떤 경험에 대한 기억을 경험 그자체보다 더 가치 있게 여긴다.
⑰ For example, a couple that eats an amazing meal at a restaurant may never return for a second meal. 예를 들면, 레스토랑에서 훌륭한 식사를 한 커플은두 번째 식사를 위해 결코 돌아오지 않을지도 모른다.
⑱ This is because they worry that a second visit could ruin the special memory of their first experience. 왜냐하면 그들은 두 번째 방문이 그들의 첫 번째 경험의 특별한 기억을 망칠 수 있다고 걱정하기 때문이다.
⑲ This shows concepts sometimes encourage us to consume less rather than more. 이것은 개념들이 때로는 우리가 더 많이 소비하기보다는 더 적게 소비하도록 장려한다는 것을 보여 준다.
⑳ Learning about conceptual consumption can help marketers understand the motivations of modern consumers and easily persuade them to purchase products. 개념적 소비에 대해 배우는 것은 마케팅 담당자들이현대 소비자들의 동기를 이해하고 그들이 제품을 구매하도록 쉽게 설득하는 것을 도울 수 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 15. Economics - Reading 2: TOEFL (The World Bank)
① The World Bank 세계은행
② During World War II, many countries in Europe suffered great destruction. 제2차 세계 대전 중에 유럽의 많은 나라가 대규모의파괴를 겪었다.
③ After the war ended, they needed help to rebuild their cities and to improve their economies. 전쟁이 끝난 후, 그들은 도시를 재건하고 경기를 회복하기 위한 도움이 필요했다.
④ The World Bank was founded in 1944 to help these countries by lending them money. 세계은행은 이 국가들에게 돈을 빌려줌으로써 그들을 원조하기 위해 1944년에 설립되었다.
⑤ Today the European economy is strong, but the World Bank continues to work. 오늘날 유럽 경제는 튼튼하지만, 세계은행은 여전히활동하고 있다.
⑥ It now lends money to developing countries, providing them with low-interest or interest-free loans. 그것은 이제 개발 도상국에 돈을 빌려주고 있는데, 저금리 또는 무이자 차관을 제공한다.
⑦ With these loans, a developing country can restructure and improve its economy. 이 차관으로, 개발 도상국은 경제를 재건하고 개선할 수 있다.
⑧ This is helpful because, when rich governments give loans, they usually insist on very high interest rates. 이는 도움이 되는데 부유한 정부들이 대출을 해줄때 보통 매우 높은 이자율을 고집하기 때문이다.
⑨ It also gives poor countries more time to pay the money back, from 15 to 20 years. 세계은행은 또한 빈곤한 나라들에 15년에서 20년까지의 더 긴 상환 기간을 준다.
⑩ The World Bank also helps developing countries in a more direct way. 세계은행은 또한 더 직접적인 방법으로 개발 도상국을 돕고 있다.
⑪ While some organizations simply give food to poor countries, the World Bank uses education as a more long-term solution. 일부 단체들이 단순히 가난한 나라에 식량을 주는데 반해, 세계은행은 더 장기적인 해결책으로 교육을 활용한다.
⑫ It helps farmers learn new farming techniques so that they can grow more food. 세계은행은 농부들이 더 많은 식량을 재배할 수 있도록 그들이 새로운 농사 기술을 배우게 돕는다.
⑬ This way, there will be more food for everyone, and farmers will make a better living. 이 방법으로 모든 사람에게 더 많은 식량이 생길 것이고, 농부들도 더 나은 삶을 살게 될 것이다.
⑭ As a result, they will have more money to put back into the economy. 그 결과, 그들은 경제에 환원할 더 많은 돈을 벌게될 것이다.
⑮ In addition, the World Bank tries to stop the suffering caused by diseases. 게다가, 세계은행은 질병으로 인한 고통을 없애기위해 노력한다.
⑯ To improve general health, developing countries need doctors and nurses. 전반적인 건강 상태를 개선하기 위해 개발 도상국들은 의사와 간호사를 필요로 한다.
⑰ The World Bank helps local governments create opportunities for people to get a medical education. 세계은행은 지역 정부가 사람들이 의료 교육을 받을수 있는 기회를 창출하는 것을 돕는다.
⑱ This way, more doctors and nurses can help sick people. 이렇게 해서 더 많은 의사와 간호사가 아픈 사람들을 도울 수 있다.
⑲ The organization does, however, face some criticism for the projects it chooses to support. 하지만 이 기구는 그것이 지원하기로 한 프로젝트들때문에 일부 비판에 직면한다.
⑳ In 1981, for example, the development program it funded in Brazil led to an increase in rainforest destruction. 예를 들어, 1981년 브라질에서 세계은행이 자금을지원한 개발 프로그램은 열대 우림의 파괴를 가중시켰다.
㉑ Also, it allows powerful countries to dominate its decision-making process, often ignoring voices from the nations most directly affected by its actions. 또한, 힘이 강한 나라들이 의사 결정 과정을 독식하게 하여, 그 조치들에 가장 직접적인 영향을 받는 나라들의 목소리를 종종 무시하는 결과를 낳기도 한다.

 

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[2] 2023 06 – 18결석 사유 제출 안내  협조 요청 공문

① Dear parents,

 친애하는 부모님께,

② Regular attendance at school is essential in maximizing student potential.

 학생의 잠재력을 극대화하는 데는 학교에 규칙적으로 출석하는 것이 필수적입니다.

③ Recently, we've become concerned about the number of unapproved absences across all grades.

 최근에우리는  학년에 걸쳐 승인되지 않은 결석 수에 대해 우려하고 있습니다.

④ I would like to further clarify that your role as a parent is to approve any school absence.

 저는 부모로서의 당신의 역할이 학교 결석을 승인하는 것이라는 것을  명확히 하고 싶습니다.

⑤ Parents must provide an explanation for absences to the school within 7 days from the first day of any period of absence.

 학부모들은 결석 첫날로부터 7 이내에 결석에 대한 설명을 학교에 제공해야 합니다.

⑥ Where an explanation has not been received within the 7-day time frame, the school will record the absence as unjustified on the student's record.

 7일의 기간 내에 설명이 주어지지 않을 경우학교는 결석을 정당하지 않은 것으로 학생부에 기록할 것입니다.

⑦ Please ensure that you go to the parent portal site and register the reason any time your child is absent.

 반드시 학부모 포털 사이트에 들어가서 자녀가 결석할 때마다 사유를 등록해 주십시오.

⑧ Please approve all absences, so that your child will not be at a disadvantage.

 자녀가 불이익에 처하지 않도록 모든 결석을 승인해 주십시오.

⑨ Many thanks for your cooperation.

 협조해 주셔서 대단히 감사합니다.

⑩ Sincerely, Natalie Brown, Vice Principal

 진심으로교감, Natalie Brown

 

[2] 2023 06 – 19우편물 수령  기쁨의 상황 묘사

① Ester stood up as soon as she heard the hum of a hover engine outside.

 밖에서 호버 엔진의 윙윙거리는 소리가 들리자마자 Ester 일어섰다.

② "Mail," she shouted and ran down the third set of stairs and swung open the door.

 "편지,"라고 외치며 그녀는 계단을  칸씩 뛰어내려가 문을  열었다.

③ It was pouring now, but she ran out into the rain.

 비가 쏟아지고 있었지만 그녀는 빗속으로 뛰어나갔다.

④ She was facing the mailbox.

 그녀는 우체통을 마주하고 있었다.

⑤ There was a single, unopened letter inside.

 안에는 뜯지 않은 편지  통이 들어 있었다.

⑥ She was sure this must be what she was eagerly waiting for.

 그녀는 이것이 그녀가 간절히 기다리고 있는 것임에 틀림 없다고 확신했다.

⑦ Without hesitation, she tore open the envelope.

 망설임 없이 그녀는 봉투를 뜯어서 열었다.

⑧ She pulled out the paper and unfolded it.

 그녀는 종이를 꺼내 펼쳤다.

⑨ The letter said, 'Thank you for applying to our company.

 편지에는 '우리 회사에 지원해 주셔서 감사합니다.

⑩ We would like to invite you to our internship program.

 우리는 당신을 인턴십 프로그램에 초대하고 싶습니다.

⑪ We look forward to seeing you soon.'

 우리는 당신을  뵙기를 기대합니다.'라고 쓰여 있었다.

⑫ She jumped up and down and looked down at the letter again.

 그녀는 펄쩍펄쩍 뛰며 다시 편지를 내려다보았다.

⑬ She couldn't wait to tell this news to her family.

 그녀는  소식을 가족들에게 빨리 전하고 싶었다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 20새로운 기술의 지속가능한 발전을 위한 영향 평가의 필요성

① The introduction of new technologies clearly has both positive and negative impacts for sustainable development.

 신기술의 도입은 지속 가능한 발전에 긍정적인 영향과 부정적인 영향을 분명히 미친다.

② Good management of technological resources needs to take them fully into account.

 기술 자원을  관리하려면 그것들을 충분히 고려해야 한다.

③ Technological developments in sectors such as nuclear energy and agriculture provide examples of how not only environmental benefits but also risks to the environment or human health can accompany technological advances.

 원자력과 농업과 같은 분야의 기술 발전은 환경적 이익뿐만 아니라 환경이나 인간의 건강에 대한 위험이 어떻게 기술 발전에 수반될  있는지에 대한 예를 제공한다.

④ New technologies have profound social impacts as well.

 새로운 기술은 또한 심오한 사회적 영향을 끼친다.

⑤ Since the industrial revolution, technological advances have changed the nature of skills needed in workplaces, creating certain types of jobs and destroying others, with impacts on employment patterns.

 산업혁명 이후 기술의 발전은 직장에서 요구되는 기술의 본질을 변화시켜 고용 패턴에 영향을 미치며 특정 유형의 일자리를 창출하고 다른 유형의 일자리는 소멸시켰다.

⑥ New technologies need to be assessed for their full potential impacts, both positive and negative.

 신기술은 긍정적이고 부정적인모든 잠재적 영향들에 대해 평가되어야 한다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 21미국 전통 음식 문화의 상실 우려

① North America's native cuisine met the same unfortunate fate as its native people, save for a few relics like the Thanksgiving turkey.

 추수감사절 칠면조와 같은  가지 전해 내려오는 풍속을 제외하고북미의 토착 요리는 원주민들과 같은 불행한 운명을 맞이했다.

② Certainly, we still have regional specialties, but the Carolina barbecue will almost certainly have California tomatoes in its sauce, and the Louisiana gumbo is just as likely to contain Indonesian farmed shrimp.

 확실히우리는 여전히 지역 특색 음식을 가지고 있지만, Carolina 바비큐는 거의 확실히 California 토마토를 소스에 넣을 것이고, Louisiana 검보도 인도네시아 양식 새우를 포함할 것이다.

③ If either of these shows up on a fast-food menu with lots of added fats or HFCS, we seem unable either to discern or resist the corruption.

 만약 이것들  하나가 지방이나 액상 과당이 많이 첨가되어 패스트푸드 메뉴에 나타난다면우리는  붕괴를 식별하거나 막을  없을  같다.

④ We have yet to come up with a strong set of generalized norms, passed down through families, for savoring and sensibly consuming what our land and climate give us.

 우리는 아직 우리의 땅과 기후가 우리에게 주는 것을 음미하고 현명하게 소비하기 위해가계를 통해 전해져 내려오는 강력한 일반화된 규범을 생각해내지 못했다.

⑤ We have, instead, a string of fad diets convulsing our bookstores and bellies, one after another, at the scale of the national best seller.

 대신우리는 전국적인 베스트셀러의 규모로 서점과 배에 연이어  소동을 일으키는 일련의 유행하는 식단을 가지고 있다.

⑥ Nine out of ten nutritionists view this as evidence that we have entirely lost our marbles.

 10  9명의 영양학자들은 이것을 우리가 완전히 우리의 분별력을 잃었다는 증거로 본다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 22: AI 시대에 인간의 감정 지능 역량이 중요해질 

① Perhaps, the advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the workplace may bode well for Emotional Intelligence (EI).

 아마도직장에서 인공 지능(AI) 출현은 감성 지능(EI) 좋은 징조가   있다.

② As AI gains momentum and replaces people in jobs at every level, predictions are, there will be a premium placed on people who have high ability in EI.

 AI 추진력을 받고 모든 수준의 일자리에서 사람들을 대신함에 따라높은 EI 능력을 가진 사람들에게 프리미엄이 주어질 것이라는 전망이 있다.

③ The emotional messages people send and respond to while interacting are, at this point, far beyond the ability of AI programs to mimic.

 사람들이 상호 작용하는 동안 보내고 반응하는 감정적인 메시지들은이러한 점에서, AI 프로그램의 모방하는 능력을 훨씬 넘어선다.

④ As we get further into the age of the smart machine, it is likely that sensing and managing emotions will remain one type of intelligence that puzzles AI.

 우리가 스마트 기기의 시대로 접어들수록감정을 감지하고 관리하는 것은 AI 당혹하게 하는 지능의  유형으로 남을 것이다.

⑤ This means people and jobs involving EI are safe from being taken over by machines.

 이것은 EI 관련된 사람들과 직업들이 기계에 의해 점령되는 것으로부터 안전하다는 것을 의미한다.

⑥ In a survey, almost three out of four executives see EI as a "must-have" skill for the workplace in the future as the automatizing of routine tasks bumps up against the impossibility of creating effective AI for activities that require emotional skill.

  설문 조사에서일상적인 업무의 자동화가 정서적 기술이 필요한 활동에 효과적인 AI 만드는 것이 불가능하다는 점에 부딪히면서임원      가량이 EI 향후 직장의 "필수기술로 보고 있다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 23교육 과정에서 분야  용어 통일의 필요성

① Education must focus on the trunk of the tree of knowledge, revealing the ways in which the branches, twigs, and leaves all emerge from a common core.

 교육은 나뭇가지잔가지잎이 모두 공통의 핵심에서 나오는 방식을 밝히면서지식의 나무 줄기에 초점을 맞춰야 한다.

② Tools for thinking stem from this core, providing a common language with which practitioners in different fields may share their experience of the process of innovation and discover links between their creative activities.

 다양한 분야의 실무자들이 혁신 과정에 대한 경험을 공유하고 그들의 창의적 활동 사이의 연결 고리를 발견할  있는 공통 언어를 제공하면서사고를 위한 도구는  핵심에서 비롯된다.

③ When the same terms are employed across the curriculum, students begin to link different subjects and classes.

 교육과정 전반에 걸쳐 동일한 용어가 사용될 학생들은 서로 다른 과목들과 수업들을 연결하기 시작한다.

④ If they practice abstracting in writing class, if they work on abstracting in painting or drawing class, and if, in all cases, they call it abstracting, they begin to understand how to think beyond disciplinary boundaries.

 글쓰기 수업에서 추상을 연습하고회화나 그림 그리기 수업에서 추상을 연습하고그리고 모든 경우에 그들이 그것을 추상이라고 일컫는다면그들은 학문의 경계를 넘어 사고하는 방법을 이해하기시작한다.

⑤ They see how to transform their thoughts from one mode of conception and expression to another.

 그들은 그들의 생각을 하나의 개념과 표현 방식에서 다른 방식으로 바꾸는 방법을 알게 된다.

⑥ Linking the disciplines comes naturally when the terms and tools are presented as part of a universal imagination.

 용어들과 도구들이 보편적 상상력의 일부로 제시될  학문들을 연결하는 것은 자연스럽게 이루어진다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 24언어는 시대와 함께 지속적으로 변화함

① New words and expressions emerge continually in response to new situations, ideas and feelings.

 새로운 상황생각감정에 반응하여 새로운 단어들과 표현들이 계속해서 생겨난다.

② The Oxford English Dictionary publishes supplements of new words and expressions that have entered the language.

 Oxford 영어 사전은  언어에 등장한 새로운 단어들과 표현들의 추가분을 출판한다.

③ Some people deplore this kind of thing and see it as a drift from correct English.

 어떤 사람들은 이런 일을 한탄하고 그것을 올바른 영어에서 벗어난 것으로 본다.

④ But it was only in the eighteenth century that any attempt was made to formalize spelling and punctuation of English at all.

 그러나 영어의 철자와 구두법을 공식화하려는 시도는 18세기에 이르러서야 이루어졌다.

⑤ The language we speak in the twenty-first century would be virtually unintelligible to Shakespeare, and so would his way of speaking to us.

 21세기에 우리가 사용하는 언어는 Shakespeare에게는 사실상 이해되기 어려울 것이며우리에게도 그의 말하는 방식은 마찬가지일 것이다.

⑥ Alvin Toffler estimated that Shakespeare would probably only understand about 250,000 of the 450,000 words in general use in the English language now.

 Alvin Toffler Shakespeare 현재 영어에서 일반적으로 사용되는 450,000개의 단어   250,000개만을 이해할 것이라고 추정했다.

⑦ In other words, so to speak, if Shakespeare were to materialize in London today he would understand, on average, only five out of every nine words in our vocabulary.

 다시 말해서말하자면만약 Shakespeare 오늘날 런던에 나타난다면그는 평균적으로 우리의 어휘에 있는 9개의 단어당 5개만 이해할 것이다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 25: 2019 기준 국가별 학생 교사 비율 그래프

① The graph above shows the average number of students per teacher in public elementary and secondary schools across selected countries in 2019.

  그래프는 선정된 국가들의 2019 공립 .중등학교 교사 1인당 평균 학생 수를 보여준다.

② Belgium was the only country with a smaller number of students per teacher than the OECD average in both public elementary and secondary schools.

 벨기에는 공립 초등학교와 중등학교 모두에서 교사 1인당 학생 수가 OECD 평균보다 적은 유일한 나라였다.

③ In both public elementary and secondary schools, the average number of students per teacher was the largest in Mexico.

 공립 초등학교와 중등학교 모두에서교사 1인당 평균 학생 수는 멕시코에서 가장 많았다.

④ In public elementary schools, there was a smaller number of students per teacher on average in Germany than in Japan, whereas the reverse was true in public secondary schools.

 공립 초등학교에서는 교사 1인당 평균 학생 수가 일본보다 독일에서 적은 반면공립 중등학교에서는  반대였다.

⑤ The average number of students per teacher in public secondary schools in Germany was less than half that in the United Kingdom.

 독일에서 공립 중등학교의 교사 1인당 평균 학생 수는 영국의 절반보다 적었다.

⑥ Of the five countries, Mexico was the only country with more students per teacher in public secondary schools than in public elementary schools.

 5개국  멕시코는 공립 중등학교의 교사 1인당 학생 수가 공립 초등학교보다 많은 유일한 나라였다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 26식물학자  레이의 생애 소개

① Born in 1627 in Black Notley, Essex, England, John Ray was the son of the village blacksmith.

 1627 잉글랜드 Essex Black Notley에서 태어난 John Ray 마을 대장장이의 아들이었다.

② At 16, he went to Cambridge University, where he studied widely and lectured on topics from Greek to mathematics, before joining the priesthood in 1660.

 16세에 그는 Cambridge 대학교에 들어가서 폭넓게 공부하고 그리스어부터 수학까지 강의를 하다가 1660년에 성직자의 길로 들어섰다.

③ To recover from an illness in 1650, he had taken to nature walks and developed an interest in botany.

 1650 병에서 회복하기 위해그는 자연을 산책하기 시작했고 식물학에 대한 관심을 키웠다.

④ Accompanied by his wealthy student and supporter Francis Willughby, Ray toured Britain and Europe in the 1660s, studying and collecting plants and animals.

 부유한 학생이자 후원자인 Francis Willughby 함께 Ray 1660년대에 영국과 유럽을 여행했고 식물과 동물을 연구하고 수집했다.

⑤ He married Margaret Oakley in 1673 and, after leaving Willughby's household, lived quietly in Black Notley to the age of 77.

 그는 1673 Margaret Oakley 결혼했고, Willughby 집안을 떠난 후에는 Black Notley에서 77세까지 조용히 살았다.

⑥ He spent his later years studying samples in order to assemble plant and animal catalogues.

 그는 동식물 목록을 만들기 위해 표본을 연구하면서 말년을 보냈다.

⑦ He wrote more than twenty works on theology and his travels, as well as on plants and their form and function.

 그는 식물과  형태기능뿐만 아니라 신학과 그의 여행에 관한 20 이상의 저서를 썼다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 29자기보고식 설문조사의 한계와 사회적 동기 편향

① Research psychologists often work with self-report data, made up of participants' verbal accounts of their behavior.

 연구 심리학자들은 종종 자기 보고 데이터로 작업을 하는데이는 참가자들의 행동에 대한 구두 설명으로 구성되어 있다.

② This is the case whenever questionnaires, interviews, or personality inventories are used to measure variables.

 변인을 측정하기 위해 설문지면접 또는 성격 목록이 사용될 때마다 이에 해당한다.

③ Self-report methods can be quite useful.

 자기 보고 방법은  유용할  있다.

④ They take advantage of the fact that people have a unique opportunity to observe themselves full-time.

 그것들은 사람들이 자신을 풀타임으로 관찰할  있는 유일한 기회를 가진다는 사실을 이용한다.

⑤ However, self-reports can be plagued by several kinds of distortion.

 그러나자기 보고는  가지 종류의 왜곡으로 인해 오염될  있다.

⑥ One of the most problematic of these distortions is the social desirability bias, which is a tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself.

 이러한 왜곡  가장 문제가 되는 하나는 사회적 바람직성 편향인데이것은 사회적으로 승인된 답을 자신에 관한 질문에 제공하는 경향이다.

⑦ Subjects who are influenced by this bias work overtime trying to create a favorable impression, especially when subjects are asked about sensitive issues.

 이러한 편향에 영향을 받은 피실험자들은 특히 민감한 문제에 대해 질문받을  호의적인 인상을 만들기 위해 추가적으로 노력한다.

⑧ For example, many survey respondents will report that they voted in an election or gave to a charity when in fact it is possible to determine that they did not.

 예를 들어많은 설문 조사 응답자들은 사실은 하지 않았다고 결정하는 것이 가능할  선거에서 투표했다거나 자선 단체에 기부했다고 보고할 것이다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 30비관세 장벽이 개발도상국 수출에 미치는 어려움

① Over the past several decades, there have been some agreements to reduce the debt of poor nations, but other economic challenges (like trade barriers) remain.

 지난 수십  동안가난한 나라들의 부채를 줄이기 위한  가지 합의가 있었지만다른 경제적 과제(무역 장벽과 같은) 남아 있다.

② Nontariff trade measures, such as quotas, subsidies, and restrictions on exports, are increasingly prevalent and may be enacted for policy reasons having nothing to do with trade.

 할당제보조금수출 제한과 같은 비관세 무역 조치가 점점  널리 퍼지고 있으며 무역과 무관한 정책적 이유로 제정될  있다.

③ However, they have a discriminatory effect on exports from countries that lack the resources to comply with requirements of nontariff measures imposed by rich nations.

 그러나 그것들은 부유한 국가들에 의해 부과된 비관세 조치의 요건을 준수할 자원이 부족한 국가들의 수출에 차별적인 효과를 가진다.

④ For example, the huge subsidies that rich nations give to their farmers make it very difficult for farmers in the rest of the world to compete with them.

 예를 들어부유한 국가들이 자국의 농부들에게 주는 막대한 보조금은  세계 나머  국가들의 농부들이 그들과 경쟁하는 것을 매우 어렵게 만든다.

⑤ Another example would be domestic health or safety regulations, which, though not specifically targeting imports, could impose significant costs on foreign manufacturers seeking to conform to the importer's market.

  다른 예는 국내 보건 또는 안전 규제인데이것은구체적으로 수입을 목표로 삼진 않지만수입자 시장에 순응하고자 하는 외국 제조업체에 상당한 비용을 부과할  있다.

⑥ Industries in developing markets may have more difficulty absorbing these additional costs.

 개발도상국 시장의 산업은 이러한 추가 비용을 부담하는   많은 어려움을 겪을  있다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 31환경 규제가 혁신을 촉진한 사례

① In the course of his research on business strategy and the environment, Michael Porter noticed a peculiar pattern: Businesses seemed to be profiting from regulation.

 비즈니스 전략과 환경을 연구하는 과정에서, Michael Porter 기업이 규제로부터 이익을 얻는 것처럼 보인다는 독특한 패턴을 발견했다.

② He also discovered that the stricter regulations were prompting more innovation than the weaker ones.

 그는 또한  엄격한 규제가 느슨한 규제보다  많은 혁신을 유발하고 있다는 것을 발견했다.

③ The Dutch flower industry provides an illustration.

 네덜란드의  산업은 하나의 예시이다.

④ For many years, the companies producing Holland's world-renowned tulips and other cut flowers were also contaminating the country's water and soil with fertilizers and pesticides.

 수년 동안네덜란드의 세계적으로 유명한 튤립과 다른 꽃들을 생산하는 회사들은 또한 비료와 농약으로   라의 물과 토양을 오염시키고 있었다.

⑤ In 1991, the Dutch government adopted a policy designed to cut pesticide use in half by 2000 ― a goal they ultimately achieved.

 1991네덜란드 정부는 2000년까지 농약 사용을 절반으로 줄이도록 고안된 정책을 채택했는데이것은 그들이 궁극적으로 달성한 목표였다.

⑥ Facing increasingly strict regulation, greenhouse growers realized they had to develop new methods if they were going to maintain product quality with fewer pesticides.

 점점  엄격한 규제에 직면하면서온실 재배자들은  적은 양의 농약으로 상품의 품질을 유지하려면 새로운 방법을 개발해야만 한다는 것을 깨달았다.

⑦ In response, they shifted to a cultivation method that circulates water in closed-loop systems and grows flowers in a rock wool substrate.

 이에 그들은 폐쇄 루프 방식으로 물을 순환시키고 암모 배양판에서 꽃을 키우는 재배 방식으로 전환했다.

⑧ The new system not only reduced the pollution released into the environment; it also increased profits by giving companies greater control over growing conditions.

 새로운 시스템은 환경에 배출되는 오염을 감소시켰을 뿐만 아니라회사들이 재배 조건을   통제할  있게 함으로써 이익을 증가시켰다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 32노력보다 결과를 중요시하는 경향에 대한 비판

① It's hard to pay more for the speedy but highly skilled person, simply because there's less effort being observed.

 빠르지만 고도로 숙련된 사람에게  많은 돈을 지불하기는 어려운데 이유는 단순히 관찰되는 노력이 적기 때문이다.

② Two researchers once did a study in which they asked people how much they would pay for data recovery.

  명의 연구원이 사람들에게 데이터 복구에 얼마를 지불할 것인지를 묻는 연구를  적이 있다.

③ They found that people would pay a little more for a greater quantity of rescued data, but what they were most sensitive to was the number of hours the technician worked.

 그들은 사람들이  많은 양의 복구된 데이터에 대해 조금  많은 돈을 지불할 것이라는 것을 발견했지만사람들이 가장 민감하게 여기는 것은 기술자가 일한 시간이었다.

④ When the data recovery took only a few minutes, willingness to pay was low, but when it took more than a week to recover the same amount of data, people were willing to pay much more.

 데이터 복구에  분밖에 걸리지 않았을 지불 의사가 낮았지만같은 양의 데이터를 복구하는  일주일 이상이 걸렸을 훨씬  많은 비용을 지불할 의사가 있었다.

⑤ Think about it: They were willing to pay more for the slower service with the same outcome.

 생각해 보라그들은 같은 결과에 대해  느린 서비스에  많은 비용을 기꺼이 지불하고자 했다.

⑥ Fundamentally, when we value effort over outcome, we're paying for incompetence.

 근본적으로우리가 결과보다 노력을 중시할 우리는 무능함에 비용을 지불하는 것이다.

⑦ Although it is actually irrational, we feel more rational, and more comfortable, paying for incompetence.

 비록 그것이 실제로는 비합리적이지만우리는 무능함에 지불하면서 이성적이고 편하다고 느낀다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 33환경과 교류를 통해 지적 성장이 일어남  

① In adolescence many of us had the experience of falling under the sway of a great book or writer.

 청소년기에 우리  다수는 위대한 책이나 작가의 영향을 받은 경험이 있다.

② We became entranced by the novel ideas in the book, and because we were so open to influence, these early encounters with exciting ideas sank deeply into our minds and became part of our own thought processes, affecting us decades after we absorbed them.

 우리는  속의 참신한 아이디어에 매료되었고영향에 매우 열려 있었기 때문에흥미로운 아이디어와의 이러한 초기 만남은 우리의 마음속 깊이 가라 앉았고 우리 자신의 사고 과정의 일부가 되었고그것들을 흡수한지 수십 년이 지난 후에 우리에게 영향을 미쳤다.

③ Such influences enriched our mental landscape, and in fact our intelligence depends on the ability to absorb the lessons and ideas of those who are older and wiser.

 그러한 영향들은 우리의 정신적 풍경을 풍부하게 했고사실 우리의 지성은  나이가 많고  현명한 사람들의 교훈과 생각을 흡수하는 능력에 달려 있다.

④ Just as the body tightens with age, however, so does the mind.

 그러나나이가 들면서 몸이 경직되는 것처럼 마음도 그러하다.

⑤ And just as our sense of weakness and vulnerability motivated the desire to learn, so does our creeping sense of superiority slowly close us off to new ideas and influences.

 그리고 약점과 취약성에 대한 우리의 깨달음이 학습 욕구를 자극했듯이슬며시 다가오는 우월감도 새로운 생각과 영향력에 대해 서서히 우리를 닫는다.

⑥ Some may advocate that we all become more skeptical in the modern world, but in fact a far greater danger comes from the increasing closing of the mind that burdens us as individuals as we get older, and seems to be burdening our culture in general.

 어떤 사람들은 현대 세계에서 우리가 모두  회의적으로 된다고 주장할지도 모르지만사실 훨씬   위험은 우리가 나이가 들수록 개인으로서 우리에게 부담을 주고일반적으로 우리의 문화에 부담을 주는 것처럼 보이는 점차적인 마음의 폐쇄에서 온다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 34대중 여론이 반드시 옳지 않을  있음

① Many people look for safety and security in popular thinking.

 많은 사람이 대중적인 사고에서 안전과 안심을 찾는다.

② They figure that if a lot of people are doing something, then it must be right.

 그들은 만약 많은 사람이 무언가를 하고 있다면그것은 틀림없이 옳을 것으로 생각한다.

③ It must be a good idea.

 그것은 좋은 생각임이 틀림없다.

④ If most people accept it, then it probably represents fairness, equality, compassion, and sensitivity, right?

 만약 대부분의 사람들이 그것을 받아들인다면그것은 아마도 공정함평등함동정심그리고 민감성을 상징할 것이다그러한가?

⑤ Not necessarily.

  그렇다고  수는 없다.

⑥ Popular thinking said the earth was the center of the universe, yet Copernicus studied the stars and planets and proved mathematically that the earth and the other planets in our solar system revolved around the sun.

 대중적인 사고는 지구가 우주의 중심이라고 했지만, Copernicus 별과 행성을 연구했고 지구와 태양계의 다른 행성들이 태양 주위를 돈다는 것을 수학적으로 증명했다.

⑦ Popular thinking said surgery didn't require clean instruments, yet Joseph Lister studied the high death rates in hospitals and introduced antiseptic practices that immediately saved lives.

 대중적인 사고는 수술이 깨끗한 도구를 필요로 하지 않는다고 말했지만, Joseph Lister 병원에서의 높은 사망률을 연구했고 즉시 생명을 구하는 멸균법을 소개했다.

⑧ Popular thinking said that women shouldn't have the right to vote, yet people like Emmeline Pankhurst and Susan B. Anthony fought for and won that right.

 대중적인 사고는 여성들이 투표권을 가져서는  된다고 했지만, Emmeline Pankhurst Susan B. Anthony 같은 사람들은  권리를 위해 싸웠고 쟁취했다.

⑨ We must always remember there is a huge difference between acceptance and intelligence.

 우리는 항상 수용과 지성 사이에  차이가 있다는 것을 기억해야 한다.

⑩ People may say that there's safety in numbers, but that's not always true.

 사람들은 수가 많은 편이  안전하다고 말할지도 모르지만그것이 항상 사실인 것은 아니다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 35런던 택시 운전사 자격 취득의 어려움과  이유

① Before getting licensed to drive a cab in London, a person has to pass an incredibly difficult test with an intimidating name ─ "The Knowledge."

 런던에서 택시 운전면허를 받기 전에사람은 "The Knowledge"라는 위협적인 이름의 매우 어려운 시험을 통과해야 한다.

② The test involves memorizing the layout of more than 20,000 streets in the Greater London area - a feat that involves an incredible amount of memory resources.

  시험은 Greater London 지역의 2  이상 거리의 구획을 암기하는 것을 포함하는데이는 엄청난 양의 기억 자원을 포함하는 기술이다.

③ In fact, fewer than 50 percent of the people who sign up for taxi driver training pass the test, even after spending two or three years studying for it!

 사실택시 운전사 훈련에 등록한 사람  50% 미만이 시험을 통과하는데심지어 그것을 위해 2, 3년을 공부한 후에도 말이다!

④ And as it turns out, the brains of London cabbies are different from non-cab-driving humans in ways that reflect their herculean memory efforts.

 그리고 밝혀진 바에 따르면런던 택시 운전사들의 두뇌는 그들의 초인적인 기억 노력을 반영하는 방식에서 택시 운전을 하지 않는 사람들과 다르다.

⑤ In fact, the part of the brain that has been most frequently associated with spatial memory, the tail of the sea horse-shaped brain region called the hippocampus, is bigger than average in these taxi drivers.

 사실공간 기억과 가장 자주 연관되어  뇌의 부분해마라 불리는 해마 모양을   영역의 꼬리 부분은 이들 택시 운전사들에게서 평균보다  크다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 36정책 수립  의도치 않은 결과에 대한 고려 필요성

① When evaluating a policy, people tend to concentrate on how the policy will fix some particular problem while ignoring or downplaying other effects it may have.

 정책을 평가할 사람들은 그것이 어떤 특정한 문제를 어떻게 해결할 것인가에 집중하는 경향이 있으며 정책이 가질  있는 다른 효과는 무시하거나 경시한다.

② Economists often refer to this situation as The Law of Unintended Consequences.

 경제학자들은 종종  상황을 의도하지 않은 결과의 법칙이라고 부른다.

③ For instance, suppose that you impose a tariff on imported steel in order to protect the jobs of domestic steelworkers.

 예를 들어국내 철강 노동자들의 일자리를 보호하기 위해 수입된 철강에 관세를 부과한다고 가정해 보자.

④ If you impose a high enough tariff, their jobs will indeed be protected from competition by foreign steel companies.

 만약 당신이 충분히 높은 관세를 부과한다면그들의 일자리는 실제로 외국 철강 회사들과의 경쟁으로부터 보호될 것이다.

⑤ But an unintended consequence is that the jobs of some autoworkers will be lost to foreign competition.

 그러나 하나의 의도하지 않은 결과는 일부 자동차 노동자들의 일자리가 외국 경쟁사에 빼앗기게 된다는 것이다.

⑥ Why?

 왜일까?

⑦ The tariff that protects steelworkers raises the price of the steel that domestic automobile makers need to build their cars.

 철강 노동자들을 보호하는 관세는 국내 자동차 제조업체들이 자동차를 만드는  필요한 철강의 가격을 높인다.

⑧ As a result, domestic automobile manufacturers have to raise the prices of their cars, making them relatively less attractive than foreign cars.

  결과국내 자동차 제조업체들은 자동차 가격을 인상해야 하고국산 차를 외제 차에 비해 상대적으로  매력적이게 만든다.

⑨ Raising prices tends to reduce domestic car sales, so some domestic autoworkers lose their jobs.

 가격을 올리는 것은 국산  판매를 줄이는 경향이 있어서일부 국내 자동차 노동자들은 일자리를 잃는다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 37기후 변화로 인한 멸종 위기 동식물 사례  

① Species that are found in only one area are called endemic species and are especially vulnerable to extinction.

 오직  지역에서만 발견되는 종들은 토착종이라고 불리고 특히 멸종에 취약하다.

② They exist on islands and in other unique small areas, especially in tropical rain forests where most species are highly specialized.

 그들은 섬들과 특히 대부분의 종이 매우 특화된 열대 우림인 다른 독특한 작은 지역에 있다.

③ One example is the brilliantly colored golden toad once found only in a small area of lush rain forests in Costa Rica's mountainous region.

 한가지 예는 코스타리카의 산악 지역에 있는 무성한 열대 우림의 작은 지역에서만   발견되었던 번쩍이는 색깔의 황금 두꺼비이다.

④ Despite living in the country's well-protected Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve, by 1989, the golden toad had apparently become extinct.

  나라의  보존된 Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve에서 살았음에도 불구하고, 1989년쯤황금 두꺼비는 외관상으로 멸종하였다.

⑤ Much of the moisture that supported its rain forest habitat came in the form of moisture-laden clouds blowing in from the Caribbean Sea.

 그것의 열대 우림 서식지를 지탱해  습기의 많은 부분은 카리브해에서 불어 들어오는 습기를 실은 구름의 형태에서 왔다.

⑥ But warmer air from global climate change caused these clouds to rise, depriving the forests of moisture, and the habitat for the golden toad and many other species dried up.

 하지만 세계적 기후 변화로 인한  따뜻한 공기가 이러한 구름들을 상승하게 했고숲에서 습기를 제거하였으며황금 두꺼비와 많은 다른 종들의 서식지가 완전히 말라 버렸다.

⑦ The golden toad appears to be one of the first victims of climate change caused largely by global warming.

 황금 두꺼비는 주로 지구 온난화로 인한 기후 변화의  희생양들  하나인  같다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 38통제된 실험 환경의 중요성

① The fundamental nature of the experimental method is manipulation and control.

 실험 방법의 근본적인 본질은 조작과 통제이다.

② Scientists manipulate a variable of interest, and see if there's a difference.

 과학자들은 관심 변인을 조작하고차이가 있는지 확인한다.

③ At the same time, they attempt to control for the potential effects of all other variables.

 동시에다른 모든 변인의 잠재적 영향을 통제하려고 시도한다.

④ The importance of controlled experiments in identifying the underlying causes of events cannot be overstated.

 사건의 근본적인 원인을 식별하는  있어 통제된 실험의 중요성은 아무리 강조해도 지나치지 않다.

⑤ In the real-uncontrolled-world, variables are often correlated.

 현실의 통제되지 않은 세계에서변인들은 종종 상관관계가 있다.

⑥ For example, people who take vitamin supplements may have different eating and exercise habits than people who don't take vitamins.

 예를 들어비타민 보충제를 섭취하는 사람들은 비타민을 섭취하지 않는 사람들과는 다른 식습관과 운동 습관을 지닐  있다.

⑦ As a result, if we want to study the health effects of vitamins, we can't merely observe the real world, since any of these factors (the vitamins, diet, or exercise) may affect health.

  결과만약 우리가 비타민의 건강에 미치는 효과를 연구하고 싶다면우리는 단지 현실 세계만 관찰할  없는데왜냐하면 이러한 요소(비타민식단운동 어느 것이든 건강에 영향을 미칠 있기 때문이다.

⑧ Rather, we have to create a situation that doesn't actually occur in the real world.

 오히려우리는 현실 세계에서 실제로 일어나지 않는 상황을 만들어야 한다.

⑨ That's just what scientific experiments do.

 그것이 바로 과학 실험이 하는 일이다.

⑩ They try to separate the naturally occurring relationship in the world by manipulating one specific variable at a time, while holding everything else constant.

 그것들은  밖의 다른 모든 것을 일정하게 유지하면서 번에 하나의 특정 변인을 조작하여 세상에서 자연적으로 발생하는 관계를 분리하려고 애쓴다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 39지중해식 식단의 건강상 이점

① Why do people in the Mediterranean live longer and have a lower incidence of disease?

  지중해 지역의 사람들은  오래 살고 질병 발생률이  낮을까?

② Some people say it's because of what they eat.

 몇몇의 사람들은 그것이 그들이 먹는  때문이라고 말한다.

③ Their diet is full of fresh fruits, fish, vegetables, whole grains, and nuts.

 그들의 식단은 신선한 과일생선채소통곡물견과류로 가득하다.

④ Individuals in these cultures drink red wine and use great amounts of olive oil.

 이러한 문화권의 사람들은 적포도주를 마시고 많은 양의 올리브유를 사용한다.

⑤ Why is that food pattern healthy?

  그러한 음식 패턴이 건강에 좋은가?

⑥ One reason is that they are eating a palette of colors.

  가지 이유는 그들이 다양한 색깔을 먹고 있기 때문이다.

⑦ More and more research is surfacing that shows us the benefits of the thousands of colorful "phytochemicals"(phyto=plant) that exist in foods.

 식품에 존재하는 수천 가지의 다채로운 "생화학 물질"(phyto=식물) 이점을 보여주는 점점  많은 연구가 표면화되고 있다.

⑧ These healthful, non‑nutritive compounds in plants provide color and function to the plant and add to the health of the human body.

 식물에 있는 건강에 좋고영양가 없는  화합물들은 식물에 색과 기능을 제공하고 인체의 건강에 보탬이 된다.

⑨ Each color connects to a particular compound that serves a specific function in the body.

 각각의 색깔은 몸에서 특정 기능을 하는 특정 화합물과 연결된다.

⑩ For example, if you don't eat purple foods, you are probably missing out on anthocyanins, important brain protection compounds.

 예를 들어만약 당신이 보라색 음식을 먹지 않는다면당신은 중요한  보호 화합물인 안토시 아닌을 아마도 놓치고 있는 것이다.

⑪ Similarly, if you avoid green‑colored foods, you may be lacking chlorophyll, a plant antioxidant that guards your cells from damage.

 그와 유사하게만약 당신이 녹색 음식을 피한다면세포가 손상되는 것을 막아주는 식물 산화 방지제인 엽록소가 부족할 수도 있다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 40행동이 생각에 영향을 미치는 사례

① People behave in highly predictable ways when they experience certain thoughts.

 사람들은 특정한 생각을   매우 예측 가능한 방식으로 행동한다.

② When they agree, they nod their heads.

 그들은 동의할 고개를 끄덕인다.

③ So far, no surprise, but according to an area of research known as "proprioceptive psychology," the process also works in reverse.

 여기까지는놀랄 일은 아니다하지만 "고유 수용 심리학"으로 알려진  연구 분야에 따르면 과정은 역으로도 작용한다.

④ Get people to behave in a certain way and you cause them to have certain thoughts.

 사람들을 특정한 방식으로 행동하게 하면 당신은 그들이 특정한 생각을 갖도록 한다.

⑤ The idea was initially controversial, but fortunately it was supported by a compelling experiment.

  아이디어는 처음에는 논란의 여지가 있었지만다행히도 설득력 있는 실험으로 뒷받침되었다.

⑥ Participants in a study were asked to fixate on various products moving across a large computer screen and then indicate whether the items appealed to them.

  연구에서 참가자들은  컴퓨터 화면을 가로질러 움직이는 다양한 제품들에 시선을 고정하고  제품들이 그들에게 매력적인지 아닌지를 나타내도록 요청받았다.

⑦ Some of the items moved vertically (causing the participants to nod their heads while watching), and others moved horizontally (resulting in a side-to-side head movement).

 일부 제품은 수직으로 움직였고(참가자들이 보는 동안 고개를 끄덕이게 하면서), 다른 제품은 수평으로 움직였다(좌우로 머리를 움직이게 하면서).

⑧ Participants preferred vertically moving products without being aware that their "yes" and "no" head movements had played a key role in their decisions.

 참가자들은 자신의 "" "아니요" 머리 움직임이 결정에 핵심적인 역할을 했다는 사실을 인지하지 못한  수직으로 움직이는 제품을 선호했다.

⑨ -> In one study, participants responded favorably to products on a computer screen when they moved their heads up and down, which showed that their decisions were unconsciously influenced by their behavior.

 ->  연구에서참가자들은 그들의 고개를 위아래로 움직일  컴퓨터 화면에 나오는 제품들에 호의적으로 반응했는데이는 그들의 결정이 그들의 행동에 의해서 무의식적으로 영향을 받는다는 것을 보여 주었다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 41~42일상적 경험은 기억하기 어렵고 특별한 경험은 기억하기 쉬움

① Events or experiences that are out of ordinary tend to be remembered better because there is nothing competing with them when your brain tries to access them from its storehouse of remembered events.

 당신의 뇌가 기억된 사건들의 창고에서 그것들에 접근하려고  평범하지 않은 사건들이나 경험들이   기억되는 경향이 있는데  이유는 그것들과 경쟁하는 것이 없기 때문이다.

② In other words, the reason it can be difficult to remember what you ate for breakfast two Thursdays ago is that there was probably nothing special about that Thursday or that particular breakfast ― consequently, all your breakfast memories combine together into a sort of generic impression of a breakfast.

 다시 말해, 2  목요일에 아침 식사로 무엇을 먹었는지 기억하는 것이 어려울  있는 이유는 아마도  목요일이나  특정 아침 식사에 대해 특별한 것이 없었기 때문이다 ─  결과당신의 모든아침 식사 기억은 일종의 일반적인 아침 식사에 대한 인상으로 합쳐진다.

③ Your memory merges similar events not only because it's more efficient to do so, but also because this is fundamental to how we learn things ― our brains extract abstract rules that tie experiences together.

 여러분의 기억력은 유사한 사건들을 병합하는데그것은 그렇게 하는 것이  효율적일 뿐만 아니라이것이 우리가 어떤 것들을 배우는 방법의 기본이기 때문이다 ─ 우리의 뇌는 경험을 함께 묶는 추상적인 규칙들을 추출한다.

④ This is especially true for things that are routine.

 이것은 일상적인 것들에 특히 해당된다.

⑤ If your breakfast is always the same ― cereal with milk, a glass of orange juice, and a cup of coffee for instance ― there is no easy way for your brain to extract the details from one particular breakfast.

 만약 당신의 아침 식사가 항상 같다면 ─ 예를 들어우유를 곁들인 시리얼오렌지 주스  커피   ─ 당신의 뇌가 특정한  아침 식사에서  세부 사항을 추출하는 것은 쉽지 않다.

⑥ Ironically, then, for behaviors that are routinized, you can remember the generic content of the behavior (such as the things you ate, since you always eat the same thing), but particulars to that one instance can be very difficult to call up (such as the sound of a garbage truck going by or a bird that passed by your window) unless they were especially distinctive.

 아이러니하게도일상화된 행동의 경우당신은  행동의 일반적인 내용(당신이 먹었던 것과 같은당신이 항상 같은 것을 먹기 때문에) 기억할  있지만  가지 예의 세부 사항들(쓰레기 트럭이 지나가는 소리 또는 당신의 창문을 지나치는 새소리와 같은) 그것들이 매우 특이하지 않다면 상기하기가 매우 어려울  있다.

⑦ On the other hand, if you did something unique that broke your routine ― perhaps you had leftover pizza for breakfast and spilled tomato sauce on your dress shirt ― you are more likely to remember it.

 반면에만약 당신이 당신의 일상을 깨뜨리는 특이한 일을 했다면 ─ 아마도 당신은 아침 식사로 남은 피자를 먹고 드레스 셔츠에 토마토 소스를 쏟았다 ─ 당신은 그것을  기억하기가 쉽다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 43~45유명한 가수인 Henrietta 과거 경쟁자인 Amelia 도와주는 인도적인 행동에 대한 이야기

① Henrietta is one of the greatest "queens of song."

 Henrietta 가장 위대한 "노래의 여왕  명이다.

② She had to go through a severe struggle before she attained the enviable position as the greatest singer Germany had produced.

 그녀는 독일이 배출한 가장 위대한 가수로서 그녀가 부러워할 만한 위치에 도달하기 전에 혹독한 시련을 겪어야 했다.

③ At the beginning of her career she was hissed off a Vienna stage by the friends of her rival, Amelia.

 그녀의 경력 초기에 그녀는 경쟁자 Amelia 친구들에 의해 비엔나 무대에서 야유를 받고 쫒겨났다.

④ But in spite of this defeat, Henrietta endured until all Europe was at her feet.

 그러나  좌절에도 불구하고, Henrietta 모든 유럽이 그녀의 발아래에 있을 때까지 견뎠다.

⑤ Many years later, when Henrietta was at the height of her fame, one day she was riding through the streets of Berlin.

 수년 , Henrietta 명성이 절정에 달했을 그녀는 어느  베를린의 거리를 차를 타고 지나가고 있었다.

⑥ Soon she came across a little girl leading a blind woman.

  그녀는 눈먼 여성을 데리고 가는 여자 아이와 마주쳤다.

⑦ She was touched by the woman's helplessness, and she impulsively beckoned the child to her, saying "Come here, my child. Who is that you are leading by the hand?"

 그녀는 여성의 무력함에 마음이 움직였고충동적으로 아이를 그녀에게 오라고 손짓하며, "이리 얘야네가 손을 잡고 데리고 가는 사람은 누구니?"라고 말했다.

⑧ The answer was, "That's my mother, Amelia Steininger. She used to be a great singer, but she lost her voice, and she cried so much about it that now she can't see anymore."

 대답은, "저분은  어머니, Amelia Steininger 입니다그녀는 훌륭한 가수였지만목소리를 잃었고 일로 너무 많이 울어서 그녀는 이제  이상 앞을   없습니다."였다.

⑨ Henrietta inquired their address and then told the child, "Tell your mother an old acquaintance will call on her this afternoon."

 Henrietta 그들의 주소를 묻고 나서 아이에게 "어머니께 오래된 지인이 오늘 오후에 그녀를 방문할 것이라고 말하렴."이라고 말했다.

⑩ She searched out their place and undertook the care of both mother and daughter.

 그녀는 그들의 거처를 찾아내서 모녀를 돌보았다.

⑪ At her request, a skilled doctor tried to restore Amelia's sight, but it was in vain.

 그녀의 요청에 따라 숙련된 의사가 Amelia 시력을 회복시키려 했지만허사였다.

⑫ But Henrietta's kindness to her former rival did not stop here.

 그러나 Henrietta 그녀의 예전 경쟁자에게 베푼 친절은 여기서 그치지 않았다.

⑬ The next week she gave a benefit concert for the poor woman, and it was said that on that occasion Henrietta sang as she had never sung before.

  다음 주에 그녀는  불쌍한 여성을 위한 자선 콘서트를 열었고 자리에서 Henrietta 그녀가 전에 한번도 불러본 적이 없는 방식으로 불렀다고 한다.

⑭ And who can doubt that with the applause of that vast audience there was mingled the applause of the angels in heaven who rejoice over the good deeds of those below?

 그리고 많은 청중의 박수와 함께 지상 사람들의 선행에 기뻐하는 천국에 있는 천사들의 박수가 섞여 있었다는 것을 누가 의심할  있겠는가?

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[1] 2023 06 – 18여름 휴가 패키지 상품 광고  

① ACC Travel Agency Customers:

 ACC 여행사 고객님께:

② Have you ever wanted to enjoy a holiday in nature?

 자연 속에서 휴가를 즐기는 것을 원한 적이 있습니까?

③ This summer is the best time to turn your dream into reality.

 이번 여름이 당신의 꿈을 현실로 바꿀 최고의 시간입니다.

④ We have a perfect travel package for you.

 우리에게는 당신을 위한 완벽한 패키지 여행 상품이 있습니다.

⑤ This travel package includes special trips to Lake Madison as well as massage and meditation to help you relax.

  패키지 여행 상품은 당신이 편히   있도록 돕는 마사지와 명상뿐만 아니라 Lake Madison으로의 특별한 여행을 포함합니다.

⑥ Also, we provide yoga lessons taught by experienced instructors.

 또한우리는 숙련된 강사의 요가 강의도 제공합니다.

⑦ If you book this package, you will enjoy all this at a reasonable price.

 만약 당신이  패키지를 예약한다면당신은  모든 것을 합리적인 가격으로 즐길 것입니다.

⑧ We are sure that it will be an unforgettable experience for you.

 우리는 그것이 당신에게 잊지 못할 경험이  것을 확신합니다.

⑨ If you call us, we will be happy to give you more details.

 우리에게 전화하시면우리는 당신에게  많은 세부 사항을 기꺼이 알려드리겠습니다.

 

[1] 2023 06 – 19마술  관람  잠시 분실된 가족을 찾은 이야기

① When I woke up in our hotel room, it was almost midnight.

 내가 호텔 방에서 깨어났을 때는거의 자정이었다.

② I didn't see my husband nor daughter.

 남편과 딸이 보이지 않았다.

③ I called them, but I heard their phones ringing in the room.

 나는 그들에게 전화를 걸었지만나는 그들의 전화가 방에서 울리는 것을 들었다.

④ Feeling worried, I went outside and walked down the street, but they were nowhere to be found.

 걱정이 되어나는 밖으로 나가 거리를 걸어 내려갔지만그들은 어디에도 없었다.

⑤ When I decided I should ask someone for help, a crowd nearby caught my attention.

 내가 누군가에게 도움을 요청하려고 했을 근처에 있던 군중이  주의를 끌었다.

⑥ I approached, hoping to find my husband and daughter, and suddenly I saw two familiar faces.

 나는 남편과 딸을 찾으려는 희망을 안고 다가갔고갑자기 낯익은  얼굴이 보였다.

⑦ I smiled, feeling calm.

 나는 안도하며웃었다.

⑧ Just then, my daughter saw me and called, "Mom!"

 바로 그때딸이 나를 보고 "엄마!"라고 외쳤다.

⑨ They were watching the magic show.

 그들은 마술쇼를 보고 있는 중이었다.

⑩ Finally, I felt all my worries disappear.

 마침내나는  모든 걱정이 사라지는 것을 느꼈다.

 

[1] 2023 06 – 20업무와 개인 일정을 하나의 캘린더에 통합하는 것이 효율적임

① Research shows that people who work have two calendars: one for work and one for their personal lives.

 연구는 일하는 사람들이  개의 달력을 가지고 있다는 것을 보여준다하나는 업무를 위한 달력이고 하나는 개인적인 삶을 위한 달력이다.

② Although it may seem sensible, having two separate calendars for work and personal life can lead to distractions.

 비록 그것이 현명해 보일지도 모르지만업무와 개인적인 삶을 위한  개의 별도의 달력을 갖는 것은 주의를 산만하게   있다.

③ To check if something is missing, you will find yourself checking your to-do lists multiple times.

 누락된 것이 있는지를 확인하기 위해당신은 스스로가 자신의   목록을 여러  확인하는 것을 깨닫게  것이다.

④ Instead, organize all of your tasks in one place.

 대신당신의 모든 일들을  곳에 정리하라.

⑤ It doesn't matter if you use digital or paper media.

 당신이 디지털 매체를 사용하든 종이 매체를 사용하든 중요하지 않다.

⑥ It's okay to keep your professional and personal tasks in one place.

 당신의 업무와 개인 용무를  곳에 두는 것은 괜찮다.

⑦ This will give you a good idea of how time is divided between work and home.

 이것은 당신에게 일과 가정 사이에 시간이 어떻게 쪼개지는지에 대해  알게 해줄 것이다.

⑧ This will allow you to make informed decisions about which tasks are most important.

 이것은 어떤 일이 가장 중요한지에 대한 정보에 입각한 결정을 내리게  것이다.

 

[1] 2023 06 – 21고객 만족도 모니터링의 중요성과 입소문 효과

① Why do you care how a customer reacts to a purchase?

  당신은 고객이 구매품에 어떻게 반응하는지에 대해 신경 쓰는가?

② Good question.

 좋은 질문이다.

③ By understanding post-purchase behavior, you can understand the influence and the likelihood of whether a buyer will repurchase the product (and whether she will keep it or return it).

 구매  행동을 이해 함으로써당신은  영향력과 구매자가 제품을 재구매 할지(그리고 그녀가 제품을 가질지 또는 반품할지) 가능성을 이해할  있다.

④ You'll also determine whether the buyer will encourage others to purchase the product from you.

 당신은 구매자가 다른 사람들에게 당신으로부터 제품을 구매하도록 권장할지 여부도 또한 알아낼 것이다.

⑤ Satisfied customers can become unpaid ambassadors for your business, so customer satisfaction should be on the top of your to-do list.

 만족한 고객은 당신의 사업을 위한 무급 대사가   있으므로고객 만족이   목록의 최상단에 있어야 한다.

⑥ People tend to believe the opinions of people they know.

 사람들은 그들이 아는 사람들의 의견을 믿는 경향이 있다.

⑦ People trust friends over advertisements any day.

 사람들은 언제든 광고보다 친구를  신뢰한다.

⑧ They know that advertisements are paid to tell the "good side" and that they're used to persuade them to purchase products and services.

 그들은 광고에는 "좋은 " 말하기 위해 돈이 쓰이고 그리고 그것들이 제품과 서비스를 구매하도록 그들을 설득하는  사용된다는 것을 알고 있다.

⑨ By continually monitoring your customer's satisfaction after the sale, you have the ability to avoid negative word-of-mouth advertising.

 판매  고객의 만족을 지속적으로 모니터함으로써당신은 부정적인 입소문 광고를 피할  있는 능력을 가진다.

 

[1] 2023 06 – 22기술 발전으로 소비자에게 떠넘겨진 노동의 증가

① The promise of a computerized society, we were told, was that it would pass to machines all of the repetitive drudgery of work, allowing us humans to pursue higher purposes and to have more leisure time.

 컴퓨터화된 사회의 약속은우리가 듣기로는그것이 모든 반복적인 고된 일을 기계에 넘겨우리 인간들이  높은 목적을 추구하고  많은 여가 시간을 가질  있게 해준다는 것이었다.

② It didn't work out this way.

 그것은 이런 식으로 되지는 않았다.

③ Instead of more time, most of us have less.

  많은 시간 대신에우리 대부분은  적은 시간을 가지고 있다.

④ Companies large and small have off-loaded work onto the backs of consumers.

 크고 작은 회사들은 일을 소비자들의 등에 떠넘겼다.

⑤ Things that used to be done for us, as part of the value-added service of working with a company, we are now expected to do ourselves.

 회사에 맡겨 해결하던 부가가치 서비스의 일환으로우리를 위해 행해지던 것들을 이제 우리 스스로가 하도록 기대된다.

⑥ With air travel, we're now expected to complete our own reservations and check-in, jobs that used to be done by airline employees or travel agents.

 항공 여행의 경우항공사 직원이나 여행사 직원들에 의해 행해지던 일인 우리의 예약과 체크인을 이제는 우리가 직접 완수하도록 기대된다.

⑦ At the grocery store, we're expected to bag our own groceries and, in some supermarkets, to scan our own purchases.

 식료품점에서는우리가 우리 자신의 식료품을 직접 봉지에 넣도록그리고 일부 슈퍼마켓에서는우리 자신이 구매한 물건을 스캔하도록 기대된다.

 

[1] 2023 06 – 23사람들은 자신의 능력을 과대평가하는 경향이 있음

① We tend to believe that we possess a host of socially desirable characteristics, and that we are free of most of those that are socially undesirable.

 우리는 우리가 사회적으로 바람직한 특성들을 많이 지니고 있고그리고 우리는 사회적으로 바람직하지 않은 특성들의 대부분은 지니고 있지 않다고 믿는 경향이 있다.

② For example, a large majority of the general public thinks that they are more intelligent, more fair-minded, less prejudiced, and more skilled behind the wheel of an automobile than the average person.

 예를 들어대다수의 일반 대중들은 그들이 보통 사람보다  지적이고 공정하고 편견을 가지고자동차를 운전할   능숙하다고 생각한다.

③ This phenomenon is so reliable and ubiquitous that it has come to be known as the "Lake Wobegon effect," after Garrison Keillor's fictional community where "the women are strong, the men are good-looking, and all the children are above average."

  현상은 너무 신뢰할  있고 어디서나   있기 때문에 "여성들은 강하고남성들은 잘생겼으며모든 아이들은 평균 이상" Garrison Keillor 허구적인 공동체의 이름을 따서 "Lake Wobegon effect"라고 알려지게 되었다.

④ A survey of one million high school seniors found that 70% thought they were above average in leadership ability, and only 2% thought they were below average.

 고등학교 최고 학년 학생 100 명을 대상으로  설문조사에서 70% 자신이 리더십 능력에 있어 평균 이상이라고 생각했고, 2%만이 자신이 평균 이하라고 생각했다는 것을 발견했다.

⑤ In terms of ability to get along with others, all students thought they were above average, 60% thought they were in the top 10%, and 25% thought they were in the top 1%!

 다른 사람들과  지내는 능력에 있어서모든 학생들은 자신이 평균 이상이라고 생각했고, 60% 자신이 상위 10% 속한다고 생각했고, 25% 자신이 상위 1% 속한다고 생각했다!

 

[1] 2023 06 – 24부유한 국가일수록 시간적 압박감이 높음

① Few people will be surprised to hear that poverty tends to create stress: a 2006 study published in the American journal Psychosomatic Medicine, for example, noted that a lower socioeconomic status was associated with higher levels of stress hormones in the body.

 가난이 스트레스를 유발하는 경향이 있다는 것을 듣고 놀랄 사람은 거의 없을 것이다예를 들어미국의 저널 Psychosomatic Medicine 발표된 2006 연구는  낮은 사회 경제적 지위가 체내의  높은 수치의 스트레스 호르몬과 관련이 있다고 언급했다.

② However, richer economies have their own distinct stresses.

 하지만 부유한 국가는 그들만의 뚜렷한 스트레스를 가지고 있다.

③ The key issue is time pressure.

 핵심 쟁점은 시간 압박이다.

④ A 1999 study of 31 countries by American psychologist Robert Levine and Canadian psychologist Ara Norenzayan found that wealthier, more industrialized nations had a faster pace of life ─ which led to a higher standard of living, but at the same time left the population feeling a constant sense of urgency, as well as being more prone to heart disease.

 미국 심리학자 Robert Levine 캐나다 심리학자 Ara Norenzayan 31개국을 대상으로  1999 연구는  부유하고 산업화  국가들이  빠른 삶의 속도를 가지고 있다는  ─ 그리고 이것이  높은 생활 수준으로 이어졌지만동시에 사람들에게 지속적인 촉박함을 느끼게 했고 그뿐만 아니라 심장병에 걸리기  쉽게 한다는 것을 알아 냈다.

⑤ In effect, fast-paced productivity creates wealth, but it also leads people to feel time-poor when they lack the time to relax and enjoy themselves.

 사실빠른 속도의 생산력은 부를 창출하지만그것은 또한 사람들이 긴장을 풀고 즐겁게 지낼 시간이 없을  시간이 부족하다고 느끼게 한다.

 

[1] 2023 06 – 25: 1990년과 2019 지역별 산림 면적 비율 그래프

① The above graph shows the share of forest area in total land area by region in 1990 and 2019.

  도표는 1990년과 2019년의 지역별  토지 면적에서 산림 면적의 점유율을 보여준다.

② Africa's share of forest area in total land area was over 20% in both 1990 and 2019.

 아프리카의 전체 토지 면적에서 산림 면적의 점유율이 1990년과 2019   20% 넘었다.

③ The share of forest area in America was 42.6% in 1990, which was larger than that in 2019.

 1990 아메리카의 산림 면적 점유율은 42.6%였고이는 2019년의 그것보다  컸다.

④ The share of forest area in Asia declined from 1990 to 2019 by more than 10 percentage points.

 아시아의 산림 면적 점유율은 1990년부터 2019년까지, 10 퍼센트 포인트 이상 감소했다.

⑤ In 2019, the share of forest area in Europe was the largest among the five regions, more than three times that in Asia in the same year.

 2019 유럽의 산림 면적 점유율은 다섯  지역  가장 컸고같은  아시아의 그것의  배가 넘었다.

⑥ Oceania showed the smallest gap between 1990 and 2019 in terms of the share of forest area in total land area.

 오세아니아는 1990년과 2019 사이에  토지 면적에서 산림 면적의 점유율에 있어 가장 작은 차이를 보였다.

 

[1] 2023 06 – 26노벨 경제학상 수상자 게리 베커 소개

① Gary Becker was born in Pottsville, Pennsylvania in 1930 and grew up in Brooklyn, New York City.

 Gary Becker 1930 Pennsylvania  Pottsville에서 태어났고 New York City Brooklyn에서 자랐다.

② His father, who was not well educated, had a deep interest in financial and political issues.

 교육을 제대로 받지 못한 그의 아버지는 금융과 정치 문제에 깊은 관심이 있었다.

③ After graduating from high school, Becker went to Princeton University, where he majored in economics.

 고등학교를 졸업한 , Becker Princeton University 진학했고거기서 그는 경제학을 전공했다.

④ He was dissatisfied with his economic education at Princeton University because "it didn't seem to be handling real problems."

 "Princeton University에서의 경제학 교육이 현실적인 문제를 다루고 있는 것처럼 보이지 않았기때문에 그는 그것에 불만족했다.

⑤ He earned a doctor's degree in economics from the University of Chicago in 1955.

 그는 1955년에 University of Chicago에서 경제학 박사 학위를 취득했다.

⑥ His doctoral paper on the economics of discrimination was mentioned by the Nobel Prize Committee as an important contribution to economics.

 차별의 경제학에 대한 그의 박사 논문은 노벨상 위원회에 의해 경제학에 대한 중요한 기여로 언급 되었다.

⑦ Since 1985, Becker had written a regular economics column in Business Week, explaining economic analysis and ideas to the general public.

 1985년부터, Becker Business Week 경제학적 분석과 아이디어를 일반 대중에게 설명하는 경제학 칼럼을 정기적으로 기고했다.

⑧ In 1992, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in economic science.

 1992년에그는 노벨 경제학상을 수상했다.

 

[1] 2023 06 – 29아이에게 긍정적 자아상을 심어주는 칭찬의 중요성

① Although praise is one of the most powerful tools available for improving young children's behavior, it is equally powerful for improving your child's self-esteem.

 칭찬은 어린 아이들의 행동을 개선하는  사용할  있는 가장 강력한 도구  하나이지만그것은 아이의 자존감을 향상시키는 데에도 똑같이 강력하다.

② Preschoolers believe what their parents tell them in a very profound way.

 미취학 아동들은 그들의 부모가 그들에게 하는 말을 매우 뜻깊게 여긴다.

③ They do not yet have the cognitive sophistication to reason analytically and reject false information.

 그들은 분석적으로 추론하고 잘못된 정보를 거부할  있는 인지적 정교함을 아직 가지고 있지 않다.

④ If a preschool boy consistently hears from his mother that he is smart and a good helper, he is likely to incorporate that information into his self-image.

 만약 미취학 소년이 그의 어머니로부터 그가 똑똑하고 좋은 조력자라는 것을 계속 듣는다면그는  정보를 그의 자아상으로 통합시킬 가능성이 높다.

⑤ Thinking of himself as a boy who is smart and knows how to do things is likely to make him endure longer in problem-solving efforts and increase his confidence in trying new and difficult tasks.

 스스로를 똑똑하고 일을 어떻게 하는지 아는 소년으로 생각하는 것은 그가 문제 해결 노력에 있어  오래 지속하도록 하고 새롭고 어려운 일을 시도하는 것에 있어 그의 자신감을 증가시킬 가능성이높다.

⑥ Similarly, thinking of himself as the kind of boy who is a good helper will make him more likely to volunteer to help with tasks at home and at preschool.

 마찬가지로자신을 좋은 조력자인 그런 부류의 소년으로 생각하는 것은 그가 집에서와 유치원에서 일을 자발적으로 돕게  가능성을  크게 만들 것이다.

 

[1] 2023 06 – 30광고를 통한 상품 재포지셔닝 사례

① Advertisers often displayed considerable facility in adapting their claims to the market status of the goods they promoted.

 광고주들은 그들이 홍보하는 상품의 시장 지위에 맞게 그들의 주장을 조절하는 상당한 능력을 자주 보여주었다.

② Fleischmann's yeast, for instance, was used as an ingredient for cooking homemade bread.

 예를 들어, Fleischmann 효모는 집에서 만든 빵을 요리하는 재료로 사용되었다.

③ Yet more and more people in the early 20th century were buying their bread from stores or bakeries, so consumer demand for yeast decreased.

 하지만 20세기 초에 점점  많은 사람들이 가게나 빵집에서 빵을 사고 있었고그래서 효모에 대한 소비자 수요는 감소했다.

④ The producer of Fleischmann's yeast hired the J. Walter Thompson advertising agency to come up with a different marketing strategy to boost sales.

 Fleischmann 효모의 생산자는 판매를 촉진하기 위해서 다른 마케팅 전략을 고안하려고 J. Walter Thompson 광고 대행사를 고용했다.

⑤ No longer the "Soul of Bread," the Thompson agency first turned yeast into an important source of vitamins with significant health benefits.

 Thompson 광고 대행사는 먼저 효모를  이상 "Soul of Bread" 아니라 상당한 건강상의 이점이 있는 비타민의 중요한 공급원으로 바꾸었다.

⑥ Shortly thereafter, the advertising agency transformed yeast into a natural laxative.

  직후광고 대행사는 효모를 천연 완하제로 바꾸었다.

⑦ Repositioning yeast helped increase sales.

 효모의 이미지 전환을 꾀하는 것은 매출을 증가시키는 것을 도왔다.

 

[1] 2023 06 – 31명성에 대한 존경심을 활용한 자선 행위 에피소드

① Individuals who perform at a high level in their profession often have instant credibility with others.

 자신의 직업에서 높은 수준으로 수행하는 사람들은 흔히 다른 사람들에게 즉각적인 신뢰를 얻는다.

② People admire them, they want to be like them, and they feel connected to them.

 사람들은 그들을 존경하고그들처럼 되고 싶어 하고그들과 연결되어 있다고 느낀다.

③ When they speak, others listen ― even if the area of their skill has nothing to do with the advice they give.

 그들이 말할 다른 사람들은 비록 그들의 기술 분야가 그들이 주는 조언과 전혀 관련이 없을지라도 경청한다.

④ Think about a world-famous basketball player.

 세계적으로 유명한 농구 선수에 대해 생각해 보라.

⑤ He has made more money from endorsements than he ever did playing basketball.

 그는 그가 농구를 하면서 그간 벌었던 것보다 광고로부터  많은 돈을 벌었다.

⑥ Is it because of his knowledge of the products he endorses?

 그것이 그가 광고하는 제품에 대한 그의 지식 때문일까?

⑦ No. It's because of what he can do with a basketball.

 아니다그것은 그가 농구로   있는  때문이다.

⑧ The same can be said of an Olympic medalist swimmer.

 올림픽 메달리스트 수영 선수도 마찬가지이다.

⑨ People listen to him because of what he can do in the pool.

 사람들은 그가 수영장에서   있는  때문에 그의 말을 경청한다.

⑩ And when an actor tells us we should drive a certain car, we don't listen because of his expertise on engines.

 그리고 어떤 배우가 우리에게 특정 자동차를 운전해야 한다고 말할 우리는 엔진에 대한 그의 전문 지식 때문에 경청하는 것은 아니다.

⑪ We listen because we admire his talent. Excellence connects.

 우리는 그의 재능을 존경하기 때문에 경청한다. 탁월함이 연결된다.

⑫ If you possess a high level of ability in an area, others may desire to connect with you because of it.

 만약 당신이 어떤 분야에서 높은 수준의 능력을 갖고 있다면다른 사람들은 그것 때문에 당신과 연결되기를 원할 수도 있다.

 

[1] 2023 06 – 32두뇌는 도시처럼 복잡한 상호작용의 결과물임

① Think of the brain as a city.

 뇌를 도시라고 생각해보라.

② If you were to look out over a city and ask "where is the economy located?" you'd see there's no good answer to the question.

 만약 당신이 도시를 내다 보며 "경제가 어디에 위치해 있나요?"라고 묻는다면  질문에 대한 좋은 답이 없다는 것을 알게  것이다.

③ Instead, the economy emerges from the interaction of all the elements ― from the stores and the banks to the merchants and the customers.

 대신경제는 상점과 은행에서 상인과 고객에 이르기까지 모든 요소의 상호 작용으로부터 나타난다.

④ And so it is with the brain's operation: it doesn't happen in one spot.

 그리고 그것은 뇌의 작동도 그러하다그것은  곳에서 일어나지 않는다.

⑤ Just as in a city, no neighborhood of the brain operates in isolation.

 도시에서처럼뇌의 어떤 지역도 독립적으로 작동하지 않는다.

⑥ In brains and in cities, everything emerges from the interaction between residents, at all scales, locally and distantly.

 뇌와 도시 안에서모든 것은모든 규모에서근거리에서든 원거리에서든거주자들 간의 상호 작용으로부터 나타난다.

⑦ Just as trains bring materials and textiles into a city, which become processed into the economy, so the raw electrochemical signals from sensory organs are transported along superhighways of neurons.

 기차가 자재와 직물을 도시로 들여오고그것이 경제 속으로 처리되는 것처럼감각 기관으로부터의 가공되지 않은 전기화학적 신호는 뉴런의 초고속도로를 따라서 전해진다.

⑧ There the signals undergo processing and transformation into our conscious reality.

 거기서 신호는 처리와 우리의 의식적인 현실로 변형을 겪는다.

 

[1] 2023 06 – 33특정 행동을 취하면 그에 상응하는 감정이 유발됨  

① Someone else's body language affects our own body, which then creates an emotional echo that makes us feel accordingly.

 다른 사람의 보디 랭귀지는 우리 자신의 신체에 영향을 미치며그것은   우리가 그에 따라 느끼도록 하는 감정적인 메아리를 만들어낸다.

② As Louis Armstrong sang, "When you're smiling, the whole world smiles with you."

 Louis Armstrong 노래했듯이, "당신이 미소 지을  세계가 당신과 함께 미소 짓는다."

③ If copying another's smile makes us feel happy, the emotion of the smiler has been transmitted via our body.

 만약 다른 사람의 미소를 따라 하는 것이 우리를 행복하게 한다면 미소 짓는 사람의 감정은 우리의 신체를 통해 전달된 것이다.

④ Strange as it may sound, this theory states that emotions arise from our bodies.

 이상하게 들릴지 모르지만 이론은 감정이 우리 신체에서 발생한다고 말한다.

⑤ For example, our mood can be improved by simply lifting up the corners of our mouth.

 예를 들어우리의 기분은 단순히 입꼬리를 올리는 것으로 좋아질  있다.

⑥ If people are asked to bite down on a pencil lengthwise, taking care not to let the pencil touch their lips (thus forcing the mouth into a smile-like shape), they judge cartoons funnier than if they have been asked to frown.

 만약 사람들이 연필을  방향으로  물라고 요구받으면연필이 그들의 입술에 닿지 않도록 조심하면서 (그리하여 억지로 입을 미소 짓는 것과 같은 모양이 되도록), 그들은 인상을 찌푸리라고 요구받은 경우보다 만화를  재미있다고 판단한다.

⑦ The primacy of the body is sometimes summarized in the phrase "I must be afraid, because I'm running."

 신체가 우선함은 "나는 두려운 것이 분명하다왜냐하면 나는 도망치고 있기 때문이다."라는 구절로 때때로 요약된다.

 

[1] 2023 06 – 34제한된 구매 수량이 판매를 증가시키는 사례

① Restricting the number of items customers can buy boosts sales.

 고객이 구입할  있는 품목의 개수를 제한하는 것은 매출을 증가시킨다.

② Brian Wansink, Professor of Marketing at Cornell University, investigated the effectiveness of this tactic in 1998.

 Cornell University 마케팅 교수인 Brian Wansink 1998년에  전략의 효과를 조사했다.

③ He persuaded three supermarkets in Sioux City, Iowa, to offer Campbell's soup at a small discount: 79 cents rather than 89 cents.

 그는 Iowa Sioux City 있는  개의 슈퍼마켓이 Campbell 수프를 약간 할인하여 제공하도록 설득했다: 89센트가 아닌 79센트로.

④ The discounted soup was sold in one of three conditions: a control, where there was no limit on the volume of purchases, or two tests, where customers were limited to either four or twelve cans.

 할인된 수프는  가지 조건  하나의 조건으로 판매되었다구매량에 제한이 없는 하나의 대조군또는 고객이 4개의 캔으로 제한되거나 12개의 캔으로 제한되는  개의 실험군.

⑤ In the unlimited condition shoppers bought 3.3 cans on average, whereas in the scarce condition, when there was a limit, they bought 5.3 on average.

 무제한 조건에서 구매자들은 평균 3.3캔을 구입했던 반면제한이 있던 희소 조건에서는평균 5.3캔을 구입했다.

⑥ This suggests scarcity encourages sales.

 이것은 희소성이 판매를 장려한다는 것을 보여준다.

⑦ The findings are particularly strong because the test took place in a supermarket with genuine shoppers.

  실험은 진짜 구매자들이 있는 슈퍼마켓에서 진행되었기 때문에  결과는 특히 타당하다.

⑧ It didn't rely on claimed data, nor was it held in a laboratory where consumers might behave differently.

 그것은 주장된 데이터에 의존하지 않았고소비자들이 다르게 행동할지도 모르는 실험실에서 이루어진 것도 아니었다.

 

[1] 2023 06 – 35새로운 기술 도입  생산성에 미치는 영향

① Although technology has the potential to increase productivity, it can also have a negative impact on productivity.

 기술은 생산성을 높일  있는 잠재력을 가지고 있지만또한 생산성에 부정적인 영향을 미칠  있다.

② For example, in many office environments workers sit at desks with computers and have access to the internet.

 예를 들어많은 사무실 환경에서 직원들은 컴퓨터가 있는 책상에 앉아 인터넷에 접속한다.

③ They are able to check their personal e-mails and use social media whenever they want to.

 그들은 원할 때마다 개인 이메일을 확인하고 소셜 미디어를 사용할  있다.

④ This can stop them from doing their work and make them less productive.

 이것은 그들이 일을 하는 것을 방해하고 그들의 생산성을 떨어뜨리게 만들  있다.

⑤ Introducing new technology can also have a negative impact on production when it causes a change to the production process or requires workers to learn a new system.

 또한 새로운 기술을 도입하는 것은 생산 공정에 변화를 야기하거나 직원들에게 새로운 시스템을 배우도록 요구할  생산에 부정 적인 영향을 미칠  있다.

⑥ Learning to use new technology can be time consuming and stressful for workers and this can cause a decline in productivity.

 새로운 기술을 사용하는 것을 배우는 것은 직원들에게 시간이 많이 걸리고 스트레스를   있으며 이것은 생산성 저하를 야기할  있다.

 

[1] 2023 06 – 36시간 측정의 역사와 시계의 중요성

① Up until about 6,000 years ago, most people were farmers.

  6,000 전까지대부분의 사람들은 농부였다.

② Many lived in different places throughout the year, hunting for food or moving their livestock to areas with enough food.

 많은 사람들은   내내 여러 장소에서 살았고식량을 찾아다니거나 가축을 충분한 먹이가 있는 지역으로 옮겼다.

③ There was no need to tell the time because life depended on natural cycles, such as the changing seasons or sunrise and sunset.

 변화하는 계절이나 일출과 일몰 같은자연적인 주기에 삶이 달려있기 때문에 시간을  필요가 없었다.

④ Gradually more people started to live in larger settlements, and some needed to tell the time.

 점점  많은 사람들이   정착지에서 살기 시작했고어떤 사람들은 시간을  필요가 있었다.

⑤ For example, priests wanted to know when to carry out religious ceremonies.

 예를 들어성직자들은 언제 종교적인 의식을 수행해야 하는지 알고 싶었다.

⑥ This was when people first invented clocks ― devices that show, measure, and keep track of passing time.

 이때 사람들이 시간을 보여 주고측정하고흐르는 시간을 추적하는 장치인 시계를 처음으로 발명했다.

⑦ Clocks have been important ever since.

 시계는  이후로도 중요했다.

⑧ Today, clocks are used for important things such as setting busy airport timetables ― if the time is incorrect, aeroplanes might crash into each other when taking off or landing!

 오늘날시계는 바쁜 공항 시간표를 설정하는 것과 같은 중요한 일에 사용된다 ― 만약 시간이 부정확하다면비행기는 이륙하거나 착륙할  서로 충돌할지도 모른다!

 

[1] 2023 06 – 37분업을 통한 생산성 향상 방안  

① Managers are always looking for ways to increase productivity, which is the ratio of costs to output in production.

 관리자들은 항상 생산성을 높일  있는 방법을 찾고 있는데생산성은 생산에서 비용 대비 생산량의 비율이다.

② Adam Smith, writing when the manufacturing industry was new, described a way that production could be made more efficient, known as the "division of labor."

 제조 산업이 새로 등장했을  저술한 Adam Smith 생산이  효율적으로   있는 방식을 설명했고, "노동 분업"으로 알려져 있다.

③ Making most manufactured goods involves several different processes using different skills.

 대부분의 공산품을 만드는 것은 다른 기술을 사용하는 여러 가지 다른 과정을 포함한다.

④ Smith's example was the manufacture of pins: the wire is straightened, sharpened, a head is put on, and then it is polished.

 Smith 예는 핀의 제조였다철사는 곧게 펴지고뾰족해지고상부가 놓이고그러고 나서 그것이 다듬어진다.

⑤ One worker could do all these tasks, and make 20 pins in a day.

  명의 노동자가  모든 작업들을   있고하루에 20개의 핀을 만들 수도 있다.

⑥ But this work can be divided into its separate processes, with a number of workers each performing one task.

 그러나  일은 많은 노동자가 각각  가지 작업을 수행하며 별개의 과정으로 분리될  있다.

⑦ Because each worker specializes in one job, he or she can work much faster without changing from one task to another.

  노동자는  가지 작업을 전문으로 하기 때문에  또는 그녀는  작업에서 다른 작업으로 변경하지 않고도 훨씬  빠르게 일할  있다.

⑧ Now 10 workers can produce thousands of pins in a day ─ a huge increase in productivity from the 200 they would have produced before.

 이제 10명의 노동자가 하루에 수천 개의 핀을 생산할  있다이는 이전에 그들이 생산했던 200개로부터 생산성 측면에서 크게 증가한 것이다.

 

[1] 2023 06 – 38시간이 지남에 따라 우리 모습도 변화함

① Sometimes the pace of change is far slower.

 때때로 변화의 속도는 훨씬  느리다.

② The face you saw reflected in your mirror this morning probably appeared no different from the face you saw the day before ― or a week or a month ago.

 오늘 아침 거울 속에 비춰진 당신이  얼굴은 아마도 당신이  전날 또는 일주일이나   전에  얼굴과 다르지 않은 것처럼 보였을 것이다.

③ Yet we know that the face that stares back at us from the glass is not the same, cannot be the same, as it was 10 minutes ago.

 그러나 우리는 거울로부터 우리를 쳐다보는 얼굴이 10 전에 그랬던 것과 같지 않고같을  없다는 것을 안다.

④ The proof is in your photo album:

 증거는 당신의 사진 앨범에 있다:

⑤ Look at a photograph taken of yourself 5 or 10 years ago and you see clear differences between the face in the snapshot and the face in your mirror.

 5 또는 10 전에 찍힌 당신의 사진을 보면 당신은 스냅사진 속의 얼굴과 거울  얼굴 사이의 명확한 차이를 보게  것이다.

⑥ If you lived in a world without mirrors for a year and then saw your reflection, you might be surprised by the change.

 만약 당신이  년간 거울이 없는 세상에 살고  이후 (거울에비친 당신의 모습을 본다면당신은  변화 때문에 깜짝 놀랄지도 모른다.

⑦ After an interval of 10 years without seeing yourself, you might not at first recognize the person peering from the mirror.

 당신 자신을 보지 않고 10년의 기간이 지난 당신은 거울에서 쳐다보고 있는 사람을 처음에는 알아보지 못할지도 모른다.

⑧ Even something as basic as our own face changes from moment to moment.

 심지어 우리 자신의 얼굴같이 아주 기본적인 것조차도 순간순간 변한다.

 

[1] 2023 06 – 39아이의 호기심이 점차 줄어드는 이유

① According to educational psychologist Susan Engel, curiosity begins to decrease as young as four years old.

 교육 심리학자 Susan Engel 따르면호기심은   정도의 어린 나이에 줄어들기 시작한다.

② By the time we are adults, we have fewer questions and more default settings.

 우리가 어른이  무렵질문은  적어지고 기본값은  많아진다.

③ As Henry James put it, "Disinterested curiosity is past, the mental grooves and channels set."

 Henry James 말했듯이, "흥미를 유발하지 않는 호기심은 없어지고정신의 고랑과 경로가 자리잡는다."

④ The decline in curiosity can be traced in the development of the brain through childhood.

 호기심의 감소는 유년 시절을 통한 뇌의 발달에서 원인을 찾을  있다.

⑤ Though smaller than the adult brain, the infant brain contains millions more neural connections.

 비록 성인의 뇌보다 작지만유아의 뇌는 수백만   많은 신경 연결을 가지고 있다.

⑥ The wiring, however, is a mess; the lines of communication between infant neurons are far less efficient than between those in the adult brain.

 그러나 연결 상태는 엉망이다유아의 뉴런 간의 전달은 성인 뇌의 그것들 간의 전달보다 훨씬  효율적이다.

⑦ The baby's perception of the world is consequently both intensely rich and wildly disordered.

 결과적으로 세상에 대한 아기의 인식은 매우 풍부하면서도 상당히 무질서하다.

⑧ As children absorb more evidence from the world around them, certain possibilities become much more likely and more useful and harden into knowledge or beliefs.

 아이들이 그들 주변의 세상으로부터  많은 증거를 흡수함에 따라특정한 가능성들이 훨씬  커지게 되고  유용하게 되며 지식이나 믿음으로 굳어진다.

⑨ The neural pathways that enable those beliefs become faster and more automatic, while the ones that the child doesn't use regularly are pruned away.

 그러한 믿음을 가능하게 하는 신경 경로는  빠르고 자동적으로 이루어지게 되고 반면에아이가 주기적으로 사용하지 않는 경로는 제거된다.

 

[1] 2023 06 – 40건강한 식단을 위해서는 식품 분류가 아닌 균형 잡힌 섭취가 중요함

① Nearly eight of ten U.S. adults believe there are "good foods" and "bad foods."

 미국 성인 10  거의 8명이 "좋은 음식" "나쁜 음식" 있다고 믿는다.

② Unless we're talking about spoiled stew, poison mushrooms, or something similar, however, no foods can be labeled as either good or bad.

 하지만우리가 상한 스튜 버섯또는 이와 유사한 것에 대해 이야기하고 있지 않는 어떤 음식도 좋고 나쁨으로 분류될  없다.

③ There are, however, combinations of foods that add up to a healthful or unhealthful diet.

 하지만결국 건강에 좋은 식단이나 건강에 좋지 않은 식단이 되는 음식들의 조합이 있다.

④ Consider the case of an adult who eats only foods thought of as "good" ― for example, raw broccoli, apples, orange juice, boiled tofu, and carrots.

 "좋은음식이라고 생각되는 음식만 먹는 성인의 경우를 생각해보라 ― 예를 들어생브로콜리사과오렌지 주스삶은 두부와 당근.

⑤ Although all these foods are nutrient-dense, they do not add up to a healthy diet because they don't supply a wide enough variety of the nutrients we need.

 비록  모든 음식들이 영양이 풍부하지만그것들은 우리가 필요로 하는 충분히 다양한 영양소를 공급하지 않기 때문에 그것들은 결국 건강한 식단이 되지 않는다.

⑥ Or take the case of the teenager who occasionally eats fried chicken, but otherwise stays away from fried foods.

 또는 튀긴 치킨을 가끔 먹지만그렇지 않으면 튀긴 음식을 멀리하는 십대의 경우를 예로 들어보자.

⑦ The occasional fried chicken isn't going to knock his or her diet off track.

 가끔 먹는 튀긴 치킨은 그나 그녀의 식단을 궤도에서 벗어나게 하지 않을 것이다.

⑧ But the person who eats fried foods every day, with few vegetables or fruits, and loads up on supersized soft drinks, candy, and chips for snacks has a bad diet.

 하지만 채소나 과일을 거의 먹지 않으면서 매일 튀긴 음식을 먹고간식으로 초대형 탄산음료사탕그리고 감자 칩으로 배를 가득 채우는 사람은 나쁜 식단을 가지고 있다.

 

[1] 2023 06 – 41~42농업 발달로 잉여 식량이 생기면서 전문 직업이 생겨남

① Early hunter-gatherer societies had minimal structure.

 초기 수렵 채집 사회는 최소한의 구조만 가지고 있었다.

② A chief or group of elders usually led the camp or village.

 추장이나 장로 그룹이 주로 캠프나 마을을 이끌었다.

③ Most of these leaders had to hunt and gather along with the other members because the surpluses of food and other vital resources were seldom sufficient to support a full-time chief or village council.

 식량과 기타 필수 자원의 잉여분이 전임 추장이나 마을 의회를 지원할 만큼 거의 충분하지 않았기 때문에 대부분의 이러한 지도자들은 다른 구성원들과 함께 사냥과 채집을 해야 했다.

④ The development of agriculture changed work patterns.

 농업의 발전은 작업 패턴을 변화시켰다.

⑤ Early farmers could reap 3-10 kg of grain from each 1 kg of seed planted.

 초기 농부들은 심은 씨앗 1kg마다 3-10kg 곡물을 수확할  있었다.

⑥ Part of this food/energy surplus was returned to the community and provided support for nonfarmers such as chieftains, village councils, men who practice medicine, priests, and warriors.

  식량/에너지 잉여분의 일부는 지역 사회에 환원되었고 족장마을 의회의술가사제전사와 같은 비농민에 대한 지원을 제공했다.

⑦ In return, the nonfarmers provided leadership and security for the farming population, enabling it to continue to increase food/energy yields and provide ever larger surpluses.

  대가로비농민들은 농업 인구에게 리더십과 안보를 제공하여그들이 식량/에너지 생산량을 지속적으로 늘리고 항상  많은 잉여를 제공할  있게 하였다.

⑧ With improved technology and favorable conditions, agriculture produced consistent surpluses of the basic necessities, and population groups grew in size.

 개선된 기술과 유리한 조건으로농업은 기본 생필품의 지속적인 흑자를 창출했고인구 집단은 규모가 커졌다.

⑨ These groups concentrated in towns and cities, and human tasks specialized further.

 이러한 집단은 마을과 도시에 집중되었고인간의 업무는 더욱 전문화되었다.

⑩ Specialists such as carpenters, blacksmiths, merchants, traders, and sailors developed their skills and became more efficient in their use of time and energy.

 목수대장장이상인무역업자선원과 같은 전문가들은 기술을 발전시키고 자신의 시간과 에너지 사용을  효율적으로 하게 되었다.

⑪ The goods and services they provided brought about an improved quality of life, a higher standard of living, and, for most societies, increased stability.

 그들이 제공한 재화와 서비스로 인해 향상된 삶의  높은 생활 수준그리고대부분의 사회에서향상된 안정성을 가져왔다.

 

[1] 2023 06 – 43~45아들을 간호하며 임종을 지켜준 병사의 인간애 실화

① A nurse took a tired, anxious soldier to the bedside.

  간호사가 피곤하고 불안해하는 군인을 침대 곁으로 데려갔다.

② "Jack, your son is here," the nurse said to an old man lying on the bed.

 "Jack, 당신 아들이 왔어요."라고 간호사가 침대에 누워있는 노인에게 말했다.

③ She had to repeat the words several times before the old man's eyes opened.

  노인이 눈을 뜨기 전에 그녀는  말을 여러  반복해야 했다.

④ Suffering from the severe pain because of heart disease, he barely saw the young uniformed soldier standing next to him.

 심장병 때문에 극심한 고통을 겪고 있어그는 제복을 입은 젊은 군인이 그의 옆에  있는 것을 간신히 보았다.

⑤ He reached out his hand to the soldier.

 그는 손을  군인에게 뻗었다.

⑥ The soldier gently wrapped his fingers around the weak hand of the old man.

  군인은 노인의 병약한 손을 부드럽게 감쌌다.

⑦ The nurse brought a chair so that the soldier could sit beside the bed.

 간호사는 군인이 침대 옆에 앉을  있도록 의자를 가져왔다.

⑧ All through the night the young soldier sat there, holding the old man's hand and offering him words of support and comfort.

 밤새 젊은 군인은 거기에 앉아노인의 손을 잡고 그에게 지지와 위로의 말을 건넸다.

⑨ Occasionally, she suggested that the soldier take a rest for a while.

 가끔그녀는 군인에게 잠시 쉬라고 제안했다.

⑩ He politely said no.

 그는 정중하게 거절했다.

⑪ Whenever the nurse came into the room, she heard the soldier say a few gentle words.

 간호사가 병실에 들어올 때마다그녀는  군인이 부드러운  마디의 말을 하는 것을 들었다.

⑫ The old man said nothing, only held tightly to him all through the night.

 밤새도록 그에게 손이  쥐어진 채로 노인은 아무 말도 하지 않았다.

⑬ Just before dawn, the old man died.

 동트기 직전에 노인은 죽었다.

⑭ The soldier released the old man's hand and left the room to find the nurse.

  군인은 노인의 손을 놓고 간호사를 찾기 위해 병실을 나갔다.

⑮ After she was told what happened, she went back to the room with him.

 그녀가 무슨 일이 있었는지 들은 그녀는 그와 함께 병실로 돌아갔다.

⑯ The soldier hesitated for a while and asked, "Who was this man?"

 군인은 잠시 머뭇거리고는 " 남자는 누구였나요?"라고 물었다.

⑰ She was surprised and asked, "Wasn't he your father?"

 그녀는 깜짝 놀라서 물었다. "그가 당신의 아버지가 아니었나요?"

⑱ "No, he wasn't. I've never met him before," the soldier replied.

 "아니요그는 아니었어요저는 그를 이전에 만난 적이 없어요."라고 군인이 대답했다.

⑲ She asked, "Then why didn't you say something when I took you to him?"

 그녀는 물었다, "그러면 내가 당신을 그에게 데리고 갔을   아무 말도 하지 않았나요?"

⑳ He said, "I knew there had been a mistake, but when I realized that he was too sick to tell whether or not I was his son, I could see how much he needed me. So, I stayed."

 그가 말했다, "저는 실수가 있었다는 것을 알았지만그가 위독해서 제가 그의 아들인지 아닌지 구별할  없다는  알게 되었을 저는 그가 얼마나 저를 필요로 하는지   있었습니다그래서저는 머물렀습니다."

 

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[3] 2024 05 – 18: 영화 촬영 허가 요청서

 

My name is Rohan Kaul, the producer of the upcoming film 'Upagrah.' I am reaching out to you regarding a matter of importance concerning the shooting of some scenes for our film. We have identified Gulab Park, Mumbai, as an ideal location for these scenes. We are hoping to conduct this shoot on 3rd June 2024, from 1 p.m. to 6 p.m. We have chosen Monday for the shooting day to minimize traffic issues and disruption to the public. During the shoot, our team promises to follow all rules and regulations, ensuring no inconvenience is caused to the public. We would be so grateful if you granted permission for the shoot so that we can put the beautiful scenery of the park in our film. We look forward to your response.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Request for Film Shooting Permission at Gulab Park, Mumbai

2. Application to Shoot Key Film Scenes in Gulab Park on a Weekday

3. Rohan Kaul's Proposal for Filming 'Upagrah' in Gulab Park, Mumbai

4. Ensuring Minimal Public Disruption During Filming in Gulab Park

 

Main Idea #1:

Rohan Kaul seeks permission to shoot scenes for the film 'Upagrah' at Gulab Park in Mumbai.

 

Main Idea #2:

The producer Rohan Kaul plans to shoot important scenes for 'Upagrah' on a Monday at Gulab Park to reduce interference with public activities and traffic.

 

Summary:

Rohan Kaul, producer of 'Upagrah,' requests to film scenes at Gulab Park, Mumbai, on 3rd June 2024, promising minimal disruption by adhering to regulations and selecting a low-traffic day.

 

Key Points:

1. Rohan Kaul is the producer of the film 'Upagrah.'

2. The requested shooting location is Gulab Park, Mumbai.

3. Proposed shooting date and time: 3rd June 2024, from 1 p.m. to 6 p.m.

4. Commitment to follow all local rules and ensure public convenience.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 19: 잘못된 퀴즈로 인한 학생의 긴장 해소

 

Charles was taking a quiz in his math class. He stared at the questions, but they looked completely unfamiliar. Charles flipped through the pages of the quiz for a while. His palms grew sweaty as he realized that he didn't know a single answer. A moment later, a few other students began raising their hands. One said, "I don't think we ever learned about the stuff on this quiz, Mrs. Smith." The teacher quickly looked over a copy of the quiz and announced, "I'm sorry, class. It appears that I have given you the wrong quiz by mistake. We'll take the right quiz next class." As Charles heard what the teacher said, the tension in his shoulders began to melt away.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. A Mix-Up in the Classroom: Charles' Experience with the Wrong Quiz

2. Mistaken Quiz Distribution Leads to Unexpected Classroom Confusion

3. The Relief of a Rescheduled Quiz After a Teacher's Mistake

4. Students Face Unfamiliar Questions Due to Incorrect Quiz Handout

 

Main Idea #1:

Charles experienced stress during a quiz when he realized the questions were unfamiliar.

 

Main Idea #2:

The teacher mistakenly handed out the wrong quiz, causing confusion among the students until she recognized and addressed the error.

 

Summary:

Charles felt anxious upon encountering unfamiliar quiz questions, but was relieved when the teacher acknowledged distributing the wrong quiz and postponed it to the next class.

 

Key Points:

1. Charles was initially confused and stressed by the unfamiliar quiz questions.

2. Other students also recognized that the quiz content was unfamiliar.

3. The teacher admitted to giving out the wrong quiz and decided to reschedule.

4. The situation resolved with plans to take the correct quiz in the next class.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 20: 중년의 연결 조직 부상에 대한 근육 훈련 권장

 

When you are middle-aged, the risk of connective tissue injuries peaks as decreased load tolerance combines with continued high activity levels. The path of least resistance is to stop doing the things that hurt ― avoid uncomfortable movements and find easier forms of exercise. However, that's the exact opposite of what you should do. There is a path forward. But it doesn't involve following the typical pain management advice of rest, ice, and medicine, which multiple reviews have shown is not effective for treating age-related joint pain and dysfunction. These methods do nothing more than treat superficial symptoms. The only practical solution is to strengthen your body with muscle training. Whether you've been training for a few years or a few decades, or haven't ever stepped foot in the weight room, it's not too late to restore your body, build real strength, and achieve your physical potential.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Overcoming Age-Related Connective Tissue Injuries with Strength Training

2. The Importance of Muscle Training for Managing Middle-Aged Joint Pain

3. Why Rest and Medication Fall Short in Treating Age-Related Joint Issues

4. Building Strength to Restore Function and Reduce Pain in Middle Age

 

Main Idea #1:

Middle-aged individuals face increased risks of connective tissue injuries due to decreased load tolerance and ongoing activity.

 

Main Idea #2:

Rather than avoiding activity, the effective solution for age-related joint pain and dysfunction is to engage in muscle training to strengthen the body.

 

Summary:

Middle-aged adults experiencing joint pain should prioritize muscle training over traditional pain management methods like rest and medication, which often fail to address the root cause of their symptoms.

 

Key Points:

1. Connective tissue injuries peak in middle age due to reduced tolerance for physical loads.

2. Traditional pain management techniques are largely ineffective for age-related joint issues.

3. Strength training is crucial for rebuilding strength and improving joint function.

4. It is never too late to start muscle training, regardless of previous experience.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 21: 눈을 통한 시각적 인식의 메커니즘 설명

 

Turn the lights out and point the beam of a small flashlight up into one of your eyes. Shake the beam around while moving your gaze up and down. You should catch glimpses of what look like delicate branches. These branches are shadows of the blood vessels that lie on top of your retina. The vessels constantly cast shadows as light streams into the eye, but because these shadows never move, the brain ceases responding to them. Moving the flashlight beam around shifts the shadows just enough to make them momentarily visible. Now you might wonder if you could cause an image to fade just by staring at something unmoving. But that is not possible because the visual system constantly jiggles the eye muscles, which prevents the perfect stabilization of images of the world. These muscle movements are unbelievably small, but their effect is huge. Without them, we would go blind by tuning out what we see shortly after fixating our gaze! It's an interesting notion: Approximate perfection is better than perfect perfection.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Exploring the Visual Phenomenon of Retinal Blood Vessel Shadows

2. How Tiny Eye Movements Prevent Visual Fade and Maintain Perception

3. The Role of Eye Muscle Jiggles in Continuous Visual Awareness

4. Uncovering the Invisible: How Blood Vessel Shadows Impact Vision

 

Main Idea #1:

Shining a flashlight into the eye reveals normally unseen shadows of retinal blood vessels, illustrating an unusual visual phenomenon.

 

Main Idea #2:

The constant, minute jiggles of eye muscles prevent images from fading by continuously adjusting the retina’s exposure to visual stimuli.

 

Summary:

Using a flashlight to manipulate eye lighting can reveal the shadowy outlines of retinal blood vessels, showcasing how subtle eye movements are crucial in preventing the visual system from tuning out static images.

 

Key Points:

1. Flashlight manipulation reveals shadows of retinal blood vessels, normally invisible.

2. The brain ignores these shadows under normal lighting due to their stability.

3. Micro-movements of eye muscles prevent images from fading out.

4. These tiny adjustments ensure continuous visual perception and prevent sensory adaptation.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 22: 경제적 이익과 야생 보호 간의 대립

 

Most opposition to wilderness preservation doesn't come from environmentalists but from corporate interests and developers. When wild places are designated as wilderness, they are closed to most commercial activities and residential or infrastructure development. There is thus frequently an economic cost to wilderness preservation. Some critics claim that when wilderness and economic interests clash, economic interests should normally prevail. This argument, even if it is sound, won't exclude all wilderness preservation efforts, because some wilderness areas have little economic value. But a deeper problem with the argument is that it views nature from a human-focused and excessively economic point of view. Allowing economic considerations to outweigh all other forms of value is inconsistent with the biocentric reasons that support wilderness preservation. Thus, while it certainly makes sense to weigh the economic costs of wilderness protection, especially when such costs are high, the biocentric values underlying wilderness preservation exclude viewing economic considerations as the most important.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Conflict Between Economic Interests and Wilderness Preservation

2. Reevaluating the Role of Economic Value in Wilderness Protection Efforts

3. Beyond Economics: Embracing Biocentric Values in Wilderness Preservation

4. The Limitations of an Economic Perspective on Nature and Wilderness

 

Main Idea #1:

Opposition to wilderness preservation primarily stems from corporate interests and developers rather than environmentalists, due to restrictions on commercial activities.

 

Main Idea #2:

While economic considerations are important in wilderness preservation debates, they should not overshadow the biocentric values that fundamentally justify protecting these areas.

 

Summary:

Critics often prioritize economic interests in wilderness preservation debates, but this approach overlooks the biocentric values essential to the concept of wilderness, which argue against reducing nature to mere economic resource.

 

Key Points:

1. Corporate and development interests are the main opponents of wilderness preservation.

2. Wilderness areas are often restricted from commercial exploitation, causing economic debates.

3. Economic perspectives are challenged by biocentric values that prioritize nature's intrinsic worth.

4. While economic impacts are a valid consideration, they should not dominate preservation decisions.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 23: 카페인 섭취가  화학에 미치는 영향

 

During the day, a molecule called adenosine builds up in your brain. Adenosine binds with receptors on nerve cells, or neurons, slowing down their activity and making you feel drowsy. But caffeine is also able to bind with these receptors, and by doing so it blocks adenosine's effect, making your neurons fire more and keeping you alert. Caffeine also activates a gland at the base of your brain. This releases hormones that tell the adrenal glands on your kidneys to produce adrenaline, causing your heart to beat faster and your blood pressure to rise. If, however, your daily caffeine intake is consistent, your brain will adapt to it. Your brain is like, 'Okay, every morning I'm getting this caffeine that's binding to these receptors and blocking adenosine from binding to them.' So your brain creates extra receptors to give adenosine more of an opportunity to bind with them and have its usual effect. And more adenosine is also produced to counteract the caffeine. That's why it takes more and more caffeine to have the same effect.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Interplay of Caffeine, Adenosine, and Brain Adaptation: How Alertness is Maintained

2. Understanding Caffeine’s Mechanism of Action and Its Effects on Brain Chemistry

3. The Science Behind Caffeine Tolerance: Adenosine Receptors and Neuronal Activity

4. How Caffeine Works to Keep You Alert and How the Brain Adapts Over Time

 

Main Idea #1:

Caffeine keeps you alert by binding to adenosine receptors in the brain, blocking the drowsiness-inducing effects of adenosine.

 

Main Idea #2:

With consistent caffeine intake, the brain adapts by creating more adenosine receptors and producing more adenosine, which diminishes caffeine's effectiveness and increases tolerance.

 

Summary:

Caffeine blocks the effects of adenosine, a molecule that induces drowsiness, by binding to its receptors, which keeps you alert. Over time, consistent caffeine consumption leads the brain to compensate by increasing adenosine receptors and production, necessitating higher doses of caffeine for the same alertness effect.

 

Key Points:

1. Adenosine accumulates during the day, promoting sleepiness by slowing neuronal activity.

2. Caffeine competes with adenosine for the same receptors, preventing drowsiness and increasing alertness.

3. Caffeine stimulates the production of adrenaline, raising heart rate and blood pressure.

4. Regular caffeine use leads to increased adenosine receptors and production, reducing its effectiveness and requiring higher consumption for the same alertness.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 24: 대양의 푸른색 발생 원인 설명

 

When viewed from space, one of the Earth's most commanding features is the blueness of its vast oceans. Small amounts of water do not indicate the color of these large bodies of water; when pure drinking water is examined in a glass, it appears clear and colorless. Apparently a relatively large volume of water is required to reveal the blue color. Why is this so? When light penetrates water, it experiences both absorption and scattering. Water molecules strongly absorb infrared and, to a lesser degree, red light. At the same time, water molecules are small enough to scatter shorter wavelengths, giving water its blue-green color. The amount of long-wavelength absorption is a function of depth; the deeper the water, the more red light is absorbed. At a depth of 15m, the intensity of red light drops to 25% of its original value and falls to zero beyond a depth of 30m. Any object viewed at this depth is seen in a blue-green light. For this reason, red inhabitants of the sea, such as lobsters and crabs, appear black to divers not carrying a lamp.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Exploring the Blue Color of the Ocean: Absorption and Scattering of Light in Water

2. Why the Ocean Appears Blue: The Role of Light Penetration and Wavelength Absorption

3. The Science Behind Ocean Color: Light Absorption and Scattering at Various Depths

4. Understanding the Depth-Dependent Color Changes in the Ocean's Waters

 

Main Idea #1:

The blue color of the ocean is primarily due to the absorption of longer wavelengths and the scattering of shorter wavelengths by water molecules.

 

Main Idea #2:

In deep waters, red light is absorbed more efficiently, diminishing in intensity with depth, which affects how colors are perceived underwater.

 

Summary:

The vast blue appearance of the ocean from space results from selective light absorption and scattering by water molecules, which absorb red and infrared light while scattering shorter, blue-green wavelengths. Deeper water intensifies this effect, causing red light to weaken significantly, which alters the apparent color of objects submerged at depth.

 

Key Points:

1. Small volumes of water appear clear, while larger bodies exhibit a blue color due to the volume required for effective light absorption and scattering.

2. Water molecules absorb infrared and red light, but scatter blue-green wavelengths, giving the ocean its characteristic color.

3. The absorption of red light increases with water depth, diminishing its intensity and influencing how submerged objects are perceived.

4. At significant depths, red sea creatures appear black unless illuminated by an artificial light source.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 25: 세대별 챗봇 플랫폼 선호도 차이

 

The above graph shows the percentage of preferable chatbot platforms by age categorized by Generation Z, Millennials, and Generation X. Millennials and Generation X had the highest percentage of respondents who preferred Desktop Websites while Generation Z had the highest percentage for Messenger Apps. In Generation Z, the percentage of respondents who preferred Mobile Apps was more than twice that of those who preferred Voice Assistant Devices. Messenger Apps was the only platform where the percentage of respondents' preference for it sank lower and lower from Generation Z, to Millennials, to Generation X. The percentage point gap between Millennial and Generation X respondents who preferred Mobile Apps was larger than the percentage point gap between the same two groups for Voice Assistant Devices. The percentage of respondents who preferred Mobile Websites was the lowest in all the age groups.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Generational Preferences for Chatbot Platforms: A Comparative Analysis

2. Trends in Chatbot Platform Preferences Across Generation Z, Millennials, and Generation X

3. The Shift in Chatbot Usage: From Desktop to Mobile and Messenger Apps Among Different Generations

4. Analyzing the Decline in Messenger App Preferences from Generation Z to Generation X

 

Main Idea #1:

Millennials and Generation X show a strong preference for desktop websites, whereas Generation Z favors messenger apps.

 

Main Idea #2:

While messenger apps are most popular with Generation Z, their preference drops markedly among older generations, showing a clear generational divide in chatbot platform choices.

 

Summary:

The preferences for chatbot platforms vary significantly by age, with Millennials and Generation X opting for desktop websites, and Generation Z preferring messenger apps. The use of mobile apps is notably higher in Generation Z than voice assistant devices, and messenger app preference decreases progressively with older generations. Among all age groups, mobile websites are the least favored option.

 

Key Points:

1. Desktop websites are the preferred chatbot platform for Millennials and Generation X.

2. Generation Z predominantly prefers messenger apps over other platforms.

3. The preference for messenger apps decreases with each older generation.

4. Mobile apps are more popular among Generation Z compared to voice assistants, which are less favored.

5. Mobile websites have the lowest preference rate across all generations.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 26: José Saramago 문학적 경력과 영향

 

José Saramago was born in 1922 to a family of farmers in a little village north of Lisbon. For financial reasons he abandoned his high-school studies and worked as a mechanic. At this time, he acquired a taste for reading and started to frequent a public library in Lisbon in his free time. After trying different jobs in the civil service, he worked for a publishing company for twelve years and then as an editor of the newspaper 'Diario de Noticias.' Between 1975 and 1980 Saramago supported himself as a translator, but after his literary successes in the 1980s he devoted himself to his own writing. He achieved worldwide recognition in 1982 with the humorous love story Baltasar and Blimunda, a novel set in 18th-century Portugal. Saramago's oeuvre totals 30 works, and comprises not only novels but also poetry, essays and drama.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. José Saramago: From Mechanic to Internationally Acclaimed Author

2. The Evolution of José Saramago: Early Struggles to Literary Stardom

3. The Life and Works of José Saramago: Portugal's Literary Treasure

4. From Humble Beginnings to Literary Greatness: The Journey of José Saramago

 

Main Idea #1:

José Saramago rose from a modest upbringing to become a celebrated writer, initially working as a mechanic and later devoting himself to writing after various jobs.

 

Main Idea #2:

Saramago gained international fame with his novel "Baltasar and Blimunda," which marked a turning point in his career, leading him to focus solely on his literary pursuits.

 

Summary:

José Saramago, born in a small village north of Lisbon in 1922, transitioned from a mechanic to a globally recognized author. He explored different vocations before achieving literary success with "Baltasar and Blimunda" in 1982. His diverse body of work, totaling 30 publications including novels, poetry, essays, and drama, reflects his profound impact on literature.

 

Key Points:

1. Born to a farming family in 1922, José Saramago faced early financial hardships that led him to drop out of high school.

2. He developed a passion for reading while working as a mechanic and visiting a public library in Lisbon.

3. Saramago held various jobs, including working in civil service and publishing, before dedicating himself to writing.

4. His breakthrough came with the novel "Baltasar and Blimunda," after which he focused entirely on writing.

5. Saramago's extensive oeuvre includes novels, poetry, essays, and drama, showcasing his versatility as a writer.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 29: 새로운 병원균의 적응과 전파 과정

 

When a new pathogen emerges, one way it transitions from wherever it has been living into a new host may be the acquisition of new traits. Imagine that in its hourly struggle to survive over long periods of time and many generations, a fungus species might acquire a protective capsule ― a bit of coating ― that shields it or even masks it from other microbes or cells. Then it acquires some enzymes that enable it to survive whatever chemicals other microbes might throw at it. If it can overcome these chemicals, it may also overcome the same or similar chemicals used as antifungal drugs. Maybe it also evolves to tolerate warmer temperatures. Now we've got a yeast that once made its home in an apple tree or in a wetland but that at this point can live quite happily in our body, hide from our immune system, and disarm our drugs. Then some of us carry it from one country to another and then another, and eventually it finds a host in a hospital patient who has recently received an organ transplant or is elderly with a weakened immune system.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Evolutionary Journey of Pathogens from Nature to Human Hosts

2. Adapting to Survive: How Pathogens Develop Traits for Host Transition

3. The Emergence of Drug-Resistant Pathogens Through Natural Adaptations

4. From Environmental Niches to Human Hosts: The Adaptation of Yeast Pathogens

 

Main Idea #1:

Pathogens like certain fungi can acquire new traits such as protective coatings and enzymes to survive environmental challenges and antimicrobial substances.

 

Main Idea #2:

Through evolutionary adaptations, these pathogens become capable of living in human hosts, evading the immune system, and resisting antifungal drugs, posing significant risks especially in vulnerable populations.

 

Summary:

Pathogens evolve over time, gaining traits that allow them to survive harsh conditions and resist antimicrobial drugs, which can enable them to infect and thrive in human hosts, including those with compromised immune systems, such as hospital patients or the elderly.

 

Key Points:

1. Pathogens acquire protective traits and enzymes that help them survive environmental and chemical challenges.

2. These adaptations can also make pathogens resistant to drugs used in medical treatment.

3. Originally non-human pathogens can evolve to live in human bodies and evade immune defenses.

4. Global travel can spread such pathogens, leading to infections in vulnerable populations like transplant recipients or the elderly.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 30: 감정이 기억 형성에 미치는 영향

 

Memory is shaped by emotions connected to an experience. For this reason, inaccuracies often hide the full picture of what happened. For example, a company might decide to hire a consultant to assist with a major project. During this project, the consultant demonstrated some personality traits that clashed with a couple of the executives involved. Through the course of the project, they were able to put aside the personality conflicts in order to see their vision become a reality. Ultimately, the project was a success, enabling the company to move forward and profit. At a later date, the company, remembering the previous success, expressed an interest in hiring the same consultant for another large project. The executives who struggled with his personality last time may most vividly remember their difficulty in overcoming his personality and related emotions. In this case, the success of the project fades into the background as they focus on their previous experience, colored by their feelings of discomfort. As a result, they convince the company to exclude the consultant, making project completion more difficult.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Impact of Emotional Memory on Professional Decisions and Project Outcomes

2. How Emotions Influence Memory Recall in Business Environments

3. The Role of Emotional Experiences in Shaping Business Decision-Making

4. Navigating Personality Conflicts in the Workplace: A Case Study on Memory Bias

 

Main Idea #1:

Emotions linked to experiences can significantly influence memory recall, potentially leading to biased decision-making in professional settings.

 

Main Idea #2:

In the case of hiring a consultant, previous conflicts overshadowed memories of project success, affecting future hiring decisions and possibly hindering project completion.

 

Summary:

Emotionally charged memories, such as the discomfort from personality clashes with a consultant, can overshadow the success of past collaborations, influencing future business decisions negatively and complicating project executions.

 

Key Points:

1. Emotional experiences can shape and sometimes distort the memory of events in a business context.

2. Successful outcomes may be overshadowed by negative interpersonal memories, affecting future decisions.

3. In the given scenario, past personality conflicts with a consultant led executives to focus on negative aspects, despite previous project success.

4. This selective memory recall resulted in the decision not to rehire the consultant, complicating the completion of a new project.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 31: 색상의 사회적 의미와 규제

 

As colors came to take on meanings and cultural significance within societies, attempts were made to restrict their use. The most extreme example of this phenomenon was the sumptuary laws. While these were passed in ancient Greece and Rome, and examples can be found in ancient China and Japan, they found their fullest expressions in Europe from the mid-twelfth century, before slowly disappearing in the early modern period. Such laws could touch on anything from diet to dress and furnishings, and sought to enforce social boundaries by encoding the social classes into a clear visual system: the peasants, in other words, should eat and dress like peasants; craftsmen should eat and dress like craftsmen. Color was a vital signifier in this social language ― dull, earthy colors like russet were explicitly confined to the poorest rural peasants, while bright ones like scarlet were the preserve of a select few.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Role of Color in Enforcing Social Hierarchies Through Sumptuary Laws

2. Color and Class: The Impact of Sumptuary Laws on Social Stratification

3. Historical Uses of Color to Define Social Boundaries and Class Distinctions

4. Sumptuary Laws: How Colors Signified Social Status from Ancient Times to the Early Modern Period

 

Main Idea #1:

Sumptuary laws utilized color as a key element to enforce social boundaries, dictating what colors different social classes could wear or display.

 

Main Idea #2:

These laws, peaking in Europe during the medieval period, regulated not only clothing but also diet and furnishings to maintain a clear visual distinction between social classes.

 

Summary:

Sumptuary laws historically used color to enforce social hierarchies, restricting vibrant colors like scarlet to the elite, while confining peasants to earthy tones. These regulations extended beyond attire to include diet and home decor, clearly delineating social classes through visual means.

 

Key Points:

1. Sumptuary laws were used to enforce social boundaries by controlling the use of color in clothing and other aspects of life.

2. These laws were prevalent in ancient Greece, Rome, China, Japan, and notably in medieval Europe.

3. Colors played a critical role in these laws, with bright colors reserved for the upper classes and dull colors for the lower classes.

4. The laws also regulated other aspects of daily life, such as diet and furnishings, to maintain visual distinctions between classes.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 32: 뇌가 외부 세계를 인식하는 방식

 

John Douglas Pettigrew, a professor of psychology at the University of Queensland, found that the brain manages the external world by dividing it into separate regions, the peripersonal and the extrapersonal ― basically, near and far. Peripersonal space includes whatever is in arm's reach; things you can control right now by using your hands. This is the world of what's real, right now. Extrapersonal space refers to everything else ― whatever you can't touch unless you move beyond your arm's reach, whether it's three feet or three million miles away. This is the realm of possibility. With those definitions in place, another fact follows, obvious but useful: any interaction in the extrapersonal space must occur in the future. Or, to put it another way, distance is linked to time. For instance, if you're in the mood for a peach, but the closest one is sitting in a bin at the corner market, you can't enjoy it now. You can only enjoy it in the future, after you go get it.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Understanding the Brain's Division of the World: Peripersonal and Extrapersonal Spaces

2. The Psychological Concepts of Near and Far: Insights from John Douglas Pettigrew

3. Spatial Divisions in the Brain: Immediate Realities and Distant Possibilities

4. How Distance Influences Perception and Interaction: A Psychological Perspective

 

Main Idea #1:

John Douglas Pettigrew discovered that the brain categorizes the external world into peripersonal (near) and extrapersonal (far) spaces, determining how we interact with our environment.

 

Main Idea #2:

This spatial division implies that anything within the extrapersonal space, or beyond immediate reach, involves future interactions, linking distance directly to time.

 

Summary:

John Douglas Pettigrew's research shows that the brain divides the world into peripersonal and extrapersonal spaces, the former being within arm's reach and the latter beyond it. This division highlights that interactions with distant objects or events, located in the extrapersonal space, are inherently linked to future actions.

 

Key Points:

1. Peripersonal space includes everything within arm's reach, directly controllable and tangible in the present.

2. Extrapersonal space encompasses all that lies beyond immediate reach, requiring movement and planning to interact.

3. The brain's spatial division reflects how we perceive and interact with our environment, affecting our psychological and physical responses.

4. The concept that interactions in extrapersonal space must occur in the future underscores the relationship between distance and time.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 33: 곤충을 잡는 식충식물의 독특한 메커니즘

 

Insect-eating plants' unique strategies for catching live prey have long captured the public imagination. But even within this strange group, in which food-trapping mechanisms have evolved multiple times independently, some unusual ones stand out. According to Ulrike Bauer, an evolutionary biologist, the visually striking pitcher plant Nepenthes gracilis, for example, can exploit external energy for a purpose. This species' pitcher has a rigid, horizontal lid with an exposed underside that produces nectar, luring insects to land on it. When a raindrop strikes the lid's top, the lid jolts downward and throws any unsuspecting visitor into digestive juices below. Researchers used x-ray scans to analyze cross sections of the pitchers when the lid is raised, lowered, and in a neutral position. Their results revealed a structural weak point in the pitcher's neck: when a raindrop hits the lid, the weak spot folds in and forces the lid to quickly move downward, similar to a diving board. The weak point makes the pitcher's body bend and bounce back in a specific, consistent way, so the lid rises back up without bouncing too far ― unlike a typical leaf's chaotic vibration when struck by rain.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Ingenious Trap Mechanism of Nepenthes gracilis: Utilizing Raindrops as a Catalyst

2. Evolutionary Innovation in Carnivorous Plants: How Nepenthes gracilis Catches Its Prey

3. Rain-Triggered Prey Capture in the Pitcher Plant Nepenthes gracilis

4. Harnessing External Forces: The Unique Prey-Capturing Strategy of Nepenthes gracilis

 

Main Idea #1:

Nepenthes gracilis, a type of pitcher plant, has evolved a unique mechanism that uses the energy from raindrops to capture insects by causing its lid to snap shut.

 

Main Idea #2:

The plant's lid acts like a diving board, with a structural weak point that folds when hit by a raindrop, propelling unsuspecting insects into the pitcher for digestion.

 

Summary:

Nepenthes gracilis, a pitcher plant, exploits raindrops to catch prey by having a specialized lid that snaps shut when struck. Researchers discovered a weak point in the plant's structure that allows this rapid motion, efficiently trapping insects without excessive bouncing or vibration.

 

Key Points:

1. Nepenthes gracilis attracts insects with nectar on its horizontal lid.

2. The plant’s lid snaps shut when a raindrop hits, throwing insects into the digestive juices below.

3. X-ray scans reveal a structural weak point that facilitates this quick lid movement.

4. This mechanism is highly efficient, avoiding the chaotic vibrations typical of other leaves when impacted by rain.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 34: 어류의 자체 발광 기능과 생존 전략

 

Many fish generate their own light in a biological firework display called bioluminescence. The lanternfish creates beams that sweep the sea like headlamps. The dragonfish produces wavelengths that only it can see, leaving its victims unaware of the approaching threat. In contrast, the anglerfish hopes its prey will notice and be lured toward its rod-like bioluminescent barbel; its fierce jaws stay hidden in the shadows. Bioluminescence is also used to frustrate predators. A species from the spookfish family relies on a bellyful of symbiotic, glowing bacteria to save it from becoming a meal. It uses the same concept developed by the US Navy during World War II to make bomber aircraft difficult to see. Just as Project Yehudi designed planes with under-wing spotlights, the fish's glowing belly conceals its silhouette against sunlight to hide it from watching eyes below. In this fish-eat-fish world, survival is a game of hide-and-seek that prioritizes the sense of sight.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Art of Illumination: Bioluminescence in Marine Life for Predation and Defense

2. Natural Glow: How Marine Species Use Bioluminescence for Survival

3. Bioluminescent Tactics: Defensive and Offensive Strategies in Deep Sea Creatures

4. The Role of Bioluminescence in Marine Predator-Prey Dynamics

 

Main Idea #1:

Many fish species employ bioluminescence, creating their own light for various survival strategies, including predation and defense against predators.

 

Main Idea #2:

Bioluminescence is used by different species to either attract prey or camouflage themselves from predators, demonstrating its versatility as a survival tool in the ocean's depths.

 

Summary:

Bioluminescence serves as a critical survival tool in marine ecosystems, allowing species like lanternfish, dragonfish, and anglerfish to either hunt or hide. This natural phenomenon is adapted for offense in some species by attracting unsuspecting prey, while others use it defensively, mimicking wartime camouflage techniques to avoid predators.

 

Key Points:

1. Lanternfish use bioluminescence like headlamps to illuminate the deep sea and spot prey.

2. Dragonfish produce unique light wavelengths that are invisible to other species, making it a stealthy predator.

3. Anglerfish attract prey with a glowing lure, while hiding their dangerous jaws in the darkness.

4. Spookfish use glowing bacteria in their bellies to camouflage themselves against the light from above, similar to military counter-illumination tactics.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 35: 인류의 공통 조상과 생존 경쟁

 

The human race traces back to a surprisingly small number of common ancestors. It has been documented that the entire human race can be traced back to only seven different mothers, and one of these women is a common ancestor to roughly 40% of the human species. Why is this? The simple answer is that humans are extremely good at dying and at wiping each other out. History has had many successful rulers and conquerors who have got rid of entire populations, and even beyond that, our species has wiped out plenty of similar humanoid lines that existed on this earth. Scientific finds have so far discovered a number of other humanoid species that once shared the earth with us, some of which include Neanderthals and Denisovans. Yet of these lines, only homo sapiens have survived, only the modern humans. That itself shows how difficult it is for a species to survive and thrive long-term on this planet.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Genetic Bottlenecks and Ancestral Roots of Modern Humans

2. Tracing Humanity: From Seven Mothers to Global Domination

3. Survival of the Fittest: How Homo Sapiens Outlasted Other Humanoids

4. The Remarkable Resilience and Ruthlessness of Human Ancestors

 

Main Idea #1:

Humanity's lineage can be traced back to a surprisingly small group of ancestors, including seven maternal progenitors, with one woman being an ancestor to a significant portion of today's population.

 

Main Idea #2:

The dominance of Homo sapiens over other humanoid species, such as Neanderthals and Denisovans, highlights the harsh realities of survival and competition that have characterized human history.

 

Summary:

The human race originates from a small number of maternal ancestors, with extensive evidence suggesting one woman is a common ancestor to about 40% of all humans. This genetic bottleneck reflects the harsh history of human survival, where many other humanoid species were wiped out, leaving only Homo sapiens to continue the lineage.

 

Key Points:

1. Genetic studies have identified that all humans share a remarkably small number of common maternal ancestors.

2. One of these ancestors is particularly significant, contributing genetically to 40% of the modern human population.

3. Historical patterns of conquest and extinction have played a crucial role in shaping the current human gene pool.

4. Homo sapiens are the sole survivors among several humanoid species that once inhabited Earth, emphasizing the harsh conditions and competitive nature of human evolution.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 36: 시간 여행의 개념에 대한 철학적 탐구

 

Philosophers who seek to understand the nature of time might consider the possibility of time travel. But there are no real-life cases of time travel. In situations such as this, philosophers often construct thought experiments ―imagined scenarios that bring out the thoughts and presuppositions underlying people's judgments. Sometimes these scenarios are drawn from books, movies, and television. Other times, philosophers just make up their own scenarios. Either way, the point is to put such concepts to the test. In the case of time travel, for example, a common thought experiment is to imagine what would happen if you went back in time and found yourself in a position to interfere in such a way that you were never born. It seems that something must happen to prevent you from doing this, because if you were to succeed, you would not exist and so you would not have been able to go back in time. As a result of thinking through these sorts of cases, some philosophers claim that the very notion of time travel makes no sense.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Exploring the Paradoxes of Time Travel Through Philosophical Thought Experiments

2. The Logical Conundrums of Time Travel: A Philosophical Inquiry

3. Time Travel in Philosophy: Examining the Grandfather Paradox

4. Testing the Boundaries of Time Travel with Thought Experiments

 

Main Idea #1:

Philosophers use thought experiments to explore the theoretical possibility of time travel and the logical problems associated with it.

 

Main Idea #2:

A common philosophical scenario involves the paradox where time travelers might prevent their own existence, leading some philosophers to question the coherence of time travel as a concept.

 

Summary:

Philosophers utilize thought experiments, including hypothetical scenarios drawn from popular culture or their own imaginations, to probe the complexities and paradoxes of time travel. One notable experiment involves the contradiction of altering past events in such a way that the time traveler never exists, challenging the logical possibility of time travel itself.

 

Key Points:

1. Philosophers employ thought experiments to understand and test the concept of time travel.

2. Scenarios often involve altering past events with significant personal consequences, such as preventing one's own birth.

3. These experiments reveal inherent logical contradictions, such as the impossibility of performing an action in the past that would negate the traveler's future existence.

4. The examination of these paradoxes often leads philosophers to conclude that time travel might be conceptually flawed.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 37: 수면  감각 정보의 차단 과정

 

A universal indicator of sleep is the loss of external awareness. You are no longer conscious of all that surrounds you, at least not explicitly. In actual fact, your ears are still 'hearing'; your eyes, though closed, are still capable of 'seeing.' All these signals still flood into the center of your brain while you sleep, but they are blocked by a perceptual barricade set up in a structure called the thalamus. The thalamus decides which sensory signals are allowed through its gate, and which are not. Should they be granted its permission to pass, they are sent to the cortex at the top of your brain, where they are consciously perceived. By locking its gates shut, the thalamus imposes a sensory blackout in the brain, preventing onward travel of those signals to the cortex. As a result, you are no longer consciously aware of the information broadcasts being transmitted from your outer sense organs. At this moment, your brain has lost waking contact with the outside world. Said another way, you are now asleep.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. How the Thalamus Controls Sensory Input During Sleep

2. The Role of the Thalamus in Sensory Processing and Sleep Awareness

3. Understanding the Mechanism of Sensory Blackout in Sleep

4. The Thalamus: Gatekeeper of Conscious Awareness in Sleep

 

Main Idea #1:

During sleep, the thalamus acts as a gatekeeper by selectively blocking sensory signals from reaching the cortex, resulting in a loss of external awareness.

 

Main Idea #2:

This sensory blockade ensures that although the brain continues to receive inputs from the senses, these do not reach the consciousness, thereby maintaining the state of sleep.

 

Summary:

In sleep, the thalamus prevents sensory signals from passing to the cortex, effectively cutting off conscious awareness of the external world. This mechanism ensures that, despite ongoing sensory activity, the brain remains detached from waking perceptions and fully engaged in the sleep state.

 

Key Points:

1. Loss of external awareness is a key indicator of sleep, characterized by a sensory blackout.

2. The thalamus plays a crucial role by filtering sensory information received during sleep.

3. Only signals approved by the thalamus are forwarded to the cortex for conscious perception.

4. By blocking most sensory inputs, the thalamus helps maintain the unconscious state necessary for sleep.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 38: 윤리적 의사결정에서의 감정적 요소

 

Emotional response to the world is an inherent part of ethics. In ethics, appeals to compassion and empathy can and should be part of rational arguments about ethical decisions. Moreover, the best practices of objectivity often combine partiality and impartiality. In a trial, the partiality of the prosecutor and the defense attorney (and the parties they represent) occurs within a larger impartial context. A judge or jury puts partial arguments to the test of objective evidence and to the impartial rules of law. Ideally, what is fair and objective emerges during a trial where partialities make their case and are judged by objective norms. The norms of objectivity were constructed not because their creators thought most humans could be 'empty' of bias. The reverse is true: the norms were constructed because of an acute awareness of human bias, because it is evident. Rather than conclude that objectivity is impossible because bias is universal, scientists, journalists, and others concluded the opposite: we biased humans need the discipline of objectivity to reduce the ineliminable presence of bias.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Role of Emotional Intelligence in Ethical Decision-Making

2. Balancing Partiality and Impartiality in Ethical Judgments

3. The Construct of Objectivity in Response to Human Bias

4. Ethics, Emotions, and Objectivity: A Framework for Rational Decisions

 

Main Idea #1:

Emotional responses such as compassion and empathy are integral to forming rational ethical arguments and decisions.

 

Main Idea #2:

Objectivity in ethics is achieved by acknowledging and balancing both partial and impartial elements, as seen in legal trials where objective norms assess partial arguments.

 

Summary:

Ethical decision-making incorporates both emotional responses and objectivity, acknowledging human bias while striving for impartiality. In legal contexts, the interplay of partiality and impartiality helps reveal what is fair through the application of objective norms, demonstrating that objectivity is necessary despite inherent biases.

 

Key Points:

1. Compassion and empathy are essential components of ethical reasoning, complementing rational analysis.

2. Objectivity in ethics involves a synthesis of partial and impartial perspectives to achieve fairness.

3. Legal trials exemplify how objective evidence and impartial laws assess partial arguments from opposing sides.

4. The norms of objectivity were developed not from an unrealistic expectation of bias-free humans but from a recognition of the ubiquity of bias and the need for a systematic approach to mitigate it.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 39: 고양이의 야간 시력과 생물학적 적응

 

The fact that cats' eyes glow in the dark is part of their enhanced light-gathering efficiency; there is a reflective layer behind the retina, so light can hit the retina when it enters the eye, or when it is reflected from behind the retina. Light that manages to miss the retina exits the eye and creates that ghostly glow. When cats' light-gathering ability is combined with the very large population of rods in their eyes, the result is a predator that can see exceptionally well in the dark. Cats 'pay' for this nighttime accuracy with less accurate daytime vision and an inability to focus on close objects. This may seem counterproductive; what is the point of seeing a mouse in the dark if, in that final, close moment, the cat can't focus on it? Tactile information comes into play at this time; cats can move their whiskers forward and use them to get information about objects within the grasp of their jaws. So the next time you see a cat seeming to nap in the bright sunlight, eyes half-closed, remember that it may simply be shielding its retina from a surplus of light.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Science Behind Cats' Night Vision and Its Trade-offs

2. How Cats See: Nighttime Predators with Compromised Day Vision

3. The Dual Nature of Feline Vision: Superior Night Sight at a Cost

4. Understanding the Mechanisms and Limitations of Cat Vision

 

Main Idea #1:

Cats' eyes contain a reflective layer behind the retina which enhances their ability to gather light, enabling them to see exceptionally well in the dark.

 

Main Idea #2:

While cats excel in nighttime vision due to their eye structure and a high density of rods, they experience less accurate vision in daylight and difficulty focusing on close objects.

 

Summary:

Cats have evolved to have excellent night vision, supported by a reflective layer behind the retina and numerous rods in their eyes, which allows them to see in low light. However, this adaptation comes at the cost of less precise vision during the day and difficulty focusing on nearby objects, which they compensate for using their whiskers to gather tactile information.

 

Key Points:

1. Cats' eyes have a reflective layer called the tapetum lucidum that enhances night vision by reflecting light that passes through the retina back into it.

2. This structure allows cats to see well in low-light conditions, making them effective nocturnal hunters.

3. Their daytime vision is compromised, and they have a limited ability to focus on objects close to them.

4. Cats use their whiskers as tactile sensors to compensate for their near-focus limitations, helping them detect nearby objects effectively.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 40: 미술관 방문  대화 감소가 감정 반응 증가

 

In one study, researchers gave more than five hundred visitors to an art museum a special glove that reported their movement patterns along with physiological data such as their heart rates. The data showed that when people were not distracted by chatting with companions, they actually had a stronger emotional response to the art. Of course, there's nothing wrong with chatting and letting the art slide past, but think of the inspiration those museum visitors missed out on. Then apply that to life in general. When we surround ourselves with other people, we're not just missing out on the finer details of an art exhibition. We're missing out on the chance to reflect and understand ourselves better. In fact, studies show that if we never allow ourselves to be alone, it's just plain harder for us to learn. Other research found that young people who cannot stand being alone were less likely to develop creative skills like playing an instrument or writing because the most effective practice of these abilities is often done while alone. [요약문] The study above shows avoiding conversation with companions while exploring an art museum intensifies emotional response to art, suggesting that absence of alone time may inhibit personal growth and learning.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Enhancing Emotional Responses to Art Through Solitude: Insights from a Museum Study

2. The Impact of Social Interaction on Art Appreciation and Personal Growth

3. The Benefits of Solitary Experiences in Enhancing Art Perception and Creativity

4. Exploring the Link Between Solitude and Emotional Engagement with Art

 

Main Idea #1:

Research involving art museum visitors with monitoring gloves showed that individuals had stronger emotional responses to art when they were not distracted by conversation.

 

Main Idea #2:

The study suggests that solitude not only enhances art appreciation but also plays a crucial role in personal development and the acquisition of creative skills.

 

Summary:

A study monitoring museum visitors found that those who explored art alone had heightened emotional responses compared to those who chatted with companions. This highlights the broader benefits of solitude, which includes deeper personal reflection and better learning outcomes, as well as the development of creative abilities like music and writing, which require significant alone time.

 

Key Points:

1. Visitors to an art museum who wore special gloves showed more intense emotional reactions to art when not conversing with others.

2. The absence of distractions allows for a deeper connection with art, suggesting that solitude can enhance sensory and emotional experiences.

3. Solitude is not only beneficial for appreciating art but is also crucial for personal growth and learning.

4. Independent activities, such as practicing musical instruments or writing, are most effectively developed in solitude,

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 41~42: 색맹의 생물학적  진화적 측면

 

There are a number of human characteristics that would seem to be disadvantageous yet continue to survive, generation after generation. One example is color blindness. Most color blindness is associated with genes on the X chromosome. Women have two X chromosomes, so if this problem occurs on one of them, the other can compensate. But men have only one X chromosome. If the mutation occurs there, that male is color blind. We might ask why such a deficiency would survive and not die out. To understand this, we can consider ancient hunter-gatherers, with the men doing most of the hunting for meat and the women doing most of the gathering of fruits and nuts. Gathering fruits, especially berries, and nuts is much more productive if it is easy to distinguish the red or purple fruit from the green leaves of the plant. If red-green color blindness were common among women, the resulting lack of productivity would likely cause this trait to die out relatively quickly. On the other hand, the men out hunting don't much rely on being able to contrast red from green. Most of the animals they are hunting have fur or feathers that help them hide. Rather than relying on color, the hunter relies on an acute ability to detect motion. It is conceivable that a reduction in color contrast in these circumstances might actually enhance one's ability to detect subtle motions. Given that a hunted animal blends into its surroundings, less background color variation would be less of a visual distraction.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Survival of Color Blindness: A Genetic Trait Shaped by Evolutionary Needs

2. Color Blindness in Humans: An Evolutionary Perspective on its Persistence

3. The Role of Color Perception in Hunter-Gatherer Societies and the Evolution of Color Blindness

4. Understanding Why Color Blindness Has Not Been Eliminated Through Evolution

 

Main Idea #1:

Color blindness, predominantly linked to the X chromosome, persists in human populations despite its seeming disadvantages, especially in males who only have one X chromosome.

 

Main Idea #2:

Evolutionary roles in ancient societies, where men primarily hunted and women gathered, may explain the survival of color blindness, as the mutation could have had minimal impact on hunting success while being more disadvantageous for gathering tasks.

 

Summary:

Color blindness continues to exist in humans due to its genetic basis and potentially advantageous implications in historical contexts. While it could pose a disadvantage in tasks like fruit gathering, where color differentiation is crucial, it may have offered benefits to hunters by reducing color distractions and enhancing motion detection.

 

Key Points:

1. Color blindness is linked to the X chromosome, with men at higher risk because they possess only one X chromosome.

2. The trait's persistence may be explained through the distinct roles of men and women in ancient hunter-gatherer societies.

3. While potentially detrimental for women gatherers who needed to distinguish colorful fruits, color blindness might have aided male hunters by minimizing visual distractions and enhancing their ability to spot movement.

4. This evolutionary perspective suggests that color blindness was not sufficiently disadvantageous to be selected against in human populations, particularly among men.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 43~45: 서로 다른 관점이 모두 옳을  있음을 깨달은 쌍둥이 자매

 

Pamela and Maggie were identical twins. Even their parents found it hard to tell them apart. But although they looked identical, they were different in every other way. They didn't have anything in common, so they fought all the time. Pamela thought that her sister was weird and incomprehensible, and of course Maggie felt the same way. For example, Pamela was always upset at her sister waking up early in the morning. She didn't understand why her sister couldn't finish what she needed to do at night and sleep peacefully the next morning. To Maggie, staying up past the time she began to feel sleepy was exhausting. Besides, she loved the fresh morning air. They had fights about simple things like this every day. Tired of the endless arguments, their mother Rachel decided to put an end to them. She would make them understand that each of their points of view could be correct. One day, the twins were brought to the dining table where a big board stood in the middle. Pamela sat on one side of the board and her twin on the other. Rachel asked Pamela what the color of the board was. "Black," she said. After hearing Pamela's answer, Rachel asked the same question to the other daughter. She replied it was white. Predictably, they began arguing. Rachel then asked them to switch seats. Each sitting on a new chair, they were surprised to realize the board was black on one side and white on the other. Understanding what their mother wanted to say, they promised they would never insist the other was wrong again.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Tale of Two Perspectives: A Lesson in Understanding from Identical Twins

2. Seeing Both Sides: How Identical Twins Learned the Value of Perspective

3. Black or White: A Mother's Strategy to End Twin Rivalry

4. The Two Sides of the Board: Teaching Twins About Perspective

 

Main Idea #1:

Pamela and Maggie, identical twins with differing preferences and habits, frequently argued due to their inability to understand each other’s perspectives.

 

Main Idea #2:

Their mother, Rachel, devised an educational exercise using a two-colored board to teach the twins that both perspectives could be valid, leading to a resolution in their conflicts.

 

Summary:

Identical in appearance but divergent in personality, Pamela and Maggie clashed over daily routines until their mother intervened with a lesson in perspective. Using a board painted black on one side and white on the other, she demonstrated that both twins' viewpoints could be correct depending on their perspective, resolving their conflicts by fostering mutual understanding.

 

Key Points:

1. Pamela and Maggie are identical twins who constantly fought over their differing lifestyles and perspectives.

2. Their mother, Rachel, tired of their endless bickering, planned an exercise to teach them about perspective.

3. During the exercise, each twin saw the board as a different color from opposite sides, leading to an argument.

4. By switching seats, they realized the board had two different colors, understanding that both of their views were correct.

5. This experience taught them the importance of acknowledging and respecting different perspectives, promising to not dismiss each other's viewpoints in the future.

 

 

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[3] 2024 05 – 18영화 촬영 허가 요청서
① My name is Rohan Kaul, the producer of the upcoming film 'Upagrah.' 제 이름은 Rohan Kaul이고 곧 개봉할 영화'Upagrah'의 제작자입니다.
② I am reaching out to you regarding a matter of importance concerning the shooting of some scenes for our film. 저희 영화를 위한 일부 장면의 촬영과 관련하여 중요한 사항에 관해 당신에게 연락을 드립니다.
③ We have identified Gulab Park, Mumbai, as an ideal location for these scenes. 저희는 이 장면들을 위한 이상적인 장소로 Mumbai의 Gulab 공원을 찾았습니다.
④ We are hoping to conduct this shoot on 3rd June 2024, from 1 p.m. to 6 p.m. 저희는 2024년 6월 3일 오후 1시부터 오후 6시까지 이 촬영을 수행하기를 희망하고 있습니다.
⑤ We have chosen Monday for the shooting day to minimize traffic issues and disruption to the public. 저희는 교통 문제와 대중에게 끼칠 혼란을 최소화하기 위해 월요일을 촬영일로 선택했습니다.
⑥ During the shoot, our team promises to follow all rules and regulations, ensuring no inconvenience is caused to the public. 촬영 동안에, 저희 팀은 대중에게 어떠한 불편도 야기되지 않을 것을 확실히 하면서 모든 규칙과 규정을 준수할 것을 약속드립니다.
⑦ We would be so grateful if you granted permission for the shoot so that we can put the beautiful scenery of the park in our film. 저희 영화에 공원의 아름다운 배경을 담을 수 있도록 촬영을 위한 허가를 해 주신다면 우리는 매우 감사할 것입니다.
⑧ We look forward to your response. 당신의 답변을 고대합니다.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 19잘못된 퀴즈로 인한 학생의 긴장 해소
① Charles was taking a quiz in his math class. Charles는 수학 시간에 퀴즈를 보고 있었다.
② He stared at the questions, but they looked completely unfamiliar. 그는 그 문제들을 유심히 살펴보았지만 그것들은 완전히 낯설게 보였다.
③ Charles flipped through the pages of the quiz for a while. Charles는 한동안 퀴즈 문제지를 넘겨 보았다.
④ His palms grew sweaty as he realized that he didn't know a single answer. 그가 하나의 정답도 알지 못한다는 것을 깨닫고 그의 손바닥에서 땀이 났다.
⑤ A moment later, a few other students began raising their hands. 잠시 후 몇몇 다른 학생들이 손을 들기 시작했다.
⑥ One said, "I don't think we ever learned about the stuff on this quiz, Mrs. Smith." 한 학생이 "Smith 선생님, 제 생각에 저희는 이 퀴즈에 나오는 것들을 한 번도 배운 적이 없는 것 같아요."라고 말했다.
⑦ The teacher quickly looked over a copy of the quiz and announced, "I'm sorry, class. 선생님은 퀴즈 문제지를 빠르게 살펴보고 "미안해요, 여러분.
⑧ It appears that I have given you the wrong quiz by mistake. 실수로 여러분에게 잘못된 문제지를 준 것 같아요.
⑨ We'll take the right quiz next class." 우리는 다음 시간에 올바른 퀴즈를 보겠습니다."라고 알렸다.
⑩ As Charles heard what the teacher said, the tension in his shoulders began to melt away. Charles는 선생님이 말씀하신 것을 듣자 어깨의 긴장이 차츰 사라지기 시작했다.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 20중년의 연결 조직 부상에 대한 근육 훈련 권장
① When you are middle-aged, the risk of connective tissue injuries peaks as decreased load tolerance combines with continued high activity levels. 여러분이 중년이 되면 하중을 견디는 힘이 감소되고 그것이 계속된 높은 활동 수준과 결합하면서 결합 조직 부상의 위험이 최고조에 달한다.
② The path of least resistance is to stop doing the things that hurt ― avoid uncomfortable movements and find easier forms of exercise. 가장 무난한 방법은 아프게 하는 일들을 그만두는것인데 이를테면 불편한 움직임들을 피하며 더 쉬운 형태의 운동을 찾는 것이다.
③ However, that's the exact opposite of what you should do. 그러나 그것은 여러분이 해야 하는 것의 정확한 반대다.
④ There is a path forward. 앞으로 나아가는 길이 있다.
⑤ But it doesn't involve following the typical pain management advice of rest, ice, and medicine, which multiple reviews have shown is not effective for treating age-related joint pain and dysfunction. 하지만 그것은 휴식, 얼음찜질 및 의약품의 전형적인 통증 관리 조언을 따르는 것을 포함하지 않는데, 다수의 비평은 이것이 나이와 관련된 관절 통증과기능 장애를 치료하는 데 효과적이지 않다는 것을보여 주었다.
⑥ These methods do nothing more than treat superficial symptoms. 이 방법들은 표면적인 증상을 치료하는 것에 지나지 않는다.
⑦ The only practical solution is to strengthen your body with muscle training. 유일한 실질적인 해결책은 근육 훈련으로 여러분의신체를 강화하는 것이다.
⑧ Whether you've been training for a few years or a few decades, or haven't ever stepped foot in the weight room, it's not too late to restore your body, build real strength, and achieve your physical potential. 여러분이 몇 년이나 몇십 년 동안 운동을 해 왔든지혹은 체력 단련실에 발을 디딘 적이 전혀 없든지 간에 여러분의 몸을 회복하고, 실질적인 힘을 기르고,신체적인 잠재력을 실현하는 것은 너무 늦지 않다.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 21눈을 통한 시각적 인식의 메커니즘 설명
① Turn the lights out and point the beam of a small flashlight up into one of your eyes. 조명을 끄고 작은 손전등의 빛줄기가 여러분의 한쪽 눈 안을 향하게 하라.
② Shake the beam around while moving your gaze up and down. 여러분의 시선을 위아래로 움직이면서 빛줄기를 이리저리 흔들어라.
③ You should catch glimpses of what look like delicate branches. 여러분은 미세한 가지들처럼 보이는 것을 얼핏 보게 될 것이다.
④ These branches are shadows of the blood vessels that lie on top of your retina. 이 가지들은 여러분의 망막 위에 있는 혈관의 그림자들이다.
⑤ The vessels constantly cast shadows as light streams into the eye, but because these shadows never move, the brain ceases responding to them. 그 혈관들은 빛이 눈으로 흘러 들어오는 동안 끊임없이 그림자를 드리우지만, 이 그림자들은 절대 움직이지 않기 때문에 뇌가 이것들에 반응하는 것을멈춘다.
⑥ Moving the flashlight beam around shifts the shadows just enough to make them momentarily visible. 손전등 빛줄기를 이리저리 움직이는 것은 그림자가잠깐 눈에 보이게 할 만큼만 그림자를 이동시킨다.
⑦ Now you might wonder if you could cause an image to fade just by staring at something unmoving. 이제 여러분은 움직이지 않는 무언가를 단지 응시하는 것만으로도 이미지가 사라지도록 할 수 있는지 궁금해할지도 모른다.
⑧ But that is not possible because the visual system constantly jiggles the eye muscles, which prevents the perfect stabilization of images of the world. 그러나 시각 체계가 끊임없이 눈의 근육을 가볍게흔들고 있고 이것이 세상의 이미지들의 완벽한 안정화를 막기 때문에 그것은 불가능하다.
⑨ These muscle movements are unbelievably small, but their effect is huge. 이 근육의 움직임들은 믿을 수 없을 정도로 작지만그 효과는 엄청나다.
⑩ Without them, we would go blind by tuning out what we see shortly after fixating our gaze! 그것들이 없으면 우리는 시선을 고정한 직후에 보고 있는 것을 무시함으로써 보지 못하게 될 것이다!
⑪ It's an interesting notion: 이것은 흥미로운 개념이다.
⑫ Approximate perfection is better than perfect perfection. 근사치의 완벽함이 완벽한 완벽함보다 더 낫다.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 22경제적 이익과 야생 보호 간의 대립
① Most opposition to wilderness preservation doesn't come from environmentalists but from corporate interests and developers. 야생 보호 구역 보존에 대한 대부분의 반대는 환경론자들로부터가 아니라 기업 관계자와 개발자들로부터 나온다.
② When wild places are designated as wilderness, they are closed to most commercial activities and residential or infrastructure development. 야생의 지역이 야생 보호 구역으로 지정되면 그 지역은 대부분의 상업 활동 및 주거 또는 기반 시설개발이 금지된다.
③ There is thus frequently an economic cost to wilderness preservation. 따라서 야생 보호 구역 보존에는 흔히 경제적인 비용이 존재한다.
④ Some critics claim that when wilderness and economic interests clash, economic interests should normally prevail. 일부 비평가들은 야생 보호 구역과 경제적 이익이충돌할 때 경제적 이익이 일반적으로 우세해야 한다고 주장한다.
⑤ This argument, even if it is sound, won't exclude all wilderness preservation efforts, because some wilderness areas have little economic value. 이러한 주장은, 비록 타당할지라도, 일부 야생 보호구역은 경제적인 가치가 거의 없기 때문에 모든 야생 보호 구역 보존 노력을 배제하지는 않을 것이다.
⑥ But a deeper problem with the argument is that it views nature from a human-focused and excessively economic point of view. 그러나 이 주장의 더 심층적인 문제점은 그것이 자연을 인간 중심적이고 지나치게 경제적인 관점에서본다는 것이다.
⑦ Allowing economic considerations to outweigh all other forms of value is inconsistent with the biocentric reasons that support wilderness preservation. 경제적인 고려 사항이 모든 다른 형태의 가치를 능가하도록 두는 것은 야생 보호 구역 보존을 지지하는 생명 중심적인 이유들에 부합하지 않는다.
⑧ Thus, while it certainly makes sense to weigh the economic costs of wilderness protection, especially when such costs are high, the biocentric values underlying wilderness preservation exclude viewing economic considerations as the most important. 따라서 특히 그러한 비용이 높을 때 야생 보호 구역보호의 경제적 비용을 따져 보는 것이 분명히 타당하지만, 야생 보호 구역 보존의 근본이 되는 생명중심적인 가치는 경제적인 고려를 가장 중요한 것으로 여기는 것을 배제한다.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 23카페인 섭취가  화학에 미치는 영향
① During the day, a molecule called adenosine builds up in your brain. 낮 동안에 아데노신이라고 불리는 분자가 여러분의뇌에 쌓인다.
② Adenosine binds with receptors on nerve cells, or neurons, slowing down their activity and making you feel drowsy. 아데노신은 신경 세포들, 다시 말해 뉴런들의 수용체들과 결합해 그것들의 활동을 늦추고 여러분이나른함을 느끼게 한다.
③ But caffeine is also able to bind with these receptors, and by doing so it blocks adenosine's effect, making your neurons fire more and keeping you alert. 그러나 카페인 역시 이 수용체들과 결합할 수 있고, 그렇게 함으로써 그것이 아데노신의 효과를 차단하여 뉴런을 더 활성화시키고 여러분이 깨어 있도록유지시킨다.
④ Caffeine also activates a gland at the base of your brain. 카페인은 또한 뇌 기저부의 분비선을 활성화시킨다.
⑤ This releases hormones that tell the adrenal glands on your kidneys to produce adrenaline, causing your heart to beat faster and your blood pressure to rise. 이것은 신장에 있는 부신이 아드레날린을 생산하도록 하는 호르몬을 분비시켜 여러분의 심장을 더욱빨리 뛰게 하고 혈압이 올라가게 한다.
⑥ If, however, your daily caffeine intake is consistent, your brain will adapt to it. 하지만 여러분의 하루 카페인 섭취량이 일정하다면뇌가 이에 적응할 것이다.
⑦ Your brain is like, 'Okay, every morning I'm getting this caffeine that's binding to these receptors and blocking adenosine from binding to them.' 여러분의 뇌는 이와 같다. '그래, 매일 아침 나는 이수용체들과 결합해서 아데노신이 그것들과 결합하는 것을 막는 이 카페인을 섭취하고 있군.'
⑧ So your brain creates extra receptors to give adenosine more of an opportunity to bind with them and have its usual effect. 그래서 여러분의 뇌는 아데노신에게 그것들(수용체)과 결합하여 평소의 효과를 낼 더 많은 기회를주기 위해 추가의 수용체들을 만들어 낸다.
⑨ And more adenosine is also produced to counteract the caffeine. 그리고 카페인에 대응하기 위해 더 많은 아데노신이 또한 생성된다.
⑩ That's why it takes more and more caffeine to have the same effect. 그것이 같은 효과를 내기 위해서 점점 더 많은 카페인이 필요한 이유다.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 24대양의 푸른색 발생 원인 설명
① When viewed from space, one of the Earth's most commanding features is the blueness of its vast oceans. 우주에서 보았을 때 지구의 가장 인상적인 특징들중 하나는 드넓은 바다의 푸르름이다.
② Small amounts of water do not indicate the color of these large bodies of water; when pure drinking water is examined in a glass, it appears clear and colorless. 적은 양의 물은 이러한 많은 양의 물의 색을 나타내지 않고, 깨끗한 식수가 유리잔 속에서 검사될 때그것은 맑고 무색인 것처럼 보인다.
③ Apparently a relatively large volume of water is required to reveal the blue color. 파란색을 드러내기 위해서는 분명 비교적 많은 양의 물이 필요하다.
④ Why is this so? 이것은 왜 그런 것일까?
⑤ When light penetrates water, it experiences both absorption and scattering. 빛이 물을 관통할 때 그것은 흡수와 산란 둘 다를겪는다.
⑥ Water molecules strongly absorb infrared and, to a lesser degree, red light. 물 분자는 적외선을 강하게 흡수하고 더 적은 정도로 붉은빛을 흡수한다.
⑦ At the same time, water molecules are small enough to scatter shorter wavelengths, giving water its blue-green color. 동시에 물 분자는 더 짧은 파장을 산란시키기에 충분히 작아서 물에 청록색을 부여한다.
⑧ The amount of long-wavelength absorption is a function of depth; the deeper the water, the more red light is absorbed. 장파장 흡수의 양은 수심의 작용이다. 즉, 물이 더깊을수록 더 많은 붉은빛이 흡수된다.
⑨ At a depth of 15m, the intensity of red light drops to 25% of its original value and falls to zero beyond a depth of 30m. 15미터 수심에서는 붉은빛의 강도가 기존 값의25%로 떨어지고 30미터 이상의 수심에서는 0으로떨어진다.
⑩ Any object viewed at this depth is seen in a blue-green light. 이 수심에서 보이는 모든 물체는 청록빛 내에서 보인다.
⑪ For this reason, red inhabitants of the sea, such as lobsters and crabs, appear black to divers not carrying a lamp. 이러한 이유로 바닷가재와 게와 같은 바다의 붉은색 서식 동물들은 램프를 들고 있지 않은 잠수부들에게는 검게 보인다.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 25세대별 챗봇 플랫폼 선호도 차이
① The above graph shows the percentage of preferable chatbot platforms by age categorized by Generation Z, Millennials, and Generation X. 위 그래프는 Z세대, 밀레니얼 세대 그리고 X세대로분류된 연령대별로 선호하는 챗봇 플랫폼의 비율을보여 준다.
② Millennials and Generation X had the highest percentage of respondents who preferred Desktop Websites while Generation Z had the highest percentage for Messenger Apps. 밀레니얼 세대와 X세대는 데스크톱 웹사이트를 선호하는 응답자의 가장 높은 비율을 가진 반면 Z세대는 메신저 앱에 대해 가장 높은 비율을 가졌다.
③ In Generation Z, the percentage of respondents who preferred Mobile Apps was more than twice that of those who preferred Voice Assistant Devices. Z세대 내에서, 모바일 앱을 선호하는 응답자의 비율은 음성 지원 장치를 선호하는 응답자 비율의 두배보다 더 높았다.
④ Messenger Apps was the only platform where the percentage of respondents' preference for it sank lower and lower from Generation Z, to Millennials, to Generation X. 메신저 앱은 Z세대, 밀레니얼 세대, X세대로 갈수록 그것에 대한 응답자의 선호 비율이 점점 더 낮아진 유일한 플랫폼이었다.
⑤ The percentage point gap between Millennial and Generation X respondents who preferred Mobile Apps was larger than the percentage point gap between the same two groups for Voice Assistant Devices. 모바일 앱을 선호하는 밀레니얼 세대와 X세대의 응답자의 비율 수치 격차는 음성 지원 장치에 대한 동일한 두 집단 사이의 비율 수치 격차보다 더 컸다.
⑥ The percentage of respondents who preferred Mobile Websites was the lowest in all the age groups. 모바일 웹사이트를 선호하는 응답자들의 비율은 모든 연령 집단에서 가장 낮았다.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 26: José Saramago 문학적 경력과 영향
① José Saramago was born in 1922 to a family of farmers in a little village north of Lisbon. José Saramago는 1922년에 Lisbon 북쪽의 작은마을에 있는 농부의 가정에서 태어났다.
② For financial reasons he abandoned his high-school studies and worked as a mechanic. 그는 재정적인 이유로 고등학교 공부를 그만두었고정비공으로 일을 했다.
③ At this time, he acquired a taste for reading and started to frequent a public library in Lisbon in his free time. 이때, 그는 독서에 흥미가 생겨 여가 시간에 Lisbon에 있는 공립 도서관을 자주 방문하기 시작했다.
④ After trying different jobs in the civil service, he worked for a publishing company for twelve years and then as an editor of the newspaper 'Diario de Noticias.' 공직에서 여러 가지 일을 해 본 뒤에 그는 출판사에서 12년간 일한 후, 신문사 'Diario de Noticias'의편집자로 일했다.
⑤ Between 1975 and 1980 Saramago supported himself as a translator, but after his literary successes in the 1980s he devoted himself to his own writing. 1975년부터 1980년까지 Saramago는 번역가로생계를 유지했지만 1980년대의 문학적인 성공 이후로는 자신의 글쓰기에 몰두했다.
⑥ He achieved worldwide recognition in 1982 with the humorous love story Baltasar and Blimunda, a novel set in 18th-century Portugal. 그는 18세기 포르투갈을 배경으로 한 소설인 해학적인 사랑 이야기 'Baltasar and Blimunda'로1982년에 세계적인 인정을 받았다.
⑦ Saramago's oeuvre totals 30 works, and comprises not only novels but also poetry, essays and drama. Saramago의 전체 작품은 총 30편에 이르고 소설뿐만 아니라 시, 수필, 희곡 등도 포함한다.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 29새로운 병원균의 적응과 전파 과정
① When a new pathogen emerges, one way it transitions from wherever it has been living into a new host may be the acquisition of new traits. 새로운 병원균이 출현할 때, 어디였든지 간에 그것이 살고 있던 곳으로부터 새로운 숙주로 전이하는한 가지 방법은 새로운 특성의 습득일 수 있다.
② Imagine that in its hourly struggle to survive over long periods of time and many generations, a fungus species might acquire a protective capsule ― a bit of coating ― that shields it or even masks it from other microbes or cells. 오랜 기간과 많은 세대를 거쳐 살아남기 위한 그것(균류종)의 매시간의 분투에서 균류종이 자신을 보호하거나 심지어 다른 미생물이나 세포로부터 자신을 숨기는 약간의 코팅인 보호용 피막을 얻을지도모른다는 것을 상상해 보라.
③ Then it acquires some enzymes that enable it to survive whatever chemicals other microbes might throw at it. 그다음에 그것은 다른 미생물들이 그것에게 던지는그 어떤 화학 물질로부터도 그것이 살아남게 해 주는 어떤 효소들을 얻는다.
④ If it can overcome these chemicals, it may also overcome the same or similar chemicals used as antifungal drugs. 만약 그것이 이러한 화학 물질들을 이겨낼 수 있다면, 그것은 항진균제로써 사용되는 똑같거나 비슷한 화학 물질들 또한 이겨낼 수 있다.
⑤ Maybe it also evolves to tolerate warmer temperatures. 아마도 그것은 또한 더 따뜻한 온도를 견디도록 진화한다.
⑥ Now we've got a yeast that once made its home in an apple tree or in a wetland but that at this point can live quite happily in our body, hide from our immune system, and disarm our drugs. 이제 우리는 한때 사과나무나 습지에 서식지를 만들었지만 이 시점에서는 우리의 몸속에서 꽤 행복하게 살고, 우리의 면역 체계로부터 숨고, 우리의약을 무장 해제시킬 수 있는 효모를 갖게 되었다.
⑦ Then some of us carry it from one country to another and then another, and eventually it finds a host in a hospital patient who has recently received an organ transplant or is elderly with a weakened immune system. 그러고 나서 우리 중 일부가 한 나라에서 다른 나라그리고 또 다른 나라로 그것을 옮기고 결국 그것은장기 이식을 최근에 받았거나 약해진 면역 체계를가진 노인인 병원 환자에서 숙주를 찾는다.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 30감정이 기억 형성에 미치는 영향
① Memory is shaped by emotions connected to an experience. 기억은 경험과 연결된 감정에 의해 형성된다.
② For this reason, inaccuracies often hide the full picture of what happened. 이러한 이유로 부정확성은 일어났던 일의 전체적인상황을 종종 숨긴다.
③ For example, a company might decide to hire a consultant to assist with a major project. 예를 들어 한 회사가 중대한 프로젝트를 조력할 한자문 위원을 고용하기로 결정했을 수 있다.
④ During this project, the consultant demonstrated some personality traits that clashed with a couple of the executives involved. 이 프로젝트 동안 그 자문 위원은 몇 명의 관여된경영진들과 부딪치는 몇몇 성격 특성들을 보여 주었다.
⑤ Through the course of the project, they were able to put aside the personality conflicts in order to see their vision become a reality. 프로젝트의 과정 동안 그들은 자신들의 비전이 실현되는 것을 보기 위해 그 성격 갈등을 한쪽으로 제쳐둘 수 있었다.
⑥ Ultimately, the project was a success, enabling the company to move forward and profit. 결국 프로젝트는 성공해서 회사가 진보하고 이익을얻는 것을 가능하게 했다.
⑦ At a later date, the company, remembering the previous success, expressed an interest in hiring the same consultant for another large project. 후일 그 회사는 이전의 성공을 기억하여 또 다른 큰프로젝트를 위해 같은 자문 위원을 고용하는 데 관심을 표했다.
⑧ The executives who struggled with his personality last time may most vividly remember their difficulty in overcoming his personality and related emotions. 지난번 그의 성격으로 고생했던 경영진들은 그의성격을 극복하는 것에 대한 그들의 어려움 및 연관된 감정들을 가장 생생히 기억할지 모른다.
⑨ In this case, the success of the project fades into the background as they focus on their previous experience, colored by their feelings of discomfort. 이런 경우에 그들이 불편이라는 감정에 의해 물든이전의 경험에 집중하기 때문에 프로젝트의 성공에대한 기억은 희미해진다.
⑩ As a result, they convince the company to exclude the consultant, making project completion more difficult. 결과적으로 그들은 회사가 그 자문 위원을 배제하도록 설득하여 프로젝트 완성을 더욱 어렵게 만든다.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 31색상의 사회적 의미와 규제
① As colors came to take on meanings and cultural significance within societies, attempts were made to restrict their use. 색들이 사회 내에서 의미와 문화적인 의의를 갖게됨에 따라 그것들의 사용을 제한하는 시도들이 이루어졌다.
② The most extreme example of this phenomenon was the sumptuary laws. 이 현상의 가장 극단적인 예시는 사치 금지법이었다.
③ While these were passed in ancient Greece and Rome, and examples can be found in ancient China and Japan, they found their fullest expressions in Europe from the mid-twelfth century, before slowly disappearing in the early modern period. 이것은 고대 그리스와 로마에서 통과되었고 실례들이 고대 중국과 일본에서 발견될 수 있지만, 그것은초기 근대에 서서히 사라지기 전에 12세기 중반부터 유럽에서 가장 완전하게 표출되었다.
④ Such laws could touch on anything from diet to dress and furnishings, and sought to enforce social boundaries by encoding the social classes into a clear visual system: 그러한 법들은 식단에서 의복과 가구까지 어떤 것에도 관여할 수 있었고 사회적인 계층을 분명한 시각적 체계로 부호화함으로써 사회적인 경계선을 강요하는 것을 추구했다.
⑤ the peasants, in other words, should eat and dress like peasants; craftsmen should eat and dress like craftsmen. 즉, 다시 말해서 농부는 농부처럼 먹고 입어야 하고기술자는 기술자처럼 먹고 입어야 한다.
⑥ Color was a vital signifier in this social language ― dull, earthy colors like russet were explicitly confined to the poorest rural peasants, while bright ones like scarlet were the preserve of a select few. 색은 이 사회적 언어에서 중대한 기표였는데, 황갈색과 같은 칙칙한 흙색은 가장 가난한 시골 농부들에게 명시적으로 국한된 반면 진홍색과 같은 밝은색들은 선택된 소수의 전유물이었다.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 32뇌가 외부 세계를 인식하는 방식
① John Douglas Pettigrew, a professor of psychology at the University of Queensland, found that the brain manages the external world by dividing it into separate regions, the peripersonal and the extrapersonal ― basically, near and far. Queensland 대학의 심리학 교수인 John Douglas Pettigrew는 뇌가 그것(외부 세계)을 '주변의'와 '외부의', 요컨대 '가깝다'와 '멀다'라는 별개의 부분들로 나눔으로써 외부 세계를 다룬다는 것을 알아냈다.
② Peripersonal space includes whatever is in arm's reach; things you can control right now by using your hands. 주변 공간은 팔이 닿는 범위 내에 있는 모든 것, 즉여러분의 손을 사용함으로써 당장 여러분이 통제할수 있는 것들을 포함한다.
③ This is the world of what's real, right now. 이것은 지금 당장 실제의 세계이다.
④ Extrapersonal space refers to everything else ― whatever you can't touch unless you move beyond your arm's reach, whether it's three feet or three million miles away. 외부 공간은 그 외 모든 것을 가리키는데, 즉 3피트든 3백만 마일 밖이든 여러분이 자신의 팔이 닿는범위를 넘어서서 움직이지 않으면 만질 수 없는 모든 것이다.
⑤ This is the realm of possibility. 이것은 가능성의 영역이다.
⑥ With those definitions in place, another fact follows, obvious but useful: any interaction in the extrapersonal space must occur in the future. 그러한 정의들이 자리 잡힌 상태에서 뻔하지만 유용한 또 하나의 사실이 따라온다. 즉, 외부 공간에서의모든 상호 작용은 미래에 일어나야만 한다는 것이다.
⑦ Or, to put it another way, distance is linked to time. 또는, 달리 말하면, 거리는 시간과 연관되어 있다.
⑧ For instance, if you're in the mood for a peach, but the closest one is sitting in a bin at the corner market, you can't enjoy it now. 예를 들어 만약 여러분이 복숭아를 원하지만 가장가까운 것이 모퉁이 가게의 상자에 있다면, 여러분은 지금 그것을 즐길 수 없다.
⑨ You can only enjoy it in the future, after you go get it. 여러분은 오직 미래에 즉 그것을 사러 간 후에 즐길수 있다.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 33곤충을 잡는 식충식물의 독특한 메커니즘
① Insect-eating plants' unique strategies for catching live prey have long captured the public imagination. 식충 식물의 살아 있는 먹이를 잡기 위한 독특한 전략들은 오랫동안 대중의 상상력을 사로잡아 왔다.
② But even within this strange group, in which food-trapping mechanisms have evolved multiple times independently, some unusual ones stand out. 그러나 심지어 먹이를 가두는 기제가 여러 번 독립적으로 진화해 온 이 이상한 무리 안에서조차 몇몇특이한 것들이 두드러진다.
③ According to Ulrike Bauer, an evolutionary biologist, the visually striking pitcher plant Nepenthes gracilis, for example, can exploit external energy for a purpose. 진화 생물학자인 Ulrike Bauer에 따르면 예를 들어시각적으로 인상적인 낭상엽 식물인 'Nepenthes gracilis'는 어떤 목적을 위해 외부의 에너지를 이용할 수 있다.
④ This species' pitcher has a rigid, horizontal lid with an exposed underside that produces nectar, luring insects to land on it. 이 종의 주머니 모양의 잎은 꿀을 생산하는 노출된아랫면을 지닌 단단하고 수평으로 된 뚜껑을 갖고있는데, 그것은 곤충들이 그 면에 앉도록 유혹한다.
⑤ When a raindrop strikes the lid's top, the lid jolts downward and throws any unsuspecting visitor into digestive juices below. 빗방울이 뚜껑의 윗면을 칠 때, 뚜껑은 아래쪽으로흔들려서 의심하지 않고 있는 어떤 방문객도 아래의소화액으로 떨구어 버린다.
⑥ Researchers used x-ray scans to analyze cross sections of the pitchers when the lid is raised, lowered, and in a neutral position. 연구원들은 뚜껑이 올려질 때, 내려질 때 그리고 중립 위치에 있을 때의 주머니 모양의 잎의 단면을 분석하기 위해 엑스선 정밀 검사를 사용했다.
⑦ Their results revealed a structural weak point in the pitcher's neck: when a raindrop hits the lid, the weak spot folds in and forces the lid to quickly move downward, similar to a diving board. 그것의 결과는 주머니 모양의 잎의 목 부분에서 구조상의 약한 부분을 밝혀냈다. 즉 빗방울이 뚜껑을칠 때 그 약한 지점은 안으로 접히고, 뚜껑이 아래로빠르게 움직이도록 만드는데, 그것은 다이빙 보드와비슷하다.
⑧ The weak point makes the pitcher's body bend and bounce back in a specific, consistent way, so the lid rises back up without bouncing too far ― unlike a typical leaf's chaotic vibration when struck by rain. 그 약한 부분은 주머니 모양의 잎의 몸통을 휘었다가 특정하고 일관된 방식으로 튀어서 되돌아오도록해서, 비에 맞을 때 보통의 잎의 무질서한 흔들림과달리 그 뚜껑은 너무 멀리 튀지 않고 다시 올라온다.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 34어류의 자체 발광 기능과 생존 전략
① Many fish generate their own light in a biological firework display called bioluminescence. 많은 물고기들은 생체 발광이라고 불리는 생물학적인 불꽃놀이로 자체의 빛을 생성한다.
② The lanternfish creates beams that sweep the sea like headlamps. 랜턴피시는 헤드라이트처럼 바다를 싹 비추는 빛줄기를 만들어 낸다.
③ The dragonfish produces wavelengths that only it can see, leaving its victims unaware of the approaching threat. 드래곤피시는 자신만이 볼 수 있는 파장을 생산해서 다가오는 위협을 먹잇감들이 인식하지 못하게한다.
④ In contrast, the anglerfish hopes its prey will notice and be lured toward its rod-like bioluminescent barbel; its fierce jaws stay hidden in the shadows. 대조적으로 앵글러피시는 먹이가 자신의 막대 모양의 생체 발광 수염을 알아채고 그것에 유인되기를바라는데, 그것(앵글러피시)의 사나운 턱이 그림자에 감춰져 있다.
⑤ Bioluminescence is also used to frustrate predators. 생체 발광은 또한 포식자들을 좌절시키는 데 사용된다.
⑥ A species from the spookfish family relies on a bellyful of symbiotic, glowing bacteria to save it from becoming a meal. 스푸크피시과(科)의 한 종은 식사거리가 되는 것으로부터 그것을 지켜주는 배에 가득 찬 공생하는 빛나는 박테리아에 의존한다.
⑦ It uses the same concept developed by the US Navy during World War II to make bomber aircraft difficult to see. 그것은 폭격기를 보기 어렵게 만들기 위해 제2차세계 대전 중에 미국 해군에 의해 개발된 동일한 발상을 사용한다.
⑧ Just as Project Yehudi designed planes with under-wing spotlights, the fish's glowing belly conceals its silhouette against sunlight to hide it from watching eyes below. Yehudi 프로젝트가 날개 아랫면에 환한 조명이 있는 비행기를 설계한 것처럼, 그 물고기의 빛나는 복부는 태양 빛에 대비되는 자신의 실루엣을 감춰서아래에서 주시하는 눈들로부터 그것을 숨긴다.
⑨ In this fish-eat-fish world, survival is a game of hide-and-seek that prioritizes the sense of sight. 물고기가 물고기를 잡아먹는 이 세상에서 생존은시각을 우선시하는 숨바꼭질 게임이다.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 35인류의 공통 조상과 생존 경쟁
① The human race traces back to a surprisingly small number of common ancestors. 인류는 놀랄 만큼 적은 수의 공통 조상으로 거슬러올라간다.
② It has been documented that the entire human race can be traced back to only seven different mothers, and one of these women is a common ancestor to roughly 40% of the human species. 전체 인류가 단 7명의 다른 어머니들로 거슬러 올라갈 수 있고 이 여성들 중 한 명은 대략 인간 종의40%의 공통 조상이라고 밝혀졌다.
③ Why is this? The simple answer is that humans are extremely good at dying and at wiping each other out. 이것은 왜일까? 간단한 답은 인간이 죽는 것과 서로를 몰살하는 것에 몹시 능숙하다는 것이다.
④ History has had many successful rulers and conquerors who have got rid of entire populations, and even beyond that, our species has wiped out plenty of similar humanoid lines that existed on this earth. 역사적으로 전체 인구를 제거한 많은 성공적인 통치자들과 정복자들이 존재해 왔으며, 심지어 그것을 넘어 우리 종은 이 지구에 존재했던 수많은 비슷한 인간에 가까운 계통들을 몰살해 왔다.
⑤ Scientific finds have so far discovered a number of other humanoid species that once shared the earth with us, some of which include Neanderthals and Denisovans. 과학적 발견들은 지금까지 한때 우리와 지구를 공유했던 많은 인간에 가까운 종들을 발견해 왔는데, 그들 중 몇몇은 네안데르탈인과 데니소바인을 포함한다.
⑥ Yet of these lines, only homo sapiens have survived, only the modern humans. 그러나 이 계통들 중에서 오직 호모사피엔스, 즉 현대의 인간들만이 살아남았다.
⑦ That itself shows how difficult it is for a species to survive and thrive long-term on this planet. 그 자체가 한 종이 이 행성에서 살아남아 장기적으로 번영하는 것이 얼마나 어려운지를 보여 준다.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 36시간 여행의 개념에 대한 철학적 탐구
① Philosophers who seek to understand the nature of time might consider the possibility of time travel. 시간의 본질을 이해하고자 하는 철학자들은 시간여행의 가능성을 고려할지도 모른다.
② But there are no real-life cases of time travel. 그러나 시간 여행의 실제 사례는 없다.
③ In situations such as this, philosophers often construct thought experiments ―imagined scenarios that bring out the thoughts and presuppositions underlying people's judgments. 이와 같은 상황들에서 철학자들은 사고 실험, 즉 사람들의 판단의 기초가 되는 생각과 전제를 끌어내는 상상의 시나리오를 종종 구성한다.
④ Sometimes these scenarios are drawn from books, movies, and television. 때때로 이러한 시나리오들은 책, 영화 그리고 텔레비전으로부터 얻어진다.
⑤ Other times, philosophers just make up their own scenarios. 다른 때에는 철학자들이 그냥 자신들만의 시나리오를 지어낸다.
⑥ Either way, the point is to put such concepts to the test. 어느 쪽이든, 요점은 그러한 개념들을 시험해 보는것이다.
⑦ In the case of time travel, for example, a common thought experiment is to imagine what would happen if you went back in time and found yourself in a position to interfere in such a way that you were never born. 예를 들어 시간 여행의 경우 일반적인 사고 실험은만약 여러분이 시간을 거슬러 가서 여러분이 결코태어나지 않았다는 식으로 개입할 위치에 있는 자신을 발견한다면 어떤 일이 일어났을지를 상상하는것이다.
⑧ It seems that something must happen to prevent you from doing this, because if you were to succeed, you would not exist and so you would not have been able to go back in time. 여러분이 그렇게 하는 것을 막기 위해 무슨 일이 일어나야 하는 것처럼 보이는데, 왜냐하면 만약 여러분이 성공한다면, 여러분은 존재하지 않을 것이고그래서 여러분은 시간을 거슬러 갈 수 없었을 것이기 때문이다.
⑨ As a result of thinking through these sorts of cases, some philosophers claim that the very notion of time travel makes no sense. 이러한 종류의 사례들을 통해 생각한 결과, 일부 철학자들은 시간 여행이라는 바로 그 개념이 말이 되지 않는다고 주장한다.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 37수면  감각 정보의 차단 과정
① A universal indicator of sleep is the loss of external awareness. 수면의 한 보편적인 지표는 외부 인식의 상실이다.
② You are no longer conscious of all that surrounds you, at least not explicitly. 여러분은 자신을 둘러싸고 있는 모든 것을, 최소한겉으로 보기에는, 더 이상 의식하지 않는다.
③ In actual fact, your ears are still 'hearing'; your eyes, though closed, are still capable of 'seeing.' 실상은 여러분의 귀는 여전히 '듣고' 있고, 눈은, 감겨 있지만, 여전히 '보는 것'이 가능하다.
④ All these signals still flood into the center of your brain while you sleep, but they are blocked by a perceptual barricade set up in a structure called the thalamus. 이 모든 신호들은 여러분이 자는 동안 여전히 뇌의중심부로 흘러들어 가지만, 그것들은 시상이라고불리는 조직에 설치된 지각의 바리케이드에 의해차단된다.
⑤ The thalamus decides which sensory signals are allowed through its gate, and which are not. 시상은 그것의 문을 통해 어떤 감각 신호들이 들여보내질지, 어떤 것들이 그렇지 않을지를 결정한다.
⑥ Should they be granted its permission to pass, they are sent to the cortex at the top of your brain, where they are consciously perceived. 그것들이 그것(시상)의 통행 허가를 받게 된다면, 그것들은 여러분의 뇌 상부에 있는 대뇌피질로 보내지는데, 거기서 그것들은 의식적으로 지각된다.
⑦ By locking its gates shut, the thalamus imposes a sensory blackout in the brain, preventing onward travel of those signals to the cortex. 그것의 문을 닫아 잠금으로써 시상은 뇌에 감각 정전을 가하고, 그 신호들의 대뇌피질을 향한 전진 이동을 막는다.
⑧ As a result, you are no longer consciously aware of the information broadcasts being transmitted from your outer sense organs. 그 결과 여러분은 외부 감각 기관으로부터 전송되고 있는 정보 방송을 더 이상 의식적으로 인식하지못한다.
⑨ At this moment, your brain has lost waking contact with the outside world. 이 순간 여러분의 뇌는 외부 세계와의 깨어 있는 접촉을 잃었다.
⑩ Said another way, you are now asleep. 다른 말로 하면, 여러분은 지금 잠이 든 것이다.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 38윤리적 의사결정에서의 감정적 요소
① Emotional response to the world is an inherent part of ethics. 세상에 대한 감정적 반응은 윤리학의 내재적인 부분이다.
② In ethics, appeals to compassion and empathy can and should be part of rational arguments about ethical decisions. 윤리학에서 연민과 공감에 대한 호소는 윤리적 결정에 대한 합리적인 주장의 일부가 될 수 있고 또그래야 한다.
③ Moreover, the best practices of objectivity often combine partiality and impartiality. 더욱이 객관성의 가장 좋은 실천들은 종종 편파성과 공정성을 결합한다.
④ In a trial, the partiality of the prosecutor and the defense attorney (and the parties they represent) occurs within a larger impartial context. 재판에서 검사와 변호인(및 그들이 대리하는 당사자들)의 편파성은 더 큰 공정한 맥락 안에서 발생한다.
⑤ A judge or jury puts partial arguments to the test of objective evidence and to the impartial rules of law. 판사나 배심원은 편파적인 주장들을 객관적인 증거의 시험대와 공정한 법 원칙에 맡긴다.
⑥ Ideally, what is fair and objective emerges during a trial where partialities make their case and are judged by objective norms. 이상적으로, 공정하고 객관적인 것은 편파성이 자신의 주장을 하고 객관적인 규범에 의해 판단되는재판 동안 드러난다.
⑦ The norms of objectivity were constructed not because their creators thought most humans could be 'empty' of bias. 객관성의 규범은 그것을 만든 사람들이 대부분의인간은 편견이 '없을' 수 있다고 생각했기 때문에 만들어진 것이 아니다.
⑧ The reverse is true: the norms were constructed because of an acute awareness of human bias, because it is evident. 그 반대가 사실인데, 그 규범은 인간의 편견에 대한예리한 인식 때문에, 즉 그것이 명백하게 나타나기때문에 만들어졌다.
⑨ Rather than conclude that objectivity is impossible because bias is universal, scientists, journalists, and others concluded the opposite: 편견이 보편적이기 때문에 객관성이 불가능하다고결론을 내리기보다는 과학자, 언론인 그리고 다른이들은 반대의 결론을 내렸다.
⑩ we biased humans need the discipline of objectivity to reduce the ineliminable presence of bias. 즉 우리 편향된 인간은 제거할 수 없는 편견의 존재를 줄이기 위해 객관성의 규율을 필요로 한다는 것이다.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 39고양이의 야간 시력과 생물학적 적응
① The fact that cats' eyes glow in the dark is part of their enhanced light-gathering efficiency; there is a reflective layer behind the retina, so light can hit the retina when it enters the eye, or when it is reflected from behind the retina. 고양이의 눈이 어둠 속에서 빛난다는 사실은 그것의 강화된 집광 효율성의 일부인데, 망막 뒤에는 반사 층이 있어서 빛이 눈에 들어올 때나 망막 뒤에서반사될 때 그것이 망막에 닿을 수 있다.
② Light that manages to miss the retina exits the eye and creates that ghostly glow. 망막을 어떤 식으로든 벗어난 빛은 눈을 빠져나와그 유령 같은 빛을 만들어 낸다.
③ When cats' light-gathering ability is combined with the very large population of rods in their eyes, the result is a predator that can see exceptionally well in the dark. 고양이의 집광 능력이 고양이의 눈 속 매우 많은 간상체의 개체 수와 결합될 때, 그 결과는 어둠 속에서 유난히 잘 볼 수 있는 포식자이다.
④ Cats 'pay' for this nighttime accuracy with less accurate daytime vision and an inability to focus on close objects. 고양이는 덜 정확한 주간 시력과 가까운 물체에 초점을 못 맞추는 것으로 이러한 야간의 정확성에 대한 '대가를 지불한다.'
⑤ This may seem counterproductive; what is the point of seeing a mouse in the dark if, in that final, close moment, the cat can't focus on it? 이것은 비생산적으로 보일 수 있는데, 만약 고양이가 그 마지막, 아슬아슬한 순 간에 그것(쥐)에 초점을 맞출 수 없다면 어둠 속에서 쥐를 보는 것이 무슨 의미가 있을까?
⑥ Tactile information comes into play at this time; cats can move their whiskers forward and use them to get information about objects within the grasp of their jaws. 이때 촉각 정보가 작용하기 시작하는데, 고양이들은 콧수염을 앞으로 움직여서 그들의 턱으로 물 수있는 범위 내의 물체들에 대한 정보를 얻는 데 사용할 수 있다.
⑦ So the next time you see a cat seeming to nap in the bright sunlight, eyes half-closed, remember that it may simply be shielding its retina from a surplus of light. 그러므로 다음번에 여러분이 밝은 햇빛 속에서, 눈이 반쯤 감긴 채로, 낮잠을 자고 있는 것처럼 보이는 고양이를 보면, 그것이 단순히 과도한 빛으로부터 망막을 보호하고 있을 뿐일 수도 있다는 것을 기억하라.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 40미술관 방문  대화 감소가 감정 반응 증가
① In one study, researchers gave more than five hundred visitors to an art museum a special glove that reported their movement patterns along with physiological data such as their heart rates. 한 연구에서 연구자들은 500명 이상의 한 미술관방문객들에게 심박수와 같은 생리학적인 데이터와함께 그들의 움직임 패턴을 보고하는 특별한 장갑을 주었다.
② The data showed that when people were not distracted by chatting with companions, they actually had a stronger emotional response to the art. 그 데이터는 사람들이 동행자들과 수다를 떠는 것에 의해 주의를 빼앗기지 않을 때 그들이 실제로 예술품에 더 강한 감정적인 반응을 가진다는 것을 보여 주었다.
③ Of course, there's nothing wrong with chatting and letting the art slide past, but think of the inspiration those museum visitors missed out on. 물론 수다를 떨고 예술품을 지나치는 것은 잘못된것이 아니지만 그 미술관 방문객들이 놓친 영감을생각해 보라.
④ Then apply that to life in general. 그다음에 그것을 일반적인 삶에 적용하라.
⑤ When we surround ourselves with other people, we're not just missing out on the finer details of an art exhibition. 우리가 다른 사람들과 함께 있을 때 우리는 단지 미술 전시회의 더 세부적인 사항을 놓치고 있는 것만이 아니다.
⑥ We're missing out on the chance to reflect and understand ourselves better. 우리는 자신을 더 잘 성찰하고 이해할 수 있는 기회를 놓치고 있는 것이다.
⑦ In fact, studies show that if we never allow ourselves to be alone, it's just plain harder for us to learn. 실제로 연구들은 만약 우리가 혼자 있는 것을 결코허용하지 않는다면, 우리가 배우는 것이 분명히 더어렵다는 것을 보여 준다.
⑧ Other research found that young people who cannot stand being alone were less likely to develop creative skills like playing an instrument or writing because the most effective practice of these abilities is often done while alone. 다른 연구는 혼자 있는 것을 견디지 못하는 젊은이들이 악기 연주나 글쓰기와 같은 창의적인 기술을개발할 가능성이 적었는데 왜냐하면 이러한 능력들의 가장 효과적인 연습이 대체로 혼자 있을 때 행해지기 때문이라는 것을 발견했다.
⑨ [요약문] The study above shows avoiding conversation with companions while exploring an art museum intensifies emotional response to art, suggesting that absence of alone time may inhibit personal growth and learning. [요약문] 위의 연구는 미술관을 관람하면서 동행자와의 대화를 피하는 것이 예술품에 대한 정서적 반응을 강화한다는 것을 보여 주며, 혼자만의 시간의부재가 개인의 성장과 배움을 저해할 수 있음을 시사한다.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 41~42색맹의 생물학적  진화적 측면
① There are a number of human characteristics that would seem to be disadvantageous yet continue to survive, generation after generation. 불리해 보일지 모르지만 대대로 계속해서 살아남는많은 인간의 특징들이 있다.
② One example is color blindness. 한 가지 예가 색맹이다.
③ Most color blindness is associated with genes on the X chromosome. 대부분의 색맹은 X염색체의 유전자와 관련이 있다.
④ Women have two X chromosomes, so if this problem occurs on one of them, the other can compensate. 여성은 2개의 X염색체를 가지고 있어서 만약 이 문제가 그중 한 개에서 발생하면 다른 하나가 상쇄할수 있다.
⑤ But men have only one X chromosome. 하지만 남성은 단 하나의 X염색체를 가지고 있다.
⑥ If the mutation occurs there, that male is color blind. 만약 돌연변이가 거기서 일어난다면, 그 남자는 색맹이다.
⑦ We might ask why such a deficiency would survive and not die out. 우리는 왜 그런 결점이 살아남아서 사라지지 않는지 질문할지 모른다.
⑧ To understand this, we can consider ancient hunter-gatherers, with the men doing most of the hunting for meat and the women doing most of the gathering of fruits and nuts. 이것을 이해하기 위해 고대의 수렵 채집인들을 살펴볼 수 있는데, 남성은 고기를 위한 사냥의 대부분을, 여성은 과일과 견과류 채집의 대부분을 한다.
⑨ Gathering fruits, especially berries, and nuts is much more productive if it is easy to distinguish the red or purple fruit from the green leaves of the plant. 만약 식물의 녹색 잎으로부터 빨간색이나 보라색과일을 구별하는 것이 쉽다면 과일, 특히 베리류와견과류를 채집하는 것은 훨씬 더 생산적이다.
⑩ If red-green color blindness were common among women, the resulting lack of productivity would likely cause this trait to die out relatively quickly. 만약 여성들 사이에 적록 색맹이 흔하다면, 그로 인한 생산성의 부족은 이 특성이 비교적 빨리 소멸하도록 만들 가능성이 있다.
⑪ On the other hand, the men out hunting don't much rely on being able to contrast red from green. 반면 사냥에 나간 남성들은 초록색으로부터 빨간색을 대조시킬 수 있는 것에 크게 의존하지 않는다.
⑫ Most of the animals they are hunting have fur or feathers that help them hide. 그들이 사냥하는 대부분의 동물들은 그것들이 숨는것을 도와주는 털이나 깃털을 가지고 있다.
⑬ Rather than relying on color, the hunter relies on an acute ability to detect motion. 색에 의존하기보다는 사냥꾼은 움직임을 감지하는예리한 능력에 의존한다.
⑭ It is conceivable that a reduction in color contrast in these circumstances might actually enhance one's ability to detect subtle motions. 이러한 상황에서 색 대비의 감소는 미묘한 움직임을 감지하는 사람의 능력을 실제로 향상시킬지 모른다고 생각할 만하다.
⑮ Given that a hunted animal blends into its surroundings, less background color variation would be less of a visual distraction. 사냥당하는 동물이 주변 환경에 섞여 들어가 있다는 것을 고려할 때, 배경색의 더 적은 변동은 더 적은 시각적인 방해가 될 것이다.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 43~45서로 다른 관점이 모두 옳을  있음을 깨달은 쌍둥이 자매
① Pamela and Maggie were identical twins. Pamela와 Maggie는 일란성 쌍둥이였다.
② Even their parents found it hard to tell them apart. 심지어 그들의 부모도 그들을 구별하는 것을 어려워했다.
③ But although they looked identical, they were different in every other way. 비록 그들이 똑같아 보였지만 그들은 다른 모든 부분에서 달랐다.
④ They didn't have anything in common, so they fought all the time. 그들은 공통점이 없었고, 그래서 그들은 항상 싸웠다.
⑤ Pamela thought that her sister was weird and incomprehensible, and of course Maggie felt the same way. Pamela는 그녀의 자매(Maggie)가 이상하며 이해할 수 없다고 생각했고 물론 Maggie도 똑같이 느꼈다.
⑥ For example, Pamela was always upset at her sister waking up early in the morning. 예를 들어 Pamela는 그녀의 자매가 이른 아침에일어나는 것에 대해 항상 기분이 언짢았다.
⑦ She didn't understand why her sister couldn't finish what she needed to do at night and sleep peacefully the next morning. 그녀(Pamela)는 그녀의 자매가 왜 해야 할 일을 밤에 끝내고 다음 날 아침에 편히 잘 수 없는지 이해하지 못했다.
⑧ To Maggie, staying up past the time she began to feel sleepy was exhausting. Maggie에게는 그녀(Maggie)가 졸린 것을 느끼기시작한 시간이 지나고도 깨어 있는 것은 매우 피곤한 일이었다.
⑨ Besides, she loved the fresh morning air. 게다가 그녀는 상쾌한 아침 공기를 좋아했다.
⑩ They had fights about simple things like this every day. 그들은 이와 같은 단순한 일들로 매일 싸웠다.
⑪ Tired of the endless arguments, their mother Rachel decided to put an end to them. 끝없는 언쟁에 지친 그들의 어머니 Rachel은 그것을 끝내기로 결심했다.
⑫ She would make them understand that each of their points of view could be correct. 그녀는 그들의 관점 각각이 옳을 수 있다는 것을 그들이 이해하게 만들려 했다.
⑬ One day, the twins were brought to the dining table where a big board stood in the middle. 하루는 쌍둥이들이 큰 판자가 가운데 세워져 있는식탁으로 불려 왔다.
⑭ Pamela sat on one side of the board and her twin on the other. Pamela는 판자의 한쪽에, 그녀의 쌍둥이(Maggie)는 다른 한쪽에 앉았다.
⑮ Rachel asked Pamela what the color of the board was. Rachel은 Pamela에게 판자의 색깔이 무엇이냐고물었다.
⑯ "Black," she said. "검은색이요."라고 그녀가 대답했다.
⑰ After hearing Pamela's answer, Rachel asked the same question to the other daughter. Pamela의 대답을 들은 후에 Rachel은 다른 딸(Maggie)에게 똑같은 질문을 했다.
⑱ She replied it was white. 그녀는 그것이 하얀색이라고 대답했다.
⑲ Predictably, they began arguing. 예상대로 그들은 언쟁을 시작했다.
⑳ Rachel then asked them to switch seats. 그러자 Rachel은 그들에게 자리를 바꾸도록 요청했다.
㉑ Each sitting on a new chair, they were surprised to realize the board was black on one side and white on the other. 각자 새로운 의자에 앉자 그들은 그 판자의 한쪽이검은색이고 다른 한쪽이 하얀색이라는 것을 깨닫고놀랐다.
㉒ Understanding what their mother wanted to say, they promised they would never insist the other was wrong again. 그들의 어머니가 하고자 했던 말을 이해하고, 그들은 다시는 서로가 틀렸다고 주장하지 않겠다고 약속했다.

 

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[3] 2024 05 – 18: 영화 촬영 허가 요청서

 My name is Rohan Kaul, the producer of the upcoming film 'Upagrah.'

  이름은 Rohan Kaul이고  개봉할 영화 'Upagrah' 제작자입니다.

 I am reaching out to you regarding a matter of importance concerning the shooting of some scenes for our film.

 저희 영화를 위한 일부 장면의 촬영과 관련하여 중요한 사항에 관해 당신에게 연락을 드립니다.

 We have identified Gulab Park, Mumbai, as an ideal location for these scenes.

 저희는  장면들을 위한 이상적인 장소로 Mumbai Gulab 공원을 찾았습니다.

 We are hoping to conduct this shoot on 3rd June 2024, from 1 p.m. to 6 p.m.

 저희는 2024 6 3 오후 1시부터 오후 6시까지  촬영을 수행하기를 희망하고 있습니다.

 We have chosen Monday for the shooting day to minimize traffic issues and disruption to the public.

 저희는 교통 문제와 대중에게 끼칠 혼란을 최소화하기 위해 월요일을 촬영일로 선택했습니다.

 During the shoot, our team promises to follow all rules and regulations, ensuring no inconvenience is caused to the public.

 촬영 동안에, 저희 팀은 대중에게 어떠한 불편도 야기되지 않을 것을 확실히 하면서 모든 규칙과 규정을 준수할 것을 약속드립니다.

 We would be so grateful if you granted permission for the shoot so that we can put the beautiful scenery of the park in our film.

 저희 영화에 공원의 아름다운 배경을 담을  있도록 촬영을 위한 허가를  주신다면 우리는 매우 감사할 것입니다.

 We look forward to your response.

 당신의 답변을 고대합니다.

 

[3] 2024 05 – 19: 잘못된 퀴즈로 인한 학생의 긴장 해소

 Charles was taking a quiz in his math class.

 Charles 수학 시간에 퀴즈를 보고 있었다.

 He stared at the questions, but they looked completely unfamiliar.

 그는  문제들을 유심히 살펴보았지만 그것들은 완전히 낯설게 보였다.

 Charles flipped through the pages of the quiz for a while.

 Charles 한동안 퀴즈 문제지를 넘겨 보았다.

 His palms grew sweaty as he realized that he didn't know a single answer.

 그가 하나의 정답도 알지 못한다는 것을 깨닫고 그의 손바닥에서 땀이 났다.

 A moment later, a few other students began raising their hands.

 잠시  몇몇 다른 학생들이 손을 들기 시작했다.

 One said, "I don't think we ever learned about the stuff on this quiz, Mrs. Smith."

  학생이 "Smith 선생님,  생각에 저희는  퀴즈에 나오는 것들을  번도 배운 적이 없는  같아요."라고 말했다.

 The teacher quickly looked over a copy of the quiz and announced, "I'm sorry, class.

 선생님은 퀴즈 문제지를 빠르게 살펴보고 "미안해요, 여러분.

 It appears that I have given you the wrong quiz by mistake.

 실수로 여러분에게 잘못된 문제지를   같아요.

 We'll take the right quiz next class."

 우리는 다음 시간에 올바른 퀴즈를 보겠습니다."라고 알렸다.

 As Charles heard what the teacher said, the tension in his shoulders began to melt away.

 Charles 선생님이 말씀하신 것을 듣자 어깨의 긴장이 차츰 사라지기 시작했다.

 

[3] 2024 05 – 20: 중년의 연결 조직 부상에 대한 근육 훈련 권장

 When you are middle-aged, the risk of connective tissue injuries peaks as decreased load tolerance combines with continued high activity levels.

 여러분이 중년이 되면 하중을 견디는 힘이 감소되고 그것이 계속된 높은 활동 수준과 결합하면서 결합 조직 부상의 위험이 최고조에 달한다.

 The path of least resistance is to stop doing the things that hurt ― avoid uncomfortable movements and find easier forms of exercise.

 가장 무난한 방법은 아프게 하는 일들을 그만두는 것인데 이를테면 불편한 움직임들을 피하며  쉬운 형태의 운동을 찾는 것이다.

 However, that's the exact opposite of what you should do.

 그러나 그것은 여러분이 해야 하는 것의 정확한 반대다.

 There is a path forward.

 앞으로 나아가는 길이 있다.

 But it doesn't involve following the typical pain management advice of rest, ice, and medicine, which multiple reviews have shown is not effective for treating age-related joint pain and dysfunction.

 하지만 그것은 휴식, 얼음찜질  의약품의 전형적인 통증 관리 조언을 따르는 것을 포함하지 않는데, 다수의 비평은 이것이 나이와 관련된 관절 통증과 기능 장애를 치료하는  효과적이지 않다는것을 보여 주었다.

 These methods do nothing more than treat superficial symptoms.

  방법들은 표면적인 증상을 치료하는 것에 지나지 않는다.

 The only practical solution is to strengthen your body with muscle training.

 유일한 실질적인 해결책은 근육 훈련으로 여러분의 신체를 강화하는 것이다.

 Whether you've been training for a few years or a few decades, or haven't ever stepped foot in the weight room, it's not too late to restore your body, build real strength, and achieve your physical potential.

 여러분이  년이나 몇십  동안 운동을  왔든지 혹은 체력 단련실에 발을 디딘 적이 전혀 없든지 간에 여러분의 몸을 회복하고, 실질적인 힘을 기르고, 신체적인 잠재력을 실현하는 것은 너무 늦지않다.

 

[3] 2024 05 – 21: 눈을 통한 시각적 인식의 메커니즘 설명

 Turn the lights out and point the beam of a small flashlight up into one of your eyes.

 조명을 끄고 작은 손전등의 빛줄기가 여러분의 한쪽  안을 향하게 하라.

 Shake the beam around while moving your gaze up and down.

 여러분의 시선을 위아래로 움직이면서 빛줄기를 이리저리 흔들어라.

 You should catch glimpses of what look like delicate branches.

 여러분은 미세한 가지들처럼 보이는 것을 얼핏 보게  것이다.

 These branches are shadows of the blood vessels that lie on top of your retina.

  가지들은 여러분의 망막 위에 있는 혈관의 그림자들이다.

 The vessels constantly cast shadows as light streams into the eye, but because these shadows never move, the brain ceases responding to them.

  혈관들은 빛이 눈으로 흘러 들어오는 동안 끊임없이 그림자를 드리우지만,  그림자들은 절대 움직이지 않기 때문에 뇌가 이것들에 반응하는 것을 멈춘다.

 Moving the flashlight beam around shifts the shadows just enough to make them momentarily visible.

 손전등 빛줄기를 이리저리 움직이는 것은 그림자가 잠깐 눈에 보이게  만큼만 그림자를 이동시킨다.

 Now you might wonder if you could cause an image to fade just by staring at something unmoving.

 이제 여러분은 움직이지 않는 무언가를 단지 응시하는 것만으로도 이미지가 사라지도록   있는지 궁금해할지도 모른다.

 But that is not possible because the visual system constantly jiggles the eye muscles, which prevents the perfect stabilization of images of the world.

 그러나 시각 체계가 끊임없이 눈의 근육을 가볍게 흔들고 있고 이것이 세상의 이미지들의 완벽한 안정화를 막기 때문에 그것은 불가능하다.

 These muscle movements are unbelievably small, but their effect is huge.

  근육의 움직임들은 믿을  없을 정도로 작지만  효과는 엄청나다.

 Without them, we would go blind by tuning out what we see shortly after fixating our gaze!

 그것들이 없으면 우리는 시선을 고정한 직후에 보고 있는 것을 무시함으로써 보지 못하게  것이다!

 It's an interesting notion:

 이것은 흥미로운 개념이다.

 Approximate perfection is better than perfect perfection.

 근사치의 완벽함이 완벽한 완벽함보다  낫다.

 

[3] 2024 05 – 22: 경제적 이익과 야생 보호 간의 대립

 Most opposition to wilderness preservation doesn't come from environmentalists but from corporate interests and developers.

 야생 보호 구역 보존에 대한 대부분의 반대는 환경론자들로부터가 아니라 기업 관계자와 개발자들로부터 나온다.

 When wild places are designated as wilderness, they are closed to most commercial activities and residential or infrastructure development.

 야생의 지역이 야생 보호 구역으로 지정되면  지역은 대부분의 상업 활동  주거 또는 기반 시설 개발이 금지된다.

 There is thus frequently an economic cost to wilderness preservation.

 따라서 야생 보호 구역 보존에는 흔히 경제적인 비용이 존재한다.

 Some critics claim that when wilderness and economic interests clash, economic interests should normally prevail.

 일부 비평가들은 야생 보호 구역과 경제적 이익이 충돌할  경제적 이익이 일반적으로 우세해야 한다고 주장한다.

 This argument, even if it is sound, won't exclude all wilderness preservation efforts, because some wilderness areas have little economic value.

 이러한 주장은, 비록 타당할지라도, 일부 야생 보호 구역은 경제적인 가치가 거의 없기 때문에 모든 야생 보호 구역 보존 노력을 배제하지는 않을 것이다.

 But a deeper problem with the argument is that it views nature from a human-focused and excessively economic point of view.

 그러나  주장의  심층적인 문제점은 그것이 자연을 인간 중심적이고 지나치게 경제적인 관점에서 본다는 것이다.

 Allowing economic considerations to outweigh all other forms of value is inconsistent with the biocentric reasons that support wilderness preservation.

 경제적인 고려 사항이 모든 다른 형태의 가치를 능가하도록 두는 것은 야생 보호 구역 보존을 지지하는 생명 중심적인 이유들에 부합하지 않는다.

 Thus, while it certainly makes sense to weigh the economic costs of wilderness protection, especially when such costs are high, the biocentric values underlying wilderness preservation exclude viewing economic considerations as the most important.

 따라서 특히 그러한 비용이 높을  야생 보호 구역 보호의 경제적 비용을 따져 보는 것이 분명히 타당하지만, 야생 보호 구역 보존의 근본이 되는 생명 중심적인 가치는 경제적인 고려를 가장 중요한것으로 여기는 것을 배제한다.

 

[3] 2024 05 – 23: 카페인 섭취가  화학에 미치는 영향

 During the day, a molecule called adenosine builds up in your brain.

  동안에 아데노신이라고 불리는 분자가 여러분의 뇌에 쌓인다.

 Adenosine binds with receptors on nerve cells, or neurons, slowing down their activity and making you feel drowsy.

 아데노신은 신경 세포들, 다시 말해 뉴런들의 수용체들과 결합해 그것들의 활동을 늦추고 여러분이 나른함을 느끼게 한다.

 But caffeine is also able to bind with these receptors, and by doing so it blocks adenosine's effect, making your neurons fire more and keeping you alert.

 그러나 카페인 역시  수용체들과 결합할  있고, 그렇게 함으로써 그것이 아데노신의 효과를 차단하여 뉴런을  활성화시키고 여러분이 깨어 있도록 유지시킨다.

 Caffeine also activates a gland at the base of your brain.

 카페인은 또한  기저부의 분비선을 활성화시킨다.

 This releases hormones that tell the adrenal glands on your kidneys to produce adrenaline, causing your heart to beat faster and your blood pressure to rise.

 이것은 신장에 있는 부신이 아드레날린을 생산하도록 하는 호르몬을 분비시켜 여러분의 심장을 더욱 빨리 뛰게 하고 혈압이 올라가게 한다.

 If, however, your daily caffeine intake is consistent, your brain will adapt to it.

 하지만 여러분의 하루 카페인 섭취량이 일정하다면 뇌가 이에 적응할 것이다.

 Your brain is like, 'Okay, every morning I'm getting this caffeine that's binding to these receptors and blocking adenosine from binding to them.'

 여러분의 뇌는 이와 같다. '그래, 매일 아침 나는  수용체들과 결합해서 아데노신이 그것들과 결합하는 것을 막는  카페인을 섭취하고 있군.'

 So your brain creates extra receptors to give adenosine more of an opportunity to bind with them and have its usual effect.

 그래서 여러분의 뇌는 아데노신에게 그것들(수용체) 결합하여 평소의 효과를   많은 기회를 주기 위해 추가의 수용체들을 만들어 낸다.

 And more adenosine is also produced to counteract the caffeine.

 그리고 카페인에 대응하기 위해  많은 아데노신이 또한 생성된다.

 That's why it takes more and more caffeine to have the same effect.

 그것이 같은 효과를 내기 위해서 점점  많은 카페인이 필요한 이유다.

 

[3] 2024 05 – 24: 대양의 푸른색 발생 원인 설명

 When viewed from space, one of the Earth's most commanding features is the blueness of its vast oceans.

 우주에서 보았을  지구의 가장 인상적인 특징들  하나는 드넓은 바다의 푸르름이다.

 Small amounts of water do not indicate the color of these large bodies of water; when pure drinking water is examined in a glass, it appears clear and colorless.

 적은 양의 물은 이러한 많은 양의 물의 색을 나타내지 않고, 깨끗한 식수가 유리잔 속에서 검사될  그것은 맑고 무색인 것처럼 보인다.

 Apparently a relatively large volume of water is required to reveal the blue color.

 파란색을 드러내기 위해서는 분명 비교적 많은 양의 물이 필요하다.

 Why is this so?

 이것은  그런 것일까?

 When light penetrates water, it experiences both absorption and scattering.

 빛이 물을 관통할  그것은 흡수와 산란  다를 겪는다.

 Water molecules strongly absorb infrared and, to a lesser degree, red light.

  분자는 적외선을 강하게 흡수하고  적은 정도로 붉은빛을 흡수한다.

 At the same time, water molecules are small enough to scatter shorter wavelengths, giving water its blue-green color.

 동시에  분자는  짧은 파장을 산란시키기에 충분히 작아서 물에 청록색을 부여한다.

 The amount of long-wavelength absorption is a function of depth; the deeper the water, the more red light is absorbed.

 장파장 흡수의 양은 수심의 작용이다. , 물이  깊을수록  많은 붉은빛이 흡수된다.

 At a depth of 15m, the intensity of red light drops to 25% of its original value and falls to zero beyond a depth of 30m.

 15미터 수심에서는 붉은빛의 강도가 기존 값의 25% 떨어지고 30미터 이상의 수심에서는 0으로 떨어진다.

 Any object viewed at this depth is seen in a blue-green light.

  수심에서 보이는 모든 물체는 청록빛 내에서 보인다.

 For this reason, red inhabitants of the sea, such as lobsters and crabs, appear black to divers not carrying a lamp.

 이러한 이유로 바닷가재와 게와 같은 바다의 붉은색 서식 동물들은 램프를 들고 있지 않은 잠수부들에게는 검게 보인다.

 

[3] 2024 05 – 25: 세대별 챗봇 플랫폼 선호도 차이

 The above graph shows the percentage of preferable chatbot platforms by age categorized by Generation Z, Millennials, and Generation X.

  그래프는 Z세대, 밀레니얼 세대 그리고 X세대로 분류된 연령대별로 선호하는 챗봇 플랫폼의 비율을 보여 준다.

 Millennials and Generation X had the highest percentage of respondents who preferred Desktop Websites while Generation Z had the highest percentage for Messenger Apps.

 밀레니얼 세대와 X세대는 데스크톱 웹사이트를 선호하는 응답자의 가장 높은 비율을 가진 반면 Z세대는 메신저 앱에 대해 가장 높은 비율을 가졌다.

 In Generation Z, the percentage of respondents who preferred Mobile Apps was more than twice that of those who preferred Voice Assistant Devices.

 Z세대 내에서, 모바일 앱을 선호하는 응답자의 비율은 음성 지원 장치를 선호하는 응답자 비율의  배보다  높았다.

 Messenger Apps was the only platform where the percentage of respondents' preference for it sank lower and lower from Generation Z, to Millennials, to Generation X.

 메신저 앱은 Z세대, 밀레니얼 세대, X세대로 갈수록 그것에 대한 응답자의 선호 비율이 점점  낮아진 유일한 플랫폼이었다.

 The percentage point gap between Millennial and Generation X respondents who preferred Mobile Apps was larger than the percentage point gap between the same two groups for Voice Assistant Devices.

 모바일 앱을 선호하는 밀레니얼 세대와 X세대의 응답자의 비율 수치 격차는 음성 지원 장치에 대한 동일한  집단 사이의 비율 수치 격차보다  컸다.

 The percentage of respondents who preferred Mobile Websites was the lowest in all the age groups.

 모바일 웹사이트를 선호하는 응답자들의 비율은 모든 연령 집단에서 가장 낮았다.

 

[3] 2024 05 – 26: José Saramago 문학적 경력과 영향

 José Saramago was born in 1922 to a family of farmers in a little village north of Lisbon.

 José Saramago 1922년에 Lisbon 북쪽의 작은 마을에 있는 농부의 가정에서 태어났다.

 For financial reasons he abandoned his high-school studies and worked as a mechanic.

 그는 재정적인 이유로 고등학교 공부를 그만두었고 정비공으로 일을 했다.

 At this time, he acquired a taste for reading and started to frequent a public library in Lisbon in his free time.

 이때, 그는 독서에 흥미가 생겨 여가 시간에 Lisbon 있는 공립 도서관을 자주 방문하기 시작했다.

 After trying different jobs in the civil service, he worked for a publishing company for twelve years and then as an editor of the newspaper 'Diario de Noticias.'

 공직에서 여러 가지 일을   뒤에 그는 출판사에서 12년간 일한 , 신문사 'Diario de Noticias' 편집자로 일했다.

 Between 1975 and 1980 Saramago supported himself as a translator, but after his literary successes in the 1980s he devoted himself to his own writing.

 1975년부터 1980년까지 Saramago 번역가로 생계를 유지했지만 1980년대의 문학적인 성공 이후로는 자신의 글쓰기에 몰두했다.

 He achieved worldwide recognition in 1982 with the humorous love story Baltasar and Blimunda, a novel set in 18th-century Portugal.

 그는 18세기 포르투갈을 배경으로  소설인 해학적인 사랑 이야기 'Baltasar and Blimunda' 1982년에 세계적인 인정을 받았다.

 Saramago's oeuvre totals 30 works, and comprises not only novels but also poetry, essays and drama.

 Saramago 전체 작품은  30편에 이르고 소설뿐만 아니라 , 수필, 희곡 등도 포함한다.

 

[3] 2024 05 – 29: 새로운 병원균의 적응과 전파 과정

 When a new pathogen emerges, one way it transitions from wherever it has been living into a new host may be the acquisition of new traits.

 새로운 병원균이 출현할 , 어디였든지 간에 그것이 살고 있던 곳으로부터 새로운 숙주로 전이하는  가지 방법은 새로운 특성의 습득일  있다.

 Imagine that in its hourly struggle to survive over long periods of time and many generations, a fungus species might acquire a protective capsule ― a bit of coating ― that shields it or even masks it from other microbes or cells.

 오랜 기간과 많은 세대를 거쳐 살아남기 위한 그것(균류종) 매시간의 분투에서 균류종이 자신을 보호하거나 심지어 다른 미생물이나 세포로부터 자신을 숨기는 약간의 코팅인 보호용 피막을 얻을지도 모른다는 것을 상상해 보라.

 Then it acquires some enzymes that enable it to survive whatever chemicals other microbes might throw at it.

 그다음에 그것은 다른 미생물들이 그것에게 던지는  어떤 화학 물질로부터도 그것이 살아남게  주는 어떤 효소들을 얻는다.

 If it can overcome these chemicals, it may also overcome the same or similar chemicals used as antifungal drugs.

 만약 그것이 이러한 화학 물질들을 이겨낼  있다면, 그것은 항진균제로써 사용되는 똑같거나 비슷한 화학 물질들 또한 이겨낼  있다.

 Maybe it also evolves to tolerate warmer temperatures.

 아마도 그것은 또한  따뜻한 온도를 견디도록 진화한다.

 Now we've got a yeast that once made its home in an apple tree or in a wetland but that at this point can live quite happily in our body, hide from our immune system, and disarm our drugs.

 이제 우리는 한때 사과나무나 습지에 서식지를 만들었지만  시점에서는 우리의 몸속에서  행복하게 살고, 우리의 면역 체계로부터 숨고, 우리의 약을 무장 해제시킬  있는 효모를 갖게 되었다.

 Then some of us carry it from one country to another and then another, and eventually it finds a host in a hospital patient who has recently received an organ transplant or is elderly with a weakened immune system.

 그러고 나서 우리  일부가  나라에서 다른 나라 그리고  다른 나라로 그것을 옮기고 결국 그것은 장기 이식을 최근에 받았거나 약해진 면역 체계를 가진 노인인 병원 환자에서 숙주를 찾는다.

 

[3] 2024 05 – 30: 감정이 기억 형성에 미치는 영향

 Memory is shaped by emotions connected to an experience.

 기억은 경험과 연결된 감정에 의해 형성된다.

 For this reason, inaccuracies often hide the full picture of what happened.

 이러한 이유로 부정확성은 일어났던 일의 전체적인 상황을 종종 숨긴다.

 For example, a company might decide to hire a consultant to assist with a major project.

 예를 들어  회사가 중대한 프로젝트를 조력할  자문 위원을 고용하기로 결정했을  있다.

 During this project, the consultant demonstrated some personality traits that clashed with a couple of the executives involved.

  프로젝트 동안  자문 위원은  명의 관여된 경영진들과 부딪치는 몇몇 성격 특성들을 보여 주었다.

 Through the course of the project, they were able to put aside the personality conflicts in order to see their vision become a reality.

 프로젝트의 과정 동안 그들은 자신들의 비전이 실현되는 것을 보기 위해  성격 갈등을 한쪽으로 제쳐둘  있었다.

 Ultimately, the project was a success, enabling the company to move forward and profit.

 결국 프로젝트는 성공해서 회사가 진보하고 이익을 얻는 것을 가능하게 했다.

 At a later date, the company, remembering the previous success, expressed an interest in hiring the same consultant for another large project.

 후일  회사는 이전의 성공을 기억하여  다른  프로젝트를 위해 같은 자문 위원을 고용하는  관심을 표했다.

 The executives who struggled with his personality last time may most vividly remember their difficulty in overcoming his personality and related emotions.

 지난번 그의 성격으로 고생했던 경영진들은 그의 성격을 극복하는 것에 대한 그들의 어려움  연관된 감정들을 가장 생생히 기억할지 모른다.

 In this case, the success of the project fades into the background as they focus on their previous experience, colored by their feelings of discomfort.

 이런 경우에 그들이 불편이라는 감정에 의해 물든 이전의 경험에 집중하기 때문에 프로젝트의 성공에 대한 기억은 희미해진다.

 As a result, they convince the company to exclude the consultant, making project completion more difficult.

 결과적으로 그들은 회사가  자문 위원을 배제하도록 설득하여 프로젝트 완성을 더욱 어렵게 만든다.

 

[3] 2024 05 – 31: 색상의 사회적 의미와 규제

 As colors came to take on meanings and cultural significance within societies, attempts were made to restrict their use.

 색들이 사회 내에서 의미와 문화적인 의의를 갖게 됨에 따라 그것들의 사용을 제한하는 시도들이 이루어졌다.

 The most extreme example of this phenomenon was the sumptuary laws.

  현상의 가장 극단적인 예시는 사치 금지법이었다.

 While these were passed in ancient Greece and Rome, and examples can be found in ancient China and Japan, they found their fullest expressions in Europe from the mid-twelfth century, before slowly disappearing in the early modern period.

 이것은 고대 그리스와 로마에서 통과되었고 실례들이 고대 중국과 일본에서 발견될  있지만, 그것은 초기 근대에 서서히 사라지기 전에 12세기 중반부터 유럽에서 가장 완전하게 표출되었다.

 Such laws could touch on anything from diet to dress and furnishings, and sought to enforce social boundaries by encoding the social classes into a clear visual system:

 그러한 법들은 식단에서 의복과 가구까지 어떤 것에도 관여할  있었고 사회적인 계층을 분명한 시각적 체계로 부호화함으로써 사회적인 경계선을 강요하는 것을 추구했다.

 the peasants, in other words, should eat and dress like peasants; craftsmen should eat and dress like craftsmen.

 , 다시 말해서 농부는 농부처럼 먹고 입어야 하고 기술자는 기술자처럼 먹고 입어야 한다.

 Color was a vital signifier in this social language ― dull, earthy colors like russet were explicitly confined to the poorest rural peasants, while bright ones like scarlet were the preserve of a select few.

 색은  사회적 언어에서 중대한 기표였는데, 황갈색과 같은 칙칙한 흙색은 가장 가난한 시골 농부들에게 명시적으로 국한된 반면 진홍색과 같은 밝은색들은 선택된 소수의 전유물이었다.

 

[3] 2024 05 – 32: 뇌가 외부 세계를 인식하는 방식

 John Douglas Pettigrew, a professor of psychology at the University of Queensland, found that the brain manages the external world by dividing it into separate regions, the peripersonal and the extrapersonal ― basically, near and far.

 Queensland 대학의 심리학 교수인 John Douglas Pettigrew 뇌가 그것(외부 세계) '주변의' '외부의', 요컨대 '가깝다' '멀다'라는 별개의 부분들로 나눔으로써 외부 세계를 다룬다는 것을 알아냈다.

 Peripersonal space includes whatever is in arm's reach; things you can control right now by using your hands.

 주변 공간은 팔이 닿는 범위 내에 있는 모든 ,  여러분의 손을 사용함으로써 당장 여러분이 통제할  있는 것들을 포함한다.

 This is the world of what's real, right now.

 이것은 지금 당장 실제의 세계이다.

 Extrapersonal space refers to everything else ― whatever you can't touch unless you move beyond your arm's reach, whether it's three feet or three million miles away.

 외부 공간은   모든 것을 가리키는데,  3피트든 3백만 마일 밖이든 여러분이 자신의 팔이 닿는 범위를 넘어서서 움직이지 않으면 만질  없는 모든 것이다.

 This is the realm of possibility.

 이것은 가능성의 영역이다.

 With those definitions in place, another fact follows, obvious but useful: any interaction in the extrapersonal space must occur in the future.

 그러한 정의들이 자리 잡힌 상태에서 뻔하지만 유용한  하나의 사실이 따라온다. , 외부 공간에서의 모든 상호 작용은 미래에 일어나야만 한다는 것이다.

 Or, to put it another way, distance is linked to time.

 또는, 달리 말하면, 거리는 시간과 연관되어 있다.

 For instance, if you're in the mood for a peach, but the closest one is sitting in a bin at the corner market, you can't enjoy it now.

 예를 들어 만약 여러분이 복숭아를 원하지만 가장 가까운 것이 모퉁이 가게의 상자에 있다면, 여러분은 지금 그것을 즐길  없다.

 You can only enjoy it in the future, after you go get it.

 여러분은 오직 미래에  그것을 사러  후에 즐길  있다.

 

[3] 2024 05 – 33: 곤충을 잡는 식충식물의 독특한 메커니즘

 Insect-eating plants' unique strategies for catching live prey have long captured the public imagination.

 식충 식물의 살아 있는 먹이를 잡기 위한 독특한 전략들은 오랫동안 대중의 상상력을 사로잡아 왔다.

 But even within this strange group, in which food-trapping mechanisms have evolved multiple times independently, some unusual ones stand out.

 그러나 심지어 먹이를 가두는 기제가 여러  독립적으로 진화해   이상한 무리 안에서조차 몇몇 특이한 것들이 두드러진다.

 According to Ulrike Bauer, an evolutionary biologist, the visually striking pitcher plant Nepenthes gracilis, for example, can exploit external energy for a purpose.

 진화 생물학자인 Ulrike Bauer 따르면 예를 들어 시각적으로 인상적인 낭상엽 식물인 'Nepenthes gracilis' 어떤 목적을 위해 외부의 에너지를 이용할  있다.

 This species' pitcher has a rigid, horizontal lid with an exposed underside that produces nectar, luring insects to land on it.

  종의 주머니 모양의 잎은 꿀을 생산하는 노출된 아랫면을 지닌 단단하고 수평으로  뚜껑을 갖고 있는데, 그것은 곤충들이  면에 앉도록 유혹한다.

 When a raindrop strikes the lid's top, the lid jolts downward and throws any unsuspecting visitor into digestive juices below.

 빗방울이 뚜껑의 윗면을  , 뚜껑은 아래쪽으로 흔들려서 의심하지 않고 있는 어떤 방문객도 아래의 소화액으로 떨구어 버린다.

 Researchers used x-ray scans to analyze cross sections of the pitchers when the lid is raised, lowered, and in a neutral position.

 연구원들은 뚜껑이 올려질 , 내려질  그리고 중립 위치에 있을 때의 주머니 모양의 잎의 단면을 분석하기 위해 엑스선 정밀 검사를 사용했다.

 Their results revealed a structural weak point in the pitcher's neck: when a raindrop hits the lid, the weak spot folds in and forces the lid to quickly move downward, similar to a diving board.

 그것의 결과는 주머니 모양의 잎의  부분에서 구조상의 약한 부분을 밝혀냈다.  빗방울이 뚜껑을    약한 지점은 안으로 접히고, 뚜껑이 아래로 빠르게 움직이도록 만드는데, 그것은 다이빙보드와 비슷하다.

 The weak point makes the pitcher's body bend and bounce back in a specific, consistent way, so the lid rises back up without bouncing too far ― unlike a typical leaf's chaotic vibration when struck by rain.

  약한 부분은 주머니 모양의 잎의 몸통을 휘었다가 특정하고 일관된 방식으로 튀어서 되돌아오도록 해서, 비에 맞을  보통의 잎의 무질서한 흔들림과 달리  뚜껑은 너무 멀리 튀지 않고 다시 올라온다.

 

[3] 2024 05 – 34: 어류의 자체 발광 기능과 생존 전략

 Many fish generate their own light in a biological firework display called bioluminescence.

 많은 물고기들은 생체 발광이라고 불리는 생물학적인 불꽃놀이로 자체의 빛을 생성한다.

 The lanternfish creates beams that sweep the sea like headlamps.

 랜턴피시는 헤드라이트처럼 바다를  비추는 빛줄기를 만들어 낸다.

 The dragonfish produces wavelengths that only it can see, leaving its victims unaware of the approaching threat.

 드래곤피시는 자신만이   있는 파장을 생산해서 다가오는 위협을 먹잇감들이 인식하지 못하게 한다.

 In contrast, the anglerfish hopes its prey will notice and be lured toward its rod-like bioluminescent barbel; its fierce jaws stay hidden in the shadows.

 대조적으로 앵글러피시는 먹이가 자신의 막대 모양의 생체 발광 수염을 알아채고 그것에 유인되기를 바라는데, 그것(앵글러피시) 사나운 턱이 그림자에 감춰져 있다.

 Bioluminescence is also used to frustrate predators.

 생체 발광은 또한 포식자들을 좌절시키는  사용된다.

 A species from the spookfish family relies on a bellyful of symbiotic, glowing bacteria to save it from becoming a meal.

 스푸크피시과()  종은 식사거리가 되는 것으로부터 그것을 지켜주는 배에 가득  공생하는 빛나는 박테리아에 의존한다.

 It uses the same concept developed by the US Navy during World War II to make bomber aircraft difficult to see.

 그것은 폭격기를 보기 어렵게 만들기 위해 2 세계 대전 중에 미국 해군에 의해 개발된 동일한 발상을 사용한다.

 Just as Project Yehudi designed planes with under-wing spotlights, the fish's glowing belly conceals its silhouette against sunlight to hide it from watching eyes below.

 Yehudi 프로젝트가 날개 아랫면에 환한 조명이 있는 비행기를 설계한 것처럼,  물고기의 빛나는 복부는 태양 빛에 대비되는 자신의 실루엣을 감춰서 아래에서 주시하는 눈들로부터 그것을 숨긴다.

 In this fish-eat-fish world, survival is a game of hide-and-seek that prioritizes the sense of sight.

 물고기가 물고기를 잡아먹는  세상에서 생존은 시각을 우선시하는 숨바꼭질 게임이다.

 

[3] 2024 05 – 35: 인류의 공통 조상과 생존 경쟁

 The human race traces back to a surprisingly small number of common ancestors.

 인류는 놀랄 만큼 적은 수의 공통 조상으로 거슬러 올라간다.

 It has been documented that the entire human race can be traced back to only seven different mothers, and one of these women is a common ancestor to roughly 40% of the human species.

 전체 인류가  7명의 다른 어머니들로 거슬러 올라갈  있고  여성들   명은 대략 인간 종의 40% 공통 조상이라고 밝혀졌다.

 Why is this? The simple answer is that humans are extremely good at dying and at wiping each other out.

 이것은 왜일까? 간단한 답은 인간이 죽는 것과 서로를 몰살하는 것에 몹시 능숙하다는 것이다.

 History has had many successful rulers and conquerors who have got rid of entire populations, and even beyond that, our species has wiped out plenty of similar humanoid lines that existed on this earth.

 역사적으로 전체 인구를 제거한 많은 성공적인 통치자들과 정복자들이 존재해 왔으며, 심지어 그것을 넘어 우리 종은  지구에 존재했던 수많은 비슷한 인간에 가까운 계통들을 몰살해 왔다.

 Scientific finds have so far discovered a number of other humanoid species that once shared the earth with us, some of which include Neanderthals and Denisovans.

 과학적 발견들은 지금까지 한때 우리와 지구를 공유했던 많은 인간에 가까운 종들을 발견해 왔는데, 그들  몇몇은 네안데르탈인과 데니소바인을 포함한다.

 Yet of these lines, only homo sapiens have survived, only the modern humans.

 그러나  계통들 중에서 오직 호모사피엔스,  현대의 인간들만이 살아남았다.

 That itself shows how difficult it is for a species to survive and thrive long-term on this planet.

  자체가  종이  행성에서 살아남아 장기적으로 번영하는 것이 얼마나 어려운지를 보여 준다.

 

[3] 2024 05 – 36: 시간 여행의 개념에 대한 철학적 탐구

 Philosophers who seek to understand the nature of time might consider the possibility of time travel.

 시간의 본질을 이해하고자 하는 철학자들은 시간 여행의 가능성을 고려할지도 모른다.

 But there are no real-life cases of time travel.

 그러나 시간 여행의 실제 사례는 없다.

 In situations such as this, philosophers often construct thought experiments ―imagined scenarios that bring out the thoughts and presuppositions underlying people's judgments.

 이와 같은 상황들에서 철학자들은 사고 실험,  사람들의 판단의 기초가 되는 생각과 전제를 끌어내는 상상의 시나리오를 종종 구성한다.

 Sometimes these scenarios are drawn from books, movies, and television.

 때때로 이러한 시나리오들은 , 영화 그리고 텔레비전으로부터 얻어진다.

 Other times, philosophers just make up their own scenarios.

 다른 때에는 철학자들이 그냥 자신들만의 시나리오를 지어낸다.

 Either way, the point is to put such concepts to the test.

 어느 쪽이든, 요점은 그러한 개념들을 시험해 보는 것이다.

 In the case of time travel, for example, a common thought experiment is to imagine what would happen if you went back in time and found yourself in a position to interfere in such a way that you were never born.

 예를 들어 시간 여행의 경우 일반적인 사고 실험은 만약 여러분이 시간을 거슬러 가서 여러분이 결코 태어나지 않았다는 식으로 개입할 위치에 있는 자신을 발견한다면 어떤 일이 일어났을지를 상상하는 것이다.

 It seems that something must happen to prevent you from doing this, because if you were to succeed, you would not exist and so you would not have been able to go back in time.

 여러분이 그렇게 하는 것을 막기 위해 무슨 일이 일어나야 하는 것처럼 보이는데, 왜냐하면 만약 여러분이 성공한다면, 여러분은 존재하지 않을 것이고 그래서 여러분은 시간을 거슬러   없었을것이기 때문이다.

 As a result of thinking through these sorts of cases, some philosophers claim that the very notion of time travel makes no sense.

 이러한 종류의 사례들을 통해 생각한 결과, 일부 철학자들은 시간 여행이라는 바로  개념이 말이 되지 않는다고 주장한다.

 

[3] 2024 05 – 37: 수면  감각 정보의 차단 과정

 A universal indicator of sleep is the loss of external awareness.

 수면의  보편적인 지표는 외부 인식의 상실이다.

 You are no longer conscious of all that surrounds you, at least not explicitly.

 여러분은 자신을 둘러싸고 있는 모든 것을, 최소한 겉으로 보기에는,  이상 의식하지 않는다.

 In actual fact, your ears are still 'hearing'; your eyes, though closed, are still capable of 'seeing.'

 실상은 여러분의 귀는 여전히 '듣고' 있고, 눈은, 감겨 있지만, 여전히 '보는 ' 가능하다.

 All these signals still flood into the center of your brain while you sleep, but they are blocked by a perceptual barricade set up in a structure called the thalamus.

  모든 신호들은 여러분이 자는 동안 여전히 뇌의 중심부로 흘러들어 가지만, 그것들은 시상이라고 불리는 조직에 설치된 지각의 바리케이드에 의해 차단된다.

 The thalamus decides which sensory signals are allowed through its gate, and which are not.

 시상은 그것의 문을 통해 어떤 감각 신호들이 들여보내질지, 어떤 것들이 그렇지 않을지를 결정한다.

 Should they be granted its permission to pass, they are sent to the cortex at the top of your brain, where they are consciously perceived.

 그것들이 그것(시상) 통행 허가를 받게 된다면, 그것들은 여러분의  상부에 있는 대뇌피질로 보내지는데, 거기서 그것들은 의식적으로 지각된다.

 By locking its gates shut, the thalamus imposes a sensory blackout in the brain, preventing onward travel of those signals to the cortex.

 그것의 문을 닫아 잠금으로써 시상은 뇌에 감각 정전을 가하고,  신호들의 대뇌피질을 향한 전진 이동을 막는다.

 As a result, you are no longer consciously aware of the information broadcasts being transmitted from your outer sense organs.

  결과 여러분은 외부 감각 기관으로부터 전송되고 있는 정보 방송을  이상 의식적으로 인식하지 못한다.

 At this moment, your brain has lost waking contact with the outside world.

  순간 여러분의 뇌는 외부 세계와의 깨어 있는 접촉을 잃었다.

 Said another way, you are now asleep.

 다른 말로 하면, 여러분은 지금 잠이  것이다.

 

[3] 2024 05 – 38: 윤리적 의사결정에서의 감정적 요소

 Emotional response to the world is an inherent part of ethics.

 세상에 대한 감정적 반응은 윤리학의 내재적인 부분이다.

 In ethics, appeals to compassion and empathy can and should be part of rational arguments about ethical decisions.

 윤리학에서 연민과 공감에 대한 호소는 윤리적 결정에 대한 합리적인 주장의 일부가   있고  그래야 한다.

 Moreover, the best practices of objectivity often combine partiality and impartiality.

 더욱이 객관성의 가장 좋은 실천들은 종종 편파성과 공정성을 결합한다.

 In a trial, the partiality of the prosecutor and the defense attorney (and the parties they represent) occurs within a larger impartial context.

 재판에서 검사와 변호인( 그들이 대리하는 당사자들) 편파성은   공정한 맥락 안에서 발생한다.

 A judge or jury puts partial arguments to the test of objective evidence and to the impartial rules of law.

 판사나 배심원은 편파적인 주장들을 객관적인 증거의 시험대와 공정한  원칙에 맡긴다.

 Ideally, what is fair and objective emerges during a trial where partialities make their case and are judged by objective norms.

 이상적으로, 공정하고 객관적인 것은 편파성이 자신의 주장을 하고 객관적인 규범에 의해 판단되는 재판 동안 드러난다.

 The norms of objectivity were constructed not because their creators thought most humans could be 'empty' of bias.

 객관성의 규범은 그것을 만든 사람들이 대부분의 인간은 편견이 '없을'  있다고 생각했기 때문에 만들어진 것이 아니다.

 The reverse is true: the norms were constructed because of an acute awareness of human bias, because it is evident.

  반대가 사실인데,  규범은 인간의 편견에 대한 예리한 인식 때문에,  그것이 명백하게 나타나기 때문에 만들어졌다.

 Rather than conclude that objectivity is impossible because bias is universal, scientists, journalists, and others concluded the opposite:

 편견이 보편적이기 때문에 객관성이 불가능하다고 결론을 내리기보다는 과학자, 언론인 그리고 다른 이들은 반대의 결론을 내렸다.

 we biased humans need the discipline of objectivity to reduce the ineliminable presence of bias.

  우리 편향된 인간은 제거할  없는 편견의 존재를 줄이기 위해 객관성의 규율을 필요로 한다는 것이다.

 

[3] 2024 05 – 39: 고양이의 야간 시력과 생물학적 적응

 The fact that cats' eyes glow in the dark is part of their enhanced light-gathering efficiency; there is a reflective layer behind the retina, so light can hit the retina when it enters the eye, or when it is reflected from behind the retina.

 고양이의 눈이 어둠 속에서 빛난다는 사실은 그것의 강화된 집광 효율성의 일부인데, 망막 뒤에는 반사 층이 있어서 빛이 눈에 들어올 때나 망막 뒤에서 반사될  그것이 망막에 닿을  있다.

 Light that manages to miss the retina exits the eye and creates that ghostly glow.

 망막을 어떤 식으로든 벗어난 빛은 눈을 빠져나와  유령 같은 빛을 만들어 낸다.

 When cats' light-gathering ability is combined with the very large population of rods in their eyes, the result is a predator that can see exceptionally well in the dark.

 고양이의 집광 능력이 고양이의   매우 많은 간상체의 개체 수와 결합될 ,  결과는 어둠 속에서 유난히    있는 포식자이다.

 Cats 'pay' for this nighttime accuracy with less accurate daytime vision and an inability to focus on close objects.

 고양이는  정확한 주간 시력과 가까운 물체에 초점을  맞추는 것으로 이러한 야간의 정확성에 대한 '대가를 지불한다.'

 This may seem counterproductive; what is the point of seeing a mouse in the dark if, in that final, close moment, the cat can't focus on it?

 이것은 비생산적으로 보일  있는데, 만약 고양이가  마지막, 아슬아슬한  간에 그것() 초점을 맞출  없다면 어둠 속에서 쥐를 보는 것이 무슨 의미가 있을까?

 Tactile information comes into play at this time; cats can move their whiskers forward and use them to get information about objects within the grasp of their jaws.

 이때 촉각 정보가 작용하기 시작하는데, 고양이들은 콧수염을 앞으로 움직여서 그들의 턱으로   있는 범위 내의 물체들에 대한 정보를 얻는  사용할  있다.

 So the next time you see a cat seeming to nap in the bright sunlight, eyes half-closed, remember that it may simply be shielding its retina from a surplus of light.

 그러므로 다음번에 여러분이 밝은 햇빛 속에서, 눈이 반쯤 감긴 채로, 낮잠을 자고 있는 것처럼 보이는 고양이를 보면, 그것이 단순히 과도한 빛으로부터 망막을 보호하고 있을 뿐일 수도 있다는 것을기억하라.

 

[3] 2024 05 – 40: 미술관 방문  대화 감소가 감정 반응 증가

 In one study, researchers gave more than five hundred visitors to an art museum a special glove that reported their movement patterns along with physiological data such as their heart rates.

  연구에서 연구자들은 500 이상의  미술관 방문객들에게 심박수와 같은 생리학적인 데이터와 함께 그들의 움직임 패턴을 보고하는 특별한 장갑을 주었다.

 The data showed that when people were not distracted by chatting with companions, they actually had a stronger emotional response to the art.

  데이터는 사람들이 동행자들과 수다를 떠는 것에 의해 주의를 빼앗기지 않을  그들이 실제로 예술품에  강한 감정적인 반응을 가진다는 것을 보여 주었다.

 Of course, there's nothing wrong with chatting and letting the art slide past, but think of the inspiration those museum visitors missed out on.

 물론 수다를 떨고 예술품을 지나치는 것은 잘못된 것이 아니지만  미술관 방문객들이 놓친 영감을 생각해 보라.

 Then apply that to life in general.

 그다음에 그것을 일반적인 삶에 적용하라.

 When we surround ourselves with other people, we're not just missing out on the finer details of an art exhibition.

 우리가 다른 사람들과 함께 있을  우리는 단지 미술 전시회의  세부적인 사항을 놓치고 있는 것만이 아니다.

 We're missing out on the chance to reflect and understand ourselves better.

 우리는 자신을   성찰하고 이해할  있는 기회를 놓치고 있는 것이다.

 In fact, studies show that if we never allow ourselves to be alone, it's just plain harder for us to learn.

 실제로 연구들은 만약 우리가 혼자 있는 것을 결코 허용하지 않는다면, 우리가 배우는 것이 분명히  어렵다는 것을 보여 준다.

 Other research found that young people who cannot stand being alone were less likely to develop creative skills like playing an instrument or writing because the most effective practice of these abilities is often done while alone.

 다른 연구는 혼자 있는 것을 견디지 못하는 젊은이들이 악기 연주나 글쓰기와 같은 창의적인 기술을 개발할 가능성이 적었는데 왜냐하면 이러한 능력들의 가장 효과적인 연습이 대체로 혼자 있을 행해지기 때문이라는 것을 발견했다.

 [요약문] The study above shows avoiding conversation with companions while exploring an art museum intensifies emotional response to art, suggesting that absence of alone time may inhibit personal growth and learning.

 [요약문] 위의 연구는 미술관을 관람하면서 동행자와의 대화를 피하는 것이 예술품에 대한 정서적 반응을 강화한다는 것을 보여 주며, 혼자만의 시간의 부재가 개인의 성장과 배움을 저해할  있음을시사한다.

 

[3] 2024 05 – 41~42: 색맹의 생물학적  진화적 측면

 There are a number of human characteristics that would seem to be disadvantageous yet continue to survive, generation after generation.

 불리해 보일지 모르지만 대대로 계속해서 살아남는 많은 인간의 특징들이 있다.

 One example is color blindness.

  가지 예가 색맹이다.

 Most color blindness is associated with genes on the X chromosome.

 대부분의 색맹은 X염색체의 유전자와 관련이 있다.

 Women have two X chromosomes, so if this problem occurs on one of them, the other can compensate.

 여성은 2개의 X염색체를 가지고 있어서 만약  문제가 그중  개에서 발생하면 다른 하나가 상쇄할  있다.

 But men have only one X chromosome.

 하지만 남성은  하나의 X염색체를 가지고 있다.

 If the mutation occurs there, that male is color blind.

 만약 돌연변이가 거기서 일어난다면,  남자는 색맹이다.

 We might ask why such a deficiency would survive and not die out.

 우리는  그런 결점이 살아남아서 사라지지 않는지 질문할지 모른다.

 To understand this, we can consider ancient hunter-gatherers, with the men doing most of the hunting for meat and the women doing most of the gathering of fruits and nuts.

 이것을 이해하기 위해 고대의 수렵 채집인들을 살펴볼  있는데, 남성은 고기를 위한 사냥의 대부분을, 여성은 과일과 견과류 채집의 대부분을 한다.

 Gathering fruits, especially berries, and nuts is much more productive if it is easy to distinguish the red or purple fruit from the green leaves of the plant.

 만약 식물의 녹색 잎으로부터 빨간색이나 보라색 과일을 구별하는 것이 쉽다면 과일, 특히 베리류와 견과류를 채집하는 것은 훨씬  생산적이다.

 If red-green color blindness were common among women, the resulting lack of productivity would likely cause this trait to die out relatively quickly.

 만약 여성들 사이에 적록 색맹이 흔하다면, 그로 인한 생산성의 부족은  특성이 비교적 빨리 소멸하도록 만들 가능성이 있다.

 On the other hand, the men out hunting don't much rely on being able to contrast red from green.

 반면 사냥에 나간 남성들은 초록색으로부터 빨간색을 대조시킬  있는 것에 크게 의존하지 않는다.

 Most of the animals they are hunting have fur or feathers that help them hide.

 그들이 사냥하는 대부분의 동물들은 그것들이 숨는 것을 도와주는 털이나 깃털을 가지고 있다.

 Rather than relying on color, the hunter relies on an acute ability to detect motion.

 색에 의존하기보다는 사냥꾼은 움직임을 감지하는 예리한 능력에 의존한다.

 It is conceivable that a reduction in color contrast in these circumstances might actually enhance one's ability to detect subtle motions.

 이러한 상황에서  대비의 감소는 미묘한 움직임을 감지하는 사람의 능력을 실제로 향상시킬지 모른다고 생각할 만하다.

 Given that a hunted animal blends into its surroundings, less background color variation would be less of a visual distraction.

 사냥당하는 동물이 주변 환경에 섞여 들어가 있다는 것을 고려할 , 배경색의  적은 변동은  적은 시각적인 방해가  것이다.

 

[3] 2024 05 – 43~45: 서로 다른 관점이 모두 옳을  있음을 깨달은 쌍둥이 자매

 Pamela and Maggie were identical twins.

 Pamela Maggie 일란성 쌍둥이였다.

 Even their parents found it hard to tell them apart.

 심지어 그들의 부모도 그들을 구별하는 것을 어려워했다.

 But although they looked identical, they were different in every other way.

 비록 그들이 똑같아 보였지만 그들은 다른 모든 부분에서 달랐다.

 They didn't have anything in common, so they fought all the time.

 그들은 공통점이 없었고, 그래서 그들은 항상 싸웠다.

 Pamela thought that her sister was weird and incomprehensible, and of course Maggie felt the same way.

 Pamela 그녀의 자매(Maggie) 이상하며 이해할  없다고 생각했고 물론 Maggie 똑같이 느꼈다.

 For example, Pamela was always upset at her sister waking up early in the morning.

 예를 들어 Pamela 그녀의 자매가 이른 아침에 일어나는 것에 대해 항상 기분이 언짢았다.

 She didn't understand why her sister couldn't finish what she needed to do at night and sleep peacefully the next morning.

 그녀(Pamela) 그녀의 자매가  해야  일을 밤에 끝내고 다음  아침에 편히   없는지 이해하지 못했다.

 To Maggie, staying up past the time she began to feel sleepy was exhausting.

 Maggie에게는 그녀(Maggie) 졸린 것을 느끼기 시작한 시간이 지나고도 깨어 있는 것은 매우 피곤한 일이었다.

 Besides, she loved the fresh morning air.

 게다가 그녀는 상쾌한 아침 공기를 좋아했다.

 They had fights about simple things like this every day.

 그들은 이와 같은 단순한 일들로 매일 싸웠다.

 Tired of the endless arguments, their mother Rachel decided to put an end to them.

 끝없는 언쟁에 지친 그들의 어머니 Rachel 그것을 끝내기로 결심했다.

 She would make them understand that each of their points of view could be correct.

 그녀는 그들의 관점 각각이 옳을  있다는 것을 그들이 이해하게 만들려 했다.

 One day, the twins were brought to the dining table where a big board stood in the middle.

 하루는 쌍둥이들이  판자가 가운데 세워져 있는 식탁으로 불려 왔다.

 Pamela sat on one side of the board and her twin on the other.

 Pamela 판자의 한쪽에, 그녀의 쌍둥이(Maggie) 다른 한쪽에 앉았다.

 Rachel asked Pamela what the color of the board was.

 Rachel Pamela에게 판자의 색깔이 무엇이냐고 물었다.

 "Black," she said.

 "검은색이요."라고 그녀가 대답했다.

 After hearing Pamela's answer, Rachel asked the same question to the other daughter.

 Pamela 대답을 들은 후에 Rachel 다른 (Maggie)에게 똑같은 질문을 했다.

 She replied it was white.

 그녀는 그것이 하얀색이라고 대답했다.

 Predictably, they began arguing.

 예상대로 그들은 언쟁을 시작했다.

 Rachel then asked them to switch seats.

 그러자 Rachel 그들에게 자리를 바꾸도록 요청했다.

 Each sitting on a new chair, they were surprised to realize the board was black on one side and white on the other.

 각자 새로운 의자에 앉자 그들은  판자의 한쪽이 검은색이고 다른 한쪽이 하얀색이라는 것을 깨닫고 놀랐다.

 Understanding what their mother wanted to say, they promised they would never insist the other was wrong again.

 그들의 어머니가 하고자 했던 말을 이해하고, 그들은 다시는 서로가 틀렸다고 주장하지 않겠다고 약속했다.

 

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오늘은 2023년도 6월 고3 영어 모의고사>의 한줄해석(좌지문 우해석) 자료 올립니다.설명문/실용문을 제외한 전지문 작업했습니다.PDF와 워드 파일 모두 올립니다. 필요에 따라 변형해서 

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전체 내용

 

[3 2023 06 – 18: 공원 재개장 행사  무료 입장 안내]

 

Dear Custard Valley Park members, Custard Valley Park's grand reopening event will be held on June 1st. For this exciting occasion, we are offering free admission to all visitors on the reopening day. There will be a food stand selling ice cream and snacks. We would like to invite you, our valued members, to celebrate this event. Please come and explore the park's new features such as tennis courts and a flower garden. Just relax and enjoy the beautiful scenery. We are confident that you will love the new changes, and we are looking forward to seeing you soon.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Custard Valley Park Invites Members to the Grand Reopening Event 

2. Celebrate Custard Valley Park's Reopening with Free Admission and New Attractions 

3. Join the Festivities at Custard Valley Park's Grand Reopening on June 1st 

4. Explore the New Tennis Courts and Flower Garden at Custard Valley Park's Reopening

 

Main Idea #1:

Custard Valley Park will offer free admission for its grand reopening event on June 1st.

 

Main Idea #2:

Members can enjoy new features like tennis courts and a flower garden, as well as refreshments from a food stand, at the reopening event.

 

Summary:

Custard Valley Park's grand reopening on June 1st will feature free admission, new attractions like tennis courts and a flower garden, and ice cream and snacks for purchase. Members are warmly invited to explore the park's new features and enjoy the day.

 

Key Points:

1. Custard Valley Park's grand reopening will take place on June 1st. 

2. Admission is free for all visitors on reopening day. 

3. New features include tennis courts and a flower garden. 

4. A food stand will sell ice cream and snacks during the event.

 

 

[3 2023 06 – 19: 자동차 수리 비용에 대한 걱정과  해소]

 

While the mechanic worked on her car, Jennifer walked back and forth in the waiting room. She was deeply concerned about how much it was going to cost to get her car fixed. Her car's engine had started making noises and kept losing power that morning, and she had heard that replacing an engine could be very expensive. After a few minutes, the mechanic came back into the waiting room. "I've got some good news. It was just a dirty spark plug. I already wiped it clean and your car is as good as new." He handed her the bill and when she checked it, the overall cost of repairs came to less than ten dollars. That was far less than she had expected and she felt at ease, knowing she could easily afford it.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Relief in the Waiting Room: How a Simple Fix Eased Jennifer's Concerns 

2. From Anxiety to Ease: Jennifer's Unexpectedly Affordable Car Repair 

3. When a Small Issue Solves a Big Worry: Jennifer's Car Repair Story 

4. The Surprising Solution: How a Dirty Spark Plug Saved the Day

 

Main Idea #1:

Jennifer was anxious about the potential high cost of fixing her car's engine.

 

Main Idea #2:

The mechanic identified the problem as a dirty spark plug, which he quickly cleaned, resulting in a repair bill of less than ten dollars, much to Jennifer's relief.

 

Summary:

Jennifer was worried about her car's engine issues, fearing an expensive repair. The mechanic found the problem to be a dirty spark plug and fixed it quickly, leaving Jennifer relieved as the bill came to less than ten dollars.

 

Key Points:

1. Jennifer's car had engine problems that made her worry about repair costs. 

2. The mechanic discovered that the issue was just a dirty spark plug. 

3. He cleaned the spark plug, bringing the total repair cost to under ten dollars. 

4. Jennifer felt relieved and could easily afford the unexpectedly low bill.

 

 

[3 2023 06 – 20: 창의성 개발을 위한 분야  지식 전이의 필요성]

 

Certain hindrances to multifaceted creative activity may lie in premature specialization, i.e., having to choose the direction of education or to focus on developing one ability too early in life. However, development of creative ability in one domain may enhance effectiveness in other domains that require similar skills, and flexible switching between generality and specificity is helpful to productivity in many domains. Excessive specificity may result in information from outside the domain being underestimated and unavailable, which leads to fixedness of thinking, whereas excessive generality causes chaos, vagueness, and shallowness. Both tendencies pose a threat to the transfer of knowledge and skills between domains. What should therefore be optimal for the development of cross-domain creativity is support for young people in taking up creative challenges in a specific domain and coupling it with encouragement to apply knowledge and skills in, as well as from, other domains, disciplines, and tasks.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Balancing Specialization and Generality for Optimal Creative Development 

2. How Premature Specialization Can Hinder Cross-Domain Creativity 

3. Fostering Creative Flexibility Across Domains by Encouraging Exploration 

4. Developing Cross-Domain Creativity: The Key to Overcoming Excessive Specialization

 

Main Idea #1:

Premature specialization can hinder creativity by narrowing focus too early, limiting cross-domain skill development.

 

Main Idea #2:

Combining specific training with the encouragement of cross-domain exploration supports creative growth, preventing the limitations of both excessive specialization and generality.

 

Summary:

Premature specialization can hinder cross-domain creativity by limiting skill development, while too much generality leads to vagueness. Supporting creative challenges in one domain, while encouraging skill application across others, promotes optimal creativity.

 

Key Points:

1. Premature specialization limits creative potential by narrowing focus too soon. 

2. Excessive specificity leads to rigid thinking and an inability to utilize cross-domain knowledge. 

3. Excessive generality results in vague and shallow creative output. 

4. Encouraging young people to engage in specific challenges while applying skills across domains fosters cross-domain creativity.

 

 

[3 2023 06 – 21: 소유권의 다양한 측면을 설명하는 '지분 다발' 은유]

 

Lawyers sometimes describe ownership as a bundle of sticks. This metaphor was introduced about a century ago, and it has dramatically transformed the teaching and practice of law. The metaphor is useful because it helps us see ownership as a grouping of interpersonal rights that can be separated and put back together. When you say It's mine in reference to a resource, often that means you own a lot of the sticks that make up the full bundle: the sell stick, the rent stick, the right to mortgage, license, give away, even destroy the thing. Often, though, we split the sticks up, as for a piece of land: there may be a landowner, a bank with a mortgage, a tenant with a lease, a plumber with a license to enter the land, an oil company with mineral rights. Each of these parties owns a stick in the bundle.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Understanding Property Rights: Ownership as a Bundle of Sticks 

2. The Bundle of Sticks Metaphor: A Modern Approach to Property Law 

3. How Dividing Ownership Sticks Clarifies Property Rights 

4. Splitting the Bundle: The Fragmentation of Property Ownership

 

Main Idea #1:

The "bundle of sticks" metaphor portrays ownership as a collection of rights that can be divided among different parties.

 

Main Idea #2:

In property law, the metaphor demonstrates how ownership rights can be split, allowing various parties to hold different rights, or "sticks," such as mortgage, lease, and mineral rights.

 

Summary:

The "bundle of sticks" metaphor illustrates ownership as a set of rights that can be divided and shared among different parties. This approach, transformative in law, allows for the separation of rights, like leasing and licensing, ensuring each stakeholder controls their specific "stick" in the bundle.

 

Key Points:

1. The "bundle of sticks" metaphor helps explain the complexity of ownership rights. 

2. Ownership rights include the ability to sell, rent, mortgage, or license a resource. 

3. Different parties can own various rights (or "sticks") associated with a single property. 

4. This metaphor has transformed how law is taught and practiced, clarifying property rights.

 

 

[3 2023 06 – 22: 온라인 정보에 대한 적절한 경계심의 필요성]

 

When it comes to the Internet, it just pays to be a little paranoid (but not a lot). Given the level of anonymity with all that resides on the Internet, it's sensible to question the validity of any data that you may receive. Typically it's to our natural instinct when we meet someone coming down a sidewalk to place yourself in some manner of protective position, especially when they introduce themselves as having known you, much to your surprise. By design, we set up challenges in which the individual must validate how they know us by presenting scenarios, names or acquaintances, or evidence by which to validate (that is, photographs). Once we have received that information and it has gone through a cognitive validation, we accept that person as more trustworthy. All this happens in a matter of minutes but is a natural defense mechanism that we perform in the real world. However, in the virtual world, we have a tendency to be less defensive, as there appears to be no physical threat to our well-being.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Balancing Caution and Trust: Navigating Anonymity on the Internet 

2. Applying Real-World Defense Mechanisms to the Virtual World 

3. Trust and Anonymity Online: Why a Little Paranoia is Useful 

4. How Cognitive Validation Can Enhance Online Safety

 

Main Idea #1:

It's important to approach the Internet with a level of caution due to its anonymity and the questionable validity of the data received.

 

Main Idea #2:

In real life, people instinctively validate a stranger's identity before trusting them, but online interactions often lack similar defense mechanisms, as the absence of a physical threat makes people less cautious.

 

Summary:

In the virtual world, where anonymity is prevalent, it's crucial to verify information and be cautiously skeptical. Unlike in real-life interactions, where natural defense mechanisms prompt people to validate strangers, the perceived lack of physical threat online often reduces users' defensive behavior.

 

Key Points:

1. The Internet's anonymity requires cautious scrutiny of information received. 

2. In-person interactions involve validating strangers before trusting them. 

3. Online, people are less defensive due to the absence of a physical threat. 

4. Being moderately paranoid about data validity on the Internet is sensible.

 

 

[3 2023 06 – 23: 박물관의 전시 공간 중심 운영에 따른 문제점]

 

There are pressures within the museum that cause it to emphasise what happens in the galleries over the activities that take place in its unseen zones. In an era when museums are forced to increase their earnings, they often focus their energies on modernising their galleries or mounting temporary exhibitions to bring more and more audiences through the door. In other words, as museums struggle to survive in a competitive economy, their budgets often prioritise those parts of themselves that are consumable: infotainment in the galleries, goods and services in the cafes and the shops. The unlit, unglamorous storerooms, if they are ever discussed, are at best presented as service areas that process objects for the exhibition halls. And at worst, as museums pour more and more resources into their publicly visible faces, the spaces of storage may even suffer, their modernisation being kept on hold or being given less and less space to house the expanding collections and serve their complex conservation needs.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Balancing Visibility and Preservation: The Hidden Struggles of Museum Storage 

2. How Museums Sacrifice Storage for Gallery Appeal in a Competitive Economy 

3. The Pressure to Modernize: How Museums Neglect Conservation Needs 

4. Behind the Scenes: Why Museum Storage Suffers in Favor of Public Galleries

 

Main Idea #1:

Museums prioritize their public galleries and exhibitions due to economic pressures, often neglecting their less visible storage and conservation needs.

 

Main Idea #2:

The focus on modernizing galleries and creating infotainment for visitors can lead to inadequate resources and space for storerooms, leaving them underfunded and overshadowed.

 

Summary:

Museums, aiming to attract more visitors and boost earnings, emphasize gallery exhibitions and consumer services while neglecting the storerooms. The hidden areas are often underfunded, inadequately modernized, and given less space for expanding collections and conservation needs.

 

Key Points:

1. Museums face economic pressures to focus on publicly visible galleries. 

2. Modernizing galleries and mounting temporary exhibitions attract more visitors. 

3. Storerooms are often overshadowed and underfunded, viewed only as service areas. 

4. Conservation and storage needs are frequently compromised due to budget priorities.

 

 

[3 2023 06 – 24: 도시화로 인한 이동성 증가와 그에 따른 문제점]

 

Hyper-mobility ― the notion that more travel at faster speeds covering longer distances generates greater economic success ― seems to be a distinguishing feature of urban areas, where more than half of the world's population currently reside. By 2005, approximately 7.5 billion trips were made each day in cities worldwide. In 2050, there may be three to four times as many passenger-kilometres travelled as in the year 2000, infrastructure and energy prices permitting. Freight movement could also rise more than threefold during the same period. Mobility flows have become a key dynamic of urbanization, with the associated infrastructure invariably constituting the backbone of urban form. Yet, despite the increasing level of urban mobility worldwide, access to places, activities and services has become increasingly difficult. Not only is it less convenient ― in terms of time, cost and comfort ― to access locations in cities, but the very process of moving around in cities generates a number of negative externalities. Accordingly, many of the world's cities face an unprecedented accessibility crisis, and are characterized by unsustainable mobility systems.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Hyper-Mobility and Its Challenges: The Accessibility Crisis in Urban Areas 

2. How Hyper-Mobility Leads to Unsustainable Urban Transportation Systems 

3. Urban Accessibility Crisis: The Consequences of Rapid Mobility Growth 

4. Navigating Hyper-Mobility: Balancing Economic Growth and Sustainable Access in Cities

 

Main Idea #1:

Hyper-mobility, characterized by faster travel over longer distances, is a feature of urban areas where most of the world's population resides.

 

Main Idea #2:

Despite the rapid growth in urban travel, cities face an unprecedented accessibility crisis due to negative externalities like time, cost, and congestion, leading to unsustainable mobility systems.

 

Summary:

Hyper-mobility defines urban areas where rapid, long-distance travel is linked to economic growth. Despite this increase, cities struggle with an accessibility crisis due to congestion, cost, and time, making mobility systems unsustainable.

 

Key Points:

1. Hyper-mobility is a defining feature of urban areas, with rapid travel linked to economic success. 

2. Urban travel is expected to increase significantly by 2050, for both passengers and freight. 

3. Despite the growth in mobility, cities face accessibility issues like time, cost, and congestion. 

4. These challenges have led to unsustainable urban mobility systems globally.

 

 

[3 2023 06 – 25: 2017 EU 국가별 연령대에 따른 관광 참여 비율 그래프]

 

The above graph shows the share of the EU-28 population participating in tourism in 2017 by age group and destination category. The share of people in the No Trips category was over 30% in each of the five age groups. The percentage of people in the Outbound Trips Only category was higher in the 25-34 age group than in the 35-44 age group. In the 35-44 age group, the percentage of people in the Domestic Trips Only category was 34.2%. The percentage of people in the Domestic & Outbound Trips category was lower in the 45-54 age group than in the 55-64 age group. In the 65 or over age group, the percentage of people in the No Trips category was more than 50%.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. EU-28 Tourism Participation in 2017: Comparing Age Groups and Destinations 

2. Analyzing Tourism Patterns in the EU-28 by Age and Destination in 2017 

3. Tourism Trends Among EU-28 Age Groups: Domestic vs. Outbound Travel in 2017 

4. Understanding EU-28 Tourism Preferences in 2017 Across Different Age Groups

 

Main Idea #1:

In 2017, over 30% of people in each EU-28 age group didn't travel, with the 65 and over group seeing more than 50% in the No Trips category.

 

Main Idea #2:

Outbound-only travel was more common among those aged 25-34 than 35-44, while the 35-44 group had a 34.2% participation rate in domestic-only trips. Combined domestic and outbound travel was less frequent in the 45-54 age group than in the 55-64 group.

 

Summary:

In 2017, more than 30% of EU-28 residents in each age group did not travel, with the rate exceeding 50% among those 65 and over. Outbound-only travel was higher in the 25-34 group than in the 35-44 group, where domestic-only travel was at 34.2%. The 45-54 age group traveled less domestically and abroad compared to those aged 55-64.

 

Key Points:

1. Over 30% of each EU-28 age group didn't travel, with over 50% among those 65 or older. 

2. Outbound-only travel was higher in the 25-34 group than in the 35-44 group. 

3. The 35-44 age group saw 34.2% taking domestic-only trips. 

4. Combined domestic and outbound travel was less common in the 45-54 age group than in the 55-64 group.

 

 

[3 2023 06 – 26: 영화감독  르노아르의 생애 소개]

 

Jean Renoir (1894-1979), a French film director, was born in Paris, France. He was the son of the famous painter Pierre-Auguste Renoir. He and the rest of the Renoir family were the models of many of his father's paintings. At the outbreak of World War I, Jean Renoir was serving in the French army but was wounded in the leg. In 1937, he made La Grande Illusion, one of his better-known films. It was enormously successful but was not allowed to show in Germany. During World War II, when the Nazis invaded France in 1940, he went to Hollywood in the United States and continued his career there. He was awarded numerous honors and awards throughout his career, including the Academy Honorary Award in 1975 for his lifetime achievements in the film industry. Overall, Jean Renoir's influence as a film-maker and artist endures.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Legacy and Achievements of Director Jean Renoir 

2. Jean Renoir: From World War I Soldier to Acclaimed Filmmaker 

3. Artistic and Cinematic Influences of Jean Renoir's Career 

4. Jean Renoir's Hollywood Journey and Lifetime Achievements 

 

Main Idea #1:

Jean Renoir made significant contributions to cinema, creating acclaimed films like *La Grande Illusion*.

 

Main Idea #2:

Despite early challenges, including injuries during World War I and displacement during World War II, Jean Renoir successfully continued his filmmaking career in the United States, receiving multiple awards and recognition for his lasting impact on cinema.

 

Summary:

Jean Renoir, the son of painter Pierre-Auguste Renoir, was wounded in World War I before directing many influential films like *La Grande Illusion*. He moved to Hollywood during World War II and was honored with the Academy Honorary Award for his lifetime achievements.

 

Key Points:

1. Jean Renoir was born in Paris and modeled for his father's paintings. 

2. He was injured in World War I while serving in the French army. 

3. He directed *La Grande Illusion* in 1937, a critically acclaimed film. 

4. After relocating to Hollywood in 1940, he received the Academy Honorary Award in 1975.

 

 

[3 2023 06 – 29: 마법사 오즈의 이야기에 담긴 동기 부여의 의미]

 

Consider The Wizard of Oz as a psychological study of motivation. Dorothy and her three friends work hard to get to the Emerald City, overcoming barriers, persisting against all adversaries. They do so because they expect the Wizard to give them what they are missing. Instead, the wonderful (and wise) Wizard makes them aware that they, not he, always had the power to fulfill their wishes. For Dorothy, home is not a place but a feeling of security, of comfort with people she loves; it is wherever her heart is. The courage the Lion wants, the intelligence the Scarecrow longs for, and the emotions the Tin Man dreams of are attributes they already possess. They need to think about these attributes not as internal conditions but as positive ways in which they are already relating to others. After all, didn't they demonstrate those qualities on the journey to Oz, a journey motivated by little more than an expectation, an idea about the future likelihood of getting something they wanted?

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Psychological Insights into Motivation from The Wizard of Oz 

2. Exploring Self-Realization and Expectation in The Wizard of Oz 

3. How The Wizard of Oz Reflects Motivation and Self-Belief 

4. Understanding Dorothy and Friends' Journey as a Study in Motivation 

 

Main Idea #1:

The Wizard of Oz explores the characters' realization that they already possess the traits they seek.

 

Main Idea #2:

Dorothy, the Scarecrow, the Tin Man, and the Lion are motivated to reach the Emerald City, driven by the belief that the Wizard can grant their wishes, only to discover that their desired attributes already exist within them.

 

Summary:

In *The Wizard of Oz*, Dorothy and her friends are motivated to find the Wizard to fulfill their wishes but learn that they already possess the qualities they seek, which are revealed through their actions and relationships during the journey.

 

Key Points:

1. Dorothy, the Scarecrow, the Tin Man, and the Lion believe the Wizard can grant them missing qualities. 

2. They already exhibit these qualities during their journey to the Emerald City. 

3. The Wizard helps them recognize their existing inner strengths. 

4. Motivation is driven by their belief in a future outcome rather than the immediate present.

 

 

[3 2023 06 – 30: 기계 지능의 자율성 수준에 대한 설명]

 

To the extent that an agent relies on the prior knowledge of its designer rather than on its own percepts, we say that the agent lacks autonomy. A rational agent should be autonomous ― it should learn what it can to compensate for partial or incorrect prior knowledge. For example, a vacuum-cleaning agent that learns to foresee where and when additional dirt will appear will do better than one that does not. As a practical matter, one seldom requires complete autonomy from the start: when the agent has had little or no experience, it would have to act randomly unless the designer gave some assistance. So, just as evolution provides animals with enough built-in reflexes to survive long enough to learn for themselves, it would be reasonable to provide an artificial intelligent agent with some initial knowledge as well as an ability to learn. After sufficient experience of its environment, the behavior of a rational agent can become effectively independent of its prior knowledge. Hence, the incorporation of learning allows one to design a single rational agent that will succeed in a vast variety of environments.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Importance of Learning for Autonomous Rational Agents 

2. Balancing Prior Knowledge and Learning in Rational Agent Design 

3. Building Rational Agents with Effective Learning Capabilities 

4. Achieving Autonomy in Artificial Intelligent Agents Through Learning 

 

Main Idea #1:

Agents that depend solely on prior knowledge lack autonomy, emphasizing the need for learning to improve rationality.

 

Main Idea #2:

Initial guidance combined with autonomous learning enables rational agents to adapt to various environments and eventually act independently of their initial programming.

 

Summary:

Agents require some initial knowledge to avoid random behavior early on, but learning capabilities are crucial to achieving autonomy, allowing rational agents to adapt and function effectively in diverse environments.

 

Key Points:

1. Prior knowledge alone limits an agent's autonomy. 

2. Learning helps agents correct partial or incorrect initial knowledge. 

3. Initial guidance is important for inexperienced agents. 

4. Through learning, rational agents adapt and thrive in diverse environments.

 

 

[3 2023 06 – 31: 물질적 소비에서 라이프스타일 소비로의 전환]

 

People have always needed to eat, and they always will. Rising emphasis on self-expression values does not put an end to material desires. But prevailing economic orientations are gradually being reshaped. People who work in the knowledge sector continue to seek high salaries, but they place equal or greater emphasis on doing stimulating work and being able to follow their own time schedules. Consumption is becoming progressively less determined by the need for sustenance and the practical use of the goods consumed. People still eat, but a growing component of food's value is determined by its nonmaterial aspects. People pay a premium to eat exotic cuisines that provide an interesting experience or that symbolize a distinctive life-style. The publics of postindustrial societies place growing emphasis on "political consumerism," such as boycotting goods whose production violates ecological or ethical standards. Consumption is less and less a matter of sustenance and more and more a question of life-style ― and choice.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Transitioning Economic Priorities: From Material Needs to Lifestyle Choices 

2. The Shifting Values in Consumption: Political Consumerism and Lifestyle Emphasis 

3. Redefining Consumption: From Sustenance to Self-Expression and Ethics 

4. How Self-Expression Shapes Economic Orientations in Postindustrial Societies 

 

Main Idea #1:

Economic orientations are shifting towards valuing stimulating work, flexible schedules, and nonmaterial aspects of consumption.

 

Main Idea #2:

In postindustrial societies, consumption increasingly reflects lifestyle choices, with people prioritizing ethical standards and unique experiences, often paying premiums for goods that symbolize a distinctive lifestyle.

 

Summary:

In postindustrial societies, people prioritize stimulating work and nonmaterial consumption. Increasingly, they choose goods that align with lifestyle preferences and ethical standards rather than focusing solely on sustenance or practical utility.

 

Key Points:

1. Workers in the knowledge sector value flexible schedules and stimulating work. 

2. Nonmaterial aspects influence people's food consumption choices. 

3. Consumers often pay more for unique cuisine or lifestyle symbolism. 

4. Political consumerism encourages avoiding goods that violate ecological or ethical standards.

 

 

[3 2023 06 – 32: 노동 분담 집단의 상부상조 정신]

 

In labor-sharing groups, people contribute labor to other people on a regular basis (for seasonal agricultural work such as harvesting) or on an irregular basis (in the event of a crisis such as the need to rebuild a barn damaged by fire). Labor sharing groups are part of what has been called a "moral economy" since no one keeps formal records on how much any family puts in or takes out. Instead, accounting is socially regulated. The group has a sense of moral community based on years of trust and sharing. In a certain community of North America, labor sharing is a major economic factor of social cohesion. When a family needs a new barn or faces repair work that requires group labor, a barn-raising party is called. Many families show up to help. Adult men provide manual labor, and adult women provide food for the event. Later, when another family needs help, they call on the same people.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Moral Economy and Social Cohesion in Labor-Sharing Communities 

2. Labor Sharing Groups: The Role of Trust and Reciprocity in Community Building 

3. Social Cohesion through Labor Sharing: The Tradition of Barn-Raising Parties 

4. How Informal Labor Sharing Sustains Communities through Trust and Reciprocity 

 

Main Idea #1:

Labor-sharing groups operate on principles of trust and reciprocity, with contributions governed by a shared sense of moral obligation.

 

Main Idea #2:

In a North American community, labor sharing fosters social cohesion through events like barn-raising parties, where families provide mutual assistance in times of need without keeping formal accounts.

 

Summary:

Labor-sharing groups, relying on mutual trust and moral obligation, bring communities together through barn-raising events where families help one another with manual labor or food, fostering social cohesion and solidarity.

 

Key Points:

1. Labor-sharing groups operate on regular and irregular bases, depending on needs. 

2. These groups function without formal accounting, relying on shared moral values. 

3. Barn-raising parties involve men providing labor and women supplying food. 

4. The practice strengthens community ties through mutual assistance and reciprocity.

 

 

[3 2023 06 – 33: 예술과 과학이 현실을 바라보는 상반된 태도]

 

Whatever their differences, scientists and artists begin with the same question: can you and I see the same thing the same way? If so, how? The scientific thinker looks for features of the thing that can be stripped of subjectivity ― ideally, those aspects that can be quantified and whose values will thus never change from one observer to the next. In this way, he arrives at a reality independent of all observers. The artist, on the other hand, relies on the strength of her artistry to effect a marriage between her own subjectivity and that of her readers. To a scientific thinker, this must sound like magical thinking: you're saying you will imagine something so hard it'll pop into someone else's head exactly the way you envision it? The artist has sought the opposite of the scientist's observer-independent reality. She creates a reality dependent upon observers, indeed a reality in which human beings must participate in order for it to exist at all.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Contrasting Perspectives: How Scientists and Artists Approach Reality 

2. The Diverging Realities of Scientists and Artists: Objectivity vs. Subjectivity 

3. Exploring the Observer-Dependent and Independent Realities of Art and Science 

4. How Scientists and Artists Perceive and Create Different Forms of Reality 

 

Main Idea #1:

Scientists strive to identify observer-independent features, aiming for a reality that remains constant across all perspectives.

 

Main Idea #2:

Artists rely on their creativity to bridge the gap between their subjective vision and their audience's, creating a reality that is dependent on the observer's participation.

 

Summary:

Scientists seek an objective reality that is observer-independent, while artists create subjective realities that rely on shared imagination with their audience, presenting contrasting ways of seeing and understanding the world.

 

Key Points:

1. Scientists focus on quantifiable features that remain constant across observers. 

2. Artists blend their subjective vision with that of their audience to create a shared reality. 

3. Scientists and artists differ in their approaches to reality: one seeks objectivity, the other subjectivity. 

4. Art requires active audience participation for the imagined reality to exist.

 

 

[3 2023 06 – 34: 감각 지각과 이성적 인식의 차이]

 

One of the common themes of the Western philosophical tradition is the distinction between sensual perceptions and rational knowledge. Since Plato, the supremacy of rational reason is based on the assertion that it is able to extract true knowledge from experience. As the discussion in the Republic helps to explain, perceptions are inherently unreliable and misleading because the senses are subject to errors and illusions. Only the rational discourse has the tools to overcome illusions and to point towards true knowledge. For instance, perception suggests that a figure in the distance is smaller than it really is. Yet, the application of logical reasoning will reveal that the figure only appears small because it obeys the laws of geometrical perspective. Nevertheless, even after the perspectival correction is applied and reason concludes that perception is misleading, the figure still appears small, and the truth of the matter is revealed not in the perception of the figure but in its rational representation.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Divide Between Sensory Perception and Rational Knowledge in Western Philosophy 

2. Plato's Republic: How Rational Discourse Unveils True Knowledge Beyond Illusions 

3. Understanding the Supremacy of Rational Reason Over Sensory Perception 

4. Rational Knowledge vs. Sensory Perception: The Philosophical Legacy of Plato 

 

Main Idea #1:

Western philosophy distinguishes between sensory perception and rational knowledge, emphasizing the supremacy of rational reasoning.

 

Main Idea #2:

Plato's *Republic* illustrates how rational discourse reveals true knowledge by correcting the illusions presented by sensory perception, such as when logical reasoning explains the geometrical perspective of a distant figure.

 

Summary:

Western philosophy, since Plato, asserts that rational reasoning can reveal true knowledge by correcting the illusions of sensory perception, as shown when logical reasoning identifies perspective laws affecting distant figures.

 

Key Points:

1. Western philosophy emphasizes a distinction between sensory perception and rational knowledge. 

2. Plato's *Republic* argues that senses are inherently unreliable. 

3. Rational reasoning reveals true knowledge by correcting perceptual illusions. 

4. The appearance of a distant figure is explained through the laws of geometrical perspective.

 

 

[3 2023 06 – 35: 전문가와 초심자의 인지 부하 차이]

 

Interestingly, experts do not suffer as much as beginners when performing complex tasks or combining multiple tasks. Because experts have extensive practice within a limited domain, the key component skills in their domain tend to be highly practiced and more automated. Each of these highly practiced skills then demands relatively few cognitive resources, effectively lowering the total cognitive load that experts experience. Thus, experts can perform complex tasks and combine multiple tasks relatively easily. This is not because they necessarily have more cognitive resources than beginners; rather, because of the high level of fluency they have achieved in performing key skills, they can do more with what they have. Beginners, on the other hand, have not achieved the same degree of fluency and automaticity in each of the component skills, and thus they struggle to combine skills that experts combine with relative ease and efficiency.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. How Expertise Reduces Cognitive Load During Complex Tasks 

2. The Role of Skill Fluency in Expert Performance of Complex Tasks 

3. Comparing Experts and Beginners: The Impact of Practice on Cognitive Resources 

4. Automaticity and Fluency: How Experts Manage Multiple Tasks with Ease 

 

Main Idea #1:

Experts have practiced and automated key skills in their domain, reducing the cognitive resources needed for complex tasks.

 

Main Idea #2:

Experts perform complex tasks more efficiently than beginners, not due to greater cognitive resources, but because their well-practiced skills require less mental effort.

 

Summary:

Experts handle complex tasks efficiently due to their practiced and automated skills, which lower their cognitive load, while beginners struggle because they haven't yet achieved the same level of fluency and automaticity.

 

Key Points:

1. Experts have extensively practiced their skills within a limited domain. 

2. Their automated skills require fewer cognitive resources, reducing cognitive load. 

3. Experts do not possess more cognitive resources than beginners but use them more efficiently. 

4. Beginners find it harder to combine skills due to a lack of fluency and practice.

 

 

[3 2023 06 – 36: 소프트웨어 버그 증가가 안전에 미치는 영향]

 

The growing complexity of computer software has direct implications for our global safety and security, particularly as the physical objects upon which we depend ― things like cars, airplanes, bridges, tunnels, and implantable medical devices ― transform themselves into computer code. Physical things are increasingly becoming information technologies. Cars are "computers we ride in," and airplanes are nothing more than "flying Solaris boxes attached to bucketfuls of industrial control systems." As all this code grows in size and complexity, so too do the number of errors and software bugs. According to a study by Carnegie Mellon University, commercial software typically has twenty to thirty bugs for every thousand lines of code ― 50 million lines of code means 1 million to 1.5 million potential errors to be exploited. This is the basis for all malware attacks that take advantage of these computer bugs to get the code to do something it was not originally intended to do. As computer code grows more elaborate, software bugs flourish and security suffers, with increasing consequences for society at large.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Risks of Software Complexity on Global Safety and Security 

2. How Software Bugs in Information Technologies Threaten Society's Security 

3. Understanding Malware Vulnerabilities in an Increasingly Digital World 

4. From Cars to Airplanes: How Software Bugs Impact Physical Technologies 

 

Main Idea #1:

The increasing complexity of computer software directly affects global safety as physical objects depend more on code.

 

Main Idea #2:

As software code expands, the prevalence of bugs and errors makes critical systems vulnerable to malware attacks, posing a significant threat to society's safety and security.

 

Summary:

With physical technologies becoming more reliant on complex software, bugs and errors in the growing lines of code pose significant safety and security risks, making systems vulnerable to malware attacks that exploit these flaws.

 

Key Points:

1. Physical technologies like cars and airplanes increasingly rely on complex software. 

2. As software grows, so do errors, averaging 20 to 30 bugs per thousand lines of code. 

3. Malware exploits these bugs to manipulate the code for unintended purposes. 

4. The growing complexity of code amplifies global safety and security risks.

 

 

[3 2023 06 – 37: 체면 손상에 대한 사과 의미로서의 얼굴 붉힘]

 

Darwin saw blushing as uniquely human, representing an involuntary physical reaction caused by embarrassment and self-consciousness in a social environment. If we feel awkward, embarrassed or ashamed when we are alone, we don't blush; it seems to be caused by our concern about what others are thinking of us. Studies have confirmed that simply being told you are blushing brings it on. We feel as though others can see through our skin and into our mind. However, while we sometimes want to disappear when we involuntarily go bright red, psychologists argue that blushing actually serves a positive social purpose. When we blush, it's a signal to others that we recognize that a social norm has been broken; it is an apology for a faux pas. Maybe our brief loss of face benefits the long-term cohesion of the group. Interestingly, if someone blushes after making a social mistake, they are viewed in a more favourable light than those who don't blush.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Positive Social Impact of Blushing in Human Interaction 

2. Darwin's Observations on Blushing and Its Role in Social Norms 

3. The Apologetic Nature of Blushing and Its Effect on Social Cohesion 

4. Understanding How Blushing Reinforces Social Bonds Despite Embarrassment 

 

Main Idea #1:

Blushing is a uniquely human, involuntary response triggered by embarrassment and self-consciousness in social settings.

 

Main Idea #2:

Blushing serves a positive social role by signaling recognition of a broken norm and serving as a nonverbal apology, which helps maintain group cohesion and fosters a more favorable perception of the blusher.

 

Summary:

Blushing, an involuntary reaction to social embarrassment, signals recognition of a faux pas and functions as a nonverbal apology, ultimately reinforcing social bonds and eliciting a more favorable perception of those who blush.

 

Key Points:

1. Blushing is uniquely human and is linked to social embarrassment. 

2. It is an involuntary signal that acknowledges a social norm has been broken. 

3. This nonverbal apology benefits long-term group cohesion. 

4. People who blush after a mistake are viewed more favorably than those who don't.

 

 

[3 2023 06 – 38: 제도와 관행의 내재화 과정]

 

As particular practices are repeated over time and become more widely shared, the values that they embody are reinforced and reproduced and we speak of them as becoming 'institutionalized'. In some cases, this institutionalization has a formal face to it, with rules and protocols written down, and specialized roles created to ensure that procedures are followed correctly. The main institutions of state ― parliament, courts, police and so on ― along with certain of the professions, exhibit this formal character. Other social institutions, perhaps the majority, are not like this; science is an example. Although scientists are trained in the substantive content of their discipline, they are not formally instructed in 'how to be a good scientist'. Instead, much like the young child learning how to play 'nicely', the apprentice scientist gains his or her understanding of the moral values inherent in the role by absorption from their colleagues ― socialization. We think that these values, along with the values that inform many of the professions, are under threat, just as the value of the professions themselves is under threat.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Understanding Institutionalization: How Repeated Practices Shape Social Values 

2. Formal and Informal Aspects of Institutionalization in Social Practices 

3. The Role of Socialization in Shaping Scientific and Professional Values 

4. The Impact of Institutionalization on Professional and Scientific Norms 

 

Main Idea #1:

Institutionalization reinforces specific values through the repetition of practices, with some institutions formalized through explicit rules and others guided informally.

 

Main Idea #2:

While formal institutions have clear rules and protocols, scientists learn values through socialization with colleagues, but these values are increasingly under threat, as is the integrity of the professions.

 

Summary:

Institutionalization, through repeated practices, reinforces values, either through formal rules or informal socialization. Although scientists learn their professional values informally, these values, along with those of other professions, face significant challenges.

 

Key Points:

1. Institutionalization occurs as values are reinforced through repeated practices. 

2. Formal institutions have explicit rules and specialized roles. 

3. Scientists internalize values through socialization rather than formal instruction. 

4. Professional values are increasingly under threat, endangering their integrity.

 

 

[3 2023 06 – 39:  전체와 개별 나무 사이의 상호의존성]

 

When trees grow together, nutrients and water can be optimally divided among them all so that each tree can grow into the best tree it can be. If you "help" individual trees by getting rid of their supposed competition, the remaining trees are bereft. They send messages out to their neighbors unsuccessfully, because nothing remains but stumps. Every tree now grows on its own, giving rise to great differences in productivity. Some individuals photosynthesize like mad until sugar positively bubbles along their trunk. As a result, they are fit and grow better, but they aren't particularly long-lived. This is because a tree can be only as strong as the forest that surrounds it. And there are now a lot of losers in the forest. Weaker members, who would once have been supported by the stronger ones, suddenly fall behind. Whether the reason for their decline is their location and lack of nutrients, a passing sickness, or genetic makeup, they now fall prey to insects and fungi.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Importance of Forest Unity: How Tree Collaboration Supports Health and Longevity 

2. Understanding How Tree Cooperation Promotes Growth and Reduces Vulnerability 

3. The Consequences of Isolating Trees: Increased Susceptibility and Reduced Productivity 

4. The Dangers of Isolation: Why Individual Trees Rely on the Collective Support of Forests 

 

Main Idea #1:

Trees thrive when growing together, as resources are optimally shared among them, enhancing the health and longevity of the entire forest.

 

Main Idea #2:

Isolated trees, left without neighboring support, may initially grow stronger but are more vulnerable to diseases and pests, demonstrating that the well-being of individual trees is closely tied to the health of the surrounding forest.

 

Summary:

Trees rely on collective growth, as isolating individual trees leads to vulnerability and health decline due to the absence of shared resources, support, and protection.

 

Key Points:

1. Nutrients and water are optimally shared among trees that grow together. 

2. Isolating trees increases differences in productivity and reduces overall health. 

3. Isolated trees become more susceptible to diseases, pests, and fungi. 

4. A tree's strength is inherently linked to the surrounding forest's health.

 

 

[3 2023 06 – 40: 진화의 결과물이 최적의 상태는 아님]

 

The evolutionary process works on the genetic variation that is available. It follows that natural selection is unlikely to lead to the evolution of perfect, 'maximally fit' individuals. Rather, organisms come to match their environments by being 'the fittest available' or 'the fittest yet': they are not 'the best imaginable'. Part of the lack of fit arises because the present properties of an organism have not all originated in an environment similar in every respect to the one in which it now lives. Over the course of its evolutionary history, an organism's remote ancestors may have evolved a set of characteristics ― evolutionary 'baggage' ― that subsequently constrain future evolution. For many millions of years, the evolution of vertebrates has been limited to what can be achieved by organisms with a vertebral column. Moreover, much of what we now see as precise matches between an organism and its environment may equally be seen as constraints: koala bears live successfully on Eucalyptus foliage, but, from another perspective, koala bears cannot live without Eucalyptus foliage.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. How Evolutionary Constraints Shape Organisms' Adaptation to Their Environment 

2. Understanding Evolutionary "Baggage": Constraints on the Evolution of Vertebrates 

3. The Fittest Yet: How Genetic Variation Limits Evolutionary Perfection 

4. Environmental Matching in Evolution: Imperfect Adaptation and the Role of Constraints 

 

Main Idea #1:

Natural selection favors organisms that are the fittest available within the constraints of existing genetic variation and evolutionary history.

 

Main Idea #2:

Organisms' adaptations to their environments are not perfect due to evolutionary "baggage," which constrains future evolution and limits adaptability to specific ecological niches.

 

Summary:

Natural selection leads to the evolution of organisms that are the fittest available, not perfectly adapted, due to inherited evolutionary constraints, which shape their ability to adapt to specific environments.

 

Key Points:

1. Natural selection works with the genetic variation currently available. 

2. Organisms evolve with constraints from characteristics inherited from their ancestors. 

3. Evolutionary "baggage" limits future adaptation to some extent. 

4. Koala bears, for instance, depend on Eucalyptus foliage, representing both adaptation and constraint.

 

 

[3 2023 06 – 41~42: 협상에서 고정 관념에 사로잡히면 통합적 해결책을 찾기 어려움]

 

Many negotiators assume that all negotiations involve a fixed pie. Negotiators often approach integrative negotiation opportunities as zero-sum situations or win-lose exchanges. Those who believe in the mythical fixed pie assume that parties' interests stand in opposition, with no possibility for integrative settlements and mutually beneficial trade-offs, so they suppress efforts to search for them. In a hiring negotiation, a job applicant who assumes that salary is the only issue may insist on $75,000 when the employer is offering $70,000. Only when the two parties discuss the possibilities further do they discover that moving expenses and starting date can also be negotiated, which may facilitate resolution of the salary issue. The tendency to see negotiation in fixed-pie terms varies depending on how people view the nature of a given conflict situation. This was shown in a clever experiment by Harinck, de Dreu, and Van Vianen involving a simulated negotiation between prosecutors and defense lawyers over jail sentences. Some participants were told to view their goals in terms of personal gain (e.g., arranging a particular jail sentence will help your career), others were told to view their goals in terms of effectiveness (a particular sentence is most likely to prevent recidivism), and still others were told to focus on values (a particular jail sentence is fair and just). Negotiators focusing on personal gain were most likely to come under the influence of fixed-pie beliefs and approach the situation competitively. Negotiators focusing on values were least likely to see the problem in fixed-pie terms and more inclined to approach the situation cooperatively. Stressful conditions such as time constraints contribute to this common misperception, which in turn may lead to less integrative agreements.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Understanding the Myth of the Fixed Pie in Negotiation 

2. Exploring the Impact of Mindsets on Negotiation Outcomes and Cooperation 

3. Moving Beyond Fixed-Pie Beliefs for More Integrative Negotiation Strategies 

4. How Values-Based Thinking Encourages Cooperative Solutions in Negotiations 

 

Main Idea #1:

Negotiators often mistakenly view all negotiations as zero-sum games, assuming opposing interests and ignoring opportunities for integrative solutions.

 

Main Idea #2:

Negotiators' perspectives influence their approach to conflict resolution, with those focused on values more likely to seek cooperative solutions, while those driven by personal gain tend to fall into fixed-pie thinking.

 

Summary:

Negotiators frequently perceive negotiations as win-lose scenarios, driven by fixed-pie thinking, but research shows that value-based perspectives promote cooperative solutions, while those focused on personal gain are more competitive.

 

Key Points:

1. Fixed-pie thinking leads to suppressing efforts to find mutually beneficial trade-offs. 

2. Salary isn't always the sole issue in hiring negotiations; other factors like moving expenses can resolve conflicts. 

3. Harinck, de Dreu, and Van Vianen's experiment showed negotiators focused on values are more cooperative. 

4. Time constraints can reinforce fixed-pie thinking, reducing integrative agreements.

 

 

[3 2023 06 – 43~45: 아버지 생일 선물 분실  카페에서 되찾은 경험]

 

When invited by her mother to go shopping after lunch, Ellen hesitantly replied, "Sorry, Mom. I have an English essay assignment I need to finish." Her mother persisted, "Come on! Your father's birthday is just around the corner, and you wanted to buy his birthday present by yourself." Ellen suddenly realized that her father's birthday was just two days away. So she altered her original plan to do the assignment in the library and decided to go to the shopping mall with her mother. Upon arrival at the shopping center, her mother inquired, "Ellen, have you decided what to buy for his birthday present?" She quickly replied, "I would like to buy him a pair of soccer shoes." Ellen knew that her father had joined the morning soccer club recently and needed some new soccer shoes. She entered a shoe store and selected a pair of red soccer shoes. After buying the present, she told her mother, "Mom, now, I'm going to do my assignment in the cafe while you are shopping." Ellen wanted to get a strawberry smoothie in the cafe, but it was sold out. So she bought a yogurt smoothie instead. The cafe was not very busy for a Saturday afternoon, and Ellen settled at a large table to work on her assignment. However, after a while, a group of students came in, and there weren't any large tables left. One of them came over to Ellen's table and politely asked, "Could you possibly move to that smaller table?" Ellen replied, "It's okay. I was just leaving anyway." She hurriedly gathered her assignment leaving the shoe bag behind under the table. "It must be in the cafe," Ellen suddenly exclaimed when she realized the gift for her father was missing upon returning home. She felt so disheartened, worrying it would be impossible to find it. "Why don't you call the cafe?" suggested her mother. When she phoned the cafe and asked about the shoe bag, the manager said that she would check and let her know. After a few minutes, she called back and told Ellen that she had just discovered it. Ellen was so pleased that the birthday gift had been found.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Ellen's Journey: A Misplaced Birthday Gift and Finding Solutions 

2. Navigating Surprises and Solutions: Ellen's Shopping and Assignment Day 

3. Balancing Priorities: How Ellen Found Her Father's Birthday Gift 

4. From Essay Plans to Birthday Gifts: Ellen's Unintended Adventure 

 

Main Idea #1:

Ellen initially hesitates to go shopping but adjusts her plans to find a gift for her father.

 

Main Idea #2:

Ellen successfully buys soccer shoes for her father but leaves them behind at a café, and, with the manager's help, finds them again.

 

Summary:

Ellen decides to buy a birthday present for her father, chooses red soccer shoes, and leaves them in a café by mistake. Fortunately, the manager helps her retrieve them, and she feels relieved.

 

Key Points:

1. Ellen chooses to shop with her mother for her father's birthday instead of doing her assignment. 

2. She selects a pair of red soccer shoes for her father's birthday. 

3. After accidentally leaving the shoes in a café, she calls to recover them with the manager's assistance. 

4. Ellen feels pleased and relieved when she successfully retrieves the gift.

 

 

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최대한 많은 내용을 압축해서 담았습니다.

 

추가 설명이 필요한 부분이 좀 있지만,

PDF 확대해서 강의하는 용도나,

5형식 내용 정리하는 용도로 사용하면 좋을 것 같습니다 :) 

 

========================

 

10년전 대치동에서 어학원 강사로 수업하던 시절 만든 문법 관련 자료를 공유합니다.

(이후 한동안 사용하지 않다가 개인 과외하면서 종종 사용하고 있습니다)

 

당시 방학마다 문법 특강을 진행했었는데, 

학생들에게 영문법 개념들을 A4 한장으로 도식화해서 알려주고 싶었던 것 같습니다.

 

그래서 맥북의 마인드맵용 프로그램인 마인드노드(MindNode)를 이용해서,

준동사 시리즈부터 시작해 문장의 5형식, 가정법, 관계사 등을 정리해서 수업에 활용했습니다.

 

문법의 핵심 구조를 담고 있으면서도,

최대한 간결한 설명과 예문을 사용하려고 노력했습니다. 

 

시간이 되는대로 이전의 자료를 수정해서 문법 개념을 순차적으로 올려보겠습니다. 

유용한 자료가 되길 바랍니다~♡

 

 

 

문법 마인드맵: 문장의 5형식

 

 

 

 

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[마인드맵] 영문법에서 꼭 알아야 할 to 부정사 핵심 정리

 

[마인드맵] 영문법에서 꼭 알아야 할 <to 부정사> 핵심 정리

10년전 대치동에서 어학원 강사로 수업하던 시절 만든 문법 관련 자료를 공유합니다.(이후 한동안 사용하지 않다가 개인 과외하면서 종종 사용하고 있습니다) 당시 방학마다 문법 특강을 진행

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<2023년도 4월 고3 영어 모의고사>의 지문 요약 자료를 올립니다.

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[고3] 2023년 4월 모의고사 (5월 시행) - 한줄해석 (좌지문 우해석)

2023년도 4월 고3 영어 모의고사>의 한줄해석(좌지문 우해석) 자료 올립니다.설명문/실용문을 제외한 전지문 작업했습니다.PDF와 워드 파일 모두 올립니다. 필요에 따라 변형해서 사용하세

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[고3] 2023년 4월 모의고사 (5월 시행) - 한줄해석

2023년도 4월 고3 영어 모의고사>의 한줄해석 자료 올립니다.설명문/실용문을 제외한 모든 지문을 포함했습니다. 자료는 PDF와 워드 파일 모두 올립니다.  지문 분석하거나 자료 제작하실 

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[3] 2023 04  18: 법학교수가 인턴 지원 학생을 추천하는 추천서

 

To whom it may concern, I am writing this letter in regard to Sona Lee applying for an internship in your law firm. I have gotten to know her over the past year, as a student in my Contracts course. The assignments she completed were excellent, and demonstrated a thorough understanding of contract law. She also has remarkable energy and interpersonal skills. She represents her class on the law school's student council and has taken on this responsibility with spirit, interacting with students effectively. I support her application wholeheartedly. Sincerely yours, Conan Stevenson

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Recommendation Letter for Sona Lee's Law Internship Application

2. Endorsement of Sona Lee's Skills and Qualifications for a Legal Internship

3. Detailed Appraisal of Sona Lee's Abilities in Contract Law and Leadership

4. Advocacy for Sona Lee's Candidacy in a Law Internship Position

 

Main Idea #1:

Sona Lee has demonstrated exceptional understanding and skill in contract law.

 

Main Idea #2:

Beyond her academic prowess, Sona Lee exhibits strong interpersonal skills and leadership, actively contributing to the student council.

 

Summary:

Sona Lee excels in contract law and possesses impressive energy and interpersonal abilities, making her a strong candidate for an internship. Her active participation on the law school's student council showcases her leadership.

 

Key Points:

1. Sona Lee has excellent academic achievements in contract law.

2. Her assignments reflect a deep understanding of legal principles.

3. She has remarkable energy and interpersonal skills.

4. Sona Lee is an effective representative on the student council, showing leadership.

 

 

[3] 2023 04  19: 은행 계좌 도난 사건에 대한 대화

 

"5,000 dollars has been deposited? Thank you. I'll check it out now." Jerry Shaw hung up with a smile on his face. Humming, he headed to the bank to withdraw some cash. He stopped at the ATM, inserted the card and entered his PIN. The screen flashed the message, "Card not valid ― please see a teller." What? My bonus was deposited just now! Entering the bank, Jerry told the teller what had happened. She studied the screen and frowned. "Mr. Shaw, your account was closed. All your funds were withdrawn when you closed it," she said. "What do you mean? I never did! It must be identity theft!" yelled Jerry, his voice barely under control.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Unpleasant Discovery of Jerry Shaw's Account Closure and Suspected Identity Theft

2. Jerry Shaw's Encounter with a Closed Bank Account and Fraudulent Activity

3. Unexpected Account Closure and Identity Theft: Jerry Shaw's Banking Dilemma

4. The Shocking Realization of Identity Theft and Account Closure for Jerry Shaw

 

Main Idea #1:

Jerry Shaw's anticipated withdrawal turns into a shocking discovery of his closed and emptied bank account.

 

Main Idea #2:

Upon attempting to access his deposited bonus at the bank, Jerry Shaw learns of unauthorized account closure and potential identity theft.

 

Summary:

Jerry Shaw is surprised when his bank informs him of an unauthorized account closure and withdrawal, suspecting identity theft after his deposit fails to process.

 

Key Points:

1. Jerry Shaw is informed his bank account was closed and emptied without his knowledge.

2. He initially visits the bank to withdraw his newly deposited bonus.

3. The ATM rejects his transaction, prompting him to consult a teller.

4. Identity theft is suspected as the reason behind the account's unauthorized closure.

 

 

[3] 2023 04  20: 인류학이 글로벌 문제 해결에 기여하는 중요성

 

Anthropology has become relevant for addressing global issues. This is not to deny the vital role of 'hard' sciences in addressing these problems. However, if we are to solve global problems we need a new way of thinking based in humanities and social sciences. It is impossible to resolve global issues merely by looking at numbers and statistics. Anthropology thus becomes crucial, as a discipline and a profession enabling the collection and interpretation of 'thick data' ― in addition to 'big data' ― and helps us to understand the world we live in more comprehensively. Why is a brand new and expensive 'smart' building a disaster? What will happen in the future with passenger cars? In answering such questions, we should stop relying only on quantitative data analytics; instead, the most important decisions should also be informed by anthropological qualitative approaches which provide a more complete and nuanced picture of people's lives.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Crucial Role of Anthropology in Understanding Global Challenges Beyond Statistics

2. Integrating Anthropology with Hard Sciences to Address Complex Global Issues

3. The Importance of Thick Data in Comprehending and Solving Worldwide Problems

4. Enhancing Global Problem-Solving with Anthropological Insights and Qualitative Data

 

Main Idea #1:

Anthropology is essential in providing a deeper understanding of global issues through the lens of 'thick data' and qualitative analysis.

 

Main Idea #2:

To effectively address global challenges, it is crucial to combine the perspectives of anthropology with quantitative methods from the hard sciences, offering a more holistic view of the issues at hand.

 

Summary:

Anthropology's role in addressing global issues lies in its ability to supplement 'big data' with 'thick data,' providing a nuanced understanding that quantitative methods alone cannot achieve. This integration helps solve complex problems by considering the qualitative aspects of human life.

 

Key Points:

1. Anthropology is vital for a comprehensive understanding of global challenges.

2. The discipline provides crucial qualitative insights that complement quantitative data.

3. Anthropologists interpret complex human behaviors that impact global issues.

4. The field helps answer intricate questions about modern developments and future scenarios.

 

 

[3] 2023 04  21: 스테레오타입에 대한 반응을 연구한 심리학 실험

 

Our brains light up when our predicted reality and actual reality match. Our brains love to be right. We also don't like to be wrong, and we feel threatened when our stereotyped predictions don't come true. Psychologist Wendy Mendes asked White and Asian college students to interact with Latino students who had been hired as actors by the researchers. Some of the Latino students portrayed themselves as socioeconomically "high status," with lawyer fathers, professor mothers, and summers spent volunteering in Europe. Others portrayed themselves as "low status," with unemployed parents and part-time summer jobs. The researchers found that when participants interacted with the Latino students who appeared to come from wealth and thus challenged American stereotypes, they responded physiologically as if to a threat: their blood vessels constricted and their heart activity changed. In these interactions, participants also saw the students who violated stereotypes as less likable. In this way, stereotypes that are descriptive can easily become prescriptive. The phenomenon, it turns out, may have a neuroscientific explanation: it's an angry protest from the brain's reward system.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Neuroscientific Impact of Stereotype Violation on Perception and Physiological Response

2. Exploring the Physiological Reactions to Stereotype Discrepancies in Social Interactions

3. The Effects of Socioeconomic Status Stereotypes on Physical and Emotional Responses

4. Stereotype Threat and Its Impact on Heart Activity and Social Perceptions

 

Main Idea #1:

Interactions that defy stereotypes can trigger a physiological threat response, illustrating the deep-seated nature of stereotypical thinking.

 

Main Idea #2:

When stereotypes are challenged, especially concerning socioeconomic status, it leads to increased physiological stress and a reduction in likability, highlighting the brain's resistance to unexpected social scenarios.

 

Summary:

Challenging stereotypes, particularly socioeconomic ones, elicits a physiological threat response, causing constriction of blood vessels and changes in heart activity. This response not only indicates the brain's discomfort with being wrong but also affects social perceptions, making the stereotype-defying individuals seem less likable.

 

Key Points:

1. Stereotypes influence physiological responses during social interactions.

2. Challenging stereotypes triggers the brain’s threat detection mechanisms.

3. Physiological changes include constricted blood vessels and altered heart activity.

4. Defying stereotypes leads to negative social perceptions of the individuals involved.

 

 

[3] 2023 04  22: 자연수 사용이 정보 전달에 효과적임을 설명

 

We can imagine natural numbers as whole objects, things our hunter-gatherer brains can work with. On the other hand, partial numbers ― decimals, fractions, percentages, and ratios ― simply don't register as real to our minds. We may be able to work with them for a given time when we're in math mode, but if we're asked questions at other times, we tend to have trouble grasping the concept. In other words, any time we give our audience figures that aren't natural numbers, the message is unlikely to make sense to them. Not only are they prone to make errors remembering and calculating the numbers, but there's a good chance they never even envision what we're describing in the first place ― because the number attached isn't solid. Use natural numbers whenever you can to make your message real. For numbers less than 1, you can use a strategy to make things start to show up as natural numbers. If you find that 0.2% of people have a certain trait, using "1 out of 500" makes this abstract percentage into a real thing.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Cognitive Challenges of Processing Fractions, Decimals, and Percentages

2. Why Natural Numbers Resonate More Effectively in Communication

3. The Impact of Number Presentation on Understanding and Recall

4. Transforming Abstract Quantities into Concrete Numerical Concepts

 

Main Idea #1:

Our brains more readily understand and retain natural numbers than complex fractions, decimals, and percentages.

 

Main Idea #2:

Using natural numbers enhances comprehension and memory retention, whereas abstract numerical forms like percentages and ratios are often not conceptualized effectively by our brains.

 

Summary:

Natural numbers are inherently easier for the human brain to process and remember compared to decimals and fractions. To improve understanding and retention, it's beneficial to translate abstract numerical forms, such as percentages, into more tangible natural number equivalents.

 

Key Points:

1. Natural numbers align better with our cognitive abilities than partial numbers.

2. Decimals, fractions, and percentages are challenging for the brain to conceptualize as real.

3. Communicating with natural numbers increases clarity and the likelihood of retention.

4. Converting abstract numbers into natural number ratios can aid in making the data more relatable and understandable.

 

 

[3] 2023 04  23: 지구적인 문제에 대한 개인적 연결감의 중요성

 

Facing large-scale, long-term change can seem overwhelming. Problems like global contagion or economic inequality are so complex that it can be hard to believe any intervention might make a difference. Working through fears of what could be depends on connecting with the abstract. Linking issues like climate change, for example, with the realities of our own neighborhoods, jobs, and relationships, translates conceptual ideas into concrete emotions. Thinking of how the beaches we love might disappear, how more frequent floods might destroy our homes, or how we might have to move to flee mounting wildfire risk, evokes feelings like anger, sadness, or guilt ― feelings that inspire us to act. A recent study found that when people feel personally affected by potential climatic change, they are more likely to support carbon reduction efforts and push for proactive policies. Forming emotional connections to potential futures helps us move from denial and despair to action.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Transforming Abstract Climate Challenges into Personal Motivations for Action

2. The Role of Emotional Engagement in Inspiring Climate Change Activism

3. How Personalizing Global Issues Spurs Community and Individual Action

4. Connecting Climate Change to Personal Experiences to Foster Proactive Responses

 

Main Idea #1:

Personal experiences and emotional responses to potential impacts of climate change motivate individuals to support and advocate for environmental policies.

 

Main Idea #2:

Linking the abstract concept of climate change to tangible effects on personal and local levels can transform feelings of helplessness into actionable concern, driving support for proactive measures.

 

Summary:

By making the abstract impacts of climate change feel personal, through considerations of threats to local environments and lifestyles, individuals are moved by emotions such as anger or sadness to support proactive environmental policies.

 

Key Points:

1. Personal impact feelings increase support for climate action.

2. Emotional responses to local environmental changes can inspire activism.

3. Personalizing global issues like climate change can overcome apathy.

4. Emotional connections lead to practical support for carbon reduction efforts.

 

 

[3] 2023 04  24: 목성의 위성 관찰을 통해 빛의 속도 이해

 

There was once a certain difficulty with the moons of Jupiter that is worth remarking on. These satellites were studied very carefully by Roemer, who noticed that the moons sometimes seemed to be ahead of schedule, and sometimes behind. They were ahead when Jupiter was particularly close to the earth and they were behind when Jupiter was farther from the earth. This would have been a very difficult thing to explain according to the law of gravitation. If a law does not work even in one place where it ought to, it is just wrong. But the reason for this discrepancy was very simple and beautiful: it takes a little while to see the moons of Jupiter because of the time it takes light to travel from Jupiter to the earth. When Jupiter is closer to the earth the time is a little less, and when it is farther from the earth, the time is more. This is why moons appear to be, on the average, a little ahead or a little behind, depending on whether they are closer to or farther from the earth.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Roemer's Discovery of Light Travel Time Through Observations of Jupiter's Moons

2. The Impact of Light Speed on Observations of Celestial Bodies: Jupiter's Moons Case Study

3. Understanding Astronomical Phenomena: The Influence of Distance on Light Travel Time

4. How the Variations in Distance from Earth Affect Observations of Jupiter's Moons

 

Main Idea #1:

The apparent discrepancies in the timing of Jupiter’s moons' orbits were explained by the time light takes to travel from Jupiter to Earth, varying with distance.

 

Main Idea #2:

Roemer's observations of Jupiter's moons revealing that their apparent position changes due to the light travel time helped refine and support existing astronomical laws, rather than contradicting them.

 

Summary:

Roemer's study of Jupiter’s moons showed that their perceived timing inconsistencies were due to the light travel time from Jupiter to Earth, which changes with the planet's distance, thereby aligning with established astronomical laws instead of challenging them.

 

Key Points:

1. Roemer observed that Jupiter’s moons appeared ahead of schedule when Jupiter was close to Earth and behind when farther away.

2. The discrepancies were attributed to the varying light travel time due to the distance between Jupiter and Earth.

3. This observation supported the laws of celestial mechanics by accounting for light speed.

4. Roemer’s findings highlight the importance of considering light travel time in astronomical observations.

 

 

[3] 2023 04  25: 유럽 국가들의 치매 환자  증가 예측 그래프

 

The graph above shows the number of dementia patients per 1,000 inhabitants in six European countries in 2021 and in 2050 (The number in 2050 is estimated). By 2050, the number of dementia patients per 1,000 people is expected to increase by more than 10 in all given countries compared to 2021. In 2021, Italy recorded the highest proportion of dementia patients out of the six countries and it is expected to do so in 2050 as well. The proportion of dementia patients in Spain was lower than that of Germany in 2021, but is expected to exceed that of Germany in 2050. Switzerland and the Netherlands had the same proportion of dementia patients in 2021, and by 2050 those proportions are both projected to more than double. Among the six countries, Belgium shows the smallest gap between the number of dementia patients per 1,000 inhabitants in 2021 and in 2050.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Projected Increase of Dementia Patients per Thousand Inhabitants in Europe by 2050

2. Comparative Analysis of Dementia Prevalence in Six European Countries: 2021 vs. 2050

3. Trends in Dementia Rates Across Selected European Nations Through Mid-Century

4. The Growing Burden of Dementia in Europe: A Forecast into 2050

 

Main Idea #1:

By 2050, the number of dementia patients per 1,000 inhabitants is expected to significantly rise in six European countries, with Italy maintaining the highest proportion.

 

Main Idea #2:

While Italy remains the country with the highest dementia rates, Spain is projected to surpass Germany by 2050, and both Switzerland and the Netherlands are expected to see their rates more than double.

 

Summary:

In six European countries, the proportion of dementia patients per 1,000 people is projected to increase substantially by 2050. Italy is expected to continue having the highest rate, Spain's rate will surpass Germany's, and the rates in Switzerland and the Netherlands will more than double. Belgium will experience the smallest increase.

 

Key Points:

1. All six countries will see an increase of over 10 dementia patients per 1,000 inhabitants by 2050.

2. Italy recorded the highest proportion in 2021 and will continue to do so in 2050.

3. Spain's dementia rates will overtake Germany's by 2050.

4. The rates in Switzerland and the Netherlands will more than double from their 2021 figures.

5. Belgium will have the smallest relative increase in dementia patients.

 

 

[3] 2023 04  26: Josef Frank 비엔나 모더니즘에 대한 비판

 

Josef Frank, born in Austria of Jewish heritage, studied architecture at the Vienna University of Technology. He then taught at the Vienna School of Arts and Crafts from 1919 to 1925. He founded an interior design firm together with some architect colleagues in 1925. He was one of early Vienna modernism's most important figures, but already in the beginning of the 1920s he started to question modernism's growing pragmatism. He had little appreciation for the French architect Le Corbusier's belief that a house should be "a machine for living in." He was against the standardized interior design trend of the time, fearing that it would make people all too uniform. He moved to Sweden with his Swedish wife in 1933 to escape growing Nazi discrimination and gained citizenship in 1939. He was the most prestigious designer at his Stockholm design company. In addition to his architectural work he created numerous designs for furniture, fabric, wallpaper and carpet.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Josef Frank: From Vienna Modernism to Swedish Design Icon

2. The Architectural Journey of Josef Frank: Questioning Modernism and Embracing Diversity

3. Josef Frank: A Legacy of Varied Design Against the Modernist Grain

4. The Evolution of Josef Frank: Architectural Modernism to Swedish Design Mastery

 

Main Idea #1:

Josef Frank, a pivotal figure in early Vienna modernism, critiqued the movement's pragmatism and standardized aesthetics, promoting more individualistic and diverse designs.

 

Main Idea #2:

After moving to Sweden in 1933 to escape Nazi persecution, Josef Frank significantly influenced Swedish design with his versatile creations in architecture, furniture, and textiles.

 

Summary:

Josef Frank, originally a major figure in Vienna modernism, rejected its growing pragmatism and standardization. Escaping Nazi discrimination by moving to Sweden, he became a leading designer, known for his eclectic and personalized designs in various mediums including furniture and textiles.

 

Key Points:

1. Josef Frank played a critical role in early Vienna modernism and later critiqued its principles.

2. He opposed Le Corbusier's utilitarian views, advocating for more diverse and personal interior designs.

3. Frank relocated to Sweden in 1933, becoming a celebrated designer and gaining citizenship in 1939.

4. His contributions to design extended beyond architecture to include furniture, fabrics, wallpapers, and carpets.

 

 

[3] 2023 04  29: 음악 교육에서 세부적인 피드백의 중요성

 

Providing feedback to students is a critical task of teachers. General psychology has shown that knowledge of results is necessary for improving a skill. Advanced musicians are able to self-critique their performances, but developing music students rely on teachers to supply evaluative feedback. The most constructive feedback is that which expresses the discrepancies between a student's performance of a piece of music and an optimal version. Expert teachers give more detailed feedback than general appraisals, and music educators generally recognize that more specific teacher feedback facilitates student performance improvement. Researchers also have explored whether the feedback of effective teachers is more often positively or negatively expressed, that is, constituting praise or criticism. One might intuitively think that positive comments are more motivating to students and, as a result, are more associated with effective teaching. The research, however, paints a slightly different picture. Although positive feedback is likely more helpful with younger learners and in one-on-one instruction, more advanced music students seem to accept and benefit from greater levels of criticism in lessons.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Role of Specific Feedback in the Development of Music Students

2. The Impact of Teacher Feedback on Student Musical Performance

3. Constructive Criticism vs. Praise: Effective Feedback in Music Education

4. Enhancing Music Learning: The Importance of Teacher Feedback Dynamics

 

Main Idea #1:

Effective music education relies heavily on detailed feedback from teachers to highlight discrepancies between a student’s performance and the optimal execution.

 

Main Idea #2:

While positive feedback benefits younger learners, advanced music students often gain more from specific and critical feedback, which aids in their skill development.

 

Summary:

In music education, the effectiveness of teacher feedback is crucial for student improvement. Detailed critiques that compare student performances with ideal standards help refine skills, especially for advanced learners who benefit more from critical rather than solely positive feedback.

 

Key Points:

1. Knowledge of results is essential for skill improvement in music students.

2. Expert teachers provide detailed feedback rather than general comments.

3. Specific feedback helps identify and correct discrepancies in student performances.

4. Advanced students benefit more from critical feedback, which facilitates deeper learning.

 

 

[3] 2023 04  30: 호르몬이 몸에서 반응을 유발하는 과정 설명

 

How do hormones trigger reactions in the body? When a hormone is released from a gland, it travels in the bloodstream through the body in search of its target. Organs, tissues and other glands in the body have receptor sites that hormones must bind to in order to deliver their message and cause an effect. But because every hormone has its own unique shape, they are designed to act only on the parts of the body that have a receptor site with the corresponding shape. This mode of action can be likened to a lock and key mechanism ― if the key doesn't fit the lock, then nothing will happen. When a hormone binds to its receptor, it sets off a chain of other signaling pathways to create a change in the body. Once the desired effect has taken place and there is too much hormone circulating in the blood, this signal is fed back to the glands to reduce further hormone release. This is called a feedback loop and, when functioning correctly, it allows the endocrine system to ensure the conditions in your body remain in balance.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Lock and Key Mechanism of Hormonal Action in the Human Body

2. How Hormones Function: Binding, Signaling, and Feedback in the Endocrine System

3. Understanding the Specificity and Regulatory Roles of Hormones in the Body

4. The Dynamics of Hormonal Interaction: Target Sites and Feedback Loops

 

Main Idea #1:

Hormones trigger specific reactions in the body by binding to uniquely shaped receptor sites on target organs and tissues, initiating signaling pathways that lead to physiological changes.

 

Main Idea #2:

The hormone-receptor interaction functions as a lock and key mechanism, where only hormones with a matching shape to the receptor can bind, thus ensuring precise control over bodily processes through feedback loops that maintain balance.

 

Summary:

Hormones regulate bodily functions by traveling through the bloodstream to bind with specific receptor sites on target tissues, akin to a lock and key mechanism. This binding initiates signaling pathways that alter physiological states. Excess hormones trigger feedback loops that instruct glands to adjust hormone production, maintaining systemic balance.

 

Key Points:

1. Hormones are released by glands and travel through the bloodstream to find their target.

2. Each hormone has a unique shape that fits specific receptors on target tissues.

3. Hormone-receptor binding activates signaling pathways that result in physiological changes.

4. Feedback loops help regulate hormone levels, ensuring the body remains in balance.

 

 

[3] 2023 04  31: 유사한 행동 스타일이 초기 매력에 미치는 영향

 

Although a balance or harmony between partners clearly develops over time in a relationship, it is also a factor in initial attraction and interest in a partner. That is, to the extent that two people share similar verbal and nonverbal habits in a first meeting, they will be more comfortable with one another. For example, fast-paced individuals talk and move quickly and are more expressive, whereas slow-paced individuals have a different tempo and are less expressive. Initial interactions between people at opposite ends of such a continuum may be more difficult than those between similar types. In the case of contrasting styles, individuals may be less interested in pursuing a relationship than if they were similar in interaction styles. Individuals with similar styles, however, are more comfortable and find that they just seem to "click" with one another. Thus, behavioral coordination may provide a selection filter for the initiation of a relationship.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Role of Behavioral Coordination in Initial Relationship Attraction

2. How Similar Interaction Styles Influence Initial Attraction and Comfort in Relationships

3. The Impact of Verbal and Nonverbal Habits on Early Relationship Dynamics

4. Matching Tempos: How Similarities in Pace and Expression Facilitate Relationship Formation

 

Main Idea #1:

Similar verbal and nonverbal behaviors between individuals enhance comfort and interest during initial encounters, influencing the likelihood of a relationship.

 

Main Idea #2:

Behavioral coordination, or the similarity in interaction styles, acts as a selection filter at the beginning of a relationship, helping individuals to feel an immediate connection and ease with each other.

 

Summary:

In initial interactions, individuals with similar verbal and nonverbal habits are more likely to feel comfortable and connected, thereby increasing the chances of pursuing a relationship. This behavioral coordination serves as a crucial filter in selecting potential partners.

 

Key Points:

1. Similar interaction styles in initial meetings promote comfort and mutual interest.

2. Contrasting behavioral tempos can make initial interactions more challenging.

3. Behavioral coordination can significantly influence the decision to pursue a relationship.

4. Similarity in verbal and nonverbal expressions helps partners to "click" right from the start.

 

 

[3] 2023 04  32: 보어버드가 복잡한 구조물을 만드는 예술성

 

Animals arguably make art. The male bowerbirds of New Guinea and Australia dedicate huge fractions of their time and energy to creating elaborate structures from twigs, flowers, berries, beetle wings, and even colorful trash. These are the backdrops to their complex mating dances, which include acrobatic moves and even imitations of other species. What's most amazing about the towers and "bowers" they construct is that they aren't stereotyped like a beehive or hummingbird nest. Each one is different. Artistic skill, along with fine craftsbirdship, is rewarded by the females. Many researchers suggest these displays are used by the females to gauge the cognitive abilities of her potential mates, but Darwin thought that she was actually attracted to their beauty. In other words, the bowers aren't simply signals of mate quality; they are appreciated by the females for their own sake, much as we appreciate a painting or a bouquet of spring flowers. A 2013 study looked at whether bowerbirds that did better on cognitive tests were more successful at attracting mates. They were not, suggesting whatever the females are looking for, it isn't a straightforward indicator of cognitive ability.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Artistic Expressions of Bowerbirds: Nature's Craftsmen in Mating Displays

2. Beyond Instinct: The Role of Art and Aesthetics in Bowerbird Mating Rituals

3. Creativity and Courtship: How Bowerbirds Use Art to Attract Mates

4. The Evolution of Aesthetic Appreciation: Artistic Displays in Bowerbirds

 

Main Idea #1:

Male bowerbirds create unique and elaborate structures as part of their mating rituals, showcasing a form of artistic expression that is evaluated by potential mates.

 

Main Idea #2:

The intricate and varied structures built by bowerbirds are appreciated not just for their functional role in mating but also for their aesthetic value, similar to how humans appreciate art.

 

Summary:

Bowerbirds invest significant effort in constructing unique, artistic structures that serve as stages for their mating dances, suggesting these creations are appreciated for their beauty and not solely as indicators of mate quality. Despite their efforts, success in attracting mates does not directly correlate with the males' cognitive abilities.

 

Key Points:

1. Male bowerbirds dedicate substantial time to building elaborate and unique bowers.

2. These structures are part of complex mating dances that include acrobatics and mimicry.

3. Females may appreciate the aesthetic aspects of the bowers, akin to human appreciation of art.

4. A 2013 study found no direct link between the cognitive abilities of bowerbirds and mating success, indicating that the aesthetic appeal of the bowers plays a significant role.

 

 

[3] 2023 04  33: 소비자 만족도를 높이기 위한 제품 경험 연결

 

Running a business that sells goods and services to consumers requires getting to know the products they like. More than that, however, you want to link positive experiences to the products they purchase. In traditional or online sales, people are bound to favorably regard the vendor and product that they could easily inquire about and quickly acquire in good order. Using the product can increase or decrease their satisfaction, and they will remember to repurchase products that meet and exceed their expectations. Traditional stores make the shopping experience pleasant by their displays and personal service. Internet retailers lead buyers to products they want through speedy searches and clicks. A new online selling method that can generate millions of dollars in purchases within a few minutes is livestream selling. That's when hosts streaming their shows live demonstrate a product and even interactively receive comments and answer questions from their viewers through the power of social media. If they like the product, they buy it immediately through an e-commerce feature on the platform. Buyers say that the experience is so convenient, it is like talking to a friend.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Enhancing Customer Satisfaction in E-Commerce Through Live Stream Selling

2. The Evolution of Online Shopping: From Clicks to Live Streams

3. Connecting with Consumers: Live Streaming as a Powerful Sales Tool

4. How Live Stream Selling Transforms Online Shopping Experiences

 

Main Idea #1:

Businesses enhance customer satisfaction by linking positive experiences to the products through easy access, quick acquisition, and ensuring the products meet or exceed expectations.

 

Main Idea #2:

Live stream selling, an emerging online sales method, combines real-time product demonstrations with interactive elements, significantly enhancing consumer engagement and simplifying the purchasing process.

 

Summary:

Businesses aiming to increase customer loyalty focus on creating positive shopping experiences, both in traditional stores and online. The innovative method of live stream selling on social media platforms offers interactive, real-time engagement, resembling a conversation with a friend, and facilitates instant purchases, reflecting the evolution of consumer preferences in digital commerce.

 

Key Points:

1. Positive customer experiences are crucial for repurchase decisions in both traditional and online settings.

2. Traditional stores use displays and personal service to enhance the shopping experience.

3. Online retailers use efficient search functionalities, while live stream selling adds interactivity to the buying process.

4. Live stream selling rapidly drives sales by combining product demonstrations with real-time viewer interaction.

 

 

[3] 2023 04  34: 헤겔의 철학에서 개체와 보편성의 상호작용

 

In Hegel's philosophy, even though there is interaction and interrelation between the universal and the individual, the universal still has more priority than the individual. For Hegel, individuals are not distinguished in terms of Reason. In Philosophy of Right Hegel stresses particularity and universality as follows: "A man, who acts perversely, exhibits particularity. The rational is the highway on which everyone travels, and no one is specially marked." Here, Hegel maintains that individuals can be differentiated from each other in terms of their acts but they are not differentiated with respect to reason. There are specific thoughts, but they are finally resolved into the universal. One might say that Hegel seems to focus on the individual like Aristotle but in reality, he subtly treats the universal as fundamental whereas Aristotle considers the individual as primary substance and universal as secondary substance; in so doing Aristotle emphasizes the universal to be subordinate to the individual in contrast to Hegel.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Priority of the Universal Over the Individual in Hegel's Philosophy

2. Hegel vs. Aristotle: Differing Views on Universality and Individuality

3. The Role of Reason in Differentiating Individuals According to Hegel

4. Hegel's Emphasis on Universality: A Contrast to Aristotelian Thought

 

Main Idea #1:

In Hegel's philosophy, the universal is given priority over the individual, as individuals are seen as indistinct in terms of Reason.

 

Main Idea #2:

While individuals can be differentiated by their actions, they converge in the realm of Reason, where specific thoughts are ultimately absorbed into the universal, underscoring the dominance of the universal in Hegel's thought.

 

Summary:

Hegel emphasizes the supremacy of the universal over the individual, arguing that while individuals can be distinguished by their actions, they are unified under the universal aspect of Reason. This contrasts with Aristotle's view, where the individual is the primary substance and the universal is secondary, highlighting a fundamental philosophical divergence between the two thinkers.

 

Key Points:

1. Hegel prioritizes the universal over the individual, asserting that individual distinctions are not made in the realm of Reason.

2. Individual actions may differ, but these are reconciled within the universal framework according to Hegel.

3. Hegel's philosophical approach views the universal as fundamental, in contrast to Aristotle who sees the individual as primary.

4. This contrast highlights a significant philosophical difference regarding the relationship between universality and individuality in the work of Hegel and Aristotle.

 

 

[3] 2023 04  35: 언어의 구조와 현실 표현의 문제점 탐구

 

One of the branches of postmodernism examines the structure of language and how it is used. It challenges the assumption that language can be precisely used to represent reality. Meanings of words are ambiguous, as words are only signs or labels given to concepts (what is signified) and therefore there is no necessary correspondence between the word and the meaning, the signifier and the signified. The use of signs (words) and their meaning can vary depending on the flow of the text in which they are used, leading to the possibility of 'deconstructing' text to reveal its underlying inconsistencies. This approach can be applied to all forms of representation ― pictures, films, etc. that gain added or alternative meanings by the overlaying of references to previous uses. This can be seen particularly in the media, where it is difficult to distinguish the real from the unreal ― everything is representation, there is no reality.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Postmodern Challenge to Language: Understanding Signifiers and Signifieds

2. Deconstructing Language and Reality in Postmodern Thought

3. Exploring the Ambiguity of Language in Postmodernism

4. Representation and Reality: A Postmodern Perspective on Media and Language

 

Main Idea #1:

Postmodernism questions the ability of language to accurately represent reality, highlighting the inherent ambiguity in the meanings of words.

 

Main Idea #2:

In postmodern theory, language is seen as a system of signs that do not directly correspond to reality, allowing for the deconstruction of texts to expose their inherent inconsistencies and multiple meanings.

 

Summary:

Postmodernism scrutinizes the structure of language, challenging the notion that words can precisely convey reality. It posits that words are mere signs with ambiguous meanings, leading to the possibility of deconstructing texts to reveal underlying contradictions and varied interpretations in all forms of representation, such as media, where the distinction between real and unreal blurs.

 

Key Points:

1. Postmodernism disputes the precision of language in representing reality.

2. Words are viewed as signs with ambiguous meanings that do not necessarily correspond to the concepts they signify.

3. The variability of meaning in language allows for the deconstruction of texts to uncover inconsistencies.

4. This approach extends to various forms of representation, complicating the distinction between reality and representation in media.

 

 

[3] 2023 04  36: 지구 형성 과정과 초기 조건에 대한 설명

 

The Earth formed from rocky and metallic fragments during the construction of the solar system ― debris that was swept up by an initial nucleus and attracted together into a single body by the force of gravity. The original materials were cold as outer space and dry as dust; whatever water and gases they contained were locked inside individual fragments as chemical compounds. As the fragments joined, the Earth's gravity increased, attracting larger and larger objects to impact the Earth. This increasing gravity, combined with the timeless radioactive decay of elements like uranium and thorium, caused the new Earth to heat up. The internal temperature and pressure were high enough for many compounds to break down or melt, releasing their water and gases. Even solid material could begin to move and flow under such conditions. Separation by density began, and the Earth started to organize into its present layered structure. The heaviest metals sank to the center; the lightest materials migrated outward.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Formation of Earth: From Cosmic Debris to Structured Planet

2. Understanding the Early Stages of Earth’s Formation and Layered Structure

3. The Role of Gravity and Radioactive Decay in Earth's Primordial Development

4. How Earth's Internal Heating Shaped Its Layered Composition

 

Main Idea #1:

Earth formed from the accretion of rocky and metallic fragments in the early solar system, influenced by gravitational forces that attracted these materials into a single planetary body.

 

Main Idea #2:

The internal heating of the Earth, due to gravitational compression and radioactive decay, caused the breakdown of compounds, releasing gases and water and enabling the differentiation into layers based on density.

 

Summary:

The Earth originated from cold, dry fragments in the solar system, which coalesced under the force of gravity. Increasing gravitational pull and radioactive decay heated the planet, causing compounds to release water and gases and facilitating the movement of materials. This process led to the Earth's layered structure, with dense metals sinking to the core and lighter materials forming the crust.

 

Key Points:

1. Earth was formed from the aggregation of rocky and metallic debris in the solar system.

2. Gravitational forces played a crucial role in attracting and assembling these fragments into a planet.

3. Radioactive decay of elements like uranium and thorium contributed to the internal heating of the Earth.

4. This heating led to the breakdown of compounds, release of gases, and initiation of material flow, resulting in the differentiation of the Earth into layers.

 

 

[3] 2023 04  37: 표현의 권력이 문화 지배에 미치는 영향

 

Representation is control. The power to represent the world is the power to represent us in it or it in us, for the final stage of representing merges the representor and the represented into one. Imperializing cultures produce great works of art (great representations) which can be put to work intellectually as armies and trading houses work militarily and economically. Shakespeare, Jane Austen and maps were as important to English Imperial power as was the East India Company, the British army and the churches of England. It is no coincidence that modern Europe, the Europe of colonization, was also the Europe of "great art," and no coincidence either that it was the Europe of great map makers. That is because unless we can control the world intellectually by maps we cannot control it militarily or economically. Mercator, Moliere, Columbus and Captain Cook imperialized in different ways, but they all imperialized, and ultimately the effectiveness of one depended upon and supported the effectiveness of all the others. Similarly the US form of contemporary colonization, which involves occupying economies and political parties rather than physical territories, is accompanied by the power of both Hollywood and the satellite to represent the world to and for the US.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Intersection of Representation, Art, and Imperial Power

2. The Role of Cultural Representation in Imperial and Economic Control

3. How Art, Mapping, and Media Facilitate Imperial Domination

4. The Power of Representation in Shaping Imperial Agendas

 

Main Idea #1:

Representation plays a crucial role in imperial control, merging the creator and creation to influence both intellectual and physical domains.

 

Main Idea #2:

Historically, the production of cultural artifacts such as art and maps has been integral to the expansion and maintenance of imperial power, with representation serving as a tool for intellectual and territorial domination.

 

Summary:

Representation is a form of control, crucial in establishing and maintaining imperial power. Artistic and cultural outputs, from Shakespeare to modern Hollywood, have not only reflected imperial ambitions but have actively shaped and supported them, functioning alongside military and economic efforts to dominate globally.

 

Key Points:

1. Cultural representations, including art and maps, have historically played a key role in supporting imperial ambitions.

2. Great works of art and accurate cartography were as instrumental to the British Empire as its military and economic enterprises.

3. Representation merges the identity of the creator with the creation, influencing how cultures perceive and interact with the world.

4. Contemporary forms of imperialism, such as the U.S.'s economic and political influence, also rely heavily on media and technology to project power and control perceptions.

 

 

[3] 2023 04  38: '동물'이라는 단어가 인간과 동물 구분 강조

 

Language, and the word "animal," deceives us. The word "animal" categorizes all non-human animals and distances humans from other animals. Seeing all other animals as one group in contrast to humans reinforces anthropocentrism, which contributes to the legitimization of practices in which other animals are used for human benefit. Jacques Derrida argues that instead of one line between Man on the one side and Animal on the other, there is a multiple and heterogeneous border; beyond the edge of the "so-called human," we find a heterogeneous plurality of the living. To account for this multitude, using the word "animot" has been proposed. In speech it refers to the plural, the multiplicity of animals, which is necessary because there is no one "animal." The "mot" in "animot" refers to the act of naming and the risks involved in drawing a distinction between human and animal by the human. It reminds us of the fact that it is a word for animals, not a reference to an existing group of animals.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Beyond 'Animal': Derrida's Challenge to Anthropocentric Language

2. The Linguistic Deception of the Word 'Animal' and Its Implications

3. Deconstructing 'Animal': Jacques Derrida's Concept of 'Animot'

4. Reimagining Animal Identity: From Singular to Plural with 'Animot'

 

Main Idea #1:

The word "animal" simplifies and generalizes a diverse group, creating a false dichotomy between humans and other forms of life, thereby reinforcing anthropocentrism.

 

Main Idea #2:

Jacques Derrida proposes the term "animot" to reflect the diversity and multiplicity of non-human life, challenging the conventional, homogenizing language that separates humans from other animals.

 

Summary:

The term "animal" misleads by lumping all non-human species together, which supports anthropocentric views and justifies the exploitation of these beings. Jacques Derrida introduces the term "animot" to emphasize the variety and complexity among living beings, advocating for a linguistic shift that acknowledges this diversity instead of obscuring it.

 

Key Points:

1. The word "animal" groups all non-human animals together, obscuring their diversity and reinforcing human centrality.

2. This categorization supports practices that exploit non-human animals for human benefits.

3. Derrida argues for a complex, heterogeneous conception of life beyond the human-animal dichotomy.

4. The term "animot" is suggested to highlight the plurality and challenge the anthropocentric misuse of the word "animal".

 

 

[3] 2023 04  39: 바빌로니아 천문학이 과학적 방법에 미친 영향

 

Babylonian astronomers created detailed records of celestial movements in the heavens, using the resulting tables to sieve out irregularities and, with them, the favour of the gods. This was the seed of what we now call the scientific method ― a demonstration that accurate observations of the world could be used to forecast its future. The importance of measurement in this sort of cosmic comprehension did not develop smoothly over the centuries. Indeed, in the Middle Ages in Europe, calculating by hand and eye was sometimes seen as producing a rather shabby sort of knowledge, inferior to that of abstract thought. The suspicion was due to the influence of ancient Greeks in the era's scholasticism, particularly Plato and Aristotle, who stressed that the material world was one of unceasing change and instability. They emphasized that reality was best understood by reference to immaterial qualities, be they Platonic forms or Aristotelian causes. It would take the revelations of the scientific revolution to fully displace these instincts, with observations of the night sky once again proving decisive.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. From Babylon to the Scientific Revolution: The Evolution of Empirical Observation

2. The Historical Journey of the Scientific Method from Ancient Astronomy to Modern Science

3. The Impact of Babylonian Astronomy on the Development of Scientific Inquiry

4. Reconciling the Material with the Immaterial: A History of Scientific Thought from Plato to Galileo

 

Main Idea #1:

Babylonian astronomers laid the groundwork for the scientific method by using detailed celestial records to predict future events, demonstrating the power of systematic observation.

 

Main Idea #2:

The evolution of scientific thought faced challenges, especially during the Middle Ages in Europe, where empirical knowledge was often viewed as inferior to abstract philosophical concepts derived from ancient Greek thinkers like Plato and Aristotle.

 

Summary:

The foundations of the scientific method can be traced back to Babylonian astronomers, who used precise observations to predict celestial events. However, this approach to knowledge faced resistance in medieval Europe, where empirical methods were undervalued compared to the abstract ideals of Greek philosophy. It was not until the scientific revolution that empirical observation regained prominence, reaffirming its critical role in understanding and predicting the natural world.

 

Key Points:

1. Babylonian astronomers' detailed observations and predictions marked an early form of the scientific method.

2. In medieval Europe, empirical knowledge was often seen as less valuable than philosophical abstraction.

3. Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle influenced this view by emphasizing the impermanence and instability of the material world.

4. The scientific revolution eventually highlighted the importance of empirical evidence in gaining a deeper understanding of reality.

 

 

[3] 2023 04  40: 동물이 과장된 자극을 선호하는 실험 결과

 

Experiments suggest that animals, just like humans, tend to prefer exaggerated, supernormal stimuli, and that a preference can rapidly propel itself to extreme levels (peak shift effect). In one experiment, through food rewards rats were conditioned to prefer squares to other geometric forms. In the next step, a non-square rectangle was introduced and associated with an even larger reward than the square. As expected, the rats learned to reliably prefer the rectangle. Less predictable was the third part of the experiment. The rats were offered the opportunity to choose between the rectangle they already knew and associated with large rewards and another rectangle, the proportions of which were even more different from those of a square. Interestingly, rats picked this novel variant, without undergoing any reward-based conditioning in favor of it. A possible explanation is thus that they chose the larger difference from the original square (i.e., the exaggeration of non-squareness).

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Influence of Supernormal Stimuli on Animal Preference: Insights from Rat Behavior

2. Exploring Peak Shift Effects in Rats Through Geometric Form Preferences

3. Rats and the Attraction to Exaggerated Stimuli: A Study of Behavioral Shifts

4. The Dynamics of Preference Evolution in Rats: From Squares to Extreme Rectangles

 

Main Idea #1:

Experiments with rats demonstrate that animals, like humans, develop preferences for exaggerated stimuli, showcasing a rapid escalation to extreme preferences, known as the peak shift effect.

 

Main Idea #2:

In a controlled experiment, rats initially trained to prefer squares over other shapes eventually chose increasingly exaggerated non-square shapes, illustrating their inherent preference for more pronounced deviations from their conditioned stimuli.

 

Summary:

Through a series of experiments, rats were conditioned to prefer squares and then larger rewards were used to shift their preference to rectangles. Surprisingly, without additional conditioning, the rats preferred an even more exaggerated rectangle variant, indicating a natural inclination towards more distinct deviations from the initial square shape, a phenomenon reflecting the peak shift effect.

 

Key Points:

1. Rats were conditioned to prefer squares through food rewards.

2. Preferences shifted to rectangles associated with larger rewards.

3. Without reward conditioning, rats chose an even more exaggerated rectangle.

4. The choice of the more exaggerated shape suggests an innate preference for more distinct deviations, a manifestation of the peak shift effect.

 

 

[3] 2023 04  41~42: 인간의 느린 발달이 다양한 환경 적응을 가능하게 

 

Although we humans are equipped with reflexive responses for survival, at birth we are helpless. We spend about a year unable to walk, about two more before we can articulate full thoughts, and many more years unable to provide for ourselves. We are totally dependent on those around us for our survival. Now compare this to many other mammals. Dolphins, for instance, are born swimming; giraffes learn to stand within hours; a baby zebra can run within forty-five minutes of birth. Across the animal kingdom, our cousins are strikingly independent soon after they're born. On the face of it, that seems like a great advantage for other species ― but in fact it signifies a limitation. Baby animals develop quickly because their brains are wiring up according to a largely preprogrammed routine. But that preparedness trades off with flexibility. Imagine if some unfortunate rhinoceros found itself on the Arctic tundra, or on top of a mountain in the Himalayas, or in the middle of a metropolis. It would have no capacity to adapt (which is why we don't find rhinos in those areas). This strategy of arriving with a pre-arranged brain works inside a particular niche in the ecosystem ― but put an animal outside of that niche, and its chances of thriving are low. In contrast, humans are able to thrive in many different environments, from the frozen tundra to the high mountains to crowded urban centers. This is possible because the human brain is born remarkably incomplete. Instead of arriving with everything wired up ― let's call it "hardwired" ― a human brain allows itself to be shaped by the details of life experience. This leads to long periods of helplessness as the young brain slowly molds to its environment. It's "livewired."

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Unique Development of Human Flexibility: Livewired for Adaptation

2. Comparing Human Helplessness at Birth with Mammalian Independence: A Study of Brain Plasticity

3. The Advantage of Human Developmental Vulnerability: Adapting Across Ecosystems

4. Why Human Infancy Extends Beyond Mammalian Independence: The Role of Brain Wiring

 

Main Idea #1:

Humans experience prolonged helplessness at birth, a stark contrast to many mammals that exhibit independence shortly after birth, due to the uniquely adaptive and flexible wiring of the human brain.

 

Main Idea #2:

While immediate independence in animals like dolphins and giraffes is linked to their brains being largely preprogrammed, humans' prolonged developmental period allows their brains to adapt to a wide range of environments, demonstrating a trade-off between early independence and adaptive flexibility.

 

Summary:

Humans are born in a state of extended helplessness compared to other mammals, which quickly adapt to their environments. This vulnerability is due to the human brain’s capacity to be shaped by its surroundings over time, a process termed "livewiring." Unlike animals with "hardwired" brains prepared for a specific ecological niche, humans can thrive in diverse environments, from arctic tundras to urban landscapes, thanks to this neural adaptability.

 

Key Points:

1. Many mammals are born with the ability to perform survival functions immediately, while humans require years of dependency.

2. The rapid development in other mammals is due to brains that are preprogrammed for specific tasks and environments.

3. Humans' extended dependency period is linked to the flexibility of the brain to be shaped by its environment, enhancing adaptability.

4. This "livewired" brain allows humans to thrive in a variety of ecological niches, unlike animals with more limited adaptability.

 

 

[3] 2023 04  43~45: 과도한 관심이 독립성을 저해할  있음을 비유

 

There were two neighbors living next to each other. One was a professor and the other was a merchant who had an unmotivated son. Both of them had planted the same kind of plant in each of their gardens. The professor gave a small amount of water to his plants and didn't always give his full attention to them. Meanwhile, in the merchant's garden, the merchant gave a lot of water to his plants and looked after them well. The professor's plants were simple but looked good, while the merchant's plants were much fuller and greener. One night, there was a heavy storm. After the storm was over, both of the neighbors inspected the damage to their gardens. The merchant saw that his plants had come out from the roots and were totally destroyed by the storm. But, the plants of his neighbor were not damaged at all and were standing firm. The merchant was surprised to see this because he thought he had given his plants better care than the professor. He went to his neighbor and said, "Only my plants came out from the roots. How is that possible?" The professor smiled and said, "You gave your plants so much attention and water that they didn't need to work for themselves." "Is that really a problem?" said the merchant with a curious look on his face. The professor continued his explanation, "I gave my plants just an adequate amount of water and let their roots search for more. Their roots went deeper and grew stronger." At that moment, the merchant recalled the image of his son, still lazy and dependent on his parents. "Is that how you approach teaching?" asked the merchant. The professor said, "Yes. Students are like plants. Sometimes guiding is better than giving." Nodding silently, the merchant began to rethink what education is.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Tale of Two Gardens: Lessons on Resilience and Overprotection

2. Roots and Resilience: A Parable of Two Neighbors and Their Gardens

3. The Storm and the Strength: A Story of Guiding Versus Over-Giving

4. The Professor, the Merchant, and the Philosophy of Growth

 

Main Idea #1:

The professor and the merchant used different gardening techniques that reflected their approaches to care and resilience, leading to contrasting outcomes during a storm.

 

Main Idea #2:

The professor's method of giving minimal water encouraged his plants to develop deeper roots, which made them more resilient during the storm, unlike the merchant’s well-watered but weaker plants.

 

Summary:

In a story of two neighbors, the professor’s plants survived a storm due to their deep and strong roots formed by minimal watering, whereas the merchant's overwatered plants, though initially lush, were uprooted. This outcome led the merchant to reflect on the parallels between his gardening style and his overindulgent parenting, understanding from the professor that less direct provision fosters greater independence and resilience.

 

Key Points:

1. The professor watered his plants minimally, forcing their roots to grow deeper in search of moisture.

2. The merchant frequently watered his plants, which kept their roots shallow and dependent on regular watering.

3. After a storm, the merchant's plants were uprooted due to their weak root systems, while the professor's plants remained standing.

4. The professor used this experience as an analogy to teach the merchant about the benefits of encouraging independence and resilience through less direct provision, both in gardening and in parenting.

 

 

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[고3] 2023년 4월 모의고사 - 한줄해석.pdf
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[고3] 2023년 4월 모의고사 (5월 시행) - 한줄해석 (좌지문 우해석)

2023년도 4월 고3 영어 모의고사>의 한줄해석(좌지문 우해석) 자료 올립니다.설명문/실용문을 제외한 전지문 작업했습니다.PDF와 워드 파일 모두 올립니다. 필요에 따라 변형해서 사용하세

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[3] 2023 04  18: 법학교수가 인턴 지원 학생을 추천하는 추천서

 To whom it may concern,

 관계자 귀하,

 I am writing this letter in regard to Sona Lee applying for an internship in your law firm.

 저는 당신의 법률 회사에 인턴십을 지원한 Sona Lee와 관련하여 이 편지를 씁니다.

 I have gotten to know her over the past year, as a student in my Contracts course.

 저는 지난 한 해 동안 저의 계약법 수업의 학생으로 그녀를 알게 되었습니다.

 The assignments she completed were excellent, and demonstrated a thorough understanding of contract law.

 그녀가 완성한 과제들은 훌륭했고, 계약법에 대한 완전한 이해를 보여 주었습니다.

 She also has remarkable energy and interpersonal skills.

 그녀는 또한 놀라운 에너지와 대인 관계 능력을 지니고 있습니다.

 She represents her class on the law school's student council and has taken on this responsibility with spirit, interacting with students effectively.

 그녀는 이 법학 전문 대학원의 학생회에서 그녀의 반을 대표하고 있고 학생들과 효과적으로 상호 작용하며 활기차게 이 책임을 맡아 왔습니다.

 I support her application wholeheartedly.

 저는 그녀의 지원을 진심으로 지지합니다.

 Sincerely yours, Conan Stevenson

 Conan Stevenson 드림

 

[3] 2023 04  19: 은행 계좌 도난 사건에 대한 대화

 "5,000 dollars has been deposited? Thank you. I'll check it out now."

 "5,000달러가 입금되었다고요? 감사합니다. 바로 확인해 보겠습니다."

 Jerry Shaw hung up with a smile on his face.

 Jerry Shaw는 그의 얼굴에 미소를 띤 채 전화를 끊었다.

 Humming, he headed to the bank to withdraw some cash.

 콧노래를 부르며 그는 약간의 현금을 인출하기 위해 은행으로 향했다.

 He stopped at the ATM, inserted the card and entered his PIN.

 그는 현금 인출기에 멈춰서 카드를 넣고 비밀번호를 눌렀다.

 The screen flashed the message, "Card not valid ― please see a teller."

 화면에 "카드가 유효하지 않습니다. 창구 직원에게 문의하세요."라는 메시지가 떴다.

 What? My bonus was deposited just now!

 '무슨 일이지? 내 보너스가 방금 입금되었다고!'

 Entering the bank, Jerry told the teller what had happened.

 은행에 들어간 후, Jerry는 창구 직원에게 무슨 일이 일어났는지 말했다.

 She studied the screen and frowned.

 그녀는 화면을 살펴보고 얼굴을 찌푸렸다.

 "Mr. Shaw, your account was closed. All your funds were withdrawn when you closed it," she said.

 "Shaw, 당신의 계좌는 해지되었습니다. 당신이 계좌를 해지했을 때 당신의 모든 예금이 인출되었습니다."라고 그녀가 말했다.

 "What do you mean? I never did! It must be identity theft!" yelled Jerry, his voice barely under control.

 "그게 무슨 뜻이죠? 난 절대 그러지 않았어요! 그것은 신분 도용이 틀림없어요!" 라고 Jerry는 그의 목소리가 거의 통제되지 않은 상태로 소리쳤다.

 

[3] 2023 04  20: 인류학이 글로벌 문제 해결에 기여하는 중요성

 Anthropology has become relevant for addressing global issues.

 인류학은 글로벌 문제를 다루는 데 적절해졌다.

 This is not to deny the vital role of 'hard' sciences in addressing these problems.

 이것은 이러한 문제를 다루는 데 있어 '딱딱한' 과학의 중요한 역할을 부정하는 것이 아니다.

 However, if we are to solve global problems we need a new way of thinking based in humanities and social sciences.

 그러나 우리가 글로벌 문제를 해결하려면 우리는 인문학과 사회 과학에 기반한 새로운 사고방식이 필요하다.

 It is impossible to resolve global issues merely by looking at numbers and statistics.

 단지 숫자와 통계를 보는 것만으로 글로벌 문제를 해결하는 것은 불가능하다.

 Anthropology thus becomes crucial, as a discipline and a profession enabling the collection and interpretation of 'thick data' ― in addition to 'big data' ― and helps us to understand the world we live in more comprehensively.

 따라서 인류학은 '빅 데이터' 외에도 '심층적 데이터'의 수집과 해석을 가능하게 하는 학문과 전문 직업으로서 중요해지고 우리가 살고 있는 세상을 우리가 더 포괄적으로 이해하도록 도와준다.

 Why is a brand new and expensive 'smart' building a disaster?

 왜 새롭고 값비싼 '스마트' 빌딩이 재앙인가?

 What will happen in the future with passenger cars?

 미래에 승용차는 어떻게 될 것인가?

 In answering such questions, we should stop relying only on quantitative data analytics; instead, the most important decisions should also be informed by anthropological qualitative approaches which provide a more complete and nuanced picture of people's lives.

 그러한 질문에 대답할 때, 우리는 양적인 데이터 분석에만 의존하는 것을 멈추어야 한다. 대신에, 가장 중요한 결정은 또한 사람들의 삶의 더 온전하고 미묘한 그림을 제공하는 인류학의 질적 접근법을 통해 정보를 얻어야 한다.

 

[3] 2023 04  21: 스테레오타입에 대한 반응을 연구한 심리학 실험

 Our brains light up when our predicted reality and actual reality match.

 우리의 뇌는 우리의 예상되는 현실과 실제 현실이 일치할 때 환해진다.

 Our brains love to be right.

 우리의 뇌는 맞기를 좋아 한다.

 We also don't like to be wrong, and we feel threatened when our stereotyped predictions don't come true.

 우리는 또한 틀리기를 좋아하지 않으며, 우리의 고정 관념에 기반한 예측이 이루어지지 않을 때 우리는 위협을 느낀다.

 Psychologist Wendy Mendes asked White and Asian college students to interact with Latino students who had been hired as actors by the researchers.

 심리학자 Wendy Mendes는 백인과 아시아인 대학생들에게 연구원들에 의해 배우로 고용된 라틴계 학생들과 상호 작용하도록 요청했다.

 Some of the Latino students portrayed themselves as socioeconomically "high status," with lawyer fathers, professor mothers, and summers spent volunteering in Europe.

 라틴계 학생들의 일부는 자신을 변호사 아버지, 교수 어머니, 그리고 유럽에서 자원봉사를 하며 보내는 여름을 가진 사회 경제적으로 '높은 계층'으로 묘사했다.

 Others portrayed themselves as "low status," with unemployed parents and part-time summer jobs.

 다른 사람들은 자신을 실업자인 부모님과 여름에 아르바이트 일을 가진 '낮은 계층'으로 묘사했다.

 The researchers found that when participants interacted with the Latino students who appeared to come from wealth and thus challenged American stereotypes, they responded physiologically as if to a threat: their blood vessels constricted and their heart activity changed.

 연구자들은 참가자들이 부유한 가정 출신으로 보이고 그래서 미국인의 고정 관념에 이의를 제기하는 라틴계 학생들과 상호 작용했을 때 그들이 마치 위협을 대하는 것처럼 생리적으로 반응한다는 것을 알아냈는데, 즉 그들의 혈관은 수축되었고 그들 의 심장 활동은 변화했다.

 In these interactions, participants also saw the students who violated stereotypes as less likable.

 이러한 상호 작용에서 참가자들은 또한 고정 관념을 깨뜨린 학생들을 덜 호감이 가는 것으로 간주했다.

 In this way, stereotypes that are descriptive can easily become prescriptive.

 이러한 방식으로 '기술적인' 고정 관념은 쉽게 '규범적이게' 될 수 있다.

 The phenomenon, it turns out, may have a neuroscientific explanation: it's an angry protest from the brain's reward system.

 그 현상은 신경 과학적인 설명을 가질 수 있다고 판명 되는데, 즉 그것은 뇌의 보상 체계로부터의 격렬한 항의이다.

 

[3] 2023 04  22: 자연수 사용이 정보 전달에 효과적임을 설명

 We can imagine natural numbers as whole objects, things our hunter-gatherer brains can work with.

 우리는 자연수를 온전한 물체, 다시 말해 우리의 수렵채집인 뇌가 다룰 수 있는 것들로 상상할 수 있다.

 On the other hand, partial numbers ― decimals, fractions, percentages, and ratios ― simply don't register as real to our minds.

 반면에 소수, 분수, 백분율과 비율과 같은 부분을 나타내는 수는 간단히 우리 머릿속에 실재하는 것으로 인식되지 않는다.

 We may be able to work with them for a given time when we're in math mode, but if we're asked questions at other times, we tend to have trouble grasping the concept.

 우리가 수학 모드일 때는 주어진 시간 동안 그것들을 다룰 수 있을지도 모르지만, 만약 우리가 다른 때에 질문을 받으면 개념을 이해하는 데 어려움을 겪는 경향이 있다.

 In other words, any time we give our audience figures that aren't natural numbers, the message is unlikely to make sense to them.

 다시 말하면, 우리가 청중에게 자연수가 아닌 숫자를 제시할 때마다 그 메시지는 그들에게 이해될 가능성이 낮다.

 Not only are they prone to make errors remembering and calculating the numbers, but there's a good chance they never even envision what we're describing in the first place ― because the number attached isn't solid.

 그들이 그 숫자들을 기억하고 계산하는 데 실수를 하기 쉬울 뿐 아니라 그들은 애초에 우리가 설명하는 것을 머릿속에 전혀 그리지도 못할 가능성이 높은데 왜냐하면 부여된 숫자가 온전하지 않기 때문이다.

 Use natural numbers whenever you can to make your message real.

 메시지를 실재적으로 만들기 위해 가능하면 언제든지 자연수를 사용해라.

 For numbers less than 1, you can use a strategy to make things start to show up as natural numbers.

 1보다 작은 숫자의 경우 대상들이 자연수처럼 보이기 시작하도록 하는 전략을 사용할 수 있다.

 If you find that 0.2% of people have a certain trait, using "1 out of 500" makes this abstract percentage into a real thing.

 만약 당신이 0.2%의 사람들이 어떤 특성을 가지고 있다는 것을 발견한다면, '500명 중 1 '을 사용하는 것은 이러한 추상적인 백분율을 실재적인 것으로 만든다.

 

[3] 2023 04  23: 지구적인 문제에 대한 개인적 연결감의 중요성

 Facing large-scale, long-term change can seem overwhelming.

 대규모의 장기적인 변화에 직면하는 것은 대응할 수 없는 것처럼 보인다.

 Problems like global contagion or economic inequality are so complex that it can be hard to believe any intervention might make a difference.

 세계적인 전염이나 경제적 불평등 같은 문제는 너무 복잡해서 어떠한 개입이 변화를 가져올 것이라고 믿기가 어려울 수 있다.

 Working through fears of what could be depends on connecting with the abstract.

 무슨 일이 있을지에 대한 두려움을 극복하는 것은 추상적인 것과 연결하는 것에 달려 있다.

 Linking issues like climate change, for example, with the realities of our own neighborhoods, jobs, and relationships, translates conceptual ideas into concrete emotions.

 예를 들어 기후 변화와 같은 문제를 우리 자신의 이웃, 직업 그리고 관계와 연결하는 것은 개념적인 생각을 구체적인 감정으로 바꾼다.

 Thinking of how the beaches we love might disappear, how more frequent floods might destroy our homes, or how we might have to move to flee mounting wildfire risk, evokes feelings like anger, sadness, or guilt ― feelings that inspire us to act.

 우리가 사랑하는 해변이 어떻게 사라질 것인지, 더 빈번한 홍수가 어떻게 우리의 집을 파괴할 것인지 혹은 증가하는 산불 위험에서 달아나기 위해 어떻게 우리가 이동해야 할지에 대해 생각하는 것은 분노, 슬픔 혹은 죄책감 같은 감정, 즉 우리가 행동하도록 자극하는 감정을 불러일으킨다.

 A recent study found that when people feel personally affected by potential climatic change, they are more likely to support carbon reduction efforts and push for proactive policies.

 최근의 한 연구는 사람들이 잠재적인 기후 변화 에 의해 개인적으로 영향을 받는다고 느낄 때 그들이 탄소 감소 노력을 지지하고 예방적인 정책을 요구할 가능성이 더 높다는 점을 발견했다.

 Forming emotional connections to potential futures helps us move from denial and despair to action.

 잠재적인 미래와의 감정적인 연결을 형성하는 것은 우리가 부정과 절망에서 행동으로 이동하도록 도와준다.

 

[3] 2023 04  24: 목성의 위성 관찰을 통해 빛의 속도 이해

 There was once a certain difficulty with the moons of Jupiter that is worth remarking on.

 한때 목성의 위성들에는 주목할 만한 가치가 있는 어떤 어려움이 있었다.

 These satellites were studied very carefully by Roemer, who noticed that the moons sometimes seemed to be ahead of schedule, and sometimes behind.

 이 위성들은 Roemer에 의해 매우 면밀히 연구되었는데, 그는 위성들이 때로는 예정보다 앞서고 때로는 뒤처지는 것처럼 보였다는 것을 알아차렸다.

 They were ahead when Jupiter was particularly close to the earth and they were behind when Jupiter was farther from the earth.

 그것들은 목성이 지구에 특히 '가까울' 때는 '앞섰고' 목성이 지구에서 '더 멀' 때는 '뒤처졌다'.

 This would have been a very difficult thing to explain according to the law of gravitation.

 이것은 중력의 법칙에 따라 설명하기 매우 어려운 것이었을 것이다.

 If a law does not work even in one place where it ought to, it is just wrong.

 법칙이 작용해야 할 '한 곳'에서라도 작용하지 않는다면 그것은 그냥 틀린 것이다.

 But the reason for this discrepancy was very simple and beautiful: it takes a little while to see the moons of Jupiter because of the time it takes light to travel from Jupiter to the earth.

 하지만 이 불일치의 이유는 매우 간단하고 아름다웠는데, 그것은 빛이 목성에서 지구로 이동하는 데 걸리는 시간 때문에 목성의 위성들을 '보는' 데 약간의 시간이 걸린다는 것이다.

 When Jupiter is closer to the earth the time is a little less, and when it is farther from the earth, the time is more.

 목성이 지구에 더 가까울 때는 그 시간이 조금 더 짧으며 지구에서 더 멀 때는 그 시간이 더 길다.

 This is why moons appear to be, on the average, a little ahead or a little behind, depending on whether they are closer to or farther from the earth.

 이것이 위성들이 지구에 더 가깝거나 더 먼지에 따라 대체로 조금 앞서거나 조금 뒤처지는 것처럼 보이는 이유이다.

 

[3] 2023 04  25: 유럽 국가들의 치매 환자  증가 예측 그래프

 The graph above shows the number of dementia patients per 1,000 inhabitants in six European countries in 2021 and in 2050 (The number in 2050 is estimated).

 위의 그래프는 6개 유럽 국가의 2021년과 2050년의 거주자 1,000명당 치매 환자 수를 보여 준다(2050년의 숫자는 예측된 것이다).

 By 2050, the number of dementia patients per 1,000 people is expected to increase by more than 10 in all given countries compared to 2021.

 2050년까지 1,000명당 치매 환자 수는 모든 주어진 국가들에서 2021년에 비해 10명 넘게 증가할 것으로 예측된다.

 In 2021, Italy recorded the highest proportion of dementia patients out of the six countries and it is expected to do so in 2050 as well.

 2021년에는 이탈리아가 6개 국가 중에 가장 높은 치매 환자 비율을 기록했고 2050년에도 역시 그러할 것으로 예측된다.

 The proportion of dementia patients in Spain was lower than that of Germany in 2021, but is expected to exceed that of Germany in 2050.

 스페인에서 치매 환자 비율은 2021년에는 독일의 그것보다 낮았지만 2050년에는 독일의 그것을 초과할 것으로 예측된다.

 Switzerland and the Netherlands had the same proportion of dementia patients in 2021, and by 2050 those proportions are both projected to more than double.

 스위스와 네덜란드는 2021년에 동일한 치매 환자 비율을 가지고 있었으며 2050년까지 둘 다 그 비율이 두 배가 넘을 것으로 예상된다.

 Among the six countries, Belgium shows the smallest gap between the number of dementia patients per 1,000 inhabitants in 2021 and in 2050.

 6개 국가 중 벨기에는 2021년과 2050년 사이의 거주자 1,000명당 치매 환자 수에서 가장 적은 격차를 보인다.

 

[3] 2023 04  26: Josef Frank 비엔나 모더니즘에 대한 비판

 Josef Frank, born in Austria of Jewish heritage, studied architecture at the Vienna University of Technology.

 유태인 혈통으로 오스트리아에서 태어난 Josef Frank Vienna University of Technology에서 건축학을 공부했다.

 He then taught at the Vienna School of Arts and Crafts from 1919 to 1925.

 그는 그러고 나서 1919년부터 1925년까지 Vienna School of Arts and Crafts에서 가르쳤다.

 He founded an interior design firm together with some architect colleagues in 1925.

 1925년에 그는 몇몇 건축가 동료들과 함께 인테리어 디자인 회사를 설립했다.

 He was one of early Vienna modernism's most important figures, but already in the beginning of the 1920s he started to question modernism's growing pragmatism.

 그는 초기 비엔나 모더니즘의 가장 중요한 인물 중 한 명이었지만 이미 1920년대 초에 모더니즘의 고조되는 실용주의에 의문을 제기하기 시작했다.

 He had little appreciation for the French architect Le Corbusier's belief that a house should be "a machine for living in."

 그는 집이 '생활을 위한 기계'여야 한다는 프랑스 건축가 Le Corbusier의 신념에 거의 공감하지 않았다.

 He was against the standardized interior design trend of the time, fearing that it would make people all too uniform.

 그는 당시의 표준화된 인테리어 디자인 경향에 반대했고 그것이 사람들을 너무 획일적으로 만들 것을 두려워했다.

 He moved to Sweden with his Swedish wife in 1933 to escape growing Nazi discrimination and gained citizenship in 1939.

 그는 심해지는 나치의 차별을 피해 1933년에 스웨덴인 아내와 함께 스웨덴으로 가서 1939년에 시민권을 얻었다.

 He was the most prestigious designer at his Stockholm design company.

 그는 자신의 스톡홀름의 디자인 회사에서 가장 명성 있는 디자이너였다.

 In addition to his architectural work he created numerous designs for furniture, fabric, wallpaper and carpet.

 자신의 건축 작업 외에도 그는 가구, 직물, 벽지 그리고 카펫의 수많은 디자인을 만들었다.

 

[3] 2023 04  29: 음악 교육에서 세부적인 피드백의 중요성

 Providing feedback to students is a critical task of teachers.

 학생들에게 피드백을 제공하는 것은 교사에게 중요한 과제이다.

 General psychology has shown that knowledge of results is necessary for improving a skill.

 일반 심리학은 결과에 대한 지식이 기량을 향상시키는 데 필요하다는 것을 보여 주었다.

 Advanced musicians are able to self-critique their performances, but developing music students rely on teachers to supply evaluative feedback.

 숙련된 음악가들은 자신의 연주를 스스로 비판할 수 있지만 성장하고 있는 음악을 배우는 학생들은 평가적 피드백을 제공하는 교사에 의존한다.

 The most constructive feedback is that which expresses the discrepancies between a student's performance of a piece of music and an optimal version.

 가장 건설적인 피드백은 음악 한 곡에 대한 학생의 연주와 최적의 버전 사이의 불일치를 표현하는 것이다.

 Expert teachers give more detailed feedback than general appraisals, and music educators generally recognize that more specific teacher feedback facilitates student performance improvement.

 숙련된 교사는 일반적인 평가보다 더 상세한 피드백을 주고 음악 교육자는 더 구체적인 교사 피드백이 학생의 연주 향상을 촉진한다고 보통 인정한다.

 Researchers also have explored whether the feedback of effective teachers is more often positively or negatively expressed, that is, constituting praise or criticism.

 연구자들은 또한 유능한 교사의 피드백이 더 자주 긍정적으로 혹은 부정적으로 표현되는지, 즉 칭찬 혹은 비판을 이루는지 탐구했다.

 One might intuitively think that positive comments are more motivating to students and, as a result, are more associated with effective teaching.

 사람들은 긍정적인 의견이 학생들에게 더욱 동기를 부여하고 결과적으로 효과적인 가르침과 더욱 연관되어 있다고 직관적으로 생각할 지도 모른다.

 The research, however, paints a slightly different picture.

 그러나 그 연구는 약간 다른 그림을 그린다.

 Although positive feedback is likely more helpful with younger learners and in one-on-one instruction, more advanced music students seem to accept and benefit from greater levels of criticism in lessons.

 긍정적인 피드백이 어린 학습자와 일대일 교수에서는 더욱 도움이 되는 것 같지만 음악을 배우는 더 숙련된 학생들은 수업에서 더 높은 수준의 비평을 받아들이고 이익을 얻는 것처럼 보인다.

 

[3] 2023 04  30: 호르몬이 몸에서 반응을 유발하는 과정 설명

 How do hormones trigger reactions in the body?

 호르몬은 어떻게 우리 몸에서 반응을 일으키는가?

 When a hormone is released from a gland, it travels in the bloodstream through the body in search of its target.

 호르몬이 분비선에서 분비되면 그것의 표적을 찾아서 혈류 내에서 온몸으로 이동한다.

 Organs, tissues and other glands in the body have receptor sites that hormones must bind to in order to deliver their message and cause an effect.

 몸의 기관, 조직, 그리고 다른 분비선은 호르몬이 그들의 메시지를 전달하고 효과를 일으키기 위해서 결합해야 하는 수용체 부위를 가지고 있다.

 But because every hormone has its own unique shape, they are designed to act only on the parts of the body that have a receptor site with the corresponding shape.

 하지만 모든 호르몬은 자신만의 독특한 모양을 가지고 있기 때문에 그에 상응하는 모양의 수용체 부위를 지닌 인체의 부분에만 작용하도록 설계되어 있다.

 This mode of action can be likened to a lock and key mechanism ― if the key doesn't fit the lock, then nothing will happen.

 이러한 작용 방식은 자물쇠와 열쇠 매커니즘에 비유될 수 있는데, 만약 열쇠가 자물쇠에 맞지 않으면 아무 일도 일어나지 않을 것이다.

 When a hormone binds to its receptor, it sets off a chain of other signaling pathways to create a change in the body.

 호르몬이 수용체에 결합되면 몸에 변화를 일으키기 위해서 일련의 다른 신호 전달 경로를 유발한다.

 Once the desired effect has taken place and there is too much hormone circulating in the blood, this signal is fed back to the glands to reduce further hormone release.

 일단 바라던 결과가 일어나고 혈액 내에서 순환하는 너무 많은 호르몬이 있으면 이 신호는 추가적인 호르몬 분비를 억제하기 위해 분비선으로 다시 보내진다.

 This is called a feedback loop and, when functioning correctly, it allows the endocrine system to ensure the conditions in your body remain in balance.

 이것은 피드백 고리라고 불리고 올바르게 기능하면 그것은 내분비계로 하여금 여러분의 몸 상태가 균형을 유지하는 것을 확실히 하도록 한다.

 

[3] 2023 04  31: 유사한 행동 스타일이 초기 매력에 미치는 영향

 Although a balance or harmony between partners clearly develops over time in a relationship, it is also a factor in initial attraction and interest in a partner.

 파트너 사이의 균형이나 조화는 관계에서 시간이 지남에 따라 분명히 발전하지만, 그것은 파트너에 대한 초기 매력과 관심의 요인이기도 하다.

 That is, to the extent that two people share similar verbal and nonverbal habits in a first meeting, they will be more comfortable with one another.

 , 두 사람이 첫 만남에서 비슷한 언어적 그리고 비언어적 습관을 공유하는 정도까지 그들은 서로 더 편안할 것이다.

 For example, fast-paced individuals talk and move quickly and are more expressive, whereas slow-paced individuals have a different tempo and are less expressive.

 예를 들어, 속도가 빠른 사람들은 빠르게 말을 하고 움직이며 더 표현력이 있는 반면, 속도가 느린 사람들은 다른 속도를 가지고 표현력이 덜 하다.

 Initial interactions between people at opposite ends of such a continuum may be more difficult than those between similar types.

 이러한 연속체의 반대쪽 끝에 있는 사람들 간의 초기 상호 작용은 유사한 유형 간의 그것들보다 더 어려울 수 있다.

 In the case of contrasting styles, individuals may be less interested in pursuing a relationship than if they were similar in interaction styles.

 대조적인 유형의 경우 사람들은 그들이 상호 작용 유형에 있어서 유사한 경우보다 관계를 추구하는 것에 관심이 적을 수 있다.

 Individuals with similar styles, however, are more comfortable and find that they just seem to "click" with one another.

 그러나 비슷한 유형의 사람들은 더 편안하고 그들이 단지 서로 '즉시 마음이 통하는' 것 같다는 것을 느낀다.

 Thus, behavioral coordination may provide a selection filter for the initiation of a relationship.

 따라서 행동의 조화는 관계의 시작을 위한 선택 필터를 제공할 수 있다.

 

[3] 2023 04  32: 보어버드가 복잡한 구조물을 만드는 예술성

 Animals arguably make art.

 동물은 거의 틀림없이 예술을 만든다.

 The male bowerbirds of New Guinea and Australia dedicate huge fractions of their time and energy to creating elaborate structures from twigs, flowers, berries, beetle wings, and even colorful trash.

 뉴기니와 오스트레일리아의 수컷 바우어새는 나뭇가지, , 딸기류, 딱정벌레 날개 그리고 심지어 다채로운 잡동사니로부터 정교한 구조물을 만드는 데 그들의 시간과 에너지의 큰 부분을 바친다.

 These are the backdrops to their complex mating dances, which include acrobatic moves and even imitations of other species.

 이것들은 그들의 복잡한 짝짓기 춤을 위한 배경이며 그 춤은 곡예 동작과 심지어 다른 종들의 모방까지 포함한다.

 What's most amazing about the towers and "bowers" they construct is that they aren't stereotyped like a beehive or hummingbird nest.

 그들이 지은 탑과 '바우어'의 가장 놀라운 점은 그것들이 벌집이나 벌새 둥지처럼 정형화되어 있지 않다는 것이다.

 Each one is different.

 각각의 것은 다르다.

 Artistic skill, along with fine craftsbirdship, is rewarded by the females.

 새의 정교한 장인 정신과 함께 예술적 기술은 암컷에 의해 보상받는다.

 Many researchers suggest these displays are used by the females to gauge the cognitive abilities of her potential mates, but Darwin thought that she was actually attracted to their beauty.

 많은 연구자들은 이 과시가 자신의 잠재적 짝의 인지적 능력을 측정하기 위해서 암컷에 의해 이용된다고 말하지만 다윈은 암컷이 실제로 그것들의 '아름다움'에 끌렸다고 생각했다.

 In other words, the bowers aren't simply signals of mate quality; they are appreciated by the females for their own sake, much as we appreciate a painting or a bouquet of spring flowers.

 다시 말해, 바우어는 단순히 짝의 자질의 신호만인 것은 아니다. 그것들은 우리가 그림이나 봄꽃 한 다발을 감상하는 것처럼 그 자체의 목적을 위해 감상된다.

 A 2013 study looked at whether bowerbirds that did better on cognitive tests were more successful at attracting mates.

 2013년의 한 연구는 인지 검사에서 더 잘했던 바우어새가 짝을 유혹하는 데 더 성공적이었는지를 살펴보았다.

 They were not, suggesting whatever the females are looking for, it isn't a straightforward indicator of cognitive ability.

 그들은 그러지 않았고, 이것은 암컷이 찾는 것이 무엇이든지 그것이 인지 능력의 직접적인 지표는 아니라는 것을 시사한다.

 

[3] 2023 04  33: 소비자 만족도를 높이기 위한 제품 경험 연결

 Running a business that sells goods and services to consumers requires getting to know the products they like.

 소비자에게 상품과 서비스를 판매하는 사업을 운영하는 것은 그들이 좋아하는 제품을 알아가는 것을 필요로 한다.

 More than that, however, you want to link positive experiences to the products they purchase.

 그러나 그 이상으로 여러분은 긍정적인 경험을 그들이 구매하는 제품에 연결하는 것이 좋다.

 In traditional or online sales, people are bound to favorably regard the vendor and product that they could easily inquire about and quickly acquire in good order.

 전통적인 판매나 온라인 판매에서 사람들은 쉽게 문의할 수 있고 좋은 상태로 빨리 얻을 수 있는 제품과 판매자를 좋게 생각할 수밖에 없다.

 Using the product can increase or decrease their satisfaction, and they will remember to repurchase products that meet and exceed their expectations.

 제품을 사용하는 것은 그들의 만족도를 증가시키거나 감소시킬 수 있으며, 그들은 기대를 충족시키고 뛰어넘는 제품을 재구매할 것을 기억할 것이다.

 Traditional stores make the shopping experience pleasant by their displays and personal service.

 전통적인 상점은 그것의 진열과 개인 서비스로 쇼핑 경험을 즐겁게 만든다.

 Internet retailers lead buyers to products they want through speedy searches and clicks.

 인터넷 소매업체는 빠른 검색과 클릭을 통해 구매자를 그들이 원하는 제품으로 유도한다.

 A new online selling method that can generate millions of dollars in purchases within a few minutes is livestream selling.

 몇 분 안에 수백만 달러의 구매를 창출할 수 있는 새로운 온라인 판매 방법은 실시간 스트리밍 판매이다.

 That's when hosts streaming their shows live demonstrate a product and even interactively receive comments and answer questions from their viewers through the power of social media.

 그것은 그들의 쇼를 실시간으로 스트리밍하는 호스트가 제품을 시연하고 심지어 소셜 미디어의 힘을 통해 양방향으로 그들의 시청자로부터 의견을 받고 질문에 답하는 경우이다.

 If they like the product, they buy it immediately through an e-commerce feature on the platform.

 그들은 그 제품이 마음에 들면 플랫폼의 전자 상거래 기능을 통해 즉시 그것을 구매한다.

 Buyers say that the experience is so convenient, it is like talking to a friend.

 구매자는 경험이 매우 편리하고, 그것은 친구와 이야기하는 것과 같다고 말한다.

 

[3] 2023 04  34: 헤겔의 철학에서 개체와 보편성의 상호작용

 In Hegel's philosophy, even though there is interaction and interrelation between the universal and the individual, the universal still has more priority than the individual.

 헤겔의 철학에서 비록 보편자와 개별자 사이에 상호 작용과 상호 관계가 있긴 하지만 보편자는 여전히 개별자보다 더 많은 우위를 갖는다.

 For Hegel, individuals are not distinguished in terms of Reason.

 헤겔에게 개인은 '이성'의 관점에서는 구별되지 않는다.

 In Philosophy of Right Hegel stresses particularity and universality as follows:

 Philosophy of Right에서 헤겔은 다음과 같이 특수성과 보편성을 강조한다.

 "A man, who acts perversely, exhibits particularity.

 '사람은 별나게 행동하는데, 특수성을 보여 준다.

 The rational is the highway on which everyone travels, and no one is specially marked."

 이성적인 것은 모든 사람이 이동하는 고속도로이며, 아무도 특별하게 표시되지 않는다.'

 Here, Hegel maintains that individuals can be differentiated from each other in terms of their acts but they are not differentiated with respect to reason.

 여기서 헤겔은 개인이 그들의 행동의 관점에서는 서로 구별될 수 있지만 이성의 측면에서는 구별되지 않는다고 주장한다.

 There are specific thoughts, but they are finally resolved into the universal.

 특수한 생각은 있지만 그것들은 결국 보편자로 귀착된다.

 One might say that Hegel seems to focus on the individual like Aristotle but in reality, he subtly treats the universal as fundamental whereas Aristotle considers the individual as primary substance and universal as secondary substance; in so doing Aristotle emphasizes the universal to be subordinate to the individual in contrast to Hegel.

 혹자는 헤겔이 아리 스토텔레스처럼 개별자에만 초점을 맞춘 것으로 보인다고 말할 수도 있지만 아리스토텔레스가 개별자를 제일(-) 실체로, 보편자를 제이(第二) 실체로 여기고, 그렇게 하는 것을 통해 헤겔과는 반대로 보편자가 개별자에게 종속된다고 강조하는 것과는 달리 실제로 그(헤겔)는 미묘하게 보편자를 근본적인 것으로 다룬다.

 

[3] 2023 04  35: 언어의 구조와 현실 표현의 문제점 탐구

 One of the branches of postmodernism examines the structure of language and how it is used.

 포스트모더니즘의 분파 중 하나는 언어의 구조와 그것이 어떻게 사용되는지를 살펴본다.

 It challenges the assumption that language can be precisely used to represent reality.

 그것은 언어가 현실을 나타내는 데 정확하게 사용될 수 있다는 가정에 이의를 제기한다.

 Meanings of words are ambiguous, as words are only signs or labels given to concepts (what is signified) and therefore there is no necessary correspondence between the word and the meaning, the signifier and the signified.

 단어는 단지 개념(의 미되는 바)에 주어진 기호 또는 표호이고 따라서 단어와 그 의미, 즉 기표(꾼標)와 기의(꾼意) 사이에는 필연적인 상응이 존재하지 않기 때문에 단어의 의미는 모호하다.

 The use of signs (words) and their meaning can vary depending on the flow of the text in which they are used, leading to the possibility of 'deconstructing' text to reveal its underlying inconsistencies.

 기호(단어)의 사용과 그것의 의미는 그것이 사용되는 텍스트의 흐름에 따라 다양할 수 있고, 이것은 그것의 기저에 있는 불일치성을 드러내기 위해 텍스트를 '해체할' 가능성으로 이어진다.

 This approach can be applied to all forms of representation ― pictures, films, etc. that gain added or alternative meanings by the overlaying of references to previous uses.

 이러한 접근법은 모든 형태의 표상, 즉 외연을 이전의 사용에 덧씌움을 통해 추가된 혹은 대안적인 의미를 얻는 사진, 영화 등에 적용될 수 있다.

 This can be seen particularly in the media, where it is difficult to distinguish the real from the unreal ― everything is representation, there is no reality.

 이것은 특히 미디어에서 보여질 수 있는데, 여기에서 실제와 가상을 구별하기 어려우며 모든 것은 표상이고 현실은 없다.

 

[3] 2023 04  36: 지구 형성 과정과 초기 조건에 대한 설명

 The Earth formed from rocky and metallic fragments during the construction of the solar system ― debris that was swept up by an initial nucleus and attracted together into a single body by the force of gravity.

 지구는 태양계의 형성 도중 암석과 금속 조각들로부터 만들어졌는데, 이것들은 초기 핵에 의해 휩쓸리고 중력의 힘에 의해 하나의 덩어리로 끌어들여진 파편들이다.

 The original materials were cold as outer space and dry as dust; whatever water and gases they contained were locked inside individual fragments as chemical compounds.

 원래 물질들은 우주 공간처럼 차갑고 먼지처럼 건조했는데, 그것들이 포함하는 물과 가스는 무엇이든지 화학 혼합물로서 개별 조각 안에 갇혀 있었다.

 As the fragments joined, the Earth's gravity increased, attracting larger and larger objects to impact the Earth.

 그 조각들이 모이면서 지구의 중력이 증가했고, 이것은 점점 더 큰 물체들을 끌어당겨 지구에 충돌하게 했다.

 This increasing gravity, combined with the timeless radioactive decay of elements like uranium and thorium, caused the new Earth to heat up.

 이러한 증가하는 중력은 우라늄과 토륨과 같은 원소의 끝없는 방사선 붕괴와 결합하여 새로운 지구가 가열되는 것을 유발했다.

 The internal temperature and pressure were high enough for many compounds to break down or melt, releasing their water and gases.

 내부 온도와 압력은 많은 혼합물이 분해되거나 녹을 정도로 충분히 높았고, 물과 가스를 방출했다.

 Even solid material could begin to move and flow under such conditions.

 심지어 고체 물질도 그러한 상태에서 움직이고 흐르기 시작할 수 있었다.

 Separation by density began, and the Earth started to organize into its present layered structure.

 밀도에 의한 분리가 시작되었고, 지구는 그것의 현재 지층 구조로 구성되기 시작했다.

 The heaviest metals sank to the center; the lightest materials migrated outward.

 가장 무거운 금속은 중심부로 가라앉았고, 가장 가벼운 물질은 바깥으로 이동했다.

 

[3] 2023 04  37: 표현의 권력이 문화 지배에 미치는 영향

 Representation is control.

 표현은 지배력이다.

 The power to represent the world is the power to represent us in it or it in us, for the final stage of representing merges the representor and the represented into one.

 세상을 표현하는 힘은 그것 속에 있는 우리 또는 우리 속에 있는 그것을 표 현하는 힘인데, 왜냐하면 표현하기의 최종 단계는 표현하는 것과 표현되는 것을 하나로 병합하기 때문이다.

 Imperializing cultures produce great works of art (great representations) which can be put to work intellectually as armies and trading houses work militarily and economically.

 제국주의화하는 문화는 군대와 무역 회사가 군사적, 경제적으로 작동하는 것과 마찬가지로 지적으로 작동할 수 있는 훌륭한 예술 작품을 생산한다.

 Shakespeare, Jane Austen and maps were as important to English Imperial power as was the East India Company, the British army and the churches of England.

 셰익스피어, 제인 오스틴 그리고 지도는 동인도 회사, 영국 군대 그리고 영국의 교회만큼 영국 제국의 힘에 중요했다.

 It is no coincidence that modern Europe, the Europe of colonization, was also the Europe of "great art," and no coincidence either that it was the Europe of great map makers.

 식민지화의 유럽인 현대 유럽이 '위대한 예술'의 유럽이기도 했다는 것은 우연이 아니며, 위대한 지도 제작자들의 유럽이었다는 것도 우연이 아니다.

 That is because unless we can control the world intellectually by maps we cannot control it militarily or economically.

 그것은 우리가 지도로 세상을 지적으로 지배할 수 없다면 군사적으로나 경제적으로 지배할 수 없기 때문이다.

 Mercator, Moliere, Columbus and Captain Cook imperialized in different ways, but they all imperialized, and ultimately the effectiveness of one depended upon and supported the effectiveness of all the others.

 메르카토르, 몰리에르, 콜럼버스 그리고 쿡 선장은 서로 다른 방식으로 제국주의화했지만 그들은 모두 제국주의화했고 궁극적으로 하나의 유효성은 다른 모든 것들의 유효성에 의존하고 그것을 뒷받침했다.

 Similarly the US form of contemporary colonization, which involves occupying economies and political parties rather than physical territories, is accompanied by the power of both Hollywood and the satellite to represent the world to and for the US.

 마찬가지로 물리적 영토라기보다는 경제와 정당을 차지하는 것을 포함하는 미국의 현대 식민지화 형태는 세계를 미국에 그리고 미국을 위해 표현하기 위해 할리우드와 인공위성 둘 다의 힘에 의해 동반된다.

 

[3] 2023 04  38: '동물'이라는 단어가 인간과 동물 구분 강조

 Language, and the word "animal," deceives us.

 언어, 그중에서도 '동물'이라는 단어는 우리를 속인다.

 The word "animal" categorizes all non-human animals and distances humans from other animals.

 '동물'이라는 단어는 인간이 아닌 모든 동물 을 분류하고 인간을 다른 동물로부터 떼어 놓는다.

 Seeing all other animals as one group in contrast to humans reinforces anthropocentrism, which contributes to the legitimization of practices in which other animals are used for human benefit.

 모든 다른 동물을 인간과 대조되는 하나의 그룹으로 보는 것은 인간 중심주의를 강화하는데, 이는 다른 동물이 인간의 이득을 위해 이용되는 관행의 정당화에 기여한다.

 Jacques Derrida argues that instead of one line between Man on the one side and Animal on the other, there is a multiple and heterogeneous border; beyond the edge of the "so-called human," we find a heterogeneous plurality of the living.

 Jacques Derrida는 한쪽에 있는 '인간'과 다른 한쪽에 있는 '동물' 사이의 하나의 선 대신에 복합적이고 이질적인 경계가 있다고 주장하는데, '소위 인간'의 가장자리 너머에서 우리는 살아 있는 것들의 이질적인 복수성을 발견한다.

 To account for this multitude, using the word "animot" has been proposed.

 이 다양성을 설명하기 위해 'animot'이라는 단어를 사용할 것이 제안되어 왔다.

 In speech it refers to the plural, the multiplicity of animals, which is necessary because there is no one "animal."

 언어에서 그것은 복수, 즉 동물의 다양성을 가리키는데, 이는 하나의 '동물'만 있지는 않기 때문에 필요하다.

 The "mot" in "animot" refers to the act of naming and the risks involved in drawing a distinction between human and animal by the human.

 'animot' 'mot'은 명명하는 행위 와 인간에 의한 인간과 동물 사이의 구분을 짓는 데 수반되는 위험을 나타낸다.

 It reminds us of the fact that it is a word for animals, not a reference to an existing group of animals.

 그것은 우리로 하여금 그것이 기존의 동물 집단을 가리키는 것이 아니라 동물들을 위한 단어라는 사실을 상기시킨다.

 

[3] 2023 04  39: 바빌로니아 천문학이 과학적 방법에 미친 영향

 Babylonian astronomers created detailed records of celestial movements in the heavens, using the resulting tables to sieve out irregularities and, with them, the favour of the gods.

 바빌로니아의 천문학자들은 하늘에서의 천체 운동에 대한 자세한 기록을 만들었고, 그 결과표를 사용하여 불규칙성을, 그리고 그것들로 신의 은총을 가려냈다.

 This was the seed of what we now call the scientific method ― a demonstration that accurate observations of the world could be used to forecast its future.

 이것이 우리가 현재 과학적인 방법이라고 부르는 것, 즉 세상에 대한 정확한 관찰이 미래를 예측하기 위해 사용될 수 있다는 것을 보여 주는 씨앗이었다.

 The importance of measurement in this sort of cosmic comprehension did not develop smoothly over the centuries.

 이러한 종류의 우주의 이해에 관한 측정의 중요성은 수 세기 동안 원활하게 발전하지는 않았다.

 Indeed, in the Middle Ages in Europe, calculating by hand and eye was sometimes seen as producing a rather shabby sort of knowledge, inferior to that of abstract thought.

 사실, 유럽의 중세 시대에는 손과 눈으로 측정하는 것은 다소 터무니없는 종류의 지식, 즉 추상적인 사고의 그것보다 열등한 지식을 만들어 낸다고 때때로 여겨졌다.

 The suspicion was due to the influence of ancient Greeks in the era's scholasticism, particularly Plato and Aristotle, who stressed that the material world was one of unceasing change and instability.

 그 의심은 그 당시의 스콜라 철학의 고대 그리스인들, 특히 물질 세계는 끊임없는 변화와 불안정의 하나라고 강조했던 플라톤과 아리스토텔레스의 영향 때문이었다.

 They emphasized that reality was best understood by reference to immaterial qualities, be they Platonic forms or Aristotelian causes.

 그들은 현실이 플라톤적인 형태이 든 아리스토텔레스적인 원인이든 비물질적인 자질을 참조하여 가장 잘 이해된다고 강조했다.

 It would take the revelations of the scientific revolution to fully displace these instincts, with observations of the night sky once again proving decisive.

 이러한 직관을 완전히 대체하기 위해서는 과학적인 혁명이라는 뜻밖의 새로운 발견이 필요했을 것이고 밤하늘의 관찰이 결정적임이 다시 한 번 입증되었다.

 

[3] 2023 04  40: 동물이 과장된 자극을 선호하는 실험 결과

 Experiments suggest that animals, just like humans, tend to prefer exaggerated, supernormal stimuli, and that a preference can rapidly propel itself to extreme levels (peak shift effect).

 실험들은 동물이 인간과 마찬가지로 과장되고 비범한 자극을 선호하는 경향이 있으며 선호는 빠르게 그 자체를 극단적인 수준으로 나아가게 할 수 있다는 것('정점 변경 효과')을 보여 준다.

 In one experiment, through food rewards rats were conditioned to prefer squares to other geometric forms.

 한 실험에서 음식 보상을 통해 쥐는 정사각형을 다른 기하학 형태보다 선호하도록 조건화되었다.

 In the next step, a non-square rectangle was introduced and associated with an even larger reward than the square.

 다음 단계에서 정사각형이 아닌 직사각형이 내놓아졌고 정사각형보다 훨씬 더 큰 보상과 연관되었다.

 As expected, the rats learned to reliably prefer the rectangle.

 예상했듯이 쥐는 직사각형을 확실히 선호하는 것을 학습했다.

 Less predictable was the third part of the experiment.

 덜 예측 가능했던 것은 그 실험의 세 번째 부분이었다.

 The rats were offered the opportunity to choose between the rectangle they already knew and associated with large rewards and another rectangle, the proportions of which were even more different from those of a square.

 쥐는 그들이 이미 알고 있고 큰 보상과 연관되었던 직사각형과 그것의 비율이 정사각형의 그것과 훨씬 더 차이가 나는 또 다른 직사각형 사이에서 선택을 할 기회를 제공받았다.

 Interestingly, rats picked this novel variant, without undergoing any reward-based conditioning in favor of it.

 흥미롭게도 쥐는 그것을 위한 보상에 기반한 조건화를 조금도 경험하지 않고도 이 새로운 변형을 골랐다.

 A possible explanation is thus that they chose the larger difference from the original square (i.e., the exaggeration of non-squareness).

 따라서 가능한 설명은 그들이 원래의 정사각형보다 더 큰 차이,  '정사각형이 아닌 것'의 과장을 선택했다는 것이다.

 

[3] 2023 04  41~42: 인간의 느린 발달이 다양한 환경 적응을 가능하게 

 Although we humans are equipped with reflexive responses for survival, at birth we are helpless.

 비록 우리 인간이 생존을 위해 반사 반응을 갖추고 있을지라도 태어날 때 우리는 무력하다.

 We spend about a year unable to walk, about two more before we can articulate full thoughts, and many more years unable to provide for ourselves.

 우리는 대략 1년을 걸을 수 없는 상태로 보내고, 우리가 완전한 생각을 분명히 말할 수 있기까지 대략 2년을 더 보내며, 더 많은 시간을 우리 스스로를 부양할 수 없는 상태로 보낸다.

 We are totally dependent on those around us for our survival.

 우리는 우리의 생존을 위해 우리 주변의 사람들에게 완전히 의존적이다.

 Now compare this to many other mammals.

 이제 이것을 많은 다른 포유동물과 비교해 보아라.

 Dolphins, for instance, are born swimming; giraffes learn to stand within hours; a baby zebra can run within forty-five minutes of birth.

 예를 들어 돌고래는 헤엄치면서 태어난다. 기린은 몇 시간 내에 서는 법을 배운다. 새끼 얼룩말은 태어난 지 45분 내에 달릴 수 있다.

 Across the animal kingdom, our cousins are strikingly independent soon after they're born.

 전체 동물의 왕국에서 우리의 사촌들은 그들이 태어난 직후 놀랍게도 독립적이다.

 On the face of it, that seems like a great advantage for other species ― but in fact it signifies a limitation.

 겉보기에는 그것이 다른 종들에게는 엄청난 이점처럼 보이지만 사실은 그것은 한계를 의미한다.

 Baby animals develop quickly because their brains are wiring up according to a largely preprogrammed routine.

 새끼 동물은 주로 미리 프로그램된 루틴에 따라 그것들의 뇌가 연결되어 있기 때문에 빠르게 성장한다.

 But that preparedness trades off with flexibility.

 하지만 그러한 준비됨은 유연성과 서로 교환된다.

 Imagine if some unfortunate rhinoceros found itself on the Arctic tundra, or on top of a mountain in the Himalayas, or in the middle of a metropolis.

 만약 어떤 운 나쁜 코뿔소가 북극 툰드라에서 또는 히말라야 산맥의 산꼭대기에서 또는 대도시의 한가운데에서 자신을 발견했다고 상상해 보아라.

 It would have no capacity to adapt (which is why we don't find rhinos in those areas).

 그것은 적응할 능력이 없을 것이다(이것이 우리가 코뿔소를 그러한 지역에서 발견할 수 없는 이유이다).

 This strategy of arriving with a pre-arranged brain works inside a particular niche in the ecosystem ― but put an animal outside of that niche, and its chances of thriving are low.

 이러한 미리 배열된 뇌와 함께 오는 전략은 생태계 안의 특정한 적합한 장소 안에서는 잘 작동하지만 어떤 동물을 그 적합한 장소 밖에 두면 그것의 번성할 가능성은 낮다.

 In contrast, humans are able to thrive in many different environments, from the frozen tundra to the high mountains to crowded urban centers.

 대조적으로 인간은 얼어붙은 툰드라에서 높은 산맥, 북적거리는 도시 중심지까지 많은 다른 환경에서 번성할 수 있다.

 This is possible because the human brain is born remarkably incomplete.

 이는 인간의 뇌가 놀랍게도 불완전 한 채로 태어나기 때문에 가능하다.

 Instead of arriving with everything wired up ― let's call it "hardwired" ― a human brain allows itself to be shaped by the details of life experience.

 모든 것이 연결된 채로, 즉 소위 '타고난' 채로 오는 대신에 인간의 뇌는 그것 자체가 삶의 경험의 세세한 것에 의해 형성되는 것을 가능하게 한다.

 This leads to long periods of helplessness as the young brain slowly molds to its environment.

 이것은 미숙 한 뇌가 그것의 환경에 맞게 천천히 형성되어 가면서 오랜 기간의 무력함으로 이어진다.

 It's "livewired."

 그것은 '살아 가면서 연결된다'.

 

[3] 2023 04  43~45: 과도한 관심이 독립성을 저해할  있음을 비유

 There were two neighbors living next to each other.

 서로 옆에 사는 두 이웃이 있었다.

 One was a professor and the other was a merchant who had an unmotivated son.

 한 이웃은 교수였고, 다른 이웃은 동기 부여가 되지 않은 아들을 가진 상인이었다.

 Both of them had planted the same kind of plant in each of their gardens.

 그들 둘 다 각자의 정원에 같은 종류의 식물을 심었다.

 The professor gave a small amount of water to his plants and didn't always give his full attention to them.

 교수는 그의 식물들에 적은 양의 물을 주었고 그들에게 항상 완전한 주의를 기울이지는 않았다.

 Meanwhile, in the merchant's garden, the merchant gave a lot of water to his plants and looked after them well.

 한편, 상인의 정원에서 상인은 그(상인)의 식물들에 많은 물을 주고 그들을 잘 돌보았다.

 The professor's plants were simple but looked good, while the merchant's plants were much fuller and greener.

 교수의 식물들은 평범하지만 괜찮아 보였던 반면 상인의 식물들은 훨씬 더 풍성하고 푸르렀다.

 One night, there was a heavy storm.

 어느 밤, 강한 폭풍이 있었다.

 After the storm was over, both of the neighbors inspected the damage to their gardens.

 폭풍이 지나간 뒤에, 두 이웃 모두 정원의 피해를 점검했다.

 The merchant saw that his plants had come out from the roots and were totally destroyed by the storm.

 상인은 그의 식물들이 폭풍에 의해 뿌리째 뽑혀서 완전히 파괴된 것을 발견했다.

 But, the plants of his neighbor were not damaged at all and were standing firm.

 하지만, 그의 이웃(교수)의 식물들은 전혀 피해를 입지 않고 단단히 서 있었다.

 The merchant was surprised to see this because he thought he had given his plants better care than the professor.

 상인은 그가 교수보다 식물을 더 잘 보살폈다고 생각했기 때문에 그것을 보고 놀랐다.

 He went to his neighbor and said, "Only my plants came out from the roots. How is that possible?"

 그는 그의 이웃에게 가서 말했다. "(상인)의 식물들만 뿌리째 뽑혔어요. 어떻게 이게 가능하죠?"

 The professor smiled and said, "You gave your plants so much attention and water that they didn't need to work for themselves."

 교수는 웃으며 말했다. "당신이 당신의 식물들에 너무 많은 관심과 물을 주었기에, 그들은 스스로 노력할 필요가 없었던 겁니다."

 "Is that really a problem?" said the merchant with a curious look on his face.

 "그게 정말 문제인가요?" 상인이 그(상인)의 얼굴에 궁금한 표정을 띠며 물었다.

 The professor continued his explanation, "I gave my plants just an adequate amount of water and let their roots search for more.

 교수는 설명을 계속했다. "저는 제 식물들에게 딱 적당한 정도의 물만 주고 그들의 뿌리로 하여금 그 이상을 찾도록 했죠.

 Their roots went deeper and grew stronger."

 그들의 뿌리는 더 깊어졌고 더 강하게 자랐어요."

 At that moment, the merchant recalled the image of his son, still lazy and dependent on his parents.

 그 순간, 상인은 여전히 게으르고 자신의 부모에게 의존하는 그(상인)의 아들의 모습을 생각했다.

 "Is that how you approach teaching?" asked the merchant.

 "그것이 당신이 가르침에 접근하는 방식인가요?" 상인이 물었다.

 The professor said, "Yes. Students are like plants. Sometimes guiding is better than giving."

 교수가 말했다. "맞아요. 학생들은 식물과 같죠. 가끔은 주는 것보다 안내하는 것이 더 좋아요."

 Nodding silently, the merchant began to rethink what education is.

 상인은 조용히 고개를 끄덕이며 교육이 무엇인지 다시 생각하기 시작했다.

 

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[고2] 2023년 6월 모의고사 - 지문 요약 by ChatGPT 4.0

 

[2 2023 06 – 18: 결석 사유 제출 안내  협조 요청 공문]

 

Dear parents, Regular attendance at school is essential in maximizing student potential. Recently, we've become concerned about the number of unapproved absences across all grades. I would like to further clarify that your role as a parent is to approve any school absence. Parents must provide an explanation for absences to the school within 7 days from the first day of any period of absence. Where an explanation has not been received within the 7-day time frame, the school will record the absence as unjustified on the student's record. Please ensure that you go to the parent portal site and register the reason any time your child is absent. Please approve all absences, so that your child will not be at a disadvantage. Many thanks for your cooperation. Sincerely, Natalie Brown, Vice Principal

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Ensuring Student Success: Importance of Approving School Absences 

2. Clarifying Absence Policies: How Parents Can Help Ensure Justified Attendance 

3. Parental Role in School Absences: Procedures for Providing Timely Justification 

4. Preventing Unjustified Absences: Why Regular School Attendance Matters 

 

Main Idea #1:

Parents are reminded to provide timely explanations for their child's school absences to prevent them from being recorded as unjustified. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Parents should use the school's parent portal to register and approve their child's absence within 7 days to ensure accurate attendance records and prevent potential disadvantages.

 

Summary:

Vice Principal Natalie Brown emphasizes the importance of regular school attendance and asks parents to approve their child's absences within 7 days using the parent portal. This ensures that unjustified absences aren't recorded, preventing students from facing any disadvantages due to inaccurate records. 

 

Key Points:

1. Regular attendance is crucial for maximizing student potential. 

2. Parents must provide absence explanations within 7 days to avoid unjustified records. 

3. The parent portal is the platform for registering and justifying absences. 

4. Ensuring all absences are approved prevents students from being disadvantaged.

 


[
2 2023 06 – 19: 우편물 수령  기쁨의 상황 묘사]

 

Ester stood up as soon as she heard the hum of a hover engine outside. "Mail," she shouted and ran down the third set of stairs and swung open the door. It was pouring now, but she ran out into the rain. She was facing the mailbox. There was a single, unopened letter inside. She was sure this must be what she was eagerly waiting for. Without hesitation, she tore open the envelope. She pulled out the paper and unfolded it. The letter said, 'Thank you for applying to our company. We would like to invite you to our internship program. We look forward to seeing you soon.' She jumped up and down and looked down at the letter again. She couldn't wait to tell this news to her family.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Ester's Anticipation: The Excitement of Receiving a Long-Awaited Letter 

2. A Life-Changing Letter: Ester's Joy After Receiving Internship News 

3. From Hope to Reality: Ester's Enthusiastic Response to a Dream Opportunity 

4. The Power of an Invitation: How Ester's Internship Acceptance Transformed Her Day 

 

Main Idea #1:

Ester eagerly anticipated a letter that could shape her future, immediately recognizing its significance upon receiving it. 

 

Main Idea #2:

The letter contained an invitation to an internship program, bringing Ester immense joy as she couldn't wait to share the exciting news with her family. 

 

Summary:

Ester sprinted through the pouring rain to retrieve a long-awaited letter that confirmed her acceptance into an internship program. Filled with excitement, she jumped up and down and looked forward to sharing this life-changing news with her family. 

 

Key Points:

1. Ester anxiously anticipated a letter from a company, rushing out to get it. 

2. The letter confirmed her acceptance into the company's internship program. 

3. Her excitement was palpable as she eagerly prepared to share the news with her family.

 


[
2 2023 06 – 20: 새로운 기술의 지속가능한 발전을 위한 영향 평가의 필요성]

 

The introduction of new technologies clearly has both positive and negative impacts for sustainable development. Good management of technological resources needs to take them fully into account. Technological developments in sectors such as nuclear energy and agriculture provide examples of how not only environmental benefits but also risks to the environment or human health can accompany technological advances. New technologies have profound social impacts as well. Since the industrial revolution, technological advances have changed the nature of skills needed in workplaces, creating certain types of jobs and destroying others, with impacts on employment patterns. New technologies need to be assessed for their full potential impacts, both positive and negative.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Navigating the Dual Impact of New Technologies on Sustainable Development 

2. Balancing Benefits and Risks: How Technology Affects the Environment and Society 

3. The Role of Technology in Sustainable Development: Managing Both Positive and Negative Impacts 

4. Technological Innovation and Its Complex Impacts on Sustainability and Employment 

 

Main Idea #1:

New technologies impact sustainable development in both positive and negative ways, necessitating careful management. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Technological advances bring environmental and social risks alongside benefits, influencing sustainability and employment patterns, so their impacts must be comprehensively evaluated. 

 

Summary:

New technologies can positively and negatively affect sustainable development, requiring careful management. While sectors like nuclear energy and agriculture offer environmental benefits, they also pose risks to the environment and human health. Technological advancements profoundly affect social aspects, creating and eliminating job types, thus impacting employment patterns. Comprehensive impact assessments are needed to fully understand these changes. 

 

Key Points:

1. New technologies bring both positive and negative effects for sustainable development. 

2. Technological advances in sectors like nuclear energy and agriculture can both help and harm the environment. 

3. Social impacts include shifts in employment patterns, as technological advances create and eliminate jobs. 

4. Full assessments are necessary to manage the broad impacts of new technologies.

 


[
2 2023 06 – 21: 미국 전통 음식 문화의 상실 우려]

 

North America's native cuisine met the same unfortunate fate as its native people, save for a few relics like the Thanksgiving turkey. Certainly, we still have regional specialties, but the Carolina barbecue will almost certainly have California tomatoes in its sauce, and the Louisiana gumbo is just as likely to contain Indonesian farmed shrimp. If either of these shows up on a fast-food menu with lots of added fats or HFCS, we seem unable either to discern or resist the corruption. We have yet to come up with a strong set of generalized norms, passed down through families, for savoring and sensibly consuming what our land and climate give us. We have, instead, a string of fad diets convulsing our bookstores and bellies, one after another, at the scale of the national best seller. Nine out of ten nutritionists view this as evidence that we have entirely lost our marbles.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Decline of North America's Native Cuisine: From Regional Specialties to Fad Diets 

2. Native Culinary Heritage vs. Fast Food Culture: How Tradition Lost to Convenience 

3. The Erosion of Authentic Cuisine: Regional Foods, Imported Ingredients, and Dietary Fads 

4. Navigating a Culinary Identity Crisis: How Imported Ingredients and Fads Overtook Native Cuisine 

 

Main Idea #1:

North America's native cuisine has largely disappeared, replaced by regional dishes containing imported ingredients and fast food options high in fats and sugars. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Without strong, family-based food norms that emphasize local produce, North American cuisine has succumbed to dietary fads and convenience foods, which nutritionists consider a troubling trend. 

 

Summary:

North America's native cuisine has largely vanished, leaving behind regional specialties that often rely on imported ingredients or appear on fast-food menus. Lacking solid, family-based norms for enjoying local produce, the continent has embraced fad diets that dominate bookstores and are criticized by nutritionists, who see this trend as an abandonment of traditional culinary values. 

 

Key Points:

1. North America's native cuisine is mostly gone, replaced by regional dishes with imported ingredients. 

2. Fast food options often corrupt traditional flavors with excessive fats and high-fructose corn syrup. 

3. Dietary fads and best-selling diet books have replaced traditional food norms passed down through families. 

4. Nutritionists worry that this reliance on fads shows a loss of sensible culinary practices.

 


[
2 2023 06 – 22: AI 시대에 인간의 감정 지능 역량이 중요해질 ]

 

Perhaps, the advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the workplace may bode well for Emotional Intelligence (EI). As AI gains momentum and replaces people in jobs at every level, predictions are, there will be a premium placed on people who have high ability in EI. The emotional messages people send and respond to while interacting are, at this point, far beyond the ability of AI programs to mimic. As we get further into the age of the smart machine, it is likely that sensing and managing emotions will remain one type of intelligence that puzzles AI. This means people and jobs involving EI are safe from being taken over by machines. In a survey, almost three out of four executives see EI as a "must-have" skill for the workplace in the future as the automatizing of routine tasks bumps up against the impossibility of creating effective AI for activities that require emotional skill.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Emotional Intelligence in the Age of AI: Why Soft Skills Will Remain Essential 

2. The Growing Importance of Emotional Intelligence Amid AI Automation 

3. Why Emotional Intelligence Will Be a Vital Workplace Skill in the AI Era 

4. Navigating Automation: How Emotional Intelligence Outshines AI in Human Interaction 

 

Main Idea #1:

The increasing prevalence of AI in the workplace is expected to enhance the value of Emotional Intelligence (EI). 

 

Main Idea #2:

As AI automates routine tasks, jobs requiring emotional skills will remain secure due to the difficulty AI faces in understanding and managing emotions, making EI a highly sought-after skill by executives. 

 

Summary:

The rise of AI in the workplace is predicted to elevate the importance of Emotional Intelligence, as AI cannot effectively mimic emotional interactions. Executives widely recognize EI as crucial for future workplaces, as AI struggles with activities that require nuanced emotional skills. Thus, jobs involving EI will remain safe from automation. 

 

Key Points:

1. AI will elevate the demand for workers with strong Emotional Intelligence (EI) skills. 

2. Emotional messages in human interactions remain beyond AI's current capabilities. 

3. Jobs requiring emotional skills are unlikely to be automated by AI. 

4. Nearly 75% of executives consider EI a crucial skill in the future workplace.

 


[
2 2023 06 – 23: 교육 과정에서 분야  용어 통일의 필요성]

 

Education must focus on the trunk of the tree of knowledge, revealing the ways in which the branches, twigs, and leaves all emerge from a common core. Tools for thinking stem from this core, providing a common language with which practitioners in different fields may share their experience of the process of innovation and discover links between their creative activities. When the same terms are employed across the curriculum, students begin to link different subjects and classes. If they practice abstracting in writing class, if they work on abstracting in painting or drawing class, and if, in all cases, they call it abstracting, they begin to understand how to think beyond disciplinary boundaries. They see how to transform their thoughts from one mode of conception and expression to another. Linking the disciplines comes naturally when the terms and tools are presented as part of a universal imagination.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Creating Connections in Education: The Importance of a Common Core in Learning 

2. Breaking Down Disciplinary Boundaries: How a Universal Imagination Links Subjects 

3. Building a Common Core: How Unified Terminology Enhances Cross-Disciplinary Thinking 

4. Cultivating Universal Thinking: How Linking Educational Terms Encourages Innovation 

 

Main Idea #1:

Education should emphasize a shared core that connects different disciplines, enabling students to see the links between various subjects. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Using the same terminology across the curriculum allows students to recognize connections between different disciplines, transforming their thinking and helping them apply creativity and innovation beyond specific subjects. 

 

Summary:

Education should focus on a shared core that connects all branches of knowledge, allowing students to see interdisciplinary links. When similar terminology is used across subjects, students better understand how to transform and apply their thinking beyond specific disciplines, fostering innovation and creativity. 

 

Key Points:

1. The trunk of knowledge links different branches and disciplines through shared core ideas. 

2. Consistent terminology across subjects allows students to recognize interdisciplinary connections. 

3. Students practicing similar concepts like "abstracting" in writing, art, and other subjects understand how to think across disciplines. 

4. This common language encourages innovative thinking and cross-disciplinary creativity.

 


[
2 2023 06 – 24: 언어는 시대와 함께 지속적으로 변화함]

 

New words and expressions emerge continually in response to new situations, ideas and feelings. The Oxford English Dictionary publishes supplements of new words and expressions that have entered the language. Some people deplore this kind of thing and see it as a drift from correct English. But it was only in the eighteenth century that any attempt was made to formalize spelling and punctuation of English at all. The language we speak in the twenty-first century would be virtually unintelligible to Shakespeare, and so would his way of speaking to us. Alvin Toffler estimated that Shakespeare would probably only understand about 250,000 of the 450,000 words in general use in the English language now. In other words, so to speak, if Shakespeare were to materialize in London today he would understand, on average, only five out of every nine words in our vocabulary.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Evolution of Language: How New Words and Expressions Shape Modern English 

2. From Shakespeare to Today: The Dynamic Transformation of English Vocabulary 

3. New Words, New Era: The Ever-Changing Nature of the English Language 

4. Adapting English: How New Vocabulary Reflects Modern Ideas and Situations 

 

Main Idea #1:

New words and expressions constantly emerge in response to changing ideas, situations, and emotions, altering the English language over time. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Since English was only standardized in the 18th century, modern vocabulary has evolved so much that Shakespeare would understand just a fraction of today's words, demonstrating the dynamic and ever-changing nature of language. 

 

Summary:

The English language evolves constantly as new words and expressions are created to reflect changing circumstances, ideas, and feelings. This continual transformation, since formalized in the 18th century, has left Shakespeare understanding only about five out of every nine words in modern English, emphasizing the significant vocabulary shift over time. 

 

Key Points:

1. The Oxford English Dictionary tracks the continual emergence of new words. 

2. Critics view these changes as a departure from correct English. 

3. English was only standardized for spelling and punctuation in the 18th century. 

4. Shakespeare would struggle to understand much of modern English due to vocabulary shifts.

 


[
2 2023 06 – 25: 2019 기준 국가별 학생 교사 비율 그래프]

 

The graph above shows the average number of students per teacher in public elementary and secondary schools across selected countries in 2019. Belgium was the only country with a smaller number of students per teacher than the OECD average in both public elementary and secondary schools. In both public elementary and secondary schools, the average number of students per teacher was the largest in Mexico. In public elementary schools, there was a smaller number of students per teacher on average in Germany than in Japan, whereas the reverse was true in public secondary schools. The average number of students per teacher in public secondary schools in Germany was less than half that in the United Kingdom. Of the five countries, Mexico was the only country with more students per teacher in public secondary schools than in public elementary schools.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Teacher-Student Ratios in Public Schools Across Selected Countries in 2019 

2. Comparing Student-to-Teacher Ratios in Elementary and Secondary Schools Globally 

3. Global Teacher-Student Ratios: Understanding Differences in Public Schools Across Countries 

4. Teacher-Student Ratios in 2019: Analyzing Trends in Public Education Across Nations 

 

Main Idea #1:

Belgium was the only country with a smaller number of students per teacher than the OECD average in both public elementary and secondary schools. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Mexico had the largest number of students per teacher, and was the only country where secondary schools had more students per teacher than elementary schools. 

 

Summary:

In 2019, Belgium had fewer students per teacher than the OECD average in both public elementary and secondary schools, while Mexico had the highest student-to-teacher ratios overall. In Germany, elementary schools had fewer students per teacher than in Japan, but this trend was reversed in secondary schools. Mexico stood out as the only country where secondary schools had more students per teacher than elementary schools. 

 

Key Points:

1. Belgium had fewer students per teacher than the OECD average in both school levels. 

2. Mexico had the largest student-to-teacher ratios, with more students per teacher in secondary schools.

3. In Germany, elementary schools had fewer students per teacher than in Japan, but secondary schools had more. 

4. Germany's secondary schools had less than half the number of students per teacher compared to the UK.

 


[
2 2023 06 – 26: 식물학자  레이의 생애 소개]

 

Born in 1627 in Black Notley, Essex, England, John Ray was the son of the village blacksmith. At 16, he went to Cambridge University, where he studied widely and lectured on topics from Greek to mathematics, before joining the priesthood in 1660. To recover from an illness in 1650, he had taken to nature walks and developed an interest in botany. Accompanied by his wealthy student and supporter Francis Willughby, Ray toured Britain and Europe in the 1660s, studying and collecting plants and animals. He married Margaret Oakley in 1673 and, after leaving Willughby's household, lived quietly in Black Notley to the age of 77. He spent his later years studying samples in order to assemble plant and animal catalogues. He wrote more than twenty works on theology and his travels, as well as on plants and their form and function.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. John Ray: The Botanist Who Pioneered Plant and Animal Cataloging 

2. From Cambridge Scholar to Naturalist: John Ray's Journey in Science and Theology 

3. The Life of John Ray: A Blacksmith's Son Who Transformed Natural History 

4. John Ray: His Contributions to Botany, Zoology, and Theological Studies 

 

Main Idea #1:

John Ray, the son of a blacksmith, became a renowned scholar, naturalist, and theologian who dedicated his later years to studying plants and animals. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Ray traveled Europe and Britain collecting specimens with his supporter Francis Willughby, later spending his final years cataloging plants and animals, while writing extensively on theology and his travels. 

 

Summary:

John Ray, born in 1627, became a scholar and priest who was drawn to botany after recovering from illness. With support from Francis Willughby, he traveled extensively to collect plants and animals. He later returned to Black Notley, where he wrote over twenty works on theology and natural history, contributing significantly to the cataloging of plant and animal species. 

 

Key Points:

1. Ray studied at Cambridge University and initially joined the priesthood. 

2. His interest in botany grew after illness led him to explore nature walks. 

3. He traveled with Francis Willughby, studying plants and animals across Europe. 

4. Ray returned to Black Notley and spent his later years assembling plant and animal catalogues while writing extensively on theology and natural history.

 


[
2 2023 06 – 29: 자기보고식 설문조사의 한계와 사회적 동기 편향]

 

Research psychologists often work with self-report data, made up of participants' verbal accounts of their behavior. This is the case whenever questionnaires, interviews, or personality inventories are used to measure variables. Self-report methods can be quite useful. They take advantage of the fact that people have a unique opportunity to observe themselves full-time. However, self-reports can be plagued by several kinds of distortion. One of the most problematic of these distortions is the social desirability bias, which is a tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself. Subjects who are influenced by this bias work overtime trying to create a favorable impression, especially when subjects are asked about sensitive issues. For example, many survey respondents will report that they voted in an election or gave to a charity when in fact it is possible to determine that they did not.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Challenges of Self-Report Data: Understanding Social Desirability Bias 

2. Navigating Self-Report Distortions in Psychological Research 

3. The Reliability of Self-Report Data: How Social Desirability Bias Impacts Responses 

4. Research Challenges in Self-Reporting: Why Social Approval Skews Survey Data 

 

Main Idea #1:

Self-report data provides valuable insights but is often affected by social desirability bias, leading participants to offer socially approved answers. 

 

Main Idea #2:

In surveys and interviews, social desirability bias distorts self-reported data, particularly on sensitive topics, as participants tend to misrepresent their behavior to create a favorable impression. 

 

Summary:

Research psychologists frequently rely on self-report data from questionnaires and interviews, benefiting from participants' full-time self-observation. However, these data are prone to social desirability bias, where respondents provide socially approved answers to appear favorable. For instance, participants may claim they voted or donated to charity even when it can be verified that they did not. 

 

Key Points:

1. Self-report data is obtained through questionnaires, interviews, and personality inventories. 

2. Social desirability bias causes participants to give socially favorable responses, particularly on sensitive topics. 

3. Participants often inaccurately report behavior, such as voting or donating, to fit social norms. 

4. This bias remains a significant challenge for research psychologists using self-report methods.

 


[
2 2023 06 – 30: 비관세 장벽이 개발도상국 수출에 미치는 어려움]

 

Over the past several decades, there have been some agreements to reduce the debt of poor nations, but other economic challenges (like trade barriers) remain. Nontariff trade measures, such as quotas, subsidies, and restrictions on exports, are increasingly prevalent and may be enacted for policy reasons having nothing to do with trade. However, they have a discriminatory effect on exports from countries that lack the resources to comply with requirements of nontariff measures imposed by rich nations. For example, the huge subsidies that rich nations give to their farmers make it very difficult for farmers in the rest of the world to compete with them. Another example would be domestic health or safety regulations, which, though not specifically targeting imports, could impose significant costs on foreign manufacturers seeking to conform to the importer's market. Industries in developing markets may have more difficulty absorbing these additional costs.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Economic Impact of Trade Barriers on Developing Nations 

2. How Nontariff Measures Disadvantage Developing Countries in Global Trade 

3. Trade Challenges for Poor Nations: The Burden of Subsidies and Regulations 

4. Reducing Debt but Raising Barriers: How Nontariff Measures Hinder Developing Economies 

 

Main Idea #1:

While debt reduction efforts exist, nontariff trade measures continue to disadvantage developing nations in global trade. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Quotas, subsidies, and domestic regulations create discriminatory barriers that poorer nations struggle to overcome due to limited resources, making it difficult for them to compete with subsidized farmers and conform to costly safety and health standards. 

 

Summary:

Despite debt reduction agreements, developing nations face discriminatory nontariff measures like quotas, subsidies, and domestic regulations that inhibit their exports. Rich nations' subsidies make competition challenging, while health and safety regulations impose significant costs, especially on industries in poorer countries with fewer resources to absorb these expenses. 

 

Key Points:

1. Trade barriers beyond tariffs disadvantage poorer nations in the global market. 

2. Rich nations' agricultural subsidies hinder competition from developing markets. 

3. Domestic health and safety regulations create extra costs for foreign manufacturers. 

4. Developing nations often lack the resources to comply with these costly trade measures.

 


[
2 2023 06 – 31: 환경 규제가 혁신을 촉진한 사례]

 

In the course of his research on business strategy and the environment, Michael Porter noticed a peculiar pattern: Businesses seemed to be profiting from regulation. He also discovered that the stricter regulations were prompting more innovation than the weaker ones. The Dutch flower industry provides an illustration. For many years, the companies producing Holland's world-renowned tulips and other cut flowers were also contaminating the country's water and soil with fertilizers and pesticides. In 1991, the Dutch government adopted a policy designed to cut pesticide use in half by 2000 ― a goal they ultimately achieved. Facing increasingly strict regulation, greenhouse growers realized they had to develop new methods if they were going to maintain product quality with fewer pesticides. In response, they shifted to a cultivation method that circulates water in closed-loop systems and grows flowers in a rock wool substrate. The new system not only reduced the pollution released into the environment; it also increased profits by giving companies greater control over growing conditions.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. How Stricter Regulations Drive Innovation: The Case of the Dutch Flower Industry 

2. Profiting from Regulation: Michael Porter's Insight into Environmental Business Strategy 

3. The Role of Regulation in Business Innovation: Lessons from Dutch Greenhouse Growers 

4. Environmental Regulations and Innovation: How the Dutch Flower Industry Transformed Itself 

 

Main Idea #1:

Michael Porter observed that stricter environmental regulations often lead to business innovation and profitability. 

 

Main Idea #2:

The Dutch flower industry adapted to strict pesticide regulations by developing a closed-loop water system and rock wool substrate, which reduced pollution while improving profitability through better control of growing conditions. 

 

Summary:

Michael Porter's research found that businesses often profit from stricter regulations. For instance, Dutch flower companies adapted to pesticide reduction targets by developing closed-loop water systems and rock wool substrates. These innovations reduced environmental pollution while increasing profitability by allowing greater control over growing conditions. 

 

Key Points:

1. Strict regulations can lead to innovation and increased profitability for businesses. 

2. The Dutch flower industry developed innovative, eco-friendly cultivation methods to meet pesticide reduction goals. 

3. Closed-loop water systems and rock wool substrates reduced pollution and improved profits. 

4. Michael Porter's observations highlight the unexpected benefits of strict environmental regulation on business strategy.

 


[
2 2023 06 – 32: 노력보다 결과를 중요시하는 경향에 대한 비판]

 

It's hard to pay more for the speedy but highly skilled person, simply because there's less effort being observed. Two researchers once did a study in which they asked people how much they would pay for data recovery. They found that people would pay a little more for a greater quantity of rescued data, but what they were most sensitive to was the number of hours the technician worked. When the data recovery took only a few minutes, willingness to pay was low, but when it took more than a week to recover the same amount of data, people were willing to pay much more. Think about it: They were willing to pay more for the slower service with the same outcome. Fundamentally, when we value effort over outcome, we're paying for incompetence. Although it is actually irrational, we feel more rational, and more comfortable, paying for incompetence.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Perception of Value: Why We Pay More for Slower Services 

2. Misjudging Efficiency: How Time Spent Affects Perceived Value in Data Recovery 

3. Valuing Effort Over Outcome: The Irrationality Behind Paying for Incompetence 

4. Speed vs. Skill: Understanding Why Longer Work Times Command Higher Prices 

 

Main Idea #1:

People tend to value effort over outcome, often willing to pay more for slower services despite receiving the same results. 

 

Main Idea #2:

A study found that people were more willing to pay for data recovery when it took longer, revealing an irrational bias that associates longer working time with greater value, even if it reflects incompetence. 

 

Summary:

Despite the irrationality, people tend to pay more for slower data recovery services due to an inherent bias valuing effort over results. Research shows that people are more willing to pay higher prices for the same outcome when it takes longer to achieve, mistakenly associating extended work time with higher value and competence. 

 

Key Points:

1. People value effort over outcome, often willing to pay more for slower services. 

2. A study revealed people would pay more for data recovery that took longer. 

3. This bias leads to an irrational willingness to pay for slower, less efficient services. 

4. It reflects a misplaced belief that longer working times equate to higher value.

 


[
2 2023 06 – 33: 환경과 교류를 통해 지적 성장이 일어남]

 

In adolescence many of us had the experience of falling under the sway of a great book or writer. We became entranced by the novel ideas in the book, and because we were so open to influence, these early encounters with exciting ideas sank deeply into our minds and became part of our own thought processes, affecting us decades after we absorbed them. Such influences enriched our mental landscape, and in fact our intelligence depends on the ability to absorb the lessons and ideas of those who are older and wiser. Just as the body tightens with age, however, so does the mind. And just as our sense of weakness and vulnerability motivated the desire to learn, so does our creeping sense of superiority slowly close us off to new ideas and influences. Some may advocate that we all become more skeptical in the modern world, but in fact a far greater danger comes from the increasing closing of the mind that burdens us as individuals as we get older, and seems to be burdening our culture in general.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Open Adolescent Mind: How Youthful Curiosity Shapes Lifelong Thinking 

2. Embracing New Ideas: How Age Closes Our Minds to Novel Influences 

3. The Closing of the Mind: Navigating Age-Related Declines in Intellectual Openness 

4. Lifelong Learning at Risk: Overcoming Intellectual Rigidity as We Age 

 

Main Idea #1:

During adolescence, our open minds absorb new ideas deeply, influencing our thought processes for decades. 

 

Main Idea #2:

With age, our sense of superiority often closes us off to new influences, posing a greater danger than skepticism by limiting intellectual growth both individually and culturally. 

 

Summary:

As adolescents, we are highly receptive to new ideas that shape our thinking for years to come. However, as we age, the mind tightens like the body, and feelings of superiority close us off to new influences. This closing of the mind threatens intellectual growth and poses a greater danger than skepticism, affecting individuals and society as a whole. 

 

Key Points:

1. Adolescents are deeply influenced by great books and writers due to their openness. 

2. This openness allows young minds to absorb valuable lessons from older generations. 

3. Aging brings about a sense of superiority that limits new intellectual influences. 

4. Closing the mind with age endangers individual growth and burdens cultural progress.

 


[
2 2023 06 – 34: 대중 여론이 반드시 옳지 않을  있음]

 

Many people look for safety and security in popular thinking. They figure that if a lot of people are doing something, then it must be right. It must be a good idea. If most people accept it, then it probably represents fairness, equality, compassion, and sensitivity, right? Not necessarily. Popular thinking said the earth was the center of the universe, yet Copernicus studied the stars and planets and proved mathematically that the earth and the other planets in our solar system revolved around the sun. Popular thinking said surgery didn't require clean instruments, yet Joseph Lister studied the high death rates in hospitals and introduced antiseptic practices that immediately saved lives. Popular thinking said that women shouldn't have the right to vote, yet people like Emmeline Pankhurst and Susan B. Anthony fought for and won that right. We must always remember there is a huge difference between acceptance and intelligence. People may say that there's safety in numbers, but that's not always true.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Danger of Popular Thinking: Why Following the Crowd Isn't Always Right 

2. Challenging Popular Beliefs: How History Shows the Flaws in Majority Opinion 

3. Safety in Numbers: Separating Acceptance from Intelligence in Popular Thinking 

4. The Pitfalls of Popular Opinion: Learning from Copernicus, Lister, and Anthony 

 

Main Idea #1:

Many people find safety in popular thinking, believing it represents fairness and truth, but historical examples show that widely accepted beliefs are often flawed. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Copernicus, Lister, and women's suffrage activists like Emmeline Pankhurst challenged popular thinking to uncover truths that transformed society, demonstrating that acceptance doesn't always equate to intelligence. 

 

Summary:

Although popular thinking is often seen as safe and fair, historical figures like Copernicus, Lister, and Pankhurst showed that widely accepted beliefs can be flawed. They challenged these norms to bring about transformative changes, proving that following the crowd doesn't always lead to intelligent or correct outcomes. 

 

Key Points:

1. People assume popular thinking is fair and intelligent, but this isn't always the case. 

2. Copernicus disproved the belief that the Earth was the center of the universe. 

3. Lister saved lives by challenging the idea that surgery didn't require clean instruments. 

4. Pankhurst and Anthony fought against the belief that women shouldn't vote. 

5. There is a significant difference between acceptance and intelligence.

 


[
2 2023 06 – 35: 런던 택시 운전사 자격 취득의 어려움과  이유]

 

Before getting licensed to drive a cab in London, a person has to pass an incredibly difficult test with an intimidating name ─ "The Knowledge." The test involves memorizing the layout of more than 20,000 streets in the Greater London area - a feat that involves an incredible amount of memory resources. In fact, fewer than 50 percent of the people who sign up for taxi driver training pass the test, even after spending two or three years studying for it! And as it turns out, the brains of London cabbies are different from non-cab-driving humans in ways that reflect their herculean memory efforts. In fact, the part of the brain that has been most frequently associated with spatial memory, the tail of the sea horse-shaped brain region called the hippocampus, is bigger than average in these taxi drivers.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Navigating London: How "The Knowledge" Transforms Taxi Drivers' Brains 

2. The Rigorous Challenge of "The Knowledge": Mapping London's Streets and Changing Minds 

3. London Cabbies and Their Brain Power: Understanding the Impact of "The Knowledge" Test 

4. The Cognitive Demands of Driving in London: How Taxi Drivers Develop Superior Spatial Memory 

 

Main Idea #1:

"The Knowledge" test requires London taxi drivers to memorize the city's layout, with fewer than half of trainees passing after years of preparation. 

 

Main Idea #2:

The intense memorization required for "The Knowledge" test changes London cabbies' brains, enlarging the hippocampus region associated with spatial memory. 

 

Summary:

To be a licensed London cab driver, one must pass "The Knowledge," a challenging test that requires memorizing over 20,000 streets. Less than half of those who attempt it succeed, even after years of studying. This intense preparation alters the brain structure, resulting in a larger hippocampus, the region responsible for spatial memory. 

 

Key Points:

1. "The Knowledge" test demands memorizing the layout of London's 20,000+ streets.

2. Less than 50% of taxi driver trainees pass after years of study. 

3. The hippocampus, associated with spatial memory, is significantly enlarged in London cabbies. 

4. London cabbies' brains reflect the intense cognitive demands of their training.

 


[
2 2023 06 – 36: 정책 수립  의도치 않은 결과에 대한 고려 필요성]

 

When evaluating a policy, people tend to concentrate on how the policy will fix some particular problem while ignoring or downplaying other effects it may have. Economists often refer to this situation as The Law of Unintended Consequences. For instance, suppose that you impose a tariff on imported steel in order to protect the jobs of domestic steelworkers. If you impose a high enough tariff, their jobs will indeed be protected from competition by foreign steel companies. But an unintended consequence is that the jobs of some autoworkers will be lost to foreign competition. Why? The tariff that protects steelworkers raises the price of the steel that domestic automobile makers need to build their cars. As a result, domestic automobile manufacturers have to raise the prices of their cars, making them relatively less attractive than foreign cars. Raising prices tends to reduce domestic car sales, so some domestic autoworkers lose their jobs.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Understanding the Law of Unintended Consequences in Economic Policies

2. The Impact of Tariffs on Domestic Industries and Employment

3. Balancing Policy Decisions with Their Unintended Economic Effects

4. How Protectionist Policies Can Have Ripple Effects Across Industries

 

Main Idea #1:

Implementing a tariff on imported steel to protect domestic steelworkers' jobs can inadvertently lead to job losses in the domestic auto industry.

 

Main Idea #2:

Imposing tariffs on imported steel raises costs for domestic car manufacturers, making their cars more expensive and less competitive, ultimately reducing domestic car sales and leading to layoffs.

 

Summary:

Tariffs on imported steel may safeguard domestic steel jobs but also increase car production costs. Higher prices make domestic cars less competitive internationally, reducing sales and causing domestic autoworkers to lose jobs. Such outcomes exemplify the Law of Unintended Consequences.

 

Key Points:

1. People often overlook unintended consequences when evaluating policies.

2. Tariffs on imported steel protect domestic steelworkers' jobs but increase costs for automakers.

3. Higher car prices reduce domestic auto sales, causing job losses among domestic autoworkers.

 


[
2 2023 06 – 37: 기후 변화로 인한 멸종 위기 동식물 사례 ]

 

Species that are found in only one area are called endemic species and are especially vulnerable to extinction. They exist on islands and in other unique small areas, especially in tropical rain forests where most species are highly specialized. One example is the brilliantly colored golden toad once found only in a small area of lush rain forests in Costa Rica's mountainous region. Despite living in the country's well-protected Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve, by 1989, the golden toad had apparently become extinct. Much of the moisture that supported its rain forest habitat came in the form of moisture-laden clouds blowing in from the Caribbean Sea. But warmer air from global climate change caused these clouds to rise, depriving the forests of moisture, and the habitat for the golden toad and many other species dried up. The golden toad appears to be one of the first victims of climate change caused largely by global warming.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Climate Change and the Vulnerability of Endemic Species to Extinction 

2. How Global Warming Impacts Endemic Wildlife in Tropical Rain Forests 

3. The Fragile Existence of Endemic Species in Unique Habitats 

4. The Golden Toad: A Cautionary Tale of Climate Change Effects

 

Main Idea #1:

Endemic species, found in unique areas like islands and tropical rain forests, are especially susceptible to extinction due to their specialized habitats.

 

Main Idea #2:

The golden toad, once native to a specific region of Costa Rica's rain forest, went extinct due to climate change that dried up its cloud forest habitat by reducing moisture-laden clouds.

 

Summary:

Endemic species, like the golden toad once found only in Costa Rica's rain forest, are particularly prone to extinction. Climate change altered the cloud patterns that previously provided moisture to their habitat, causing the forest to dry up and leading to the toad's extinction. This highlights the threat of global warming to specialized species.

 

Key Points:

1. Endemic species are at higher risk of extinction because of their specialized habitats. 

2. The golden toad lived exclusively in Costa Rica's Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve. 

3. Climate change disrupted the moisture patterns that sustained its habitat, causing the forest to dry up.

4. The extinction of the golden toad exemplifies the harmful effects of global warming on biodiversity.

 


[
2 2023 06 – 38: 통제된 실험 환경의 중요성]

 

The fundamental nature of the experimental method is manipulation and control. Scientists manipulate a variable of interest, and see if there's a difference. At the same time, they attempt to control for the potential effects of all other variables. The importance of controlled experiments in identifying the underlying causes of events cannot be overstated. In the real-uncontrolled-world, variables are often correlated. For example, people who take vitamin supplements may have different eating and exercise habits than people who don't take vitamins. As a result, if we want to study the health effects of vitamins, we can't merely observe the real world, since any of these factors (the vitamins, diet, or exercise) may affect health. Rather, we have to create a situation that doesn't actually occur in the real world. That's just what scientific experiments do. They try to separate the naturally occurring relationship in the world by manipulating one specific variable at a time, while holding everything else constant.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Critical Role of Manipulation and Control in Scientific Experiments 

2. Understanding Controlled Experiments: Separating Variables to Identify Causal Effects 

3. Isolating Variables to Identify Causes: The Foundation of Experimental Research 

4. Manipulation and Control: How Experiments Clarify Variable Relationships

 

Main Idea #1:

The experimental method relies on manipulating a specific variable while controlling for other factors to establish causal relationships.

 

Main Idea #2:

Controlled experiments are essential because real-world observations often involve correlated variables, which makes identifying the direct impact of a single variable difficult without isolating it.

 

Summary:

The experimental method is based on manipulating one variable while controlling others to identify causal effects. Controlled experiments are crucial because, in the uncontrolled real world, correlated factors can obscure the true causes of events. By isolating one variable at a time, scientists can uncover direct relationships.

 

Key Points:

1. Scientists manipulate one variable and control for others to find causal relationships. 

2. Controlled experiments reveal causes by eliminating correlations that confuse real-world observations.

3. Manipulating one variable at a time while controlling others creates unique experimental conditions. 

4. This process helps identify specific effects that would otherwise be hidden in natural settings.

 


[
2 2023 06 – 39: 지중해식 식단의 건강상 이점]

 

Why do people in the Mediterranean live longer and have a lower incidence of disease? Some people say it's because of what they eat. Their diet is full of fresh fruits, fish, vegetables, whole grains, and nuts. Individuals in these cultures drink red wine and use great amounts of olive oil. Why is that food pattern healthy? One reason is that they are eating a palette of colors. More and more research is surfacing that shows us the benefits of the thousands of colorful "phytochemicals"(phyto=plant) that exist in foods. These healthful, nonnutritive compounds in plants provide color and function to the plant and add to the health of the human body. Each color connects to a particular compound that serves a specific function in the body. For example, if you don't eat purple foods, you are probably missing out on anthocyanins, important brain protection compounds. Similarly, if you avoid greencolored foods, you may be lacking chlorophyll, a plant antioxidant that guards your cells from damage.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. How the Mediterranean Diet Promotes Longevity and Reduces Disease 

2. The Role of Plant Phytochemicals in the Mediterranean Diet's Health Benefits 

3. The Colorful Secrets of the Mediterranean Diet for a Longer Life 

4. Exploring the Health Benefits of Phytochemicals in Mediterranean Foods

 

Main Idea #1:

The Mediterranean diet, rich in fruits, vegetables, fish, whole grains, and olive oil, is linked to longer life and lower disease rates.

 

Main Idea #2:

Phytochemicals, non-nutritive compounds that give plants their vibrant colors, are essential to health and found abundantly in the Mediterranean diet. Each color relates to a unique compound that serves a crucial function in the human body, protecting organs and cells.

 

Summary:

People in the Mediterranean live longer and have fewer diseases, partly due to their diet, which is rich in phytochemicals. These colorful compounds offer various health benefits, like anthocyanins for brain protection from purple foods and chlorophyll for cellular protection from green foods. The diverse colors in their diet directly support health.

 

Key Points:

1. The Mediterranean diet is linked to lower disease rates and longer life. 

2. It includes many colorful foods that contain phytochemicals. 

3. Each phytochemical color corresponds to compounds with specific health functions. 

4. Purple foods provide anthocyanins for brain protection, and green foods offer chlorophyll for cellular health.

 


[
2 2023 06 – 40: 행동이 생각에 영향을 미치는 사례]

 

People behave in highly predictable ways when they experience certain thoughts. When they agree, they nod their heads. So far, no surprise, but according to an area of research known as "proprioceptive psychology," the process also works in reverse. Get people to behave in a certain way and you cause them to have certain thoughts. The idea was initially controversial, but fortunately it was supported by a compelling experiment. Participants in a study were asked to fixate on various products moving across a large computer screen and then indicate whether the items appealed to them. Some of the items moved vertically (causing the participants to nod their heads while watching), and others moved horizontally (resulting in a side-to-side head movement). Participants preferred vertically moving products without being aware that their "yes" and "no" head movements had played a key role in their decisions. -> In one study, participants responded favorably to products on a computer screen when they moved their heads up and down, which showed that their decisions were unconsciously influenced by their behavior.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Proprioceptive Psychology: How Behavior Influences Thought 

2. Understanding How Head Movements Affect Decision-Making 

3. The Reverse Influence of Actions on Thoughts in Proprioceptive Psychology 

4. Linking Behavior and Thought: Insights from Proprioceptive Psychology Research

 

Main Idea #1:

People's thoughts and decisions can be influenced by their physical actions, such as nodding their heads up and down or moving them side to side.

 

Main Idea #2:

A study demonstrated that participants favored products more when their head movements mimicked a nodding "yes," showing that unconscious physical behavior can affect preferences and decisions.

 

Summary:

People's physical actions influence their thoughts in predictable ways. A study showed that participants favored products more when their head movements resembled nodding "yes," revealing the unconscious influence of behavior on decision-making.

 

Key Points:

1. People's behaviors, like nodding or shaking their heads, affect their thoughts and decisions. 

2. Proprioceptive psychology studies how physical actions can shape mental processes. 

3. In an experiment, participants preferred products that caused them to nod their heads up and down. 

4. These findings reveal how unconscious behaviors can significantly influence decision-making.

 


[
2 2023 06 – 41~42: 일상적 경험은 기억하기 어렵고 특별한 경험은 기억하기 쉬움]

 

Events or experiences that are out of ordinary tend to be remembered better because there is nothing competing with them when your brain tries to access them from its storehouse of remembered events. In other words, the reason it can be difficult to remember what you ate for breakfast two Thursdays ago is that there was probably nothing special about that Thursday or that particular breakfast ― consequently, all your breakfast memories combine together into a sort of generic impression of a breakfast. Your memory merges similar events not only because it's more efficient to do so, but also because this is fundamental to how we learn things ― our brains extract abstract rules that tie experiences together. This is especially true for things that are routine. If your breakfast is always the same ― cereal with milk, a glass of orange juice, and a cup of coffee for instance ― there is no easy way for your brain to extract the details from one particular breakfast. Ironically, then, for behaviors that are routinized, you can remember the generic content of the behavior (such as the things you ate, since you always eat the same thing), but particulars to that one instance can be very difficult to call up (such as the sound of a garbage truck going by or a bird that passed by your window) unless they were especially distinctive. On the other hand, if you did something unique that broke your routine ― perhaps you had leftover pizza for breakfast and spilled tomato sauce on your dress shirt ― you are more likely to remember it.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Understanding How Unique Events Stand Out in Our Memory 

2. How the Brain Blurs Routine Memories and Highlights the Unusual 

3. The Role of Routine and Novelty in Memory Formation 

4. Why Our Memory Blends Routine Events but Highlights Unique Experiences

 

Main Idea #1:

Our brains remember unique or out-of-the-ordinary experiences better because they have fewer similar events to compete with in memory.

 

Main Idea #2:

Routine activities, like eating the same breakfast daily, blur together in our memory as the brain combines similar events to extract common patterns. Only distinct details, like unusual meals or accidents, stand out clearly.

 

Summary:

Unusual events are easier to recall because they don't compete with similar memories. Routine experiences blend together, as the brain extracts patterns from similar events. Unique instances, like a spilled breakfast or an unexpected meal, stand out and are more memorable.

 

Key Points:

1. Unique events are easier to recall due to a lack of competing memories. 

2. Routine events blur together in memory because the brain extracts abstract patterns. 

3. Routine activities, like repetitive breakfasts, are stored as generic impressions. 

4. Breaking routine, like eating a different meal or encountering an accident, helps specific memories stand out.

 


[
2 2023 06 – 43~45: 유명한 가수인 Henrietta 과거 경쟁자인 Amelia 도와주는 인도적인 행동에 대한 이야기]

 

Henrietta is one of the greatest "queens of song." She had to go through a severe struggle before she attained the enviable position as the greatest singer Germany had produced. At the beginning of her career she was hissed off a Vienna stage by the friends of her rival, Amelia. But in spite of this defeat, Henrietta endured until all Europe was at her feet. Many years later, when Henrietta was at the height of her fame, one day she was riding through the streets of Berlin. Soon she came across a little girl leading a blind woman. She was touched by the woman's helplessness, and she impulsively beckoned the child to her, saying "Come here, my child. Who is that you are leading by the hand?" The answer was, "That's my mother, Amelia Steininger. She used to be a great singer, but she lost her voice, and she cried so much about it that now she can't see anymore." Henrietta inquired their address and then told the child, "Tell your mother an old acquaintance will call on her this afternoon." She searched out their place and undertook the care of both mother and daughter. At her request, a skilled doctor tried to restore Amelia's sight, but it was in vain. But Henrietta's kindness to her former rival did not stop here. The next week she gave a benefit concert for the poor woman, and it was said that on that occasion Henrietta sang as she had never sung before. And who can doubt that with the applause of that vast audience there was mingled the applause of the angels in heaven who rejoice over the good deeds of those below?

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Triumph and Compassion: Henrietta's Journey from Rivalry to Kindness 

2. From Defeat to Fame: Henrietta's Generosity Toward Her Former Rival 

3. Henrietta's Legacy: Overcoming Adversity and Showing Compassion in Song 

4. How Henrietta Transformed Rivalry into Support and Compassion

 

Main Idea #1:

Henrietta rose to prominence as one of Germany's greatest singers despite early struggles, including being jeered off stage by her rival's supporters.

 

Main Idea #2:

After becoming famous, Henrietta showed compassion to her former rival, Amelia, who had become blind, providing financial support and organizing a benefit concert to help her.

 

Summary:

Henrietta, once defeated by her rival Amelia's supporters, rose to fame and extended kindness to the now-blind Amelia by organizing a benefit concert to support her. Henrietta's journey from rivalry to generosity reflects her remarkable triumph and compassion.

 

Key Points:

1. Henrietta faced early career struggles but became one of Germany's greatest singers. 

2. Despite their rivalry, Henrietta cared for her blind former competitor, Amelia. 

3. She organized a benefit concert to support Amelia and her daughter. 

4. Henrietta's act of generosity showed her ability to rise above past conflicts.

 

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오늘은 <2023년도 6월 고1 영어 모의고사>의 지문 요약 자료를 올립니다.


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[고1] 2023년 6월 모의고사 - 한줄해석 (좌지문 우해석)

오늘은 2023년도 6월 고1 영어 모의고사>의 한줄해석(좌지문 우해석) 자료 올립니다.설명문/실용문을 제외한 전지문 작업했습니다.PDF와 워드 파일 모두 올립니다. 필요에 따라 변형해서 

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[고1] 2023년 6월 모의고사 - 지문 요약 by ChatGPT 4.0

 

[1 2023 06 – 18: 여름 휴가 패키지 상품 광고]

 

ACC Travel Agency Customers: Have you ever wanted to enjoy a holiday in nature? This summer is the best time to turn your dream into reality. We have a perfect travel package for you. This travel package includes special trips to Lake Madison as well as massage and meditation to help you relax. Also, we provide yoga lessons taught by experienced instructors. If you book this package, you will enjoy all this at a reasonable price. We are sure that it will be an unforgettable experience for you. If you call us, we will be happy to give you more details.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Affordable Summer Getaway to Lake Madison for Relaxation and Rejuvenation

2. Unforgettable Nature Escape with Yoga, Massage, and Meditation at Lake Madison

3. The Ultimate Summer Retreat: Wellness and Tranquility at Lake Madison

4. Lake Madison Travel Package: Rejuvenate Your Body and Mind with ACC

 

Main Idea #1:

The travel package offers a summer escape to Lake Madison with activities promoting relaxation, such as massage, meditation, and yoga.

 

Main Idea #2:

ACC Travel Agency provides an affordable package combining outdoor activities at Lake Madison with wellness practices to ensure an unforgettable summer vacation.

 

Summary:

The ACC Travel Agency offers a summer travel package featuring Lake Madison. Guests will enjoy relaxing activities like yoga, massage, and meditation led by experienced instructors. With reasonable pricing, this nature escape promises an unforgettable holiday.

 

Key Points:

1. The travel package includes trips to Lake Madison.

2. Relaxation activities offered include massage, meditation, and yoga.

3. Experienced instructors will lead yoga lessons.

4. The package is affordably priced for an unforgettable summer experience.

 


[
1 2023 06 – 19: 마술  관람  잠시 분실된 가족을 찾은 이야기]

 

When I woke up in our hotel room, it was almost midnight. I didn't see my husband nor daughter. I called them, but I heard their phones ringing in the room. Feeling worried, I went outside and walked down the street, but they were nowhere to be found. When I decided I should ask someone for help, a crowd nearby caught my attention. I approached, hoping to find my husband and daughter, and suddenly I saw two familiar faces. I smiled, feeling calm. Just then, my daughter saw me and called, "Mom!" They were watching the magic show. Finally, I felt all my worries disappear.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Midnight Worries Disappear as Family Reunites at Magic Show

2. Midnight Search Leads to Reunion and Relief at Hotel Magic Show

3. A Mother's Midnight Scare Turns to Joy at Magic Show

4. Finding Family in the Midnight Crowd: A Mother's Journey to Relief

 

Main Idea #1:

A woman wakes up to find her husband and daughter missing and begins to worry.

 

Main Idea #2:

After searching outside their hotel room, the woman finally finds her husband and daughter watching a nearby magic show, bringing her great relief.

 

Summary:

A woman wakes up near midnight to find her husband and daughter missing from their hotel room. Feeling anxious, she searches the street and spots them at a magic show. Reunited, she finally feels calm and relieved.

 

Key Points:

1. The woman wakes up near midnight and cannot find her family.

2. Their phones are in the room, adding to her worry.

3. She spots a crowd outside and approaches to investigate.

4. She finds her family at a magic show and is relieved.

 


[
1 2023 06 – 20: 업무와 개인 일정을 하나의 캘린더에 통합하는 것이 효율적임]

 

Research shows that people who work have two calendars: one for work and one for their personal lives. Although it may seem sensible, having two separate calendars for work and personal life can lead to distractions. To check if something is missing, you will find yourself checking your to-do lists multiple times. Instead, organize all of your tasks in one place. It doesn't matter if you use digital or paper media. It's okay to keep your professional and personal tasks in one place. This will give you a good idea of how time is divided between work and home. This will allow you to make informed decisions about which tasks are most important.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Managing Time Effectively: Benefits of Consolidating Work and Personal Calendars

2. Streamline Productivity by Combining Professional and Personal Calendars

3. Consolidating Calendars: How Merging Work and Personal Schedules Reduces Distractions

4. Enhance Focus and Prioritize Tasks by Merging Personal and Work Calendars

 

Main Idea #1:

Maintaining separate calendars for work and personal life can create distractions and confusion.

 

Main Idea #2:

Consolidating work and personal tasks into one calendar provides a clearer overview of priorities and helps improve productivity.

 

Summary:

Keeping separate calendars for work and personal life may lead to distractions and frequent list-checking. Instead, merging both into one calendar offers a better view of how time is divided between work and personal life, helping prioritize tasks more effectively.

 

Key Points:

1. Separate calendars for work and personal life can cause distractions.

2. Consolidating tasks into one calendar provides a clearer view of priorities.

3. Using digital or paper media for organization is acceptable.

4. Merged calendars help in making informed decisions about prioritizing tasks.

 


[
1 2023 06 – 21: 고객 만족도 모니터링의 중요성과 입소문 효과]

 

Why do you care how a customer reacts to a purchase? Good question. By understanding post-purchase behavior, you can understand the influence and the likelihood of whether a buyer will repurchase the product (and whether she will keep it or return it). You'll also determine whether the buyer will encourage others to purchase the product from you. Satisfied customers can become unpaid ambassadors for your business, so customer satisfaction should be on the top of your to-do list. People tend to believe the opinions of people they know. People trust friends over advertisements any day. They know that advertisements are paid to tell the "good side" and that they're used to persuade them to purchase products and services. By continually monitoring your customer's satisfaction after the sale, you have the ability to avoid negative word-of-mouth advertising.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Importance of Post-Purchase Behavior in Building Customer Loyalty

2. Why Customer Satisfaction Matters: Turning Buyers into Brand Ambassadors

3. Harnessing Post-Purchase Behavior to Foster Positive Word-of-Mouth

4. Understanding Post-Purchase Behavior: How Customer Satisfaction Influences Repurchasing

 

Main Idea #1:

Monitoring post-purchase behavior helps understand the likelihood of repurchasing and the potential for product returns.

 

Main Idea #2:

Satisfied customers can become brand ambassadors, while careful attention to post-purchase behavior prevents negative word-of-mouth.

 

Summary:

Understanding post-purchase behavior reveals whether customers are likely to repurchase or return a product and if they will recommend it to others. Satisfied customers act as unpaid ambassadors, promoting the business through word-of-mouth, which is trusted more than advertisements. Monitoring post-purchase satisfaction helps prevent negative word-of-mouth.

 

Key Points:

1. Understanding post-purchase behavior indicates repurchasing and return likelihood.

2. Satisfied customers often recommend products to others.

3. People trust recommendations from friends more than advertisements.

4. Monitoring customer satisfaction helps prevent negative word-of-mouth.

 


[
1 2023 06 – 22: 기술 발전으로 소비자에게 떠넘겨진 노동의 증가]

 

The promise of a computerized society, we were told, was that it would pass to machines all of the repetitive drudgery of work, allowing us humans to pursue higher purposes and to have more leisure time. It didn't work out this way. Instead of more time, most of us have less. Companies large and small have off-loaded work onto the backs of consumers. Things that used to be done for us, as part of the value-added service of working with a company, we are now expected to do ourselves. With air travel, we're now expected to complete our own reservations and check-in, jobs that used to be done by airline employees or travel agents. At the grocery store, we're expected to bag our own groceries and, in some supermarkets, to scan our own purchases.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Irony of Automation: How Technology Shifted Work onto Consumers

2. Automation's Unintended Consequences: More Consumer Labor, Less Leisure Time

3. How the Computerized Society Increased Consumer Workload and Reduced Leisure

4. From Promise to Reality: Automation's Impact on Leisure and Consumer Labor

 

Main Idea #1:

The promise of automation reducing human work was not realized, as most people now have less free time.

 

Main Idea #2:

Companies shifted repetitive tasks onto consumers, making them handle jobs that used to be performed as part of a service, like booking travel or checking out groceries.

 

Summary:

Despite the promise that automation would increase leisure time, most people find themselves busier. Companies have shifted tasks to consumers that used to be part of the provided service, such as booking flights or scanning groceries. This has led to more consumer labor and less leisure time.

 

Key Points:

1. Automation was supposed to free up time by reducing repetitive work.

2. People now have less leisure time as companies shifted tasks onto consumers.

3. Examples include handling travel bookings and scanning groceries.

4. Many tasks once part of customer service are now consumer responsibilities.

 


[
1 2023 06 – 23: 사람들은 자신의 능력을 과대평가하는 경향이 있음]

 

We tend to believe that we possess a host of socially desirable characteristics, and that we are free of most of those that are socially undesirable. For example, a large majority of the general public thinks that they are more intelligent, more fair-minded, less prejudiced, and more skilled behind the wheel of an automobile than the average person. This phenomenon is so reliable and ubiquitous that it has come to be known as the "Lake Wobegon effect," after Garrison Keillor's fictional community where "the women are strong, the men are good-looking, and all the children are above average." A survey of one million high school seniors found that 70% thought they were above average in leadership ability, and only 2% thought they were below average. In terms of ability to get along with others, all students thought they were above average, 60% thought they were in the top 10%, and 25% thought they were in the top 1%!

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Understanding the "Lake Wobegon Effect": Why We Overestimate Our Abilities

2. The Lake Wobegon Effect: Illusions of Superiority in Self-Perception

3. Why We All Think We're Above Average: The Lake Wobegon Effect Explained

4. Examining the Lake Wobegon Effect: Overconfidence in Socially Desirable Traits

 

Main Idea #1:

People believe they possess socially desirable traits and lack undesirable ones, often overestimating their abilities compared to others.

 

Main Idea #2:

The "Lake Wobegon effect," named after a fictional town, describes this overestimation, with surveys showing that high school seniors overwhelmingly see themselves as above average in leadership and social skills.

 

Summary:

People consistently believe they are superior in socially desirable traits, a phenomenon known as the "Lake Wobegon effect." A survey of high school seniors revealed that the majority rated themselves above average in leadership and social skills, with many believing they rank among the top.

 

Key Points:

1. People tend to overestimate their socially desirable qualities.

2. The "Lake Wobegon effect" illustrates this overconfidence.

3. High school seniors overwhelmingly believe they are above average in leadership and social skills.

4. The phenomenon highlights widespread illusions of personal superiority.

 


[
1 2023 06 – 24: 부유한 국가일수록 시간적 압박감이 높음]

 

Few people will be surprised to hear that poverty tends to create stress: a 2006 study published in the American journal Psychosomatic Medicine, for example, noted that a lower socioeconomic status was associated with higher levels of stress hormones in the body. However, richer economies have their own distinct stresses. The key issue is time pressure. A 1999 study of 31 countries by American psychologist Robert Levine and Canadian psychologist Ara Norenzayan found that wealthier, more industrialized nations had a faster pace of life ─ which led to a higher standard of living, but at the same time left the population feeling a constant sense of urgency, as well as being more prone to heart disease. In effect, fast-paced productivity creates wealth, but it also leads people to feel time-poor when they lack the time to relax and enjoy themselves.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Time Poverty in Wealthy Nations: The Stress of Fast-Paced Living

2. How Fast-Paced Economies Create Time Poverty and Stress

3. Balancing Wealth and Well-Being: The Hidden Costs of Fast-Paced Economies

4. High Pace of Life in Rich Economies: Wealth, Stress, and the Sense of Urgency

 

Main Idea #1:

Poverty induces stress, with studies linking lower socioeconomic status to higher stress hormone levels.

 

Main Idea #2:

Wealthier economies face distinct stressors from the faster pace of life, creating a time pressure that leaves people feeling constantly rushed and susceptible to heart disease.

 

Summary:

Poverty is linked to high stress hormone levels, but fast-paced living in wealthy economies creates its own stresses. Although this lifestyle boosts productivity and wealth, people feel time-poor and under constant urgency, often experiencing health consequences.

 

Key Points:

1. Poverty is linked to increased stress hormone levels.

2. Wealthier nations have a faster pace of life, leading to constant urgency.

3. This sense of urgency makes people more prone to heart disease.

4. Fast-paced productivity generates wealth but leaves people feeling time-poor.

 


[
1 2023 06 – 25: 1990년과 2019 지역별 산림 면적 비율 그래프]

 

The above graph shows the share of forest area in total land area by region in 1990 and 2019. Africa's share of forest area in total land area was over 20% in both 1990 and 2019. The share of forest area in America was 42.6% in 1990, which was larger than that in 2019. The share of forest area in Asia declined from 1990 to 2019 by more than 10 percentage points. In 2019, the share of forest area in Europe was the largest among the five regions, more than three times that in Asia in the same year. Oceania showed the smallest gap between 1990 and 2019 in terms of the share of forest area in total land area.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Regional Trends in Forest Coverage: Comparing 1990 and 2019

2. Forest Area Declines in Asia and America, Europe Leads in 2019

3. Changes in Global Forest Distribution: Key Regional Differences from 1990 to 2019

4. Regional Shifts in Forest Coverage: Asia’s Decline and Europe’s Dominance

 

Main Idea #1:

Africa maintained over 20% of its land as forest in both 1990 and 2019.

 

Main Idea #2:

The share of forest area in total land decreased in America and Asia, while Europe had the largest share in 2019 and Oceania exhibited the smallest change.

 

Summary:

The share of forest area in total land has generally declined since 1990. Asia's forest area dropped by over 10 percentage points, while America's share also decreased. Europe had the highest forest coverage in 2019, and Oceania showed minimal changes in its forest area percentage over time.

 

Key Points:

1. Africa's forest area remained above 20% of its total land in 1990 and 2019.

2. America’s forest coverage decreased from 42.6% in 1990 to a lower figure in 2019.

3. Asia’s forest area share declined by over 10 percentage points.

4. Europe had the largest forest coverage in 2019, more than three times that of Asia.

5. Oceania had the smallest gap in forest coverage between 1990 and 2019.

 


[
1 2023 06 – 26: 노벨 경제학상 수상자 게리 베커 소개]

 

Gary Becker was born in Pottsville, Pennsylvania in 1930 and grew up in Brooklyn, New York City. His father, who was not well educated, had a deep interest in financial and political issues. After graduating from high school, Becker went to Princeton University, where he majored in economics. He was dissatisfied with his economic education at Princeton University because "it didn't seem to be handling real problems." He earned a doctor's degree in economics from the University of Chicago in 1955. His doctoral paper on the economics of discrimination was mentioned by the Nobel Prize Committee as an important contribution to economics. Since 1985, Becker had written a regular economics column in Business Week, explaining economic analysis and ideas to the general public. In 1992, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in economic science.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Regional Trends in Forest Coverage: Comparing 1990 and 2019

2. Forest Area Declines in Asia and America, Europe Leads in 2019

3. Changes in Global Forest Distribution: Key Regional Differences from 1990 to 2019

4. Regional Shifts in Forest Coverage: Asia’s Decline and Europe’s Dominance

 

Main Idea #1:

Africa maintained over 20% of its land as forest in both 1990 and 2019.

 

Main Idea #2:

The share of forest area in total land decreased in America and Asia, while Europe had the largest share in 2019 and Oceania exhibited the smallest change.

 

Summary:

The share of forest area in total land has generally declined since 1990. Asia's forest area dropped by over 10 percentage points, while America's share also decreased. Europe had the highest forest coverage in 2019, and Oceania showed minimal changes in its forest area percentage over time.

 

Key Points:

1. Africa's forest area remained above 20% of its total land in 1990 and 2019.

2. America’s forest coverage decreased from 42.6% in 1990 to a lower figure in 2019.

3. Asia’s forest area share declined by over 10 percentage points.

4. Europe had the largest forest coverage in 2019, more than three times that of Asia.

5. Oceania had the smallest gap in forest coverage between 1990 and 2019.

 


[
1 2023 06 – 29: 아이에게 긍정적 자아상을 심어주는 칭찬의 중요성]

 

Although praise is one of the most powerful tools available for improving young children's behavior, it is equally powerful for improving your child's self-esteem. Preschoolers believe what their parents tell them in a very profound way. They do not yet have the cognitive sophistication to reason analytically and reject false information. If a preschool boy consistently hears from his mother that he is smart and a good helper, he is likely to incorporate that information into his self-image. Thinking of himself as a boy who is smart and knows how to do things is likely to make him endure longer in problem-solving efforts and increase his confidence in trying new and difficult tasks. Similarly, thinking of himself as the kind of boy who is a good helper will make him more likely to volunteer to help with tasks at home and at preschool.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Positive Parental Praise Shapes Preschoolers' Self-Esteem and Behavior 

2. The Role of Parental Affirmation in Early Childhood Development 

3. How Consistent Praise Boosts Preschoolers' Confidence and Helping Behavior 

4. The Impact of Parental Praise on Preschoolers' Problem-Solving and Volunteering 

 

Main Idea #1:

Positive parental praise shapes a preschooler's self-image, influencing their behavior and confidence. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Preschoolers tend to internalize the positive affirmations they receive from their parents, which increases their problem-solving skills, encourages them to tackle new challenges, and motivates them to be helpful. 

 

Summary:

Praise is a powerful tool that shapes preschoolers' behavior and self-esteem because they believe their parents deeply. Positive affirmations help them internalize these beliefs, encouraging them to face challenges with confidence and to volunteer with helpful tasks. Praise not only molds their self-image but also inspires them to persist in problem-solving and new endeavors. 

 

Key Points:

1. Preschoolers absorb their parents' praise, shaping their self-esteem and identity. 

2. Positive affirmations make children endure challenges and persist longer in problem-solving tasks. 

3. Consistent praise about being helpful encourages children to volunteer for tasks at home and in school.

 


[
1 2023 06 – 30: 광고를 통한 상품 재포지셔닝 사례]

 

Advertisers often displayed considerable facility in adapting their claims to the market status of the goods they promoted. Fleischmann's yeast, for instance, was used as an ingredient for cooking homemade bread. Yet more and more people in the early 20th century were buying their bread from stores or bakeries, so consumer demand for yeast decreased. The producer of Fleischmann's yeast hired the J. Walter Thompson advertising agency to come up with a different marketing strategy to boost sales. No longer the "Soul of Bread," the Thompson agency first turned yeast into an important source of vitamins with significant health benefits. Shortly thereafter, the advertising agency transformed yeast into a natural laxative. Repositioning yeast helped increase sales.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. How Creative Advertising Revitalized Fleischmann's Yeast Sales 

2. Adaptive Marketing: Rebranding Fleischmann's Yeast for Modern Consumers 

3. The Strategic Transformation of Fleischmann's Yeast into a Health Product 

4. Fleischmann's Yeast: From Bread Ingredient to Health-Boosting Laxative 

 

Main Idea #1:

Advertisers adapted their strategies to promote Fleischmann's yeast despite declining demand for homemade bread. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Fleischmann's yeast was successfully repositioned from a bread-making ingredient to a health product, first as a vitamin source and then as a natural laxative, leading to increased sales. 

 

Summary:

As demand for homemade bread fell, Fleischmann's yeast producers adapted their marketing strategy with help from the J. Walter Thompson agency. They repositioned yeast from a cooking ingredient to a health product, emphasizing its vitamin content and laxative properties. This creative advertising approach boosted yeast sales significantly. 

 

Key Points:

1. Advertisers adapted their messaging to align with shifting consumer habits. 

2. Fleischmann's yeast was repositioned from a bread-making ingredient to a source of vitamins and a natural laxative. 

3. The marketing shift increased yeast sales by tapping into emerging consumer health interests.

 


[
1 2023 06 – 31: 명성에 대한 존경심을 활용한 자선 행위 에피소드]

 

Individuals who perform at a high level in their profession often have instant credibility with others. People admire them, they want to be like them, and they feel connected to them. When they speak, others listen ― even if the area of their skill has nothing to do with the advice they give. Think about a world-famous basketball player. He has made more money from endorsements than he ever did playing basketball. Is it because of his knowledge of the products he endorses? No. It's because of what he can do with a basketball. The same can be said of an Olympic medalist swimmer. People listen to him because of what he can do in the pool. And when an actor tells us we should drive a certain car, we don't listen because of his expertise on engines. We listen because we admire his talent. Excellence connects. If you possess a high level of ability in an area, others may desire to connect with you because of it.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Influence of Excellence: How Professional Success Establishes Credibility 

2. Instant Credibility: Why High Performers Garner Admiration and Trust 

3. The Magnetic Power of Excellence: How Professionals Inspire Trust Beyond Their Field 

4. High Performers and Influence: Building Connections Through Talent and Skill 

 

Main Idea #1:

High-performing individuals often have immediate credibility that inspires others, even in areas unrelated to their expertise. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Excellence in a particular field, such as sports or acting, creates a strong connection with others who admire the individual's skill, leading them to trust and follow advice beyond that specific field. 

 

Summary:

Individuals who excel in their professions have instant credibility, inspiring others regardless of the field. Their high-level skill establishes a connection that makes people trust their endorsements and advice, even if unrelated to their area of expertise. Excellence draws admiration and forms connections beyond the original domain. 

 

Key Points:

1. High-performing professionals gain credibility through excellence in their field. 

2. Their influence extends beyond their expertise due to admiration and connection. 

3. Their endorsements often succeed despite lacking specific product knowledge.

 


[
1 2023 06 – 32: 두뇌는 도시처럼 복잡한 상호작용의 결과물임]

 

Think of the brain as a city. If you were to look out over a city and ask "where is the economy located?" you'd see there's no good answer to the question. Instead, the economy emerges from the interaction of all the elements ― from the stores and the banks to the merchants and the customers. And so it is with the brain's operation: it doesn't happen in one spot. Just as in a city, no neighborhood of the brain operates in isolation. In brains and in cities, everything emerges from the interaction between residents, at all scales, locally and distantly. Just as trains bring materials and textiles into a city, which become processed into the economy, so the raw electrochemical signals from sensory organs are transported along superhighways of neurons. There the signals undergo processing and transformation into our conscious reality.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Understanding the Brain as a City: Interconnected Networks and Processes 

2. Comparing the Brain to a City: How Interaction Shapes Conscious Thought 

3. The Brain's Economy: A City-Like Network of Complex Interactions 

4. The Brain and the City: Parallel Emergence Through Networked Interactions 

 

Main Idea #1:

The brain functions like a city, where its "economy" emerges from the complex interactions between different regions. 

 

Main Idea #2:

In both cities and the brain, no neighborhood functions in isolation. Signals from sensory organs are transported via neural networks, processed, and transformed into conscious thought through interconnected interactions. 

 

Summary:

The brain functions like a city, with its economy emerging from interconnected regions rather than a single area. Each neighborhood of the brain collaborates with others, like in a city. Sensory signals travel through neural networks, becoming processed into conscious reality through these interactions. 

 

Key Points:

1. The brain's operation is similar to a city's economy, emerging from interactions between regions. 

2. No brain region operates in isolation, just like neighborhoods in cities. 

3. Sensory signals are transported and processed via neural networks, shaping conscious reality.

 


[
1 2023 06 – 33: 특정 행동을 취하면 그에 상응하는 감정이 유발됨]

 

Someone else's body language affects our own body, which then creates an emotional echo that makes us feel accordingly. As Louis Armstrong sang, "When you're smiling, the whole world smiles with you." If copying another's smile makes us feel happy, the emotion of the smiler has been transmitted via our body. Strange as it may sound, this theory states that emotions arise from our bodies. For example, our mood can be improved by simply lifting up the corners of our mouth. If people are asked to bite down on a pencil lengthwise, taking care not to let the pencil touch their lips (thus forcing the mouth into a smile-like shape), they judge cartoons funnier than if they have been asked to frown. The primacy of the body is sometimes summarized in the phrase "I must be afraid, because I'm running."

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. How Body Language Influences Emotions: The Theory of Emotional Echo 

2. The Power of Body Language: How Smiling and Movement Affect Our Emotions 

3. Understanding Emotional Echo: How Mimicking Body Language Shapes Feelings 

4. The Influence of Physical Expression on Emotions: Why We Smile When Others Do 

 

Main Idea #1:

Emotions can be transmitted through body language, creating an emotional echo that influences our own feelings. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Our emotions often arise from physical actions and expressions; smiling can make us feel happier, while bodily movements can affect how we perceive events and experiences. 

 

Summary:

Our emotions are influenced by the body language of others, creating an emotional echo. For instance, smiling can make us feel happier, and when asked to bite a pencil to mimic a smile, people find cartoons funnier than when frowning. This theory, summarized as "I must be afraid because I'm running," suggests that emotions arise from physical actions and expressions. 

 

Key Points:

1. Body language from others can affect our emotional state through an emotional echo. 

2. Physical actions like smiling can improve our mood. 

3. Mimicking a smile leads people to perceive things as more amusing. 

4. The theory suggests that emotions arise from bodily expressions.

 


[
1 2023 06 – 34: 제한된 구매 수량이 판매를 증가시키는 사례]

 

Restricting the number of items customers can buy boosts sales. Brian Wansink, Professor of Marketing at Cornell University, investigated the effectiveness of this tactic in 1998. He persuaded three supermarkets in Sioux City, Iowa, to offer Campbell's soup at a small discount: 79 cents rather than 89 cents. The discounted soup was sold in one of three conditions: a control, where there was no limit on the volume of purchases, or two tests, where customers were limited to either four or twelve cans. In the unlimited condition shoppers bought 3.3 cans on average, whereas in the scarce condition, when there was a limit, they bought 5.3 on average. This suggests scarcity encourages sales. The findings are particularly strong because the test took place in a supermarket with genuine shoppers. It didn't rely on claimed data, nor was it held in a laboratory where consumers might behave differently.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Scarcity Marketing Boosts Sales: Evidence from Campbell's Soup Experiment 

2. The Impact of Purchase Limits on Consumer Buying Behavior in Supermarkets 

3. How Limiting Purchases Can Drive Sales: Insights from a Marketing Experiment 

4. Scarcity Effect on Sales: How Purchase Restrictions Influence Buying Patterns 

 

Main Idea #1:

Setting limits on the number of items customers can buy leads to increased sales due to the perceived scarcity of the product. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Brian Wansink's 1998 experiment with Campbell's soup found that limiting customers to four or twelve cans boosted sales compared to when no purchase limit was imposed, revealing that scarcity is an effective marketing tactic. 

 

Summary:

Brian Wansink's 1998 experiment demonstrated that imposing a purchase limit on Campbell's soup increased sales, with shoppers buying an average of 5.3 cans when limits were set compared to 3.3 without restrictions. This experiment in a real supermarket setting confirms that scarcity marketing effectively encourages customers to buy more. 

 

Key Points:

1. Restricting purchase limits can boost sales by creating a sense of scarcity. 

2. Shoppers purchased significantly more soup when there was a limit on the number of cans they could buy. 

3. The experiment's real-world supermarket setting adds credibility to the findings. 

4. This marketing tactic doesn't rely on self-reported data or controlled laboratory behavior.

 


[
1 2023 06 – 35: 새로운 기술 도입  생산성에 미치는 영향]

 

Although technology has the potential to increase productivity, it can also have a negative impact on productivity. For example, in many office environments workers sit at desks with computers and have access to the internet. They are able to check their personal e-mails and use social media whenever they want to. This can stop them from doing their work and make them less productive. Introducing new technology can also have a negative impact on production when it causes a change to the production process or requires workers to learn a new system. Learning to use new technology can be time consuming and stressful for workers and this can cause a decline in productivity.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Balancing Technology and Productivity: Navigating Digital Distractions and Learning Curves 

2. The Dual Nature of Technology: How New Systems Can Hamper Workplace Productivity 

3. Understanding the Challenges of Technology Adoption in the Workplace 

4. The Impact of Technology on Productivity: Distractions and Learning Curves 

 

Main Idea #1:

Technology, despite its potential, can reduce productivity due to distractions like social media and personal emails. 

 

Main Idea #2:

New technology can negatively impact productivity if it disrupts existing processes or requires workers to learn unfamiliar systems, as training can be time-consuming and stressful. 

 

Summary:

Although technology can boost productivity, it also brings challenges. In office settings, distractions like social media and personal emails can reduce productivity. Additionally, new systems can disrupt workflows and require time-consuming, stressful training, further hampering productivity. 

 

Key Points:

1. Office workers often get distracted by personal emails and social media, reducing productivity. 

2. New technology can disrupt production processes and require a challenging learning curve. 

3. Training on new systems is time-consuming and can cause stress, leading to reduced productivity.

 


[
1 2023 06 – 36: 시간 측정의 역사와 시계의 중요성]

 

Up until about 6,000 years ago, most people were farmers. Many lived in different places throughout the year, hunting for food or moving their livestock to areas with enough food. There was no need to tell the time because life depended on natural cycles, such as the changing seasons or sunrise and sunset. Gradually more people started to live in larger settlements, and some needed to tell the time. For example, priests wanted to know when to carry out religious ceremonies. This was when people first invented clocks ― devices that show, measure, and keep track of passing time. Clocks have been important ever since. Today, clocks are used for important things such as setting busy airport timetables ― if the time is incorrect, aeroplanes might crash into each other when taking off or landing!

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Evolution of Clocks: From Farming Societies to Modern Airports 

2. The Role of Clocks in Human History: From Seasonal Farming to Precise Aviation 

3. How Clocks Transformed Society: Understanding the Need to Track Time 

4. The Importance of Clocks: From Ancient Religious Ceremonies to Modern Timetables 

 

Main Idea #1:

Clocks were invented to meet the needs of societies transitioning from farming to living in larger, organized settlements. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Clocks have grown in importance, initially aiding religious ceremonies but now playing a crucial role in precise scheduling, such as coordinating airport timetables to prevent accidents. 

 

Summary:

Clocks were first invented to help early societies transitioning from farming to larger settlements accurately track time for activities like religious ceremonies. Today, clocks are indispensable for coordinating complex tasks, such as managing airport schedules to ensure flight safety. 

 

Key Points:

1. Before clocks, early societies relied on natural cycles to manage their daily lives. 

2. Clocks were created to aid priests in timing religious ceremonies. 

3. Modern clocks ensure accurate timetables, preventing potentially dangerous accidents like airplane collisions.

 


[
1 2023 06 – 37: 분업을 통한 생산성 향상 방안]

 

Managers are always looking for ways to increase productivity, which is the ratio of costs to output in production. Adam Smith, writing when the manufacturing industry was new, described a way that production could be made more efficient, known as the "division of labor." Making most manufactured goods involves several different processes using different skills. Smith's example was the manufacture of pins: the wire is straightened, sharpened, a head is put on, and then it is polished. One worker could do all these tasks, and make 20 pins in a day. But this work can be divided into its separate processes, with a number of workers each performing one task. Because each worker specializes in one job, he or she can work much faster without changing from one task to another. Now 10 workers can produce thousands of pins in a day ─ a huge increase in productivity from the 200 they would have produced before.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Understanding Adam Smith's Division of Labor and Its Impact on Productivity 

2. How Specialization Transforms Production: Adam Smith's Division of Labor 

3. Increasing Efficiency in Manufacturing: The Role of Labor Division 

4. Division of Labor: From 20 to Thousands of Pins in a Day 

 

Main Idea #1:

The division of labor is a method to increase productivity by dividing production into specialized tasks. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Adam Smith illustrated the division of labor through pin manufacturing, showing how breaking down the process into specialized tasks allowed 10 workers to make thousands of pins daily, rather than only 200. 

 

Summary:

Managers seek productivity improvements through the division of labor, where each worker specializes in one production task. Adam Smith used pin manufacturing as an example, demonstrating that by dividing the tasks, 10 workers could produce thousands of pins daily, compared to the 200 pins they would produce individually. 

 

Key Points:

1. Division of labor increases productivity by allowing workers to specialize. 

2. In pin manufacturing, production was divided into tasks like sharpening and polishing. 

3. With the division of labor, 10 workers could produce thousands of pins daily, up from 200.

 


[
1 2023 06 – 38: 시간이 지남에 따라 우리 모습도 변화함]

 

Sometimes the pace of change is far slower. The face you saw reflected in your mirror this morning probably appeared no different from the face you saw the day before ― or a week or a month ago. Yet we know that the face that stares back at us from the glass is not the same, cannot be the same, as it was 10 minutes ago. The proof is in your photo album: Look at a photograph taken of yourself 5 or 10 years ago and you see clear differences between the face in the snapshot and the face in your mirror. If you lived in a world without mirrors for a year and then saw your reflection, you might be surprised by the change. After an interval of 10 years without seeing yourself, you might not at first recognize the person peering from the mirror. Even something as basic as our own face changes from moment to moment.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Slow Yet Constant: How Our Faces Change Gradually Over Time 

2. Understanding the Pace of Change: Why Our Faces Seem Static in Daily Reflection 

3. The Gradual Transformation of Faces: Recognizing Long-Term Changes in Ourselves 

4. The Mirror vs. the Photo Album: Perceiving the Subtle Evolution of Our Faces 

 

Main Idea #1:

Our faces change gradually over time, even though daily reflections make them seem static. 

 

Main Idea #2:

The gradual pace of facial changes becomes evident when comparing old photographs, revealing significant differences that are not noticeable in everyday reflections. 

 

Summary:

Our faces change so slowly that daily reflections appear identical, yet comparing them to photographs from years ago reveals stark differences. If deprived of mirrors for a long time, we might not recognize our reflection, demonstrating how subtle changes accumulate over time. 

 

Key Points:

1. Daily reflections make it challenging to perceive gradual changes in our faces. 

2. Old photographs reveal the significant transformation our faces undergo over time. 

3. Without seeing one's reflection for a long period, facial changes become more surprising and recognizable.

 


[
1 2023 06 – 39: 아이의 호기심이 점차 줄어드는 이유]

 

According to educational psychologist Susan Engel, curiosity begins to decrease as young as four years old. By the time we are adults, we have fewer questions and more default settings. As Henry James put it, "Disinterested curiosity is past, the mental grooves and channels set." The decline in curiosity can be traced in the development of the brain through childhood. Though smaller than the adult brain, the infant brain contains millions more neural connections. The wiring, however, is a mess; the lines of communication between infant neurons are far less efficient than between those in the adult brain. The baby's perception of the world is consequently both intensely rich and wildly disordered. As children absorb more evidence from the world around them, certain possibilities become much more likely and more useful and harden into knowledge or beliefs. The neural pathways that enable those beliefs become faster and more automatic, while the ones that the child doesn't use regularly are pruned away.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. How Curiosity Diminishes Over Time: Exploring the Neural Changes from Childhood to Adulthood 

2. The Decline of Curiosity: Understanding Neural Pathway Changes from Childhood to Adulthood 

3. Neural Pathways and Curiosity: How Childhood Brain Development Affects Questioning 

4. From Rich Disorder to Efficiency: How Our Brain Development Limits Curiosity 

 

Main Idea #1:

Curiosity begins to diminish as early as age four, leaving adults with fewer questions and more fixed beliefs. 

 

Main Idea #2:

In childhood, the brain is highly interconnected but disorganized. As children learn more about the world, the neural pathways that reinforce existing beliefs become stronger while unused connections are pruned, leading to faster but more rigid thinking. 

 

Summary:

Curiosity wanes starting at age four as neural pathways in the brain become streamlined. In childhood, the brain is highly connected but disordered. As children gain knowledge, certain beliefs are reinforced through faster neural connections, while unused pathways are pruned away, leaving adults with more rigid thinking patterns. 

 

Key Points:

1. Curiosity decreases significantly beginning at age four. 

2. Children's brains are highly connected but initially disorganized. 

3. As children absorb information, useful neural pathways strengthen while others are pruned. 

4. Adults tend to have fewer questions and more fixed beliefs due to this neural pruning.

 


[
1 2023 06 – 40: 건강한 식단을 위해서는 식품 분류가 아닌 균형 잡힌 섭취가 중요함]

 

Nearly eight of ten U.S. adults believe there are "good foods" and "bad foods." Unless we're talking about spoiled stew, poison mushrooms, or something similar, however, no foods can be labeled as either good or bad. There are, however, combinations of foods that add up to a healthful or unhealthful diet. Consider the case of an adult who eats only foods thought of as "good" ― for example, raw broccoli, apples, orange juice, boiled tofu, and carrots. Although all these foods are nutrient-dense, they do not add up to a healthy diet because they don't supply a wide enough variety of the nutrients we need. Or take the case of the teenager who occasionally eats fried chicken, but otherwise stays away from fried foods. The occasional fried chicken isn't going to knock his or her diet off track. But the person who eats fried foods every day, with few vegetables or fruits, and loads up on supersized soft drinks, candy, and chips for snacks has a bad diet.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Debunking the Myth of "Good" and "Bad" Foods: Building a Balanced Diet 

2. Beyond Labels: Understanding How Food Combinations Affect Dietary Health 

3. The Importance of Dietary Variety: Why No Single Food Is Universally "Good" or "Bad" 

4. The Complexity of Nutrition: How Food Choices and Combinations Define Diet Quality 

 

Main Idea #1:

Labeling foods as "good" or "bad" is misleading; diet quality is determined by the overall combination of foods consumed. 

 

Main Idea #2:

A diet consisting solely of nutrient-dense "good" foods can still lack essential nutrients, while occasionally eating "bad" foods doesn't necessarily lead to a poor diet unless it's part of an unbalanced, unhealthy eating pattern. 

 

Summary:

Despite popular beliefs, no foods are inherently "good" or "bad." Diet quality depends on the overall combination of foods consumed. Even nutrient-dense foods like broccoli or tofu can't form a complete diet on their own, and occasionally eating fried foods isn't harmful if paired with healthier habits. An unbalanced diet emerges when unhealthy foods dominate, and nutrient-rich foods are neglected. 

 

Key Points:

1. Most U.S. adults label foods as either "good" or "bad." 

2. Even nutrient-dense foods don't provide a complete diet on their own. 

3. The occasional indulgence in "bad" foods is harmless if balanced with healthier choices. 

4. A poor diet results from consistent overconsumption of unhealthy foods paired with neglect of nutrient-rich options.

 


[
1 2023 06 – 41~42: 농업 발달로 잉여 식량이 생기면서 전문 직업이 생겨남]

 

Early hunter-gatherer societies had minimal structure. A chief or group of elders usually led the camp or village. Most of these leaders had to hunt and gather along with the other members because the surpluses of food and other vital resources were seldom sufficient to support a full-time chief or village council. The development of agriculture changed work patterns. Early farmers could reap 3-10 kg of grain from each 1 kg of seed planted. Part of this food/energy surplus was returned to the community and provided support for nonfarmers such as chieftains, village councils, men who practice medicine, priests, and warriors. In return, the nonfarmers provided leadership and security for the farming population, enabling it to continue to increase food/energy yields and provide ever larger surpluses. With improved technology and favorable conditions, agriculture produced consistent surpluses of the basic necessities, and population groups grew in size. These groups concentrated in towns and cities, and human tasks specialized further. Specialists such as carpenters, blacksmiths, merchants, traders, and sailors developed their skills and became more efficient in their use of time and energy. The goods and services they provided brought about an improved quality of life, a higher standard of living, and, for most societies, increased stability.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Evolution of Early Societies: From Hunter-Gatherers to Agricultural Specialists 

2. How Agriculture Transformed Societal Structure and Work Patterns 

3. The Impact of Agriculture: Surpluses, Specialization, and Societal Development 

4. From Chiefdoms to Cities: The Role of Agriculture in Shaping Human Societies 

 

Main Idea #1:

Early hunter-gatherer societies had minimal structure, with leaders who also worked due to limited food surpluses. 

 

Main Idea #2:

The advent of agriculture allowed societies to generate surpluses, leading to specialization and the growth of towns and cities where nonfarmers could offer specialized goods and services that improved living standards and stability. 

 

Summary:

Hunter-gatherer societies had simple structures due to limited food surpluses. With agriculture, societies created surpluses that supported nonfarmers like chiefs and warriors. This surplus led to the specialization of tasks, improved living standards, and societal stability as groups concentrated in towns and cities and relied on specialized skills like carpentry and blacksmithing. 

 

Key Points:

1. Early hunter-gatherers had minimal leadership structures due to a lack of surpluses. 

2. Agriculture produced surpluses that enabled societal specialization and growth. 

3. Towns and cities emerged, fostering specialists who improved living standards. 

4. Specialization brought stability and a higher quality of life through efficient use of time and skills.

 


[
1 2023 06 – 43~45: 아들을 간호하며 임종을 지켜준 병사의 인간애 실화]

 

A nurse took a tired, anxious soldier to the bedside. "Jack, your son is here," the nurse said to an old man lying on the bed. She had to repeat the words several times before the old man's eyes opened. Suffering from the severe pain because of heart disease, he barely saw the young uniformed soldier standing next to him. He reached out his hand to the soldier. The soldier gently wrapped his fingers around the weak hand of the old man. The nurse brought a chair so that the soldier could sit beside the bed. All through the night the young soldier sat there, holding the old man's hand and offering him words of support and comfort. Occasionally, she suggested that the soldier take a rest for a while. He politely said no. Whenever the nurse came into the room, she heard the soldier say a few gentle words. The old man said nothing, only held tightly to him all through the night. Just before dawn, the old man died. The soldier released the old man's hand and left the room to find the nurse. After she was told what happened, she went back to the room with him. The soldier hesitated for a while and asked, "Who was this man?" She was surprised and asked, "Wasn't he your father?" "No, he wasn't. I've never met him before," the soldier replied. She asked, "Then why didn't you say something when I took you to him?" He said, "I knew there had been a mistake, but when I realized that he was too sick to tell whether or not I was his son, I could see how much he needed me. So, I stayed."

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Compassion of a Stranger: A Soldier's Act of Kindness at a Hospital Bedside 

2. Finding Purpose in Compassion: A Soldier's Selfless Vigil for an Elderly Patient 

3. The Power of Empathy: How a Soldier Offered Comfort to a Dying Stranger 

4. A Mistaken Identity, A Selfless Act: The Unexpected Bond Between a Soldier and an Old Man 

 

Main Idea #1:

A soldier offered comfort and stayed by the bedside of an elderly, dying man, despite realizing they were strangers. 

 

Main Idea #2:

After recognizing a case of mistaken identity, the soldier chose to provide solace to the suffering old man, understanding the depth of support and companionship he needed in his final hours. 

 

Summary:

Mistaken for the old man's son, a compassionate soldier stayed by his bedside throughout the night, offering words of support and comfort despite being a stranger. Realizing how much the elderly man needed him, the soldier chose to stay until the old man passed away, embodying empathy and selfless kindness. 

 

Key Points:

1. The nurse mistakenly introduced the soldier as the old man's son. 

2. The soldier recognized the error but stayed to offer comfort to the dying man. 

3. He held the man's hand and provided supportive words throughout the night. 

4. The soldier's empathetic presence eased the old man's final hours, despite their being strangers.

 

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(이후 한동안 사용하지 않다가 개인 과외하면서 종종 사용하고 있습니다)

 

당시 방학마다 문법 특강을 진행했었는데, 

학생들에게 영문법 개념들을 A4 한장으로 도식화해서 알려주고 싶었던 것 같습니다.

 

그래서 맥북의 마인드맵용 프로그램인 마인드노드(MindNode)를 이용해서,

준동사 시리즈부터 시작해 문장의 5형식, 가정법, 관계사 등을 정리해서 수업에 활용했습니다.

 

문법의 핵심 구조를 담고 있으면서도,

최대한 간결한 설명과 예문을 사용하려고 노력했습니다. 

 

시간이 되는대로 이전의 자료를 수정해서 문법 개념을 순차적으로 올려보겠습니다. 

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오늘은 <고2 2023년도 6월 모의고사>의 기출문제 모음 첫번째 자료를 올립니다.
[고2] 2023년 6월 기출모음 #1 - 197문항

과거 학교에서 출제됐던 기출 문제들을 문항별로 수집한 자료이며,
문항당 비슷한 유형의 문제가 중복되어 있을 수 있으니 감안해서 사용하세요.

혼공하는 학생들이나 자료 필요한 분들에게
유용한 자료가 될 수 있길 바랍니다 :)

 

 

 

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[Flow Edu] 23년 고2 6월 기출 #1_197문항.pdf
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자료 이용시 주의사항

1) 빈칸이나 순서 등의 문제에 중복이 있을 수 있습니다. (학교마다 비슷한 문제가 출제될 수 있음)
2) 정답이 대체로 맞지만, 오답이 있을 수 있습니다. 감안해서 이용하세요. (오답이 있는 경우 댓글 남겨주시면, 확인 후 수정할게요.) 
3) 다양한 이유로 기출모음 자료는 별다른 공지 없이 내려갈 수 있습니다. 

 

 

 

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오늘은 <2023년도 6월 고3 영어 모의고사>의 한줄해석(좌지문 우해석) 자료 올립니다.
설명문/실용문을 제외한 전지문 작업했습니다.
PDF와 워드 파일 모두 올립니다. 필요에 따라 변형해서 사용하세요.
 
유용한 자료가 되길 바랍니다~♡
혹시 자료에 오류가 있으면 댓글 달아주세요. 바로 수정해 놓겠습니다. 

 

 

 

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[고3] 2023년 6월 모의고사 - 한줄해석 (좌지문 우해석).pdf
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[고3] 2023년 6월 모의고사 - 지문 요약 by ChatGPT 4.0

 

[고3] 2023년 6월 모의고사 - 지문 요약 by ChatGPT 4.0

오늘은 2023년도 6월 고3 영어 모의고사>의 지문 요약 자료를 올립니다.ChatGPT 유료 버전(ChatGPT 4.0)으로 작업했고,설명문/실용문을 제외한 전지문을 포함했습니다. (PDF 및 Word 파일 제공)  

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오늘은 <2023년도 6월 고2 영어 모의고사>의 한줄해석(좌지문 우해석) 자료 올립니다.
설명문/실용문을 제외한 전지문 작업했습니다.
PDF와 워드 파일 모두 올립니다. 필요에 따라 변형해서 사용하세요.
 
유용한 자료가 되길 바랍니다~♡
혹시 자료에 오류가 있으면 댓글 달아주세요. 바로 수정해 놓겠습니다. 

 

 

 

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[고2] 2023년 6월 모의고사 - 한줄해석 (좌지문 우해석).pdf
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[고2] 2023년 6월 모의고사 - 한줄해석 (좌지문 우해석).docx
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[고2] 2023년 6월 모의고사 - 지문 요약 by ChatGPT 4.0

오늘은 2023년도 6월 고2 영어 모의고사>의 지문 요약 자료를 올립니다.ChatGPT 유료 버전(ChatGPT 4.0)으로 작업했고,설명문/실용문을 제외한 전지문을 포함했습니다. (PDF 및 Word 파일 제공)  

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오늘은 <2023년도 6월 고1 영어 모의고사>의 한줄해석(좌지문 우해석) 자료 올립니다.
설명문/실용문을 제외한 전지문 작업했습니다.
PDF와 워드 파일 모두 올립니다. 필요에 따라 변형해서 사용하세요.
 
유용한 자료가 되길 바랍니다~♡
혹시 자료에 오류가 있으면 댓글 달아주세요. 바로 수정해 놓겠습니다. 

 

 

 

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[고1] 2023년 6월 모의고사 - 한줄해석 (좌지문 우해석).pdf
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[고1] 2023년 6월 모의고사 - 한줄해석 (좌지문 우해석).docx
0.08MB

 

 

 

 

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[고1] 2023년 6월 모의고사 - 지문 요약 by ChatGPT 4.0

오늘은 2023년도 6월 고1 영어 모의고사>의 지문 요약 자료를 올립니다.ChatGPT 유료 버전(ChatGPT 4.0)으로 작업했고,설명문/실용문을 제외한 전지문을 포함했습니다. (PDF 및 Word 파일 제공)  지

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오늘은 <고1 2023년도 6월 모의고사>의 기출문제 모음 첫번째 자료를 올립니다.
[고1] 2023년 6월 기출모음 #1 - 186문항

과거 학교에서 출제됐던 기출 문제들을 문항별로 수집한 자료이며,

문항당 비슷한 유형의 문제가 중복되어 있을 수 있으니 감안해서 사용하세요.

혼공하는 학생들이나 자료 필요한 분들에게

유용한 자료가 될 수 있길 바랍니다 :)

 

 

 

 

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[Flow Edu] 23년 고1 6월 기출 #1_186문항.pdf
1.18MB

 

 

 

 

자료 이용시 주의사항

1) 빈칸이나 순서 등의 문제에 중복이 있을 수 있습니다. (학교마다 비슷한 문제가 출제될 수 있음)
2) 정답이 대체로 맞지만, 오답이 있을 수 있습니다. 감안해서 이용하세요. (오답이 있는 경우 댓글 남겨주시면, 확인 후 수정할게요.) 
3) 다양한 이유로 기출모음 자료는 별다른 공지 없이 내려갈 수 있습니다. 

 

 

 

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1학기 중간고사가 거의 끝나가네요.

여유를 가지고 자료를 정리할 수 있는 시간이 생겨 좋네요.

 

오늘은 <2024 올림포스 기출문제집 영어독해 고1> 기출문제를 정리했습니다.
Unit 6과 Unit 7을 작업했는데,

우선 Unit 6의 기출문제 모음 #1 (128문항)의 PDF 파일로 올립니다.

유용하게 사용하세요~♡

 

 

 

 

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[Flow Edu] 2024 올림포스 기출문제집 영어독해 고1 - Unit 6 기출모음 #1_128문항.pdf
0.68MB

 

 

 

 

자료 이용시 주의사항

1) 빈칸이나 순서 등의 문제에 중복이 있을 수 있습니다. (학교마다 비슷한 문제가 출제될 수 있음)
2) 정답이 대체로 맞지만, 오답이 있을 수 있습니다. 감안해서 이용하세요. (오답이 있는 경우 댓글 남겨주시면, 확인 후 수정할게요.) 
3) 다양한 이유로 기출모음 자료는 별다른 공지 없이 내려갈 수 있습니다. 

 

 

 

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2024 올림포스 기출문제집 영어독해 고1 - Unit 3 기출문제 모음 #1

오늘부터 의 기출문제를 정리해서 올리겠습니다. 수업 중인 학생의 중간고사 범위가 Unit 3~5으로 정해져서, 일단 해당 범위부터 시작하겠습니다. PDF 파일만 올릴 예정이고, 파일 하나당 문제는

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2024 올림포스 기출문제집 영어독해 고1 - Unit 4 기출문제 모음 #1

오늘은 교재의 Unit 4 - 기출모음 #1 올립니다. 수업 중인 학생의 중간고사 범위가 Unit 3~5으로 정해져서, 일단 해당 범위부터 시작하겠습니다. PDF 파일만 올릴 예정이고, 파일 하나당 문제는 대략 70

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2024 올림포스 기출문제집 영어독해 고1 - Unit 5 기출문제 모음 #1~3

오늘은 의 Unit 5 - 기출문제 모음 #1~3 올립니다. PDF 3개 파일이며, 각 파일 당 문제는 대략 70~80문항입니다. 유용하게 사용하세요~♡ 파일 다운로드 자료 이용시 주의사항 1) 빈칸이나 순서 등의 문

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오늘은 <2025 EBS 수능특강 영어독해연습>의 지문만 정리해서 올립니다.
시험범위 해당 지문에 대해 최종 정리하는 용도로 사용하면 좋을 것 같습니다. 
 
전체 지문에 대해 작업했고,PDF와 워드 파일 모두 올립니다.
필요에 따라 변형해서 사용하세요.
유용한 자료가 되길 바랍니다~♡

 

 

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[고3] 2025년 수능특강 영어독해연습 &ndash; 지문정리.pdf
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[고3] 2025년 수능특강 영어독해연습 &ndash; 지문정리.docx
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2025 수능특강 영어독해연습 (전지문) - 한줄해석 (좌지문 우해석)

오늘은 의 한줄해석(좌지문 우해석) 올립니다. 설명문/실용문을 제외한 전지문 작업했습니다. PDF와 워드 파일 모두 올립니다. 필요에 따라 변형해서 사용하세요. 유용한 자료가 되길 바랍니다~

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지문 정리

[1 - Exercise 1: 월드 와이드 웹에서의 검색 용이성]

Until at least the early 2000s, the World Wide Web was a rapidly evolving space but one with a chronic problem  it was an ever-expanding repository of information with no efficient search function. In 1994, the editors of Postmodern Culture, one of the first academic journals to start publishing on the web, were concerned enough about this new medium to warn their readers that venturing onto the web, which had grown from an estimated 100 sites in June to over 600 sites by December 1993, may result in "a kind of informational vertigo." While this warning may now strike readers as extremely funny, it is worth noting that for much of the 1990s, finding anything on the web was a problem. It would take nearly a decade for this problem to resolve. As search engines were refined and became more functional, however, the drive to "game the system" also increased. And more individuals and organizations started to produce content for the web that had one sole purpose: to rank high in any search. So-called discoverability came to dictate why a lot of content was being produced.

 

[1 - Exercise 2: 글로 기록하는 것에 대한 소크라테스의 생각]

A particularly revealing excerpt illustrating the importance of written documents is provided by a remark made by Socrates. Socrates was an important philosopher in Ancient Greece, who was not at all interested in keeping written records of his thoughts. In a dialogue with a young student (Phaedrus) Socrates recounted how the god Thoth of Egypt offered the king of Egypt all types of inventions, including dice, checkers, numbers, geometry, astronomy and writing. The god and the king discussed the merits and drawbacks of the various gifts and were in general agreement until they reached the gift of writing. Whereas the god stressed the advantage of being able to remember information, the king objected: 'If men learn this, it will implant forgetfulness in their souls; they will cease to exercise memory because they will rely on that which is written, calling things to remembrance no longer from within themselves, but by means of external marks.' From the remainder of the dialogue it is clear that Socrates wholeheartedly agreed with the king of Egypt and thought that the availability of books made students lazy and discouraged them from properly studying.

 

[1 - Exercise 3: 개인의 도덕성 평가 준거로서의 의도]

The history of ethics is largely a history of the development of two central lines of thought: one that emphasizes our fundamental duties to others, and the other that strives to justify decisions based on the effects that our actions have on others. Immanuel Kant, William David Ross, Seyla Benhabib, and others argued that the most important question to pose is whether a person understood and was attempting to carry out a moral obligation or duty. If so, the outcome of one's action has no bearing on whether he or she acted ethically. Their duty-based, or deontological, approach is focused almost exclusively on intent and is the only way, they argued, to acknowledge the existence of universal moral obligations and to assess one's moral character. What makes a lie immoral, Kant said, is not the consequence of the lie  whether it prevents embarrassment or results in serious harm. A deliberately told lie is wrong because of what it is, not what it does: by its nature, a lie is an assault on our human dignity. We are failing morally if our intent is to deceive, and whatever results from that deception is immaterial.

 

[1 - Exercise 4: 의사소통 동반자로서의 알고리즘의 특성]

The communicative relevance of algorithms is actually related to their independence from understanding. We are facing a way to process data (and to manage information) that is different from human information processing and understanding. My assumption is that this difference is not a liability but instead is the very root of the success of these technologies. Just as human beings first became able to fly when they abandoned the idea of building machines that flap their wings like birds, digital information processing managed to achieve the results that we see today after abandoning the ambition to reproduce in digital form the processes of the human mind. Now that they no longer try to resemble our consciousness, algorithms have become more and more able to act as competent communication partners, responding appropriately to our requests and providing information neither constructed nor reconstructible by a human mind.

 

[1 - Exercise 5: 인구의 안정과 문화 변화]

Sociocultural evolution provides some reason to suspect that a stable population, which sounds so good to most people, would deprive human culture of its greatest single source of dynamism ― population growth itself. The origins of agriculture, agricultural intensification, political evolution, industrialization ― all appear indebted to population growth. However, population growth's role in a few major cultural transformations of the past does not mean that it is essential for all culture change; it scarcely seems likely that people would stop seeking better cures for disease, for example, simply because population had stabilized. Furthermore, the absence of population growth does not necessarily mean the absence of population pressure. Indeed, Thomas Robert Malthus believed that populations, when they do stabilize, tend to do so at a level too high to be easily supported by existing resources, creating constant pressure for culture change. If he was right, then even a population stable numerically is inherently unstable culturally.

 

[1 - Exercise 6: 강의 복원]

Restoring a river in order to recover a species, whether salmon in the Columbia River Basin, or any other species in diverse ecologies around the world, requires drawing from expertise across many fields: from engineering to biology to ecology to geomorphology. River restoration is about more than just "fixing" a broken stream; it also involves everything that connects to that stream and the organisms that rely on it  in this case, the endangered salmonids as they move throughout their complex life cycles. When people in the field refer to the work of "restoration" they are usually casting a broad net. They may be including riverside and streamside habitat: the wetlands and forests and estuaries that salmon pass through at different times in their (non-ocean) lives, as well as the stream morphology: the arrangement of rocks and debris that forces the stream to move in a particular way. Restoration, therefore, also covers the geology of the river itself, along with the flow of water: the element that is most often in greatest need of being restored. As one restorationist said, their job is to "re-complexify a simplified river."

 

[1 - Exercise 7: 식품 매개성 질병과 그에 따른 비용]

Eating offers pleasure at the risk of future pain. This obvious truth holds today more than ever with our increasing ability to detect and identify food-borne illnesses. Well-publicized outbreaks of cholera and Salmonella have made people aware that food-borne disease makes a lot of us sick every year: an estimated 76 million illnesses annually in the United States alone, with over 300,000 hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths, imposing an estimated cost in the tens of billions of dollars. For example, Jean C. Buzby and Tanya Roberts estimated that for six bacterial pathogens, the costs of human illness are estimated to be US$9.3-12.9 billion annually. Of these costs, US$2.9-6.7 billion are attributed to food-borne bacteria. One estimate suggests that 1 out of 3 consumers in industrialized nations suffers from known and newly recognized food-borne diseases each year. And if we look globally, we might also note that "hundreds of millions of people around the world fall sick as a result of consuming contaminated food and water.... Children under five still suffer an estimated 1.5 billion annual episodes of diarrhea, which result in more than three million premature deaths."

 

[1 - Exercise 8: 기업의 제조 사업체 이전]

The need to contain cost is a major driver of globalization. Firms are encouraged to expand beyond their home jurisdictions in order to capitalize on low wage rates in other countries. A significant number of North American and European companies, many of them well-known manufacturers of branded consumer products, have elected to move their manufacturing operations to China in order to take advantage of that country's low wage structure. Clothing and shoe manufacturing firms have been producing in China for many years but so also have companies in other sectors such as consumer electronics, food and industrial products. While China's wage rates are considerably lower than those in western industrialized economies, they have been rising significantly in recent years. This has prompted some companies to seek out even lower wage jurisdictions for their manufacturing operations, and interestingly has also encouraged American firms to move production back to the USA.

 

[1 - Exercise 9: 입사 지원자 평가에 활용되는 네트워크화된 정보]

Our reliance on networked information to assess job candidates will only increase as algorithmic tools become more sophisticated and less expensive. Today human resources rely on Big Data  the collection and analysis of massive databases of information  to identify job prospects. Analytics firms crunch data to search for and assess talent in particular fields. Remarkable Hire scores a candidate's talents by looking at how others rate his or her online contributions. Talent Bin and Gild create lists of potential hires based on online data. Big-name companies like Facebook, Wal-Mart, and Amazon use these technologies to find and recruit job candidates. Will algorithms identify targeted individuals as top picks for employment if they have withdrawn from online life? Will they discount online abuse so that victims can be evaluated on their merits? One can only guess the answers to these questions, but my bet is that victims will not stack up well next to those who have not suffered online abuse.

 

[1 - Exercise 10: 피타고라스 학파 사람들의 여성과 남성에 대한 관점]

Although it was rare, some ancient philosophers took exception to the view that women were complete subordinates. Around 532 BCE in Croton, a beautiful and prosperous seaside city located in the toe of southern Italy, Pythagoras founded a school of philosophy devoted to mathematical and theological insights. Women were allowed to study and teach in the school. Pythagoras and his followers postulated that women were men's intellectual equals and that the two were capable of friendship. Nevertheless, from what remains of their writings today, it seems they didn't want to shake things up too much. Men and women studied separately, and but for the few women in Pythagorean schools, the rest were to carry on with their traditional social roles. What's more, the friendship that brought the sexes together required women's obedience. A harmonious asymmetry is how the Pythagoreans liked to think of it, and in the case of marriage, as one ancient historian put it, Pythagoreans held that wives were "not to oppose their husbands at all," and that wives "would achieve a victory if they gave in to their husbands."

 

[1 - Exercise 11: 경력의 변화하는 정의]

Definitions of what a career is are changing. Historically, a career was defined by upward mobility and advancement in a steeply graded hierarchy, achieving greater responsibility and influence, with the vast majority of employees remaining with their organizations for life. Career success was measured by objective criteria such as pay, status and power. Today a career is more likely to be defined as a lifelong series of work experiences, with job movements being upward, sideways and in some cases downward ― termed protean careers. Career success is increasingly measured by intrinsic criteria such as satisfaction, engagement, meaning, learning and growth rather than external criteria such as income and organizational level. More people today want to trade money for meaning. Sheryl Sandberg views careers today more like 'jungle gyms', structures allowing movement from one rung to another, rather than as a ladder.

 

[1 - Exercise 12: 수요 주도적인 관점으로의 변화]

In the past it was always a safe assumption that the expanding marketplace would consume everything that was produced. As a consequence, the primary goal of a company was to produce in the most efficient way and distribute products to the market. However, the old view that a business makes products and then sells them within the supply chain is no longer so relevant or valid, as businesses have come to realize that they can lead a horse to water, but they cannot make it drink. In the future, companies cannot sell products anymore: people will buy from you. This means that the old concept of being supply-driven (company pushes products to the market) is being replaced by a pull-concept (the market pulls goods from you) where a company understands what their customers need and works backward, deciding how it can satisfy that demand by developing new capabilities. Thinking about business from the outside-in perspective (in other words being demand-driven) is mainly a customer-centric view, where organizations no longer have a sales focus but a buying (customer) focus.

 

[2 - Exercise 1: 인간과 개미의 유사성]

They often say people look like ants when seen from a great height. I lean forward a little in my seat and look out of the window. Our flight to Peru has yet to reach cruising altitude. Below us, I can just about make out roads, houses and fields, cows in a pasture, here and there a village, and a city in the far distance. It's not a bad comparison, I think. Everything I can see from up here is something I have encountered in my research on ants: fixed roads, spectacular buildings, agriculture, livestock farming. I let myself sink back into my seat. The parallels don't stop there, if you think about it. Ants live in cities, just like people. In times of peace, they go about their work, sharing the labor fairly. Each has a job, from the wet nurses in the nursery to the architects, construction workers, and housekeepers in the nest, to the hunters and gatherers, who ensure that everyone is fed. But peace does not last forever, even among ants. Neighbors fight over the borders to their territory and wage bitter wars on one another.

 

[2 - Exercise 2: 유아의 반복되는 음절 인식]

Infants' abilities to track patterns were demonstrated in a series of landmark studies that first appeared in 1996. The studies focused on how infants identified artificial spoken words embedded in much larger strings of spoken syllables. When infants hear a string of syllables, such as po-ta-to, repeatedly occurring, do they start to see that string as somehow special and cohering as a unit, namely potato? They do so easily. In fact, infants under six months can learn new artificial words in under two minutes. (They are artificial to make sure infants don't already have experience with them as words.) In the studies, infants listen to much longer strings of syllables in which certain artificial words, such as bidaku, repeatedly occur amid other nonrepeating random strings of syllables. No other cues to repeating three-syllable words are present such as intonation, special stress, or pauses. Based solely on repeated co-occurrences, infants reliably came to expect such sequences to occur again in the future in comparison to other completely novel three-syllable sequences for which they showed no such expectations.

 

[2 - Exercise 3: 인공위성 관측 데이터의 용도]

Working with the Department of Commerce, NASA satellites have provided orbital observations that have enabled the understanding of climate change. Satellites track weather patterns and measure the effectiveness of farming methods and innovations in agriculture, which have helped to feed millions more than we could have dreamed possible before the space age. The collection and distribution of fresh water, rapidly becoming one of this century's most valuable resources, is monitored globally. Aquaculture data  tracking stocks of fish and modeling how to best utilize and maintain a healthy supply of this important food source  is generated from space-based observations. The identification of mineral resources is increasingly performed via satellite imagery. Satellites are also a part of the global traffic control system for aircraft. Even ground transport  trucks, trains, and the like  is monitored from orbit. In short, much of what drives modern civilization is affected, and in most cases improved, by the use of data obtained from satellites.

 

[2 - Exercise 4: wondering 아이의 경이감]

Wondering goes beyond merely being curious. Building on prior knowledge and some sense of major causal and spatial patterns, we entertain rough sketches of possibilities or interpretations and strive to learn which is more accurate and how it is filled out. To marvel at something is also linked to wondering. While marvels and wonders often refer to awe-evoking things, when children engage in wonder, they do much more than simply sit in a state of passive reverential awe. Their awe is better described by the naturalist Rachel Carson  a joyous marveling at how an insight has revealed an enormous new expanse of possible patterns to explore. It is not the dumbstruck, potentially fear-laden sense of awe experienced by adults. Almost a century ago, in an isolated region of Papua-New Guinea, the anthropologist Margaret Mead observed that, when children were asked to explain why a canoe tied to a tree drifted away overnight, they offered explanations of how the rocking boat gradually loosened up the knot. In contrast, many adults invoked spirits, moral crimes, and supernatural interventions. When we see young children's wonder as filled with supernatural agency, we impose the encultured interpretations of adults.

 

[2 - Exercise 5: Foster 부부의 팔찌 장식물]

One couple created a very personal way to commemorate their participation in space missions. In the early 1960s, Toni Foster and her husband, Robert L. "Bob" Foster, an engineer who worked for McDonnell Aviation, the contractor that built NASA's Mercury and Gemini space capsules, had a tradition. Whenever Bob completed a project, he gave Toni a new charm for her charm bracelet. These space-themed tokens celebrated the end of significant professional projects and offered a gift to make up for being away so much during intense periods of work. The charms also recognized how she contributed to his career by taking care of their children and home, allowing him to spend time away as chief engineer on Project Mercury and operations manager on Project Gemini. Although the bracelet is now missing its clasp and is too short to be worn, the charms hanging from the delicate gold links tell an important story about the people who made human spaceflight happen.

 

[2 - Exercise 6: 불안의 유전적 성향의 발현]

Your anxiety most likely has genetic roots. For example, many people that I treat at my center tend to have a family history of phobias, panic attack struggles, or obsessive compulsive disorder. The genetic connection can be close and obvious, like a parent, or less direct, like a second aunt or a great grandfather. To put it simply, this means that those with anxious wiring tend to be more likely to suffer from potential anxiety issues than those without. However, this inclination for developing an anxiety issue by no means suggests that it's a foregone conclusion. It just means the table has been set, should you take certain actions to sit down and eat! This is similar in some way to someone with a genetic predisposition toward alcohol abuse. Even though the pull might be strong, you only become an alcoholic once you abuse alcohol.

 

[2 - Exercise 7: 단어가 별개의 음소로 구성되어 있는지 여부]

Although we think of speech as consisting of separate phonemes, it is easy to demonstrate that it doesn't. Think of the common activity in which a Muppet (or person) models sounding out a simple word. Letters appear on the screen and the Muppet says the sounds associated with them, one at a time, "b"... "a"... "t"..., gradually decreasing the pauses between them. Sometimes the letters are displayed far apart on the screen and gradually brought closer together as a visual cue. The sounds do not fuse into "bat" no matter how rapidly in succession they are spoken because it does not consist of three separate segments. A discontinuity always occurs at the very end when the rapidly but separately pronounced phonemes are followed by the word pronounced as a whole. How to get from one to the other, the Muppet does not say. The activity is useful because the child learns about letters and their sounds. It encourages the fiction that words consist of separate segments even as it demonstrates that they do not.

 

[2 - Exercise 8: 물과 에너지를 이용한 상품의 가공]

Unsurprisingly, processed materials are more valuable than raw ones. Lumber is worth more than timber, and flour is worth more than wheat. The modern analogies are that gasoline is worth more than crude oil and chemicals are worth more than natural gas. Industrious humans used energy to upgrade their natural resources into higher-value commodities they could export elsewhere. And, because of the higher value density of the finished products, it was smart to do so. Flour was more valuable per pound and easier to transport than wheat. The same could be said for the water that goes into it. It made more sense to transport a pound of flour than the 1,000 pounds of water required to grow it. Water and energy made it possible to process a wide range of goods, creating value along the way.

 

[2 - Exercise 9: 객관적, 주관적 성공과 진정성과의 관계]

Authenticity and objective success are independent of each other. The fact that a person is pursuing a career path that is an authentic expression of his or her most deeply held values and strongest interests says nothing about how successful the person will be in attaining career outcomes that others can observe. Subjective success (success as perceived by the individual) could potentially be high even with low authenticity. While this might seem counterintuitive, consider a person who had created an organization that was very successful, creating a huge fortune for the person. The person might subjectively see herself as being highly successful in this venture. But what if that person's true passion was for art and what if her original dream was to spend her career as a painter? Her authentic self would be a painter, but her actual self had become an executive, whose life had little room for art. This situation would be an example of an inauthentic career characterized by high objective and subjective success.

 

[2 - Exercise 10: 초객체의 특징]

The philosopher Timothy Morton calls global warming a 'hyperobject': a thing that surrounds us, envelops and entangles us, but that is literally too big to see in its entirety. Mostly, we perceive hyperobjects through their influence on other things  a melting ice sheet, a dying sea, the buffeting of a transatlantic flight. Hyperobjects happen everywhere at once, but we can only experience them in the local environment. We may perceive hyperobjects as personal because they affect us directly, or imagine them as the products of scientific theory; in fact, they stand outside both our perception and our measurement. They exist without us. Because they are so close and yet so hard to see, they defy our ability to describe them rationally, and to master or overcome them in any traditional sense. Climate change is a hyperobject, but so is nuclear radiation, evolution, and the internet.

 

[2 - Exercise 11: 가족 내의 영향력 변화]

While media are a significant cause of change in the social order, rarely are they the only one, or largest one. Thus, while the emergence of television likely contributed to changing notions of childhood, several other sociocultural factors may have strengthened this process. One particularly relevant factor has been a shifting balance of power in the family. Unlike the traditional "top-down" family communication style of the 1950s, today's parents negotiate with their children about what they may and must do, and both parties have a say in the outcome. Parents feel it is important to involve their children in family decisions so that they can learn to make choices and develop their identities. The parental motto has changed from "behave yourself' to "be yourself." Parents are more indulgent, feel guilty more often, and want the best for their children. They want to be "cool" parents, more their children's friends than authority figures.

 

[2 - Exercise 12: 컴퓨터 프로그램이 규정하는 세상]

As we live in a world made of software, programmers are the architects. The decisions they make guide our behavior. When they make something newly easy to do, we do a lot more of it. If they make it hard or impossible to do something, we do less of it. When coders made the first blogging tools in the late '90s and early '00s, it produced an explosion of self-expression; when it's suddenly easy to publish things, millions more people do it. And when programmers invented "file-sharing" tools around the same time, a shudder ran through the entertainment industries, as they watched their lock hold on distribution suddenly evaporate. In fact, they fought back by hiring their own programmers to invent "digital rights management" software, putting it in music and film releases, making those wares trickier for everyday folks to copy and hand out to their friends; they tried to create artificial scarcity. If wealthy interests don't like what some code is doing, they'll pay to create software that fights in the opposite direction. Code giveth, and code taketh away.

 

[3 - Exercise 1: 사회적 이동성에서 천성의 중요성]

The bitter irony of the nature-nurture wars of the twentieth century was that a world where nurture was everything would be horribly more cruel than one where nature allowed people to escape their disadvantages through their own talents. How peculiarly nasty to write people off because they were born in a slum, or fostered by indifferent parents. The society depicted in Aldous Huxley's Brave New World is usually mistaken these days for one of fatalistic genetic determinism. In fact it is the very opposite, a place where early nurture for the elite produces unfair advantages. Fortunately, we know from the work of the economist Gregory Clark that elites regress inexorably to the mean over time. Despite sending their children to elite pre-schools, the richest of the rich in a city like New York can do little to make up for their children's genetic mediocrity; and despite getting little opportunity, brilliant kids from the slums can make it big. Nature is the friend of social mobility.

 

[3 - Exercise 2: 컴퓨터 기술의 빠른 진화와 예술 사학자의 선호 주제]

The expanding nature of digital technology meant new forms were constantly surfacing and rapidly diversifying. As Dieter Daniels wrote regarding the growing complexity of current digital media, it is "impossible to take in the whole picture." No technology has ever unfolded its potential as swiftly as computers. In contrast to traditional tools, which retained their form and function for hundreds of years, the computer has changed dramatically in a short space of time. There was, as pioneering artist Mark Wilson suggests, a "bewildering variety of computational techniques" available to the artist. Throughout the history of computer art, it seems that artists have often struggled with the morphology and tempo of digitalization. For the theorist and artist, it was difficult to follow the rapidly evolving nature of the technology and the sudden succession and redundancy of forms. Equally, the historian was faced with the difficulty of mapping these rapidly transforming and ever-expanding digital forms. This is perhaps why art historians have traditionally preferred subjects that evolved at a manageable pace.

 

[3 - Exercise 3: 의사 결정에 수반되는 비용의 최소화]

One might say that a language predisposes us to think certain things, but perhaps its main effect is in causing us not to think certain things. It is well established that we fail to notice much of what goes on around us. Research on human decision making shows that while we routinely disregard a portion of available information, this in fact makes good sense. Part of the logic of decision making is to minimize the costs involved. It is the same from small things, like choosing which brand of cereal to buy, to big things like finding a life partner. Once you have locked on to a decision-making problem, your next step is to find ways to narrow the search for an appropriate solution and lock off, or stop the search, by making the decision that yields the best balance: desired benefit for lowest cost. And you should make the decision quickly in order to get on with making the next incoming decision.

 

[3 - Exercise 4: 추가 영양분 공급원으로서의 초기 인간 남성]

Few accounts of early human evolution depict males being fathers or sons, and yet every single one of our male ancestors was both of those things. That's not to say that early human fathers put as much effort into hands-on child care as early human mothers did. But once the size of our ancestors' brains began to expand, it's likely that adult males began to live with mothers and children, and groups worked together to collect and prepare food. It seems to us that mothers would have needed help from adult males to get enough food for themselves and their larger-brained children. Chimp mothers are stretched to capacity finding enough food to keep their larger-brained babies alive. We reckon that australopithecine mothers could have managed if they had worked together and got help from their older children. But it's hard to see how mothers could find enough food to supply the calories needed to support the growth of even larger-brained youngsters while at the same time supporting their own larger brain. Males were the only possible source of the extra nourishment.

 

[3 - Exercise 5: 개인의 감염 이력과 미래의 질병 위험과의 관계]

Health researchers are increasingly examining how people move around the world and interact. They do this through surveys, mobile phone data and satellite imagery. Soon it will be possible to link this data with other information  from genome sequences to environmental analysis  to study infections across a range of scales. Rather than focus only on the biological features of a disease, or its impact on a particular population, we will be able to simultaneously analyse the infection, its evolution and its environment, as well as the behaviour of its human patients. This will allow health agencies to design disease control strategies specifically for different populations and areas, and it will be particularly important in situations where a person's history of infection can influence their future risk of disease. Dengue fever is a good example: if you've previously been exposed to one strain of dengue, it can make your second infection more severe. That's why a 2016 study coordinated by the World Health Organization recommended that dengue vaccination campaigns should account for the history of infection within a population.

 

[3 - Exercise 6: 우주나 다른 행성에서 무기한으로 사는 것의 어려움]

It was an amazing feat to get to the moon, stay there for a few hours, and return to Earth. The spacecraft for the eight-day journey was equipped with enough food, oxygen, and other necessities for the astronauts to survive. It's quite another undertaking for a colony of people to live indefinitely in space by growing crops and recycling water and wastes. One person consumes roughly three times his or her body weight in food, four times that weight in oxygen, and eight times that weight in water, and generates 130 pounds of feces and 880 pounds of carbon dioxide in a single year. Clearly, the prospect of carrying enough food to eat, water to drink, and air to breathe for a colony of people is out of the realm of possibility, not to mention the difficulty of carrying away the waste. Even a single glass of water would require massive amounts of energy to lift into space. A colony living indefinitely in space or on another planet would need to grow its own food and cycle its water and wastes. Clockwork switches over to complexity.

 

[3 - Exercise 7: 상대적 손해 여부에 따른 불공정함에 대한 처벌]

If punishment were about promoting cooperation, we should simply punish unfair people. How much the other person's unfairness caused them to gain on us personally shouldn't impact our decision. However, as two psychologists, Nichola Raihani and Katherine McAuliffe, have found, this is not the case. Their experiment involved a two-player game where one player could steal money from the other. The victim always suffered the same loss. However, the relative outcome varied. Sometimes the thief still ended up with less cash than their victim, sometimes they had the same as the victim, and sometimes they had more. The study found that the victim's decision to punish the thief was strongly influenced by whether the thief ended up better off than the victim. People punished when they were made worse off by another person breaking a rule. They did not simply punish because the other broke a moral rule. Their punishment was not about increasing cooperation. It was about harming someone who had unfairly advanced ahead of them.

 

[3 - Exercise 8: 집단  결속력 강화에 따른  집단에 대한 적대감 상승]

We recognise that groups divide as well as unite, and the intensity of our bonds within them may proportionately discourage relationships with non-members. This presents us with a distinctly utopian problem. Utopia is an idealised group characterised by enhanced sociability. But every "in" group implies exclusion, or an "out-group". The attractiveness of the group may well be proportionate to its delineation of and antagonism towards its enemies. Germans, for instance, have been described as achieving a "grand utopia of belonging" in their united enmity to the Jews under Hitler. So every utopia is a potential dystopia. Affection for and loyalty to some may be defined by hostility towards others: neighbouring countries, rival football clubs, other races, religions, and nations. The last are particularly guilty here. The most ambitious and universalistic theories of sociability demand a moderation of the more primitive forms of national loyalty by cosmopolitanism to emphasise our common essential humanity. But often they fail, and national enmity prevails instead.

 

[3 - Exercise 9: 동물들이 처한 환경에 따른 의사소통 소리의 다양성]

Small mammals and insects live near one another, often in dense vegetation. Their hearing range extends into what humans call the ultrasonic because these high sounds reveal useful information about the close-at-hand environment. Social and breeding signals of these animals are therefore also ultrasonic. To human ears, for example, mice and rats seem almost entirely silent, but these animals have rich vocal repertoires including play sounds, calls from pups to mothers, alarms, and breeding songs. Such high-frequency sounds travel very poorly in air, and so these sounds offer rodents good close-at-hand communication without revealing their locations. For animals that interact on larger scales, like humans and birds, lower frequencies work better for long-distance communication. Their ears  and thus breeding songs and calls  are tuned to lower frequencies. The diversity of sonic expression therefore reflects the varied ecologies of each species.

 

[3 - Exercise 10: 행위 주체 과잉 탐지 편향]

Human infants learn to distinguish between the living and the nonliving using clues about how things move and the noises they make (dogs move differently from cars and make different kinds of noises), and how they interact with other objects. But the neurological machinery that draws these distinctions is far from perfect, so it is not always easy to distinguish between what today we call the natural and supernatural realms. Our brains are always on the lookout for agents, and it is so easy to make mistakes when we hear whispers behind us in the night. Why do iron filings creep toward magnets? Why do rivers in flood seem so angry? Dreams and hallucinations encourage us to believe in the possibility of many types of purposeful beings. So does language, because grammatical forms tell us that actions require actors. In English, grammar forces you to say that the wind blows, the sun shines, the world spins, the pandemic spreads. Our minds have a bias toward overdetection of agency because that is usually a less dangerous error than the alternative. Mistaking a log for a crocodile might cause some merriment, but mistaking a crocodile for a log could prove fatal.

 

[3 - Exercise 11: 일관된 국제적 동물 복지 규정의 필요성]

One area in which veterinarians are professionally involved is the now almost worldwide trade in animals. They are often called upon to oversee such operations, sometimes required by law to do so. But Simon Coghlan shows how things can go radically wrong, not least of all when slaughter is unregulated at the place of destination, where few legal restrictions prevail. He reviews the controversy that was aroused by the footage of Australian cattle being abused in Indonesian abattoirs and illustrates one of the central problems with the live-export trade, namely, the lack of international agreement on the treatment of animals. While animals may be treated tolerably well in the farms they are raised on in one country, there is no guarantee that they will be treated well either in transit to or upon arrival in another country. At the very least, veterinarians should be at the forefront of calling for consistent animal welfare regulations internationally. It is often their voice, either individually or collectively, that is missing from such debates.

 

[3 - Exercise 12: 교훈 전달에 있어서 스토리텔링의 중요성]

Storytelling is among the proudest of Indian traditions, and from ancient times, it has been associated with imparting wisdom and worldly knowledge. When you read the Panchatantra tales as a child, it was impossible to miss the moral underlying each story. And the Mahabharata, the grandest, the most complex and multi-layered of epics, wasn't merely a masterpiece of storytelling: it was, and remains, a discourse on life and living. The beauty of stories is that they teach without ever appearing to do so. Most of our early world view and our moral compass have been shaped through the stories we heard in the laps of our mothers and grandmothers without us ever realizing it. We looked forward to bedtime story sessions because the tales enchanted and entertained us, and through them we learned without ever feeling the burden of formal learning. Preaching rarely works with children, and I suspect it works no better with adults. In general, we are resistant to being handed down wisdom in black-and-white terms.

 

[4 - Exercise 1: 도덕적 미결정성과 상대성]

Ethical theories that appeal to experience instead of to intuition, religion or reason, sometimes treat indeterminacy simply as a problem of difficulty in measurement. They may call attention to differences in what is right or good under different psychological, historical and individual conditions. In that sense, morality is relative. A certain action is considered wrong if done by someone who possesses typical cognitive abilities, but not if done by someone who lacks the ability to make fine distinctions. You cannot expect the same rules of private property concerning land in a primitive hunting society and a small individual peasant society. You cannot impose the obligation to save a drowning man by swimming out for him upon one who cannot swim or who is desperately ill. Such individualization and particularization hardly constitute indeterminacy. For they call attention to the factors which make single and decisive answers correct; in short, they remove rather than enshrine indeterminacy.

 

[4 - Exercise 2: 창의력의 발현]

One of the things that often block our creativity is our own inhibitions. Psychologists believe we have a built-in censor that limits the information we are prepared to accept from the preconscious in order to protect ourselves from being overwhelmed by the information we contain in our brain. Filters appropriate to our situation ensure appropriate recollection. If we are in a leisure situation, leisure links are used and work recollections are unwelcome. If we are at work, we do the opposite. This could well be the reason why an idea will come to us out of context. We might have been racking our brain to consider how to extend a particular story, but as soon as we settle into a different activity, such as socialising with friends or watching TV, the idea comes to us. It seems that during the incubation phase of the idea, because we have adjusted the parameters of the censor, an association that we otherwise would not have considered will be delivered to our subconscious, and our conscious mind will suddenly recognise it as appropriate for the problem we were dealing with before.

 

[4 - Exercise 3: 불확실하고 잘못된 이론을 통한 과학의 진보]

The success of science is better accounted for if we consider that the goal of science is deeper understanding of nature instead of certainty. Science thus succeeds when it produces scientific understanding. We can then easily see that science has continually advanced throughout its history because scientific understanding has increased, even if the explanations and predictions produced are uncertain. It can also occur even if the theories and models used to make those explanations and predictions are uncertain. In fact, such advancement can occur even if the theories and models involved are false! Copernicus's theory improved upon Ptolemy's theory even though it included the idea that Earth's orbit around the sun is circular. Kepler's theory improved upon Copernicus's theory by holding that Earth's orbit is elliptical rather than circular. And Newton's theory of gravitation led him to make a further improvement by recognizing that Earth's orbit is not exactly elliptical. Each of these theories constituted a scientific advance from their predecessors. However, they were all false theories. Despite the fact that the theories were false and thus clearly uncertain  they led to deeper understanding of Earth's orbit.

 

[4 - Exercise 4: 조직의 표현 규칙과 리더의 감정 표현의 자율성]

Adopting a simplistic "be positive and smile" approach may be even less feasible for leaders than for front-line service workers. Like front-line workers, leaders often experience frustrating work events, and sometimes these events may have a stronger influence on them than the organizational display rule to be positive. Perhaps of even greater concern, a simplistic display rule to be always positive may deprive mid- and lower-level leaders of the discretion they need to adopt the best emotional tone for the situation. Unlike many service workers, who often must display the same emotion (such as smiling or showing sympathy) over and over again in a fairly repetitive fashion, leaders have to display a much wider range of emotions and use considerable judgment as to which emotions best suit the situation. Consequently, organizational display rules for leaders must give them the freedom to display a wide range of emotions, and the autonomy to use considerable judgment about which emotions to display at any given time.

 

[4 - Exercise 5: 매개 커뮤니케이션의 기능]

The philosopher Michel de Montaigne is an early representative of a different view of media. He considered writing to be a unique way of exploring and recording "traits of my character and my humours," which he famously did best while working alone in his writing tower. In fact, he actively used the opportunities of pen and paper to continuously revise and make additions to his essays, in a manner reminiscent of what goes on in the recording studio. The ability of writers to express their inner lives, and to imagine the experiences of others, has always been broadly celebrated, including the way novels are able to place various personalities and worldviews into dialogue with one another. The growth in distribution of books gave people fresh insight into the motivations and sentiments of others. The ability to provide increasingly detailed access to people's lives has since been considered a defining trait of electronic media, dramatically demonstrated by witness reports from warzones. These points can trigger a critical awareness of the power of mediated communication but might also inspire a nuanced appreciation of its rewards.

 

[4 - Exercise 6: 무지의 사회학]

If there is a sociology of knowledge, then there should also be a sociology of ignorance. Such a sociology might begin with the question, Who does not know What? It is worth remembering that 'we are all ignorant, just about different things', as the American humorist Mark Twain remarked. For example, the spread of the Coronavirus was predicted by epidemiologists who had discovered the danger of the transfer of different diseases from wild animals to humans. On the other hand, governments either did not know or did not want to know about this prediction, so they were caught unprepared. Many disasters have occurred because those who knew could not act while those who acted did not know. The destruction of the World Trade Center in 2001 offers a dramatic example of failure in communication. Agents in the security services already suspected certain individuals of planning a terrorist attack, but their warnings were lost among the many messages sent to upper levels in Washington in a striking example of 'information overload'. As the national security adviser Condoleezza Rice admitted later, 'There was a lot of chatter in the system.'

 

[4 - Exercise 7: 생각의 진정성]

The demands of the self usually conform so closely to societal norms that we feel no tension in acting upon our desires. The self emerges most clearly at times when our passions clash with social protocol. Their very inconvenience makes them feel "true." Over the last 150 years, however, psychologists and neuroscientists have warned us against attributing too much authenticity to our thoughts. Our brains are always engaged in rationalization: framing raw demands from our subconscious as well-grounded, logical requests. Psychologist Bruce Hood elaborates, "Even if you deliberate over an idea, turning it over in your conscious mind, you are simply delaying the final decision that has, to all intents and purposes, already been made." Later, "having been presented with a decision, we then make sense of it as if it were our own." The overwhelming number of truth-hiding mechanisms in our brains has convinced Hood that the self is an "illusion." Whether or not this is the best framing, we should certainly abandon the idea that the self is a "real me" cordoned off from any social influence.

 

[4 - Exercise 8: 기능으로부터 목적의 잘못된 추정]

If you look at castles built during the Crusades, you will find holes in the walls and may, at first, believe that these were made as places to shoot arrows from. They were not. They are legacies of a kind of construction no longer performed and thus hard for the modern mind to imagine. When the castle was built, there was no free-standing scaffolding, so wood logs were driven between the stones until the next layer and another platform could be added; it wasn't until the castle was finished and all the wooden scaffolding was removed that they realized there was no way, at the time, to repair the holes. Any explanation that the holes were constructed in order to shoot arrows from  despite how well suited they appear for the task, after the fact  is incorrect, and the lesson applies wholesale to castles as well as to all of biology. Many erroneous assumptions are likewise made when one looks at any modern mammalian brain and infers, hundreds of millions of years after its creation, purpose from function.

 

[4 - Exercise 9: 인터넷 정보 보안 의식의 부재]

In the 1990s, as the Internet saw its global adoption, it became clear that not everything connected to the Internet should be available to everyone. An organization's server could include internal information that it never intended to be available from the outside, yet often it was easy to find for anyone who cared to look for it. Another challenge was that the technology was built with the idea that we trust people to use it appropriately. The implied idea that no one will intentionally try to sabotage or break things was a remnant of the early Internet days, and one that meant many servers and systems were open for anyone to use. We just trusted people not to take advantage. One of the first demonstrations of the lack of IT security was the first recorded Internet worm in 1988. The Morris worm provided clear evidence that the technology was not at all secure just because we tend to trust the users on the system.

 

[4 - Exercise 10: 정원 가꾸기와 유사한 가치 확인과 갈등 해결]

Identifying values and resolving conflicts is a little like gardening. To be honest, I hate gardening, but I have enough gardeners in my circle of friends and family to have a sense of what goes on with them. Gardeners work with what they've got  the soil, grown trees, the shape of the plot of land  and make it into something satisfying. For some people, this will mean a garden that produces fruit; for others, it will mean a garden that looks nice; for others, it might mean a garden that can't be ruined by cavorting dogs. Plants come into conflict: trees with dense foliage create shade in which other plants can't grow, some trees (like the black walnut) are toxic to lots of other plants, and some plants are invasive and take over everything. The gardener has to navigate these conflicts: find the best spots for the prized plants, remove the weeds, and sometimes make peace with imperfection.

 

[4 - Exercise 11: 발전의 진정한 의미]

The notion that "development" is synonymous with "economic growth" has been subjected to severe criticism. By far the most significant is that of Amartya Sen, who has argued that "commodities"  the production of which is a major part of economic growth  are only of value to us in terms of what they allow us actually to do. Sen advocates that we should think about development rather in terms of people's capability to achieve those things that they have reason to value: "The focus here is on the freedom that a person actually has to do this or be that  things that he or she may value doing or being." It is inherent in this approach that freedoms, both the "negative" freedoms  being free from unjustified coercion, and freedoms of speech and expression, of association, and of movement  and the "positive" freedoms, which have to do with what makes it possible for people actually to enjoy their freedom (including the material [commodity] means for this), are of fundamental importance. According to this view, therefore, development "can be seen as a process of expanding the real freedoms that people enjoy."

 

[4 - Exercise 12: 관찰자가 형성해 가는 시각 세계]

There had been hints for centuries that observers might have some role to play in reality. In fact, in his Opticks, Isaac Newton insisted that brightness and hue are not inherent, but that each observer actually creates all the colors of the visual realm within his mind. "The rays to speak properly are not coloured," he wrote. Other scientists eventually showed that Newton was right. By the early twentieth century, physicists had established that light consists of the alternating pulses of magnetic and electrical fields. Since neither magnetism nor electricity are visible to humans, to our eyes an emerald green forest canopy must be inherently blank. The fact that we see it as emerald green means that somewhere in the vast magical neurocircuitry of our brains, a "green" sensation arises, and then, by some equally marvelous mental occurrence, we "place" it out in front of our noses, in what we regard as the "external world."

 

[5 - Exercise 1: 음모론자와의 논쟁]

It can often feel frustrating and pointless to argue with a conspiracist. Highlighting logical contradictions or a lack of reliable evidence, even showing them evidence that counters their claim, can seem like a waste of time when you don't make progress in changing a person's mind. But that does not mean you shouldn't try. What you should not do is accuse another person of ignorance or stupidity, however tempting that might be in the heat of an argument. Instead, examine where they have obtained their evidence; ask them what the chances are that the conspiracy could have been kept a secret by so many people. The Moon landing hoax is a good example of a conspiracy theory that is difficult to justify on these grounds, as it requires tens of thousands of people working for NASA and the many other industries that supported the Apollo missions to have been 'in on it' and to have remained silent for half a century. Just as importantly, try to understand their underlying concerns and why it is that they believe, or want to believe, what they do.

 

[5 - Exercise 2: 행동의 이해와 예측을 수반하는 스포츠]

Many sports involve interpreting and anticipating the behavior of other athletes. In basketball, for example, an athlete not only must execute actions in light of her immediate goals and overall game strategy, she also must coordinate her actions with her teammates' complementary actions and opponents' disruptive, incompatible actions. Coordinating her actions with teammates and opponents requires interpreting their behavior and anticipating what they will do next. For instance, she must recognize when an opponent is driving to the basket, anticipate the positions her teammates will be in when the opponent is driving to the basket, and decide whether to pursue the driving opponent or let a better-positioned teammate step in to defend against the drive. This dynamic interaction happens very quickly, and superior athletes are more highly skilled at coordinating their behavior with teammates and opponents' behavior.

 

[5 - Exercise 3: 정치에 대한 정의]

We all have an intuitive sense of what "politics" means, but may find it harder to define the term precisely. Modern political science offers a clear and helpful concept: politics is collective choice that is binding on a community. To see this, draw a contrast between politics as the domain of collective choice and economics as the domain of individual choice. Economic choices ― for example, what to consume or produce, or what kind of employment to engage in ― are individual and voluntary. Such choices will be constrained  we may not be able to buy everything we want, or choose the exact job we want  but they are not coerced. We make these choices, and no one else forces us to do so. Furthermore, these choices affect only the person who makes them and other, similarly consenting individuals who freely enter into voluntary, contractual relationships. By contrast, political choices are collective and binding. They may be a consequence of individual decisions (in a dictatorship, the choice of a single leader; in a democracy, the choices of a majority of citizens), but everyone in the community is obliged to accept these decisions whether or not they support them.

 

[5 - Exercise 4: 경험이 질병 증상에 대한 해석과 반응에 미치는 영향]

It is not perhaps surprising that prior experience affects the interpretation of and response to symptoms. Having a history of particular symptoms or experience of illness in others (i.e. vicarious experience) generates assumptions about the meaning and implications of some symptoms. Also, symptoms considered to be rare in either one's own experience, or in that of others, are more likely to be interpreted as serious than a previously experienced or widespread symptom. Believing symptoms to be 'just a bug that's going round' can mean that people sometimes ignore potentially dangerous 'warning signals'. A knowledge of which bodily signs are associated with particular behaviour or illnesses (e.g. sweats and exercise, sweats and flu) will enable interpretation of the symptom and attachment of a meaning to it. These reserves of knowledge are known as 'disease prototypes'. Relevant to the ongoing (at the time of writing) coronavirus outbreak is the earlier finding that people tend to perceive novel viral threats as higher in risk compared to more common threats such as influenza.

 

[5 - Exercise 5~6: 스포츠를 통한 삶의 성찰]

Following the dramatic arc of sporting contests and athletic careers allows us to witness the efforts of athletes to live good human lives  to pursue excellence, victory, fame, and fortune and also to deal with failure and loss. And while the drama of a play or novel is the scripted drama of the author's creation, the drama of sport is that of real people who must live with the consequences of their decisions. This is one reason why I reject the idea that sports should be sharply separated from "real life." When we watch sports, we are not watching characters. The actor who plays Romeo doesn't die at the end of the performance; he gets to leave the character's plight behind when he goes home. By contrast, injuries that players suffer in the pursuit of their goals are not rehearsed, and the quarterback of the losing team does not get to divest himself of the game's result. If these features of sports do not necessarily make sports an encouragement to ethical reflection that is superior to drama or literature, I think they at least show that sports are not inferior in this regard. At a minimum, I want to insist that if it makes sense to regard the plays of Shakespeare as legitimate sources for our own thinking about the nature of the good life, then there is no reason to think that sports are less capable of igniting such reflective capacities.

 

[5 - Exercise 7: 연구 참가자의 참가 중단에 대비한 계획]

Participants who volunteer for a study must be allowed to discontinue participation. If research participants feel stressed, tired, or otherwise unable to continue the study to completion, there should be no stated threat of penalty for withdrawing. The informed consent should make it clear what the results of terminating will be, even if the probability of withdrawal is low. One approach to this problem is to provide participants with prorated compensation based on the percentage of the study they completed. If participants are being paid $25 for participating in a focus group, and the focus group begins to explore issues that make the participant uneasy, a withdrawing participant should be paid for the part of the focus group that she or he completed. For college students who participate for course credit, such partial credit could be harder to construct  but you should have a plan, especially if you think participants might not finish the study. As with many parts of the research process, it is wise to prepare for low-probability events.

 

[5 - Exercise 8: 번식에 있어서 암컷이 치르는 희생]

Reproduction is a fundamental problem for all organisms. Animal species exhibit a diverse range of strategies to produce offspring, which often require large inputs of energy and are associated with major risks to their survival. Among mammals, females undergo more direct costs of reproduction insofar as they carry (literally) the burden of embryonic and fetal growth and nourishment of the young through lactation. Thus the health of a female mammal directly affects reproductive outcome, both in terms of her fertility and the survival or death of her offspring. Human females experience these costs as a function of their mammalian heritage, but the variety of environments they inhabit generates substantial differences in the reproductive risks that women face. Their abilities to reduce these risks are important determinants of individual and population differences in maternal and child health and survival.

 

[5 - Exercise 9: 굴러 내려오는 공을 관찰한 갈릴레오의 실험]

Galileo studied terrestrial gravitation not by asking about the nature of gravity, but by observing how objects behave when gravity acts on them. In particular, he did a series of experiments on balls rolling down inclined planes (the purpose of the incline being, in his words, to "dilute" gravity enough so that he could measure the time it took for the ball to roll with the primitive clocks available to him). By meticulously measuring the time it took the ball to travel various distances, he was able to find out how the speed of the ball changed in transit. His bottom line: Terrestrial gravity causes all objects to accelerate the same amount, regardless of their mass, and the rate of that acceleration is constant. These simple observations allowed Galileo and his contemporaries to understand (and predict) things like the fall of a stone or the arc of a cannonball. They are the basic facts that tell you everything you need to know about how unsupported objects behave at the surface of our planet.

 

[5 - Exercise 10: 위험 상황을 피하는 감각]

The rule about not being a hero isn't about not taking action. This rule is about being a bigger person and having the good sense to walk away from a potential confrontation  even if there is a part of you that doesn't want to. Trust me. I know how hard this can be. I was running early one morning in Baltimore, Maryland, toward the inner harbor. I noticed two guys on the sidewalk ahead of me. I was in my jogging clothes, and they were fully dressed walking around at 6 a.m., which is a bit unusual. As I ran toward them, I saw them look at each other and then spread apart, creating a situation in which I'd have to run between the two of them. If I had placed myself between them, who knows what they might have done? I decided to play it safe: run across the street, making sure to give them eye contact and let them know I'm paying attention. Maybe it was nothing. Maybe they had six friends around the corner and they were going to rob me. My main point is that I didn't let my ego get in the way; I didn't feel a need to prove myself by running between them and risk a potentially dangerous situation.

 

[5 - Exercise 11~12: 미디어의 공공 소유에 대한 상반된 의견]

Ownership of the media gives control over the nature of the information distributed. Proponents of public ownership of the media argue that because information is a public good  that is, once it has been supplied to some consumers it is hard to keep it away from others who have not paid for it  private owners tend to provide less information than would be socially desirable. They also argue that with private ownership the media industry runs the risk of representing the views of only a narrow group in society, and state ownership of the media is necessary to expose the public to desirable cultural or educational themes or values. Opponents of public ownership argue that government control of the media can be used to manipulate people and distort the information supplied in the incumbent government's favor. Moreover, experience shows that government-owned enterprises are less likely to be responsive to consumer demand. Finally, government-owned media are not subject to competition, thus giving rise to the danger of both poor-quality production and inefficiencies. A recent article on the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) claims that government ownership makes it harder than it would otherwise be for other media companies to grow. The article claims that the large amounts of tax revenue that are given to the BBC give it an advantage relative to private companies. It also contends that as a private company, the BBC would be more dynamic, and therefore better able to compete with global media firms.

 

[6 - Exercise 1: 동물 착취의 불의에 도전할 필요]

As consumers we have the right to know what we are paying for, and as active participants in the exploitation of animals we also have a moral obligation to confront the truth about the choices we make. The reality is that we all have our part to play in overcoming injustice, especially one so ubiquitous, systemic and universally perpetuated as the oppression of non-human animals. With the continuing industrialisation of animal farming and the increasing number of animals being farmed, coupled with the ever-growing existential threat of climate change and future pandemics, it has never been more important to address our current food system and challenge ourselves as individuals and consumers. By doing this, we can then challenge the normalisation of our dominance over non-human animals and the natural world that in turn negatively impacts every life on this planet, ours included. Fundamentally, that's an attempt to hold up a mirror to the absurdity of what we are doing and reveal the solution that is right there in front of us.

 

[6 - Exercise 2: 클래식 음악과 음악 교육에서의 창의성]

The terms "creativity" and "musician" were once inseparable. In the classical world, based on the conservatory approach, the creativity part has seemed to have all but disappeared. Yes, we are all creative beasts in some form, but in classical music and music education in general, creativity typically equates with being able to recreate a piece of music slightly differently from the way someone else does. For the most part, the instructions on how to play the piece of music are written directly onto the page, and the only part up for debate is how the instructions are to be "interpreted" by the musician playing that piece. Even then, there are generally accepted ways to interpret a piece of music that are considered conventional and stylistically appropriate. In every other genre of music outside of classical (and jazz to some degree), creativity and creating something new is part of being a musician and is never separated from that, nor does it rely solely on reproducing other people's music to exist.

 

[6 - Exercise 3: 나이와 관련한 정상적인 것과 노안]

What is normal? Dictionary definitions include usual or typical. Normal doesn't mean there's never a cause for concern, or that there's nothing that can be done to make things better. Normal age-related changes can affect what you do day-to-day and how you feel, both physically and emotionally. We're lucky to live at a time when so many adaptive devices and technologies are available. When you turn 40 or so, you develop blurred vision while doing close-up work, reading, using the computer, or sewing, for example. This is called presbyopia. It is "normal," and hopefully you will respond by getting glasses to correct your vision. Without glasses, you wouldn't be able to live a normal life, and your new visual impairment would become a disability. We don't usually think of glasses as assistive devices, yet they are, just like canes or hearing aids. They can make an enormous difference in the quality of our lives as we age; however, this will happen only if we recognize how they improve our function and ability to engage with the world when using them.

 

[6 - Exercise 4: 옛날의 야생 꿀벌  찾기]

Bee hunting, also known as bee lining, used to be practiced widely in Europe, North America, the Middle East, and Africa. Indeed, it may be a pursuit as old as humankind, for it is likely that early humans, living in hunter-gatherer groups, searched for nests of honey bees and robbed them of brood and honey for food, as do some of the hunter-gatherer peoples who have survived to the present time. Probably the earliest written description of the methods for finding the nest of a wild honey bee colony by lining bees is that of Columella, a Roman farm owner and writer on agriculture who lived in the first century A.D. In his book on the cultivation of bees, he gives delightfully detailed instructions for capturing bees at a spring, feeding them honey, and then releasing them one by one to trail them back to "the lurking place of the swarm."

 

[6 - Exercise 5~6: 거짓을 이용한 결속력과  한계]

One of the most dangerous properties of language is that it allows us to say things that aren't true. The danger is not just that people may be misled, but that falsehood may be more effective than truth. Truth becomes a victim of human sociality. The strength of human commitment to beliefs in supernatural entities and conspiracy theories  a kind of commitment found in human groups worldwide  draws precisely on the disconnect between a statement and the reality it claims to describe. If a group of people collectively state a belief in something that is likely to be false, then the statement, far from seeding doubt, will work as an honest signal of each individual's commitment to the group. Author Curtis Yarvin explains the attraction of improbable ideas in building social movements. For the purpose of social loyalty, it's actually better if the belief that people coordinate around is clearly false: "Nonsense is a more effective organizing tool than the truth.... To believe in nonsense is an unforgeable demonstration of loyalty. It serves as a political uniform. And if you have a uniform, you have an army." This is all very well if your only goal is to secure loyalty in defending a position, but reality will come for you at some point. While real soldiers may swear loyalty to magical ideas, they are ultimately in the business of physical force, not magic but brute reality. Once a bullet is flying, neither words nor the beliefs they express can stop it.

 

[6 - Exercise 7: 인간의 인지를 이해하기 위한 도구로서의 읽기]

Reading is a tool for understanding human cognition. The capacity to use language evolved in humans over many thousands of years, the end result being that children acquire it easily and rapidly through interactions with other speakers. Reading is different: it is a technology, like radio, that came into existence because a person  or possibly several  had the insight to invent it. The advent of reading occurred relatively recently in human history, well after humans had evolved capacities to speak, think, perceive, reason, learn, and act. Reading was a new tool created out of existing parts. The fortuitous by-product of this history is that we can use reading to investigate all these capacities. A person doesn't have to be a reading scientist to study reading; they might study vision or memory, for example, using experimental methods that happen to involve having people read words and sentences. This bonus has resulted in the creation of a research literature of exceptional depth and quality.

 

[6 - Exercise 8: 공유된 가정이 의사소통을 통해 전달되는 과정]

When talking about the shared assumptions that emerge from our social interactions and that we use to define reality, we need to also consider how these assumptions and ideas get communicated from person to person and then across entire populations. How does this actually happen? Communication takes place through the symbolic meanings that are captured in the words we say (and how we say them), the behaviors we exhibit, the gestures we perform, the clothes we wear, the makeup we (don't) apply, and so on. This particular view of social behavior can be summed up with the following statement: Humans act toward things on the basis of the meanings they ascribe to those things and those meanings are, in the first place, created (and continuously re-created) through social interaction. This is yet another way of saying that reality is a subjective construction rather than an objective fact. It emerges from the infinite transactions or forms of communication between people.

 

[6 - Exercise 9: 지식재산법의 필요성과 역할]

Good ideas ― like a new way of treating a deadly disease or the perfect breakup song ― have the potential to improve lives. We want them to spread. So we should celebrate the fact that information goods don't run out or wear down. But the public-goods characteristics of information resources create a potential problem. Although a groundbreaking treatment or a heartbreaking song can be freely shared and enjoyed, making something new requires investments of time, effort, and money. If creators cannot recover those investments, plus a reasonable profit for their trouble, some will be dissuaded. In a world where creating new works is expensive and copying them is cheap and easy for the public, poets will become accountants, and inventors will become plumbers. Intellectual property (IP) law is meant to remedy this public goods problem ― the feared undersupply of creative investment ― by creating legal barriers to competition by prohibiting copying. IP rights are an effort to overcome the inherent characteristics of intellectual resources and force them to behave more like tangible property.

 

[6 - Exercise 10: 자기 자신에 충실한 ]

When we reflect on our past, we can see that the directions we have taken can often be traced back to one single, short moment. Our lives often turn on what at the time seem to be the most trivial of occurrences: a chance meeting and a single sentence that was or wasn't said. As one ages and becomes wiser, it becomes possible to see that life is governed in this way and that the big things in life, such as who one marries, what career one pursues, where one lives and so on, often arise from such unexpected everyday and, at the time, seemingly trivial encounters. To be able to navigate life successfully, so that you make the best decisions for yourself at any given moment, you need to be authentic  you need to be able to counter external influences pulling you to go against the grain of your own gut feelings. Authenticity is at the heart of our decision-making and it is in each and every small moment in life that it makes a difference. We are constantly in the process of creating ourselves.

 

[6 - Exercise 11~12: 진정한 기술 사용 능력의 필요성]

Across the sciences and society, in politics and education, in warfare and commerce, new technologies do not merely augment our abilities, but actively shape and direct them, for better and for worse. It is increasingly necessary to be able to think of new technologies in different ways, and to be critical of them, in order to meaningfully participate in that shaping and directing. If we do not understand how complex technologies function, how systems of technologies interconnect, and how systems of systems interact, then we are powerless within them, and their potential is more easily captured by selfish elites and inhuman corporations. Precisely because these technologies interact with one another in unexpected and often-strange ways, and because we are completely entangled with them, this understanding cannot be limited to the practicalities of how things work: it must be extended to how things came to be, and how they continue to function in the world in ways that are often invisible and interwoven. What is required is not understanding, but literacy. True literacy in systems consists of much more than simple understanding, and might be understood and practised in multiple ways. It goes beyond a system's functional use to comprehend its context and consequences. It refuses to see the application of any one system as a cure-all, insisting upon the interrelationships of systems and the inherent limitations of any single solution. It is fluent not only in the language of a system, but in its metalanguage  the language it uses to talk about itself and to interact with other systems  and is sensitive to the limitations and the potential uses and abuses of that metalanguage. It is, crucially, capable of both performing and responding to critique.

 

[7 - Exercise 1: 일기를 체계적인 사회 연구에 적용하기 위한 요건]

Details of the conduct of everyday life can be found, for example, in the diaries of remarkable mid-17th century individuals such as Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn, whose images of London daily life still capture the imagination. But the daily lives recorded in their diaries are certainly not in any sense representative of the society they describe  if only because the very act of keeping a diary renders the diarists themselves remarkable. In addition, the earliest diaries were simple free-form records of sequences of activities, often without detailed reference to timings. This makes it impossible to accurately calculate the aggregate time spent in different activities. The application of diaries to systematic social research depends on collecting carefully harmonized daily activity reports in large samples selected randomly from a population. Sociologists, economists and demographers can use the results of such time-use studies to describe and explain the factors that influence the chains of behaviours which comprise daily life.

 

[7 - Exercise 2: 기후 변화에 의한  재앙의 물결 도래]

Nature is changing with the explosive growth in urban populations and cities have to deal with transformations in nature. While it pays too much attention to technology, smart cities research barely gives a nod to climate change, which is already influencing urbanites with more intense storms, flooding, record-breaking temperatures resulting from the emission of greenhouse gases and burning forests. As I write this in the summer of 2018, intense heat has made the season unbearable, and often life-threatening, for millions of city dwellers. Moreover, drought endangers the habitability of more of the earth's surface, unprecedented fires are burning across California and British Columbia, monumental floods have drowned hundreds and made climate migrants of millions in India's Kerala state, and a rare hurricane has pounded Hawaii. The first wave of what most experts believe will be catastrophic climate change appears to have arrived.

 

[7 - Exercise 3: 포만감을 주는 중간 수치 열량의 음식]

If your brain thinks you're starving, it will eventually wear you down, no matter how strong your resolve. The solution is to give it the cues it needs to realize you aren't starving. The most straightforward way to do this is to choose foods that send strong satiety signals to the brain stem but contain a moderate number of calories. These are foods that have a lower calorie concentration, higher protein and/or fiber content, and a moderate level of tastiness. This tends to include simple foods that are closer to their natural state, such as fresh fruit, vegetables, potatoes, fresh meats, seafood, eggs, yogurt, whole grains, and beans. Bread is surprisingly calorie-dense, even when it's made from whole grains, so it can be easy to overeat. It may be preferable to get your starch from water-rich foods like potatoes, sweet potatoes, and beans rather than flour-based foods like bread and crackers. And foods based on white flour in particular, which tend to have a high calorie density and low fiber content, are definitely off the menu.

 

[7 - Exercise 4: 석기 시대 이야기에 등장하는 아이들 묘사]

A number of fictional Stone Age accounts, especially from the first three decades of the 20th century, portray children in the active role of innovator and inventor. The basic formula of children as implementers of ideas and inventors of material culture is found in a variety of tales about the first fish spear, flint saw, bow and arrow, boat, taming of fire and cooking meat, and so forth. Another common theme in Palaeolithic fiction is children successfully domesticating animals, most often wolves and horses. Frequently the act of taming leads to more significant contributions such as helping a struggling people find food or hunt animals in new ways. For instance, in Malu 's Wolf, the main character tames a wolf who later finds an elusive herd of mammoths upon which the group depends. The interesting twist in this story is the fact that Malu is a girl, which is quite rare. Like the boys, she is allowed to use a spear thrower and participate in an initiation ceremony in the painted cave.

 

[7 - Exercise 5~6: 고령자 삶의 질을 높이기 위한 주거 이동]

Many local moves make an important contribution to maintaining older people's independence and raising their quality of life. With more than one-fifth of the population of most developed countries now aged 60 or more (and many in their 50s having retired), and average life expectancy close to 80 years of age, clearly 'old age' can extend for decades and be a substantial fraction of a person's life. It is a life course stage of many changes. Early in retirement, some move to more attractive environments, where they can pursue non-work interests, and others move to smaller homes or to live nearer their children and grandchildren. At older ages, many experience losses in health, vigor, partners, and income, and become no longer able to afford or drive a car, to climb stairs, to maintain a large garden or mow the smallest lawn, and to walk to and from shops. Several of these changes seriously impair an older person's or a couple's quality of life, but can be improved by a move to a more convenient home or location. One can say that impaired personal mobility encourages residential mobility. Some move to housing schemes designed for older people, for the surveillance or support they provide, or to enjoy more personal security. Population geographers have made substantial contributions to understanding the role of migration in older people's lives, but the work has been selective, and local moves and housing adjustments have been neglected. There is immense scope for more collaboration between geographers and gerontologists in understanding the role of residential mobility in older people's lives.

 

[7 - Exercise 7: 지하철 차량  배치가 탑승자에게 미치는 영향]

In comparing different subway car layouts, we can see how seemingly small design choices can have outsized effects on user behavior. The position of a subway car's doors, for example, shapes how riders use that space. When designers position doors symmetrically, riders will often crowd around the doors, leaving much of the car unused. When designers choose to position the doors asymmetrically, however, use of the space is more evenly distributed; passengers can enter and exit the car more efficiently. In these cases, the affordances of both layouts are the same  riders in both environments are afforded the opportunity to use the whole space of the car to sit, stand, and ride. But by changing the location of the doors, designers can reshape riders' perceptions of that space, which influences how and whether riders take advantage of this affordance. By moving the position of the subway car doors, in other words, designers can use the power of the built environment to shape rider behavior, getting riders to do something they would not otherwise do.

 

[7 - Exercise 8: 강한 가족 유대가 지역 경제에 미치는 영향]

In 1958 the American political scientist Edward Banfield advanced an influential thesis that attributed southern Italy's lower level of prosperity to stronger family ties in the region. He argued that more intense family ties diminished trust outside of one's kinship group, weakened cooperation in pursuit of a common public goal, and thereby reduced the level of economic prosperity in the region. In line with his thesis, recent evidence suggests that kinship ties do indeed differ significantly across Italian regions, as they do more generally across countries. Likewise, tighter nuclear family bonds do tend to adversely affect levels of social trust, political participation, the status of women in the workforce and geographic mobility. And since, as the Nobel Prize-winning American economist Kenneth Arrow noted, business deals often rely on trust while its absence harms trade, lower levels of trust outside of the family setting might have diminished the level of economic development in southern Italy compared to the north.

 

[7 - Exercise 9: 수력 발전과 관련된 도전 과제와 기회]

Essentially, water is an inexhaustible source because once the water is used to produce electricity, it is usually returned to its original river or reservoir. Because of this, hydropower has great potential now and also into the future. Only 20 percent of hydroelectric potential has been developed within the United States; tapping into this potential, however, is often hindered by unsuitable terrains and large distances from needing communities. In addition, future projects do not necessarily require new locations or dams. Only 2,400 out of 80,000 dams in the U.S. currently produce electricity from hydroelectric power plants. Many of these existing dams could have advanced technologies installed to produce energy and increase efficiency. A study performed by the U.S. Department of Energy calculated that it would cost approximately $1,600 per kilowatt to add turbines to dams that currently lack electricity capabilities. With this data and the amount of potential future locations for hydroelectric power plants, the cost to retrofit the existing dams would be able to pay for themselves in just a short time. However, these attempts are complicated by the push for additional dam removals by local and national environmental groups.

 

[7 - Exercise 10: 집단 어리석음]

It sometimes happens that the many make a worse decision than the individual. Collective intelligence has its counterpart: collective stupidity. In groups, our capacity for good judgment can be severely reduced. In his studies on group norms, the psychologist Solomon Asch long ago addressed many well-known instances of this phenomenon. To name one: if a majority of people embrace a manifestly false and idiotic theory, others will go along with it merely because of the power of conformity. To name another instance: the false virtues of brainstorming. Take a group of ten people and make them work together for half an hour on a project (like tourism slogans to promote a town, for example). At the same time, set another group to work in which each member works separately on the task. Gather up their reports: the proposals of the second group are much richer and more plentiful than the proposals of the first group. Put another way, sometimes the whole is less than the sum of its parts.

 

[7 - Exercise 11~12: 농기구의 사용에 따른 성역할의 구분]

In 1970, the Danish economist Ester Boserup hypothesised that variations in present-day attitudes towards the role of women in the workforce were a product of methods of cultivation in the pre-industrial era. Her argument was that, owing to differences in the nature of the soil and the prevailing crops across regions, farmers in some areas cultivated their fields with hoes and rakes, whereas in others they used ploughs harnessed to horses or oxen. Since using a plough and controlling the animals that pull it requires massive upper-body strength, men have had a significant physiological advantage over women in ploughing and women in these regions have been limited to housework during the course of human history. It was largely the suitability of land for the use of the plough, Boserup argued, that led to the division of labour along gender lines. Evidence from agricultural societies across the world supports Boserup's argument. Areas that used the plough have consistently had a greater division of labour within the household: men have been predominantly engaged in agriculture, whereas women have been mainly confined to housework. In regions that made use of hoes and rakes, meanwhile, men and women have tended to share the farm work from land preparation to sowing and harvesting, as well as other tasks, such as ferrying water, milking cows, or collecting firewood  although most household work has remained predominantly in the domain of women.

 

[8 - Exercise 1: 자기 이야기를 들려주는 것의 중요성]

Telling stories of one's own is important for children and for those individuals close to them. Through reading and hearing real-life and fictional stories, children can direct their own life story, and there is power in learning through story and telling one's own story. When children tell stories themselves, they can be heard the way they want to be heard; children choose the words, drawings, and acts they want to use to express themselves. Children's self-created stories can help adults better understand and make children's thinking and knowledge visible to themselves and others. Narratives may even be a source of protection for young children unable to articulate their fears directly or needing safe mental spaces to nurture their hopes and dreams. Educators and families can work together to help children create stories that positively influence them and are a source of happiness and strength in their lives. A thoughtfully shared story can help a child better understand herself. Stories can help us realize that we are not alone. This knowledge can be a great comfort to a child.

 

[8 - Exercise 2: 긍정적 착각과 관계 개선]

Positive illusion can help with facing inevitable threats to relationships. Most relationships are inevitably threatened by conflicts of interest or seductive alternatives, and solving such problems often requires a departure from one's own direct interests. For example, when a partner behaves badly, accommodation rather than revenge is more conducive to the stability of the relationship. Further, when partners' preferences are inconsistent, it is beneficial to sacrifice one's own interests for the partner's interests. Overall, positive belief systems motivate us to find available solutions to dilemmas found across relationships. Such systems promote persistence, by increasing pro-social motivation, and facilitating a willingness to invest oneself in a relationship. Thus, it is plausible that positive illusion may serve to enhance the health of relationships.

 

[8 - Exercise 3: 달에 부여한 신성(神性)]

The moon is undoubtedly the earliest divinity that humans worshipped, even before the sun, wind, thunder, ocean, and all the forces of nature. They observed its different phases, its changing forms, its white light illuminating the darkness, its growth and diminishment, then its disappearance and renewal. Hence they made it into a higher being, inhabiting the heavens and gifted with magical powers over all that lived on earth. They worshipped it in order to win its favor and prevent it from harming them. It was only later that the moon came to be paired with the sun, and later still that humans recognized it possessed no light of its own but only reflected the sun's light. From then on, it was more or less subordinate to the sun, becoming its wife, sister, or daughter, even while retaining its remarkable characteristics. Moreover, although it became a female principle in many cultures, in others it remained a male divinity. Even today, the lexicon attests to these differences. In German, for example, the word designating the moon (der Mond) is masculine in gender while the one designating the sun (die Sonne) is feminine.

 

[8 - Exercise 4: 소셜 미디어와 사교]

Key terms used to describe social media's functionality, such as the "social," "collaboration," and "friends," reflect the communalist jargon of early utopian visions of the Web as a space that inherently enhances social activity. In reality, the meanings of these words have increasingly been informed by automated technologies that direct human sociality. Therefore, the term "connective media" would be preferable over "social media." What is claimed to be "social" is in fact the result of human input shaped by computed output and vice versa  a sociotechnical ensemble whose components can hardly be told apart. The norms and values supporting the "social" image of these media remain hidden in platforms' technological textures. Not coincidentally, the same assumptions supporting the goal of making the Web more social  or, if you wish, of making sociality more technical  also support the ideology of making online sociality salable.

 

[8 - Exercise 5~6:  작품(fanwork) 바라보는 시각과 의의]

Culturally speaking, fans "borrow" from existing arts in any number of ways. The most visible of these practices for readers, in particular, is fan fiction, or stories written by "regular people" who have taken inspiration from a text and created a new narrative using components of that existing story-world. Ewan Morrison argues that "If one sees fanfic as 'the work of amateurs retelling existing stories,' then one would have to conclude that the number one book in the Middle Ages  the Bible  was a work of fanfic, as Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John were non-professionals retelling the same story about the same character." Arguably, the stories told in the Bible had been transmitted via oral tradition for generations prior, but audiences were drawn to the tales at a visceral level, inciting retellings and embellishments before they were finally compiled into a written text. And, once the printed word became common and accessible, the possibility grew exponentially for people to pursue writing prompted by existing works. This is also true for other things, like paintings or architecture, that were crafted in response to another item. Fanworks, inspired by the things in which fans emotionally invest, are nothing new. The struggle is not in the practice itself; rather it is tied up with a complex relationship between the original author's text, the potential for the fan-made text to be confused with the original, and, obviously, the money that could migrate back and forth between the two.

 

[8 - Exercise 7: 북극곰의 진화]

According to evolutionary biologists, polar bears evolved from an ancestor they shared with brown bears, including grizzlies, with which they have been known to crossbreed, producing fertile hybrids known as 'pizzlies'. The approximate date of divergence between the two species is still unclear, although the oldest known fossil of what's thought to be a polar bear jaw is about 100,000 years old, so they must have evolved prior to that; according to the latest DNA analysis, it was probably within the last 500,000 years or so. More than likely this occurred during a warm interglacial period, when the climate was mild enough for brown bears to move northwards. After the next ice age took a hold, most headed back south, but some, thanks to mutations in their DNA which code for hair colour, became adapted to the harsher conditions. Those with the most suitable adaptations, namely a lighter whiter coat for camouflage when hunting seals, were more likely to survive. Those that didn't, died. It was through this process of natural selection in action that the polar bear was born.

 

[8 - Exercise 8: 기술로 인한 스트레스]

Though innovation is meant to help improve the flow of work and daily life, technology has also been associated with feelings of anxiety and irritability, headaches, mental fatigue, lost productivity, and poor job performance. Tech-related stress has been termed "technostress," and as the name implies, refers to stress caused by the inability to adapt to or cope with technology in a healthy way. The technology itself is not the source of stress, but how people handle and react to it. Distraction and lack of focus due to the never-ending interruption of incoming texts, emails, phone calls, and social notifications has been called the epidemic of our digital age. People often feel stressed because they don't know how to manage the daily onslaught of resources and information made available on the web, leading to feelings of being overwhelmed with "information overload."

 

[8 - Exercise 9: 녹음 공간의 진화]

With the emergence of recording technology, a new form of musical space arose: the recording studio. This allowed artists to make music to be heard at other times and places. These places evolved along with the growing mobility of music itself. Recording enabled various forms of editing, including splicing (moving sections in time) and overdubbing (placing sections atop one another), as well as a growing range of opportunities for processing and manipulating sound. While recording studios supplied vast opportunities for shaping sonic expressions, they also presented new challenges, some of which were addressed via architectural gestures. In order for only the intended sounds to be recorded, studios were constructed of materials that inhibited sound transfer. Such attempts sometimes led to "dead" acoustic properties, however. In the 1950s and 1960s, then, studios began to construct "echo chambers" using materials that reflected sound, such as concrete and tiles, in order to simulate the sound of certain places, including, of course, the "live" sound of concert venues. The use of stereo systems also allowed recorded music to be organized as a sonic panorama, thus producing the sense of being in an environment where sounds came from different sources.

 

[8 - Exercise 10: 창조적 실천에서 감수하게 되는 모험]

Risk plays an interesting role in terms of creative practice. Pushing the boundaries or breaking rules may entail risks. The results of this may be fruitful and invigorating but they may also be disastrous or wasteful. Flirting with risk means that the outcome is not guaranteed but also that aspirations go beyond the known and familiar, beyond the standard. This pushing of boundaries takes place at many different levels from the production of single objects to a broader kind of experimentation with materials themselves, and it may therefore be identified as a mainstay of creativity at the everyday level. This kind of creative risk is illustrated by the comments made by a modern-day potter when confronted with a copy of the Skarpsalling vessel, usually considered the most beautiful and outstanding Neolithic vessel found in Denmark. In describing the vessel's qualities she said its shape was 'vibrating'. Asked to specify what she meant, she explained that the Neolithic potter had pushed the shape to its upmost, to just before it would collapse.

 

[8 - Exercise 11~12: 생명 활동에서 과시를 통한 특성 전달]

In biology, signals have evolved to help organisms communicate otherwise unobservable characteristics. Take the black and yellow colours of a poison dart frog. This distinctive visual signal, in bold disregard of its camouflage, has been favoured by natural selection because it accurately indicates the frog's toxicity. ("Go on, eat me if you dare!") Similarly, a springbok's energetic leap, bounding into the air and lifting all four feet simultaneously, is a reliable signal that it's young and fit, so not worth chasing. Then we have the famed peacock, which illustrates its fitness through its glittering and luxurious tail. This expensive handicap serves no other purpose than to signal that a healthy male has resources to burn, boosting his attractiveness as a mate. Signals like these are favoured by natural selection so long as the costs are offset by the benefits. Critically, it is the cost or risk associated with this signal that is the most reliable way of confirming its truthfulness. If an old and tired springbok (a low-quality signaller) attempts to fake enthusiastic leaping (a high-quality signal), they will exhaust themselves, becoming vulnerable. As a result, low cost signals that are easy to fake are often unreliable cues of trustworthiness. Consistent with this, the eye-catchingly bright colouration of frogs has been found to correlate almost perfectly with their toxicity. Peacocks also don't just walk around telling peahens "I'm rich!" Any old bird can do that  they need to show it. When it comes to trust, talk is cheap.

 

[9 - Exercise 1: 사람과 사물의 인과 관계의 특징]

Causal relations often come in characteristic groups or clusters. For example, in thinking about two people, I might notice that, in contrast to a pair of billiard balls, they often causally act on each other at a distance. A remark to a person several feet away can cause that person to move quickly backward. Cause-and-effect relations for people have longer time lags than for balls. You do not move instantaneously after I speak, unlike cases in which one ball launches another. There is a noticeable lag. People move on their own without needing any external force. Simple balls do not spontaneously move. Self-generated motion conveys the strong impression that something inside the mover is causing the movement. People can move in irregular ways, darting this way and that. Balls move in smooth predictable paths unless something else intervenes. People interact contingently; balls do not. There is a back-and-forth rhythm to many human social interactions whether they be conversations, silent greetings, or hot pursuit. Taken together, several interacting causal relations distinguish the motions of people from those of simple solids.

 

[9 - Exercise 2: 현대 민주주의와 초기 민주주의의 비교]

Modern democracy evolved from early democracy, and this process began in England before first reaching a fuller extent  for free white males  in the United States. Modern democracy is a form of rule where political participation is broad but episodic: citizens participate by voting for representatives, but this occurs only at certain intervals, and there are few means of control other than the vote  representatives cannot be bound by mandates or instructions. All of this contrasts with early democracy. In early democracies, participation was often restricted to a smaller number of individuals, but for those who enjoyed the right, the frequency of participation was much higher. It was also the case that those who chose representatives could bind them with mandates, and individual localities could either reject central decisions or opt out of them. This created substantial blocking power and therefore a need for consensus. For this reason, there was less of a problem of "tyranny of the majority," whereas this is an issue with which all modern democracies must grapple.

 

[9 - Exercise 3: 사물의 신뢰성과 예측 가능성]

To an important extent, we need things to work properly  to be predictable and dependable. We would give in to despair if too many failed to do their job. A world where things perform their proper function is a hospitable place. And what makes it hospitable is precisely its reliability and predictability. There is a point, however, beyond which this very flawlessness starts to induce a serious form of alienation. For when things work flawlessly, without friction, less and less is demanded of us. In the long run, this effortlessness is our undoing. It's not just that we become increasingly unnecessary (which would be bad enough), but that we become more and more like the things themselves. We unconsciously start copying them. Their predictability becomes ours, and so does their fundamental inertness. Near something that never changes its patterns, we too slide into a heavily patterned existence. At the limit, if nothing changes to attract our attention, we become indistinguishable from those things, and lose ourselves in their midst. Hospitability is admirable, but when a place becomes too hospitable, it turns positively hostile. [요약문] While predictability and dependability of things are desirable to a certain degree, a perfectly patterned world that doesn't require our active effort and distinctiveness becomes harmful to us.

 

[9 - Exercise 4: 뇌의 불안 극복과 새로운 신경 경로]

One of the biggest challenges in overcoming fear is that, although the brain learns lessons quickly, it does not unlearn lessons quickly. Ever traveled by train? On every trip, trains obey the direction of the tracks. If an engineer wanted to take the train in a different direction, but lacked the track, it would not be possible. New tracks would be necessary to divert the train onto a new course. And once a train has a destination on a track, it chums with momentum. The challenge lies in laying the new track. Like most goals in life, it would take patience, effort, and commitment to build that new path. There is a similar challenge in facing anxiety and changing your brain's chemistry. In other words, creating a new neural pathway that is unafraid of what you currently fear is going to take some effort. But it can absolutely be done. You can change your brain's response to your anxiety-provoking stimulus by creating a new neural pathway.

 

[9 - Exercise 5~7: 주인의 뇌전증 발작을 예측하는 고양이 Tee Cee]

Keenly observant and alert to the slightest changes in their surroundings, cats could make wonderful guardians. So far, however, they've firmly rejected any such callings. All save for one. The cat in question is named Tee Cee, and he has earned international fame for his exceptional ability to predict epileptic seizures  a skill he's used to ease the suffering of his grateful owner. Ironically, however, the English cat had endured quite a bit at the hands of a human, who stuffed Tee Cee and his siblings in a box and tossed it in a river. Tee Cee was rescued and taken to an adoption center, where he became the pet of Michael Edmonds, a Sheffield man who suffered from an extremely dangerous and unpredictable form of epilepsy. The disorder causes sudden, violent seizures that strike without warning. The problem was so serious that he couldn't leave home unescorted, for fear of having an attack at some unexpected time or place. Edmonds' new cat provided timely help. Tee Cee took a great deal of interest in his new owner  particularly, it seemed, when he was about to seize. This was remarkable, because Edmonds displays no symptoms prior to attacks. Or at least, none detectable by humans. "We noticed that Tee Cee began staring at my stepfather prior to a seizure and then ran to my mother to let her know all is not well, acting as an early warning system," Edmonds' stepdaughter, Samantha Laidler, told the BBC. The behavior was so unexpected that it took a while for family members to make the connection between Tee Cee's staring sessions and Edmonds' epileptic fits. But once the link was established, the fame of the former stray spread far and wide. In 2006 he was nominated for a prestigious Rescue Cat of the Year Award ― quite an accomplishment for a cat who was once, literally, thrown away as garbage.

 

[9 - Exercise 8: 작품의 손실을 막는  도움이 되는 소유권]

Valuable cultural works disappear for all sorts of reasons. Government censorship can remove works from the market; books and records go out of print when they are considered commercially unviable; films  from The Interview to Disney's Song of the South  are hidden from view for reasons that range from political controversies to pure marketing strategies. Works can also be lost to accidents, natural disasters, and plain old inattention. Ownership helps guard against those losses. When we own our copies, we have greater incentives to make efforts to preserve them, and it's harder for publishers and government actors to erase them. And when works are distributed widely on secondary markets through resale and lending, the risk of loss is reduced. Even though we all benefit from the preservation of our shared cultural heritage, outside of the small circle of archivists and cultural historians, few of us give it much thought. So when we choose to license rather than own, we are chipping away at preservation efforts.

 

[9 - Exercise 9: 유리의 형성 과정]

Look around you right now, and there's a good chance you'll find yourself in the presence of some glass. Whatever the item  a drinking glass, glass lenses, a window pane  it was once a molten liquid that reached temperatures of over 1700'C and was then allowed to cool. During this process, the molecules never achieved a structured arrangement but instead remained as disordered as they had been in the liquid state. A molecular snapshot of the liquid state and the glass state would appear almost identical, although there is more crowding in the glass thanks to the contraction that occurs during cooling. As this happens, molecules have a harder time slipping quickly past one another, so they begin to slow down, and as they do this, they make stronger connections. It's a bit like how it's easier to grab the hand of someone who is walking slowly past you than to grab the hand of someone driving past you in a convertible going 150 kilometres per hour, which is not advisable. As the cooling continues, so, too, does this process until at last the molecules become fixed in place and glass is formed.

 

[9 - Exercise 10: 협업에 대한 단백질과 인간의 비교]

Proteins are among the most important molecules we possess, because they are also among the most collaborative. They play distinct roles in helping the body to interpret changes, communicate them and decide on actions as a result. Our bodies work in large part because our proteins know their own role, appreciate that of their peers and act accordingly. They work as part of a team, but through the expression of entirely individual personalities and capabilities. Dynamic yet defined, individual within a team context, proteins can offer a new model for how we organize and interact as people. Like humans, proteins respond to their environment, communicate information, make decisions and then put them into action. But unlike us, proteins are actually very good at doing this: working in an instinctively collaborative way without letting personality clashes, personal problems or office politics become obstacles. And they achieve this not by trying to 'fit in' with their environment, but by aligning and making use of their various chemistries: embracing the complementarity of contrasting 'types'. [요약문] Humans within an organization often attempt to conform to their environment, but protein molecules collaborate through utilizing their unique characteristics and abilities.

 

[9 - Exercise 11: 도파민의 특징과 역할]

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that runs the brain's reward and pleasure center. It enables us to see rewards and pushes us to go achieve them. It is also highly addictive  all addictions cause a powerful surge in dopamine. When we achieve goals, dopamine makes us feel pleasure. Our brains develop tolerance for dopamine, meaning that as time goes on, increasingly higher levels of dopamine are needed to get the same level of pleasure. Addictive, novelty-seeking behaviors are the result of high levels of dopamine. This is how one gets addicted to achieving goals. The neurons that fire together get wired together in our brains, meaning stress and the dopamine rush that goes along with it get connected. This might explain why some chronically stressed people don't celebrate achieving goals  they are constantly looking for the next goal to get their next amount of dopamine. Their employees might feel discouraged because their achievements go overlooked or unappreciated. These managers may artificially create crises to justify the elevated level of stress and dopamine their brains have gotten used to.

 

[9 - Exercise 12~14: 품위를 잃지 않은 아버지의 복수]

When David was three years old, his parents opened a restaurant in the small town of Weatherford, Texas  the first Asian restaurant in the whole county. His dad, an immigrant from Thailand, saw it as an incredible business opportunity. He was right: loyal customers kept their little family restaurant open for nearly forty years. Growing up as one of the few Asian American kids in his school wasn't easy. Even though David made some of his best memories and strongest friendships in Weatherford, there were a few immature kids who mocked him only because he looked different from them. And there was a boy, Olly, who was one year older than David, and he was the one whom David hated the most. Olly would say mean things to David, making fun of him. However, Olly's family were regular customers of the restaurant that David's family owned. One day, David finally told his dad about Olly and all the mean things he had said. His dad said, "Honey, it breaks my heart to hear that. I know how upset and sad you've been." So David was hoping that Olly was going to get his punishment. He didn't think his dad was going to cause a scene and throw the family out, but couldn't he at least hide some hot pepper in his pad thai for his son's revenge? Instead, the next time Olly's family came in to eat, David's father was just as polite as ever. David watched them clean their plates and leave with satisfied sighs. After they left, he asked his father why he didn't kick them out. With a smile, he answered, "I got my revenge. By giving that family quality service and delicious food, I elevated my family above their ugliness. Remember, son. Even when people say ugly things to you, you shouldn't let them take your dignity."

 

[10 - Exercise 1: 공룡과의 공존에 대한 잘못된 확신]

In American colleges, one student out of two still recently believed that 'cavemen' had to defend themselves against dinosaurs. Prehistorians often deplore the ignorance of the public, and express their surprise that even those who seem interested in the past are inclined to accept the most unsound ideas. Yet the struggle of humans against dinosaurs could be considered a kind of knowledge  one that is erroneous  rather than simply the manifestation of ignorance. An erroneous idea does not become less absurd merely for being shared by half the population; it becomes nevertheless interesting as a social phenomenon. In fact, the image of the caveman fighting dinosaurs is not entirely devoid of factual elements: nobody will deny that the dinosaurs really existed, just as prehistoric humans did. On the other hand, the origin of the deep-seated conviction that our ancestors shared the Earth with the dinosaurs remains obscure, because human remains have never been found in the same geological formations as dinosaur bones, and no scholar has risked suggesting that our ancestors lived alongside these giant reptiles. It was non-experts, rather than scientists, who forged this idea, thus leaving us an excellent illustration of ordinary thinking at work.

 

[10 - Exercise 2: 표기 체계의 발전과 소리의 표현]

Writing as we know it today was not a single technology stemming from a single invention. It's a combination of various innovations which took place over a long period, with differing effects in different parts of the world. But the stages of evolution it went through are very similar in all the different places. The earliest incarnations of all these writing systems were pictographic. They consisted of simplified drawings acting as stylised representations of concrete entities: a house, a river, a drawing of the head of a cow to represent a cow. As their use spread, so they began to accumulate broader meanings based on the context of this use and to be combined together to create ideograms. Bird+egg, for example, represented fertility. But the most significant stage in their development was when they began to be used to represent not simply ideas but also sounds. Once this happened, writing could imitate spoken language rather than operating as a separate, parallel system of communication. It was this transition which led to the fully flexible systems we have today.

 

[10 - Exercise 3: 도움을 구할  느끼는 불편함]

People tend to overestimate how harshly others will judge them. This dynamic may apply to the case of help-seeking. Even a small request can make the help-seeker feel self-conscious, embarrassed, and guilty. In our research, we have found that the anxiety help-seekers experience over how their request will come across is surprising to potential helpers who do not know what all the fuss is about. In one study, we asked two samples of potential helpers (teaching assistants and peer advisors) to estimate the number of students who would seek their help during a single semester. The peer advisors overestimated by over 60%, and the teaching assistants by 20%, the number of students who would ask them for help. This prediction error emerged even though the peer advisors had been students themselves the prior year, and the majority of teaching assistants had worked as teaching assistants before (often for the same class). Nevertheless, their past experience as help-seekers offered no clues in predicting others' future help-seeking behavior. [요약문] Potential helpers mistakenly predicted the number of help-seekers that would visit them because they failed to see that help-seeking behavior might make help-seekers feel uncomfortable.

 

[10 - Exercise 4: 시간 사용을 통한 상황 통제]

The effective use of time is one of the ultimate ways to display authority, even when you don't have it. Whoever controls time controls the situation in most instances. They will always remind anyone who wants to meet with them that their time is valuable. However, there may be situations where you will want to reverse your use of tight time tactics. Let's say you have agreed to meet with one of your peers to discuss a difficult situation that has developed between your two respective departments. You need more help from your peer than she needs from you to get things resolved, even though you've told her your time is limited. When she enters your office at the appointed hour, take your watch off ostentatiously, and place it face down on your desk. Say, "My time belongs to you for as long as you need it." Watch the cooperation level of your peer go up exponentially at the outset of your meeting. You'll be able to get anything you want from her.

 

[10 - Exercise 5~7: 가난한 고아들에게 친절을 베푼 Mrs. Annabel]

There lived three poor orphans named Havin, Mabel, and Anthony. They were siblings, and they loved each other so much. In their town lived Mrs. Annabel, a widow, who was the town's doctor. She was a lovely woman, but she had no children. Every morning Havin and his siblings would go to the town square to beg for food and clothes. Mrs. Annabel loved Havin's little sister, Mabel, and gave her big apples every day. One day, Mrs. Annabel needed help to organize her garden, and Havin and his siblings offered to help. Together, they planted vegetables and flowers. "Oh, they are so delightful," Mrs. Annabel said to herself. Havin and his siblings were very good kids, and they were loved by everyone in town. Then one day, Mabel became seriously ill. Havin carried her on his back and ran down to the town's clinic. Mrs. Annabel immediately took Mabel from Havin and placed her on the examination table. Little Mabel lay weakly on the table. "I don't want to die," she cried weakly. "Come on, baby, you will be just fine!" Mrs. Annabel assured her. After examining her, Mrs. Annabel brought out a needle and an apple. She said to Mabel, "I have an apple for you, but I'll only give it to you after you receive this injection." Mabel looked at the needle with fright. "I hate needles, Mrs. Annabel." "I know, darling. But if you promise to be brave, I'll take you to my house and give you some ice cream." Mrs. Annabel assured her. Mabel lay bravely on the bed and allowed Mrs. Annabel to do her job. She eventually woke up feeling better. After Mabel's recovery, Havin went to Mrs. Annabel's clinic. "Ma'am," he called out as he knocked softly on her door. "Do you need something?" she asked him. "Thank you for taking care of Mabel, but I don't have any money to pay her bills," he spoke shyly. "Don't worry, dear Havin. This one is all on me," Mrs. Annabel said to him. Havin thanked her for her kindness. Two months later, Mrs. Annabel adopted Havin and his two siblings. She loved them like her own children and took good care of them. She took them to the town's school. They did well in school and won prizes every school year. Mrs. Annabel was proud of them, and they lived happily ever after.

 

[10 - Exercise 8: 태도 양극화의 특징]

Attitude polarization is currently increasing, at least in North America and Europe. The most important reason for the growing polarization is probably increasingly selective exposure to information. People on both sides of an ideological debate have no difficulty at all finding like-minded websites that support their viewpoints, often in even more radical ways. Getting in touch with others sharing their beliefs makes them even more confident in their viewpoints. In other words, while one could expect that the availability of a broad ideological spectrum of media information could foster engagement with views diverging from one's own, experimental research suggests that it actually leads to increased affective polarization. People's in-group biases are strengthened by the new opportunities to get in touch with like-minded people. Confirmation bias influences which sources of information people utilize; in fact, there seems to be a vicious circle involved: Increases in polarization cause stronger confirmation biases, which, in turn, lead to more biased information search. Elective exposure to political information is also increased by customizability technology creating so-called "filter bubbles."

 

[10 - Exercise 9: 메시지 전달 수단의 역사]

The desire to communicate is a part of being human. We have always needed to express ourselves but it took a long time before we could do so successfully. About 100,000 years ago, we developed the capacity to communicate using speech. About 40,000 years ago, we drew pictures on the walls of caves. Through the ages, we've used various systems to send messages like smoke signals, semaphores (flags), pigeons, and human messengers, each of which had its own advantages and disadvantages. Each system worked when the conditions were just right, but was limited at least some of the time. For instance, smoke signals and semaphore systems did not work at night because they depended on sunlight for the receiver to see the signal. Messengers were slow and could be captured during times of conflict or war. Pigeons could carry very small messages but were susceptible to natural predators and severe weather.

 

[10 - Exercise 10: 뇌의 부위별 기능과  경계]

Is the brain an assembly of distinct components, each with a defined and separate function? One of the many difficulties in studying how the brain works is precisely because it is not arranged in this way. That does not mean that one cannot assign specific functions to anatomically recognisable parts of the brain. Indeed one can: for example, the cerebral cortex that forms most of the outside of the brain and gives it its typically wrinkled or folded appearance has areas that we know are concerned with identifiable actions. One is responsible for generating movement, another for analysing incoming visual information and so on. Similar functional boundaries have been recognised in other parts of the brain. That is not an issue. What is, however, is whether there are clearly defined boundaries between these areas, either anatomically  where does one begin, or the other end?  or functionally  is there a circumscribed area of the brain that has an equally precise function? The answer to both questions is a resounding 'no.' [요약문] Although it is possible to attribute functions to anatomical parts of the brain, the anatomical and functional boundaries of those parts are not clear-cut.

 

[10 - Exercise 11: 사회 운동 집단에서의 관행]

Social movements where a community expresses a desire for change  and all social life  are spaces of orderly interaction operating through recurring practices. These routines constitute the group style. Actions are repeated and become accepted through that repetition. Individuals must be able to foresee the likely responses of others and adjust accordingly. I refer to these stabilizing forces as circuits of action. While these assumptions about how others will respond are sometimes upended, to be useful, expectations must frequently be met. Nowhere is this more salient than in social movements, where coordination is crucial. Interaction is filtered through the collective awareness of what participants believe is appropriate. Offering feeling words after meetings ― typically positive ones ― serves as a ritual that expresses both individual feelings and collective sentiment. Circuits of action incorporate the rules of the interaction order and the content of group cultures in practices that are anticipated and comforting. However, for interaction to be orderly within a collaborative group, negotiations and adjustments are essential, building relationships that are flexible but durable.

 

[10 - Exercise 12~14: Eli Manning 자신감]

On August 17, 2011, New York Giants quarterback Eli Manning sat for a live ESPN radio interview after his practice during the Giants training camp. When asked if he was a "Top 10, Top 5" quarterback, Manning said, "I think I am." And then when asked specifically if he was on the same level as New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady, Manning paused and then said, "Yeah, I consider myself in that class ... and Tom Brady is a great quarterback." Manning's statements touched off a lot of media excitement. Columnists and bloggers wrote at length about how indefensible Manning's opinion was. How in the world could Manning, with only one Super Bowl championship and MVP award and only two Pro Bowl appearances on his resume, compare himself to Brady, with six Pro Bowl appearances, three championships, and two NFL MVP awards on his resume? Brady was coming off an excellent 2010 season, throwing thirty-six touchdown passes and only four interceptions, while Manning had thrown a league-high twenty-five interceptions. How could Manning think of himself as Brady's peer? Fast-forward from that training camp interview in August 2011 to February 5, 2012, to the conclusion of that season's Super Bowl. Eli Manning is standing at the center of Lucas Oil Stadium lifting the championship trophy and receiving his second Super Bowl MVP award. Manning's New York Giants have just come from behind to defeat Tom Brady's favored New England Patriots. In the closing minutes of the fourth quarter, with the Giants losing, Manning engineered the 88-yard game-winning drive, making four crucial throws. Eli Manning showed the world that his statement the previous summer was simply the honest expression of a confident competitor. Even the additional Super Bowl MVP award hasn't stopped football experts from debating whether Eli Manning is indeed a "Top 10, Top 5 quarterback" in the same class as Tom Brady. Arguments about players go on endlessly. What isn't up for debate is that Eli performed at the highest level in a very competitive profession's most demanding and important position for many years until his retirement. He made the best of his talent and his preparation by building his confidence, protecting that confidence, and playing confidently. He became as good as he could be.

 

[11 - Exercise 1: 인간의 적응 가능성의 특징]

In the study of human adaptability, the ecosystem is the total situation in which adaptability occurs. Because human populations have spread throughout the earth, this adaptability varies a great deal. A population in a specific ecosystem adjusts to environmental conditions in ways that reflect both present and past conditions. A desert population that has existed in that environment for several millennia will differ significantly in its responses to desert conditions from a population that migrated there only in the past generation. A population that has existed longer in a particular environment is more likely than a recently settled population to have developed physiological and even genetic characteristics for coping with environmental constraints, such as hypoxia. The more recent inhabitants will have physiological and cultural adjustments attuned to another environment. Adjusting to the new environment may take several generations, and the final result may or may not resemble the adjustments of the original inhabitants. This is particularly true when native populations are available. The newcomers may borrow some of the practices of the original inhabitants in order to achieve a satisfactory adjustment to their new habitat.

 

[11 - Exercise 2: 가능성에 대한 제약]

We inhabit worlds that are not only full of possibility but also foster a variety of possible selves. In using this concept, we should recognize the considerable constraints placed on realizing the possible and, at times, even being able to envision it. These limitations are, on the one hand, physical and biological; for example, for as much as we would like to be able to fly, this is not possible given our anatomy and the gravity on earth. Such constraints are transcended in our imagination, and, indeed, visions of the physically impossible inspired generations, across the centuries, from the ancient Greeks' stories of Icarus to Leonardo da Vinci's sketches of flying machines. Ultimately, the impossible became at least partially possible, and humanity is capable today not only of traveling by air but also of reaching outer space. But, even more significant than physical constraints are the social and cultural ones, both imposed by others and self-imposed. These limitations placed on discovering and exploring the possible can be explicit, like in the case of living under harsh totalitarian governments, or implicit, exemplified by the pervasive power of discourses and social representations to shape our thinking without us realizing it.

 

[11 - Exercise 3: 지나친 자신감의 영향]

Some researchers suggest that although successful performance leads to increased efficacy, subsequent levels of performance may decrease due to evaluation errors. More specifically, research has shown that overconfidence may impede performance due to the overestimation of the accuracy of one's knowledge. For example, highly confident individuals are found to overestimate the precision of their answers and thus underestimate the potential consequences of their decisions. This is particularly relevant for those who possess the power to impact many, such as executives, as the relationship between power and confidence is particularly relevant to understanding how overconfidence may impact executive decision making. More specifically, it was found that the psychological experience of power is related to overconfidence in decision making, which in turn may lead to adverse consequences for the organization and its environment. [요약문] When individuals overrate the accuracy of their knowledge, there might be a negative impact on their performance and decision making, especially in the case of highly influential people who are overconfident in their decision making.

 

[11 - Exercise 4: 변화를 중시하는 현대의 실용적인 태도]

Modern philosophies since the rise of evolutionary theory in the 19th century have come to give change a more central place. They see constant change in the universe, in the animal world, in populations and social forms. Even the most abstract philosophies have begun to think more in terms of process and time and the flow of events, and less in terms of a fixed essence and a rational nature to the world and man. Modern practical attitudes reflect the actual change that a constantly revolutionized technology brings in human living. Unlike the medieval cathedral, built to last beyond the memories of men, a modern skyscraper is built to be replaced in due time. A home is not an ancestral dwelling, but a rapid construction that may not survive the last mortgage payment - if you have not moved away by then. The number of people who live today in the house in which they were born is small, and the number of those who glory in the fact is smaller still. We simplify everything and turn to the latest model.

 

[11 - Exercise 5~7: 아들 Ted 위한 Jackson 씨의 크리스마스 선물]

Mr. Jackson was so excited about a very special gift he had purchased for his five-year-old son, Ted. He had saved up his money and bought him a combination compact disc-cassette tape player. He was sure his son had no idea what was in this package under the Christmas tree. Ted had asked for this, but had also told his father that he knew he could not afford to get it and that was all right. Two days before Christmas, Mr. Jackson realized that Ted did not have any CDs for the player. It would not be right to get a present for Ted that he would not be able to enjoy. So Mr. Jackson took the package from under the tree and took one final shopping trip to find some CDs Ted would like and that would fit in the player. Ted noticed that the package was missing and asked his father about its absence. Mr. Jackson came up with the perfect alibi. "You see, son, Santa wanted to look at your present and bring you the perfect presents to go with what I was getting you. After he looked at it, he wrapped it up again in different wrapping paper and just gave it back to me when I returned home from shopping." Ted appeared to listen with wonder and delight as his father spun this outrageous tale. Mr. Jackson was very relieved to see his son's bright face. Later that night, Mr. Jackson was walking past his son's room. He noticed that Ted was kneeling beside his bed, praying. Mr. Jackson was touched by the sight and peeked through the crack in the door and listened to his son's prayer. He prayed: "God, you know I already prayed to you once tonight, but I just have to say one more thing to you without Dad here. I don't know why he blamed Santa for swiping my CD player, but I just want to thank you for getting him to bring it back."

 

[11 - Exercise 8: 유기체의 경향 평가]

Simple organisms like bacteria use general algorithms built into their genomes to assess trends. For example, E. coli have algorithms that say it is wasteful to produce the enzymes for processing lactose when there isn't much lactose about. These rules have been installed in the organism's genome over millions of generations by natural selection and have persisted because individuals that inherited this algorithm were more likely to survive and reproduce. But in order to know when to apply the rules, bacteria also need knowledge of what is going on right now. Are lactose levels rising or falling? Identifying trends requires sensors. But it also requires some form of memory so you can compare the situation now with the situation a moment ago. Indeed, it may be that memory exists primarily to enable future thinking. Recent neurological studies have shown that in organisms with nervous systems, memory and future thinking are handled by the same parts of the brain, which may explain why people who lose the ability to remember vividly also lose the ability to imagine alternative futures.

 

[11 - Exercise 9: 길거리 시장을 향한 부정적 시선]

Despite the significant importance of marketplaces as the core of economic and socio-cultural transactions in the city, local authorities often tend to problematise them as unhygienic and unhealthy urban environments. Early examples of this situation were in the major European cities in the mid-19th century, where poverty, overpopulation and pollution were the main problems in inner-city areas. For example, in London, street markets were a part of the vivid urban scene in the 19th century supplying cheap food and products. However, they were unorganised and naturally growing. The city authorities have viewed these markets as components of the city's degraded living conditions. They introduced structural spatial changes to address this problem, including removing street markets and developing new and enlarged indoor marketplaces. These new indoor markets functioned as an urban renewal tool as well, as their construction required the demolition of existing building blocks and reorganisation of streets.

 

[11 - Exercise 10: 복잡한 지능을 지닌 생물 종의 유일함]

It is interesting to note that out of all of the species that have ever existed on the Earth, only one has had complex intelligence. One could argue that this is naturally the case, since only one species could be the first to develop intelligence and the existence of that species might preclude another intelligent species from ever developing. This is a false argument, however. A better comparison comes about from noting that, through the last few hundred million years, there have been a large number of species that might have evolved into intelligent creatures but did not. If intelligence is such a beneficial trait, allowing a species to compete more effectively in its environment, then one might expect that many different species would develop intelligence. Birds have existed longer than mammals, and they did not develop intelligence. Dinosaurs reigned for over 100 million years and there is no evidence to suggest that they might have developed intelligence. Out of all of the species that might have developed intelligence, only one did. [요약문] For all the species that have ever existed, the development of intelligence has been a sole event, suggesting that the presence of this trait is not necessarily essential for a species to compete better in its environment.

 

[11 - Exercise 11: 암컷을 위한 수컷 베짜기 새의 집짓기]

Among vertebrates, birds are among the most accomplished of architects. In some cases, as in several African weaver bird species, males alone build the nest and use the finished product to advertise for a female, and when one is willing to approach, she will examine it in detail and then decide whether to take the male as her partner. Weaver nests are not tied to branches but free-hanging intricate structures that have only a small opening. The male first has to pass the test regarding the quality of the nest site, and if she is satisfied, the partner comes as part of the package. The female behaves more like a tenant and does not even look at him but will inspect the nest very thoroughly. Consideration is first and foremost given to the nest site and its quality and the territory (where applicable). This may seem a little callous, but the fact that the male is able to build such a nest or have a good territory is a statement of desirable qualities, experience and assets.

 

[11 - Exercise 12~14: Willie Author 가축 운송과  탈출 사건]

It was like any other normal day  sale day at the livestock barn. The sale was over, and all the livestock was gone with one final load to move. Willie Author had gotten his friend Tom started in transporting livestock about a year earlier, and whenever they met at barn sales, they would talk about the trips they had made. He had been transporting cows for many years without any out-of-the-ordinary events, but little did he know that this would turn out to be a trip he would never forget. With the help of Tom, he had loaded out and was headed to another sale barn in the neighboring state of Mississippi. About halfway into the trip and a little tired, he decided to stop for coffee and a rest from driving. He pulled into a little cafe that was a usual stopping place along the trip. When he walked into the cafe, he noticed two young men laughing and talking loud like they might be just a little bit drunk, but he didn't think too much about it. He sat down at a table and ordered coffee while making conversation with a few locals. One was a deputy on duty that soon finished his coffee and started out the door. No one had paid much attention to the two young men that had just walked out of the cafe. The deputy noticed the gate open on the cattle trailer and hollered to Willie Author to tell him, and about that time, a cow came running by the door. He knew right off what had happened. The two young men had decided they would have some fun, so when they walked by the trailer, one of the men just opened the gate and let those cows out right there in the middle of town. Willie Author said it took till the middle of the next day for him and the police to get all those cows rounded up and loaded again. He went straight to a store and bought a chain and a lock. He said, "I bet that won't happen to me again."

 

[12 - Exercise 1: 공급망 사이의 외부 효과 처리 비용의 전가]

Because supply networks do not operate in isolation from each other, they may generate connections, synergies, and conflicts. Almond growers in Southern California, where little water is available, inevitably find themselves clashing with other food industries to secure water rights. The runoff of fertilizers from agricultural fields that flows into rivers and eventually to the sea may create sustainability issues for industries such as fish farming or fishing. However, farmers who use fertilizers to increase their yields and improve their incomes do not cover the expenses necessary to clean polluted waters. These examples show how productive factors in one supply network can easily turn into negative externalities in others. By negative externalities, economists and environmental experts mean the side effects caused by one industry that are not taken into account in determining its costs of operation, such as pollution and public health issues generated by the production or consumption of certain goods. By not having to pay to take care of these side effects, an industry can keep its prices low, transferring costs to other actors or industries that unwillingly find themselves dealing with the externalities and, often, picking up the tab.

 

[12 - Exercise 2: 행성 탐사차에 대한 자율성 부여]

Rovers have made important discoveries on and increased our understanding of Mars. However, a major obstacle to scientific exploration has been the communication link between the rover and the operations team on Earth. It can take as much as half an hour for sensor information to be sent from Mars to Earth and for commands to be sent from Earth to Mars. In addition, guidance to rovers needs to be planned in advance because there are limited upload and download windows with Mars due to the positions of orbiters serving as information relays between the planets. Recent research has suggested that the efficiency of science exploration missions can be improved by a factor of five through the introduction of greater levels of autonomy. Human operators would still provide high-level guidance on mission objectives, but the rover would have the flexibility to select its own science targets using the most up-to-date information. In addition, it would be desirable for rovers to respond appropriately to various hazards and system failures without human intervention.

 

[12 - Exercise 3: 토착 집단이 직면한 기후 불평등]

One form of climate injustice arises from the way that scientists and other climate activists have tried to motivate personal action or policy change to reduce climate-forcing emissions. The call to action on climate is almost always sounded as an appeal to save the world from environmental disaster. This way of framing the ethical issues ignores the fact that for many poor and indigenous peoples around the world, the disaster has already occurred. They are currently involved in picking up the pieces and adapting to a world in which their traditional ways of life are no longer possible. In presenting climate justice as the attempt to avoid some future disaster, climate activists fail to recognize the plight of people who are suffering today. This is a failure of justice in recognition that ignores and even conceals injustices currently being suffered by indigenous groups. It continues a pattern of marginalization that such groups have experienced since the early days of colonization. [요약문] The way scientists and climate activists portray the ethical issues of climate change as something that relates to a future disaster overlooks the injustices that poor and indigenous peoples are presently experiencing, and it contributes to sustaining their alienation.

 

[12 - Exercise 4: 자기 조절과 자유 의지]

Self-regulation should qualify almost by definition as at least a limited form of free will. That is, without self-regulation, the organism cannot help but act on the first or strongest impulse that arises in response to a situation. With self-regulation, the organism can override that response, allowing a different impulse or response to take over. Overriding the first response frees the person from having to respond in that particular way and, if only briefly, creates a gap or uncertainty that opens the door for other possibilities. This is not to say that the eventual response is necessarily better than the first or that it is itself not the product of an inner causal sequence of responses. But the fact of changing away from the first to enable the second should constitute a kind of freedom, and it would almost certainly be recognized as such. And humans who could exert that much free will, who could override one response in order to permit another, would probably survive and reproduce better than their rivals who couldn't.

 

[12 - Exercise 5~7: 자녀에게  교훈]

One day Tony decided to have a family movie day with his kids. He put the largest television up on the family room stage while his four kids, including his youngest Joe, set up chairs in front of it. To make the room dark like a real movie theater, the whole family taped tinfoil on all the windows to block any light. Tony made a small "box office" outside the family room, with a turnstile made from a cut-off broom handle in the doorway. He also made individual tickets that would be sold through the box office. That evening all the kids lined up at the box office to buy their tickets, giggling in anticipation. Once the audience was seated according to the seat number on each ticket, Tony switched off all the lights. It felt like they were at an actual movie theater! About halfway through the movie, little Joe got up and left the theater to visit the bathroom. When he came back to the family room, he saw his dad waiting by the turnstile. Joe started to slide past him, but Tony held the broom handle down so he couldn't lift it. "Ticket, please!" he said in a polite voice. Joe smirked up at him. "Very funny." But when he tried to move past the fake turnstile, Tony held it firmly in place. "Sir," he repeated, ''I'll need to see your ticket in order to let you in." Joe felt around in both pockets, but there was no ticket. "Come on, Dad. You know I had a ticket because you sold me one before the movie started!" He couldn't believe his dad was holding him up. "All right, sir," Tony said. "But next time remember your ticket stub so there's proof that you had it. Okay?" Then he let him through. Tony's gentle but firm teasing of Joe over the ticket wasn't just a joke. Although the kids had a lot of freedom in their daily lives, he still expected them to have a sense of personal responsibility for their actions. The lesson Joe learned with the lost movie ticket was that he had to be accountable. Tony, of course, knew that he had a ticket for the movie. The happy sphere in which the family existed was safe and trusting, but the real world wouldn't be so forgiving. Tony wanted his kids to be ready for it.

 

[12 - Exercise 8: 협상에서 상대를 이해해야  필요성]

Before you even think about the ploys you may encounter in a negotiation and the tactics you may need to use to counter those ploys and to achieve your negotiation objectives, you need to know who and what you're up against. Negotiations are 60% planning and preparation, 20% negotiating, and 20% timing, so making the investment in understanding your worthy adversary, the vendor, is a clear choice. While "adversary" may be a strong term in this era of "win-win," ― no matter how much you spin it ― vendors definitely have competing objectives with contract professionals such as yourself. Vendors want to maximize revenue, and you only want to pay a fair price. Vendors want to minimize their risk under a contract, and you want the vendor to bear a reasonable amount of the risk. Vendors want to be flexible and you want commitments in writing. And that's just a few of the conflicting goals.

 

[12 - Exercise 9: 인간의 비타민 C 섭취]

Ascorbic acid, or vitamin C, is an essential component of the human diet. Yet your cat, your dog or your sheep, goat, or pet rat doesn't have the same need to consume it in their food. They can make it themselves, having the necessary enzymes to synthesize it. The reason why it is a vitamin for humans is that, sometime in our primate past, our ancestors lost the enzyme required to synthesize ascorbic acid. This ancestor wasn't careless; it didn't actually lose the enzyme. Rather, there was a mutation in the gene for the particular enzyme, and this change in the gene altered the enzyme's structure, such that it was no longer able to do its job of making ascorbic acid molecules. However, although it could no longer make ascorbic acid molecules, there was no disadvantage to this ancestor because it was already consuming plenty of ascorbic acid in its food. At that particular time, ascorbic acid went from being an optional component of this animal's diet to being an essential component. This was the moment that ascorbic acid became vitamin C.

 

[12 - Exercise 10: 범주 지식에 대한 아이들의 사후 확신 편향]

One study taught four- and five-year-olds novel facts about animals, such as that tiger stripes provide "camouflage." Most of the children did not know any of the facts, yet when later asked how long they had known the just-learned information, they often claimed they had always known it or had known for as long as they could remember. Adults can make similar mistakes through hindsight bias, but children err much more frequently. However, even when children fail, they reveal sophisticated assumptions about the nature of knowledge itself. They commit the "knew it all along" effect more often for statements about categories of things than for statements about individuals (Dogs get sick after eating carbamates vs. Last night, this dog got sick after eating carbamates). This category effect reflects an early belief that category knowledge is more likely to be common knowledge. If you think a certain kind of knowledge is more likely to be widely shared, you tend to assume you have always known it as well. [요약문] When children are asked about just-learned information, they tend to assert that they have known it all along, which is especially prominent for category knowledge compared to individual knowledge, reflecting their beliefs that a certain kind of knowledge is more likely to be shared.

 

[12 - Exercise 11: 자신의 성격을 이해하는 것의 이점]

A key to social achievement, both personally and professionally, is someone understanding their own personality before they attempt to analyze others'. Assessing personality can help someone learn where they can push themselves and where their absolute limits are. For example, introverts tend to thrive on quiet, alone time. They often need time to process the day and think through upcoming tasks. Knowing this, an introvert can limit their social exposure so they are never overworked when interacting with others. They can schedule times in the day to sit in quiet reflection and gather their thoughts before going back into the world. Extroverts, however, thrive on interacting with others. If they were stuck in the house alone all day, it would likely be a horrible day for them. Even extroverts who are shy in conversations can meet their social needs by going to public places. Sitting in a coffee shop or walking around a mall can simulate the interactive experience and might quell the extrovert's need for other people.

 

[12 - Exercise 12~14: 자동차 편승 여행자 Harry]

Carlos was driving home from a day of shopping. As he was coming around the bend of the road, he noticed a little gentleman who had to be in his mid-70's. He was nicely dressed in a yellow shirt and dress pants, but what really stood out was that he was standing on his tiptoes with this right thumb straight up in the air. He had a look of urgency on his face. Carlos stopped and asked him if he needed any help. Carlos thought he might have broken down somewhere. He looked serious and yelled over to Carlos, "Can you take me to the tavern down the road?" Carlos was not expecting that, and he cracked up and told him to get in. Carlos had never picked up a hitchhiker before, but somehow today was different. Carlos asked the hitchhiker to put on his seat belt, and as he fastened the seat belt he said, "Hi! I'm Harry! Don't worry. I'm not a criminal. I just felt like a cold one!" Harry told Carlos a lot about himself. He was originally from New Orleans, he was in good health, and his mother lived to be 99. Harry was quite a pleasant person. He had great energy, and Carlos really enjoyed their brief time together. Harry said that he was unable to drive his vehicle at this time, and that is why he counts on the kindness of strangers. As Carlos pulled into the parking lot, he asked Harry if he was going to sit outside on the deck and watch the Phillies game, and he smiled and nodded. Carlos told him that maybe he and his wife would see Harry in the tavern sometime. Harry looked up at the sky and stared for a few seconds, smiled, and then he let out a big sigh. He said it was such a beautiful day, and he thanked Carlos for making it even better. As he was getting out of the car, he poked his head back in, and in his happy-go-lucky manner, he reminded Carlos that every act of kindness is always returned. Carlos drove away from the tavern, and he smiled thinking about Harry. He looked up at the sky. It really was a beautiful day.

 

[Mini Test 01 - 01: 개명 사실을 알리는 이메일]

Dear Friends and Family, If you don't recognize the name at the end of this e-mail, don't worry. It's me, Richard Spitznogle ― now I'm Rick Sprint. That's right: Last month, I legally changed my name. As many of you know, my agent has been encouraging me to either adopt a stage name or change my name. To make things less confusing in the long run, I chose the latter. And wouldn't you know, I've already gotten two callbacks this month. I'll be sure to let you know if I end up landing a part in a movie. In the meantime, please keep those e-mails and phone calls coming. The name may be different, but it's still the same old me. Yours, Rick Sprint

 

[Mini Test 01 - 02: 생기를 북돋우는 하루의 시작]

Today started out like so many other days. Lena awakened in a panic. Sweat poured from her pores and soaked her gown. It clung to her body. From a restless night of sleep, her head felt like it would explode. She stumbled across the room. The light continued to rebound from the darkness. The earth came alive. There were pretty flowers swaying in the wind. They smelled really good. Steam rose up from the pavement outside her window. Together in one place, all those sights and smells reminded her of how much she enjoyed this time of day. It made her feel happy. She watched the sun cast its brilliant rays across the landscape. Its warmth gave her a peaceful feeling. Finally, a new day stretched forth across the horizon. She thought that it would be a good day.

 

[Mini Test 01 - 03: 행복하게 해주는 일을 하는 것을 삶의 목표로 삼기]

Everything you do is a part of your life. You may not have any bigger plans or purpose in life but you sure have many smaller purposes which you keep building on. If you are happy painting, just do it. You might get bored on some days and that is the time when you stop doing it. You might want to learn golf now. No one is stopping you. Life doesn't have anything destined for you. If you feel happy doing something, just go ahead with it and disassociate yourself with all miseries. These smaller things you do help you make the most of your lives. Do everything that makes you happy; just make sure it falls into the definition of morality. That is your purpose. Can you see it? Being happy is the only thing we go after in our lives. Don't let any hindrances and doubts come between you and that goal. Just pursue it.

 

[Mini Test 01 - 04: 조직의 규율]

Discipline is an indispensable part of group activities like team sports, math class, or glee club. You certainly couldn't run an army without discipline, or a restaurant, or a cardiology department. Discipline is a wonderful thing. What it provides is an impersonal framework for coordinating the efforts of many unrelated individuals to maximize the integrity of the product whether the product is singing on key, providing medical care, or learning algebra. The individual quirks of the participants need to be submerged and kept in line by those in administrative authority. Unfortunately, the rare individual who just won't fly right needs to be disciplined. Not every army recruit, math student, or horn player is going to make the grade. A decent-hearted band leader, math teacher, or department chairperson will do his best to respond to the problem individual with fair-mindedness, but eventually the show must go on.

 

[Mini Test 01 - 05: 시골 지역에서 권력의 이동이 느린 이유]

The lack of anonymity and distance in the village makes it difficult for people to dissent because they can be easily identified and 'taught a lesson' by the dominant sections. Moreover, the relative power of the dominant sections is much more because they control most avenues of employment, and most resources of all kinds. So the poor have to depend on the dominant sections since there are no alternative sources of employment or support. Given the small population, it is also very difficult to gather large numbers, particularly since efforts towards this cannot be hidden from the powerful and are very quickly suppressed. So, if there is a strong power structure already in place in a village, it is very difficult to remove it. Changes in the sense of shifts in power are thus slow and late to arrive in rural areas because the social order is stronger and more resilient.

 

[Mini Test 01 - 06: 문제 해결에 도움이 되는 은유]

"The essence of metaphor," say Lakoff and Johnson, "is understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of anther." Donald Schon calls this "seeing-as" and draws our attention to the way in which some metaphors ― generative metaphor, in his terminology  can be essential aids to innovation and problem-solving. He describes a group of product engineers puzzling over a new paintbrush with synthetic bristles. The synthetic paintbrush was not performing well  "gloppy" was one word used to describe how it delivered paint  and the engineers had tried various strategies to make the new brush's performance comparable to that of natural bristle brushes. The breakthrough came when one engineer reflected, "You know, a paintbrush is a kind of pump!" By seeing a paintbrush as a pump, the engineers moved their focus from the bristles themselves to the channels between the bristles and how the paint flowed through the channels. The paintbrush-as-pump metaphor was generative in the sense that it led to a new way of seeing the problem, and this new framing generated a new and successful solution. This is one very powerful form of human meaning-making.

 

[Mini Test 01 - 07: 어린 시절의 환경에 따른 스트레스 대응 성향]

Even if you're not a rock star and don't always live on the edge, your own fast or slow tendencies are likely etched deep into your psychology. Animal research has found that tendencies formed during childhood are most likely to surface in times of stress and uncertainty. In studies with Bonnet macaques, for example, adult monkeys respond to stress very differently depending on their childhood environment. After the monkeys were born, researchers had placed them in different environments. Some were raised in stable and predictable environments (their mothers could obtain food every day in the same place in a predictable manner). Other monkeys were placed in fluctuating environments (the researchers kept switching the locations of their food supply, so that the mothers didn't know how, where, or when they were going to find food each day). When the monkeys grew up and were exposed to stress as adults, those reared in a consistent and predictable environment coped well and explored multiple ways to deal with the situation; those reared in fluctuating and unpredictable environments panicked.

 

[Mini Test 01 - 08: VR, AR, MV 대한 국가별 친숙도]

The table above shows the percentages of familiarity with the concepts of VR, AR, and the MV by country, in 2022. Despite the global average familiarity with VR being 80%, France had a familiarity rate with VR that was 34 percentage points lower than the global average. India had the highest familiarity with all three technologies, with VR at 89%, AR at 79%, and the MV at 80%, followed by China, which ranked second among the six countries in familiarity with all three technologies. Germany had lower levels of familiarity with all three technologies compared to the global average, and for the familiarity with the MV, the gap between the global average and Germany was more than 30 percentage points. Regarding the global average, familiarity with AR was higher than that with the MV, but in India and South Korea, familiarity with the MV exceeded that with AR. While the United States showed higher familiarity with VR compared to South Korea, South Korea had higher familiarity with both AR and the MV than the United States.

 

[Mini Test 01 - 09: John Goodricke 생애]

English astronomer John Goodricke was born in the Netherlands in 1764. He was deaf and mute, probably because of a serious illness he had contracted in childhood. He nevertheless proved to be a bright student. In 1778, he entered Warrington Academy, where he excelled in mathematics, and his interest in astronomy was awakened. After leaving the academy in 1781, he started making his own astronomical observations. In November 1782, he was regularly observing the star known as Algol and soon realized that its brightness varies regularly over a period of a few days. By further observations, he confirmed these periodic variations and accurately estimated the period at a bit less than 2 days and 21 hours. Variations in brightness of Algol, Mira, and other stars had been noted by earlier astronomers, but Goodricke was the first to establish that some variables are truly periodic in nature. Goodricke reported his findings to the Royal Society of London, and the Royal Society awarded him a Copley Medal in 1783.

 

[Mini Test 01 - 12: 선박 제작 전통의 다양성을 설명하는 요소들]

Most marine fishing requires the use of a craft on which to go to sea, together with nets, hooks and traps to catch the fish. The casual observer normally sees only the craft on the shore or at sea. Fishing craft of the small-scale fishing communities of the world are marked by a vast diversity of design. This is sometimes attributed to the 'insular' nature of many coastal communities that have given rise to culturally conditioned variations in the construction of traditional fishing craft. Cultural influences have certainly played an important role in features such as colours and the shape of the sails. But two major constraining factors also influence the technical design of fishing craft. The first is the availability of appropriate woods or other construction materials such as reeds or bamboo. The second is the set of location-specific physical oceanographic factors, including the structure, the texture, and the slope of the sea bottom and the nature of the surf and waves approaching the coast. It is these factors, rather than cultural insularity, that largely explain the diversity of craft-building traditions.

 

[Mini Test 01 - 13: 인간의 제한적인 사교성의 문제점]

Humans are clearly gregarious, but they do not associate with one another in ways that embrace all the members of the species in a particular area. Smaller groups are formed which include some members and exclude others. People like to be close to those who are similar to themselves in certain respects, but they prefer to be distant from those who are different; human gregariousness is quite severely limited in its scope. In a word, humans discriminate. They prefer association with others of the same occupation, socioeconomic class or status, religion, language, nationality, race, colour, and so on. This is the source of some of the most serious problems facing human societies. Some limited associations are much more important in this respect than others. If the tool-and-die makers of a city form an exclusive recreational association it creates few, if any, social problems, but if white residents form white-only residential areas or school districts that is a different matter. Man's limited gregariousness is not, in itself, a social problem, but certain kinds of discrimination are sources of conflict and hostility that are dysfunctional for the collectivity.

 

[Mini Test 01 - 14: 오도하는 아름다운 감각]

In our unrooted and industrialized world, beauty can be a deceiver. We often isolate our senses from the consequences of our actions, creating bubbles of pleasing experience built on ugliness elsewhere that might give us pause if we could sense it directly. This is most obvious with international trade. The beautiful objects and foods in our lives sometimes come from places of exploitation. Even soundscapes can be misleading. In the outer suburbs, gentle sounds of insects and birdsong in trees soothe us. Yet this experience is possible only because of the traffic-filled highway that brings us and our goods to sonic oases, and the noise of mines and factories needed to build the extensive infrastructure networks that enable and sustain low-density suburbia. In seeking sensory calm and connection to other species, we can paradoxically increase the sum of human noise in the world. The dislocating power of fossil fuels drives much of this separation between our senses and the consequences of our actions.

 

[Mini Test 01 - 15: 호의를 베푼 사람에 대한 경계선 설정]

When you try to initiate a conversation about boundaries with someone who has done or is doing you a favor, there's a good chance that person will try to make you feel really guilty. They might be seeing you as ungrateful, selfish, or a "user." Please remember, the way other people choose to respond to your clear, kind boundary is not your business. If you appreciate the favor, have truly repaid it in the way you both agreed to, and believe the favor grantor is dangling strings you never would have agreed to, set the boundary. In the best-case scenario, they'll understand they've overstepped and it won't continue to happen. In the likely scenario, they'll complain about it, but will reluctantly acquiesce  and you might have to actively smooth things over for a while. In the worst-case scenario, they're furious at your selfishness, sever the relationship (likely temporarily), and you will never lean on them again for a favor. (Would you really want to anyway?) Only you can decide how much to push back for the sake of your mental health and relationship.

 

[Mini Test 01 - 16: 상당한 투자에 근거하는 멀티미디어 제품 보호의 필요성]

Multimedia products, irrespective of whether they are original or not, require significant investments for their production. Sometimes the amount of money and effort put into the design, accumulation of the various elements and realisation of a multimedia product (which is not original) can be extremely substantial and can even surpass those for the creation of an original work. The possibility of copying these works in perfect quality at a fraction of the original cost and the marketing of similar or identical products clearly jeopardises the investment put into this domain and greatly discourages future projects in the area. The multimedia industry in this respect runs an important risk that is similar to the one the database industry was confronted with some years ago. Therefore, there is a need for protection even for those multimedia products that do not come under the umbrella of copyright. This need is not based on their creativity or the fact that they offer society a new expression of a concept, but rather on the substantial investment in them.

 

[Mini Test 01 - 17: 뉴스 발행사의 독자 구성과 선호도 파악]

Although many news publishers subscribe to at least one source of online audience measurement, they also exhibit uncertainty about how best to incorporate the data into editorial decisions. This uncertainty stems from the fact that even sophisticated measures of audience behavior paint an incomplete portrait of who the audience is and what they want from news media. For example, a digital news site now can observe how its online audience interacts with its content, but remains limited when it comes to its understanding why they spent time with some stories but not others. To address this gap, news organizations sometimes complement these online metrics with more qualitative means of audience research, such as surveys and focus groups. However, these methods suffer from limitations of their own: Even if a news organization surveys a sample of its subscribers about their motivations for subscribing, they cannot know, with certainty, how representative those responses are of the rest of their audience. News publishers simply lack the time and resources to identify the exact composition and preferences of all their readers.

 

[Mini Test 01 - 18: 도로를 줄이는 것의 효과]

As for the question of what happens to all the cars once a highway is replaced with a boulevard, evidence shows time and again that removing highways actually reduces the number of cars on the road. After the West Side Highway in New York was replaced, traffic in that section of Manhattan dropped from 140,000 to 95,000 vehicles per day. Many drivers switched to faster roads in New Jersey, and as New York City invested more in public transportation, some commuters switched their daily patterns to ride subways and buses. Traffic is one of the best-known examples of induced demand; the more roads, the more people will use them. If the ultimate goal is to curb driving in a city and to move people away from unsustainable transportation sources, reducing the space allotted to cars is a good way to start.

 

[Mini Test 01 - 19: 창의력과 상상력]

Creativity does not have to be connected to imagination. While imagination is characterized by independent, outside-the-box thinking, creativity is responding to a problem with the tools and knowledge in existence. It is thinking within the box. The existing knowledge base, without using any imagination, can easily lead in the direction of modest incremental developments in existing products or services. One can easily observe this progression in the example of typewriters. In the beginning, typewriters were bulky and their keyboards were not standardized. So the next step was the standardization of the keyboard. The heavy and difficult to move typewriter gave way to the portable typewriter. But it was still a manual device. The next steps were the slow and incremental development of electric typewriters and then the development of the modern personal computer. The computer made the typewriter obsolete, as computers offered all the features that typewriters offered as well as many improvements. Thus, a radical innovation took over an incrementalized product.

 

[Mini Test 01 - 20: 초기 인류와 음악]

Regardless of when the music cells first appeared, the notion that such cells exist raises the possibility that the human brain evolved to engage in music. Modern humans (Homo sapiens) have existed for around 300,000 years. The oldest known musical instruments are flutes made from bones, discovered in southwestern Germany dating to 40,000 years ago. It has been suggested that Neanderthals may also have engaged in music, including instrumental music. Indeed, a fragment of a cave bear bone dated to 43,000 years ago was discovered in a Neanderthal cave in Slovenia with regular holes on one side of the bone. Whether this bone was indeed a flute remains the subject of substantial debate. On the one hand, data from a study of the bone suggest that the holes were generated by scavenging spotted hyenas. However, the arrangement of the holes, the lack of damage on the other side of the bone, and the finding that models of the bone when played generate a diatonic scale raise doubts that the holes were made by predators or scavengers. So we may not be the only hominids to have engaged in early forms of music.

 

[Mini Test 01 - 21: 자기 참조적 사회 인지]

Self-referent social cognitions, such as optimism and pessimism, matter in coping with parental stress. Individuals who are consistently pessimistic accumulate effects of stress in a downward spiral of events, thoughts, emotions, and physiological states. They are more likely to create stressful circumstances for themselves and others, and to lose resources by causing others to respond negatively to them and by making poor decisions that expose them to more stressors. In stark contrast is the process of coping with stress among those who are largely optimistic in their outlooks. These individuals manage to conserve resources and minimize exposure to new stressors, resulting in an upward spiral of coping. For example, one study of parents of children with cancer found that mothers and fathers who did not expect a good outcome were highly distressed. In contrast, those parents who remained optimistic about possible outcomes were more protected against stress, even in often dire circumstances over which the parents had little control.

 

[Mini Test 01 - 22: 약용 식물의 가치와 그것의 초자연적 의미]

From the earliest times, medicinal plants have been crucial in sustaining the health and the well-being of mankind. Flaxseed, for example, provided its harvesters with a nutritious food oil, fuel, a cosmetic balm for the skin, and fiber to make fabric. At the same time, it was used to treat conditions such as bronchitis, respiratory congestion, and a number of digestive problems. Given the life-enhancing benefits that this and so many other plants offered, it is hardly surprising that most cultures believed them to have magical as well as medicinal abilities. It is reasonable to assume that for tens of thousands of years herbs were probably used as much for their ritual magical powers as for their medicinal qualities. A 60,000-year-old burial site uncovered in Iraq, for instance, was found to contain eight different medicinal plants, including ephedra. The inclusion of the plants in the tomb suggests they had supernatural significance as well as medicinal value.

 

[Mini Test 01 - 23: 고령자의 새로운 기술 채택]

As we age, the way in which our bodies function begins to change and the use of technology can become increasingly difficult. This means that age-related physical impairments or cognitive conditions affect how older adults use computers and mobile devices. Furthermore, socioeconomic resources can also play a role. For example, a retiree may not have the financial means to afford an internet connection. There may also be personal barriers to overcome. For instance, people get anxious when faced with technical challenges. For older people, technological change does not only mean learning something new, but also learning under more difficult cognitive conditions. This means that seniors need more time to learn and change their behaviour. In addition, there is a lack of motivation to deal with new technology, as some people may tell themselves "It is not worth it at my age." After retirement, people are no longer obliged to learn new technologies for their job; instead, they can choose to voluntarily use technology. Therefore, a technology must demonstrate a clear benefit (added value compared to traditional services, such as buying a train ticket at the counter) in order for them to adopt the new technology (e.g. to buy a train ticket via an app). [요약문] A variety of factors can cause aging adults to have difficulty in using new technology, so without a clear beneficial upside, they will not embrace it.

 

[Mini Test 01 - 24~25: 기후 변화에 대한 스토리 접근법의 효과]

When it comes to climate change, there is a glaring disconnect between what we know is happening and what we seem able or willing to do about it. Longtime climate campaigner George Marshall explored this disparity in his excellent and aptly titled book Don't Even Think About It. He noted how the human brain is perfectly capable of simultaneously understanding and ignoring abstract threats. When consequences seem distant or gradual, the rational part of our mind simply files them away for future reference and rarely triggers the more instinctive, emotional pathways associated with quick action. (We do better responding to physical threats, such as spear thrusts and charging lions, the sorts of immediate problems that our ancestors evolved with.) Marshall's book ends with a laundry list of strategies for bridging that mental gap, many of which rely on something else the human brain is known for: storytelling. When complex ideas are attached to a narrative, they immediately become more relevant. There is a reason why Plato framed so many of his philosophical dialogues around the drama of the trial of Socrates, and why Carl Sagan chose to teach astrophysics from the glowing deck of an imaginary spaceship. Stories engage parts of the brain left untouched by facts alone, releasing chemicals that demonstrably change the way we think, feel, and remember. Learning about climate change is no different, and much of how we understand and act upon it will ultimately boil down to stories  those we tell, and, in another sense, those that it tells to us.

 

[Mini Test 01 - 26~28: 휴식의 중요성]

When Dana Torres was training for the Olympics with her then coach Carrie Richards, she learned her lesson the hard way. She not only learned that comparing herself with other swimmers, especially much younger swimmers, gets in the way of training and swimming her best, but also that becoming unnecessarily focused on what she can't control (i.e., another swimmer's performance or training style) can drag her down. Around the time she started her journey for the Olympics, she had an active and rather charged rivalry with swimmer Jenny Thompson. They had been teammates and friends, but when Dana moved to Stanford to train with Carrie Richards and the rest of the team, hoping to make the Olympic training camp and trials, she got caught up in a competition that was incredibly stressful. She also found herself comparing her workout with what the twenty-year-olds were doing in the pool and at the gym. Looking at the young trainees she thought, "If I don't do what they're doing, how am I going to make the team? If I don't swim as long, I'll never get better results." For her, not winning was never an option. But she was confused as to what to do, how to adapt. It was Carrie who told her to back off. "You need to rest, do you understand that?" she said to Dana one day after practice. It was Friday and Dana was exhausted. She kind of nodded, hoping Carrie would just stop talking to her. "Really, you need to rest. For real. I don't want you to do one thing this weekend. Not even one." Through her glare, Dana knew Carrie was serious and meant every word. What she was saying was true. So that weekend, against every grain in her body, she rested. She resisted the urge to do a spin class, run - or swim. And by the end of the weekend, Dana actually felt better than she had in months. That Monday she swam one of the best practices of her life. Dana had learned her lesson: she needed to let her body recover when it needed to.

 

[Mini Test 02 - 01: Sales Manager 자리로의 승진 요청]

Dear Ms. Adams, I have been devotedly working at our company for the past 5 years as a sales executive. During this time, I've worked passionately and achieved impressive sales outcomes. I even received the employee of the year award in 2022. Since I completed my MBA degree in December 2021, my dedication to my work and to our company has only increased. I always try hard to come up with innovative solutions to any problem we encounter. With all my knowledge, experience, and know-how here at Mass Corporation, I kindly request you to consider promoting me to the position of Sales Manager. I completely understand the responsibilities and I know that I will excel in this role in our company. I would greatly appreciate a positive response. Regards, Ben Wilson

 

[Mini Test 02 - 02: 미국에서 적응하고 있는 이민자 아이]

"RAH-vee?" Mrs. Beam says as I drop my card into the basket. My heart is pounding. Have I done something wrong? Can Mrs. Beam not read what I've written on my card because of my poor handwriting? Now all my other failures come flooding back like a giant wave. My accent, my math, my English, my manners.... "It's nice to see you," says Mrs. Beam. "We missed you yesterday." "You did?" I ask. "Don't sound so surprised." She laughs. "I wanted to tell you how much I enjoyed the cookies your mother made." "Mrs. Beam," I say softly, my voice quivering a little, "my name is not RAH-vee. It's pronounced rah-VEE." She looks at me and smiles. "I'm glad you told me, rah-VEE. Was that better?" she asks. I nod my head and smile back at her. As I walk back to my seat, I feel things are finally looking up for me in America. I'm starting to believe just maybe, I can find my place in this new country.

 

[Mini Test 02 - 03: 젊은 사람들이 어울려   있는 공공장소의 필요성]

The presence of a group of young people 'hanging out' typically conjures suspicions of inappropriate and illicit behavior by adults. Public settings are often the preferred location for these informal gatherings, yet business owners, city officials, and other adults see this activity as a misuse of the space and regularly impose policy and design changes to restrict the behavior. From noise devices to removing seating, the message youth receive is one of exclusion. Instead, opportunities for young people to gather with their friends and meet new people are an important developmental need. When they cannot find a public place, or are excluded from the ones available, youth retreat to less visible areas for their socializing activities. These removed places are more likely to spur more negative behaviors because they lack informal supervision found on places like malls, cafes, and city streets. A societal understanding and acceptance of youth hanging out in public places is essential.

 

[Mini Test 02 - 04: 자연의 소리에 대한 인식 상실]

The extinction of sensory diversity has many causes: technologies that deliver poisons; ever-rising carbon dioxide levels; economies that force the costs of production onto other people and other species, the "externalities" of business; and ever-expanding human appetites and numbers that shoulder out other species. All these social and economic factors exist in a culture of inattention and lack of appreciation. Our ears are directed inward, to the chatter of our own species. Introductions to the sounds of the thousands of species that live in our neighborhoods have no place in most school curricula. We generally regard human language and music as outside nature, disconnected from the voices of others. When a concert starts, we close the door to the outside world. Books and software that teach us "foreign" languages include only the voices of other humans. Public monuments to sound are rare and honor a handful of canonical human composers, not the sonic history of the living Earth.

 

[Mini Test 02 - 05: 현실적인 기대치 설정의 중요성]

A tough runner isn't one who is blind with ambition or confidence, but one who can accurately assess the demands and the situation. The magic is in aligning actual and expected demands. When our assessment of our capabilities is out of sync with the demands, we get the schoolchildren version of performance: starting a project with reckless confidence, only to look up and realize the work it involves. When such a mismatch exists, we're more likely to spiral toward doubts and insecurities, and to ultimately abandon our pursuit. When actual and expected demands align, we're able to pace to perfection, or outside of the athletic realm, perform up to our current capabilities. It's why experienced writers don't go into their first draft expecting perfection. They understand it's going to be messy, and often not that good. Contrary to old-school toughness wisdom, a touch of realistic doubt keeps us on track and makes it more likely that we will persist.

 

[Mini Test 02 - 06: 사회적 곤충 군집에서의 작업 분할]

Given the extensive behavioral repertoire of most social insect colonies, it would be easy to dismiss task partitioning as a relatively unique organizational principle limited primarily to foraging, with a few other examples found in nest building and waste management. To do this would be to dramatically underestimate the importance of task partitioning in those species that perform it. Foraging is a critical task within any social insect colony and it typically involves a relatively high proportion of workers. In the leaf-cutting ant Atta colombica, the vast majority of workers working outside the nest are either involved with foraging or with waste management, both of which involve task partitioning. Many workers inside the nest are involved with processing leaves to incorporate into the fungus gardens, which also involves task partitioning. Overall, a large proportion of the total workforce may be involved in partitioned tasks, despite these tasks being only a small subset of the total colony task repertoire.

 

[Mini Test 02 - 07: 상대방의 관점을 이해하지 못하는 실수]

Our personal perception of reality is distorted in many ways, so in communication between two people it is two individual realities that are distorted in different ways trying to make sense of each other. And on top of that, we tend to understand words, concepts, ideas, feelings from our own standpoint. You imagine that this person's worldview is similar to yours. He says that what his drink tastes like is a lychee milkshake. He meant that it tastes bad because he hates lychee, but you think he loves his drink because you love lychee. And this is just an example of a benign misunderstanding due to lack of perspective taking, the ability to get into somebody else's head. Indeed, our poor ability to imagine what is going on inside someone's mind, which typically stands in striking discrepancy with our confidence in our ability to do so, makes human communication a risky business.

 

[Mini Test 02 - 08: 비디오 게임을 하는 8개국 성인의 비율]

The graph above shows the percentages of adults in eight selected countries who played video games in 2022, including how much playing was on smartphones. The U.A.E., Indonesia, China and India had a higher percentage of adult video gamers than Spain, the U.S., the U.K., and Japan. The U.A.E. had the highest percentage of adult video gamers, with about three-fourths among adults playing on their smartphones. The percentage of adults in Indonesia who played games on their smartphones was more than double that in the U.K. While the percentage of occasional gamers in China was smaller than that in India, the percentage of frequent gamers in China was the highest among all the selected countries. Among the countries, Japan had the lowest engagement rate for gaming among adults, but the percentage of smartphone gamers in Japan was higher than that in the U.K. and Spain.

 

[Mini Test 02 - 09: Willebrord Snell 생애]

Willebrord Snell was born in the city of Leiden in the Netherlands. He originally attended the University of Leiden as a law student, but after presenting some lectures in mathematics at the university, he switched to his famous father's profession of mathematics. He contributed to the fields of astronomy and navigation as well as mathematics and other areas of science. In 1621, he discovered the basic law of refraction, that is, the bending of light rays that occurs when a light ray changes its speed as it travels from one medium to another of a different density. Although he only lived to be forty-six years of age, he made many contributions to science and mathematics, as well as publishing five books. He improved the work of the ancient scientist Eratosthenes by using a method of measuring the size of Earth by triangulation, which became the basis for the modern science of geodesy. He also improved Archimedes' method of estimating pi.

 

[Mini Test 02 - 12: 유기농 식품 섭취의 건강상 이점]

The health benefits associated with the consumption of organic food can vary. In general, your skin's condition will show improvement as your skin absorbs the higher doses of antioxidants found in organic food. Antioxidants are found in both organic and commercially produced food, but the level of antioxidants found in organic products is much higher as it has not been altered by farming chemicals. Other reported health benefits of eating more organic food include a higher level of energy, and higher alertness along with healthier looking skin, hair and nails. But the benefits don't end there. If you really think about it, you will end up saving money on cosmetics and other beauty products trying to correct problems associated with unhealthy skin, hair and nails. There are also several studies and reports mentioning that going organic, or eating more organic food in your diet can better protect you from the risk of getting breast cancer. That's another very valid reason justifying starting a diet of organic food.

 

[Mini Test 02 - 13: 로마 제국 말기의 그리스어 학습]

One factor that contributed to the decline in scientific endeavor during the last days of the Roman Empire was the diminishing knowledge of the Greek language. The motivation to learn a second language decreases as a function of economic dominance. In particular, members of non-dominant groups are eager to learn a language in addition to their mother tongue, in order to improve their life circumstances and (in the case of scientists) to enlarge their audience. As a consequence, the 'universal language' of science has always closely followed the shifts in economic dominance. Because the Romans dominated the other nations, it became increasingly unnecessary to study languages other than Latin, whereas more and more individuals became inclined to learn Latin as a second language, rather than Greek. As a result, a language barrier emerged between the Romans and Greek science. This was partly alleviated by an increased availability of Latin translations, but translations did not conserve the full richness of the Greek legacy. Only the works that were thought to be of interest to the Romans made it into Latin and were preserved.

 

[Mini Test 02 - 14: 시간에 대한 우리의 관념]

It is hardly surprising that we struggle with the notion of how long we will be here. At first, life seems quite endless. At seven, it feels like an eternity till Christmas. At eleven, it is almost impossible to imagine what it might be like to be twenty-two. At twenty-two, thirty feels absurdly remote. Time does us a disservice in seeming so long, and yet turning out to be so resolutely short. Typically, people only become gripped by the idea of mortality at a few select points in their lives. Turning forty or fifty can bring a sudden reversal of perspective. We panic or become morose. We buy a new car or take up a musical instrument. However, what this really indicates is a dramatic failure of anticipation. The extraordinary aspect is not that we're dying, but that the reality of the nature of existence did not get fixed firmly enough in our brains at an earlier, more appropriate, moment. A mid-life crisis is not a legitimate awakening; it's a sign of being shamefully ill-prepared.

 

[Mini Test 02 - 15: 효과적인 정보 제공]

The never-ending flood of facts and data in our contemporary world has caused a paradigm shift in how we relate to information. Whereas at one time information was community-based, slow to retrieve, and often the domain of experts, information is now global, instantaneous, and often in the public domain. We now want information and content in our own hands and on our own terms. We maintain an underlying belief that it is our fundamental right to have access to well-structured and organized information. As a result, information design is exploding as organizations and individuals scramble to manage an overwhelming quantity of content. Understanding the most effective ways to inform is now a principal concern. According to professor of information design Dino Karabeg, "Informing can make the difference between the technologically advanced culture which wanders aimlessly and often destructively, and a culture with vision and direction."

 

[Mini Test 02 - 16: 상호 의존적 관계의 특성]

Co-dependency in adults exists when two psychologically dependent people form a relationship with each other for the unconscious purpose of completing their early bonding processes. Their co-dependent relationship appears to be made up of two half-persons attempting to create one whole person. Because both partners lacked secure bonding in early childhood, neither is free to feel or act independently of the other, so they stick together like glue. The focus is always on the other person, not on oneself. Each hopes the other person will provide what he or she never got in early childhood: intimacy and secure bonding. Their relationship cannot grow, because this goal is never conscious or spoken. As a result, each looks to the other to make the necessary growth happen. When it doesn't, the partners try to control each other and expect the other person to always behave in certain ways to bring them closer together. Because each one is focused on the other person, both are able to avoid looking at themselves and focusing on their self-development. In co-dependent relationships, the focus is always outward, not inward.

 

[Mini Test 02 - 17: 인간 중심주의에 대한 타격]

Despite his tarnished reputation among neuroscientists, Sigmund Freud was right about many things. Looking back through the history of science, he identified three 'strikes' against the perceived self-importance of the human species, each marking a major scientific advance that was strongly resisted at the time. The first was by Copernicus, who showed with his heliocentric theory that the Earth rotates around the sun, and not the other way around. With this dawned the realisation that we are not at the centre of the universe; we are just a speck somewhere out there in the vastness, a pale blue dot suspended in the abyss. Next came Darwin, who revealed that we share common ancestry with all other living things, a realisation that is - astonishingly - still resisted in some parts of the world even today. Immodestly, Freud's third strike against human exceptionalism was his own theory of the unconscious mind, which challenged the idea that our mental lives are under our conscious, rational control. While he may have been off target in the details, Freud was absolutely right to point out that a naturalistic explanation of mind and consciousness would be a further, and perhaps final, dethronement of humankind.

 

[Mini Test 02 - 18: 인간의 지식이 확장되는 방식]

The sense of familiarity experienced at the sparking of a memory provides a connection between a present experience and those believed to have been previously undergone, but this by itself can provide only the most basic sort of knowledge, a kind likely shared with a wide range of animal life. Human knowledge amounts to more than an individual or even a shared past: we seek out new environments and dimensions for our understanding and try to bring the foreign and alien within our purview. One of the most basic ways in which the feeling of familiarity experienced in memory is extended over new frontiers is through the use of metaphor. Metaphors pick up on similarities and create connections by comparing lesser known phenomena with already established experiences. They play a substantial role in the narrative character of knowledge by generating imaginative associations that bring the unknown within the sphere of existing understanding.

 

[Mini Test 02 - 19: 한계 가치]

There is an important difference between the marginal and the total value associated with market prices or the willingness of consumers to pay in markets. Economists regard the prices that people are willing to pay as indicators of the marginal value ― the value they place on the last unit purchased. Consider what a homeowner would be willing to pay for residential water in a given month. He might be willing to pay a huge sum for the privilege of consuming the first ten cubic feet, because doing without them would deprive him of even the most fundamental (and valuable) uses of water for that month: drinking water, the occasional shower, etc. The next ten cubic feet would probably not be worth quite as much. They would allow him additional opportunities to fill a glass from the faucet, and an extra shower or two, but these would not be as critical to him (or to the people with whom he associates!) as the first ten cubic feet. Thus the marginal value of water ― the amount one is willing to pay for each successive increment ― falls steadily.

 

[Mini Test 02 - 20: 자기 향상에서 인간 지능과 기계 지능의 구별]

Self-improvement is a point of differentiation between human and machine intelligence. Humans have strived for it over millennia. We respect our scholars, teachers, and guides because they help us learn and improve ourselves in many ways, including in our ability to exercise our mental faculty. This improvement, an increase in our mental ability, is a slow process for us  and also an indirect one. We learn through action, through the direct perception or input of knowledge. We cannot simply "copy" someone else's intelligence to add it to our own. In fact, we have sayings such as "some things can only be learned through experience." Machine intelligence is not restricted to this form of self-improvement. In fact, machine intelligence can create a million copies of itself, manipulate each such representation, test outcomes, and then discard inferior changes. This is direct and immediate manipulation of intelligence with no cost or consequence to the progenitor. As long as humans are limited solely to our biological intelligence, self-improvement with this level of rapidity or directness will always be impossible.

 

[Mini Test 02 - 21: 관용의 의미 변질]

Anyone reading policy documents, mission statements, school textbooks and speeches made by politicians and policymakers is likely to be struck by the frequency with which the term 'tolerance' is celebrated. It is difficult to encounter any significant acclaim for intolerance. However, on closer inspection it becomes evident that the meaning of this term has radically altered, mutating into a superficial signifier of acceptance and affirmation. In official documents and school texts, tolerance is used as a desirable character trait rather than as a way of managing conflicting beliefs and behaviour. So one can be tolerant without any reference to a set of beliefs or opinions. Moreover, the idea that tolerance means not interfering with, or attempting to suppress, beliefs that contradict one's own sentiments has given way to the idea that tolerance involves not judging other people and their views. Instead of serving as a way of responding to differences of views, tolerance has become a way of not taking them seriously.

 

[Mini Test 02 - 22: 생물학적 욕구의 보류]

We have hidden goals  goals we are not attending to consciously  that move us to do things and cause all sorts of feelings. Strong biological needs function as hidden goals. An astronaut who chooses to spend a year in space without any human contact may experience great sadness due to hidden goals of affiliation that she has consciously decided to put on hold. This example lets us see that a single goal can be present to our conscious minds at one time but hidden from us at another. The astronaut may have been very much aware of the goal of forming close relationships with other people while she was dating in college. But when she decides to concentrate on space exploration for a while, she turns her focus away from relationships, not seeing it as an important goal at the moment. And yet the goal of relationships may still be there, hidden but powerful enough to cause an emotional reaction to isolation. We could think of conscious attention as a flashlight with limited reach: it illuminates some of our goals and brings them to conscious awareness, but many of them remain in the dark until we change our focus.

 

[Mini Test 02 - 23: 말하는 목소리와 노래하는 목소리의 관계]

Although the singing voice might be thought of as an extension to or development of the speaking voice, the experience of actors and singers suggests that the two modes of vocal delivery remain independent. Many classical singers refrain from talking for long periods before a difficult performance, because they are sensitive to the adverse effects of speaking. The ubiquitous tool of our time, the telephone, has long been known as the creator of many vocal problems because we do not speak on the phone as we would face to face. Apparently, we overcompensate for the lack of visual communication by exaggerating certain speech habits. This seems to be in line with the ideas of Lucie Manen when she lamented the lack of facial and emotional gestures when singers perform in front of a microphone without a visible audience. Singing has an effect on the speaking voice, and vice versa; most people who talk immediately after singing will discover that their speaking voice will have raised itself a few pitches above the norm. Singers who train insufficiently in speaking may suffer from similar laryngeal problems to actors unaccustomed to singing. [요약문] The singing voice and the speaking voice, which have distinct modes of vocal delivery, mutually influence each other, with the absence of visual cues leading to exaggerated speech habits and potential vocal problems.

 

[Mini Test 02 - 24~25: 상황에 따라 변화해  감정 (체계)]

Like many other animals, we benefit from a rapid, automatic response system which keeps us out of trouble. Imagine walking in a forest when a wolf leaps out. Information about the situation is promptly forwarded to certain parts of the brain, which swiftly screen it, initiate a response, and you leap back. Whatever you were thinking before is suppressed and you give your full attention to the perceived threat. At the same time, substances are released in your body which, amongst other things, make your heart beat faster in readiness for further action. In these circumstances, you would probably call the sensation fear. Others might be alerted to the danger by your posture, involuntary cry and facial expression. This emotional system probably evolved because of its survival value. But, in humans, the information is also sent to other parts of the brain, where it is reflected upon at a more leisurely pace. If you deduce that you are safe because the wolf's path is blocked, the emotional system is informed, and you relax a little and experience a spreading feeling of relief. Some people have argued that some of the other emotions which support our welfare may have evolved similarly. For instance, our ancestors also had a vested interest in supportive, personal relationships because the welfare of hunter-gatherers depended on them. Threats to these relationships may have produced feelings of anxiety, embarrassment, shame or guilt. On the other hand, support for them may have led to feelings of thankfulness.

 

[Mini Test 02 - 26~28: 신념과 실제의 변화]

Steve was giving a motivational seminar to a utility company, and during one of the breaks, a man who looked to be in his sixties came up to him. "I'm Jake. My problem," he said, "is that I never seem to finish anything. I'm always starting things this project and that, but I never finish. I'm always off on to something else before anything is completed." He then asked whether Steve could give him some affirmations or positive statements that might alter his belief system. Steve felt Jake correctly saw the problem as being one of belief. He thought that because Jake did not believe he was a good finisher, he did not finish anything; so he wanted a magical word or phrase to repeat to himself that would brainwash him into being different. "Do you think affirmations are what you need?" Steve asked Jake. "If you had to learn how to use a computer, could you do it by sitting on your bed and repeating the affirmation, 'I know how to use a computer. I am great at using computers. I am a wizard on a computer'?" Jake admitted that affirmations would probably have no effect on his ability to use a computer. "The best way to change your belief system is to change the truth about you," Steve said. "We believe the truth faster than we believe false affirmations. To believe that you are a good finisher, you must begin by building a track record of finished tasks." Jake followed Steve's suggestions with great enthusiasm. He bought a notebook and at the top of the first page he wrote, "Things I've Finished." Each day, he made a point of setting small goals and finishing them. Whereas in the past he would be sweeping his front walk and leave it unfinished when the phone rang, now he'd let the phone ring so he could finish the job and record it in his notebook. The more things he wrote down, the more confident he became that he was truly becoming a finisher. And he had a notebook to prove it.

 

[Mini Test 03 - 01: 도서관 저녁 시간 운영 중단]

Dear Mr. Andersen, For many residents in the town of Wolfville, strolling downtown to the library in the evening and enjoying some time in the cool, quiet reading room has been a treat many of us enjoy. However, I recently learned that the library board has decided to eliminate the evening hours this summer, which is quite disappointing. Everyone understands the difficult economy, but I have to believe there were alternatives to eliminating this much-appreciated pleasure; in my experience there were nights when every seat was taken. I ask the board to reconsider their decision and find a better solution that accommodates the needs of the community. I think closing the library early on Saturday or even closing it completely on a weekday would be a possible solution. I look forward to hearing from you soon. Sincerely, Randolph Pennington

 

[Mini Test 03 - 02:  덮인 세상이 보여  환희]

I was in the middle of a particularly cheerless February, and even though I had gone through this feeling many times before and knew it would eventually pass, I had gotten to the point where I was beginning to believe it would never get better. I can remember thinking as I went to sleep that night that this time I would be stuck forever in winter. When I woke up there was an unsettling silence all over the house. I walked over to the front door and opened it. Outside, the world had remade itself into the most sparkling, beautiful, and inviting place imaginable. A late-night snowstorm had covered everything with white. The sun was up and shining brightly; everywhere I looked the snow was dancing with light. Suddenly all the dark clouds in my mind were gone and I started laughing in delight. Winter, the monster eating my soul, had pulled a fast one and slipped in a day of incredible purity and beauty just to remind me of the possibilities in life.

 

[Mini Test 03 - 03: 유전자 분야에 관한 의사의 소양]

Physicians work hard to serve the best interests of their patients. "Do no harm" is the code they live by. Presently there is a strong feeling among many physicians that genetic and genomic information is harmful and thus should not be used in managing the health of healthy people. Moreover, most physicians are not trained to understand this information. Ironically, many of them are very comfortable discussing family history with their patients but are uncomfortable talking about genomics. The technologies, applications, and value of genetics and genome sequencing must be part of medical school education and continuing medical education, given how rapidly the field is changing. Most importantly, patients are truly eager for this information. Various genetic information companies have well over 900,000 people who already have contributed samples. Many of these people approach their physicians asking for help in interpreting the meaning of their results. It is essential that doctors be familiar with this subject area.

 

[Mini Test 03 - 04: 재매개와 스토리텔링]

For well over 100 years, audiences have looked into rectangular screens, ignoring everything peripheral to the edges of the frame. But in recent times, the edges of the screen have been removed. Narratives now have the potential to play out anywhere we can crane our necks to glance or stare. Like in life, any place we can walk to or journey toward becomes the screen for a story. This breakthrough in storytelling is changing the way audiences engage with the moving image as well as the ways we create content  and this is only just the beginning. Virtual Reality (VR) is one of the latest developments in the remediation process that has come to define digital media. According to theorists Bolter and Grusin, this process of remediation has become integral to the ongoing progress of media, which is now constantly commenting on, reproducing, and eventually replacing itself.

 

[Mini Test 03 - 05: 감각을 통한 경험]

If someone flashes a camera bulb in your face, others might see you blink, wince and throw your arms up reflexively in response, but they will not, and cannot, see the after-image that occupies your visual field for a few moments. If you form a mental image of the Eiffel Tower, or think of the way your favorite song goes, others will be totally unable to see that image or hear that song, however vivid the images are and however close they get their eyes and ears to your skull. Performing brain surgery on you won't give them access either  it's not as if they'll see a little picture of the Eiffel Tower inscribed in your grey matter or hear music coming from your hypothalamus. Nor can others directly experience what you experience as you eat a cheeseburger. Your sensations of the taste, texture, smell and look of the thing are available only to you; they can have similar experiences, should they eat their own burgers, but their experiences would then be theirs, not yours.

 

[Mini Test 03 - 06: 미국 노인이 겪는 여러 문제]

Ten percent of the total number of people in the American population living below the poverty line are over the age of 65, with many living on an average social security pension of $12,500 a year with no other source of income. Forty-two percent of all Americans 65 and older suffer from disabilities that affect their daily functioning. As the number of older Americans grows, so does the recognition that many older Americans have serious social, emotional, health and financial problems that make aging a joyless and sometimes anxious and depressing experience. Many older adults with social and emotional problems have conditions that go undiagnosed and untreated because underlying symptoms of anxiety and depression are thought to be physical in nature, and health and mental health professionals frequently believe that older adults are neither motivated for therapy nor find it an appropriate treatment. This often leaves many older adults trying to cope with serious emotional problems without adequate help.

 

[Mini Test 03 - 07: 진로 평가의 이점]

In my experience, assessments provide information that is confirmatory  that is, they confirm patterns of which you are already aware. In my own life, these assessments have reinforced the career path I have chosen and have helped give me confidence in my next step. For example, career assessments usually paint a similar picture of me; they illustrate that I am a strong fit for fields like consulting, psychology, and business, where I can problem-solve one-on-one with people and teams. Similarly, personality-focused assessments tell me that I prefer people to things, and rely on feelings and intuition more often than data and facts. Why do such results matter? Quite simply, when you find a career that leverages your dominant personality traits, preferences, and career interests, work is not a chore or bother, rather it feels natural and effortless. Assessments also give you a confidence boost by reinforcing what you may have long suspected, but for which you did not necessarily have outside validation.

 

[Mini Test 03 - 08: 자율 주행차의 안전성에 관한 의견]

The above graph shows the percentages from 2017 to 2020 of consumers in four different countries who thought self-driving vehicles would not be safe. In 2017, the percentage of consumers who thought self-driving vehicles would not be safe was highest in South Korea at 81%, followed by the U.S. at 74% and Germany at 72%. Concern for the safety of self-driving vehicles was highest in 2017 for each of the four countries, and it showed a steady decrease in all of them from 2018 to 2020. In 2020, among the four countries India had the highest percentage of consumers who did not consider self-driving vehicles to be safe at 58%. In Germany, the percentage of consumers who thought self-driving vehicles would not be safe was the same in 2018 and 2020. The difference between the percentage points of consumers who thought self-driving vehicles would not be safe in 2017 and in 2020 was the smallest in India.

 

[Mini Test 03 - 09: 최초의 아시아계 할리우드 배우 Anna May Wong]

Anna May Wong is still considered Hollywood's first-ever Asian American movie star. She was born on January 3, 1905 in Los Angeles. Her parents owned a laundromat near the city's Chinatown neighborhood, and while she and her seven brothers and sisters frequently helped out at the family business, from a young age she dreamed of starring in the movies she saw filmed all over town. After dropping out of high school for her career, the star earned her first leading role in the silent film The Toll of the Sea. As they say in the business, it was her big break. Though the actress did get to live out her dream of being a movie star, it was still America in the early 20th century. Roles were few and far between for Asian actresses and those that did exist were steeped in racial stereotypes. With all this Wong grew frustrated with the U.S. and moved to Berlin in 1928. It was in Europe that she found global success in movies filmed in France, Germany, and England, according to Time. A year before her death, she was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

 

[Mini Test 03 - 12: 소모임의 문화적 특성]

While all sites of interaction inform us of the structure of social life, we find this most clearly when individuals have a commitment to a civil consciousness. Tiny publics, grounded in interaction, combine group culture with attention to civic engagement. A tiny public is a group with a recognizable interaction order and a local culture that hopes to shape society. In other words tiny publics, such as Chicago Seniors Together, have both an internal order and a communal face that is outward-looking: they are Janus-faced and must negotiate the dilemmas of appealing to multiple audiences. These communities may have small memberships, but they address a broader politics, and in their sociality they develop a collaborative commitment. One challenge faced by societies composed of tiny publics is that the desire for smooth interaction may make them conflict-averse, avoiding controversies that might productively be addressed, or may lead them to simply bow to the demands of the most powerful. As a result, tiny publics that hope to be adversarial are vital in bettering society precisely because of their challenge.

 

[Mini Test 03 - 13: 디지털 기술의 발전과 개인의 책임]

The utopia of digital humanism demands a consistent departure from the paradigm of the machine. Neither nature as a whole nor humans should be conceived of as machines. The world is not a clock, and humans are not automata. Machines can expand, even strengthen, the scope of human agency and creative power. They can be used for the good and to the detriment of the development of humanity, but they cannot replace the human responsibility of individual agents and the cultural and social responsibility of human societies. Paradoxically, the responsibility of individuals and groups is broadened by machine technology and digital technologies. The expanded possibilities of interaction enabled through digital technologies and the development of communicative and interactive networks rather present new challenges for the ethos of responsibility, which the rational human being cannot avoid by entrusting responsibility to autonomous systems, whether they are robots or self-learning software systems.

 

[Mini Test 03 - 14: 환경 문제에서 과학의 권위]

Science often even determines what becomes an environmental issue in the first place. Several of the most serious environmental problems, such as the transport of toxic pollutants over long distances, depletion of the ozone layer, and climate change, were only recognized as problems once scientists had described them. Indeed, the view that an issue only exists once science has described it is common in environmental politics. For instance, I am writing this on a hot September day, the air tinted an unhealthy orange. The Ontario provincial government has just announced it will upgrade its air quality monitoring network. It already measures ground-level ozone, which, as a product of hot days and chemical reactions in the atmosphere, is usually a problem only in summer. Soon the network will also measure fine particulates, which may be present throughout the year. As a result, the television reporter explained, poor air quality days may now occur at any time of the year. In effect, "poor air quality" has become a state that only exists once it can be measured scientifically. Such is the authority of science in environmental affairs.

 

[Mini Test 03 - 15: 자녀의 능력에 대한 너무 이른 기대]

The temptation and desire of some parents to take advantage of and overstimulate unusual abilities of their children cause some children to be rushed through infancy too rapidly. This is apparent in the pride of the father and mother who tell of a child who never used "baby talk" but pronounced words with clarity from an early period, or who boast of a child who was trained to bladder control before the first few months were over. These are samples of achievements of questionable value, as they are not natural for the level of development at which the child was. Too frequently such a child will begin to talk "baby talk" or develop enuresis when he is four or five years old, much to the discouragement of the parents who had come to regard their child as "grown up." An unhappy, neurotic girl of fourteen formulated her major complaint as being that she was "born too soon," and it was true that she never had had the chance to be an infant, which fact, in turn, distorted the satisfactions of being a child.

 

[Mini Test 03 - 16: 독서를 통한 글쓰기 향상법]

You can learn a lot by paying deliberate attention to your reactions as you read. If you find a paper particularly easy or pleasurable to read, what made it so? What wording, structure, or graphics did you think were effective? If you found a paper hard, what elements made you struggle? Can you imagine a change that would have made the writing clearer? Steven Pinker offers some concrete examples of this way of reading. Make notes about examples of effective or ineffective writing and save them in a folder for later reference. When you write, imitate what you liked and avoid re-creating what you didn't. Actually, doing this deliberately is just an extension of what you've been doing subconsciously ever since you learned to read. Just as children develop an ear for spoken language by listening to their families, friends, and neighbors  and therefore speak with a vocabulary and accent that can pinpoint their origins decades later  so you develop an ear for written language by reading. Things you've liked as a reader will naturally crop up in your writing, but you can greatly accelerate the process with some conscious attention to the matter.

 

[Mini Test 03 - 17: 18세기  이후 평등의 진전]

At least since the end of the eighteenth century, there has been a historical movement toward equality. The world of the early 2020s, no matter how unjust it may seem, is more egalitarian than that of 1950 or that of 1900, which were themselves in many respects more egalitarian than those of 1850 or 1780. The precise developments vary depending on the period, and on whether we are studying inequalities between social classes defined by legal status, ownership of the means of production, income, education, national or ethno-racial origin. But over the long term, no matter which criterion we employ, we arrive at the same conclusion. Between 1780 and 2020, we see developments tending toward greater equality of status, property, income, genders, and races within most regions and societies on the planet, and to a certain extent when we compare these societies on the global scale. If we adopt a global, multidimensional perspective on inequalities, we can see that, in several respects, this advance toward equality has also continued during the period from 1980 to 2020, which is more complex and mixed than is often thought.

 

[Mini Test 03 - 18: 토양 탄소 격리의 긍정적 효과]

In the context of global climate change, understanding the carbon sequestration potential of soils has assumed renewed importance. Soil carbon sequestration refers to the process of transfer of CO2 from the atmosphere into the soil through various sources, such as plant residues, organic solids and so on. The soil carbon sequestration significantly helps counterbalance emissions from fossil fuel combustion and other carbon-emitting activities while enhancing soil quality and long-term crop productivity. While in the atmosphere, the enhanced levels of carbon are highly undesirable due to its contribution to global warming and greenhouse effect, in soil systems higher amounts of carbon are very much desirable. This is because in soils, higher amounts of organic carbon contribute significantly to soil health in terms of its influence on soil structure, biological composition and microbial activity.

 

[Mini Test 03 - 19: 소리 세기 전쟁]

We create sonic space every time we press "play" on our smartphones and CD players at home. Because we have an abundant choice of music, albums and tracks are set into competition with one another for our attention. The loudest ones usually win, even if we think we have no preference for loudness. Our brains consistently judge louder music as "better." Moreover, our brains also prefer music that has had its quiet passages amplified. This psychological quirk sparked the "loudness wars," starting with CDs in the 1990s and continuing to the present day. Producers increase the amplitude of every part of the music, turning the variable loudness of a piece of music into what they call a brick wall, a final product in which every part of the track is boosted to the highest level possible. The resulting sound file on a computer screen shows a tall and unvarying wall of intensity instead of the ups and downs of the volume of most live music. The overall impression is of louder, more present music.

 

[Mini Test 03 - 20: 업무 자동화]

Work automation only rarely involves substituting a robot, chatbot, or AI for the human worker in a particular job. Rather, most work automation effects will reinvent the work. This will require that humans and automation work together, as some of the tasks formerly done by the human worker are now done by automation but many of the formerly human tasks will still be done by the human worker. For example, the traditional job of infrastructure inspector/repairperson for things like power lines or pipelines combines in a single job tasks such as physically inspecting, recording data, diagnosing potential faults, and repairing the faults. Increasingly, the new infrastructure work combines humans with automated drones or sensors that take on the tasks of physical inspection and recording data. The human workers are left to focus on diagnosis and creative repair solutions, with the repairs carried out by remotely guided automated machines.

 

[Mini Test 03 - 21: 정보의 홍수와 인공 지능]

Knowledge is at the root of technology, information is at the root of knowledge, and today's technology makes information vastly more accessible than it has ever been. Shouldn't this help us solve our problems? The explosion of AI feeds the tsunami, turning every image, every text, and every sound into yet more information, flooding our limited human brains. We can't absorb the flood without curation, and curation of information is increasingly being done by Als. Every subset of the truth is only a partial truth, and curated information includes, necessarily, a subset. Since our brains can only absorb a tiny subset of the flood, everything we take in is at best a partial truth. The Als, in contrast, seem to have little difficulty with the flood. To them, it is the food that strengthens, perhaps leading to that feared uncontrollable scenario where superintelligence sidelines humans into irrelevance.

 

[Mini Test 03 - 22: 컴퓨터 게임 애니메이션  물리학 법칙의 자유로움]

When objects move in a CG animation, their motion must appear to be consistent with the envisioned world's laws of physics. Because the objects have no real mass or dimensions, their physics too must be simulated by an algorithm. Otherwise, the player of Half-Life: Alyx could accidentally run through a wall and emerge on the other side. The effects of collisions as well as the effects of acceleration and gravity must be simulated  that is, if the animators want the scene to look and act like our world. But the physics of computer games do not have to be the same as those of the physical universe. Gravity could have any value the animators want, or it could be absent. A ball could gain velocity when it ricochets off a wall, rather than slowing down. Each effect will have its own visual meaning, creating a sense of realism or surrealism.

 

[Mini Test 03 - 23: 단독 상태가 의견 중요도 인식에 미치는 영향]

The perceptual salience of a characteristic is partly due to the situation in which it is encountered. Shelley Taylor and her colleagues have found that solo status, such as being the only woman on a committee or the only Asian student in a class, commands others' attention. In one study, participants watched a group of six students discuss a topic; the groups consisted of each possible distribution of men and women (e.g., six men, no women; five men, one woman, etc.). Participants then evaluated the contributions of a given group member. The results showed that the significance attributed to a group member's comments was inversely proportional to the size of their minority group. In other words, as people become more noticeable in a group, acquiring more solo status, their actions stand out and acquire greater importance in perceivers' eyes. This occurs even when the quantity of the member's contribution to the group remains the same across the various group types. [요약문] According to one study, having solo status in a group increases the perceived significance of one's comments in a discussion, even when the amount of one's contribution to the group does not differ across group types.

 

[Mini Test 03 - 24~25: 개인용 로봇에 대한 환상]

Is the making of illusions, which is arguably what the developers of personal robots do, necessarily bad? For example, if an illusion is created in which the robot is a living being or friend, is this bad? Surely we do not have a problem with illusions when we go to the theater or a magic show. We are happy to be "deceived" during the show. Before and afterward, however  and perhaps during  we at the same time know that what is seen is not real. There is a so-called suspension of disbelief: people temporarily accept a show or story as reality in order to be entertained. Applied to personal robots, this would mean that people temporarily suspend disbelief during the interaction with the robot in order for the robot to do its "magic." Ethically speaking, then, one could demand from designers and those who offer the robot to users that users be made aware that the robot is creating illusions, that what goes on in the human-robot interaction is "as if' and make-believe. This is a challenge for designers and developers, but also for parents, care workers, and others who offer the robot to those they are supposed to take care of; it requires a kind of honesty about what the robot really is and can provide. This would go against much of the current advertising for personal robots, which are often sold as your "friend," supplying "companionship" and enabling "conversations," and so forth.

 

[Mini Test 03 - 26~28: 비행기 안에서 게임을 하는 소년과 변호사]

Once a small boy and a lawyer were seated next to each other on a flight from Los Angeles to New York. As soon as the flight took off, the lawyer turned around and asked the little boy if he would like to play a game that is fun and interesting. The boy refused since he wanted to sleep for a few hours. The lawyer insisted that the little boy must indeed play the game and explained the rules. "It is really lots of fun. I will ask you a question. If you cannot answer, then you will give me $5 and vice versa," he said. The little boy tried to ignore the lawyer and pretended to turn the other way and sleep. After a while when he turned around, he saw the lawyer peering at him. "This time we will play it differently. If you don't answer, you pay $5. If I don't answer, I will pay you $100," the lawyer said. The boy knew that unless he played a round, the lawyer was not going to let him off. So he agreed to the lawyer's terms. "What is the distance between the sun and the earth?" This was the lawyer's first question. The boy shook his head, took a five-dollar bill from his pocket, and gave it to the lawyer. It was now the boy's tum to ask a question. "What goes up a hill on two hands and walks down on three?" he asked. The lawyer was perplexed by the question, for he did not know the answer. He immediately opened his laptop and searched the web for answers. He emailed his friends and colleagues in desperation to find the answer, but to no avail. No one could give an answer. Frustrated, the lawyer gave the boy a one-hundred-dollar bill. "Thank you!" said the boy in a relieved tone and settled down to sleep. The lawyer was annoyed that the boy had not given him the answer. So he shook him and asked, "What is the correct answer?" The boy smiled, took out a five, and handed it over to the lawyer, saying, "Who knows?!"

 

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flowedu.tistory.com

 

 

 

지문정리

 

[1 - Gateway: 웹툰 제작 온라인 강좌]

I'm Charlie Reeves, manager of Toon Skills Company. If you're interested in new webtoon-making skills and techniques, this post is for you. This year, we've launched special online courses, which contain a variety of contents about webtoon production. Each course consists of ten units that help improve your drawing and story-telling skills. Moreover, these courses are designed to suit any level, from beginner to advanced. It costs $45 for one course, and you can watch your course as many times as you want for six months. Our courses with talented and experienced instructors will open up a new world of creativity for you. It's time to start creating your webtoon world at https://webtoonskills.com.

 

 

[1 - 01: 별장 사용 불가 통보]

Dear Dave and Gretchen, We hope all is well with you and your family. At last, spring is in the air, and that means summer can't be far behind. For the past several years we have taken much pleasure in sharing our cottage on Mirror Pond with you and some of our other close friends. This year, though, I'm afraid we must do things a bit differently. The expense of maintaining the house has gone up quite a bit, and for at least the coming summer we have decided to put the cottage on the market as a rental property. We already have several leads from people who are considering taking the cottage for most or all of the summer. We hope you understand. And if we end up with some unbooked time in the fall, we'll let you know. Sincerely, Sandy Webb

 

 

[1 - 02: 체스 동아리 물품 마련을 위한 기부 부탁]

Dear Mr. Butler, I am James Franklin, principal of Grandview High School. Each year we provide engaging events to bring our school's community together. This year, we are trying to have a chess tournament. We think that it will create a healthy competitive atmosphere and help students make new friends. And some of the students in our school chess club are showing very promising results and are aiming to participate in the City Chess Tournament. They are practicing hard for the tournament. However, due to our school's budgetary constraints, we had to cut back on school supplies. To offer our students the best education possible, we need the supplies to keep our chess club running. We would like to ask that you help us continue the chess club by donating money. If you contribute to our school, you'll be a hero to the students who are pursuing their dream of becoming chess players. Sincerely, James Franklin

 

 

[1 - 03: 교체 상품 배송 요청]

To Whom It May Concern I am writing to you about an issue with my recent mobile phone order. I ordered a silver model, but I was sent a black one. However, I decided to use it anyway. Nevertheless, I could not save numbers in it, and the battery would not even last a day on a full charge. When I contacted customer service, the representative asked me to return the phone and promised to send a replacement. That was two weeks ago, and I still have not received the new phone. I would highly appreciate it if you could send me the replacement phone ― in silver and with a healthy battery ― as soon as possible. I look forward to your prompt action on my request. Thanks, John Smith

 

 

[1 - 04: 복사기 유지 관리 서비스 광고]

Dear Mr. Scott, If you ask your administrative employees, they will probably agree that copier maintenance is critical to a successful office. Our research shows that the typical business will use copy equipment about six months before repairing or replacing it. Historically, when you have needed service, the only option has been to call a repairperson at a very high cost. Fortunately, there is now a service that can extend the life of your copier and save your company thousands of dollars during the next year. Lake Paperworx specializes in copier maintenance, successfully serving business and legal firms throughout the United States. We can significantly reduce your maintenance costs and your downtime. The enclosed brochure outlines our services. If you are interested in using our services, please call me directly at 920-4848-1212. Sincerely, James Palmer Lake Paperworx Business Manager

 

 

[2 - Gateway: 출근 첫날 버스 기다리기]

David was starting a new job in Vancouver, and he was waiting for his bus. He kept looking back and forth between his watch and the direction the bus would come from. He thought, "My bus isn't here yet. I can't be late on my first day." David couldn't feel at ease. When he looked up again, he saw a different bus coming that was going right to his work. The bus stopped in front of him and opened its door. He got on the bus thinking, "Phew! Luckily, this bus came just in time so I won't be late." He leaned back on an unoccupied seat in the bus and took a deep breath, finally able to relax.

 

 

[2 - 01: 원하는 옷감의 구매 실패]

Olivia pulled a piece of bright yellow silk from the display. In her free hand she held a sample of beaded lace and tried to imagine the sound it would make whispering around her ankles as she danced. Now that the war was over, there would be a lot of dancing. Anticipation bubbled in her chest. She'd meet a real gentleman this season, and who knew? Maybe she would get married. "May I help you?" A shopkeeper stood beside her. "I would like five yards of this silk and a roll of this lace," Olivia said. "I'm very sorry, miss. They are already reserved." What a letdown! No other fabric would make her as beautiful as the yellow silk, and no other pearls would make such a charming whisper. With a sigh, she returned the items to the display.

 

 

[2 - 02: Garcia 씨의 트럼펫 연주]

Mr. Garcia walked to his closet and pulled a trumpet out of its case. He blew into it, you know, like he was clearing it all out. He ran his fingers along the valves and played a scale. And then he said, "Okay, Zach, ready?" And then he started playing. I mean the guy could play. He played this really soft and beautiful song. I never knew a trumpet could whisper. I kept looking at his fingers. I wanted him to keep playing forever. It was better than any of the poems he'd read to us in class. It was like the whole loud world had gone really, really quiet and there was nothing but this one song, this one sweet and gentle and brilliant song that was as soft as a breeze blowing through the leaves of a tree. The world just disappeared. I wanted to live in that stillness forever. I wanted to clap. And then, I just didn't know what to do or what to say.

 

 

[2 - 03: 처벌받을 위기에서 벗어남]

A very large warrior approached and stood in front of Benny. The warrior took him by the arm, and Benny was convinced that he was going to be punished. He shivered with fear while being dragged. The warrior brought Benny to an open area of the village. There sat an old man. He seemed to be incredibly respected by all of the warriors. He introduced himself as Ailani, meaning "Highest Chief," and surprisingly enough, he spoke in the English language. He told Benny, "I have decided that we are not going to punish you. We do not punish good men, so you can relax." The chief continued, "I heard what you did for us. Your kindness makes me say welcome. Welcome to Life Island." Tears of relief poured down Benny's face.

 

 

[2 - 04: Charlotte 이 준비한 추수 감사절 파티]

"I think everyone is here now! Shall we all sit down?" Everyone was more than happy to cooperate and soon the whole group was settled in their chairs around the long dining room table, passing dishes filled with Charlotte's cooking. Soon, everyone had a full plate and conversation buzzed around the table between bites. Charlotte took a careful bite of her stuffing and found that the seasonings had all blended together beautifully to create a flavorful experience. She relaxed a bit more as she sampled the dishes on her plate and found that everything tasted good. Or, at least, she thought so. She just hoped everyone else felt the same way. As if reading her mind, Addison leaned over to her. "Everything tastes so delicious," she said quietly, patting her belly and indicating her already half-eaten plate. "You're going to have to roll me out of here when all is said and done." "Eat as much as you like," Charlotte replied with a laugh. "There's no judgment, especially on Thanksgiving!"

 

 

[3 - Gateway: 고객의 칭찬에 대한 응답]

Being able to prioritize your responses allows you to connect more deeply with individual customers, be it a one-off interaction around a particularly delightful or upsetting experience, or the development of a longer-term relationship with a significantly influential individual within your customer base. If you've ever posted a favorable comment ― or any comment, for that matter ― about a brand, product or service, think about what it would feel like if you were personally acknowledged by the brand manager, for example, as a result. In general, people post because they have something to say ― and because they want to be recognized for having said it. In particular, when people post positive comments they are expressions of appreciation for the experience that led to the post. While a compliment to the person standing next to you is typically answered with a response like "Thank You," the sad fact is that most brand compliments go unanswered. These are lost opportunities to understand what drove the compliments and create a solid fan based on them.

 

 

[3 - 01: 창의력에 관한 오해]

One of the biggest misconceptions about creativity is that it takes a brilliant idea to solve a complex problem. While this may be true in pure sciences, in most commercial contexts, or even in day-to-day living, it is never that one silver bullet that does the magic. It is, in fact, a series of seemingly simple ideas that counts. The key is to have enough ideas that solve specific parts of the overall problem, and then the thorny task looks very much tenable. Since creativity comes from combining concepts in an unusual fashion, and since it is exceedingly difficult to trace the origins of ideas, you are better off generating as many ideas as possible with the hope that some of them would click. That is what great scientists and artists do. As the author Walter Isaacson notes, 'The sparks come from ideas rubbing against each other rather than as bolts out of the blue.'

 

 

[3 - 02: 환경을 위한 선택]

Sometimes it is hard to know the right thing to do for the planet. What sounds good may not necessarily be so. Rooftop solar panels, for example, are one of the most expensive and least effective ways to help the environment. Buying local food can actually increase water pollution and waste. According to research from the Danish and UK governments, plastic grocery bags may actually be better than cotton bags for the climate and for water. You may disagree with all or some of those claims, and you may be right. It depends on your individual circumstances. If you live in Phoenix, Arizona, for example, solar panels could be a smart choice. Using your own cotton bags continuously and without exception for shopping for several years is probably better for the environment than the alternatives. Each of these choices depends on personal circumstances and behavior. The best solutions for the environment are personal.

 

 

[3 - 03: 장애인에 대한 편견]

Consider people with disabilities. Often they are judged using criteria of competence that are biased in favor of nondisabled people. Compare, for example, an average blind person with an average sighted person. Who will be more competent in walking from one place to another? You might think that the sighted person will be more competent because the sighted person can see where he or she is going, but this is using an unfair criterion. If you think about competence based on the fairer criterion of who can best walk with the eyes closed, then the blind person will definitely be more competent. Such knowledge about people who are blind and, by extension, other socially marginalized people, can make us appreciate them and celebrate their unique abilities as they really are, rather than discriminate against, pity, or patronize them for some incompetence that does not exist except as a figment of our traditional, prejudiced imaginations.

 

 

[3 - 04: 상상의 본질]

When you think, you are using your imagination to create an image or picture in your mind of an event rather than the real thing. If you are driving home from a football match, reviewing the game in your mind, you are merely imagining what the game was like. The game is no longer real; it's now only in your mind, in your memory. It was real once, but not any longer. Similarly, if you are thinking about how bad your marriage is, you are considering it in your mind. It's all in your imagination. You are literally 'making up' your relationship. The thoughts you are having about your relationship are just thoughts. This is why the old saying, 'Things aren't as bad as they seem' is almost always true. The reason things 'seem so bad' is because your mind is able to recreate past events, and preview upcoming events, almost as though they were happening right in front of you, at that moment ― even though they're not. To make matters worse, your mind can add additional drama to any event, thereby making that event seem even worse than it really is, or was, or will be.

 

 

[4 - Gateway: 조직의 문화 형성의 조건]

Values alone do not create and build culture. Living your values only some of the time does not contribute to the creation and maintenance of culture. Changing values into behaviors is only half the battle. Certainly, this is a step in the right direction, but those behaviors must then be shared and distributed widely throughout the organization, along with a clear and concise description of what is expected. It is not enough to simply talk about it. It is critical to have a visual representation of the specific behaviors that leaders and all people managers can use to coach their people. Just like a sports team has a playbook with specific plays designed to help them perform well and win, your company should have a playbook with the key shifts needed to transform your culture into action and turn your values into winning behaviors.

 

 

[4 - 01: 성과에 대한 긍정적이고 구체적인 인정]

Most people don't equate silence with appreciation. People whose work is always good still need to hear it from you occasionally. Let them know you've noticed they are meeting their goals. Acknowledgement and appreciation create a supportive work environment and keep motivation alive. Make your appreciation specific and positive by noting what was done well and why it matters. This makes people feel good and it also ensures that the behaviour you identify is repeated. So, don't just say, "That was great!" Say, "That was great because ..." Both teams and individuals need positive, specific information about their accomplishments. Use your imagination: post graphs showing what the team has achieved; mark the achievement of major milestones or goals by bringing in sandwiches for lunch for everyone to share or putting up balloons; send thank you notes. When you ignore success, people think it doesn't matter and stop trying.

 

 

[4 - 02: 뉴스의 질을 판단하는 기준]

The quality of news is difficult to measure because there are no agreed-upon standards that satisfy everyone's definition of high quality. The term quality generally refers to any attribute, service, or performance that is highly valued within a group or a community. Defining quality is thus context-dependent, field-specific, and subject to individual preferences and tastes. It is important to note, however, that compared to other cultural products such as music and paintings, journalistic content is unique because it has a strong civic and democratic component. The idea of the press as the "fourth estate" stems from the expectation that high-quality journalism promotes democratic ideals by playing the role of a watchdog, providing a public forum, and serving as a reliable information provider. Therefore, when discussing news quality, normative aspects cannot be overemphasized.

 

 

[4 - 03: 적과 반대자]

One thing that managers have to keep in mind is that they should mend fences after any fight. Opponents are not necessarily enemies. An opponent disagrees with you on the issue, of course, but enemies are ones with whom you also have a negative relationship. That makes it personal. You can often work with opponents and strategize toward mutually successful outcomes, but enemies are far more difficult and consequently far more dangerous. Try to keep opponents from becoming enemies, and work to turn enemies into mere opponents. Find points of agreement, and find ways you can legitimately support those who were your opponents. The subject of the fight will eventually recede, but you still need the relationships.

 

 

[4 - 04: 끊임없는 경제 성장 추구의 문제점]

Political decisions and management decisions about how much of any given species can be harvested are often based on the amount of money there is to be made. Profit leads to economic growth, which is the goal of many politicians and business leaders. But the problem with seeking continuous economic growth is that our economy is not separate from our environment. Everything in our economy comes from our environment. We extract resources from the world around us, consume them as products we eat or use, and then dump the waste back into the Earth. Our Earth is a finite ecosystem, which means there is only so much that we can take from the natural world to feed our economy, and only so much waste that the Earth can absorb, before natural processes stop functioning properly. The constant effort to extract more and more resources is actually an ecological impossibility over the long term. Our survival depends on learning to live within the limits of ecosystems.

 

 

[5 - Gateway: 스트레스에 대처하는 자세]

How you focus your attention plays a critical role in how you deal with stress. Scattered attention harms your ability to let go of stress, because even though your attention is scattered, it is narrowly focused, for you are able to fixate only on the stressful parts of your experience. When your attentional spotlight is widened, you can more easily let go of stress. You can put in perspective many more aspects of any situation and not get locked into one part that ties you down to superficial and anxiety-provoking levels of attention. A narrow focus heightens the stress level of each experience, but a widened focus turns down the stress level because you're better able to put each situation into a broader perspective. One anxiety-provoking detail is less important than the bigger picture. It's like transforming yourself into a nonstick frying pan. You can still fry an egg, but the egg won't stick to the pan.

 

 

[5 - 01: 지속 가능성을 추구하는 것의 엄중함]

There are no black-and-white issues in life. No categorical answers. Everything is a subject for endless debate and compromise. This is one of the core principles of our current society. Because that core principle is wrong, the society ends up causing a lot of problems when it comes to sustainability. There are some issues that are black and white. There are indeed planetary and societal boundaries that must not be crossed. For instance, we think our societies can be a little bit more or a little bit less sustainable. But in the long run you cannot be a little bit sustainable ― either you are sustainable or you are unsustainable. It is like walking on thin ice ― either it carries your weight, or it does not. Either you make it to the shore, or you fall into the deep, dark, cold waters. And if that should happen to us, there will not be any nearby planet coming to our rescue. We are completely on our own.

 

 

[5 - 02: 19세기 시장 사회의 철학]

The modern corporation as a child of laissez-faire economics and of the market society is based on a creed whose greatest weakness is the inability to see the need for status and function of the individual in society. In the philosophy of the market society there is no other social criterion than economic reward. Henry Maine's famous epigram that the course of modern history has been from status to contract neatly summarizes the belief of the nineteenth century, that social status and function should be exclusively the result of economic advancement. This emphasis was the result of a rebellion against a concept of society which defined human position exclusively in terms of politically determined status, and which thus denied equality of opportunity. But the rebellion went too far. In order to establish justice it denied meaning and fulfillment to those who cannot advance ― that is, to the majority ― instead of realizing that the good society must give both justice and status.

 

 

[5 - 03: 섬유 재활용의 비현실성]

The notion of a "circular economy" ― in which materials circulate continuously, being used and reused time and time again ― is an appealing vision. However, it is crucial to highlight just how far we are from that goal at present. Although most textiles are entirely recyclable, 73 percent of waste clothing was incinerated or went to landfills globally in 2015. Just 12 percent was recycled into low-value textile applications such as mattress stuffing and less than 1 percent was recycled back into clothing. Some would question how realistic the idea of "closing the loop" can be; the complexity of the fashion system means that there are multiple opportunities for materials to "leak" from the reuse cycle. Furthermore, it must be noted that fiber recycling is not without its own environmental footprint. Even the reuse of secondhand clothing has implications in terms of resource use and waste, particularly if items are transported over long distances, dry cleaned, and repackaged.

 

 

[5 - 04: 시간의 영향]

When anticipating the effects of time, we should mentally forecast what they are likely to be; we should not practically stop them from happening, by demanding the immediate performance of promises which time alone can fulfill. The man who makes his demand will find out that there is no worse or stricter usurer than Time; and that, if you compel Time to give money in advance, you will have to pay a rate of interest much higher than any usurer would require. It is possible, for instance, to make a tree burst forth into leaf, blossom, or even bear fruit within a few days, by the application of unslaked lime and artificial heat; but after that the tree will wither away. So a young man may abuse his strength ― it may be only for a few weeks ― by trying to do at nineteen what he could easily manage at thirty, and Time may give him the loan for which he asks; but the interest he will have to pay comes out of the strength of his later years; indeed, it is part of his very life itself.

 

 

[6 - Gateway: 삼림지가 제공하는 생태계 서비스의 비시장적 가치]

Managers of natural resources typically face market incentives that provide financial rewards for exploitation. For example, owners of forest lands have a market incentive to cut down trees rather than manage the forest for carbon capture, wildlife habitat, flood protection, and other ecosystem services. These services provide the owner with no financial benefits, and thus are unlikely to influence management decisions. But the economic benefits provided by these services, based on their non-market values, may exceed the economic value of the timber. For example, a United Nations initiative has estimated that the economic benefits of ecosystem services provided by tropical forests, including climate regulation, water purification, and erosion prevention, are over three times greater per hectare than the market benefits. Thus cutting down the trees is economically inefficient, and markets are not sending the correct "signal" to favor ecosystem services over extractive uses.

 

 

[6 - 01: 표준화 시험 위주 교육의 문제점]

There are disturbing changes underway in today's school systems. Funding is frequently tied to scores achieved on standardized tests, which primarily evaluate rote memory. Teaching "to" tests like these inevitably focuses resources and curriculum on the lower-scoring students. The pressure to bring up test scores for these struggling students limits time for the kinds of individualized learning that challenges all students to reach their highest potential, and teachers have less opportunity to encourage creative thinking and incorporate hands-on activities. When education is not enriched by exploration, discovery, problem solving, and creative thinking, students are not truly engaged in their own learning. Because teachers are required to emphasize uninspiring workbooks and drills, more and more students are developing negative feelings about mathematics, science, history, grammar, and writing. Opportunities to authentically learn and retain knowledge are being replaced by instruction that teaches "to the tests."

 

 

[6 - 02: 성인 뇌의 적응성]

For many years, it was indeed widely believed that the adult brain was essentially 'set', with all the neurons and major connections we'd need. Sure, we learn new things and update our understanding of things all the time, meaning new connections are regularly being formed and turned over in networks governing learning and memory. But in terms of overall physical structure and major connections, the stuff that makes us 'what we are', the adult brain was long thought to be 'done'. However, in recent years there's been a steady stream of evidence revealing that the adult brain can change and adapt, even create new neurons, and experiences can still reshape the brain, even as we head into our twilight years. Consider the taxi driver study, where constant driving and navigation of chaotic London streets leads to increased hippocampus size, revealing the adult brain structure is somewhat malleable.

 

 

[6 - 03: 이념적 원칙에 맞춰 창의적으로 거래 성사시키기]

Often ideological principles crystallize in laws, rules, and institutions that threaten to block deals. Nationalism requires that all resources belong to the state and that no one else may own them. Islamic fundamentalism prohibits interest payments on loans. Egyptian socialism demands that workers participate both in the management and the profits of an enterprise. Each of these principles can be an obstacle to deal making in particular cases. Yet, with some creativity, it is possible to structure a deal in such a way that the ideological principle is respected but business goes forward. For example, worker participation in management need not mean a seat on the company's board of directors, but simply an advisory committee that meets regularly with an officer of the company. And a petroleum development contract could be written in such a way that the ownership of oil is transferred not when the oil is in the ground but at the point that it leaves the flange of the well.

 

 

[6 - 04: 지속 가능성에 대한 과학의 기여도]

The unquestioned assumption that any and all scientific knowledge ― and associated technology ― contributes to sustainability derives from faith in the importance of objective knowledge for solving global problems. Scientists obtain power and become the priests of our era to the extent that they provide a special form of knowledge that can be used to do such wonderful things. And we often consider that the final test of scientific knowledge: we can do things with its results, such as applying it to reverse the decline of an endangered species. Regardless, we know now that the linear view of the relation between science and social outcomes is flawed. Science may allow us to do things, but we can assess its contribution to sustainability only by incorporating broader contextual and socio-ecological questions. We typically think of sustainability as doing something out there in the world, when in fact we may need to first reassess the way we are setting the problem.

 

 

[7 - Gateway: 단순하지 않은 과잉 관광의 개념]

The concept of overtourism rests on a particular assumption about people and places common in tourism studies and the social sciences in general. Both are seen as clearly defined and demarcated. People are framed as bounded social actors either playing the role of hosts or guests. Places, in a similar way, are treated as stable containers with clear boundaries. Hence, places can be full of tourists and thus suffer from overtourism. But what does it mean for a place to be full of people? Indeed, there are examples of particular attractions that have limited capacity and where there is actually no room for more visitors. This is not least the case with some man-made constructions such as the Eiffel Tower. However, with places such as cities, regions or even whole countries being promoted as destinations and described as victims of overtourism, things become more complex. What is excessive or out of proportion is highly relative and might be more related to other aspects than physical capacity, such as natural degradation and economic leakages (not to mention politics and local power dynamics).

 

 

[7 - 01: 낭비되는 식품을 줄이는 방안]

According to research from the University of Arizona's Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology, the average household ends up wasting an average of 14 percent of its grocery spending by throwing away unused or spoiled food. Even worse, 15 percent of that waste includes products that were never opened and were still within their expiration date! (This statistic really makes me cringe ― why not just set dollar bills on fire while we're at it?) The study also found that a family of four ends up throwing away an average of $590 of perishable groceries per year, such as meat, produce, dairy, and grain products. You can save an average of $50 per month by avoiding overbuying perishable foods. Check your supplies before shopping and estimate the exact amount you'll need to buy for the next week. This is also a good time to throw away outdated leftovers, make sure perishable items are in view, and use up good leftovers for that day's meals.

 

 

[7 - 02: 근거 없는 믿음이 되는 오래된 오류]

Throughout history, human imagination has been a double-edged sword. On one hand, it pushes new discoveries, but for every newly established scientific fact, there are often multiple incorrect hypotheses, which must be corrected along the way or risk becoming myths. Thomas Edison is credited with saying: "I have not failed. I've just found 10,000 ways that won't work," implying that error is part of invention. Unfortunately, if errors or partial truths get circulated long enough, they can lead to a false echo chamber of repetition and suggest "truth" where none exists. For example, even though the humors have been discredited for centuries, some still believe in the myth that blood types (blood being one of the four humors) can determine personalities. A quick internet search finds more than five million websites related to this topic, meaning this myth is slow to die.

 

 

[7 - 03: 혼자 하는 예술 활동의 이점]

Ideally, when we make art or engage in any creative activity by ourselves, we recognize its value and make time and space for it in our lives. The boom in coloring books and coloring pages in the past few years is one such example. It takes away the challenging part of visual art-making and skills and provides us with a level of challenge that is relatively easy and manageable. Our studies with cancer patients and caregivers showed that solitary activities like coloring helped in meditative and reflective ways by taking us to a space of distraction away from everyday concerns. Such activities do not necessarily help us resolve our problems; rather, they provide a time to rest and a way to focus our attention elsewhere until such time as we can address them directly. When we make art by ourselves, it can help us self-regulate; feel a sense of mastery, control, and agency over our lives; and engage in reflective, validating, contemplative, or meditative practices.

 

 

[7 - 04: 과학에서 중요한 것]

When Galileo rolled the balls down the inclined plane, he didn't merely look and see what happened. He very carefully measured the distance traveled and the time it took to travel that distance. From these measurements, he calculated the speed of travel. What he came up with was a mathematical equation relating numerical quantities. We can imagine that when he observed the moons of Jupiter, he didn't merely see some spots at various different places from night to night: he kept track of where the spots were, compared their positions from night to night, and perhaps did some calculations intended to compute what path they were traveling, to find out that their change in apparent position was consistent with their being bodies moving around Jupiter. Similarly, in my hypothetical bird experiment I imagined myself as a budding junior scientist weighing the stuff I put into the cage and calculating percentages by weight of what was eaten. It's obvious: numbers are important to science. Scientists measure and calculate; they don't just observe.

 

 

[8 - Gateway: 때때로 또는 자주 적극적으로 뉴스를 회피한 응답자 비율]

The above graph shows the percentages of the respondents in five countries who sometimes or often actively avoided news in 2017, 2019, and 2022. For each of the three years, Ireland showed the highest percentage of the respondents who sometimes or often actively avoided news, among the countries in the graph. In Germany, the percentage of the respondents who sometimes or often actively avoided news was less than 30% in each of the three years. In Denmark, the percentage of the respondents who sometimes or often actively avoided news in 2019 was higher than that in 2017 but lower than that in 2022. In Finland, the percentage of the respondents who sometimes or often actively avoided news in 2019 was lower than that in 2017, which was also true for Japan. In Japan, the percentage of the respondents who sometimes or often actively avoided news did not exceed 15% in each of the three years.

 

 

[8 - 01: 국가별 1 인당 연간 음식물 쓰레기 양]

The above graph shows the total annual food waste at the retail and household stages, per capita, for nine selected countries. Among the countries, Saudi Arabia had the largest amount of total annual food waste per capita, immediately followed by Australia and Denmark. Austria was the only country whose total annual food waste per capita was less than 50 kg. In terms of the annual food waste per capita at the retail stage, Denmark topped the list with more than 25 kg. Germany had almost the same amount of total annual food waste per capita as the UK. At the household stage, the US wasted almost as much as New Zealand; additionally, the former wasted even less than the latter at the retail stage.

 

 

[8 - 02: 세계 스키 핫스팟의 시즌별 평균 스키어 방문 수]

The above graph shows the latest 5-year average number of skier visits per season in the world's skiing hotspots, as of April 2022. The United States had the largest average number of skier visits per season among the ten countries, with more than 50 million domestic skiers. Austria had the second largest average number of skier visits per season among the ten countries and recorded the most foreign skier visits. The average number of domestic skier visits per season in Japan was more than that of domestic and foreign skier visits per season combined in Italy. The average number of skier visits per season in Italy was more than that in Switzerland, with a difference of three hundred thousand visits. The two countries with less than ten million average skier visits per season were Sweden and Germany, and the latter had more skiers than the former.

 

 

[8 - 03: 미국 학생들이 재미로 책을 읽는 빈도]

The graphs above show the survey results on how often U.S. students aged 9 and 13 read for fun from 1984 to 2020. In 1984, more than half of 9-year-olds said they read for fun almost every day, but in 2020 the proportion dropped to the same level as that of 9-year-olds who said they read for fun less frequently. In 2020, the proportion of 9-year-olds who said they never or hardly ever read for fun was at its highest level in the survey period. Among the 13-year-olds surveyed in 2020, 17% said they read for fun almost every day, which was less than half the percentage who said this in 1984. In 2020, about three-in-ten students in this age group said they never or hardly ever read for fun, an increase of 21 percentage points compared to 1984. In 2020, the share of 13-year-olds who reported reading for fun less frequently was 12 percentage points lower than that of their 9-year-old counterparts.

 

 

[8 - 04: 미국 성인의 온라인 쇼핑 기기]

The above graph shows the devices that U.S. adults used for their online shopping in 2022, including the distribution for each device by age and income. In 2022, smartphones were the most preferred method of online shopping for most Americans, with around three-quarters saying they used a smartphone for online purchases. In comparison, 69% reported using a desktop or laptop computer for online shopping, while only 28% said they used a tablet. The use of smartphones for online shopping was more common among adults under 50 years old, especially with 92% of those aged 30 to 49 reporting that they shopped online using a smartphone. Meanwhile, when it comes to age differences in online shopping using tablets, those aged 18 to 29 were more likely to use a tablet for online shopping than those aged 30 and older. Device types for online shopping also varied by household income, with those with higher incomes more likely to use each device for online purchases.

 

 

[9 - Gateway: 미국의 물리학자 Charles H. Townes]

Charles H. Townes, one of the most influential American physicists, was born in South Carolina. In his childhood, he grew up on a farm, studying the stars in the sky. He earned his doctoral degree from the California Institute of Technology in 1939, and then he took a job at Bell Labs in New York City. After World War II, he became an associate professor of physics at Columbia University. In 1958, Townes and his co-researcher proposed the concept of the laser. Laser technology won quick acceptance in industry and research. He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964. He was also involved in Project Apollo, the moon landing project. His contribution is priceless because the Internet and all digital media would be unimaginable without the laser.

 

 

[9 - 01: Gladys West의 생애]

Gladys West is an American mathematician. She was born in rural Virginia in 1930. She grew up on her family's small farm and dreamed of getting a good education. She worked hard and received a scholarship to Virginia State College (now Virginia State University), a historically black university. In 1956 she was hired as a mathematician at the naval base in Dahlgren, Virginia. She was the second black woman to be hired at the base and was one of only four black employees. There, West made significant contributions to the applied mathematics that deals with the measurement of the Earth's size, shape, and gravitational field. West and her team created a model that allows the GPS system to make accurate calculations of any location on Earth. West retired from the base in 1998 at the age of 68 but continued her education. She later completed a PhD in Public Administration at Virginia Tech by distance-learning.

 

 

[9 - 02: 포르투갈 전통 음악 fado]

Fado means "fate" in Portuguese, but is also the name of a form of music originating in Lisbon. It is usually performed by one singer, accompanied by dual guitarras (mandolin-shaped 12-string guitars) and a viola (Spanish guitar). Fado lyrics frequently focus on the hard realities of daily life, or the trials of love. Fado is also linked with the notion of saudade, which is a longing for something impossible to attain. Fadistas, as fado singers are known, often wear a black shawl of mourning, although songs can also be upbeat. Since the 19th century, fado has been performed in bars and clubs in working-class districts of Lisbon. It flourished during the Salazar years, before falling out of favour after the 1974 Revolution. In recent times, the genre has been revived and a new generation of musicians and singers can be heard in casas de fado, around Lisbon.

 

 

[9 - 03: 마야의 구기 경기]

The Mayan ball game was a very important part of Mayan culture. The ball games were played either by 2 players or by 2 teams of players. The object of the game was to put a ball through one of the stone rings while stopping the other team from putting the ball through the other stone ring. The ball was a little larger than a basketball and was made of solid rubber. For protection, players wore hard leather gloves, elbow and knee pads, masks, and belts that were made of wood or stone. Although not all historians agree, some think the rules did not allow players to touch the ball with their hands or feet. They used only their elbows, hips, and knees to hit the ball, and had to keep the ball from touching the ground. Spectators from all classes liked to watch and bet on the games.

 

 

[9 - 04: 조각가 Lysippus]

Lysippus was the most prominent, prolific and longest-lived of the great 4th-century BC sculptors. He was active, reportedly making 1,500 works, all of them in bronze. Considered the most accomplished artist of his age, Lysippus suitably became Alexander the Great's favourite - in fact, court-sculptor. The world-conqueror allowed almost no one else to sculpt him. Lysippus went on to make portrait busts of many of Alexander's warring successors, such as Cassander and Seleucus I. A native of Sicyon in the Peloponnese, Lysippus ran a workshop of almost industrial size that was continued after his death by his sons. Ancient writers such as Pliny relate that Lysippus invented an entirely new canon, or mathematically calculated ideal beauty, almost displacing that of Polyclitus.

 

 

[11 - Gateway: 타인을 모방하려는 인간의 타고난 성향]

A number of studies provide substantial evidence of an innate human disposition to respond differentially to social stimuli. From birth, infants will orient preferentially towards the human face and voice, seeming to know that such stimuli are particularly meaningful for them. Moreover, they register this connection actively, imitating a variety of facial gestures that are presented to them ― tongue protrusions, lip tightenings, mouth openings. They will even try to match gestures with which they have some difficulty, experimenting with their own faces until they succeed. When they do succeed, they show pleasure by a brightening of their eyes; when they fail, they show distress. In other words, they not only have an innate capacity for matching their own kinaesthetically experienced bodily movements with those of others that are visually perceived; they have an innate drive to do so. That is, they seem to have an innate drive to imitate others whom they judge to be 'like me'.

 

 

[11 - 01: 컴퓨터 은유]

A good way to make human-machine interaction more natural would be to develop a better metaphor. A computer metaphor is a familiar object or activity that your computer imitates with its commands, display arrangements, and behavior. The two main metaphors we have today are the desktop and the browser. In the desktop metaphor, the display screen mimics a typical desk; information is kept inside folders, which can be opened, closed, and slipped into other folders. With Web browsing, the metaphor is downtown window shopping; you gaze at various "storefronts," see one you like, and (click) you enter. Inside, there are more options to browse, you choose another, and again you enter. Like a linguistic metaphor, the power of a good computer metaphor is that it makes a new system you don't know behave like an old "system" with which you are familiar. This lets you use the new system and get useful results out of it easily, since you don't have to struggle learning new concepts and commands.

 

 

[11 - 02: 토양 침식의 원인이 되는 인간 활동]

Human activity on the landscape can significantly contribute to soil erosion. In a natural state, vegetation serves as natural protection against erosion because the network of roots helps hold the soil in place against various erosive forces, such as wind and water. Scientists estimate that, in the United States, 30% of erosion is due to natural forces and 70% is due to human impact. Oftentimes, when people use the land for farming, the protective covering of natural vegetation is destroyed, and the erosion process speeds up. In fact, studies have shown that artificially created erosion played a big part in the downfall of many early civilizations. Poor land management practices degraded the soil until it was no longer productive enough to support the population living in the area. Early civilizations that recognized the disastrous effects of erosion used devices such as terracing the land to keep from plowing, planting, and irrigating on hillside slopes where water could wash the fertile soil away.

 

 

[11 - 03: 네안데르탈인의 특징]

It used to be thought that Neanderthals were dim-witted, slouching cavemen completely covered with hair. But this reputation is based on just one fossil, which modern scholarship has proved happens to be that of an old, diseased, and injured man. He was approximately forty or forty-five years old when he died ― very old for people at that time. Healthy Neanderthals probably walked erect. Objects found at Neanderthal sites show that Neanderthals could make complex tools. The characteristics of their skulls suggest that they probably could speak, although perhaps not with the full range of sounds that modern humans make. Sites also show that they did not necessarily live in caves, but, if they did, they likely altered the caves to make them more livable. Sometimes they built shelters rather than settled in caves. In 1996, scientists digging at a Neanderthal site in Slovenia announced they had found what appeared to be a musical instrument, a flute made from a bear bone.

 

 

[11 - 04: 제도적 차별과 개인적 차별]

Discrimination occurs on two levels: institutional and individual. On the institutional level, discriminatory practices are embedded in the social structures of a society, whereas on the individual level, discrimination takes place during direct interactions among individuals or groups. Unlike individual discrimination, which tends to be overt, intentional, and direct, institutional discrimination is often covert and unintentional, and this invisibility makes it much harder to detect. Standardized testing in schools, for example, may exclude certain historically marginalized groups from succeeding in academic settings. Although the government may not have intentionally established testing standards that are culturally or class biased, in practice these standards tend to have a disproportionate negative effect on ethnic minority students. Furthermore, institutional discrimination often has a generational or cyclical impact on certain ethnic minority groups and therefore its consequences are as severe, if not more so, than for those suffering individual discrimination.

 

 

[12 - Gateway: 바자 경제]

Bazaar economies feature an apparently flexible price-setting mechanism that sits atop more enduring ties of shared culture. Both the buyer and seller are aware of each other's restrictions. In Delhi's bazaars, buyers and sellers can assess to a large extent the financial constraints that other actors have in their everyday life. Each actor belonging to a specific economic class understands what the other sees as a necessity and a luxury. In the case of electronic products like video games, they are not a necessity at the same level as other household purchases such as food items. So, the seller in Delhi's bazaars is careful not to directly ask for very high prices for video games because at no point will the buyer see possession of them as an absolute necessity. Access to this type of knowledge establishes a price consensus by relating to each other's preferences and limitations of belonging to a similar cultural and economic universe.

 

 

[12 - 01: 익숙함에 대한 선호]

One should perhaps ask why even very simple animals would prefer familiar stimuli or familiar other animals. A tendency to grow fond of the familiar would help stamp in the preference for a stable environment (so animals might learn to like their homes). It would certainly promote stable social bonds. Imagine, for example, that nature programmed animals in the opposite way, so that familiarity led to contempt or some other form of disliking. How would families stay together? How would friendships, alliances, or other partnerships survive? If you always preferred a stranger to someone you knew, social life would be in constant turmoil and turnover. In contrast, if you automatically grew to like the people you saw regularly, you would soon prefer them over strangers, and groups would form and stabilize easily. Given the advantages of stable groups (e.g., people know each other, know how to work together, know how to make decisions together, know how to adjust to each other), it is not surprising that nature favored animals that grew to like (rather than dislike) each other on the basis of familiarity.

 

 

[12 - 02: 집단 순응 사고]

Social psychologist Irving Janis recognized the problems of groupthink, but felt that it could be avoided. It is most likely to develop when team spirit becomes more important than the opinions of individual members. It's also likely to form if the group is made up of like-minded people to begin with, and if they are faced with a difficult decision. To prevent groupthink, Janis proposed a system of organization that encourages independent thinking. The leader of the group should appear to be impartial, so that members do not feel any pressure to obey. Furthermore, he or she should get the group to examine all the options, and to consult people outside the group, too. Disagreement, Janis argued, is actually a good thing, and he suggested that members should be asked to play "devil's advocate" ― introducing an alternative point of view in order to provoke discussion. In addition to ensuring that the group comes to more rational and fair decisions, allowing members to retain their individuality creates a healthier team spirit than the state of groupthink, which results from conformity and obedience.

 

 

[12 - 03: 사이버공간에서의 프라이버시]

The alternative world provided by cyberspace is essentially an ideal private world in which each person controls the information that is revealed. In this world, the full identity of the person is not revealed, and the two people are physically remote from each other. Hence, it is much easier to keep private whatever areas the participants so wish. These circumstances do not lead the participants to remain completely mysterious ― on the contrary, in many cases it leads the participants to reveal much more about themselves than they would usually do. When we can keep private that which seems to threaten us, we can be more open concerning other matters. The greater degree of openness generates a greater degree of emotional closeness as well. Accordingly, in online relationships we can find both greater privacy and greater closeness and openness ― this considerably reduces the common conflict between openness and privacy.

 

 

[12 - 04: 은행식 교육 모델]

People often have different definitions of education, as the nature of education is somewhat fluid. Nearly 600 years ago the printing press changed the way much of education occurred. Students began reading information, coupled with the information a teacher would share. To ensure that the student had retained the information, a test or paper was often required to make an assessment of that retention. This downloading of information is known as the banking model, and what the banking model does is it reduces the student from being a critical and independent thinker to being a receptacle for facts. The process of the banking model raises the power and control of the teacher while failing to recognize that students are more than simply unthinking blank slates. The concept, then, is placed squarely into the minds of students, who are taught that they are subservient and beholden to the keeper of information. As a result, students have little control over their own thinking and their own education.

 

 

[13 - Gateway: 영화에서 친숙한 악보가 하는 역할]

A musical score within any film can add an additional layer to the film text, which goes beyond simply imitating the action viewed. In films that tell of futuristic worlds, composers, much like sound designers, have added freedom to create a world that is unknown and new to the viewer. However, unlike sound designers, composers often shy away from creating unique pieces that reflect these new worlds and often present musical scores that possess familiar structures and cadences. While it is possible that this may interfere with creativity and a sense of space and time, it in fact aids in viewer access to the film. Through recognizable scores, visions of the future or a galaxy far, far away can be placed within a recognizable context. Such familiarity allows the viewer to be placed in a comfortable space so that the film may then lead the viewer to what is an unfamiliar, but acceptable vision of a world different from their own.

 

 

[13 - 01: 부모의 문제 상황 대처가 자녀의 자존감 형성에 주는 영향]

In his 1967 book, Coopersmith first noticed a positive relationship between self-esteem levels in mothers and their children. But Bednar, Wells, and Peterson made considerable use of this factor by pointing out that parents actually show their children the route to self-esteem by how they handle their own challenges, conflicts, and issues. The impact of parents' behavior upon the child's self-esteem is undeniable; given the immaturity of children, however, parents' expression of their own resolution of the self-esteem question is far more influential than what they teach verbally. Parents who face life's challenges honestly and openly and who attempt to cope with difficulties instead of avoiding them thereby expose their children early to a pro-self-esteem problem-solving strategy. Those who avoid dealing with difficulties reveal a negative route for handling the challenges and problems of life. Either way, it is important to remember that modeling helps set the stage for healthy self-esteem or problems with it.

 

 

[13 - 02: 판매 촉진을 위한 새로운 용도 제공]

Several different strategies will be used to get us to buy. For new products, marketers want to motivate us to try their product, so the job is to advertise it as much as possible to get the word out. With an established product, marketers will either want us to try it again (reminder advertising), or they may try to get us to consume more of their product. A good way to do this is to provide new uses. One brand of baking soda is a good example. After women entered the job market en masse in the 1960s and there was less time for baking, the company promoted using the product to keep the freezer and refrigerator smelling clean ― and to change the box every three months. Or when women started earning significant salaries and getting married later, the diamond industry started selling diamond rings to women, claiming that the left hand is for "we" and the right is for "me."

 

 

[13 - 03: 통제하는 부모를 둔 아기들의 성향]

When kids feel forced to do things ― or are too tightly regulated in the way they do things ― they're likely to become less interested in what they're doing and less likely to stick with something challenging. In an intriguing experiment, parents were invited to sit on the floor next to their very young children ― not even two years old ― who were playing with toys. Some of the parents immediately took over the task or barked out instructions ("Put the block in. No, not there. There!"). Others were content to let their kids explore, providing encouragement and offering help only when it was needed. Later, the babies were given something else to play with, this time without their parents present. It turned out that, once they were on their own, those who had controlling parents were apt to give up more easily rather than trying to figure out how the new toy worked.

 

 

[13 - 04: 필요와 욕구 사이의 경계]

It is critical, as we recreate mutual provision in a sustainable form, that we keep track of the line between needs and wants. While a permanent place for people on Earth requires that our needs be met, people gathering about themselves quantities of unnecessary goods, while others lack food and shelter, cannot be part of a durable order. A society that oppresses other people to bloat itself will not stop at undermining foreign nations. The ethic will express itself with exploitation at home. While ingenuity and hard work will still lead to improved circumstances as communities increase their effective use of local resources, when one's achieved wealth is at the expense of others, much goodwill, effort and resources will be lost to resentment, rebellion and repression. A huge bonus is available for everyone when the focus of development is securing and improving the quality of life for all.

 

 

[13 - 05: 매체와 기술 자체에 대한 주목]

As Marshall McLuhan suggested so presciently in 1964, "the medium is the message," which means that, beyond the content that is conveyed, the medium itself has an impact by its very nature and unique characteristics. For example, the use of social media means that we have less need to interact with others directly. This distancing of communication has real implications for children's development. If learning to communicate with others is a skill that develops with practice, children's constant use of social media reduces the experiences they have with which to learn social skills. McLuhan asserts that we are so focused on the content of the technology that we neglect to notice the influence of the technology itself on people. This observation is certainly true today: we focus on what the technology provides (e.g., video, text messages, social media), but we fail to consider how the very act of using these advances shapes us.

 

 

[13 - 06: 도시의 지속적인 재창조]

Cities continue to reinvent themselves. In the last few decades, many have worked to reduce pollution and create appealing modern spaces by restricting polluting vehicles, encouraging energy-efficient buildings, and planting trees. In 2020, another impetus for change came in the form of COVID-19, which saw retail centres empty, businesses send workers home, and some question whether crowded cities were a safe environment. Yet cities have responded to changing circumstances in the past. Through the first kingdoms of Mesopotamia, global expansion, and the Industrial Revolution, they have evolved to remain at the heart of politics, economics, and culture. The history of the world is very much a history of great cities, and whatever future we build, these sites of trade, creativity, and transformation are likely to be at the heart of it.

 

 

[13 - 07: 문화적 특수성과 보편성]

Human cultures seem to be infinitely variable, but in fact that variability takes place within the boundaries produced by physical and mental capacities. Human languages, for example, are tremendously diverse, differing in sound, grammar, and semantics. But all are dependent upon what appears to be a uniquely human capacity and predisposition for learning languages. While the range of sounds used in human languages extends from clicks and pops to guttural stops, the distinctive speech sounds that are meaningful in all the languages of the world are but a fraction of the sounds it is possible for humans to make. Another way that we might observe the intricate relationship between the culturally specific and the universal is in the way an American boy and his Mixtec friends might react emotionally, even instinctively, to bee larvae and onion soup: whether they feel delight or disgust is determined by the way they learn to perceive food, but delight and disgust seem to be basic and universal human reactions to food.

 

 

[13 - 08: 실험에서 중요 요인 분리하기]

Think about what happens in a standard scientific experiment to find out how a certain laundry detergent bleaches. In normal use, there are several factors that may cause the detergent to act in a certain way. These will include its active ingredients, the type and temperature of the water in which the ingredients are mixed, the materials being cleaned and the machinery ― if any ― used to do the laundry. Any experiment that could hope to discover what caused bleaching would have to be devised in such a way as to ensure that the crucial factors were properly isolated from the other variables. So if, for example, the hypothesis is that it is the chlorine that does the bleaching, the experiment needs to show that if all the other factors remain the same, the presence or absence of the chlorine will determine whether the laundry detergent bleaches.

 

 

[13 - 09: AI가 인간 지식에 미치는 영향]

Al's effects on human knowledge are paradoxical. On the one hand, AI intermediaries can navigate and analyze bodies of data vaster than the unaided human mind could have previously imagined. On the other, this power ― the ability to engage with vast bodies of data ― may also accentuate forms of manipulation and error. AI is capable of exploiting human passions more effectively than traditional propaganda. Having tailored itself to individual preferences and instincts, AI draws out responses its creator or user desires. Similarly, the deployment of AI intermediaries may also amplify inherent biases, even if these AI intermediaries are technically under human control. The dynamics of market competition prompt social media platforms and search engines to present information that users find most compelling. As a result, information that users are believed to want to see is prioritized, distorting a representative picture of reality. Much as technology accelerated the speed of information production and dissemination in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, in this era, information is being altered by the mapping of AI onto dissemination processes.

 

 

[13 - 10: 존경하는 사람을 모방하여 닮아 가는 경향]

It is not a coincidence that children turn out like their parents. From the moment you come into the world, your mother and your father are your role models. As little girls grow, they try on their mother's clothes, put on her make-up, and pretend to be her. When little boys come of age, they play with their father's tools and try to build or fix something for real. The truth of the matter is that children look up to their parents as mentors. They praise them and hold them in high regard. The greatest compliment they can give their parents as they grow is to turn out just like them. If you stop to take a personal inventory, you may find that you are much like those that you emulate. A parent, a coach, a teacher, or a leader all leave their mark on the final package with your name on it. When you look in the mirror, you may see one or all of them in the reflection.

 

 

[13 - 11: 이성과 욕망 사이의 싸움]

We are all familiar with battles between reason and desire. Socrates asks whether there are thirsty people who don't wish to drink. Indeed there are. (A sign on a faucet that reads "nonpotable water, do not drink" won't take away a person's thirst, but she won't want to drink there.) Yet there is something paradoxical about this: the word "thirsty" means "wishes to drink." So we are imagining people who wish to drink and do not wish to drink. How could that be? "It is obvious that the same thing will not be willing to do or undergo opposites in the same part of itself, in relation to the same thing, at the same time. So, if we ever find this happening in the soul, we'll know that we aren't dealing with one thing but many." In other words, since no one thing can both wish to drink and not wish to drink (in the same way at the same time), no one thing can have both of those two characteristics; we thus manage this by being more than one: one part of the soul wishes to drink, and another does not wish to drink.

 

 

[13 - 12: 미디어 경영진의 목표 고객층]

Media executives understand that they must think of their audiences as consumers who buy their products or whom they sell to advertisers. The complaining individual might be successful in getting the content changed or even removed if he or she convinces the media executives that they might otherwise lose a substantial portion of their target market. But an individual's concern will garner little attention if it is clear that the person does not belong in the target audience. The editors from Cosmopolitan magazine, which aims at 20-something single women, for example, are not likely to follow the advice of an elderly-sounding woman from rural Kansas who phones to protest what she feels are demeaning portrayals of women on covers of the magazine that she sees in the supermarket. Yet the magazine staff might well act favorably if a Cosmopolitan subscriber writes with a suggestion for a new column that would attract more of the upscale single women they want as readers.

 

 

[14 - Gateway: 빠르게 말하는 것의 위험 부담]

Speaking fast is a high-risk proposition. It's nearly impossible to maintain the ideal conditions to be persuasive, well-spoken, and effective when the mouth is traveling well over the speed limit. Although we'd like to think that our minds are sharp enough to always make good decisions with the greatest efficiency, they just aren't. In reality, the brain arrives at an intersection of four or five possible things to say and sits idling for a couple of seconds, considering the options. When the brain stops sending navigational instructions back to the mouth and the mouth is moving too fast to pause, that's when you get a verbal fender bender, otherwise known as filler. Um, ah, you know, and like are what your mouth does when it has nowhere to go.

 

 

[14 - 01: 인상주의 미술]

Rejecting any academic training they had experienced, Monet and the other Impressionists believed that their art, with its objective methods of painting what they saw before them, was more sincere than any academic art. They all agreed that they aimed to capture their "sensations" or what they could see as they painted. These sensations included the flickering effects of light that our eyes capture as we regard things. In complete contrast to the Academie, the Impressionists painted ordinary, modern people in everyday and up-to-date settings, making no attempt to hide their painting techniques. They avoided symbols or any narrative content, preventing viewers from "reading" a picture, but making them experience their paintings as an isolated moment in time.

 

 

[14 - 02: 생존을 위한 식물의 경쟁]

Plants assess when they need to be competitive and when it is more prudent to be collaborative. To make this kind of decision, they weigh the energy cost relative to the benefit for improved growth and persistence. For example, although a plant would generally attempt to grow taller than a closely situated neighbor for preferential access to sunlight, if the neighbor is already significantly taller and the race is likely to be lost, the plant will temper its competitive instinct. That is, plants compete only when competition is needed to improve their ability to support their own growth and reproduction and has some likelihood of success. Once competition yields the needed results, they cease competing and shift their energy to living. For plants, competition is about survival, not the thrill of victory.

 

 

[14 - 03: 수직 이동의 속도를 높인 기계화]

Mechanisation speeded up vertical movement. Stairs and ramps were traditionally how you went up and down, so few buildings in frequent use exceeded five storeys. The Otis Company, founded in 1853 in New York, changed all that with the invention of the safety elevator (safe because it locked the car in place should the cables fail) that made taller buildings possible. Escalators came later bringing greater capacity to move more people over shorter vertical distance; they made their debut, and were a sensation, at the 1900 Paris Exposition. With elevators and escalators cities could now spread underground, with deep basements, subways and tunnels, and upwards, with high rise buildings, as well as outwards. The modern cityscape ― of which Manhattan is still the iconic exemplar ― was created.

 

 

[14 - 04: 19세기 이전의 극장 관객]

If you wanted to be entertained in a theater before the nineteenth century, you could not avoid the fact that you were at some level participating in a dialog, a conversation, either with your fellow members of the audience, or with the actors. The idea of the audience sitting in the dark and watching the stage in silence is a new thing. Prior to the nineteenth century the audience were lit and often extremely vocal and active, even leaping on stage to fight with the cast. It was the actor David Garrick in the eighteenth century who pioneered the idea that an audience should shut up and listen. The passive and reverential silence in which today's actors can indulge themselves is a new phenomenon, as, of course, is the cinema, where our surrogates on the screen can unfold their stories unaware of our responses.

 

 

[15 - Gateway: 규범 발생 과정]

Norms emerge in groups as a result of people conforming to the behavior of others. Thus, the start of a norm occurs when one person acts in a particular manner in a particular situation because she thinks she ought to. Others may then conform to this behavior for a number of reasons. The person who performed the initial action may think that others ought to behave as she behaves in situations of this sort. Thus, she may prescribe the behavior to them by uttering the norm statement in a prescriptive manner. Alternately, she may communicate that conformity is desired in other ways, such as by gesturing. In addition, she may threaten to sanction them for not behaving as she wishes. This will cause some to conform to her wishes and act as she acts. But some others will not need to have the behavior prescribed to them. They will observe the regularity of behavior and decide on their own that they ought to conform. They may do so for either rational or moral reasons.

 

 

[15 - 01: 세계화에 대한 대안적 개념의 필요성]

Globalization has often been studied as a macro phenomenon. However, as the globalization process obviously affects individuals' lives, a need for alternative concepts has emerged. Concepts such as cosmopolitanism and global citizenship have therefore frequently been used to capture how globalization is experienced "from below", with individuals as the object of analysis. Here, cosmopolitanism is interpreted as having many similarities to global citizenship. For instance, cultural sociologist John Tomlinson claims that being a cosmopolitan means that one has an active experience of "belonging to the wider world". As such, cosmopolitanism is closely connected to identity; a cosmopolitan obtains a reflexive awareness of the features that unite us as human beings. This requires the ability to question one's own assumptions and prejudices. Identity is in this context not essentialist or stable; rather, it is fragmented and constructed and reconstructed across the different practices and positions in which one participates.

 

 

[15 - 02: 원폭 피해자들을 만난 Roosevelt 여사]

On June 17, 1953, Mrs. Roosevelt traveled to Hiroshima, where she visited the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission, an American research group that studied the effects of the nuclear attacks on bomb survivors. Many people had been injured by the fires that the bomb had caused. After her official meetings, some girls were waiting to see her. The girls explained that they did not blame her for the atomic bomb; they only wanted to impress on her the need to ensure that these weapons were never used again on human beings, given their effects. Although she did not say so directly, the girls may have been among those whose faces were permanently disfigured by the attack. This must have been a powerful encounter because Mrs. Roosevelt called it a "tragic moment." It led her to urge Americans to do more to help. Though she maintained that they were not America's direct responsibility, "as a gesture of goodwill for the victims of this last war, such help would be invaluable."

 

 

[15 - 03: Gettier 문제]

Most philosophers accepted Plato's definition of knowledge as justified true belief until the 1960s, when Edmund Gettier showed that it didn't always provide a satisfactory explanation. He came up with several instances where we instinctively realize that someone doesn't really know something, even though that person's belief is both true and justified. For example, I have arranged to meet my friend Sue at her house, and when I arrive I see her through the window sitting in the kitchen. In fact, it is not Sue that I see, but her identical twin sister ― Sue is actually in another room. My belief that Sue is home is true, and I have good reason to believe it because I am sure I have seen her, but it is wrong to say that I knew she was at home ― I didn't know. Examples such as this became known as "Gettier problems," and have prompted philosophers to ask if, in addition to belief, truth, and justification, there is a fourth criterion for knowledge. Gettier had cast doubt not only on Plato's definition, but also on whether or not it is possible to define completely what knowledge is.

 

 

[15 - 04: 이마누엘 칸트의 도덕관]

On one level, it is helpful for individuals to identify which kind of ethical system they have and which kind they admire. Immanuel Kant takes it one step further, adding an unusual rule for a deontologist. He believed that you can and should test your decisions for moral and ethical soundness and outlined a thought experiment he called the Categorical Imperative to help you do just that. When considering any course of action, ask yourself, "Would I want everyone else, if placed in my position, to do the same thing?" If the answer is yes, you're on the right path. If the answer is no, then don't do it yourself. For example, while you can easily imagine a situation in which it might be to your advantage to lie, you would not want everyone to lie, so you should not lie yourself.

 

 

[15 - 05: 컴퓨터의 생존 전략]

Life-forms work to evolve survival strategies but without necessarily being aware of the process. Consciousness is not a necessary condition of life ― though it says much about the organism that happens to possess it. Most biological species have evolved techniques and mechanisms for survival without reflecting on the fact, and this is what has happened so far with computer life-forms. We can speculate on how computers might ponder on their own survival but this is essentially a matter for the future. At present we see a host of rudimentary survival mechanisms in computers: we may expect these to develop and new ones to emerge. It is inevitable, at the present stage of their development, that computer survival strategies owe virtually everything to human involvement in computer design. However, as machine autonomy develops there will be a progressive reduction in the extent of human influence on computer evolution. Computers will come to think about their own position in the world, and take steps to enhance their own security.

 

 

[15 - 06: 도시화와 도시 계획]

Since at least the late nineteenth century and the rise of industrial cities, the history of urbanism and urban planning has been a history of expertise ― political, administrative, and technocratic. Cities came to be seen as solutions to demands for wealth, health, safety, opportunity, and personal development, as society grew more economically, socially, and politically complex. Cities also came to be seen as posing new problems, often caused by their successes in meeting earlier social demands. Both fueled by and fueling that problem/solution framework, the Progressive political movement of the early twentieth century relied heavily on trained and trusted experts, especially economists and other social scientists. Those experts were often educated in newly formed occupational disciplines and professional schools. Degrees in hand, they were primed to lead both governments and businesses away from the era of laissez-faire and toward better outcomes for themselves and for workers and citizens. That meant safer food; safer water; better working conditions; safer and less expensive automobiles; expanded opportunities for education, leisure, and personal fulfillment; and so on.

 

 

[16 - Gateway: 승자 독식의 경쟁으로 잘못 이해되는 과학]

Science is sometimes described as a winner-take-all contest, meaning that there are no rewards for being second or third. This is an extreme view of the nature of scientific contests. Even those who describe scientific contests in such a way note that it is a somewhat inaccurate description, given that replication and verification have social value and are common in science. It is also inaccurate to the extent that it suggests that only a handful of contests exist. Yes, some contests are seen as world class, such as identification of the Higgs particle or the development of high temperature superconductors. But many other contests have multiple parts, and the number of such contests may be increasing. By way of example, for many years it was thought that there would be "one" cure for cancer, but it is now realized that cancer takes multiple forms and that multiple approaches are needed to provide a cure. There won't be one winner ― there will be many.

 

 

[16 - 01: 기자의 정보 습득]

As soon as a reporter is assigned to a specialized beat, he or she should read several basic books on that subject to become familiar in a general way with how the beat works. If a governmental area is involved ─ for example, a state legislature or a court system ─ a reporter should not go on a first assignment without knowing how that particular unit operates. Libraries contain such books, although it is better for reporters to buy their own copies for future reference. No medical reporter can work successfully without a good medical dictionary, for example. Nor should a business reporter be without a basic economics text. City directories and telephone books from all cities in a reporter's area of coverage are valuable tools, as are internal directories of the organizations he or she will encounter on the beat. Having such numbers ─ which are often impossible to obtain officially ― will enable a reporter to bypass obstacles and reach potential sources quickly.

 

 

[16 - 02: 문화적 다양성과 인간의 선천적 능력]

Cultural and behavioral diversity can result from humans' innate ability to flexibly respond to their environments, to engage in social learning, and to make culture (an ability which is itself a part of the social suite). The diversity might conceal an underlying universality that, paradoxically, might relate more to our genes than to cultural exigencies. Evolutionary psychologists John Tooby and Leda Cosmides provide a fanciful illustration of this idea. They suggest a thought experiment in which aliens replace humans with jukeboxes, each of which has a repertoire of thousands of songs and the ability to play a particular song according to where and when it is. We would then observe that jukeboxes in different parts of the world played different songs at different times, songs that were similar to those on the jukeboxes near them. But none of this intergroup variation and intragroup commonality would have anything to do with the workings of culture. This is a way of illustrating that humans might have an inborn ability to respond flexibly ― but also predictably ─ to their environment.

 

 

[16 - 03: 오늘날 리더의 자질]

When companies select leaders, two of the first questions they ask are, "Has he done anything like this before?" "What is his track record?" We assume that if that person has done it before (and done it well), he can do it again. Experience is still important for leaders, and there are times when it is the most effective predictor of future success. The problem, however, is that because of constantly improving technology, processes, and best practices in a world that is constantly changing and where success is being continually redefined, experience can be a handicap. Today, leaders must discipline themselves to look at problems and opportunities with a fresh eye. This is difficult because people naturally want to repeat an approach that worked in a similar situation. It is a challenge to consider an alternative to what brought you success in the past or to your current position in the present.

 

 

[16 - 04: 후각의 힘]

Smell is not just a sense that determines taste; it is also a powerful force that stimulates desire and may even overwhelm the other senses. In the past decade, aromatherapy has emerged as an alternative healing practice, as well as a new product to be advertised to consumers. Some stores spread scents of freshly baked bread or apple pie to encourage shoppers to stay longer and buy more. Smells are also important for distinguishing between edible and inedible foods. Herbal medicine stores frequently have a wide variety of pungent odors. The preparation of herbal medicines may include cooking plants into liquid form or distilling essences with alcohol, which often creates an odor. Yet biomedical pills and tablets are prepared in ways that deemphasize smells considered to be more palatable. The absence of smells further distances medicine from food.

 

 

[16 - 05: 부모와 또래 집단의 차이]

The divergence between parental and peer values does not necessarily lead to a hostile confrontation between parents and teenagers. In fact, most youngsters are just as friendly with parents as with peers. They simply engage in different types of activities ― work and task activities with parents, play and recreation with peers. Concerning financial, educational, career, and other serious matters, such as what to spend money on and what occupation to choose, youths are inclined to seek advice from parents. When it comes to social activities, such as whom to date and what clubs to join, they are more likely to discuss them with peers. This reflects the great importance placed by the peer group on other-directed behavior, looking to others for approval and support as opposed to reliance on personal beliefs and traditional values. Peer groups, in effect, demand conformity at the expense of independence and individuality.

 

 

[16 - 06: 고통스러운 자극의 재현]

One important point related to the possibility of reproducing believable tactile sensations in virtual or machine-mediated environments lies in the role of "pain." Certainly, a number of real interactions can never be entirely believable without the presence of painful stimulation. However, one might wonder whether reproducing such kinds of stimulation would ever be of any use within virtual or mediated interactions. Shouldn't a "virtual" world be, in some sense, "better" without pain? Even if not immediately intuitive, there are a (admittedly small) number of situations in which the ability to deliver painful stimulation comes in handy within mediated environments. In fact, numerous attempts have been made over the course of the last few years to reproduce these aspects of our perception as well. This may occur in video games to increase the realism of the simulation or even more importantly in training programs for soldiers where pain is an occupational hazard and will need to be dealt with.

 

 

[17 - Gateway: 다양한 과학 분야에서 성과를 낼 수 있는 탐구 방법]

Even those with average talent can produce notable work in the various sciences, so long as they do not try to embrace all of them at once. Instead, they should concentrate attention on one subject after another (that is, in different periods of time), although later work will weaken earlier attainments in the other spheres. This amounts to saying that the brain adapts to universal science in time but not in space. In fact, even those with great abilities proceed in this way. Thus, when we are astonished by someone with publications in different scientific fields, realize that each topic was explored during a specific period of time. Knowledge gained earlier certainly will not have disappeared from the mind of the author, but it will have become simplified by condensing into formulas or greatly abbreviated symbols. Thus, sufficient space remains for the perception and learning of new images on the cerebral blackboard. [요약문] Exploring one scientific subject after another enables remarkable work across the sciences, as the previously gained knowledge is retained in simplified forms within the brain, which leaves room for new learning.

 

 

[17 - 01: 일상 제품도 가질 수 있는 상징적 의미]

Consider a bar of soap, the kind you keep by the bathroom sink to wash your hands and face. How much meaning could such an innocuous object contain? While it may be tempting to answer "not much," or even "none," in fact, even soap can embody a rich set of symbols. Think about a particular brand of soap. By itself, that soap cleans like any other soap. But through some clever marketing, packaging, and advertising, the brand immerses its soap in a complex set of messages about the environment, personal empowerment, and progressive politics. The brand's website even says, "We are committed to animal protection, environmental protection and respect for human rights." These meanings allow the brand's customers to do more with the soap than just clean their faces: By using these products, they can make a statement about what kind of person they are and what kind of politics they embrace. [요약문] An ordinary, everyday product can take on a symbolic meaning through clever marketing, packaging, and advertising; by using it, consumers can express their personal and political identity.

 

 

[17 - 02: 인간에게 유일한 가리키기]

Comparative psychology finds that pointing (in its full-blown form) is unique to our species. Few nonhuman species seem able to comprehend pointing (notably, domestic dogs can follow pointing, while our closest relatives among the great apes cannot), and there is little evidence of pointing occurring spontaneously between members of any species other than our own. Apparently only humans have the social-cognitive infrastructure needed to support the kind of cooperative and prosocial motivations that pointing gestures presuppose. This suggests a new place to look for the foundations of human language. While research on language in cognitive science has long focused on its logical structure, the news about pointing suggests an alternative: that the essence of language is found in our capacity for the communion of minds through shared intentionality. At the center of it is the deceptively simple act of pointing, an act that must be mastered before language can be learned at all. [요약문] Pointing, which indicates cooperative and prosocial motivations, is exclusive to humans, and since the nature of language requires shared intentionality, mastery of pointing must precede language learning.

 

 

[17 - 03: 협력 과업에 대한 어린 침팬지와 인간의 차이]

We come into the world ready to start relationships and, as we gain control of our body, we're keen to take part in games and tasks that involve working with others. In this way, we're so different from young chimps. Experiments have shown chimps can understand collaborative tasks perfectly well, but they only bother to take part if they can see how it will result in their getting a piece of fruit or some other reward. Humans, by contrast, often work together just for the joy of it. Experiments have shown that working with others affects children's behavior. Afterward, they're more generous in sharing any treats the experimenters give them ― as if working with others has put them in a better mood. It seems unlikely that children's greater willingness to share is simply the result of learning that they should pay people for working with them, but the way we feel about everything is strongly influenced by the experiences that shaped the development of our brain. Our childhood observations of others don't just help us learn how to behave; they help us understand how we're supposed to feel. [요약문] While young chimps collaborate solely for their own benefit, humans derive pleasure from working with others, and through such experiences, they feel better and become more charitable.

 

 

[17 - 04: 합리적 행위 이론]

The theory of reasoned action maintains that a person's decision to engage in a purposeful activity depends on several factors, of which some are situational and some are mediated by personal dispositions or characteristics. At the core of the theory is the idea that when people engage in a given behavior it is because they formed an intention to do so and have reasons for their decision to actualize their intentions. Because of this, much of our behavior can be characterized as "reasoned action." Fishbein and Ajzen suggested that behavioral intentions are controlled by two factors: attitude toward an act and the normative component. Attitude toward an act is influenced by the beliefs that people have about the consequences of performing an act. The normative component is controlled by our beliefs about what valued others (i.e., people important in our lives) expect us to do. For some behaviors we rely more on our attitude toward an act, whereas for other behaviors we may rely more on the normative component for guidance on how to behave. [요약문] The theory of reasoned action explains that our behaviors result from the rational decisions to realize our pre-formed behavioral intentions, which are influenced by beliefs about the outcomes of the behaviors and the expectations of valued others.

 

 

[18 - Gateway: 과학자의 미디어 접촉]

One way to avoid contributing to overhyping a story would be to say nothing. However, that is not a realistic option for scientists who feel a strong sense of responsibility to inform the public and policymakers and/or to offer suggestions. Speaking with members of the media has advantages in getting a message out and perhaps receiving favorable recognition, but it runs the risk of misinterpretations, the need for repeated clarifications, and entanglement in never-ending controversy. Hence, the decision of whether to speak with the media tends to be highly individualized. Decades ago, it was unusual for Earth scientists to have results that were of interest to the media, and consequently few media contacts were expected or encouraged. In the 1970s, the few scientists who spoke frequently with the media were often criticized by their fellow scientists for having done so. The situation now is quite different, as many scientists feel a responsibility to speak out because of the importance of global warming and related issues, and many reporters share these feelings. In addition, many scientists are finding that they enjoy the media attention and the public recognition that comes with it. At the same time, other scientists continue to resist speaking with reporters, thereby preserving more time for their science and avoiding the risk of being misquoted and the other unpleasantries associated with media coverage.

 

 

[18 - 01~02: 세상에 대한 우리의 인식]

We trust our common sense largely because we are prone to naive realism: the belief that we see the world precisely as it is. We assume that 'seeing is believing' and trust our intuitive perceptions of the world and ourselves. In daily life, naive realism often serves us well. If you are driving down a one-lane road and see a tractor-trailer moving uncontrollably towards you at 120 kilometres per hour, it is a wise idea to get out of the way. Much of the time, we should trust our perceptions. Yet appearances can sometimes be deceptive. The Earth seems flat. The sun seems to revolve around the Earth. Yet in both cases, our intuitions are wrong. Sometimes, what appears to be obvious can mislead us when it comes to evaluating ourselves and others. Our common sense tells us that our memories accurately capture virtually everything we have seen, although scientific research demonstrates otherwise. Our common sense also assures us that people who do not share our political views are biased, but that we are objective. Yet psychological research demonstrates that we are all susceptible to evaluating political issues in a biased fashion. So our tendencies to believe appearances can lead us to draw erroneous conclusions about human nature. In many cases, 'believing is seeing' rather than the reverse: our beliefs shape our perceptions of the world.

 

 

[18 - 03~04: 감사가 갖는 긍정적 감정과 부정적 감정]

Some people claim that gratitude is just about thinking nice thoughts and expecting good things ─ and ignores the negativity, pain, and suffering in life. Well, they're wrong. Consider our definition of gratitude, as a specific way of thinking about receiving a benefit and giving credit to others besides yourself for that benefit. In fact, gratitude can be very difficult, because it requires that you recognize your dependence on others, and that's not always positive. You have to humble yourself, in the sense that you have to become a good receiver of others' support and generosity. That can be very hard ─ most people are better givers than receivers. What's more, feelings of gratitude can sometimes stir up related feelings of indebtedness and obligation, which doesn't sound like positive thinking at all: If I am grateful for something you provided to me, I have to take care of that thing ─ I might even have to reciprocate at some appropriate time in the future. That type of indebtedness or obligation can be perceived very negatively ─ it can cause people real discomfort, as Jill Suttie explores in her essay "How to Say Thanks Without Feeling Indebted." The data bear this out. When people are grateful, they aren't necessarily free of negative emotions ─ we don't find that they necessarily have less anxiety or less tension or less unhappiness. Practicing gratitude magnifies positive feelings more than it reduces negative feelings. If gratitude were just positive thinking, or a form of denial, you'd experience no negative thoughts or feelings when you're keeping a gratitude journal, for instance. But, in fact, people do.

 

 

[18 - 05~06: 문화와 학습의 산물인 행동 규범]

In all social systems, it is true that people's behavior is influenced by social rules and they are extraordinarily adaptable. One natural experiment involving baboons is instructive. A study in 2004 examined how a troop of baboons dominated by large and aggressive males changed after all those dominant males caught a disease and died. With only smaller, gentler males remaining, the culture of that troop underwent a dramatic shift, moving from a social structure characterized by widespread bullying and fighting to one with much more peaceful grooming. Conflict was still there, of course, but it tended to be resolved with peaceful methods, and the fighting that did happen was more between equally matched baboons, instead of a big one picking on a small one. Remarkably, the culture of that troop persisted even after all those original males had died off and were replaced by others coming in from outside. The new males were acculturated to the group norms, and learned to behave less aggressively. Obviously, humans are not baboons. But it seems highly possible that this is basically similar to why different human societies can have much different behavioral norms ― consider premodern tribes who worshiped their ancestors and shared food in common, medieval peasants who accepted the divine right of kings and performed free labor for feudal lords, and people today who believe in democracy and corporate employment contracts. Human societies have much more complexity and choice than baboon societies, but the point is that behavioral norms are to a great degree the product of culture and learning, not the other way around.

 

 

[18 - 07~08: 소프트웨어 오작동의 원인]

Not surprisingly, usage of unsafely designed and insecurely implemented software presents some risks. After distributed software reaches user sites, installation and administration of system and application software, when improperly performed, may adversely affect performance and proper functioning of such software. Due to the complexity as well as due to inadequate documentation of these systems, users hardly understand effects of their attempts to "properly" use such systems. Consequently, users apply "trial and error" methods in learning to work with new features, rather than trying methodologically to understand which functions may have which effects, and which precautions should be taken to avoid unwished side-effects. This somewhat "explorative" way to use systems rather often leads to a risky attitude with potentially harmful effects, e.g. by clicking on unknown attachments without due care. Software manufacturers often argue that failure of software is mainly caused by improper actions of users. But in many ― if not most ― cases, the human-computer interface (e.g. the display of functions and operations on the screen, or the handling of input devices such as mouse and keyboard) is inadequately designed and users are not properly supported by help functions (which when existing in many cases are so complex that users are further misled). While users are primarily interested in doing their work, one must admit that they rather often tend to forget about any precaution and even sometimes bypass security measures when thinking that their work performance is reduced.

 

 

[19 - Gateway: 인생의 어려움으로부터의 회복]

Emma and Clara stood side by side on the beach road, with their eyes fixed on the boundless ocean. The breathtaking scene that surrounded them was beyond description. Just after sunrise, they finished their preparations for the bicycle ride along the beach road. Emma turned to Clara with a question, "Do you think this will be your favorite ride ever?" Clara's face lit up with a bright smile as she nodded. "Definitely! I can't wait to ride while watching those beautiful waves!" Emma and Clara jumped on their bikes and started to pedal toward the white cliff where the beach road ended. Speeding up and enjoying the wide blue sea, Emma couldn't hide her excitement and exclaimed, "Clara, the view is amazing!" Clara's silence, however, seemed to say that she was lost in her thoughts. Emma understood the meaning of her silence. Watching Clara riding beside her, Emma thought about Clara's past tragedy, which she now seemed to have overcome. Clara used to be a talented swimmer, but she had to give up her dream of becoming an Olympic medalist in swimming because of shoulder injuries. Yet she responded to the hardship in a constructive way. After years of hard training, she made an incredible recovery and found a new passion for bike riding. Emma saw how the painful past made her maturer and how it made her stronger in the end. One hour later, Clara, riding ahead of Emma, turned back and shouted, "Look at the white cliff!" When they reached their destination, Emma and Clara stopped their bikes. Emma approached Clara, saying "Bicycle riding is unlike swimming, isn't it?" Clara answered with a smile, "Quite similar, actually. Just like swimming, riding makes me feel truly alive." She added, "It shows me what it means to live while facing life's tough challenges." Emma nodded in agreement and suggested, "Your first beach bike ride was a great success. How about coming back next summer?" Clara replied with delight, "With you, absolutely!"

 

 

[19 - 01~03: 인기 팟캐스트를 탄생시킨 Monica Padman]

Monica Padman left college in 2009 with two degrees in hand ― one in theater and one in public relations. She moved to Hollywood to follow her dream of becoming an actor and comedian. Like most striving actors, she worked a variety of part-time jobs in between auditions and small roles. Padman scored a small part on Showtime's House of Lies, where she played the on-screen assistant to the actress Kristen Bell. They became friendly, and when Padman realized Bell had a young daughter, she mentioned that she did some babysitting. Bell and her husband, the actor Dax Shepard, took her up on the offer. As she saw the challenges Bell faced juggling multiple acting and producing projects, she offered to help her with scheduling. Though it might have been tempting for the aspiring actress to ask the Hollywood A-lister to help her get on-screen roles, Padman worked where she was needed ― ironically, as Bell's off-screen assistant. When Bell and Shepard asked her to work for them full-time, Padman was understandably reluctant ― how would she find time to audition? The job could be a detour. But Padman decided to take it. Over time, she became a friend and creative partner to Bell. She worked energetically wherever she saw a need. "Everything she does is at 110 percent," Bell said of Padman. Before long, Padman had become so essential that Bell wondered aloud, "How did I do any of this without her?" While working for her family, Padman spent many hours sitting on the terrace debating with Bell's husband. Their arguments were as fun as they were fierce, so when Bell suggested they develop their banter into a podcast, Padman was up for that too. Thus was born Armchair Expert. The podcast became 2018's most downloaded new podcast and has continued to grow in popularity. Padman could have pursued a direct path to her passion. Instead, she worked wholeheartedly where she could be most useful. By working passionately in Bell's house, she found a bigger opportunity and, perhaps, her true purpose.

 

 

[19 - 04~06: 바이올린 연주를 통한 자원봉사]

An old and weak soldier was playing his violin one evening on the Prater, in Vienna. His faithful dog was holding his hat, in which passers-by dropped a few coppers as they came along. However, on the evening in question nobody stopped to put a small coin into the old soldier's hat. Everyone went straight on, and the joy of the crowd added to the sorrow in the old soldier's heart, which showed itself in his withered face. However, all at once, a well-dressed gentleman came up to where the old solider stood, listened to his playing for a few minutes, and gazed compassionately upon him. Before long, the old solder's tired hand had no longer strength to grasp his bow. His limbs refused to carry him farther. He seated himself on a stone, rested his head on his hands, and began to weep silently. At that instant the gentleman approached, offered the old soldier a piece of gold, and said: "Lend me your violin a little while." Then, having carefully tuned his violin, the gentleman said: "You take the money and I'll play." He did play! All the passers-by stopped to listen ― struck with the distinguished air of the musician and fascinated by his marvelous genius. Every moment the circle became larger and larger. Not copper alone, but silver ― and even gold ― was dropped into the old soldier's hat. The dog began to growl, for it was becoming too heavy for him to hold. At an invitation from the audience, the old soldier emptied its contents into his bag, and they filled it again. After a national melody, in which everyone present joined, with uncovered heads, the violinist placed the instrument upon the poor soldier's knees, and, without waiting to be thanked, disappeared. "Who is it?" was asked on all sides. "It is Armand Boucher, the famous violin player," replied someone in the crowd. "He has been turning his art to account in the service of charity. Let us follow his example." And the speaker sent round his hat also, made a new collection, and gave the proceeds to the old solider, crying, "Long live Boucher!" Deeply affected, the old solider thanked everyone around him.

 

 

[19 - 07~09: 가족이 된 Say Say]

One day when I was little, my father told me the story of how Say Say had come to be with us. My father was talking to my mother about his work in the Kler Lwee Htu district, from where he had just returned. It was far distant from us, and much closer to the front line where the Burmese military were attacking our villages. The Burmese regime had a notorious policy called the 'Four Cuts', which was designed to crush the Karen. It was brutally simple: it would cut off all supplies, information, recruits and food to the Karen resistance. The Four Cuts policy was hurting people terribly, my father explained. As a small child I couldn't understand everything he told us. I knew my people were starving to death, but I was scared, and I didn't want to think about it. I could see that my father was suffering, but I tried to close my mind to that. We were all closer to our mother at this time, for the simple reason that she was around. I'd grow close to my father when he was with us, but hurt, and distant, when he left. The Four Cuts policy had driven families to ever more desperate measures. One day a man who worked for the resistance had approached my father. Over their time spent working together they had grown to like and respect each other. He told my father that he had seven children, and that he wanted one at least to get a proper education. But the Four Cuts policy had destroyed all the schools in the area. He asked my father if he could take one of his older sons, Say Say, and give him an education in our home village. My mother and father had only one child at this time ― my older sister, Bwa Bwa ― and my father felt a deep sympathy for his friend. He agreed to take Say Say as one of his own children, and so Say Say became my parents' adopted son. Once a year Say Say's father would try to visit, if he could afford the time to make the long journey. Whenever he did, he was so happy and proud to see how well his son was doing in his studies at school.

 

 

[19 - 10~12: Raymond의 내재적 동기 부여와 강화 이론]

Long ago in New Orleans, there was an old gentleman named Raymond, who would sit on his porch every day. Raymond enjoyed his time outdoors, communing with nature and the neighbors and soaking up sunshine. Every day at the same time a kid would walk down his street on his way home from school. Raymond enjoyed talking to the local kid and the kid also loved talking with him. They kept an eye out for each other. However, this kid had developed a bad habit. On his way down the street every day, he would beat on the metal trash cans with sticks. Raymond found this very annoying and tried to ask the kid to stop, but he didn't want to listen to the old man on the porch. Raymond decided to put the concepts of intrinsic motivation and reinforcement theory to work. The next time the kid came down the street he complimented him on the sound he made and said he would pay him a dollar a day if he promised to do it every day. The kid accepted and every day for the following week the kid banged on cans and Raymond paid him a dollar. The next week Raymond told the kid that he was short on money (even though that wasn't really true) and that he could only pay him fifty cents a day for banging on cans. The kid was not happy about this new arrangement, but agreed anyway and got his fifty cents each day after banging cans. The week after that Raymond told the kid that money was even tighter and that he could only pay him twenty-five cents per day. Again, the kid was not happy about this new arrangement, but agreed anyway and banged cans and got his twenty-five cents each day. After a week of paying the kid twenty-five cents a day, Raymond approached the kid and told him he couldn't pay him anymore but he still wanted him to continue to bang cans. This time the kid did not agree. He was angry about not getting paid and refused to bang on cans anymore. Raymond continues to sit on his porch every day, enjoying nature, his neighbors, and soaking up the sun.

 

 

[20 - Gateway: 프랑스 영화감독 Jean Renoir]

Jean Renoir (1894-1979), a French film director, was born in Paris, France. He was the son of the famous painter Pierre-Auguste Renoir. He and the rest of the Renoir family were the models of many of his father's paintings. At the outbreak of World War I, Jean Renoir was serving in the French army but was wounded in the leg. In 1937, he made La Grande Illusion, one of his better-known films. It was enormously successful but was not allowed to show in Germany. During World War II, when the Nazis invaded France in 1940, he went to Hollywood in the United States and continued his career there. He was awarded numerous honors and awards throughout his career, including the Academy Honorary Award in 1975 for his lifetime achievements in the film industry. Overall, Jean Renoir's influence as a film-maker and artist endures.

 

 

[20 - 01: 프랑스의 극작가이자 영화 제작자 Marcel Pagnol]

Marcel Pagnol was born in Aubagne in 1895, and died in 1974. The son of a primary school teacher, whom he described so vividly in his Souvenirs d'enfance (childhood memories), this southern Frenchman began his professional life as an English teacher. However, he quickly earned a reputation for his plays in the 1920s: the extraordinary success of Topaze in 1927 and Marius in 1928 established him as a playwright. Marcel Pagnol had long been interested in the cinema, but had to wait for the development of talking picture techniques to use his full vigor as a dialogue writer. His first few films were adaptations of his theatrical works, for example the highly acclaimed trilogy Marius, Fanny and Cesar. The public success was enormous at both national and international levels. This persuaded Marcel Pagnol to devote himself exclusively to the cinema. For his second film he set up his own production company, La societe des films Marcel Pagnol. He was certain that the dramatist of the past would be the film-maker of the future, a thesis which he controversially developed in a short-lived critical review entitled Les cahiers du film.

 

 

[20 - 02: 첼리스트 Yo-Yo Ma]

When he was a Harvard student, world-famous cellist Yo-Yo Ma played often at concerts in and around Boston. He became very popular, and one day when one of his concerts was sold out, he gave a free concert for those who were unable to obtain tickets ― he sat in the theater lobby and played Bach cello suites. Later in his career, when he was an international success, he still would often give more than required. For example, many guest cello soloists play in the first half of a concert, then they are finished for the night. However, Mr. Ma would sometimes play as part of the orchestra in the second half of the concert ─ doing this with the Philadelphia Orchestra was especially enjoyable for him. He says, "It is an honor to play the back stands of the Philadelphia Orchestra. It's incredible the way those players listen, the knowledge they have. I admire it so much. And I feel the thrill of being part of something that's greater than the sum of its parts ― being accepted as part of the team."

 

 

[20 - 03: Hugo de Vries Darwin의 만남]

In the summer of 1878, a thirty-year-old Dutch botanist named Hugo de Vries traveled to England to see Darwin. It was more of a spiritual journey than a scientific visit. Darwin was vacationing at his sister's estate in Dorking, but de Vries tracked him down and traveled out to meet him. Thin, intense, and excitable, with a beard that rivaled Darwin's, de Vries already looked like a younger version of his idol. He also had Darwin's persistence. The meeting must have been exhausting, for it lasted only two hours, and Darwin had to excuse himself to take a break. But de Vries left England transformed. With no more than a brief conversation, Darwin had inserted a sluice into de Vries's racing mind, completely redirecting it forever. Back in Amsterdam, de Vries suddenly terminated his prior work on the movement of tendrils in plants and threw himself into solving the mystery of heredity.

 

 

[21 - Gateway: 여가의 사유화]

In the post-World War II years after 1945, unparalleled economic growth fueled a building boom and a massive migration from the central cities to the new suburban areas. The suburbs were far more dependent on the automobile, signaling the shift from primary dependence on public transportation to private cars. Soon this led to the construction of better highways and freeways and the decline and even loss of public transportation. With all of these changes came a privatization of leisure. As more people owned their own homes, with more space inside and lovely yards outside, their recreation and leisure time was increasingly centered around the home or, at most, the neighborhood. One major activity of this home-based leisure was watching television. No longer did one have to ride the trolly to the theater to watch a movie; similar entertainment was available for free and more conveniently from television.

 

 

[21 - 01: 도덕적 판단의 상대성]

It is uncontroversially true that people in different societies have different customs and different ideas about right and wrong. There is no world consensus on which actions are right and wrong, even though there is a considerable overlap between views on this. If we consider how much moral views have changed both from place to place and from age to age it can be tempting to think that there are no absolute moral facts, but rather that morality is always relative to the society in which you have been brought up. On such a view, since slavery was morally acceptable to most Ancient Greeks but is not to most Europeans today, slavery was right for the Ancient Greeks but would be wrong for today's Europeans. This view, known as moral relativism, makes morality simply a description of the values held by a particular society at a particular time. This is a meta-ethical view about the nature of moral judgements. Moral judgements can only be judged true or false relative to a particular society. There are no absolute moral judgements: they are all relative.

 

 

[21 - 02: 멕시코의 지형과 지역적 단절]

If the United States has one of the easiest geographies to develop, Mexico has one of the most difficult. The entirety of Mexico is in essence the southern extension of the Rocky Mountains, which is a kind way of saying that America's worst lands are strikingly similar to Mexico's best lands. As one would expect from a territory that is mountain-dominated, there are no navigable rivers and no large cohesive pieces of fertile land like the American Southeast or the Columbia valley, much less the Midwest. Each mountain valley is a sort of fastness where a small handful of oligarchs control local economic and political life. Mexico shouldn't be thought of as a unified state, but instead as a collage of dozens of little Mexicos where local power brokers constantly align with and against each other (and a national government seeking ─ often in vain ─ to stitch together something more cohesive). In its regional disconnectedness, Mexico is a textbook case that countries with the greatest need for capital-intensive infrastructure are typically the countries with the lowest ability to generate the capital necessary to build that infrastructure.

 

 

[21 - 03: 바닷물을 마시는 것의 위험성]

When Samuel Taylor Coleridge wrote the words, "Water, water everywhere, but not a drop to drink" in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner in 1798, the dangers of drinking seawater had been known for thousands of years. Seawater does indeed make men mad. Historical evidence indicates the ancient Egyptians knew seawater was not potable, but the earliest realization that it was unsafe to drink has been lost to antiquity. In pre-Columbian times, the greatest fear of venturing too far from land on the ocean was not falling off the surface of the Earth but lack of fresh drinking water. From a human perspective, the oceans, which cover 70% of Earth's surface, are still the most extensive and unique desert wildernesses on the planet. Saltwater constitutes 97% of Earth's water, and of the 3% that is fresh, two-thirds is frozen in glaciers and polar ice. Thus, a mere 1 % of all the water on the planet (in lakes and rivers, groundwater, and the atmosphere) is fresh and can be used by terrestrial plants and animals.

 

 

[22 - Gateway: 배달용 운송 수단으로서의 자전거]

Urban delivery vehicles can be adapted to better suit the density of urban distribution, which often involves smaller vehicles such as vans, including bicycles. The latter have the potential to become a preferred 'last-mile' vehicle, particularly in high-density and congested areas. In locations where bicycle use is high, such as the Netherlands, delivery bicycles are also used to carry personal cargo (e.g. groceries). Due to their low acquisition and maintenance costs, cargo bicycles convey much potential in developed and developing countries alike, such as the becak (a three-wheeled bicycle) in Indonesia. Services using electrically assisted delivery tricycles have been successfully implemented in France and are gradually being adopted across Europe for services as varied as parcel and catering deliveries. Using bicycles as cargo vehicles is particularly encouraged when combined with policies that restrict motor vehicle access to specific areas of a city, such as downtown or commercial districts, or with the extension of dedicated bike lanes.

 

 

[22 - 01: 거주지 결정 시 선호되는 항목]

Shifting demographics, household structures, lifestyle preferences, and consumer values suggest a different built environment and urban fabric 30 years ahead compared with 30 years ago. More and more Americans, Australians, and Europeans are choosing to live in settings where they are less dependent on their cars because reducing air pollution and energy use matters to them. A 2011 survey of more than two thousand adult Americans found seven times more people said the neighborhood where a house is located is a bigger consideration in deciding where to live than the size of the house. Walking to restaurants, businesses, schools, and other amenities was the most appealing neighborhood feature for many respondents. To many 20- and 30-somethings, walkable communities are equated with a downsized environmental footprint and energy efficiency, with the added benefit of burning calories during everyday activities. If green buildings and solar panels dot the landscape and rooftops, all the better. Notes one economist with the Urban Land Institute, "Energy efficiency is becoming the new granite countertops; it's a necessary feature to sell the property."

 

 

[22 - 02: 환경 쇠퇴의 주요 원인으로서의 천연자원 소비]

In recent years, there has been an increasing tendency of economists, scientists, and politicians to shift the focus from population growth to consumption as the more important underlying driver of biodiversity loss. For many, the emphasis on consumption avoids politically charged topics, such as population control, which most people oppose on ethical or moral grounds, and because it is associated with divisive topics such as xenophobia, racism, and eugenics. Others highlight that it is not the number of people per se, but how natural resources are consumed that is the main cause of environmental decline. Indeed, rich people and rich countries have a disproportionate impact on the natural environment because they consume a disproportionately large share of the world's natural resources. To use one example, the USA accommodates only 5% of the world's human population but uses 25% of the world's harvested natural resources each year. In fact, decorative Christmas lights in the USA alone use more energy than the annual energy usage of the entirety of Ethiopia or Tanzania. And yet, the average USA citizen uses less than half of the energy that an average citizen of Qatar uses, Qatar being a small but wealthy Middle Eastern country.

 

 

[22 - 03: 환경 문제에 대한 인식을 높이는 영화]

Movies featuring wonderful natural landscapes and charismatic wildlife often increase the desire of moviegoers to visit natural areas where they can see these landscapes and animals first-hand. But they can also raise awareness of environmental issues in new audiences. While many documentaries are created with this purpose in mind, such benefits can also extend to blockbuster movies meant for broader audiences. For example, Disney's Happy Feet highlighted the threat of overfishing and plastic pollution to penguins; The Jungle Book exposed audiences to the endangered pangolins. Such exposure can even lead to environmentally conscious behavioural changes. For example, moviegoers were willing to donate 50% more money to climate mitigation after watching the apocalyptic movie The Day After Tomorrow . Perhaps, in part, due to the influence of environmentally-orientated movies, an increasing number of movie stars (and other celebrities) have started using their stardom as a platform from where they promote biodiversity conservation efforts in Africa.

 

 

[23 - Gateway: 식물의 적응 반응 조정]

Plants show finely tuned adaptive responses when nutrients are limiting. Gardeners may recognize yellow leaves as a sign of poor nutrition and the need for fertilizer. But if a plant does not have a caretaker to provide supplemental minerals, it can proliferate or lengthen its roots and develop root hairs to allow foraging in more distant soil patches. Plants can also use their memory to respond to histories of temporal or spatial variation in nutrient or resource availability. Research in this area has shown that plants are constantly aware of their position in the environment, in terms of both space and time. Plants that have experienced variable nutrient availability in the past tend to exhibit risk-taking behaviors, such as spending energy on root lengthening instead of leaf production. In contrast, plants with a history of nutrient abundance are risk averse and save energy. At all developmental stages, plants respond to environmental changes or unevenness so as to be able to use their energy for growth, survival, and reproduction, while limiting damage and nonproductive uses of their valuable energy.

 

 

[23 - 01: 개미의 겉모습과 생활 방식]

Many aspects of an ant's appearance have likely evolved to meet a specific lifestyle requirement, although the extent to which this is true has not been fully explored for all aspects of its body structure. Adaptations could be due to environment, available food, or predators. Long legs and large eyes are commonly seen in ground-foraging ants that need to move quickly to avoid predators in open ground or be the first to acquire a food resource. In contrast, ants that forage and nest in leaf litter have shorter legs and antennae, alongside small eyes. This makes sense in the dark environment of leaf litter where moving through small spaces is easier with a compact body plan. Based on the unique combination of body size measurements, scientists can predict where an ant nests and forages or even what kind of food it eats. Predators have longer, flatter mandibles, while omnivores ─ those eating a diverse range of foods ─ have shorter, curved mandibles.

 

 

[23 - 02: 대왕 문어]

The largest species of octopus in the world, the giant Pacific octopus, usually grows to about 3 m in length and weighs up to 272 kg. It lives on the rim of the North Pacific Ocean, where it crawls about on the bottom, using its long, sucker-covered arms. It seeks out rocky dens on the seabed; youngsters will often dig holes under rocks in sand. Here, the octopus can take refuge from predators ─ seals, sharks, and other large fishes ─ too big to slip through the den mouth. Foraging mainly at night, this giant octopus looks especially for crabs and lobsters, but also takes shrimp and shellfish, smaller octopuses, and fishes. Often it will return to its den to feed, depositing empty shells and other inedible fragments of prey in piles at the entrance. Like its relatives, this octopus mostly lives alone, except for a brief period when adults come together for mating. The female lays her eggs in a den, and will tend them until her young emerge. She will not feed in all this time ─ and will die soon after her young emerge.

 

 

[23 - 03: 볼링공의 각도 변화]

However skilled you may be at bowling, there will always be minute changes in the angle at which you release the ball that will be magnified as the ball travels the length of the lane. As it strikes, the first skittle falls back either slightly to the right or the left, and the ball is deflected slightly in the other direction. From then on, within a fraction of a second, skittles start falling in different directions, sometimes hitting others as they fall. The differences in the final arrangement of skittles each time are difficult to predict from the slight variation of angle as the ball leaves the bowler's hand. Even those who can achieve strike after strike actually achieve a different strike every time, for the skittles will never fall in exactly the same way twice.

 

 

[24 - Gateway: 2017년에 관광한 유럽 연합 28개국 인구의 점유율]

The above graph shows the share of the EU-28 population participating in tourism in 2017 by age group and destination category. The share of people in the No Trips category was over 30% in each of the five age groups. The percentage of people in the Outbound Trips Only category was higher in the 25-34 age group than in the 35-44 age group. In the 35-44 age group, the percentage of people in the Domestic Trips Only category was 34.2%. The percentage of people in the Domestic & Outbound Trips category was lower in the 45-54 age group than in the 55-64 age group. In the 65 or over age group, the percentage of people in the No Trips category was more than 50%.

 

 

[24 - 01: 각성의 원천인 관중]

Spectators are seen as a source of drive arousal. This heightened state of arousal is presumed to facilitate the performance of well-learned or simple skills. However, if a skill is not well-learned or complex, the increase in arousal will interfere with its performance. The underlying notion is that an increase in drive arousal favors the emission of the performer's dominant responses. In the case of a skilled performer, her dominant responses are presumed to be largely "correct" ones. Her performance stands to be improved with an audience present. In a case where the performer is still struggling to master a skill, incorrect responses are present in abundance and are thereby presumed to be dominant responses. As a consequence, onlookers can only worsen the performance of a beginner. Hence, the performer's level of skill and the complexity of the skill itself will determine whether an audience helps or hinders a performance.

 

 

[24 - 02: 운동에 필요한 단백질의 양]

Athletes do require more protein (and all nutrients) than sedentary people, but there is no evidence that they require a higher percentage of protein compared to other macronutrients in their diet to perform more optimally. To put it another way, a diet with 10 percent protein is sufficient for most people, athlete and nonathlete alike. If an average adult female eats 2,000 calories, 10 percent is 200 calories from protein. If an average female athlete eats 3,000 calories, 10 percent is 300 calories from protein ― that's a 50 percent increase in protein achieved by simply eating more of the same foods. So when you exercise, you don't need to change the composition of the food (i.e., consuming foods with higher concentrations of protein or consuming protein powders). You just need to eat more of the same foods. The increased athletic activity will work up your hunger drive. In response, you will consume more protein as well as nutrients of all types. This works well since physical activity likely requires more of all nutrients, not just protein.

 

 

[24 - 03: 오래된 수작업 기술에서 얻는 즐거움]

Once production shifts to industrial methods, the leisure consumer is free to seek pleasure in the older handcraft technology. Typically, the technology itself enters one or more paths to pleasure as the market recognizes hobby demand: tools and materials are designed for comfort, beauty, and satisfaction. Both needlework tools and those of hobby woodworking have undergone this transition, to name only two of many possible examples. Fountain pens, considered obsolete as a production technology for writing, are selling at four-figure prices to people who simply enjoy the process of forming words with ink on paper and are willing to pay a premium for the pleasure. In the 1950s, the late Shelby Foote reportedly wrote his three-volume 1.5-million-word history of the Civil War with a dip pen, eschewing the then-dominant writing technologies ─ the manual typewriter and the fountain pen ― thereby lending a new meaning to the term "belletristic history."

 

 

[25 - Gateway: 피아니스트이자 작가였던 Charles Rosen]

Charles Rosen, a virtuoso pianist and distinguished writer, was born in New York in 1927. Rosen displayed a remarkable talent for the piano from his early childhood. In 1951, the year he earned his doctoral degree in French literature at Princeton University, Rosen made both his New York piano debut and his first recordings. To glowing praise, he appeared in numerous recitals and orchestral concerts around the world. Rosen's performances impressed some of the 20th century's most well-known composers, who invited him to play their music. Rosen was also the author of many widely admired books about music. His most famous book, The Classical Style, was first published in 1971 and won the U.S. National Book Award the next year. This work, which was reprinted in an expanded edition in 1997, remains a landmark in the field. While writing extensively, Rosen continued to perform as a pianist for the rest of his life until he died in 2012.

 

 

[25 - 01: 예술적 사고에 도움이 되는 스트레스]

Responding to life with joy and sorrow is part of being human. At times when pain and suffering are inescapable, it is important to remember that this is part of the process by which we acquire knowledge. This does not mean that one must be in discomfort to make art, but stress can be channeled into a creative force if it produces a sense of inquisitiveness and an incentive for change. Thinking through making pictures can allow us to place our distress in context. The images we make can help us understand its source, catalog its scope, adapt ourselves to its presence, and devise ways to control it. There are things in life, once called wisdom, which we have to discover for ourselves by making our own private journeys. Stress can be directed to open up possibilities for intelligent and imaginative inquiries and solutions that otherwise might have been ignored, overlooked, or refuted.

 

 

[25 - 02: 공간을 정의하는 건축적 특성]

Architectural spaces become memorable through the architectural characteristics that define them. Qualities of scale, appropriateness for people, aesthetics, and visual impact are among the many components that give a place its character and feel. The purpose of a space can make it a place. The Oval Office in the White House is a good example of a place with enormous historic significance. The unique oval shape of this splendid room makes it memorable and gives it a special importance without being ostentatious. Incidentally, George Washington had two rooms at Mount Vernon altered to include bowed ends so he could greet guests while standing in the middle as they circled around him. Thomas Jefferson designed two oval meeting rooms in the main floor of the Rotunda at the University of Virginia. Oval rooms were seen as being democratic because no person could be placed at a more important position in the room than anyone else.

 

 

[25 - 03: 큐레이터의 역할]

Museum and gallery exhibitions are 'hired' by or co-produced with other galleries; it is not uncommon for shows to be 'on the road' for two years or longer. Normally they are curated by one or more people, whose role includes researching the exhibition concept, the selection (or commissioning) of work, planning how the work will be hung within the exhibition space and writing a significant part of any accompanying book or catalogue. The power of the curator, operating regionally, nationally or internationally, has been questioned. Of course, curators take initiatives which contribute to the exposure of work. But they may also regularly favour certain artists, or types of work, at the expense of others. Furthermore, it has been suggested that curators often act more as 'creators', putting together themed exhibitions which, however relevant and interesting, serve as much to advance themselves as to showcase the work of artists. Indeed, all exhibitions and collections reflect the particular interests of their curators and archivists as well as the mission statement, priorities and terms of reference of particular organisations.

 

 

[26 - Gateway: 창의성의 영역 간 활용]

Certain hindrances to multifaceted creative activity may lie in premature specialization, i.e., having to choose the direction of education or to focus on developing one ability too early in life. However, development of creative ability in one domain may enhance effectiveness in other domains that require similar skills, and flexible switching between generality and specificity is helpful to productivity in many domains. Excessive specificity may result in information from outside the domain being underestimated and unavailable, which leads to fixedness of thinking, whereas excessive generality causes chaos, vagueness, and shallowness. Both tendencies pose a threat to the transfer of knowledge and skills between domains. What should therefore be optimal for the development of cross-domain creativity is support for young people in taking up creative challenges in a specific domain and coupling it with encouragement to apply knowledge and skills in, as well as from, other domains, disciplines, and tasks.

 

 

[26 - 01: 적성의 다양성]

A significant challenge arises when we ask whether there is any such thing as general aptitude. Many people are terrific at calculus but couldn't write a good essay or paint a good picture if their lives depended on it. Some people can walk into a room full of strangers and immediately figure out the relationships and feelings among them; others may never learn this skill. As Will Rogers put it, "Everybody is ignorant, only on different topics." Clearly, individuals vary in their aptitude for learning any specific type of knowledge or skill taught in a specific way. A hundred students attending a lecture on a topic they knew nothing about beforehand will all walk away with different amounts and kinds of learning, and aptitude for that particular content and that particular teaching method is one important factor in explaining these differences. But would the students who learned the most in this class also learn the most if the lecture were on a different topic or if the same material were presented through hands-on experiences or in small groups?

 

 

[26 - 02: 학생의 발전 노력에 대한 보상]

One implication of expectancy theory is that even though all students should have a chance to be rewarded if they do their best, no student should have an easy time achieving the maximum reward. This principle is violated by traditional grading practices, because some students find it easy to earn A's and B's, whereas others believe that they have little chance of academic success no matter what they do. In this circumstance, neither high achievers nor low achievers are likely to exert their best efforts. This is one reason why it is important to reward students for effort, for doing better than they have done in the past, or for making progress, rather than only for getting a high score. For example, students can build a portfolio of compositions, projects, reports, or other work and can then see how their work is improving over time. Not all students are equally capable of achieving high scores, but all are equally capable of exerting effort, exceeding their own past performance, or making progress, so these are often better, more equally available criteria on which to base reward.

 

 

[26 - 03: 정체성을 형성하는 청소년기]

As students move into adolescence, they are developing capabilities for abstract thinking and understanding the perspectives of others. Even greater physical changes are taking place as the students approach puberty. So, with developing minds and bodies, young adolescents must confront the central issue of constructing an identity that will provide a firm basis for adulthood. They have been developing a sense of self since infancy. But adolescence marks the first time that a conscious effort is made to answer the now-pressing question: "Who am I?'' The conflict defining this stage is identity versus role confusion. Identity refers to the organization of an individual's drives, abilities, beliefs, and history into a consistent image of self. It involves deliberate choices and decisions, particularly about work, values, ideology, and commitments to people and ideas. If adolescents fail to integrate all these aspects and choices, or if they feel unable to choose at all, role confusion threatens.

 

 

[27 - Gateway: 이민자의 문화적 정체성 유지]

The need to assimilate values and lifestyle of the host culture has become a growing conflict. Multiculturalists suggest that there should be a model of partial assimilation in which immigrants retain some of their customs, beliefs, and language. There is pressure to conform rather than to maintain their cultural identities, however, and these conflicts are greatly determined by the community to which one migrates. These experiences are not new; many Europeans experienced exclusion and poverty during the first two waves of immigration in the 19th and 20th centuries. Eventually, these immigrants transformed this country with significant changes that included enlightenment and acceptance of diversity. People of color, however, continue to struggle for acceptance. Once again, the challenge is to recognize that other cultures think and act differently and that they have the right to do so. Perhaps, in the not too distant future, immigrants will no longer be strangers among us.

 

 

[27 - 01: 언어마다 다른 공간 개념에 대한 인식]

Some assumptions that notions of space (that is, a three-dimensional area in which events and objects occur and have relative direction and position) are universal ― are being reexamined. Stephen Levinson showed that "systems of spatial reckoning and description can in fact be quite divergent across cultures, linguistic differences correlating with distinct cognitive tendencies." More specifically, languages vary in their use of spatial concepts and, in some instances, determine the cognitive categories relating to space concepts; also, the speakers of a number of languages do not use spatial terms corresponding to the bodily coordinates of left-right and front-back. One example comes from the Tenejapa Tzeltal of Mexico: Their language uses no relative frame of reference and therefore has no terms for spatial reference that would correspond to left, right, front, and back. Although terms exist for left hand and right hand, they do not extend to other parts of the body or to areas external to it.

 

 

[27 - 02: 언어의 보편성]

Languages are far more similar than had previously been thought, and that universality suggests that the human brain is designed to understand the world in certain ways, which may also correspond to the structure of reality. Thus, all languages have nouns and verbs, modifiers (adverbs and adjectives), and names and pronouns. Languages may differ as to the sequence of words in a sentence (e.g., verb in the middle or at the end), but sentences are always used. Even the sequence of words does not vary as widely as it could: Steven Pinker says that there are 128 possible orderings of the main parts of a sentence, but most languages use one of only two of those possibilities. Crucially, most languages seem to have an almost identical list of concepts, and as a result nearly all words and sentences can be translated effectively from one language into another.

 

 

[27 - 03: 작품 양식과 비평]

Some performers manipulate the style of their product to shift the incentives of critics to pay attention. Richard Posner cites Shakespeare, Nietzsche, Wittgenstein, and Kafka as figures who owe part of their reputation to the puzzling and perhaps even contradictory nature of their writings. Unclear authors, at least if they have substance and depth, receive more attention from critics and require more textual interpretation. Individual critics can establish their own reputations by studying such a writer and by promoting one interpretation of that writer's work over another. These same critics will support the inclusion of the writer in the canon, to promote the importance of their own criticism. In effect, deep and ambiguous writers are offering critics implicit invitations to serve as coauthors of a broader piece of work. Critics respond by examining these works more closely and spreading their fame more widely.

 

 

[28 - Gateway: 소프트웨어 복잡성 증가의 영향]

The growing complexity of computer software has direct implications for our global safety and security, particularly as the physical objects upon which we depend ― things like cars, airplanes, bridges, tunnels, and implantable medical devices ― transform themselves into computer code. Physical things are increasingly becoming information technologies. Cars are "computers we ride in," and airplanes are nothing more than "flying Solaris boxes attached to bucketfuls of industrial control systems." As all this code grows in size and complexity, so too do the number of errors and software bugs. According to a study by Carnegie Mellon University, commercial software typically has twenty to thirty bugs for every thousand lines of code ― 50 million lines of code means 1 million to 1.5 million potential errors to be exploited. This is the basis for all malware attacks that take advantage of these computer bugs to get the code to do something it was not originally intended to do. As computer code grows more elaborate, software bugs flourish and security suffers, with increasing consequences for society at large.

 

 

[28 - 01: 데이터와 알고리즘에 의한 편향된 정보]

The proliferation of data brings with it many challenges for both reporting and consuming information. Social networks themselves are biased by their constituents, which never exactly mirror the population at large. Certain ethnicities are overrepresented, a significant challenge to social news as an equalizer. In addition, a growing number of algorithms make automated decisions on which content to recommend for people to read. Algorithms are generating top-news lists or hot trends and personalizing recommendations for readers. Algorithms leave the impression of being neutral, yet they are not. Algorithms are human creations. They encode political choices of their designers and have cultural values baked in. As curatorial power is enhanced by automated systems, we should understand the biases at play. Perhaps more important, we should work to make sure product engineers and designers are seeking to optimize the wanted outcome ― an informed public ― not just heightened traffic.

 

 

[28 - 02: 인간의 정보망에 의 종속]

How much time are we spending not truly connected to other things or people, in the analogue or real sense of the word? Not much. We have turned ourselves into human wearables, attached to our phones nonstop, with additional sensors from our smart watches and AI assistant devices, while we patiently await to upload our memories, fantasies, and consciousness to the cloud. In a relatively short time frame, we quickly transitioned from the internet to the internet of things and now the "You of Things," a concept that sees our bodies as part of an enormous sentient digital network, and our entire existence downgraded to the status of our smart TVs and refrigerator. Since our selves have been largely reduced to the digital fragments of our reputation captured in the many devices that connect us to others and the world, it is hard to disagree with Yuval Harari's argument that "we are becoming tiny chips inside a giant data-processing system that nobody really understands."

 

 

[28 - 03: 인터넷의 발전으로 인한 정보 편식 해소]

Much alarm and handwringing have occurred over the idea that the Internet allows you to lock yourself in an information bubble and see only facts that support your views. I am sure this happens, but it would do us good to remember the alternative. In 1980, for instance, you got your daily dose of information from your local paper and your choice of any of three network news shows, which ran for an hour, all covering the same basic stories. That was about it. We were all beholden to the views of a very few people. The Internet allows every statement to be fact-checked, every falsehood challenged. Anything you want to know is just a few keystrokes and a few clicks away. Well over 100,000 web searches are performed each second, and at their heart, they each represent a person who wants to know something they don't currently know. It is the great democratization of knowledge, which is an unquestionably good thing.

 

 

[29 - Gateway: 자산으로서의 스트레스 반응]

Viewing the stress response as a resource can transform the physiology of fear into the biology of courage. It can turn a threat into a challenge and can help you do your best under pressure. Even when the stress doesn't feel helpful ― as in the case of anxiety ― welcoming it can transform it into something that is helpful: more energy, more confidence, and a greater willingness to take action. You can apply this strategy in your own life anytime you notice signs of stress. When you feel your heart beating or your breath quickening, realize that it is your body's way of trying to give you more energy. If you notice tension in your body, remind yourself that the stress response gives you access to your strength. Sweaty palms? Remember what it felt like to go on your first date ― palms sweat when you're close to something you want.

 

 

[29 - 01: 성장을 위한 취약성의 필요성]

Unfortunately, as we age, we tend to avoid vulnerability by avoiding change, so our learning opportunities are reduced and new learning slows. We've all had the experience of a reunion with an old friend, when listening to them saying how they've been, noticing how he or she has held onto some old beliefs that we discarded long ago. Probably the friend has not put himself or herself into a state of vulnerable openness for a long time. Personal growth involves trying out new behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs. Trying out something makes us vulnerable to failure and ridicule. When learning, we make mistakes, we look foolish ― even absurd. Who likes that? Willingness to take chances in life, to try new experiences, challenges or activities ― even though the outcome is unsure ― demands being vulnerable while doing so. Open-mindedness is one of those activities that we must do deliberately, because we are naturally inclined to avoid the vulnerability it entails.

 

 

[29 - 02: 기대가 아이들의 행동에 미치는 영향]

Expectations influence children's behavior. After observing the amount of litter in three classrooms, Richard Miller and colleagues had the teacher and others repeatedly tell one class that they should be neat and tidy. This persuasion increased the amount of litter placed in wastebaskets from 15 to 45 percent, but only temporarily. Another class, which also had been placing only 15 percent of its litter in wastebaskets, was repeatedly congratulated for being so neat and tidy. After 8 days of hearing this, and still 2 weeks later, these children were fulfilling the expectation by putting more than 80 percent of their litter in wastebaskets. Tell children they are hardworking and kind (rather than lazy and mean), and they may live up to their labels. Tying the identity to the self is important: Children who were asked to be "a helper" were more likely to help in later tasks than those asked to "help." When children think of themselves as tidy and helpful, they become tidy and helpful.

 

 

[29 - 03: 관계의 관리]

If maintenance of a balance in a relationship requires much work, why bother aiming for the middle ground? The wonderful thing about relationships is that with the proper maintenance, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Ideally, both members get support to realize their potential as individuals as well as realizing the potential of the team. If things go sour, the tremendous energy drain of an irreparably damaged relationship can also mean that the whole is less than the sum of its parts. Pooling resources ― as in a joint savings account ― makes them optimally large. But if one person only deposits and the other person only withdraws, checks are going to start bouncing. Similarly, if only one person in a relationship is performing maintenance and the other is indifferent, their joint account will also wind up with insufficient funds. Overdraft protection might cover everyday necessities, but it won't help when something big comes around.

 

 

[30 - Gateway: 패션 산업에서 장소가 갖는 가치의 중요성]

Why is the value of place so important? From a historical perspective, until the 1700s textile production was a hand process using the fibers available within a particular geographic region, for example, cotton, wool, silk, and flax. Trade among regions increased the availability of these fibers and associated textiles made from the fibers. The First Industrial Revolution and subsequent technological advancements in manufactured fibers added to the fact that fibers and textiles were no longer "place-bound." Fashion companies created and consumers could acquire textiles and products made from textiles with little or no connection to where, how, or by whom the products were made. This resulted in a disconnect between consumers and the products they use on a daily basis, a loss of understanding and appreciation in the skills and resources necessary to create these products, and an associated disregard for the human and natural resources necessary for the products' creation. Therefore, renewing a value on place reconnects the company and the consumer with the people, geography, and culture of a particular location.

 

 

[30 - 01: 인간의 창조물인 색깔]

The ancient Egyptian term for 'colour' was iwn ― a word that also meant 'skin', 'nature', 'character' and 'being', and was represented in part by a hieroglyph of human hair. The members of that civilization had noticed a striking resemblance between colours and humans. To them colours were just like people ― full of life, energy, power and personality. We now understand, as the Egyptians could only sense, how thoroughly the two are connected. Colour, after all, is ultimately made by its perceivers. Every hue we see around us is actually manufactured within us ─ in the same grey matter that forms language, stores memories, triggers emotions, shapes thoughts and gives rise to consciousness. Colour is a pigment of our imaginations that we paint all over the world. Larger than any city, more sophisticated than any machine, more beautiful than any painting, it might in fact be the greatest human creation of them all.

 

 

[30 - 02: Bentham의 팬옵티콘]

Bentham, the eighteenth-century utilitarian philosopher who promoted the social benefits of mass surveillance, designed a panopticon, a circular building where those to be observed, whether prisoners, workers, patients, or students, were placed in cells or rooms lined along an outside wall. An "inspector" sat in a booth at the center of the circle, unseen by those being watched, but able to see them. According to Bentham, even though this inspector could not observe every resident at every moment, simply knowing that they could be seen would be enough to make prisoners behave and keep workers and students on task. The panopticon's physical design proved impractical, but the idea that behavior could be regulated by stripping away privacy lived on. Closed-circuit television both on our streets and inside public and private spaces is the modern, subtle, and more practical version 2.0 of that first architectural panopticon.

 

 

[30 - 03: 공유 경제]

The mode of consumption has been changing from ownership to access during recent years because of the shift in consumers' perception of value and the advancement of technology. With the advent of online platforms that has made unlimited number of tangible and intangible resources accessible, ownership has lost its value in the consumers' mind. Consumers believe that access to resources is associated with fewer risks than ownership; for example, they believe that the potential financial and social loss is greater in the purchase of a product than in the free or fee-based access to the product. All these new changes and beliefs have created a sharing practice named "sharing economy" in which individuals share their resources with others through online networks and promote the culture of collaborative consumption. Sharing economy practices, which are seen in different sectors, have become very popular and started to disrupt traditional businesses.

 

 

[31 - Gateway: 진화에서 잠이 하는 역할]

The role that sleep plays in evolution is still under study. One possibility is that it is an advantageous adaptive state of decreased metabolism for an animal when there are no more pressing activities. This seems true for deeper states of inactivity such as hibernation during the winter when there are few food supplies, and a high metabolic cost to maintaining adequate temperature. It may be true in daily situations as well, for instance for a prey species to avoid predators after dark. On the other hand, the apparent universality of sleep, and the observation that mammals such as cetaceans have developed such highly complex mechanisms to preserve sleep on at least one side of the brain at a time, suggests that sleep additionally provides some vital service(s) for the organism. This is particularly true since one aspect of sleep is decreased responsiveness to the environment. If sleep is universal even when this potential price must be paid, the implication may be that it has important functions that cannot be obtained just by quiet, wakeful resting.

 

 

[31 - 01: 환자의 감정적 영역에 대한 임상의의 관심]

Skilled clinicians pride themselves in their knowledge of diseases and treatments. Having an extensive command of anatomy and physiology, pharmacology, and the latest evidence-based breakthroughs is critical to providing competent care. But just as important is the knowledge of how illness can impact patient emotions. And although there is certainly room for individual variation, typical emotional reactions can often be anticipated. Having a sense of the normal emotions that accompany phases and stages of illness allows clinicians to think about how to incorporate the emotional domain into patient assessments and plans of care. Working with patients' emotions, from a place of understanding and acceptance, allows the clinician to skillfully address the emotions in a manner that best serves the patients' needs.

 

 

[31 - 02: 질환에 대해 지나치게 광범위한 개념화를 하려는 경향]

In medical sociology, a disease is considered an adverse physical state consisting of a physiological dysfunction within an individual, as compared to illness or sickness. In actual practice, the term disease is applied rather liberally to a wide variety of conditions that do not precisely fit the definition. One of the more controversial areas relates to mental illness. It could be argued that many, if not most, mental disorders would not be considered diseases under the definition above. The same could be said of other conditions that have been identified as "diseases" at various times. Examples include alcoholism and drug abuse. These conditions do not necessarily have the requisite clear-cut symptomatology and underlying biological pathology. They are nevertheless frequently treated as if they were diseases. One explanation for this is clear: In order for a condition to be treated by the healthcare system, it must be identified as a disease. Therefore, there is a tendency toward an overly broad conceptualization of disease.

 

 

[31 - 03: 지적 발전에 미치는 영양 및 건강의 영향]

Worldwide increases in IQ scores of about 3 points per decade over the last 100 years illustrate the potential for intellectual development. This increase in IQ scores, known as the Flynn effect, has occurred far too quickly to represent genetic changes. Improvements in nutrition and other health factors probably account for some of the change. Using information from the World Health Organization, researchers have identified strong correlations between a nation's freedom from serious infectious diseases and its citizens' average IQ scores. As nations become wealthier and more capable of battling disease, their citizens' IQ scores increase. Surprisingly, the test score gains are most pronounced in supposed culture-free tests such as the Raven's Progressive Matrices. Participants born after 1990 scored far better on these tests than did participants born in 1940. This change might reflect an improvement in the ability to manage dissimilar items that accompanies living in a modern society.

 

 

[Test 01 - 01: 업무 생산성 향상을 위한 작업 계획 수립 요청]

From Michael Jones, Chief Manager of FootCraft Shoes Factory To Eric Donovan, Team Leader of System Maintenance We are currently facing the challenge of maintaining our competitive edge in the rapidly evolving market environment. Therefore, the management team and I would like you to explore ways to address this challenge. Specifically, we are looking for a 25% increase in maintenance productivity within your work groups over the next three months. To get started, we would like you to meet with your team to discuss this assignment. Following the discussion, you should outline your thoughts on how to proceed and create a work plan. I would like to see your plan and review it with you in two weeks. This is a very important undertaking for our department and for the company. The management team and I look forward to seeing the innovative solutions you devise. Your contributions are invaluable to our success. Thank you.

 

 

[Test 01 - 02: 팔찌를 사게 된 Kira]

Kira was playing with her doll when she heard a voice singing. "Churi, churi. Little girls, come and see." Kira ran to the window and saw a bangle seller with a basket on his head. He saw Kira and said, "Come little girl, come and buy some churis." She wanted to buy some, but she couldn't, because her mother had gone to the local market and there was no one there to give her money. Kira's heart sank at the thought of not being able to buy bangles. When she told the seller about her situation, he said, "Come and choose them at least. I'll take the money some other day." After thinking for a while, Kira went down. The bangle seller asked, "Child, which colour do you like best?" "Orange," said Kira and she selected some bangles. By then, Kira's mother returned from the market and had a few words with the seller before paying for the bangles. Kira was so glad. The sound of the bangles hitting each other sounded like music to her. She hummed her way back to her room.

 

 

[Test 01 - 03: 생태계 서비스의 상품화]

There has been an effort by some economists to commodify ecosystem services, which refer to benefits and resources that humans obtain from natural ecosystems. Some ecosystem services are rival, such as the waste absorption capacity for greenhouse gases, so rationing is necessary. Making rationing possible requires excludable property rights, for example, through auctionable emission permits. If emissions are limited to absorption capacity and equitably distributed, commodification can be both sustainable and just. However, many ecosystem services are inherently non-excludable and non-rival and therefore cannot and should not be commodified. They should also not be ignored. Public services serve all members of the human community; economists recognize that these services are ill-suited to commodification and market allocation. Ecosystem services should not be defined as nature's benefits to people, but rather as fund-services that benefit all members of the biotic community, not simply humans. Ecosystem services in general are an even worse fit for commodification than public services.

 

 

[Test 01 - 04: 감정에 대처하는 방법]

If we think about our feelings as being part of us but not all that we are, then our feelings can feel more manageable. This idea is captured in this metaphor: you are the blue sky; your feelings are the weather. If you are the blue sky and your feelings are the weather, then just as the worst hurricane or tornado can't damage the blue sky, and it eventually ends, your feelings can't damage you, and eventually they will pass. Sometimes we just have to wait out the storm. Does that mean it's fun to live through a tornado or a rainstorm? Of course not! Is it easier to live your life when it's sunny and 80 degrees Fahrenheit compared to when it's rainy and stormy? Of course! But if I let the weather determine what I can get done, I'll forever be at the mercy of something I can't control. Our job is to make space for our feelings, to be the blue sky, so we don't have to engage in unhealthy habits to cope with our feelings and we can continue to do the things that matter to us.

 

 

[Test 01 - 05: 인종 간 차이에 대한 증거의 부재]

In the lecture on memory, I ask my students to remember a list of words. It includes words like "dream" and "bed." Then I ask them to write down the words they remember. Invariably, they (mis)remember hearing the word "sleep" even though I never said the word "sleep." The idea of "sleep" is activated in the brain because other words in the same semantic network, words that have been associated with sleep through constant repetition, have also been activated. The word "sleep" is retrieved as if it were really heard. When people hear "bed," they cannot help but hear "sleep." When people hear "genes" or "intelligence" they cannot help but hear "race." A reader new to this topic might therefore be surprised to learn that there is zero evidence that genetics explains racial differences in outcomes like education. Currently, stories about genetically rooted racial differences in the complex human traits relevant for social inequality in modern industrialized economies ─ traits like persistence and conscientiousness and creativity and abstract reasoning ─ are just that. They are stories.

 

 

[Test 01 - 06: 수학적 모델과 생물학적 사실]

Simplifying a problem is what opens it up to mathematical analysis, so inevitably some biological details get lost in translation from the real world to the equations. As a result, those who use mathematics are frequently criticized as being too disinterested in those details. In his 1897 book Advice for a Young Investigator, Santiago Ramon y Cajal (the father of modern neuroscience) wrote about these reality-avoiding theorists in a chapter entitled 'Diseases of the Will'. He identified their symptoms as 'a facility for exposition, a creative and restless imagination, an aversion to the laboratory, and an indomitable dislike for concrete science and seemingly unimportant data'. Cajal also complained about the theorist's preference for beauty over facts. Biologists study living things that are abundant with specific traits and subtle exceptions to any rule. Mathematicians ― driven by simplicity, elegance and the need to make things manageable ─ silence that abundance when they put it into equations.

 

 

[Test 01 - 07: 인간 규범의 본질]

It's important to distinguish what humans are doing, in following norms, from what other animals are doing in their related patterns of behavior. An animal that decides not to pick a fight is, in most cases, simply worried about the risk of getting injured ― not about some abstract "norm against violence." Likewise, an animal that shares food with animals outside of its group is typically just trying to get future reciprocity ─ not following some "norm of food-sharing." The incentives surrounding true norms are more complex. When we do something "wrong," we have to worry about reprisal not just from the wronged party but also from third parties. Frequently, this means the entire rest of our local group, or at least a majority of it. Big strong Albert could easily steal from weak Bob without fearing trouble from Bob himself, but in human groups, Albert would then face punishment from the rest of the community. Collective enforcement, then, is the essence of norms. This is what enables the egalitarian political order so characteristic of the forager lifestyle.

 

 

[Test 01 - 08: Geoffrey Hinton의 신경망 연구]

Geoffrey Hinton was born in England in 1947. He chose to study psychology as an undergraduate at Cambridge because he wanted to explore his growing interest in neural networks. He quickly realized, however, that his professors didn't actually understand how neurons learned or computed. While the science of the day could explain the mechanics of electrical signals traveling from one neuron to another, no one could offer Hinton a compelling explanation for the emergence of intelligence from these billions of interactions. He felt certain he could better understand the workings of the brain using tools from the growing field of artificial neural networks, so he went on to pursue a doctor's degree in artificial intelligence from the University of Edinburgh in 1972. In his subsequent research, he sought to create interconnected layers of information using hardware and software, just as the human brain spreads information around its dense web of connected neurons. Throughout his career, Hinton has held positions at various institutions, including Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Toronto.

 

 

[Test 01 - 09: 전 세계 플러그인 차량 판매량]

The above graph shows global plug-in vehicle sales from February 2020 to December 2022, represented by two-month intervals. In all three years, the sales were the least in February and the most in December. In 2021, each of the months showed an increase of more than 100,000 vehicles compared with the same month in 2020. In 2020, global sales of plug-in vehicles increased to more than 200,000 in June, and in December, they reached around 600,000. In 2021, global plug-in vehicle sales decreased from more than 600,000 in June to less than 600,000 in August, but then rose to more than 600,000 in October. In 2022, August saw a sales decrease from June, but sales increased to more than 1,000,000 in October.

 

 

[Test 01 - 12: 우주 이주의 난제]

From an evolutionary standpoint, ensuring the continuation of our species (specifically, our genetic descendants) is the meaning and purpose of life. But as intelligent animals, who can make decisions based on morality rather than biology, we could ask whether preserving our genome is worth any cost. Individual humans can and occasionally do make the choice to sacrifice their own lives in order to save the lives of other humans, or even non-human animals. But let's examine that choice, between biology and morality, on a global scale: What if preserving the human species means eliminating or abandoning all other life on Earth? What if it means humankind exists only in a state of misery and deprivation, in an eternally inhospitable and alien environment? This is not to argue that space settlement will definitely result in these worst-case scenarios, but rather to ask whether there is any imaginable case in which allowing or causing humans to become extinct is the more ethical choice.

 

 

[Test 01 - 13: 스포츠 팀 간의 건실한 경쟁상의 균형의 중요성]

In most business settings it is desirable to put competitors out of business. Naturally, fewer competitors mean more available customers. However, this is not always the case in sport. In fact, sport organizations that compete in leagues actually rely on the health of their competitors for their own success. For example, fans are often more attracted to a game where there is a close contest, and the winner is unknown in advance. Dominating a league or competition can be self-defeating, because the interest of fans can fade. When it is difficult to predict who will win a match, sport leagues attract higher attendances and viewers. Ironically, in order to remain successful, leagues and competitions need as many of their clubs to be competitive as possible. When the outcome of a match is highly predictable, it will not attract large crowd numbers and eventually it will reduce ticket, media and sponsorship revenue. It is important for sport that there is a healthy, competitive balance between teams. This leads to uncertainty about who will win a contest, and encourages fans to watch.

 

 

[Test 01 - 14: 어린아이에게 반복적으로 노출되는 광고]

The fact that the young brain is in a constant state of absorption should give us pause. Regulations are in place to prevent certain types of companies from marketing directly to children. These are good measures, but they also provide a false sense of security. Why? Just like with language learning, young children don't need ads explicitly directed at them to learn about a product, or the consumer world in general. Think about ads on websites, TV, mobile, and social media, and in video games. Children are showered with repeated exposure to thousands of ads for hundreds of brands, and their spongy, malleable brains are constantly taking this information in. In a study, researchers discovered that kids are exposed to so many ads that they will have memorized three hundred to four hundred brands before their tenth birthday. Creepily, children grow up forming relationships with a select number of these brands that last well into the future, like friends you didn't know they had.

 

 

[Test 01 - 15: 집단의 속성으로서의 협력하는 경향]

People often think that personality traits such as kindness are fixed. But our research with groups suggests something quite different: the tendency to be altruistic or exploitative may depend heavily on how the social world is organized. So if we took the same population of people and assigned them to one social world, we could make them really generous to one another, and if we put them in another sort of world, we could make them really mean or indifferent to one another. Crucially, this indicates that the tendency to cooperate is a property not only of individuals but also of groups. Cooperation depends on the rules governing the formation of friendship ties. Good people can do bad things (and vice versa) simply as a result of the structure of the network which they belong to, regardless of the convictions they hold or that the group shares. It is not just a matter of being connected to "bad" people; the number and pattern of social connections is also crucial. Aspects of the social suite, such as cooperation and social networks, work together.

 

 

[Test 01 - 16: 뜨거움과 차가움을 이용한 생리적 체계 강화]

Our natural survival instinct is to seek comfort in temperatures that keep us around 68 to 72 degrees Fahrenheit (20-22.2'C). By getting outside of this comfort zone and stressing the cellular functioning of the body either by using heat and cold in the same session or focusing on one temperature extreme, we strengthen our physiological systems. We lower our daily breathing rate, improve our muscle tissue, and raise our threshold for handling stress. Evidence shows that we are at our best ─ physically harder, mentally tougher, and spiritually sounder ─ after experiencing the same discomforts our early ancestors were exposed to every day. The lack of temperature change caused by indoor lifestyles and misalignment with nature has taken us far from our ancestorial upbringing, and it continues to weaken the nervous system. By intentionally placing ourselves into the heat or cold, we become our best physically, mentally, and even spiritually.

 

 

[Test 01 - 17: 내적 모형과 불일치하는 가장(假裝) 놀이]

Suppose a child plays at make-believe. She barks, crawls on all fours, and says, "I'm a puppy!" In order to make the claim, her brain must construct the key proposition "I'm a puppy" as well as contain the information that puppies bark and walk on all fours. And yet that information exists in a larger context. Her brain contains a vast net of information, including "I'm not really a puppy," "I'm making it up to play a game," "I'm a little girl," and so on. Some of that information is present at a cognitive and linguistic level. Much of it is at a deeper, sensory or perceptual level. Her body schema is constructed automatically, beneath higher cognition, and it describes the physical layout of a human body, not a puppy body. She sees her human hands in front of her, and the visual information confirms her human identity. She remembers eating breakfast cereal with a spoon, going to school, reading a book ― all human activities. The claim "I'm a puppy" is a superficial proposition that is inconsistent with her deepest internal models.

 

 

[Test 01 - 18: 관계 형성의 기반이 되는 사회적 기본 값]

Your children establish their social comfort and skills early in their lives by observing you in your own social life and through the social experiences they have. These first social experiences become the defaults that will guide and shape the quality and quantity of their relationships throughout their lives. Genetics clearly has an influence on these defaults; research has demonstrated that children are born with a certain temperament, including where they lie on the continuum of introversion to extraversion. But, as the saying goes, "genetics are not destiny"; the messages that your children get from you early in their lives about how they should interact with others will influence how their genetic predispositions will be expressed. In this interaction of genes and upbringing, your children will develop social defaults that trigger social ease, connectedness, and healthy relationships, or social anxiety, loneliness, and dysfunctional relationships.

 

 

[Test 01 - 19: 서로 다른 문화의 충돌]

When different cultures meet, whether at the societal level or in the company, ideas about how things should be done often clash. To resolve it, we typically make the assumption that others should change to be more like us. And we can enforce this view because we are in power ― either as the boss in an organization or as the dominant culture in a country. But assuming that the dominant person or country has the right rules and the right way is, in itself, anathema to innovating. Self-satisfied people are not good innovators. So when you ask people to do something not consistent with their cultural background, ask yourself whether you should be rethinking your assumptions about what works best. For example, free-flowing talk is usually considered the hallmark of a good meeting. Everybody just jumps in whenever they have a thought. However, in some cultures, this is considered rude and pushy, so some people with excellent ideas may not speak up. One solution might be to strengthen their group skills but other methods are to occasionally ask everyone to express an opinion in turn, ask for ideas in writing, or table an idea on someone else's behalf.

 

 

[Test 01 - 20: 뉴런 의 활동]

Like some strange alien creature extending tentacles, each neuron is simultaneously connected to up to thousands of other neurons. It is the combined activity of information coming in that determines whether a neuron is active or not. When the sum of this activity reaches a tipping point, the neuron fires, discharging a small chemical electrical signal and setting off a chain reaction in its connections. In effect, each neuron is a bit like a microprocessor because it computes the combined activity of all the other neurons it is connected to. It's a bit like spreading a rumor in a neighborhood. Some of your neighboring neurons are excitatory and, like good friends, want to help spread the word. Other neurons are inhibitory and basically tell you to shut up. And every time the neuron has such a conversation with its different neighbors or long-distance pals, it remembers the message either to spread the word or be silent, so that when the rumor comes round again, the neuron responds with more certainty. This is because the connections between the neurons have become strengthened by repeatedly firing together.

 

 

[Test 01 - 21: 질료인(質料因)과 동력인(動力因)]

Conventional economics uses the phrase "factors of production." Factors of production are the inputs into a production process necessary to create any output. For example, when you make a pizza, you need a cook, a kitchen with an oven, and the raw ingredients. If you think about it carefully, however, you will clearly see that the cook and kitchen are different in some fundamental ways from the raw ingredients. The cook and kitchen are approximately the same after making the pizza as before, though just a bit more worn out. The raw ingredients, however, are used up, transformed first into the pizza itself, then rapidly thereafter into waste. The cook and kitchen are not physically embodied in the pizza, but the raw ingredients are. Thousands of years ago, Aristotle discussed this important distinction and divided causation (factors) into material cause, that which is transformed, and efficient cause, that which causes the transformation without itself being transformed in the process. Raw ingredients are the material cause, and the cook and kitchen are the efficient cause.

 

 

[Test 01 - 22: 자녀 양육에 드는 경제적 비용의 분담]

A society needs to raise children to replace its members who die, or the society would disappear over a couple of generations. One could, therefore, think of the production of children as a positive externality. Those who do not have children benefit from the child-rearing labors of those who do; they enjoy a society of varied ages in which to live as they grow older, and a labor force of younger people is available to support them in their retirement. Should all then share in the economic costs of raising the children? In the United States, the cost of educating children is borne collectively through the system of public education, but most other costs of raising children are treated as private costs of the parents. In about half of the world's states, however, the full society assumes some of the responsibility for all costs of child rearing by giving direct grants to families with children. These grants are often pegged to the median income of workers in the country: the government might give 10 percent of the country's median income to any family with two children, for example.

 

 

[Test 01 - 23: 영장류의 추상적 관계형 추론 능력]

Primates are capable of sophisticated forms of reasoning in naturalistic settings, especially when their food ― or position in the social hierarchy ― is in danger. However, it is unclear how versatile their relational reasoning might be. In the 1940s, the primatologist Harry Harlow made an interesting discovery. In a series of experiments, monkeys learnt to choose between two visual objects, one of which was rewarded and one was not. Harlow noted with surprise that each time the task was restarted with two entirely novel objects, the monkeys learnt slightly faster. In fact, their performance continued to accelerate over hundreds of new object sets, until eventually the monkeys could respond almost perfectly from the second trial onwards. Harlow argued that over the course of repeated pairings, the monkeys had learnt how to learn. It seems that the monkeys learnt something abstract about the relations between the two stimuli in each pairing ― that if one was rewarded, the other was not. By generalizing this knowledge to new pairings, they could learn ever faster. Human children tested in a comparable fashion showed the same ability. [요약문] Harry Harlow's experiments show that primates, like humans, can apply abstract relational reasoning in a different context, which happens faster with increased exposure to stimuli.

 

 

[Test 01 - 24~25: 기억에 영향을 끼치는 스키마]

In the 1930s, the English psychologist Sir Frederic Bartlett proposed that we gradually build up our knowledge of the world from events we experience, and that these experiences are then clustered in organized mental structures he called "schemata." In turn, these schemata (or "schemas") are used to help us understand new experiences and form frameworks in which to remember them. One potential downside of this arrangement is that it is relatively difficult for us to understand and remember information and events that do not fit our current schemata. One of Bartlett's classic demonstrations was to present an unusual North American folktale to an English university student to learn and recall. The student's written recall differed from the original by being shorter and omitting a number of details. This first student's written recall was then given to a second student to learn and recall with the result that more unusual details were dropped out of his reproduction, but other details were added, apparently to make the story more coherent and comprehensible to English ears. This procedure was repeated until a series of ten students had learned the previous reproduction and produced their own versions. By the end of the series, the reproductions were much shorter, the supernatural details in the original had been lost, and the whole tale was closer to the experience of English university students in the 1930s. This demonstration thus illustrates the constructive nature of remembering, and the effects of beliefs and attitudes on recollection and understanding. Gossip serves as a commonplace example that is similar to Bartlett's findings, with a story progressively changing as it travels across tellings. To return to metaphors for a moment, human memory is not like a tape recorder!

 

 

[Test 01 - 26~28: 불안한 비올라 연주자를 위한 조언]

Mary, a young violist, played a slow sarabande by Bach during a presentation Theresa Adams made at the Music Educators National Conference in San Antonio, Texas. The piece requires sustained control of the bow arm, a warm tone, and precise pitch. Being very shy, Mary was noticeably self-conscious playing before this large gathering of educators. While rehearsing for the performance, she had a very hard time controlling her anxiety. Mary had difficulty keeping her bow from shaking, and her tone was thin and scratchy. Theresa could see that Mary had a warm feeling for the music she was playing but that she felt too inhibited to express it. Theresa spoke to Mary privately for a few moments so that the audience wouldn't know what instruction she had given to Mary. Theresa asked Mary who her favorite Bach violist was, and she replied that it was Martha Katz and she wanted to play the sarabande like her. Theresa then instructed Mary to imagine there was a video camera above the stage taping her performance. Theresa told Mary it didn't matter whether she played out of tune or missed notes or had poor tone. All that mattered was that she should look the way Martha Katz looked while playing Bach. Theresa told Mary the camera was only recording the way she looked, and that her sound would be replaced by a CD of her role model playing the same piece. Since Mary no longer had to worry about how she played, she felt free to throw herself into the role of Martha Katz during the playing session. She not only looked confident, relaxed, and dignified ─ she also played with bow control, accuracy, and fine phrasing. She effectively "became" Martha Katz as she performed the Bach sarabande. The audience was shocked by her playing and curious to know what instructions Theresa had given her that had produced such a marked effect. And Mary realized that although she had been imagining she was Martha Katz, she was still the one playing the viola.

 

 

[Test 02 - 01: 약사 직위 제안 거절]

Dear Mr. Cole, Thank you for your offer of the pharmacist position. The position is attractive to me because I have a strong passion for healthcare and a desire to make a positive impact on patients' lives. As I indicated in our last interview, however, I was disappointed to learn that your company would not be in a position to reimburse tuition costs for my ongoing study toward a Doctor of Pharmacy degree, currently a primary professional goal of mine. On March 14, I was offered another position by a company whose benefits package includes tuition reimbursement. Because I expect these costs to be substantial in the next two years, I have decided to accept this position. I sincerely appreciate the time you have taken and the special interest you have shown in me during the interview. Thank you again for your consideration. Best regards, Julie Robinson

 

 

[Test 02 - 02: 위험에 처한 Captain Hall]

One day, Captain Hall, the famous Arctic explorer, went in a small boat to visit a certain island which he wanted to explore. The boat was fastened to a piece of rock on the shore. When he returned from his expedition, he discovered the tide had risen and floated his boat, which was quite out of reach. Captain Hall feared the extreme danger in which he was placed. The boat was the only connecting link between him and the living world, and it was beyond his reach. What was to be done? To swim towards the boat was out of the question in such a climate. He did the only thing that seemed possible. He unwound the thongs that fastened his boots to create a line about twenty feet long. He attached a heavy stone to its end and threw it into the boat, pulling the boat to the shore. It was with unspeakable comfort that Captain Hall once more entered it and felt he was saved from inevitable starvation ─ saved by a shoe-string!

 

 

[Test 02 - 03: 새로운 과학, 기술의 발전과 더불어 발전하는 법]

Think about the changes that have taken place in our world over the past 100 years. The first to come to mind are probably the spectacular scientific and technological achievements of the past century ─ motor vehicles, aircraft, the telephone, radio and TV, computers and genetic engineering. Each new development creates its own demand for legal change. Consider, for example, the vast body of law which has grown up around the motor vehicle: there are regulations governing such matters as the construction and maintenance of motor vehicles, the conduct of drivers on the road and even where vehicles may be parked. Indeed, almost half of the criminal cases tried by magistrates' courts are directly related to the use of motor vehicles. The increasing volume of traffic on the roads and the resulting inexorable rise in traffic accidents have also led to developments in the civil law, especially in the areas of the law of tort and insurance.

 

 

[Test 02 - 04: 진리 추구와 도덕적 판단]

Sometimes pursuing the truth about some question would be morally worse than not pursuing it. This may be because, as in the case of nuclear weapons research, the answer itself may prove dangerous or harmful. But it may also be because the manner of pursuing that truth is dangerous or harmful, or simply morally wrong independently of its consequences. Consider the Nazi or Tuskegee experiments: it is not the information pursued that is morally bad here, but the manner in which that information is pursued. And we need not resort to such dramatic cases. The National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation heavily monitor contemporary scientific research that involves any sort of experiment involving human subjects. In cases where the only way in which we can obtain certain scientific information is harmful to other people, we generally feel ─ rightly ─ that the information is not worth pursuing, all things considered. So in deciding whether to pursue a particular line of inquiry, we must first determine whether pursuing that line might conflict with our other values, moral or otherwise.

 

 

[Test 02 - 05: 유년 시절 경험의 제한을 받는 희생자]

As parents, we spend countless hours debating on the freedoms we should allow our children. Too much freedom may lead to mischief while not enough may stifle their growth. How much should be allowed? I am always reminded of a circus elephant when in a discussion on freedom. When the elephant is a baby, it learns restriction by being tethered to a small stake with a four-foot piece of chain. The elephant is trained to know that its individual freedom is restricted to that small four feet. As the elephant grows stronger and larger, it still thinks that it has no more freedom outside of those four feet. Although the power to move that stake and run free is immense, it will not attempt to break the stake or the chains because of what it perceives as being able to. Are you a victim of your own restraints as well? Do you not move beyond your four feet circle because you think you are not allowed to? Be bold. Step outside your circle and see if you can grow. Without breakthroughs, there cannot be change.

 

 

[Test 02 - 06: 인종 이데올로기]

The most effective way to defuse racial ideology is to bring people from different ethnic backgrounds together under conditions that enable them to deal with one another as individuals and discover that ideologies obscure important aspects of people and the realities of their lives. However, this is difficult when teachers, coaches and employers maintain a belief in the myth of black natural physical talent and a lack of cognitive skills. Social scientist Ellis Cashmore illustrates this with an experience of receiving a telephone call from a black journalist writing for a major newspaper. The journalist asked why no one actually expressed what he believed to be an absolute truth: that black athletes have a 'natural edge'. The very fact that a talented black journalist believed this defective theory is evidence to its power and the difficulties in escaping expectations based on racial ideology. When such myths maintain credibility in society, black people are regarded as unsuited to, or unwanted for, study, work and other activities that demand mental rather than physical skills.

 

 

[Test 02 - 07: 협상의 기술]

Negotiators can make options more palatable by enhancing the attractiveness of accepting them. This is a matter of placing emphasis on the positive rather than the negative. In the language of traditional carrot-and-stick tactics for motivating workers, the approach should make the carrot more attractive rather than enlarging the stick. Promises and offers can be made more attractive in several ways: maximizing the attractive qualities and minimizing the negative ones, showing how the offer meets the other party's needs, reducing the disadvantages of accepting the offer, making offers more credible by providing third-party references or factual support, or setting deadlines on offers so they expire if not accepted quickly. Many would argue that these are common sales tricks similar to discount coupons, two-for-the-price-of-one offers, "today only" sales, and extra-added-attraction elements. They are! Negotiators can and should use the same techniques that salespeople use to move their products.

 

 

[Test 02 - 08: 클라리넷 연주자 Benny Goodman]

Benny Goodman is one of the greatest clarinetists of all time. Born in 1909 in Chicago, he began taking lessons at the age of 10. With a natural inborn talent, he made rapid progress and was soon playing professionally. He was strongly influenced by New Orleans jazz, and it played an important role in his music throughout his life. At 16, he joined the Ben Pollack Orchestra in Chicago, which at the time was one of the top bands in the United States. He was soon making recordings, and it wasn't long before he formed his own band. Although Goodman was relatively well known before 1935, it was the change in his style that occurred in the Palomar Ballroom in Los Angeles that really caused his career to take off. And a few years later, he was playing in Carnegie Hall in New York City. At the time, this was something new for a jazz orchestra. The concert was a tremendous success. After years of appealing only to specialized audiences, jazz had finally broken through and was being accepted by mainstream audiences.

 

 

[Test 02 - 09: 연령 집단별 소득층 점유율]

The graph above shows the share (%) of American adults in each income tier by age group in 1971 and 2021. Among American adults ages 18 to 29, the share in the upper-income tier increased by 5 percentage points from 1971 to 2021, whereas their share in the middle-income tier decreased by 12 percentage points during the same period. Among the 1971 middle-income tiers, the share of American adults ages 30 to 44 was higher than that of any other age group. In 1971, more than two-thirds of American adults ages 45 to 64 were in the middle-income tier, and in 2021, more than half of the people in that age group were in the same income tier. The share of American adults ages 65 and older in the lower-income tier fell from 54% in 1971 to 37% in 2021, while their share in the middle income tier rose from 39% to 47% during the same period. However, American adults 65 and older were the only age group in which more than one-in-three adults were in the lower-income tier in 2021.

 

 

[Test 02 - 12: 인간이 다른 종과 관계를 맺는 방식]

In the worldview of the Cree hunter, humans do not control the hunt. The fish and game are not there simply to be taken. Rather it is the animals who control the success of the hunt by offering themselves willingly to people (or, conversely, choosing to withhold themselves from a hunter). The Cree credit animals with knowing the same things that people know and being able to communicate and share that knowledge with people. Humans and animals are in a relationship of reciprocity, just as humans are in relationship with other humans. Indeed, anthropologists argue even more generally that in all cultures, including those that are modern and postmodern, there are profound connections between the ways that people engage with each other and with other species.

 

 

[Test 02 - 13: 원격 근무를 통한 새로운 고용의 창출]

Stay-at-home parents have new employment options in our internet economy. Over the last few decades many women have been self-employed. Such an arrangement gives them greater flexibility over their hours and days of work. The rise of remote work could further increase opportunities for them. Internet platforms such as Withinwork are two-sided platforms as workers seeking employment post their resumes and employers seeking workers post their tasks. Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms play a key matchmaking role here by gathering and presenting the set of job opportunities a person sees. I set up my profile on Withinwork and was impressed with the alternative tasks that I was offered by the AI. As with any two-sided matching platform, the more job offerings an applicant sees, the more likely that person will find value in the platform. In this sense, as remote work grows as a socially high-status activity, this process will gain its own momentum.

 

 

[Test 02 - 14: 사회적 약자 우대 정책]

Considerable debate exists as to the appropriate beneficiaries of affirmative action. In the United States, supporters of affirmative action hoped that, by expanding the coverage to apply to many minority groups, they would broaden the political base favoring such programs. In practice, however, the wider coverage has diluted, in the minds of some, the moral argument in favor of a program intended to help the most obvious victims of governmental discrimination: African Americans and Native Americans. Some argue that the context matters. Thus, because Asian Americans and women are generally not under-represented among university student bodies, affirmative action admissions for them would now be inappropriate (though they should not be singled out for restrictions). On the other hand, among corporate executives or university faculties, blacks, Asians, Latinos, and women all faced exclusion in the past and remain under-represented today; therefore, in these areas all four groups ought to be beneficiaries of affirmative action.

 

 

[Test 02 - 15: 기술 혁신으로 인한 창조적 파괴]

Predictions of technological unemployment have recurred since the onset of the Industrial Revolution. But the recurring reality was one of economic growth through creative destruction. Yes, machines destroyed lots of jobs, often with devastating effects on displaced workers for whom new jobs were often too late or out of reach. Over time, however, job destruction freed up labor and capital that went into new and usually better jobs and higher incomes. That is because technology both substitutes for labor ─ in particular, less-skilled labor ─ and complements labor, or makes it more productive, thus generating new demand for labor. Casual observers have often tended "to overstate the extent of machine substitution for human labor," which was readily observable; they "repeatedly underestimated the demand for the work of human beings that would remain."

 

 

[Test 02 - 16: 컴퓨터 음악에서 손놀림과 음의 관계]

The most common situation in which musical equipment becomes an instrument is in live performance. Playing the piano is generally associated with performance in real-time, and computer-based musical instruments are increasingly being played in real-time. For example, laptop computers are increasingly used in performance by live electronic musicians even in preference to keyboard synthesizers, groove boxes, and turntables. One thing that changes in computer performances is that the gestural relationship with sound is sometimes less direct. In acoustic instrument performance the musician's gestures are translated into sound. Many instruments have a one-to-one gesture-to-sound relationship, including the press of the piano or synthesizer key, or the slide of the finger of the guitar fretboard; each translates gesture into a direct audible result. Many electronic and computer-based instruments have a one-to-many gesture-to-sound relationship when a mouse gesture or parameter movement changes the complexity of a rhythmic part, or the timbre and volume of an entire ensemble of musical voices.

 

 

[Test 02 - 17: 불확신과 주장의 강도]

Two Northwestern University marketing researchers, David Gal and Derek Rucker, conducted research using framing techniques to make people feel uncertain. For example, they told one group to remember a time when they were full of certainty, and the other group to remember a time when they were full of doubt. Then they asked the participants whether they were meat eaters, vegetarians, vegans, or otherwise, how important this was to them, and how confident they were in their opinions. People who were asked to remember a time of uncertainty were less confident of their eating choices. However, when asked to write their beliefs to persuade someone else to eat the way they did, they would write more and stronger arguments than those who were certain of their choice. Gal and Rucker performed the research with different topics (for example, preferences for a Mac versus a Windows computer) and found similar results. When people were less certain, they would dig in and argue even harder.

 

 

[Test 02 - 18: 일시적인 미디어 단식의 필요성]

In the same way that it is sometimes advisable to take a momentary break, or "fast," from some of our food, beverages, and habits, a media fast may be good for your system. Spending a set period of time unplugged can clarify for you the advantages and disadvantages of your media practices. Life without electronic devices momentarily separates you from constant distraction, online advertisements, and artificial blue light. You'll have more time for other things, like physical activity, face-to-face interaction, and even solitude. You'll also have the opportunity to reflect critically on how life in the Communication Age differs from older modes of living and connecting and engaging with the world.

 

 

[Test 02 - 19: 대중의 존경을 중시하는 나르시시스트]

To the extent that one can distinguish self-esteem from public esteem, the latter seems to be more important. The overriding motive of narcissists seems to be to obtain social approval from others. That is, they spend much of their time and energy seeking ways to get others to admire them. In terms of being liked by others rather than admired, they are somewhat indifferent. That is, narcissists are no more nor less interested than anyone else in being liked. Being admired, however, is extremely important to them. In general, they do not seem overly concerned with proving something to themselves (possibly because they are already privately persuaded of their own good qualities), but they are quite interested in demonstrating their superiority to others. For example, if given a chance to tackle a difficult task and find out how good they are, narcissists put forth minimal effort if no one is looking, which is a sign that they do not really care about demonstrating their brilliance to themselves, whereas if others are watching, they put forth maximum effort in order to shine.

 

 

[Test 02 - 20: 등반과 윤리]

One obvious area where climbing and philosophy intersect is with regard to the normative dimension of climbing ― the ethical or unethical behavior of climbers. Some of the ethical issues in climbing involve a straightforward extension of more general moral principles. For example, it is wrong to lie about your climbing accomplishments because it is generally wrong to lie about accomplishments; it is wrong to needlessly endanger others at the cliff because, more generally, it is always wrong to needlessly endanger others. However, other ethical issues involve factors that are unique to climbing and thus cannot be resolved by invoking broader moral rules. Is it wrong to place bolts on rappel? Is it cheating to use pre-placed gear on a traditional pitch? For these sorts of questions, broader moral rules do not apply in any straightforward way, and climbers must work out for themselves what is right or wrong within the context of climbing.

 

 

[Test 02 - 21: 지각에 수반된 시각적 자극 처리 과정]

Sensation and perception almost always happen together. Researchers, however, have studied each process separately to determine how the two work together. Perception can occur through bottom-up processing, which begins with the physical stimuli from the environment, and proceeds through transduction of those stimuli into neural impulses. The signals are passed along to successively more complex brain regions, and ultimately result in the recognition of a visual stimulus. For example, when you look at the face of your best friend, your eyes convert light energy into neural impulses, which travel into the brain to visual regions. This information forms the basis for sensing the visual stimulus and ultimately its perception. Equally important to perception, however, is top-down processing, which involves previously acquired knowledge. As a result, when you look at your best friend's face, brain regions that store information about what faces look like, particularly those that are familiar to you, can help you to perceive and recognize the specific visual stimulus.

 

 

[Test 02 - 22: 성 주류화]

The European Union, since the late 1990s, has embraced gender mainstreaming as its main strategy for addressing gender inequality in policy making. It is defined as the integration of the gender perspective into every stage of the policy process (design, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation). Gender mainstreaming is based on the understanding that all policies have the potential to impact social and demographic groups differently, thus creating and sustaining unequal power relations. For example, gender mainstreaming may explicitly consider the experiences of men, such as parental leave as a legal claim for men or labor policies for men in female-dominated occupations (e.g., nursing). Gender mainstreaming can also apply to health care, equally promoting women's and men's health care needs. In many countries, coronary heart disease is defined through a masculine lens, influencing all areas of medical care from prevention to recovery. Not only does this lead to overlooking women's heart health needs, but it also may negatively impact men who do not seem to fit the model of hegemonic masculinity.

 

 

[Test 02 - 23: 뉴런 의 경쟁과 뇌의 재구조화]

Although a traditional textbook drawing suggests that neurons in the brain are happily packed next to one another like jelly beans in a jar, don't let the cartoon fool you: neurons are locked in competition for survival. Just like neighboring nations, neurons stake out their territories and persistently defend them. They fight for territory and survival at every level of the system: each neuron and each connection between neurons fights for resources. As the border wars rage through the lifetime of a brain, maps are redrawn in such a way that the experiences and goals of a person are always reflected in the brain's structure. If an accountant drops her career to become a pianist, the neural territory devoted to her fingers will expand; if she becomes a microscopist, her visual cortex will develop higher resolution for the small details she seeks; if she becomes a perfumer, her brain regions assigned to smell will enlarge. [요약문] Neurons constantly struggle with each other for existence, which leads to the personalization of the brain structure based on one's experiences and goals.

 

 

[Test 02 - 24~25: 도로 혼잡 통행료 징수제]

In Singapore, due to road pricing, one can always expect to be able to achieve a speed of 40 miles per hour on the road. While the rich are more likely to afford this, buses can also achieve these speeds, and with the economies of scale of a bus this lowers the per-person trip price for achieving this speed. The full cost of commuting includes not only the out-of-pocket expenditure on gasoline, parking, and road use fees but the value of the lost time. If a commute takes thirty minutes rather than fifteen minutes because of traffic congestion, then the commuter has lost fifteen minutes. Economists have adopted the rule of thumb of valuing such lost time by half of the person's hourly wage. For example, if I earn $80 an hour and I lose fifteen minutes stuck in traffic, then this costs me $10 in lost time (.25 x 80 x .5). To conserve on such lost time due to congestion, cities such as Stockholm, London, and Singapore have adopted road pricing. Drivers in such cities move at higher speeds and save time but must pay more money out of pocket to travel at peak use times. One explanation for why so few cities have adopted road pricing focuses on behavioral economics: people are used to the roads being free. To an economist, this is a puzzling explanation because congested roads cost us valuable time. This time cost means that free roads are not free to use. A second explanation for the opposition to road pricing is that many poor people drive and they prefer to pay for their commute using their time rather than paying a road use fee.

 

 

[Test 02 - 26~28: 코코넛 나무에서 배운 교훈]

One hot afternoon, little William and his dad were passing through a dusty village road. It was a dry season, so little William thought the whole village road looked lonely and deserted. After walking for a long while, he asked his dad to stop somewhere for a short rest. Looking around, little William and his dad could not find a comfortable place to relax. Unable to find anywhere to rest, they were forced to keep walking under the hot bright sun. After a few minutes' walk, little William and his dad saw a huge coconut tree far off in the distance that could provide shade from the burning sun, so they started walking faster to reach the tree. "Dad, why don't you race me to the tree?" little William asked his dad. After letting out a short smile, he agreed to the race and, at the count of three, he watched little William take off like a runner. Unknowingly to little William, his dad let him win. He jumped for joy because he reached the huge coconut tree first. Little William and his dad breathed a deep sigh of relief because they were so exhausted from walking all day. They dropped all that they had with them on the ground and lay down under the huge coconut tree, which protected them from the sun. And they embraced the cool breeze in the air. Then, they began to feel hungry. Little William looked up towards the huge coconut tree and said, "This huge coconut tree is useless. It doesn't have any coconuts we can eat." "My dear little William," his dad responded, "it is not good to be ungrateful to people and things around us. This tree, which you are calling useless, saved us from the hot sun." Little William gently stood from where he lay and turned towards the tree. He thanked it for protecting them from the sun. The coconut tree began to give little William and his dad a more pleasant wind.

 

 

[Test 03 - 01: 임시 피클볼 경기장 마련 계획]

Dear Members, Thank you for always supporting our park's efforts to improve our community's health and social bonds. As we have announced, construction at Lions Park will begin as soon as the spring season allows. As an alternative place to play pickleball in town this summer, the lines for three pickleball courts will be painted on the blacktop surface at Rose Park, located at 201 Green Valley Road. The blue equipment bin with portable nets and extra balls from Lions Park will be relocated there as well. The combination to unlock the bin can be obtained by calling the front desk at the community center. If you have any questions regarding the alternative pickleball courts, please contact Mark Perkins at mperkins@ShakopeeMN.gov. We look forward to the completion of the new dedicated pickleball courts at Lions Park this summer. Sincerely, Mark Perkins

 

 

[Test 03 - 02: 기차역에서 기다림 후에 만난 아빠]

I should have guessed things were not going to go well when I stepped off the train at Weston Station and there was no sign of my father. I was only fifteen, and there was no way I could go back home if he didn't show up. I wandered up and down the platform. The waiting felt like forever, and I began to anxiously wonder if something bad had happened to him. After a while, one of the station employees approached me and asked me if I was all right. I said I was fine, but inside, my concern was growing. Then I glanced to the left and noticed my dad. At that very moment, all my anxieties disappeared. 'Dad!' I shouted. I snatched my little bag from the floor and ran to him. 'Sorry to keep you waiting, Son,' he said, ruffling my hair and pulling me close to him. 'Let's go home.' He smiled, and I returned his smile with an even bigger one.

 

 

[Test 03 - 03: 지속 가능한 도시 조성을 위한 도시 농업]

Urban agriculture is moving from just a practice for earning an income and small food-producing activities to a more sustainable practice that focuses on promoting local food production as an energy-saving resource that is central to creating vital urban communities. It needs to become even more central to city planning as food security and food safety become issues that cities need to address along with the increase in population that is creating a strain on a global level with regards to food availability and health. In current practice, the term urban agriculture does not necessarily mean that food production itself is based on a sustainable methodology or procedure but when combined with an ecological-based approach it does. With the recognition of natural resource decline and the advance of environmental degradation in cities today, urban agriculture is taking on new meaning in bringing ecological-based systems back into the city as a vital part of the solution to creating more sustainable cities. This does require a paradigm shift in thinking about food as an integral part of the city's framework.

 

 

[Test 03 - 04: 어린아이가 할 수 없는 결정에 대한 처리]

There is a tendency in some parents to treat small children as if they are much older. It seems as if they want to give the impression that their child is mature beyond his age. They ask a small child to make decisions about matters he is too young to decide. When a child is put in this situation, sometimes he will do what the parent wants him to do, and sometimes he will simply say, "No." This is his attempt to show his authority and to display his power. A small child should never be asked to make a decision he is too young to make. The parent should make the decision and then give instructions to the child. For example, if a parent thinks that a child should stop playing and eat, he should not ask the child, "Do you want to eat now?" He should tell the child to put his toys away and get ready to eat. If he thinks that the child should take a nap, he should not ask the child, "Do you want to take a nap?" He should tell the child that it is time for his nap.

 

 

[Test 03 - 05: 신경 과학과 인문 과학의 만남]

I think of neuroscience and the human sciences as like two very small miners energetically tunnelling in from opposite sides of an immense Alp. Although neuroscientists on their side of the Alp do not listen much to sounds of digging from the humanists on the other side, some humanists, those concerned with the brain's role in the arts, listen very closely to what the neuroscientists on the other side are saying. We draw hopefully on a great many researchers. We hope for answers from them to the questions that bother us. The neuroscientists and we of the human sciences, even if we are divided into two groups, share the same hope. Although dwarfed by the mountain, we hope our diggings will meet in the middle of that huge Alp, and there we will discover this mysterious, magical treasure, Mind. We hope.

 

 

[Test 03 - 06: 타고난 음악적 재능에 대한 믿음]

Modern broadcast media may have contributed to the perpetuation of the innate talent account of musical performance ability. The discovery of an exceptional child performer ─ "the next Mozart" is a common label ― makes for a much better story than reporting how advanced musical learning has resulted from an unusually plentiful combination of environmental, educational, and economic factors. Beyond simple media sensationalism, however, the belief in talent offers other appealing effects. Giving the musically talented person the designation of specialness can turn the experience of a concert into a fantastic, even supernatural, happening. Plus, musicians themselves can benefit from the "gifted" label. Feeling special ― or even divinely blessed ― can contribute to musicians' self-esteem and motivation; consequently, many "talented" musicians feel an obligation to nurture their gift, which allows them to approach their musical activities with confidence and the expectation of success.

 

 

[Test 03 - 07: 휴대 전화가 재정의한 공간 개념]

Many have observed that people often use mobile phones in waiting areas. It is a way to kill time but it is also a way to create a space within what is often a weak or poorly defined space. Spaces at the edge of a dead zone for making mobile calls are also prime spots for making calls or sending texts. So, when people touch down at an airport or leave a tunnel after having been out of contact with a cell tower, they are more likely to make calls or send texts. The mobile phone can be used to share a space with someone at a distance, for example, people at a concert who call others so they can hear part (or all) of the concert. At the extreme, people may be so immersed in the interaction with others on a mobile phone, that they lose contact with those in the physical space they occupy. Sherry Turkle calls this alone together; others have used the term absent presence to characterize this behavior.

 

 

[Test 03 - 08: W. E. B. DuBois]

W. E. B. DuBois (1868-1963), an African American sociologist, graduated from Fisk University in Tennessee and became the first African American to receive a doctorate from Harvard University. Then, at Atlanta University, he founded the nation's second department of sociology. He soon began a highly productive academic career that included, among many other things, founding two scholarly journals and writing numerous books and articles. He focused his research and writing on the racial problems in the United States. At the same time, however, he worked hard to apply his enormous knowledge to improving society. He founded the Niagara Movement, an organization of African American intellectuals fighting for racial equality. He also helped create the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and edited its influential magazine, Crisis. Later, he even advocated the use of force to achieve racial equality. Finally, seeing little improvement in race relations, he moved in 1961 to the African nation of Ghana, where he died 2 years later.

 

 

[Test 03 - 09: 미국 영화계의 무대 뒤 주요 역할에 종사한 여성의 비율]

The charts above show the percentage of women who worked in major behind-the-scenes roles in the 250 highest-grossing U.S. films from 2015 to 2021 and the percentage of those women in 2021 by role. Compared to 2015, the percentage of women who worked in the 250 highest-grossing U.S. films was lower in 2016 and 2017, but it was higher in 2018. In 2021, the percentage of women who worked in the 250 highest-grossing U.S. films accounted for a quarter of the total. In the same year, the percentage of female executive producers in these films was lower than that of female producers. While the share of female directors and writers in the 250 highest-grossing U.S. films in 2021 stood at 17 percent each, 22 percent of all editors were female. In the same year, among the major behind-the-scenes roles, cinematographers had the lowest percentage of women, at less than a third of the percentage of women who worked as writers.

 

 

[Test 03 - 12: 고급품이라는 믿음의 심리적 영향]

We are so easily impressed and make judgements based on superficial evidence, but sometimes luxury provides a psychological boost to confidence that improves our well-being. Wearing designer clothes can make us feel better about ourselves, which then becomes self-reinforcing. When we put on our luxury clothes we feel special and behave accordingly. Luxury goods light up the pleasure centres in our brain. If you think you are drinking expensive wine, not only does it taste better but the brain's valuation system associated with the experience of pleasure shows greater activation, compared to drinking exactly the same wine when you believe it to be cheap. What's important here is the belief ─ not the actual luxury. Francesca Gino, a professor at Harvard Business School, found that people who wore what they believed to be fake designer brand sunglasses (but were in fact genuine) felt like frauds and were more likely to cheat on tests. You may be able to fake until you make it, but deep down, if we do, many of us feel like imposters.

 

 

[Test 03 - 13: 어류 남획으로 인해 파생되는 문제]

Overfishing is in large part a consequence of excessive effort and capacity in fisheries. Too often, fishery managers have been unable to control fishing effort, resulting in unsustainable levels of catch. This has been a particular problem for open-access fisheries where management does not limit the number of participants or high individual effort. In this situation, the economic incentives favor short-term exploitation over long-term sustainable use because the economic benefits of sacrificing current catch to rebuild the stock are hard to perceive compared to short-term needs (bills to be paid), and long-term benefits may have to be shared with newcomers when the fishery recovers. As more people enter the fishery or improve their fishing capabilities, the future yield to the individual fisher decreases. This often fosters competition to maintain or even increase individual catch levels even as stocks decline. In response, managers may shorten fishing seasons; participants then increase their fishing power, and effort becomes concentrated in time, sometimes resulting in "races for fish" or "fishing derbies."

 

 

[Test 03 - 14: 숙제의 의미]

Typically, homework consists of any assigned task slated to be done outside the hours of class. What the word homework does not describe is the quality or quantity of the task, a reality that makes homework discussions challenging because it turns into a war of vocabulary. For example, if two people discuss their children's homework, one could be railing against mindless worksheets while the other is in favor of carefully crafted activities prompting students to reflect or create. But instead of naming the specific activity, they both refer to the tasks simply as "homework." And so one parent wonders why on earth anyone would be a proponent of (mindless) homework while the other can't understand why a parent wouldn't want their child to do (relevant and creative) work at home. Neither parent understands the other's point of view because they aren't speaking the same language about homework.

 

 

[Test 03 - 15: 아프리카계 미국인 교외화의의도치 않은 결과]

American sociologist William Julius Wilson has argued that an unintended consequence of African American suburbanization has been that inner cities have lost valuable role models. As higher income minorities leave center cities, young people who remain are less likely to see and interact with adult men who work and have achieved upward income mobility. Research in development economics has documented, with data from the Dominican Republic, that when young people are informed about the wage gains that are possible by obtaining more education, this information increases their educational attainment. The explanation for this is that young people are more likely to underestimate the economic benefits of education when they never interact with people who look like them and have also attained a high level of education. The suburbanization of upwardly mobile people thus has social consequences for peer effects in the inner city.

 

 

[Test 03 - 16: 라디오의 소형화]

Because advertisers in the 1950s were interested in reaching baby boomers, many radio stations played music called rock 'n' roll with disc jockeys that specifically called out to them. Other stations targeted different age groups with different styles of music and DJs. This new sort of station that focused on particular music preferences caught on because radio was now more portable than ever. The development in 1948 of the transistor, a much smaller replacement for the Audion vacuum tube, led to the miniaturization of radio receivers. Now radio became something that people could literally take with them throughout the day ─ to the park, to the beach, or wherever. All of a sudden, the medium had a new life, and companies rushed to get new licenses. The number of stations jumped dramatically, from about one thousand in 1946 to nearly 3,500 in the mid-1950s. The largest proportion of these played specific types of music.

 

 

[Test 03 - 17: 친구 사귀기]

In a study by Arthur Aron and myself, we created a fake computer dating service, but instead of romance, the goal was to help college students find friendship. All the subjects listed their interests, and we returned a week later to ask them to review a profile written by another person and judge whether they liked and wanted to meet them. Half of them were told that our ultra-reliable, matchmaker program determined that this new person was an ideal match for them. The other half weren't told anything. When people weren't given any information about whether a friendship was likely, they preferred people with interests just like theirs. But when they were told that a friendship was likely, they preferred people who complemented them with different interests. That is, when people were confident that a relationship was possible, they wanted to spend time with people who were unique, interesting, and who offered a chance for them to expand their horizons.

 

 

[Test 03 - 18: 현재 현실을 조직하는 은유적 개념]

Many of our activities (arguing, solving problems, budgeting time, etc.) are metaphorical in nature. The metaphorical concepts that characterize those activities structure our present reality. New metaphors have the power to create a new reality. This can begin to happen when we start to comprehend our experience in terms of a metaphor, and it becomes a deeper reality when we begin to act in terms of it. If a new metaphor enters the conceptual system that we base our actions on, it will alter that conceptual system and the perceptions and actions that the system gives rise to. Much of cultural change arises from the introduction of new metaphorical concepts and the loss of old ones. For example, the Westernization of cultures throughout the world is partly a matter of introducing the time is money metaphor into those cultures.

 

 

[Test 03 - 19: 사냥을 통한 동물 피해 통제]

Animal damage control advocates often characterize game animals as pest species. Deer, for instance, do not kill farm animals but are blamed for destroying gardens, bringing disease, causing car accidents, and wreaking other forms of damage in suburbs. So sport hunters are allowed to kill deer with public support ─ after all, no one wants to be involved in a collision with a deer. Unfortunately for deer, hunting does not necessarily control their populations. They can rebound soon after hunting season due to lessened competition for resources. And, of course, the animal damage control measures that wiped out many of their natural predators also play a role in their large numbers. There are numerous methods to prevent the damage that deer can cause, such as more responsible driving, speed limits, warning signs, roadside reflectors, as well as the use of fencing along roadways. Yet the fact remains that as long as developers continue to build in suburban areas, humans and wildlife will come into contact. Sadly, animal damage control programs have just one way of solving these problems ─ hunting.

 

 

[Test 03 - 20: 적합성 향상과 유전자 빈도]

A gene can increase in frequency by making its bearers more likely than nonbearers to perform some fitness-enhancing behavior. For example, females of many species choose a mate based on the quality of male courtship displays. If the courtship displays of males differ in quality and a genetic difference underlies the display difference, the gene for the superior display will increase in frequency. Of course, courtship behaviors are not the only behaviors that affect fitness. If parents differ in the quantity of care they give to their offspring, if the quantity of care affects the viability of offspring, and if a genetic difference underlies this difference in parental care, then the gene for higher quantity care will increase in frequency. So, as long as a gene makes some fitness-enhancing behavior more likely, that gene will increase in frequency in a population, and as a result the behavior may increase in frequency as well. For this reason, biologists frequently say that, from the standpoint of evolutionary biology, "behavioral traits are like any other class of characters."

 

 

[Test 03 - 21: 이동성 증가와 문화 정체성 상실]

A mark of postmodernity is the increasing mobility, both voluntary and forced, of human populations around the world. The migration of whole societies, the problem of refugees, the incorporation of migrant workers, have created a global, multicultural society that challenges the ability of any nation to define a reasonably homogeneous cultural identity or a set of cultural norms. The case of the failure of America's "melting pot" image is a telling example. Although the United States has always been a nation of immigrants, it managed, at least until World War II, to maintain a sense of itself as a whole, a European-derived, English-speaking nation. But new migrations ― Asian, African, and Latino ─ have challenged this image and made it almost impossible to define a central cultural identity for the nation. Moreover, the American experience has become the norm in other parts of the world as well. People's identities have become fractured, pluralized, and hybridized, and populations that were silent and marginalized in the past have suddenly moved to the center of the historical and cultural stage.

 

 

[Test 03 - 22: 연안 해역에서의 인간의 영향]

Human impacts are the most direct in the upper 500 meters of the ocean as commercial fishing is not conducted in deeper waters. Indeed, geological extraction and construction of ports and windmill farms are typically conducted in waters of 50 meters depth or less. In shallow and nearshore waters human impacts are palpable, even in remote parts of the world. Animal life in Antarctic waters is abundant and has been protected from commercial use for decades, yet hunting in the early part of the twentieth century changed the ecosystem to a degree that it can no longer be considered a pristine ecosystem. This is not to say that there are not pristine-like nearshore waters left on Earth. A case may be made for the northwest Hawaii islands, which have never been inhabited by humans and only very rarely have experienced fishing expeditions. Such locations are few ─ in fact, probably less than 1% of the ocean surface is fully protected against fishing or other kinds of disturbing activities.

 

 

[Test 03 - 23: 새로운 신념과 그에 일치되는 기억]

In a simple experiment conducted by Michael Ross, Cathy McFarland, and Garth Fletcher, college students received a persuasive message arguing the importance of frequent tooth brushing. After receiving the message, they changed their attitudes toward tooth brushing. Needless to say, this is not surprising. But here's what was surprising: Later that same day in a different situation, the students were asked, "How many times have you brushed your teeth in the past 2 weeks?" Those who received the message recalled that they brushed their teeth far more frequently than did students in the control condition. The students were not attempting to deceive the researcher; there was no reason for them to lie. They were simply using their new attitudes as a heuristic to help them remember. In a sense, they needed to believe that they had always behaved in a sensible and reasonable manner ― even though they had just now discovered what that sensible behavior might be. [요약문] According to the experiment in the passage, the students' attitudes toward tooth brushing were influenced by a persuasive message for frequent tooth brushing, which caused them to revise their memories so that the memories could be consistent with their new beliefs.

 

 

[Test 03 - 24~25: 일반적인 믿음에 기대는 오류에 맞서는 과학]

When it comes to the common belief fallacy in your own life, remember that scientists are always trying to reach better conclusions, and that is something you don't do as an individual, at least not by default, and by extension it is something your institutions are not so great at either. You don't seek out what science calls the null hypothesis. That is, when you believe in something, you rarely seek out evidence to the contrary to see how it matches up with your assumptions. That's the source of urban legends, folklore, superstitions, and all the rest. Having doubts is not your strong suit. Corporations and other institutions rarely set aside a division tasked with paying attention to the faults of the agency. Unlike in science, most human undertakings leave out a special department devoted to looking for the worst in the operation ─ not just a complaint department, but a department that asks if the organization is on the right path. Every human effort should systematically pause and ask if it is currently mistaken. To beat your brain, you need that department constantly operating in your cranium. You would do well to borrow from the lessons of the scientific method and apply them in your personal life. In the background, while you sew and golf and browse cat videos, science is fighting against your stupidity. No other human enterprise is fighting as hard, or at least not fighting and winning.

 

 

[Test 03 - 26~28: Madeleine의 수업을 받게 된 Jill]

Jill was quite a sickly child, but she had always wanted to be like Madeleine Sharp, a famous dancer. One day Jill and her mom went to Miss Madeleine Sharp's class for young ladies in the ballroom of the Bell Hotel in Bromley. Madeleine Sharp was tall, slim, and powerful. There were eight other little girls, who all hung on Madeleine's every word and jumped to obey her instructions. Madeleine came over to Jill and said, "Right, let's see what Jill can do." Jill began with the classic first rule for all dancers: How to hold the bar. Madeleine Sharp said, "Never grip it, dear." Madeleine firmly continued to say to Jill, "Rest your hand lightly on it. It is there to steady you, not as a lifeline. Turn your feet out. This must not be feet only, but start in the hips so that your whole leg is turned out. Good." Madeleine Sharp wanted to explore her possibilities as a dancer. So she asked the pianist to play a lyrical piece of music and said, "Jill, dear, let me see you run and enjoy yourself and see what the music tells you to do." Jill didn't know it at the time, but Madeleine Sharp was highly regarded and entry to her classes was quite competitive as a result. So Jill's mom was extremely nervous while her daughter was dancing, especially as some of the other mothers stayed there to see how this new child was going to do. Jill got carried away with the music and flew around the room. After a minute or so Madeleine clapped her hands and Jill stopped in front of her, panting and looking up at her, full of hope. Madeleine put her arm round Jill, returned to Jill's mom and said, "I'd like to teach Jill very much. Can you come again on Friday?" They exchanged a few more words but Jill didn't hear a thing. Jill's head was too alive with the events of the afternoon and the thrilling new world before her. She was barely conscious of her mom saying, "Hurry up, darling. Let's get home and tell your dad!" But as her voice woke Jill up, Jill put her arms round her mom.

 

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