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[고2] 2023 11월 – 18번: 농구 코트 소음 문제 해결을 요청하는 민원 제기

① To whom it may concern,

① 관계자 귀하,

② I am writing to inform you of an ongoing noise issue that I am experiencing.

② 저는 제가 겪고 있는 지속되는 소음 문제에 대해 알려 드리기 위해 이 편지를 씁니다.

③ My apartment faces the basketball courts of the community center.

③ 저의 아파트는 문화 센터의 농구 코트를 향하고 있습니다.

④ While I fully support the community center's services, I am constantly being disrupted by individuals playing basketball late at night.

④ 저는 문화 센터의 서비스를 전적으로 지지하고 있지만, 밤늦게 농구를 하는 사람들에 의해 끊임없이 방해받고 있습니다.

⑤ Many nights, I struggle to fall asleep because I can hear people bouncing balls and shouting on the basketball courts well after 11 p.m..

⑤ 많은 밤마다, 밤 11시가 한참 넘어서도 저는 사람들이 농구 코트에서 공을 튀기고 소리치는 것을 들어야 해서 잠을 자는 데 애를 먹습니다.

⑥ Could you restrict the time the basketball court is open to before 9 p.m.?

⑥ 당신은 농구 코트를 여는 시간을 밤 9시 이전으로 제한해 주실 수 있으십니까?

⑦ I'm sure I'm not the only person in the neighborhood that is affected by this noise issue.

⑦ 저는 이 근처에서 이 소음 문제에 의해 영향받는 유일한 사람이 아님을 확신합니다.

⑧ I appreciate your assistance.

⑧ 당신의 협조에 감사드립니다.

⑨ Sincerely, Ian Baldwin

⑨ 진심을 담아, Ian Baldwin

[고2] 2023 11월 – 19번: 부족 의식에서 아버지의 존재로 안정감을 얻음

① Chaske, a Cherokee boy, was sitting on a tree stump.

① 체로키족 소년인 Chaske는 나무 그루터기에 앉아 있었다.

② As a rite of passage for youths in his tribe, Chaske had to survive one night in the forest wearing a blindfold, not knowing he was observed by his father.

② 그의 부족 청년들에 대한 통과 의례로, Chaske는 그의 아버지가 지켜보는 것을 모른 채로 눈가리개를 쓰고 숲속에서 하룻밤을 살아남아야 했다.

③ After the sunset, Chaske could hear all kinds of noises.

③ 해가 지고 난 후에, Chaske는 모든 종류의 소리를 들을 수 있었다.

④ The wind blew the grass and shook his stump.

④ 바람이 풀을 휘저으며 그의 그루터기를 흔들었다.

⑤ A sense of dread swept through his body.

⑤ 두려움이 그의 몸을 휩쓸었다.

⑥ What if wild beasts are looking at me? I can't stand this!

⑥ '만약 야생 짐승들이 나를 바라보고 있다면 어떡하지? 나는 이것을 견딜 수가 없어!'

⑦ Just as he was about to take off the blindfold to run away, a voice came in from somewhere.

⑦ 그가 도망가기 위해 눈가리개를 막 벗으려고 했을 때 어디선가 한 음성이 들려왔다.

⑧ "I'm here around you. Don't give up, and complete your mission."

⑧ "나는 여기 네 주변에 있어. 포기하지 말고 너의 임무를 완수해."

⑨ It was his father's voice.

⑨ 그것은 그의 아버지의 목소리였다.

⑩ He has been watching me from nearby!

⑩ '그가 근처에서 나를 지켜보고 있었구나!'

⑪ With just the presence of his father, the boy regained stability.

⑪ 그의 아버지의 존재만으로도 소년은 안정을 되찾았다.

⑫ What panicked him awfully a moment ago vanished into thin air.

⑫ 조금 전까지 그를 끔찍하게 겁에 질리게 한 것들이 온데간데없이 사라졌다.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 20번: 농업의 발전과 지속 가능성을 위한 해결책 필요

① Agriculture includes a range of activities such as planting, harvesting, fertilizing, pest management, raising animals, and distributing food and agricultural products.

① 농업은 파종, 수확, 비료 주기, 해충 관리, 동물 사육, 그리고 식량 및 농산물 분배와 같은 다양한 활동들을 포함한다.

② It is one of the oldest and most essential human activities, dating back thousands of years, and has played a critical role in the development of human civilizations, allowing people to create stable food supplies and settle in one place.

② 그것은 수천 년 전으로 거슬러 올라가는 가장 오래되고 필수적인 인간 활동 중 하나이고, 인류 문명의 발전에 중요한 역할을 해 왔으며, 사람들이 안정적인 식량을 생산하고 한곳에 정착할 수 있게 허락해 주었다.

③ Today, agriculture remains a vital industry that feeds the world's population, supports rural communities, and provides raw materials for other industries.

③ 오늘날, 농업은 전 세계 인구를 먹여 살리고 농업 공동체를 지원하며 다른 산업에 원료를 공급하는 중요한 산업으로 남아 있다.

④ However, agriculture faces numerous challenges such as climate change, water scarcity, soil degradation, and biodiversity loss.

④ 그러나, 농업은 기후 변화, 물 부족, 토질 저하, 생물 다양성 손실과 같은 수많은 문제에 직면하고 있다.

⑤ As the world's population continues to grow, it is essential to find sustainable solutions to address the challenges facing agriculture and ensure the continued production of food and other agricultural products.

⑤ 세계 인구가 계속해서 증가함에 따라, 농업이 직면한 문제를 다루고 식량과 다른 농산물의 지속적인 생산을 보장하기 위한 지속 가능한 해결책을 찾는 것이 필수적이다.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 21번: 예술은 어려운 주제를 다루며 변화를 촉진함

① The arts and aesthetics offer emotional connection to the full range of human experience.

① 예술과 미학은 다양한 인간 경험에 대한 정서적인 연결을 제공한다.

② "The arts can be more than just sugar on the tongue," Anjan Chatterjee, a professor at the University of Pennsylvania, says.

② "예술은 단순히 혀 위의 설탕 이상의 것이 될 수 있다,"라고 Pennsylvania 대학교의 교수인 Anjan Chatterjee는 말한다.

③ "In art, when there's something challenging, which can also be uncomfortable, this discomfort, if we're willing to engage with it, offers the possibility of some change, some transformation.

③ "예술에서, 무언가 도전적인 것이 있고 그것이 또한 불편할 수 있을 때, 이 불편은, 만약 우리가 기꺼이 그것에 참여하려 한다면, 어떤 변화, 어떤 변형의 가능성을 제공한다.

④ That can also be a powerful aesthetic experience."

④ 그것은 또한 강력한 미적 경험이 될 수 있다."

⑤ The arts, in this way, become vehicles to contend with ideas and concepts that are difficult and uncomfortable otherwise.

⑤ 예술은, 이런 방식으로, 그렇지 않았더라면 어렵고 불편한 아이디어 및 개념들과 싸우는 매개체가 된다.

⑥ When Picasso painted his masterpiece Guernica in 1937, he captured the heartbreaking and cruel nature of war, and offered the world a way to consider the universal suffering caused by the Spanish Civil War.

⑥ Picasso가 그의 걸작 Guernica를 1937년에 그렸을 때, 그는 가슴 아프고 잔인한 전쟁의 본질을 포착했고, 스페인 내전으로 인한 보편적인 고통을 숙고할 방법을 세상에 제공했다.

⑦ When Lorraine Hansberry wrote her play A Raisin in the Sun, she gave us a powerful story of people struggling with racism, discrimination, and the pursuit of the American dream while also offering a touching portrait of family life.

⑦ Lorraine Hansberry가 그녀의 희곡 A Raisin in the Sun을 썼을 때, 그녀는 또한 가족생활에 대한 감동적인 초상화를 제공하면서 인종 차별, 차별, 아메리칸드림의 추구를 위해 고군분투하는 사람들의 강력한 이야기를 우리에게 주었다.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 22번: 기계식 시계가 시간 개념과 경제 발전에 기여

① Many historians have pointed to the significance of accurate time measurement to Western economic progress.

① 많은 역사가들은 서양의 경제적 진보에 있어서 정확한 시간 측정의 중요성을 시사해 왔다.

② The French historian Jacques Le Goff called the birth of the public mechanical clock a turning point in Western society.

② 프랑스 역사가 Jacques Le Goff는 공공 기계 시계의 탄생을 서구 사회에서의 전환점이라고 불렀다.

③ Until the late Middle Ages, people had sun or water clocks, which did not play any meaningful role in business activities.

③ 중세 말기까지, 사람들은 해시계와 물시계를 가지고 있었는데, 그것들은 경제 활동에 있어서 아무런 의미 있는 역할을 하지 못했다.

④ Market openings and activities started with the sunrise and typically ended at noon when the sun was at its peak.

④ 시장 개장과 활동들은 일출과 함께 시작했고 태양이 최고점에 이르는 정오에 일반적으로 끝났다.

⑤ But when the first public mechanical clocks were introduced and spread across European cities, market times were set by the stroke of the hour.

⑤ 그러나 최초의 공공 기계 시계들이 도입되고 유럽 도시들 전역으로 확산되었을 때, 시장 시간은 시간을 알리는 소리에 의해 정해졌다.

⑥ Public clocks thus greatly contributed to public life and work by providing a new concept of time that was easy for everyone to understand.

⑥ 따라서 공공 시계들은 모든 사람이 이해하기 쉬운 시간의 새로운 개념을 제공함으로써 공공의 생활과 일에 크게 기여했다.

⑦ This, in turn, helped facilitate trade and commerce.

⑦ 그 결과, 이것은 무역과 상업을 촉진하는 데 도움을 주었다.

⑧ Interactions and transactions between consumers, retailers, and wholesalers became less irregular.

⑧ 소비자, 소매업자, 그리고 도매업자 간의 상호 작용과 거래는 덜 불규칙해졌다.

⑨ Important town meetings began to follow the pace of the clock, allowing people to better plan their time and allocate resources in a more efficient manner.

⑨ 중요한 마을 회의들은 시계의 페이스를 따르기 시작했고, 이것은 사람들이 그들의 시간을 더 잘 계획하고 더 효율적인 방식으로 자원들을 분배하는 것을 허락해 주었다.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 23번: 쇼핑카트 사용 장려를 위한 마케팅 전략 전환

① Sylvan Goldman invented the shopping cart and introduced it in his stores in 1937.

① Sylvan Goldman은 쇼핑 카트를 발명하고 1937년에 그의 가게들에 그것을 도입했다.

② It was an excellent device that would make it easy for shoppers to buy as much as they wanted without getting tired or seeking others' help.

② 그것은 쇼핑객들이 지치거나 다른 사람들의 도움을 구하지 않고 그들이 원했던 만큼 구매하는 것을 쉽게 만들어 준 훌륭한 장치였다.

③ But Goldman discovered that in spite of his repeated advertisements and explanations, he could not persuade his shoppers to use the wheeled carts.

③ 하지만 Goldman은 그의 반복적인 광고와 설명에도 불구하고, 그의 쇼핑객들에게 바퀴 달린 카트들을 사용하도록 설득할 수 없다는 것을 알게 됐다.

④ Men were reluctant because they thought they would appear weak if they pushed such carts instead of carrying their shopping.

④ 남성들은 그들의 쇼핑한 물건을 들고 다니는 대신 만약 그들이 그런 카트들을 민다면 그들이 나약해 보일 것으로 생각했기 때문에 꺼렸다.

⑤ Women wouldn't touch them because the carts reminded them of baby carriages.

⑤ 여성들은 카트들이 그들에게 유모차를 연상시키기 때문에 그것들에 손대려 하지 않았다.

⑥ It was only a few elderly shoppers who used them.

⑥ 그것들을 사용하는 사람들은 오직 몇 명의 노인 쇼핑객들뿐이었다.

⑦ That made the carts even less attractive to the majority of the shoppers.

⑦ 그것은 카트들을 대다수 쇼핑객들에게 훨씬 덜 매력적이도록 만들었다.

⑧ Then Goldman hit upon an idea.

⑧ 그때 Goldman이 한 아이디어를 떠올렸다.

⑨ He hired several models, men and women, of different ages and asked them to wheel the carts in the store and shop.

⑨ 그는 다른 연령대의 남자와 여자 모델들을 고용했고, 그들에게 상점에서 카트들을 밀고 쇼핑하도록 요청했다.

⑩ A young woman employee standing near the entrance told the regular shoppers, 'Look, everyone is using the carts. Why don't you?'

⑩ 입구 근처에 서 있던 한 젊은 여성 직원이 일반 쇼핑객들에게 '보세요, 모든 사람이 카트를 사용하고 있습니다. 해 보는 게 어떠세요?'라고 말했다.

⑪ That was the turning point.

⑪ 그것이 전환점이었다.

⑫ A few shills disguised as regular shoppers easily accomplished what logic, explanations, and advertisements failed to do.

⑫ 일반 쇼핑객들로 위장한 바람잡이들이 논리, 설명, 그리고 광고가 하지 못한 것을 쉽게 달성했다.

⑬ Within a few weeks shoppers readily accepted those carts.

⑬ 몇 주 만에 쇼핑객들은 그 카트들을 기꺼이 받아들였다.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 24번: 로봇의 인간적 특성이 신뢰와 속임수 모두 유발 가능

① In response to human-like care robots, critics might charge that human-robot interactions create moral hazards for dementia patients.

① 인간을 닮은 돌봄 로봇들에 대한 반응으로, 비평가들은 인간-로봇의 상호 작용이 치매 환자들에게 도덕적 위험을 만들어 낸다고 비난할지도 모른다.

② Even if deception is sometimes allowed when it serves worthy goals, should it be allowed for vulnerable users?

② 속임수가 그것이 가치 있는 목표를 달성할 때 때때로 허용된다고 하더라도, 취약한 사용자들에게 그것이 허용되어야 할까?

③ Just as children on the autism spectrum with robot companions might be easily fooled into thinking of robots as friends, older adults with cognitive deficits might be.

③ 로봇 친구가 있는 자폐성 스펙트럼을 가진 아이들이 로봇을 친구로 생각하도록 쉽게 속을 수 있는 것처럼, 인지 결함을 가진 노인들도 그럴 수 있다.

④ According to Alexis Elder, a professor at UMD, robots are false friends, inferior to true friendship.

④ UMD의 교수인 Alexis Elder에 따르면, 로봇은 진정한 우정보다, 열등한 '가짜' 친구이다.

⑤ Reasoning along similar lines, John Sullins, a professor at Sonoma State University, holds that robots should "remain iconic or cartoonish so that they are easily distinguished as synthetic even by unsophisticated users."

⑤ 비슷한 방향에서 생각하자면, Sonoma 주립 대학교 교수인 John Sullins는 로봇이 '심지어 순수한 사용자들에 의해서도 그것들이 진짜가 아닌 것으로 쉽게 구별될 수 있도록 상징적이거나 만화같이남아 있어야 한다.'라고 주장한다.

⑥ At least then no one is fooled.

⑥ 적어도 그러면 아무도 속지 않는다.

⑦ Making robots clearly fake also avoids the so-called "uncanny valley," where robots are perceived as scary because they so closely resemble us, but not quite.

⑦ 로봇을 명백히 가짜로 만드는 것은 또한 로봇이 우리를 완전히는 아니지만, 아주 가깝게 닮았기 때문에 무섭다고 인지되는 소위 '불쾌한 골짜기'라고 불리는 것을 피하게 한다.

⑧ Other critics of robot deception argue that when care recipients are deceived into thinking that robots care, this crosses a line and violates human dignity.

⑧ 로봇 속임수에 대한 다른 비평가들은 돌봄을 받는 사람들이 로봇이 돌봐 준다고 생각하도록 속임을 당할 때, 이것은 선을 넘고 인간의 '존엄성'을 침해한다고 주장한다.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 25번: 미국 연령별 온라인 광고 견해 조사 결과 분석

① The graph above shows the results of a 2019 survey on the views of American age groups on targeted online advertising.

① 위의 그래프는 표적 온라인 광고에 대한 미국 연령층들의 견해에 관한 2019년 설문 조사의 결과를 보여 준다.

② In total, while 51% of the respondents said targeted ads were intrusive, 27% said they were interesting.

② 전체적으로, 응답자의 51%는 표적 광고들이 침해적이라고 말한 반면, 27%는 그것들이 흥미롭다고 대답하였다.

③ The percentage of respondents who believed that targeted ads were interesting was the highest in the age group of 18 to 24.

③ 표적 광고들이 흥미롭다고 믿는 응답자들의 비율은 18세에서 24세 연령층에서 가장 높았다.

④ The percentage of respondents aged 25 to 34 who said that targeted ads were intrusive was the same as that of respondents aged 45 to 54 who said the same.

④ 표적 광고들이 침해적이라고 응답한 25세에서 34세 응답자들의 비율은 똑같이 응답한 45세에서 54세 응답자들의 그것과 똑같았다.

⑤ Among all age groups, the gap between respondents who said targeted ads were interesting and those who believed them to be intrusive was the largest in the 35-to-44 age group.

⑤ 모든 연령층에서, 표적 광고들이 흥미롭다고 말한 응답자들과 그것들이 침해적이라고 믿는 응답자들 간의 차이는 35세에서 44세 연령층에서 가장 컸다.

⑥ The age group of 55 and above was the only group where the percentage of respondents who believed targeted ads were intrusive was more than 50%.

⑥ 55세 이상의 연령층은 표적 광고들이 침해적이라고 믿는 응답자들의 비율이 50%가 넘는 유일한 집단이었다.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 26번: Maggie Walker의 금융 개혁과 커뮤니티 기여

① Maggie L. Walker achieved national prominence as a businesswoman and community leader.

① Maggie L. Walker는 여성 사업가와 커뮤니티 리더로서 전국적 명성을 얻었다.

② She was among the earliest Black students to attend newly-established public schools for African Americans.

② 그녀는 아프리카계 미국인들을 위해 새롭게 설립된 공립 학교에 다닌 초기 흑인 학생들 중 하나였다.

③ After graduating, she worked as a teacher for three years at the Valley School, where she had studied.

③ 졸업 이후, 그녀는 그녀가 공부했던 Valley School에서 교사로서 3년 동안 근무했다.

④ In the early 1900s, Virginia banks owned by white bankers were unwilling to do business with African American organizations or individuals.

④ 1900년대 초반에, 백인 은행가들에 의해 소유된 Virginia의 은행들은 아프리카계 미국인의 단체나 개인들과 거래하기를 꺼렸다.

⑤ The racial discrimination by white bankers drove her to study banking and financial laws.

⑤ 백인 은행가들에 의한 인종 차별은 그녀로 하여금 은행 금융법을 공부하게 만들었다.

⑥ She established a newspaper to promote closer communication between the charitable organization she belonged to and the public.

⑥ 그녀는 그녀가 속한 자선 단체와 대중 간의 더 긴밀한 소통을 장려하고자 신문사를 설립했다.

⑦ Soon after, she founded the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank, which survived the Great Depression and merged with two other banks.

⑦ 곧이어, 그녀는 St. Luke Penny Savings Bank를 설립했는데, 그것은 대공황에서 살아남아 두 개의 다른 은행들과 합병했다.

⑧ It thrived as the oldest continually African American-operated bank until 2009.

⑧ 그것은 2009년까지 지속적으로 아프리카계 미국인에 의해 운영되는 가장 오래된 은행으로서 번창했다.

⑨ Walker achieved successes with the vision to make improvements in the way of life for African Americans.

⑨ Walker는 아프리카계 미국인들을 위한 삶의 방식에서 개선을 이루고자 하는 비전으로 성공을 거두었다.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 29번: 렉틴 과잉 섭취가 건강에 미치는 부정적 영향

① Lectins are large proteins that serve as a crucial weapon that plants use to defend themselves.

① 렉틴은 식물들이 그들 스스로를 방어하기 위해 사용하는 중요한 무기로서 역할을 하는 커다란 단백질이다.

② The lectins in most plants bind to carbohydrates as we consume the plant.

② 대부분의 식물에 있는 렉틴은 우리가 식물을 섭취할 때 탄수화물과 결합한다.

③ They also bind to sugar molecules found in the gut, in the brain, between nerve endings, in joints and in all bodily fluids.

③ 그것들은 또한 장, 뇌, 신경 말단 사이, 관절 및 모든 체액에서 발견되는 당 분자들과 결합한다.

④ According to Dr. Steven Gundry, these sticky proteins can interrupt messaging between cells and cause toxic and inflammatory reactions.

④ Dr. Steven Gundry에 따르면, 이러한 끈적끈적한 단백질은 세포들 간의 메시지 전달을 방해하고 독성 및 염증성의 반응을 일으킬 수 있다.

⑤ Brain fog is just one result of lectins interrupting communication between nerves.

⑤ 뇌 피로 현상은 렉틴이 신경들 간의 소통을 방해하는 단지 하나의 결과에 지나지 않는다.

⑥ An upset stomach is another common symptom of lectin overload.

⑥ 위장 장애는 렉틴 과다의 또 다른 흔한 증상이다.

⑦ Dr. Gundry lists a wide range of other health problems including aching joints, dementia, headaches and infertility that have been resolved in his patients once they eliminated lectins from their diets.

⑦ Dr. Gundry는 그의 환자들이 자신의 식단에서 렉틴을 제거하였을 때 해결되어 왔던 관절통, 치매, 두통, 그리고 불임을 포함한 광범위한 다양한 건강 문제들을 나열한다.

⑧ Dr. Paul Saladino writes that the hypothesis that lectins are involved in Parkinson's disease is also gaining support, with animal studies showing that 'lectins, once eaten, may be damaging the gut and travelling to the brain, where they appear to be toxic to dopaminergic neurons'.

⑧ Dr. Paul Saladino는 렉틴이 파킨슨병과 관련이 있다는 가설이 '렉틴이 일단 섭취되면, 장에 손상을 입히고 뇌로 이동해 그곳에서 그것들이 도파민 작동성 신경 세포에 독성을 일으키는 것처럼 보인다.'는 것을 보여 주는 동물 연구들과 함께 또한 지지를 얻고 있다고 기록한다.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 30번: 기술 발전이 프라이버시 재정의의 필요성을 강조

① Technology changes how individuals and societies understand the concept of privacy.

① 기술은 개인들과 사회가 사생활의 개념을 이해하는 방식을 변화시킨다.

② The fact that someone has a new ability to access information or watch the actions of another does not justify doing so.

② 누군가가 정보에 접근하거나 다른 사람의 행동을 관찰하는 새로운 능력을 갖추고 있다는 사실은 그렇게 하는 것을 정당화하지 않는다.

③ Rather, advances in technology require citizens and policy makers to consider how privacy protections should be expanded.

③ 오히려, 기술의 발전은 시민들과 정책 입안자들이 어떻게 사생활 보호가 확장되어야 하는지 고려할 것을 요구한다.

④ For example, when cameras first became available for commercial and private use, nations and citizens struggled over whether new laws should be enacted to protect individuals from being photographed without their permission.

④ 예를 들어, 카메라들이 상업적이고 사적인 용도로 처음 사용될 수 있게 되었을 때, 국가들과 시민들은 그들의 허가 없이 개인들이 사진에 찍히는 것으로부터 보호하기 위해 새로운 법들이 제정되어야하는지에 대해 투쟁했다.

⑤ The reconsideration of privacy brought about by this new technology re-affirmed a distinction between private and public spaces.

⑤ 이 새로운 기술이 가져온 사생활에 대한 재고는 사적 및 공적 공간의 구별을 재확인했다.

⑥ It was determined by most cultures that people automatically gave consent to being seen ― and thus recorded ― once they voluntarily stepped into a public space.

⑥ 일단 사람들이 자발적으로 공공장소에 발을 들여놓으면, 보여지고, 따라서 녹화되는 것에 자동적으로 동의하는 것으로 대부분의 문화에서 결정되었다.

⑦ Although some people might be uncomfortable with the spread of surveillance cameras, citizens in most cultures have adjusted to the fact that giving up the right not to be observed in these circumstances causes less harm to the community than failing to have surveillance.

⑦ 일부 사람들은 감시 카메라들의 확산을 불편하게 여길지도 모르지만, 대부분의 문화권에 있는 시민들은 이러한 상황에서 관찰되지 않을 권리를 포기하는 것이 감시받지 못하는 것보다 지역 사회에 더적은 해를 끼친다는 사실에 순응해 왔다.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 31번: 기적은 인간 무지에서 비롯되며 탐구로 설명 가능

① Coincidence that is statistically impossible seems to us like an irrational event, and some define it as a miracle.

① 통계적으로 불가능한 우연은 우리에게 비이성적인 사건처럼 보이고, 어떤 이들은 그것을 기적으로 정의한다.

② But, as Montaigne has said, "the origin of a miracle is in our ignorance, at the level of our knowledge of nature, and not in nature itself."

② 그러나, Montaigne가 말했듯이, "기적의 기원은 자연 그 자체가 아니라 자연에 대한 우리의 지식수준에서, 우리의 무지에 있다."

③ Glorious miracles have been later on discovered to be obedience to the laws of nature or a technological development that was not widely known at the time.

③ 영광스러운 기적들은 자연의 법칙에 대한 순응으로서, 혹은 당시에는 널리 알려지지 않았던 기술적 발전으로서 나중에 발견되어 왔다.

④ As the German poet, Goethe, phrased it: "Things that are mysterious are not yet miracles."

④ 독일 시인 Goethe가 그것을 표현했듯이, "'신비한' 것들은 아직 '기적'이 '아니다'."

⑤ The miracle assumes the intervention of a "higher power" in its occurrence that is beyond human capability to grasp.

⑤ 기적은 그것의 발생에 있어서 인간이 이해할 수 있는 능력 너머의 '더 높은 힘'의 개입을 가정한다.

⑥ Yet there are methodical and simple ways to "cause a miracle" without divine revelation and inspiration.

⑥ 하지만, 신적인 계시와 영감 없이 '기적을 일으키는' 체계적이고 간단한 방법들이 있다.

⑦ Instead of checking it out, investigating and finding the source of the event, we define it as a miracle.

⑦ 그것을 확인하는 것, 즉, 그 사건의 근원을 조사하고 찾는 것 대신에, 우리는 그것을 기적으로 정의한다.

⑧ The miracle, then, is the excuse of those who are too lazy to think.

⑧ 그렇다면, 기적은 생각하는 데 너무 게으른 사람들의 핑계이다.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 32번: 외부 정보가 사건 기억에 영향을 미칠 수 있음

① Information encountered after an event can influence subsequent remembering.

① 사건 후에 마주친 정보는 이후의 기억하는 것에 영향을 미칠 수 있다.

② External information can easily integrate into a witness's memory, especially if the event was poorly encoded or the memory is from a distant event, in which case time and forgetting have degraded the original memory.

② 특히 사건이 불충분하게 부호화되었거나, 그 기억이 시간과 망각이 원래의 기억을 저하시켜 온 먼 사건으로부터 온 것이라면, 외부 정보는 목격자의 기억에 쉽게 통합될 수 있다.

③ With reduced information available in memory with which to confirm the validity of post-event misinformation, it is less likely that this new information will be rejected.

③ 사건 후의 잘못된 정보의 유효성을 확인하기 위해 기억에서 사용할 수 있는 줄어든 정보를 가지면, 이 새로운 정보가 덜 거부될 듯하다.

④ Instead, especially when it fits the witness's current thinking and can be used to create a story that makes sense to him or her, it may be integrated as part of the original experience.

④ 대신에, 특히 그것이 목격자의 현재 생각과 맞고 그 또는 그녀에게 이해되는 하나의 이야기를 만드는 데 사용될 수 있을 때, 그것은 원래 경험의 일부로서 통합될 수 있다.

⑤ This process can be explicit (i.e., the witness knows it is happening), but it is often unconscious.

⑤ 이 과정은 명시적일 수 있지만(즉, 목격자는 그것이 일어나고 있다는 것을 알고 있다), 그것은 흔히 무의식적이다.

⑥ That is, the witness might find himself or herself thinking about the event differently without awareness.

⑥ 즉, 목격자는 의식하지 못한 채 그 사건에 대해 다르게 생각하는 그 자신 또는 그녀 자신을 발견할지도 모른다.

⑦ Over time, the witness may not even know the source of information that led to the (new) memory.

⑦ 시간이 지남에 따라, 목격자는 (새로운) 기억으로 이끄는 정보의 출처조차 모를지도 모른다.

⑧ Sources of misinformation in forensic contexts can be encountered anywhere, from discussions with other witnesses to social media searches to multiple interviews with investigators or other legal professionals, and even in court.

⑧ 법정의 상황에서의 잘못된 정보의 출처는 다른 목격자들과의 토론에서부터 소셜 미디어 조사들, 수사관 또는 기타 법률 전문가들과의 다중 인터뷰들, 심지어 법정에서까지 어디에서나 마주쳐질 수 있다.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 33번: 상관관계는 인과관계보다 명확한 통찰을 제공

① Correlations are powerful because the insights they offer are relatively clear.

① 상관관계는 그것들이 제공하는 통찰력이 비교적 명확하기 때문에 강력하다.

② These insights are often covered up when we bring causality back into the picture.

② 이러한 통찰력은 종종 우리가 인과 관계를 그 상황으로 다시 가져올 때 가려진다.

③ For instance, a used-car dealer supplied data to statisticians to predict which of the vehicles available for purchase at an auction were likely to have problems.

③ 예를 들어, 한 중고차 딜러가 경매에서 구입할 수 있는 차량들 중 어떤 차량에 문제가 발생할 가능성이 있는지를 예측하기 위한 데이터를 통계학자들에게 제공했다.

④ A correlation analysis showed that orange-colored cars were far less likely to have defects.

④ 한 상관관계 분석은 주황색 차들이 결함이 있을 가능성이 훨씬 적다는 것을 보여 줬다.

⑤ Even as we read this, we already think about why it might be so:

⑤ 심지어 우리가 이것을 읽으면서도, 우리는 이미 왜 그럴지에 대해 생각한다.

⑥ Are orange-colored car owners likely to be car enthusiasts and take better care of their vehicles?

⑥ 주황색 차를 소유한 사람들이 자동차 애호가여서 그들의 차량을 더 잘 관리할 가능성이 있는가?

⑦ Or, is it because orange-colored cars are more noticeable on the road and therefore less likely to be in accidents, so they're in better condition when resold?

⑦ 아니면, 주황색 차들이 도로에서 더 눈에 띄고, 그래서 사고가 날 가능성이 적어 재판매될 때 그것들이 상태가 더 좋은 것이기 때문인가?

⑧ Quickly we are caught in a web of competing causal hypotheses.

⑧ 곧 우리는 경쟁적인 인과 가설의 함정에 빠진다.

⑨ But our attempts to illuminate things this way only make them cloudier.

⑨ 하지만 이런 식으로 무언가를 설명하려는 우리의 시도는 그것들을 더 흐리게 만들 뿐이다.

⑩ Correlations exist; we can show them mathematically.

⑩ 상관관계는 존재하며 우리는 그것들을 수학적으로 보여줄 수 있다.

⑪ We can't easily do the same for causal links.

⑪ 우리는 인과 관계에 대해서는 쉽게 똑같이 할 수 없다.

⑫ So we would do well to hold off from trying to explain the reason behind the correlations.

⑫ 따라서 우리는 상관관계의 배후에 있는 이유를 설명하려 하지 않는 것이 좋다.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 34번: 기후 변화가 동물 크기 감소에 영향을 미침

① Most mice in the wild are eaten or die before their life span of two years is over.

① 야생에 있는 대부분의 쥐들은 2년의 수명이 끝나기 전에 잡아먹히거나 죽는다.

② They die from external causes, such as disease, starvation, or predators, not due to internal causes, such as aging.

② 그들은 노화와 같은 '내부적인 원인들' 때문이 아니라 질병, 굶주림 또는 포식자와 같은 '외부적인 원인들'로 죽는다.

③ That is why nature has made mice to live, on average, for no longer than two years.

③ 그것이 자연이 쥐를 평균적으로 2년 이상 살지 못하게 만든 이유이다.

④ Now we have arrived at an important point:

④ 이제 우리는 중요한 지점에 도달했다.

⑤ The average life span of an animal species, or the rate at which it ages, is determined by the average time that this animal species can survive in the wild.

⑤ 동물 종의 평균 수명, 또는 그것이 노화하는 속도는 이 동물 종이 야생에서 생존할 수 있는 평균 시간에 의해 결정된다.

⑥ That explains why a bat can live to be 30 years old.

⑥ 그것은 왜 박쥐가 30세까지 살 수 있는지를 설명해 준다.

⑦ In contrast to mice, bats can fly, which is why they can escape from danger much faster.

⑦ 쥐와 대조적으로 박쥐는 날 수 있고, 이것은 그들이 위험에서 훨씬 더 빨리 도망칠 수 있는 이유이다.

⑧ Thanks to their wings, bats can also cover longer distances and are better able to find food.

⑧ 그들의 날개 덕분에, 박쥐들은 또한 더 긴 거리를 이동할 수 있고 먹이를 더 잘 찾을 수 있다.

⑨ Every genetic change in the past that made it possible for a bat to live longer was useful, because bats are much better able than mice to flee from danger, find food, and survive.

⑨ 박쥐가 더 오래 사는 것을 가능하게 해 준 과거의 모든 유전적 변화는 박쥐가 쥐보다 위험으로부터 도망치고, 먹이를 찾고, 생존하는 것을 훨씬 더 잘할 수 있기 때문에 유용했다.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 35번: 도덕적 우수성은 학습과 발달로 지속 가능

① Moral excellence, according to Aristotle, is the result of habit and repetition, though modern science would also suggest that it may have an innate, genetic component.

① 비록 현대 과학은 그것이 선천적, 즉, 유전적인 요소를 가지고 있다고 또한 주장하지만, Aristotle에 따르면 도덕적 우수성은 습관과 반복의 결과물이다.

② This means that moral excellence will be broadly set early in our lives, which is why the question of how early to teach it is so important.

② 이것은 도덕적 우수성이 우리 삶에 있어서 이른 시기에 광범위하게 설정될 것임을 의미하며, 이것이 얼마나 일찍 그것을 가르쳐야 할지에 대한 질문이 매우 중요한 이유이다.

③ Freud suggested that we don't change our personality much after age five or thereabouts, but as in many other things, Freud was wrong.

③ Freud는 우리가 5세 혹은 그 무렵 이후에는 우리의 성격을 많이 바꾸지 않는다고 제시했지만, 다른 많은 것들에서처럼 Freud는 틀렸다.

④ Recent psychological research shows that personality traits stabilize around age thirty in both men and women and regardless of ethnicity as the human brain continues to develop, both neuroanatomically and in terms of cognitive skills, until the mid-twenties.

④ 최근의 심리 연구는 20대 중반까지 신경 해부학적으로 그리고 인지 기능 면에서 인간의 뇌가 계속해서 발달함에 따라 남성과 여성 모두에게 있어서 그리고 민족에 상관없이 성격 특성이 30세 무렵에안정된다는 것을 보여 준다.

⑤ The advantage of this new understanding is that we can be a bit more optimistic than Aristotle and Freud about being able to teach moral excellence.

⑤ 이 새로운 이해의 이점은 우리가 Aristotle이나 Freud보다 도덕적 우수성을 가르칠 수 있다는 점에서 조금 더 낙관적 일 수 있다는 것이다.