From an organizational viewpoint, one of the most fascinating examples of how any organization may contain many different types of culture is to recognize the functional operations of different departments within the organization. The varying departments and divisions within an organization will inevitably view any given situation from their own biased and prejudiced perspective. A department and its members will acquire "tunnel vision" which disallows them to see things as others see them. The very structure of organizations can create conflict. The choice of whether the structure is "mechanistic" or "organic" can have a profound influence on conflict management. A mechanistic structure has a vertical hierarchy with many rules, many procedures, and many levels of management involved in decision making. Organic structures are more horizontal in nature, where decision making is less centralized and spread across the plane of the organization.
Organizational culture and conflict From an organizational viewpoint, one of the most fascinating examples of how any organization may contain many different types of culture is to recognize the functional operations of different departments within the organization. The varying departments and divisions within an organization will inevitably view any given situation from their own biased and prejudiced perspective. A department and its members will acquire "tunnel vision" which disallows them to see things as others see them. The very structure of organizations can create conflict. The choice of whether the structure is "mechanistic" or "organic" can have a profound influence on conflict management. A mechanistic structure has a vertical hierarchy with many rules and procedures and many levels of management involved in decision making. Organic structures are more horizontal in nature, where decision making is less centralized and spread across the plane of the organization. Employees in a mechanistic structure are burdened with more rules and regulations than in an organic structure. This inevitably restricts innovation and creativity. Because there are expected behavior patterns in mechanistic structures, it is often difficult for employees to adjust to new situations. New ideas and processes are therefore more difficult to implement.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고1] 2024년 09월– 30번: 자전거전용도로확장으로교통을줄이는도시계획의이점
An excellent alternative to calming traffic is removing it. Some cities reserve an extensive network of lanes and streets for bikes, pedestrians, and the occasional service vehicle. This motivates people to travel by bike rather than by car, making streets safer for everyone. As bicycles become more popular in a city, planners can convert more automobile lanes and entire streets to accommodate more of them. Nevertheless, even the most bikeable cities still require motor vehicle lanes for taxis, emergency vehicles, and delivery trucks. Delivery vehicles are frequently a target of animus, but they are actually an essential component to making cities greener. A tightly packed delivery truck is a far more efficient transporter of goods than several hybrids carrying a few shopping bags each. Distributing food and other goods to neighborhood vendors allows them to operate smaller stores close to homes so that residents can walk, rather than drive, to get their groceries.
An excellent alternative to calming traffic is removing it. Some cities reserve an extensive grid of lanes and streets for bikes, pedestrians, and the occasional service vehicle. This motivates people to travel by bike rather than by car, making streets safer for everyone. As bicycles become more popular in a city, planners can convert more automobile lanes and entire streets to accommodate more of them. Nevertheless, even the most bikeable cities still require motor vehicle lanes for taxis, emergency vehicles, and delivery trucks. Delivery vehicles are frequently a target of animus, but they are actually an essential component to making cities greener. A tightly packed delivery truck is a far more efficient transporter of goods than several hybrids carrying a few shopping bags each. Distributing food and other goods to neighborhood vendors allows them to operate smaller outlets close to homes so that residents can walk, rather than drive, to get their groceries.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고1] 2024년 09월–31번: 유명작곡가들의초기작품이받아들여지기어려웠던이유
You hear again and again that some of the greatest composers were misunderstood in their own day. Not everyone could understand the compositions of Beethoven, Brahms, or Stravinsky in their day. The reason for this initial lack of acceptance is unfamiliarity. The musical forms, or ideas expressed within them, were completely new. And yet, this is exactly one of the things that makes them so great. Effective composers have their own ideas. Have you ever seen the classic movie Amadeus? The composer Antonio Salieri is the "host" of this movie; he's depicted as one of the most famous non-great composers ― he lived at the time of Mozart and was completely overshadowed by him. Now, Salieri wasn't a bad composer; in fact, he was a very good one. But he wasn't one of the world's great composers because his work wasn't original. What he wrote sounded just like what everyone else was composing at the time.
You hear again and again that some of the greatest composers — even those whose works sound tame and easily accessible to us — were misunderstood in their own day. Not everyone could relate to the compositions of Ludwig van Beethoven, Johannes Brahms, Gustav Mahler, Richard Strauss, Claude Debussy, Stravinsky, or Charles Ives in their day. (Actually, that’s the understatement of the year; the audience at Stravinsky’s The Rite of Spring actually rioted, trashing the theater and bolting for the exits.) The reason for this original lack of acceptance is unfamiliarity. The musical forms, or ideas expressed within them, were completely new. And yet, this is exactly one of the things that makes them so great. Effective composers have their own ideas. Have you ever seen the classic movie Amadeus, which won eight Oscars including Best Picture in 1984? The composer Antonio Salieri is the “host” of this movie; he’s depicted as one of the most famous non-great composers — he lived at the time of Mozart and was completely overshadowed by him. Now, Salieri wasn’t a bad composer; in fact, he was a very good one. But he wasn’t one of the world’s great composers because his work wasn’t original. What he wrote sounded just like what everyone else was composing at the time.
One valuable technique for getting out of helplessness, depression, and situations which are predominantly being run by the thought, "I can't," is to choose to be with other persons who have resolved the problem with which we struggle. This is one of the great powers of self-help groups. When we are in a negative state, we have given a lot of energy to negative thought forms, and the positive thought forms are weak. Those who are in a higher vibration are free of the energy from their negative thoughts and have energized positive thought forms. Merely to be in their presence is beneficial. In some self-help groups, this is called "hanging out with the winners." The benefit here is on the psychic level of consciousness, and there is a transfer of positive energy and relighting of one's own latent positive thought forms.
The Company We Keep Another valuable technique for getting out of apathy, depression, and situations which are predominantly being run by the thought, "I can't," is to choose to be with other persons who have resolved the problem with which we struggle. This is one of the great powers of self-help groups. When we are in a negative state, we have given a lot of energy to negative thought forms, and the positive thought forms are weak. Those who are in a higher vibration are free of the energy from their negative thoughts and have energized positive thought forms. Merely to be in their presence is beneficial. In some self-help groups, this is called "hanging out with the winners." The benefit here is on the psychic level of consciousness, and there is a transfer of positive energy and relighting of one's own latent positive thought forms.In some self-help groups this is called "getting it by osmosis." It is not necessary to know how it happens, but merely that it does happen.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
helplessness = apathy
helplessness (n) 무력감, 난감함
apathy (n) 무관심, 냉담함
[고1] 2024년 09월– 22번: 인간의감정이생존에기여한진화적역할
Our emotions are thought to exist because they have contributed to our survival as a species. Fear has helped us avoid dangers, expressing anger helps us scare off threats, and expressing positive emotions helps us bond with others. From an evolutionary perspective, an emotion is a kind of "program" that, when triggered, directs many of our activities (including attention, perception, memory, movement, expressions, etc.). For example, fear makes us very attentive, narrows our perceptual focus to threatening stimuli, will cause us either to face a situation (fight) or avoid it (flight), and may cause us to remember an experience more acutely (so that we avoid the threat in the future). Regardless of the specific ways in which they activate our systems, the specific emotions we possess are thought to exist because they have helped us (as a species) survive challenges within our environment long ago. If they had not helped us adapt and survive, they would not have evolved with us.
Our nonverbal messages are strongly linked to our emotions (Anderson & Guerrero, 1998). And these emotions are thought to exist because they have contributed to our survival as a species. Fear has helped us avoid dangers, expressing anger helps us ward off threats, and expressing positive emotions helps us bond with others. From an evolutionary perspective, an emotion is a kind of “program” that, when elicited, directs many of our activities (including attention, perception, memory, movement, expressions, etc.) (Cosmides & Tooby, 2000). For example, fear makes us very attentive, narrows our perceptual focus to threatening stimuli, will cause us either to address a situation head on (fight) or avoid it (flight), and may cause us to remember an experience more acutely (so that we avoid the threat in the future). Regardless of the specific ways in which they activate our systems, the specific emotions we possess are thought to exist because they have helped us (as a species) survive challenges within our environment long ago. If they had not helped us adapt and survive, they would not have evolved with us (Anderson & Guerrero, 1998).
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
scare off = ward off
trigger = elicit
face = address + O + head on
scare off 겁을 주어 ~를 쫓아 버리다
ward off피하다, 물리치다, 가까이 오지 못하게 하다
trigger (v) 촉발시키다, 작동시키다
elicit (v) (정보·반응을 어렵게) 끌어내다
face (v) 대면하다, 마주하다
address (v) (문제·상황 등에 대해) 고심하다[다루다]
head on정면으로
[고1] 2024년 09월– 23번: AI 기술이장애인을포함한노동시장에서의포용성증대
By improving accessibility of the workplace for workers that are typically at a disadvantage in the labour market, AI can improve inclusiveness in the workplace. AI-powered assistive devices to aid workers with visual, speech or hearing difficulties are becoming more widespread, improving the access to, and the quality of work for people with disabilities. For example, speech recognition solutions for people with dysarthric voices, or live captioning systems for deaf and hard of hearing people can facilitate communication with colleagues and access to jobs where inter-personal communication is necessary. AI can also enhance the capabilities of low-skilled workers, with potentially positive effects on their wages and career prospects. For example, AI's capacity to translate written and spoken word in real-time can improve the performance of non-native speakers in the workplace. Moreover, recent developments in AI-powered text generators can instantly improve the performance of lower-skilled individuals in domains such as writing, coding or customer service.
4.4.1. AI can improve inclusiveness for some disadvantaged groups but not for others
By improving accessibility of the workplace for workers that are typically at a disadvantage in the labour market, AI can improve inclusiveness in the workplace. AI-powered assistive devices to aid workers with visual, speech or hearing impairments, or prosthetic limbs, are becoming more widespread, improving the access to, and the quality of work for people with disabilities (Smith and Smith, 2021[50]; Touzet, forthcoming[51]). For example, speech recognition solutions for people with dysarthric voices, or live captioning systems for deaf and hard of hearing people can facilitate communication with colleagues and access to jobs where inter-personal communication is necessary. AI can also enhance the capabilities of low-skilled workers, with potentially positive effects on their wages and career prospects. For example, AI's capacity to translate written and spoken word in real-time can improve the performance of non-native speakers in the workplace. Moreover, recent developments in AI-powered text generators, such as ChatGPT, can instantly improve the performance of lower-skilled individuals in domains such as writing, coding or customer service (see Box 4.2).
텍스트 비교 (문제 vs. 원문 )
hearing difficulties = hearing impairments 청각 장애
prosthetic limbs 의수, 의족
[고1] 2024년 09월– 24번: 고래가기후변화완화에기여하는방식과그가치
Whales are highly efficient at carbon storage. When they die, each whale sequesters an average of 30 tons of carbon dioxide, taking that carbon out of the atmosphere for centuries. For comparison, the average tree absorbs only 48 pounds of CO₂a year. From a climate perspective, each whale is the marine equivalent of thousands of trees. Whales also help sequester carbon by fertilizing the ocean as they release nutrient-rich waste, in turn increasing phytoplankton populations, which also sequester carbon ― leading some scientists to call them the "engineers of marine ecosystems." In 2019, economists from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimated the value of the ecosystem services provided by each whale at over $2 million USD. They called for a new global program of economic incentives to return whale populations to preindustrial whaling levels as one example of a "nature-based solution" to climate change. Calls are now being made for a global whale restoration program, to slow down climate change.
Visalli points out that when ships slow down, the wider community benefits; slower ships not only hit fewer whales but also create less noise pollution, release fewer environmental pollutants, and emit less carbon dioxide. Saving whales from ship strikes also benefits the global environment by helping mitigate climate change. Whales are highly efficient at carbon storage. When they die, each whale sequesters an average of 30 tons of carbon dioxide, taking that carbon out of the atmosphere for centuries. For comparison, the average tree absorbs only 48 pounds of CO₂ a year. From a climate perspective, each whale is the marine equivalent of thousands of trees. Whales also help sequester carbon by fertilizing the ocean as they excrete nutrient-rich waste, in turn increasing phytoplankton populations, which also sequester carbon—leading some scientists to call them the “engineers of marine ecosystems.” In 2019, economists from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimated the value of the ecosystem services provided by each whale at over $2 million USD. They called for a new global program of economic incentives to return whale populations to preindustrial whaling levels as one example of a “nature-based solution” to climate change. Calls are now being made for a global whale restoration program, to support both marine biodiversity and climate change mitigation. Researchers are currently developing the governance architecture that would extend bioacoustics monitoring, and protected areas, across the entirety of the world’s oceans. Today, bioacoustics whale protection systems exist in isolated areas. But in the future, a network of bioacoustics listening stations could create flexible “whale lanes” across the world’s oceans, controlled by the whales themselves.
ChatGPT 유료 버전(ChatGPT-4o)으로 작업했고, 설명문/실용문을 제외한 전지문을 포함했습니다.
유용하게 사용하세요~♡
ps.
블로그 콘텐츠가 마음에 드신다면, '좋아요' 클릭과광고 지원으로 응원해 주세요.
여러분의 작은 도움이 큰 힘이 됩니다!
감사합니다~~♡
[고3] 2024년09월–18번: Royal Ocean Cruises의할인혜택안내
Dear Valued Members, We have exciting news here at Royal Ocean Cruises! To thank you for your loyalty, we are thrilled to offer you an exclusive promotion! Make a reservation for any cruise departing within the next six months and enjoy a 15% discount. Additionally, we are offering a free specialty dining package and a $20 coupon to use at the onboard gift shop. To take advantage of this offer, simply go to our website and enter the promotion code 'ROC25'. We look forward to welcoming you back aboard for another unforgettable journey. Thank you for your continued loyalty and support. Sincerely, Cindy Robins Customer Relations Manager
[고3] 2024년09월–19번:비행기지연으로인한Sophie의혼란스러운아침
The whole morning had been chaotic. Sophie's day began with her alarm clock failing to ring, which had thrown her into an intense rush. After terrible traffic, her taxi finally arrived at the airport, where she was met with endless security lines. Sophie kept glancing at her watch with each second feeling like an hour. Worried that she could not get to the boarding gate in time, she rushed through the crowds of people. Just then, she heard an announcement saying that her flight had been "delayed." Letting out a deep sigh, she finally felt at ease. With an unexpected hour to spare, she would have time to relax and browse the airport shops before her journey.
[고3] 2024년09월–20번:소셜미디어에서의잘못된정보확산의위험성
Truth is essential for progress and the development of knowledge, as it serves as the foundation upon which reliable and accurate understanding is built. However, one of the greatest threats to the accumulation of knowledge can now be found on social media platforms. As social media becomes a primary source of information for millions, its unregulated nature allows misinformation to spread rapidly. Social media users may unknowingly participate in creating and circulating misinformation, which can influence elections, cause violence, and create widespread panic, as seen in various global incidents. As creators and consumers, it is our responsibility to take on a greater role in the enhancement of fact-checking protocols in order to ensure accuracy. It is critical that participants safeguard the reliability of information, supporting a more informed and rational public community.
[고3] 2024년09월–21번:문화적맥락에서인류학자들이현지관찰의중요성을인식한사례
Around the turn of the twentieth century, anthropologists trained in the natural sciences began to reimagine what a science of humanity should look like and how social scientists ought to go about studying cultural groups. Some of those anthropologists insisted that one should at least spend significant time actually observing and talking to the people studied. Early ethnographers such as Franz Boas and Alfred Cort Haddon typically traveled to the remote locations where the people in question lived and spent a few weeks to a few months there. They sought out a local Western host who was familiar with the people and the area (such as a colonial official, missionary, or businessman) and found accommodations through them. Although they did at times venture into the community without a guide, they generally did not spend significant time with the local people. Thus, their observations were primarily conducted from their verandas.
[고3] 2024년09월–22번:도덕적책임이인간사회에서형성된개념이라는주장
Even though there is good reason to consider a dog a sentient being capable of making choices and plans ― so that we might suppose 'it could have conceived of acting otherwise' ― we're unlikely to think it is wicked and immoral for attacking a child. Moral responsibility is not some universal concept like entropy or temperature ― something that applies equally, and can be measured similarly, everywhere in the cosmos. It is a notion developed specifically for human use, no more or less than languages are. While sentience and volition are aspects of mind and agency, morals are cultural tools developed to influence social behaviour: to cultivate the desirable and discourage the harmful. They are learnt, not given at birth. It's possible, indeed likely, that we are born with a predisposition to cooperate with others ― but only within human society do we come to understand this as moral behaviour.
[고3] 2024년09월–23번:일상적현상과이례적현상에대한인간의반응차이
It is much more natural to be surprised by unusual phenomena like eclipses than ordinary phenomena like falling bodies or the succession of night into day and day into night. Many cultures invented gods to explain these eclipses that shocked, frightened, or surprised them; but very few imagined a god of falling bodies ― to which they were so accustomed that they did not even notice them. But the reason for eclipses is ultimately the same as that of the succession of night and day: the movement of celestial bodies, which itself is based on the Newtonian law of attraction and how it explains why things fall when we let them go. For the physicist, understanding the ordinary, the habitual, and the frequent thus allows us to account for the frightening and the singular. As such, it was thus necessary to ask "Why do things fall?" and to have Newton's response to understand a broad range of much more bizarre phenomena occurring at every level of the universe.
[고3] 2024년09월–24번:사무실설계에서변화의중요성
There are good reasons why open-office plans have gained currency, but open offices may not be the plan of choice for all times. Instead, the right plan seems to be building a culture of change. Overly rigid habits and conventions, no matter how well-considered or well-intentioned, threaten innovation. The crucial take-away from analyzing office plans over time is that the answers keep changing. It might seem that there is a straight line of progress, but it's a myth. Surveying office spaces from the past eighty years, one can see a cycle that repeats. Comparing the offices of the 1940s with contemporary office spaces shows that they have circled back around to essentially the same style, via a period in the 1980s when partitions and cubicles were more the norm. The technologies and colors may differ, but the 1940s and 2000s plans are alike, right down to the pillars running down the middle.
[고3] 2024년09월–25번: 2022년4개국의VR과AR인지도비교그래프
The graph above shows the percentages of respondents who were familiar with the concept of virtual reality (VR) and those who were familiar with the concept of augmented reality (AR) in four countries in 2022. For each country, the percentage of respondents familiar with VR was greater than the percentage of respondents familiar with AR. The country with the highest percentage of respondents familiar with AR was South Korea. The country with the largest gap between the percentage of respondents familiar with VR and that of respondents familiar with AR was Canada. In Japan, the percentage of respondents familiar with VR was greater than 60%. The percentage of respondents familiar with VR and that of respondents familiar with AR were lower in Switzerland than in Japan, respectively.
[고3] 2024년09월–26번:예술과과학을연결한Gyorgy Kepes의생애와업적
Gyorgy Kepes was an artist and educator born in Selyp, Hungary in 1906. He studied painting at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Budapest, Hungary. Then, he studied design and film in Berlin, Germany. He went to the United States in 1937, and about a decade later, he started teaching visual design at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He founded the Center for Advanced Visual Studies at MIT to form a community composed of artists and scientists. His exhibition in 1951 titled The New Landscape became the basis of his book The New Landscape in Art and Science, which was published several years later. In the book, he presented images that were not previously available, captured by the latest scientific devices. In 1995, a museum to house his works was established in Eger, Hungary. He was a great pioneer in connecting art and technology.
[고3] 2024년09월–29번:산업혁명시기의영국사회변화와문제점
Victorian England is characterised by the full development of the Industrial Revolution. England became the first industrial nation in the world and, by 1850, the first nation to have more people employed in industry than in agriculture. Expanding trade coincided with the growth of the Empire and brought great wealth to Britain, but this wealth was not evenly distributed. Many enterprising individuals (the 'self-made men') rose from humble origins to positions of wealth and influence, but large sections of the working class were forced into the overcrowded slums of large cities where they worked long hours for low wages in unhealthy conditions. The manufacturing towns of the north of England provided some of the worst examples and inspired such socially conscious novels as Kingsley's Alton Locke, Gaskell's Mary Barton, and Dickens's Hard Times. In the south there was London, already the largest city in the world, showing all the crime, evil, and misery which result from overpopulation and unplanned growth.
[고3] 2024년09월–30번:인간의사고방식이예측가능한오류로인해비합리적일수있는이유
We all like to think of ourselves as rational actors, careful and considered in our thinking, capable of sound and reliable judgments. We might believe that we generally consider different points of view and make informed decisions. We are, in fact, "predictably irrational," as psychologist Dan Ariely titled his book on the topic. All of us engage in automatic, reflexive thinking, typically taking the easier path and conserving mental effort. Although we each may have the subjective impression that we are careful thinkers, we often make snap judgments or no real judgments at all. In addition, numerous biases inhibit or override reflective, deliberative thought; intuitive theories can also interfere with acceptance of accurate scientific explanations. Understanding more about how our minds work and how biases may operate can make us each less subject to fallacious reasoning, more rational, and more aware of the problems in others' thinking. Learning to understand the built-in limitations of our mental processes can also help us improve our ability to inform others more effectively.
[고3] 2024년09월–31번:나방이빛에끌리는이유에대한이론들
There has been a lot of discussion on why moths are attracted to light. The consensus seems to hold that moths are not so much attracted to lights as they are trapped by them. The light becomes a sensory overload that disorients the insects and sends them into a holding pattern. A hypothesis called the Mach band theory suggests that moths see a dark area around a light source and head for it to escape the light. Another theory suggests that moths perceive the light coming from a source as a diffuse halo with a dark spot in the center. The moths, attempting to escape the light, fly toward that imagined "portal," bringing them closer to the source. As they approach the light, their reference point changes and they circle the light hopelessly trying to reach the portal. Everyone is familiar with moths circling their porch lights. Their flight appears to have no purpose, but they are, it is believed, trying to escape the pull of the light.
[고3] 2024년09월–32번:커뮤니케이션기술발전에서투자와수익기대의문제
One of the factors determining the use of technologies of communication will be the kinds of investments made in equipment and personnel; who makes them, and what they expect in return. There is no guarantee that the investment will necessarily be in forms of communication that are most appropriate for the majority of people. Because the ownership of investment funds tends to be in the hands of commercial organisations, the modernisation of communications infrastructure only takes place on the basis of potential profitability. Take, for example, the installation of fibre-optic communications cable across the African continent. A number of African nations are involved in the development but its operational structures will be oriented to those who can pay for access. Many states that might wish to use it for education and information may not only find it too expensive but also simply unavailable to them. There can be no doubt that the development has been led by investment opportunity rather than community demand.
[고3] 2024년09월–33번:도시의공간질과머무는활동의상관관계
City quality is so crucial for optional activities that the extent of staying activities can often be used as a measuring stick for the quality of the city as well as of its space. Many pedestrians in a city are not necessarily an indication of good city quality ― many people walking around can often be a sign of insufficient transit options or long distances between the various functions in the city. Conversely, it can be claimed that a city in which many people are not walking often indicates good city quality. In a city like Rome, it is the large number of people standing or sitting in squares rather than walking that is conspicuous. And it's not due to necessity but rather that the city quality is so inviting. It is hard to keep moving in city space with so many temptations to stay. In contrast are many new quarters and complexes that many people walk through but rarely stop or stay in.
[고3] 2024년09월–34번: Rousseau가주장한인간발달의사회적의존성
That people need other people is hardly news, but for Rousseau this dependence extended far beyond companionship or even love, into the very process of becoming human. Rousseau believed that people are not born but made, every individual a bundle of potentials whose realization requires the active involvement of other people. Self-development is a social process. Self-sufficiency is an impossible fantasy. Much of the time Rousseau wished passionately that it were not: Robinson Crusoe was a favorite book, and he yearned to be free from the pains and uncertainties of social life. But his writings document with extraordinary clarity the shaping of the individual by his emotional attachments. "Our sweetest existence is relative and collective, and our true self is not entirely within us." And it is kindness ― which Rousseau analyzed under the rubric of pitié, which translates as "pity" but is much closer to "sympathy" as Hume and Smith defined it ― that is the key to this collective existence.
[고3] 2024년09월–35번:전문적수집가를위한딜러의광범위한역할
The best dealers offer a much broader service than merely having their goods on display and 'selling from stock'. Once they know the needs of a particular collector they can actively seek specific items to fill gaps in the collection. Because it is their business, to which they devote themselves full-time, they will inevitably have a much wider network than any non-professional collector can ever develop. As a matter of course they can enquire about the availability of pieces from dealers in other cities and, most crucially in some categories, from overseas. They will be routinely informed of news of all auctions and important private sales, and should be well-enough connected to hear occasionally of items which are not yet quite on sale but might be available for a certain price. In turn, they can circulate their own contacts with 'want-lists' of desired items or subjects, multiplying their client collectors' chances of expanding their collections.
[고3] 2024년09월–36번:학습은새로운정보가기존지식패턴에어떻게영향을미치는지에대한설명
If learning were simply a matter of accumulating lists of facts, then it shouldn't make any difference if we are presented with information that is just a little bit beyond what we already know or totally new information. Each fact would simply be stored separately. According to connectionist theory, however, our knowledge is organized into patterns of activity, and each time we learn something new we have to modify the old patterns so as to keep the old material while adding the new information. The adjustments are clearly smallest when the new information is only slightly new ― when it is compatible with what we already know, so that the old patterns need only a little bit of adjustment to accommodate the new knowledge. If we are trying to understand something totally new, however, we need to make larger adjustments to the units of the patterns we already have, which requires changing the strengths of large numbers of connections in our brain, and this is a difficult, tiring process.
[고3] 2024년09월–37번:동물의건강을유지하는선천적본능과행동
The generally close connection between health and what animals want exists because wanting to obtain the right things and wanting to avoid the wrong ones are major ways in which animals keep themselves healthy. Animals have evolved many different ways of maintaining their health and then regaining it again once it has been damaged, such as an ability to heal wounds when they are injured and an amazingly complex immune system for warding off infection. Animals are equally good, however, at dealing with injury and disease before they even happen. They have evolved a complex set of mechanisms for anticipating and avoiding danger altogether. They can take pre-emptive action so that the worst never happens. They start to want things that will be necessary for their health and survival not for now but for some time in the future.
[고3] 2024년09월–38번:로봇설계에서자기인식능력의중요성
People involved in the conception and engineering of robots designed to perceive and act know how fundamental is the ability to discriminate oneself from other entities in the environment. Without such an ability, no goal-oriented action would be possible. Imagine that you have to build a robot able to search for blocks scattered in a room in order to pile them. Even this simple task would require that your machine be able to discriminate between stimulation that originates from its own machinery and stimulation that originates from the blocks in the environment. Suppose that you equip your robot with an artificial eye and an artificial arm to detect, grab, and pile the blocks. To be successful, your machine will have to have some built-in system enabling it to discriminate between the detection of a block and the detection of its own arm. If not, the robot might endlessly chase itself rather than the blocks. Your robot would engage in circular, self-centered acts that would drive it away from the target or external goal.
[고3] 2024년09월–39번:미래생태계를예측하고관리하는데있어불확실성
To decide whether and how to intervene in ecosystems, protected area managers normally need a reasonably clear idea of what future ecosystems would be like if they did not intervene. Management practices usually involve defining a more desirable future condition and implementing management actions designed to push or guide ecosystems toward that condition. Managers need confidence in the likely outcomes of their interventions. This traditional and inherently logical approach requires a high degree of predictive ability, and predictions must be developed at appropriate spatial and temporal scales, often localized and near-term. Unfortunately, at the scales, accuracy, and precision most useful to protected area management, the future not only promises to be unprecedented, but it also promises to be unpredictable. To illustrate this, consider the uncertainties involved in predicting climatic changes, how ecosystems are likely to respond to climatic changes, and the likely efficacy of actions that might be taken to counter adverse effects of climatic changes. Comparable uncertainties surround the nature and magnitude of future changes in other ecosystem stressors.
[고3] 2024년09월–40번:인간언어가다른동물의소통방식과차별화되는이유
Human speech differs from the cries of other species in many ways. One very important distinction is that all other animals use one call for one message as the general principle of communication. This means that the number of possible messages is very restricted. If a new message is to be included in the system, a new sound has to be introduced, too. After the first few tens of sounds it becomes difficult to invent new distinctive sounds, and also to remember them for the next time they are needed. Human speech builds on the principle of combining a restricted number of sounds into an unlimited number of messages. In a typical human language there are something like thirty or forty distinctive speech sounds. These sounds can be combined into chains to form a literally unlimited number of words. Even a small child, who can communicate by only one word at a time, uses a system for communication that is infinitely superior to any system utilized by any other animal.
[고3] 2024년09월–41~42번:시와일상언어의차이와시의새로운언어적가능성
People are correct when they feel that the written poetry of literate societies and the oral poetry of non-literate ones differ considerably from the everyday language spoken in the community. Listeners not only accept the strange use of words, rearrangement of word order, assonance, alliteration, rhythm, rhyme, compression of thought, and so on ― they actually expect to find these things in poetry and they are disappointed when poetry does not sound "poetic." But those who regard poetry as a different category of language altogether are deaf to the true achievements of the poet. Rather, the poet artfully manipulates the same raw materials of his language as are used in everyday speech; his skill is to find new possibilities in the resources already in the language. In much the same way that people living at the seashore become so accustomed to the sound of waves that they no longer hear it, most of us have become insensitive to the flood tide of words, millions of them every day, that hit our eardrums. One function of poetry is to depict the world with a fresh perception ― to make it strange ― so that we will listen to language once again. But the successful poet never departs so far into the strange world of language that none of his listeners can follow him. He still remains the communicator, the man of speech.
[고3] 2024년09월–43~45번:두번째손구매앱을통해식물을구매한경험
Helen was thrilled when she received a notification on a second-hand shopping app from a seller named Anna. For months, she had been looking for a Philodendron gloriosum, a Colombian plant with dark, velvety leaves shaped like hearts. She had almost given up on getting one. Anna, though, had put one up for sale. The posting read, "I'm selling my favorite plant, because I'm moving abroad. If you pick it up today from Edincester Heights, you can have it for the current price, which is half the market rate." Helen immediately messaged the seller. "Hello! I'm interested in purchasing your plant. If it works for your schedule, I can be there in 10 minutes!" Anna replied, "Hi, there! I am at work right now, but my housemate, Julia, can meet you in front of the building." Unable to believe her good luck, Helen typed back in excitement, "Great! I can leave now. I'll wear a black baseball cap." Arriving at the building, Helen could identify Julia by the large paper bag she was holding. The bag had leaves sticking out of the top. She said, "You must be Julia!" Laughing, the woman said, "Yes! Please take good care of this plant. Anna had it for six years, so she considers it family." From the bag, she pulled out another plant, a tiny one with thick, glossy leaves. "Are you familiar with this? It's called a Dragon's Tail. My housemate said you could take it too, if you'd like." Helen exclaimed, "Yes, I'd love to! Please thank Anna for me. Both are in such wonderful condition. Do you have any tips for keeping them in good shape?" Handing over the bag, Julia replied, "I'm not a plant expert, but I know that Anna kept them away from windows to avoid direct sunlight. Why don't you message her? She would be happy to offer advice." "I'll be sure to do that," Helen said, as she handed over the cash.
To whom it may concern, My name is Peter Jackson and I am thinking of applying for the Advanced Licensed Counselor Program that the university provides. I found that the certification for 100 hours of counseling experience is required for the application. However, I do not think I could possibly complete the required counseling experience by the current deadline. So, if possible, I kindly request an extension of the deadline until the end of this summer vacation. I am actively working on obtaining the certification, and I am sure I will be able to submit it by then. I understand the importance of following the application process, and would greatly appreciate your consideration of this request. I look forward to your response. Sincerely, Peter Jackson
[고2] 2024년09월–19번:공항입국심사에서예상치못한상황에긴장한경험
The passport control line was short and the inspectors looked relaxed; except the inspector at my window. He seemed to want to model the seriousness of the task at hand for the other inspectors. Maybe that's why I felt uneasy when he studied my passport more carefully than I expected. "You were here in September," he said. "Why are you back so soon?" "I came in September to prepare to return this month," I replied with a trembling voice, considering if I missed any Italian regulations. "For how long?" he asked. "One month, this time," I answered truthfully. I knew it was not against the rules to stay in Italy for three months. "Enjoy your stay," he finally said, as he stamped my passport. Whew! As I walked away, the burden I had carried, even though I did nothing wrong, vanished into the air. My shoulders, once weighed down, now stretched out with comfort.
[고2] 2024년09월–20번:걱정은통제가능한감정이라는점을자녀에게가르치는방법
Merely convincing your children that worry is senseless and that they would be more content if they didn't worry isn't going to stop them from worrying. For some reason, young people seem to believe that worry is a fact of life over which they have little or no control. Consequently, they don't even try to stop. Therefore, you need to convince them that worry, like guilt and fear, is nothing more than an emotion, and like all emotions, is subject to the power of the will. Tell them that they can eliminate worry from their lives by simply refusing to attend to it. Explain to them that if they refuse to act worried regardless of how they feel, they will eventually stop feeling worried and will begin to experience the contentment that accompanies a worry-free life.
[고2] 2024년09월–21번:산업시대에서창의성과속도가더중요한현대기업의특성
In today's information age, in many companies and on many teams, the objective is no longer error prevention and replicability. On the contrary, it's creativity, speed, and keenness. In the industrial era, the goal was to minimize variation. But in creative companies today, maximizing variation is more essential. In these situations, the biggest risk isn't making a mistake or losing consistency; it's failing to attract top talent, to invent new products, or to change direction quickly when the environment shifts. Consistency and repeatability are more likely to suppress fresh thinking than to bring your company profit. A lot of little mistakes, while sometimes painful, help the organization learn quickly and are a critical part of the innovation cycle. In these situations, rules and process are no longer the best answer. A symphony isn't what you're going for. Leave the conductor and the sheet music behind. Build a jazz band instead.
[고2] 2024년09월–22번:재난상황에서정보소통의중요성과소문이퍼지는이유
Any new or threatening situation may require us to make decisions and this requires information. So important is communication during a disaster that normal social barriers are often lowered. We will talk to strangers in a way we would never consider normally. Even relatively low grade disruption of our life such as a fire drill or a very late train seems to give us the permission to break normal etiquette and talk to strangers. The more important an event to a particular public, the more detailed and urgent the requirement for news becomes. Without an authoritative source of facts, whether that is a newspaper or trusted broadcast station, rumours often run riot. Rumours start because people believe their group to be in danger and so, although the rumour is unproven, feel they should pass it on. For example, if a worker heard that their employer's business was doing badly and people were going to be made redundant, they would pass that information on to colleagues.
[고2] 2024년09월–23번:예술과과학모두가문화적맥락에서이해되어야하는이유
People seem to recognize that the arts are cultural activities that draw on (or react against) certain cultural traditions, certain shared understanding, and certain values and ideas that are characteristic of the time and place in which the art is created. In the case of science, however, opinions differ. Some scientists, like the great biologist J. B. S. Haldane, see science in a similar light ― as a historical activity that occurs in a particular time and place, and that needs to be understood within that context. Others, however, see science as a purely "objective" pursuit, uninfluenced by the cultural viewpoint and values of those who create it. In describing this view of science, philosopher Hugh Lacey speaks of the belief that there is an underlying order of the world which is simply there to be discovered ― the world of pure "fact" stripped of any link with value. The aim of science according to this view is to represent this world of pure "fact", independently of any relationship it might bear contingently to human practices and experiences.
[고2] 2024년09월–24번:정신적성숙과책임감의연령에대한사회적기준의문제
Mental development consists of individuals increasingly mastering social codes and signals themselves, which they can master only in social situations with the support of more competent individuals, typically adults. In this sense, mental development consists of internalizing social patterns and gradually becoming a responsible actor among other responsible actors. In Denmark, the age of criminal responsibility is 15 years, which means that we then say that people have developed sufficient mental maturity to be accountable for their actions at this point. And at the age of 18 people are given the right to vote and are thereby formally included in the basic democratic process. I do not know whether these age boundaries are optimal, but it is clear that mental development takes place at different rates for different individuals, and depends especially on the social and family environment they have been given. Therefore, having formal limits for responsibility from a specific age that apply to everyone is a somewhat questionable practice. But the question, of course, is whether it can be done any differently.
[고2] 2024년09월–25번: 2022년캐나다의연령대별무급돌봄제공비율비교그래프
The graph above shows the percentage of people who provided unpaid care to children and adults by age group in Canada in 2022. Notably, the 35-44 group had the highest percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to children, reaching 59.5%. However, the highest percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to adults was found in the 55-64 group. Compared to the 25-34 group, the 1524 group had a lower percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to children and a higher percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to adults. The percentage of people providing unpaid care to adults in the 45-54 group was more than twice as high as that in the 35-44 group. The 55-64 group and the 65 and older group showed a similar percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to children, with a difference of less than 1 percentage point.
[고2] 2024년09월–26번:동물생태학발전에기여한Charles Elton의생애와업적
Born in the English city of Liverpool, Charles Elton studied zoology under Julian Huxley at Oxford University from 1918 to 1922. After graduating, he began teaching as a parttime instructor and had a long and distinguished teaching career at Oxford from 1922 to 1967. After a series of arctic expeditions with Huxley, he worked with a fur-collecting and trading company as a biological consultant, and examined the company's records to study animal populations. In 1927, he wrote his first and most important book, Animal Ecology, in which he demonstrated the nature of food chains and cycles. In 1932, he helped establish the Bureau of Animal Population at Oxford. In the same year he became the editor of the new Journal of Animal Ecology. Throughout his career, Elton wrote six books and played a major role in shaping the modern science of ecology.
[고2] 2024년09월–29번:경제중심사고에서생태적건강을중시하는관점으로의변화
One well-known shift took place when the accepted view ― that the Earth was the center of the universe ― changed to one where we understood that we are only inhabitants on one planet orbiting the Sun. With each person who grasped the solar system view, it became easier for the next person to do so. So it is with the notion that the world revolves around the human economy. This is slowly being replaced by the view that the economy is a part of the larger system of material flows that connect all living things. When this perspective shifts into place, it will be obvious that our economic well-being requires that we account for, and respond to, factors of ecological health. Unfortunately we do not have a century or two to make the change. By clarifying the nature of the old and new perspectives, and by identifying actions on which we might cooperate to move the process along, we can help accelerate the shift.
[고2] 2024년09월–30번:인류의진화과정에서도구사용과식단변화가중요한역할을함
The first human beings probably evolved in tropical regions where survival was possible without clothing. It is likely that they had very dark skin because light skin would have given little protection against the burning rays of the sun. There is a debate about whether these people spread into other parts of the world or, instead, whether people developed independently in various parts of the world. Whichever the case, it is believed that in time they became capable of spreading out from Africa, eventually to most of the world. This was probably because their physical characteristics changed. For instance, early hominids probably did not walk upright, but when they developed that ability, they could travel more efficiently. More important, perhaps, was their development of tool making. With tools, they could hunt other animals, so they could consume more protein and fat than their low-energy vegetarian diet would have provided. Not only their bodies but also their brains would have been changed with more energy. The brain needs lots of energy to grow. As their diet expanded, hominids could physically and intellectually expand their territory.
[고2] 2024년09월–31번:불공정한절차가위로를제공하는이유와공정한절차의심리적영향
When we get an unfavorable outcome, in some ways the last thing we want to hear is that the process was fair. As outraging as the combination of an unfavorable outcome and an unfair process is, this combination also brings with it a consolation prize: the possibility of attributing the bad outcome to something other than ourselves. We may reassure ourselves by believing that our bad outcome had little to do with us and everything to do with the unfair process. If the process is fair, however, we cannot nearly as easily externalize the outcome; we got what we got "fair and square." When the process is fair we believe that our outcome is deserved, which is another way of saying that there must have been something about ourselves (what we did or who we are) that caused the outcome.
[고2] 2024년09월–32번:서양여성드레스의형태변화를분석한연구결과
The well-known American ethnologist Alfred Louis Kroeber made a rich and in-depth study of women's evening dress in the West, stretching back about three centuries and using reproductions of engravings. Having adjusted the dimensions of these plates due to their diverse origins, he was able to analyse the constant elements in fashion features and to come up with a study that was neither intuitive nor approximate, but precise, mathematical and statistical. He reduced women's clothing to a certain number of features: length and size of the skirt, size and depth of the neckline, height of the waistline. He demonstrated unambiguously that fashion is a profoundly regular phenomenon which is not located at the level of annual variations but on the scale of history. For practically 300 years, women's dress was subject to a very precise periodic cycle: forms reach the furthest point in their variations every fifty years. If, at any one moment, skirts are at their longest, fifty years later they will be at their shortest; thus skirts become long again fifty years after being short and a hundred years after being long.
[고2] 2024년09월–33번:기술발전으로인한불평등과노동시장의붕괴가능성
Over the last few centuries, humanity's collective prosperity has skyrocketed, as technological progress has made us far wealthier than ever before. To share out those riches, almost all societies have settled upon the market mechanism, rewarding people in various ways for the work that they do and the things that they own. But rising inequality, itself often driven by technology, has started to put that mechanism under strain. Today, markets already provide immense rewards to some people but leave many others with very little. And now, technological unemployment threatens to become a more radical version of the same story, taking place in the particular market we rely upon the most: the labor market. As that market begins to break down, more and more people will be in danger of not receiving a share of society's prosperity at all.
[고2] 2024년09월–34번:전문가들이기초지식을가르치기어려운이유
It's often said that those who can't do, teach. It would be more accurate to say that those who can do, can't teach the basics. A great deal of expert knowledge is implicit, not explicit. The further you progress toward mastery, the less conscious awareness you often have of the fundamentals. Experiments show that skilled golfers and wine aficionados have a hard time describing their putting and tasting techniques ― even asking them to explain their approaches is enough to interfere with their performance, so they often stay on autopilot. When I first saw an elite diver do four and a half somersaults, I asked how he managed to spin so fast. His answer: "Just go up in a ball." Experts often have an intuitive understanding of a route, but they struggle to clearly express all the steps to take. Their brain dump is partially filled with garbage.
[고2] 2024년09월–35번:곡물가공과발효과정이영양소보존에미치는영향
Minimal processing can be one of the best ways to keep original flavors and taste, without any need to add artificial flavoring or additives, or too much salt. This would also be the efficient way to keep most nutrients, especially the most sensitive ones such as many vitamins and anti-oxidants. Milling of cereals is one of the most harsh processes which dramatically affect nutrient content. While grains are naturally very rich in micronutrients, anti-oxidants and fiber (i.e. in wholemeal flour or flakes), milling usually removes the vast majority of minerals, vitamins and fibers to raise white flour. Such a spoilage of key nutrients and fiber is no longer acceptable in the context of a sustainable diet aiming at an optimal nutrient density and health protection. In contrast, fermentation of various foodstuffs or germination of grains are traditional, locally accessible, low-energy and highly nutritious processes of sounded interest.
[고2] 2024년09월–36번:너무유능한사람은오히려덜호감가는이유
It would seem obvious that the more competent someone is, the more we will like that person. By "competence," I mean a cluster of qualities: smartness, the ability to get things done, wise decisions, etc. We stand a better chance of doing well at our life tasks if we surround ourselves with people who know what they're doing and have a lot to teach us. But the research evidence is paradoxical: In problem-solving groups, the participants who are considered the most competent and have the best ideas tend not to be the ones who are best liked. Why? One possibility is that, although we like to be around competent people, those who are too competent make us uncomfortable. They may seem unapproachable, distant, superhuman ― and make us look bad (and feel worse) by comparison. If this were true, we might like people more if they reveal some evidence of fallibility. For example, if your friend is a brilliant mathematician, superb athlete, and gourmet cook, you might like him or her better if, every once in a while, they screwed up.
[고2] 2024년09월–37번:꿀벌의춤과컴퓨터알고리즘의차이
A computational algorithm that takes input data and generates some output from it doesn't really embody any notion of meaning. Certainly, such a computation does not generally have as its purpose its own survival and wellbeing. It does not, in general, assign value to the inputs. Compare, for example, a computer algorithm with the waggle dance of the honeybee, by which means a foraging bee conveys to others in the hive information about the source of food (such as nectar) it has located. The "dance" ― a series of stylized movements on the comb ― shows the bees how far away the food is and in which direction. But this input does not simply program other bees to go out and look for it. Rather, they evaluate this information, comparing it with their own knowledge of the surroundings. Some bees might not bother to make the journey, considering it not worthwhile. The input, such as it is, is processed in the light of the organism's own internal states and history; there is nothing prescriptive about its effects.
[고2] 2024년09월–38번:행동전염과바이러스전염의유사점과차이점
There are deep similarities between viral contagion and behavioral contagion. For example, people in close or extended proximity to others infected by a virus are themselves more likely to become infected, just as people are more likely to drink excessively when they spend more time in the company of heavy drinkers. But there are also important differences between the two types of contagion. One is that visibility promotes behavioral contagion but inhibits the spread of infectious diseases. Solar panels that are visible from the street, for instance, are more likely to stimulate neighboring installations. In contrast, we try to avoid others who are visibly ill. Another important difference is that whereas viral contagion is almost always a bad thing, behavioral contagion is sometimes negative ― as in the case of smoking ― but sometimes positive, as in the case of solar installations.
[고2] 2024년09월–39번:동물의동면과수면의차이
Sleep is clearly about more than just resting. One curious fact is that animals that are hibernating also have periods of sleep. It comes as a surprise to most of us, but hibernation and sleep are not the same thing at all, at least not from a neurological and metabolic perspective. Hibernating is more like being anesthetized: the subject is unconscious but not actually asleep. So a hibernating animal needs to get a few hours of conventional sleep each day within the larger unconsciousness. A further surprise to most of us is that bears, the most famous of wintry sleepers, don't actually hibernate. Real hibernation involves profound unconsciousness and a dramatic fall in body temperature ― often to around 32 degrees Fahrenheit. By this definition, bears don't hibernate, because their body temperature stays near normal and they are easily awakened. Their winter sleeps are more accurately called a state of torpor.
[고2] 2024년09월–40번:나이별로타인의평가를의식하는행동차이
The concern about how we appear to others can be seen in children, though work by the psychologist Ervin Staub suggests that the effect may vary with age. In a study where children heard another child in distress, young children (kindergarten through second grade) were more likely to help the child in distress when with another child than when alone. But for older children ― in fourth and sixth grade ― the effect reversed: they were less likely to help a child in distress when they were with a peer than when they were alone. Staub suggested that younger children might feel more comfortable acting when they have the company of a peer, whereas older children might feel more concern about being judged by their peers and fear feeling embarrassed by overreacting. Staub noted that "older children seemed to discuss the distress sounds less and to react to them less openly than younger children." In other words, the older children were deliberately putting on a poker face in front of their peers.
[고2] 2024년09월–41~42번:어린시절권위에대한질문의중요성과성인의대응방식
What makes questioning authority so hard? The difficulties start in childhood, when parents - the first and most powerful authority figures - show children "the way things are." This is a necessary element of learning language and socialization, and certainly most things learned in early childhood are noncontroversial: the English alphabet starts with A and ends with Z, the numbers 1 through 10 come before the numbers 11 through 20, and so on. Children, however, will spontaneously question things that are quite obvious to adults and even to older kids. The word "why?" becomes a challenge, as in, "Why is the sky blue?" Answers such as "because it just is" or "because I say so" tell children that they must unquestioningly accept what authorities say "just because," and children who persist in their questioning are likely to find themselves dismissed or yelled at for "bothering" adults with "meaningless" or "unimportant" questions. But these questions are in fact perfectly reasonable. Why is the sky blue? Many adults do not themselves know the answer. And who says the sky's color needs to be called "blue," anyway? How do we know that what one person calls "blue" is the same color that another calls "blue"? The scientific answers come from physics, but those are not the answers that children are seeking. They are trying to understand the world, and no matter how irritating the repeated questions may become to stressed and time-pressed parents, it is important to take them seriously to encourage kids to question authority to think for themselves.
[고2] 2024년09월–43~45번:어린시절의특이한책경험이자녀의성장에미친긍정적영향
My two girls grew up without challenges with respect to development and social interaction. My son Benjamin, however, was quite delayed. He struggled through his childhood, not fitting in with the other children and wondering what he was doing wrong at every turn. He was teased by the other children and frowned upon by a number of unsympathetic adults. But his Grade 1 teacher was a wonderful, caring person who took the time to ask why Benjamin behaved the way he did. The teacher was determined to understand Benjamin and to accept him as he was. One day he came home with a note from his teacher. He suggested I go to the school library. They were having a sale, and he thought my son would like one of the books. I couldn't go for a couple of days and was concerned I'd missed the opportunity. When I finally went to the school, his teacher told me that the sale had ended but that the library had saved the book for my little boy. I suspected the teacher had paid for it out of his own pocket. It was a storyboard book with a place for a photo. On each page there was an outline of an animal and a hole so that the face in the photo appeared to be the face of the animal. Wondering if Benjamin would really be interested in the book, I brought it home. He loved it! Through that book, he saw that he could be anything he wanted to be: a cat, an octopus, a dinosaur─even a frog! Benjamin joyfully embarked on an imaginative journey through the book, and little did we know, it laid the groundwork for his future successes. And thankfully, his teacher had taken the time to observe and understand him and had discovered a way to help him reach out of his own world and join ours through a storyboard book. My son later became a child actor and performed for seven years with a Toronto casting agency. He is now a published author who writes fantasy and science-fiction! Who would have guessed?
위 확장 프로그램을 설치하고, 크롬에서 텍스트를 Read Aloud 하도록 실행했더니 자동으로 음원이 다운로드 됐습니다.
예전에는 이런 작업을 하려면 전문 성우분을 섭외해 음향실에서 엔지니어가 작업을 했는데,
이제는 간단한 작업으로 이런 음성을 쉽게 제작할 수 있는 세상이 되었네요. 좋은 세상입니다 :)
ps.
블로그 콘텐츠가 마음에 드신다면, '좋아요' 클릭과광고 지원으로 응원해 주세요.
여러분의 작은 도움이 큰 힘이 됩니다!
감사합니다~~♡
[고1] 2024년09월–18번:피츠버그기차역의직원있는매표소재개요청편지
To whom it may concern, I am writing to express my deep concern about the recent change made by Pittsburgh Train Station. The station had traditional ticket offices with staff before, but these have been replaced with ticket vending machines. However, individuals who are unfamiliar with these machines are now experiencing difficulty accessing the railway services. Since these individuals heavily relied on the staff assistance to be able to travel, they are in great need of ticket offices with staff in the station. Therefore, I am urging you to consider reopening the ticket offices. With the staff back in their positions, many people would regain access to the railway services. I look forward to your prompt attention to this matter and a positive resolution. Sincerely, Sarah Roberts
[고1] 2024년09월–19번:무대에서쓰러진Arthur를구조한Jeevan의이야기
All the actors on the stage were focused on their acting. Then, suddenly, Arthur fell into the corner of the stage. Jeevan immediately approached Arthur and found his heart wasn't beating. Jeevan began CPR. Jeevan worked silently, glancing sometimes at Arthur's face. He thought, "Please, start breathing again, please." Arthur's eyes were closed. Moments later, an older man in a grey suit appeared, swiftly kneeling beside Arthur's chest. "I'm Walter Jacobi. I'm a doctor." He announced with a calm voice. Jeevan wiped the sweat off his forehead. With combined efforts, Jeevan and Dr. Jacobi successfully revived Arthur. Arthur's eyes slowly opened. Finally, Jeevan was able to hear Arthur's breath again, thinking to himself, "Thank goodness. You're back."
[고1] 2024년09월–20번:부모의과도한자랑이자녀에게주는압박과부정적영향
As the parent of a gifted child, you need to be aware of a certain common parent trap. Of course you are a proud parent, and you should be. While it is very easy to talk nonstop about your little genius and his or her remarkable behavior, this can be very stressful on your child. It is extremely important to limit your bragging behavior to your very close friends, or your parents. Gifted children feel pressured when their parents show them off too much. This behavior creates expectations that they may not be able to live up to, and also creates a false sense of self for your child. You want your child to be who they are, not who they seem to be as defined by their incredible achievements. If not, you could end up with a driven perfectionist child or perhaps a dropout, or worse.
[고1] 2024년09월–21번:부정적상황에서자조그룹의긍정적에너지의중요성
One valuable technique for getting out of helplessness, depression, and situations which are predominantly being run by the thought, "I can't," is to choose to be with other persons who have resolved the problem with which we struggle. This is one of the great powers of self-help groups. When we are in a negative state, we have given a lot of energy to negative thought forms, and the positive thought forms are weak. Those who are in a higher vibration are free of the energy from their negative thoughts and have energized positive thought forms. Merely to be in their presence is beneficial. In some self-help groups, this is called "hanging out with the winners." The benefit here is on the psychic level of consciousness, and there is a transfer of positive energy and relighting of one's own latent positive thought forms.
[고1] 2024년09월–22번:인간의감정이생존에기여한진화적역할
Our emotions are thought to exist because they have contributed to our survival as a species. Fear has helped us avoid dangers, expressing anger helps us scare off threats, and expressing positive emotions helps us bond with others. From an evolutionary perspective, an emotion is a kind of "program" that, when triggered, directs many of our activities (including attention, perception, memory, movement, expressions, etc.). For example, fear makes us very attentive, narrows our perceptual focus to threatening stimuli, will cause us either to face a situation (fight) or avoid it (flight), and may cause us to remember an experience more acutely (so that we avoid the threat in the future). Regardless of the specific ways in which they activate our systems, the specific emotions we possess are thought to exist because they have helped us (as a species) survive challenges within our environment long ago. If they had not helped us adapt and survive, they would not have evolved with us.
[고1] 2024년09월–23번: AI기술이장애인을포함한노동시장에서의포용성증대
By improving accessibility of the workplace for workers that are typically at a disadvantage in the labour market, AI can improve inclusiveness in the workplace. AI-powered assistive devices to aid workers with visual, speech or hearing difficulties are becoming more widespread, improving the access to, and the quality of work for people with disabilities. For example, speech recognition solutions for people with dysarthric voices, or live captioning systems for deaf and hard of hearing people can facilitate communication with colleagues and access to jobs where interpersonal communication is necessary. AI can also enhance the capabilities of low-skilled workers, with potentially positive effects on their wages and career prospects. For example, AI's capacity to translate written and spoken word in real-time can improve the performance of nonnative speakers in the workplace. Moreover, recent developments in AI-powered text generators can instantly improve the performance of lower-skilled individuals in domains such as writing, coding or customer service.
[고1] 2024년09월–24번:고래가기후변화완화에기여하는방식과그가치
Whales are highly efficient at carbon storage. When they die, each whale sequesters an average of 30 tons of carbon dioxide, taking that carbon out of the atmosphere for centuries. For comparison, the average tree absorbs only 48 pounds of CO₂a year. From a climate perspective, each whale is the marine equivalent of thousands of trees. Whales also help sequester carbon by fertilizing the ocean as they release nutrient-rich waste, in turn increasing phytoplankton populations, which also sequester carbon ― leading some scientists to call them the "engineers of marine ecosystems." In 2019, economists from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimated the value of the ecosystem services provided by each whale at over $2 million USD. They called for a new global program of economic incentives to return whale populations to preindustrial whaling levels as one example of a "nature-based solution" to climate change. Calls are now being made for a global whale restoration program, to slow down climate change.
[고1] 2024년09월–25번: 2022년주요국가들의1인당CO₂배출량비교그래프
The above graph shows per capita CO₂emissions from coal, oil, and gas by countries in 2022. The United States had the highest total per capita CO₂emissions, even though its emissions from coal were the second lowest among the five countries shown. South Korea's total per capita CO₂emissions were over 10 tons, ranking it the second highest among the countries shown. Germany had lower CO₂emissions per capita than South Korea in all three major sources respectively. The per capita CO₂emissions from coal in South Africa were over three times higher than those in Germany. In Brazil, oil was the largest source of CO₂emissions per capita among its three major sources, just as it was in the United States and Germany.
[고1] 2024년09월–26번:프랑스의여성과학자Emilie du Chatelet의업적과영향
Emilie du Chatelet, a French mathematician and physicist, was born in Paris in 1706. During her childhood, with her father's support, she was able to get mathematical and scientific education that most women of her time did not receive. In 1737, she submitted her paper on the nature of fire to a contest sponsored by the French Academy of Sciences, and it was published a year later. In her book, Institutions de Physique, Emilie du Chatelet explained the ideas of space and time in a way that is closer to what we understand in modern relativity than what was common during her time. Her most significant achievement was translating Isaac Newton's Principia into French near the end of her life. Emilie du Chatelet's work was not recognized in her time, but she is now remembered as a symbol of the Enlightenment and the struggle for women's participation in science.
[고1] 2024년09월–29번:조직내다양한부서들이갈등을일으키는구조적요인
From an organizational viewpoint, one of the most fascinating examples of how any organization may contain many different types of culture is to recognize the functional operations of different departments within the organization. The varying departments and divisions within an organization will inevitably view any given situation from their own biased and prejudiced perspective. A department and its members will acquire "tunnel vision" which disallows them to see things as others see them. The very structure of organizations can create conflict. The choice of whether the structure is "mechanistic" or "organic" can have a profound influence on conflict management. A mechanistic structure has a vertical hierarchy with many rules, many procedures, and many levels of management involved in decision making. Organic structures are more horizontal in nature, where decision making is less centralized and spread across the plane of the organization.
[고1] 2024년09월–30번:자전거전용도로확장으로교통을줄이는도시계획의이점
An excellent alternative to calming traffic is removing it. Some cities reserve an extensive network of lanes and streets for bikes, pedestrians, and the occasional service vehicle. This motivates people to travel by bike rather than by car, making streets safer for everyone. As bicycles become more popular in a city, planners can convert more automobile lanes and entire streets to accommodate more of them. Nevertheless, even the most bikeable cities still require motor vehicle lanes for taxis, emergency vehicles, and delivery trucks. Delivery vehicles are frequently a target of animus, but they are actually an essential component to making cities greener. A tightly packed delivery truck is a far more efficient transporter of goods than several hybrids carrying a few shopping bags each. Distributing food and other goods to neighborhood vendors allows them to operate smaller stores close to homes so that residents can walk, rather than drive, to get their groceries.
[고1] 2024년09월–31번:유명작곡가들의초기작품이받아들여지기어려웠던이유
You hear again and again that some of the greatest composers were misunderstood in their own day. Not everyone could understand the compositions of Beethoven, Brahms, or Stravinsky in their day. The reason for this initial lack of acceptance is unfamiliarity. The musical forms, or ideas expressed within them, were completely new. And yet, this is exactly one of the things that makes them so great. Effective composers have their own ideas. Have you ever seen the classic movie Amadeus? The composer Antonio Salieri is the "host" of this movie; he's depicted as one of the most famous Nongreat composers ― he lived at the time of Mozart and was completely overshadowed by him. Now, Salieri wasn't a bad composer; in fact, he was a very good one. But he wasn't one of the world's great composers because his work wasn't original. What he wrote sounded just like what everyone else was composing at the time.
[고1] 2024년09월–32번:새로운매체가인간의사고방식을변화시키는과정
Every time a new medium comes along─whether it's the invention of the printed book, or TV, or SNS─and you start to use it, it's like you are putting on a new kind of goggles, with their own special colors and lenses. Each set of goggles you put on makes you see things differently. So when you start to watch television, before you absorb the message of any particular TV show─whether it's Wheel of Fortune or The Wire─you start to see the world as being shaped like television itself. That's why Marshall McLuhan said that every time a new medium comes along─a new way for humans to communicate─it has buried in it a message. It is gently guiding us to see the world according to a new set of codes. The way information gets to you, McLuhan argued, is more important than the information itself. TV teaches you that the world is fast; that it's about surfaces and appearances.
[고1] 2024년09월–33번:개념의중요성과잘못된개념이과학적오류를초래할수있는위험성
Concepts are vital to human survival, but we must also be careful with them because concepts open the door to essentialism. They encourage us to see things that aren't present. Stuart Firestein opens his book, Ignorance, with an old proverb, "It is very difficult to find a black cat in a dark room, especially when there is no cat." This statement beautifully sums up the search for essences. History has many examples of scientists who searched fruitlessly for an essence because they used the wrong concept to guide their hypotheses. Firestein gives the example of luminiferous ether, a mysterious substance that was thought to fill the universe so that light would have a medium to move through. The ether was a black cat, writes Firestein, and physicists had been theorizing in a dark room, and then experimenting in it, looking for evidence of a cat that did not exist.
[고1] 2024년09월–34번:소셜미디어에서의'일반적유명인'과전통적유명인의차이
While social media attention is potentially an instrument to achieve ends like elite celebrity, some content creators desire ordinary fame as a social end in itself. Not unlike reality television stars, social media celebrities are often criticized for not having skills and talents associated with traditional, elite celebrity, such as acting or singing ability. This criticism highlights the fact that digital content creators face real barriers to crossing over to the sphere of elite celebrity. However, the criticism also misses the point that the phenomenon of ordinary celebrity reconstructs the meaning of fame. The elite celebrity is symbolized by the metaphor of the star, characterized by mystery and hierarchical distance and associated with naturalized qualities of talent and class. The ordinary celebrity attracts attention through regular and frequent interactions with other ordinary people. Achieving ordinary fame as a social media celebrity is like doing well at a game, because in this sphere, fame is nothing more nor less than relatively high scores on attention scales, the metrics of subscribers, followers, Likes, or clicks built into social media applications.
[고1] 2024년09월–35번:시험준비에서벼락치기가효과적이지않은이유
Why do we have the illusion that cramming for an exam is the best learning strategy? Because we are unable to differentiate between the various sections of our memory. Immediately after reading our textbook or our class notes, information is fully present in our mind. It sits in our conscious working memory, in an active form. We feel as if we know it, because it is present in our short-term storage space ... but this short-term section has nothing to do with the long-term memory that we will need in order to recall the same information a few days later. After a few seconds or minutes, working memory already starts disappearing, and after a few days, the effect becomes enormous: unless you retest your knowledge, memory vanishes. To get information into long-term memory, it is essential to study the material, then test yourself, rather than spend all your time studying.
[고1] 2024년09월–36번:거울뉴런이관찰학습에미치는영향
The discovery of mirror neurons has profoundly changed the way we think of a fundamental human capacity, learning by observation. As children we learn a lot by observing what our parents and friends do. Newborns, in the first week of life, have an inborn tendency to stick out their tongue if their parents stick out theirs. Such imitation is not perfect. You may not see the tongue stick out each time you stick yours out at your newborn, but if you do it many times, the tongue will come out more often than if you do something different. Babies babble and later start to imitate the sounds their parents produce. Later still, they play with vacuum cleaners and hammers in imitation of their parents. Our modern cultures, in which we write, speak, read, build spaceships and go to school, can work only because we are not restricted to the behavior we are born with or learn by trial and error. We can learn a lot by simply watching others.
[고1] 2024년09월–37번:자신의목소리를다르게인식하는이유
Have you ever been surprised to hear a recording of your own voice? You might have thought, "Is that really what my voice sounds like?" Maybe your accent is more pronounced in the recording than you realized, or your voice is higher than it seems to your own ears. This is of course quite a common experience. The explanation is actually fairly simple. There are two pathways through which we perceive our own voice when we speak. One is the route through which we perceive most external sounds, like waves that travel from the air through the outer, middle and inner ear. But because our vocal cords vibrate when we speak, there is a second internal path. Vibrations are conducted through our bones and stimulate our inner ears directly. Lower frequencies are emphasized along this pathway. That makes your voice sound deeper and richer to yourself than it may sound to other people.
[고1] 2024년09월–38번:생물의유사성에서아날로그와호몰로그의차이
Biologists distinguish two kinds of similarity. "Analogous" traits are ones that have a common function but arose on different branches of the evolutionary tree and are in an important sense not "the same" organ. The wings of birds and the wings of bees are both used for flight and are similar in some ways because anything used for flight has to be built in those ways, but they arose independently in evolution and have nothing in common beyond their use in flight. "Homologous" traits, in contrast, may or may not have a common function, but they descended from a common ancestor and hence have some common structure that indicates their being "the same" organ. The wing of a bat and the front leg of a horse have very different functions, but they are all modifications of the forelimb of the ancestor of all mammals. As a result, they share nonfunctional traits like the number of bones and the ways they are connected. To distinguish analogy from homology, biologists usually look at the overall architecture of the organs and focus on their most useless properties.
[고1] 2024년09월–39번:기후변화로인한해양산소감소의위험성
Seawater contains an abundance of dissolved oxygen that all marine animals breathe to stay alive. It has long been established in physics that cold water holds more dissolved oxygen than warm water does ― this is one reason that cold polar seas are full of life while tropical oceans are blue, clear, and relatively poorly populated with living creatures. Thus, as global warming raises the temperature of marine waters, it is self-evident that the amount of dissolved oxygen will decrease. This is a worrisome and potentially disastrous consequence if allowed to continue to an ecosystem-threatening level. Now scientists have analyzed data indicating that the amount of dissolved oxygen in the oceans has been declining for more than a half century. The data show that the ocean oxygen level has been falling more rapidly than the corresponding rise in water temperature. Falling oxygen levels in water have the potential to impact the habitat of marine organisms worldwide and in recent years this has led to more frequent anoxic events that killed or displaced populations of fish, crabs, and many other organisms.
[고1] 2024년09월–40번:원숭이실험에서불공정한대우에대한반응
Capuchins ― New World Monkeys that live in large social groups ― will, in captivity, trade with people all day long, especially if food is involved. I give you this rock and you give me a treat to eat. If you put two monkeys in cages next to each other, and offer them both slices of cucumber for the rocks they already have, they will happily eat the cucumbers. If, however, you give one monkey grapes instead ― grapes being universally preferred to cucumbers ― the monkey that is still receiving cucumbers will begin to throw them back at the experimenter. Even though she is still getting "paid" the same amount for her effort of sourcing rocks, and so her particular situation has not changed, the comparison to another makes the situation unfair. Furthermore, she is now willing to abandon all gains―the cucumbers themselves―to communicate her displeasure to the experimenter.
[고1] 2024년09월–41~42번:고등교육의확산과그로인한평가시스템의모순
Higher education has grown from an elite to a mass system across the world. In Europe and the USA, increased rates of participation occurred in the decades after the Second World War. Between 2000 and 2014, rates of participation in higher education almost doubled from 19% to 34% across the world among the members of the population in the school-leaving age category (typically 18-23). The dramatic expansion of higher education has been marked by a wider range of institutions of higher learning and a more diverse demographic of students. Changes from an elite system to a mass higher education system are associated with political needs to build a specialized workforce for the economy. In theory, the expansion of higher education to develop a highly skilled workforce should diminish the role of examinations in the selection and control of students, initiating approaches to assessment which (c)block lifelong learning: assessment for learning and a focus on feedback for development. In reality, sociopolitical changes to expand higher education have set up a 'field of contradictions' for assessment in higher education. Mass higher education requires efficient approaches to assessment, such as examinations and multiple-choice quizzes, with minimalist, impersonal, or standardised feedback, often causing students to focus more on grades than feedback. In contrast, the relatively small numbers of students in elite systems in the past allowed for closer relationships between students and their teachers, with formative feedback shaping the minds, academic skills, and even the characters of students.
Once upon a time in the Iranian city of Shiraz, there lived the famous poet Sheikh Saadi. Like most other poets and philosophers, he led a very simple life. A rich merchant of Shiraz was preparing for his daughter's wedding and invited him along with a lot of big businessmen of the town. The poet accepted the invitation and decided to attend. On the day of the wedding, the rich merchant, the host of the wedding, was receiving the guests at the gate. Many rich people of the town attended the wedding. They had come out in their best clothes. The poet wore simple clothes which were neither grand nor expensive. He waited for someone to approach him but no one gave him as much as even a second glance. Even the host did not greet him and looked away. Seeing all this, the poet quietly left the party and went to a shop where he could rent clothes. There he chose a richly decorated coat, which made him look like a new person. With this coat, he entered the party and this time was welcomed with open arms. The host embraced him as he would do to an old friend and complimented him on the clothes he was wearing. The poet did not say a word and allowed the host to lead him to the dining room. The host personally led the poet to his seat and served out chicken soup to him. After a moment, the poet suddenly dipped the corner of his coat in the soup as if he fed it. All the guests were now staring at him in surprise. The host said, "Sir, what are you doing?" The poet very calmly replied, "Now that I have put on expensive clothes, I see a world of difference here. All that I can say now is that this feast is meant for my clothes, not for me."
Dear Valued Members, We have exciting news here at Royal Ocean Cruises! To thank you for your loyalty, we are thrilled to offer you an exclusive promotion! Make a reservation for any cruise departing within the next six months and enjoy a 15% discount. Additionally, we are offering a free specialty dining package and a $20 coupon to use at the onboard gift shop. To take advantage of this offer, simply go to our website and enter the promotion code 'ROC25'. We look forward to welcoming you back aboard for another unforgettable journey. Thank you for your continued loyalty and support. Sincerely, Cindy Robins Customer Relations Manager
Possible Titles:
1. Exclusive Offer for Royal Ocean Cruises Members: 15% Discount and More!
2. Special Loyalty Promotion: Save on Your Next Royal Ocean Cruise
3. Enjoy a 15% Discount, Free Dining, and a Gift Shop Coupon with Your Next Cruise
4. Thank You for Your Loyalty: Royal Ocean Cruises Exclusive Member Offer
Main Idea #1:
Royal Ocean Cruises is offering an exclusive promotion for loyal members.
Main Idea #2:
Members who book a cruise within the next six months can enjoy a 15% discount, a free specialty dining package, and a $20 gift shop coupon by using the promotion code 'ROC25'.
Summary:
Royal Ocean Cruises is offering loyal members a 15% discount, a free dining package, and a $20 gift shop coupon for cruises booked in the next six months. To claim the offer, use the code 'ROC25' on their website.
Key Points:
1. Exclusive offer for Royal Ocean Cruises members.
2. 15% discount on any cruise departing in the next six months.
3. Free specialty dining package and $20 gift shop coupon included.
4. Use promotion code 'ROC25' to take advantage of the offer.
[고3] 2024년09월–19번:비행기지연으로인한Sophie의혼란스러운아침
The whole morning had been chaotic. Sophie's day began with her alarm clock failing to ring, which had thrown her into an intense rush. After terrible traffic, her taxi finally arrived at the airport, where she was met with endless security lines. Sophie kept glancing at her watch with each second feeling like an hour. Worried that she could not get to the boarding gate in time, she rushed through the crowds of people. Just then, she heard an announcement saying that her flight had been "delayed." Letting out a deep sigh, she finally felt at ease. With an unexpected hour to spare, she would have time to relax and browse the airport shops before her journey.
Possible Titles:
1. A Chaotic Morning Turns Calm with a Delayed Flight
2. From Stress to Relief: Sophie's Unexpected Extra Hour
3. The Morning Rush: How a Flight Delay Saved Sophie’s Day
4. A Rushed Journey to the Airport Ends in Relief with a Delay
Main Idea #1:
Sophie’s stressful morning was unexpectedly relieved by a flight delay.
Main Idea #2:
After a chaotic start to her day and racing to make her flight, Sophie finally experienced relief when she learned her flight was delayed, giving her time to relax and enjoy the airport.
Summary:
Sophie’s morning was filled with chaos as she rushed to the airport, fearing she’d miss her flight. However, she felt a sense of relief when she discovered her flight was delayed, giving her time to unwind before her journey.
Key Points:
1. Sophie’s alarm didn’t ring, causing her to rush through the morning.
2. She encountered heavy traffic and long security lines.
3. Sophie feared missing her flight but learned it was delayed.
4. The delay allowed her to relax and enjoy extra time at the airport.
[고3] 2024년09월–20번:소셜미디어에서의잘못된정보확산의위험성
Truth is essential for progress and the development of knowledge, as it serves as the foundation upon which reliable and accurate understanding is built. However, one of the greatest threats to the accumulation of knowledge can now be found on social media platforms. As social media becomes a primary source of information for millions, its unregulated nature allows misinformation to spread rapidly. Social media users may unknowingly participate in creating and circulating misinformation, which can influence elections, cause violence, and create widespread panic, as seen in various global incidents. As creators and consumers, it is our responsibility to take on a greater role in the enhancement of fact-checking protocols in order to ensure accuracy. It is critical that participants safeguard the reliability of information, supporting a more informed and rational public community.
Possible Titles:
1. The Role of Truth in Combating Misinformation on Social Media
2. Safeguarding Knowledge: The Threat of Misinformation on Social Media
3. The Importance of Fact-Checking to Preserve Truth in the Digital Age
4. How Misinformation on Social Media Undermines Knowledge and Progress
Main Idea #1:
Truth is essential for the development of reliable knowledge, but social media platforms pose a significant threat to this process.
Main Idea #2:
The unregulated spread of misinformation on social media can have serious consequences, such as influencing elections and causing public panic. Therefore, it is crucial for both creators and consumers to enhance fact-checking efforts to maintain the integrity of information.
Summary:
Truth is vital for knowledge, but social media's unregulated nature allows misinformation to spread, which can have severe consequences. It is important for users to take responsibility in fact-checking to ensure the reliability of information and support an informed public.
Key Points:
1. Truth is essential for knowledge and progress.
2. Social media allows misinformation to spread rapidly.
3. Misinformation can have serious societal impacts, including influencing elections.
4. Enhancing fact-checking is crucial to ensuring the accuracy of information shared.
[고3] 2024년09월–21번:문화적맥락에서인류학자들이현지관찰의중요성을인식한사례
Around the turn of the twentieth century, anthropologists trained in the natural sciences began to reimagine what a science of humanity should look like and how social scientists ought to go about studying cultural groups. Some of those anthropologists insisted that one should at least spend significant time actually observing and talking to the people studied. Early ethnographers such as Franz Boas and Alfred Cort Haddon typically traveled to the remote locations where the people in question lived and spent a few weeks to a few months there. They sought out a local Western host who was familiar with the people and the area (such as a colonial official, missionary, or businessman) and found accommodations through them. Although they did at times venture into the community without a guide, they generally did not spend significant time with the local people. Thus, their observations were primarily conducted from their verandas.
Possible Titles:
1. The Early Days of Anthropology: Ethnography from the Veranda
2. How Early Anthropologists Studied Cultures from a Distance
3. Ethnography at the Turn of the Twentieth Century: The Limited Immersion of Early Anthropologists
4. Franz Boas and Alfred Cort Haddon: Pioneers of Early Ethnographic Observation
Main Idea #1:
Early anthropologists redefined the study of humanity by observing cultural groups but often did so from a limited, detached perspective.
Main Idea #2:
While early ethnographers like Franz Boas and Alfred Cort Haddon traveled to remote areas to study cultures, they generally observed from a distance, relying on local hosts and spending minimal time directly engaging with the communities they studied.
Summary:
At the turn of the twentieth century, early anthropologists sought to observe cultural groups firsthand, but figures like Franz Boas and Alfred Cort Haddon often conducted their research from a distance, relying on local hosts and rarely immersing themselves fully in the communities they studied.
Key Points:
1. Early anthropologists aimed to study humanity by observing cultural groups.
2. Figures like Franz Boas and Alfred Cort Haddon traveled to remote areas for research.
3. Their observations were often conducted from a distance, with limited direct engagement.
4. Local hosts, such as colonial officials or missionaries, facilitated their stays and guided their research.
[고3] 2024년09월–22번:도덕적책임이인간사회에서형성된개념이라는주장
Even though there is good reason to consider a dog a sentient being capable of making choices and plans ― so that we might suppose 'it could have conceived of acting otherwise' ― we're unlikely to think it is wicked and immoral for attacking a child. Moral responsibility is not some universal concept like entropy or temperature ― something that applies equally, and can be measured similarly, everywhere in the cosmos. It is a notion developed specifically for human use, no more or less than languages are. While sentience and volition are aspects of mind and agency, morals are cultural tools developed to influence social behaviour: to cultivate the desirable and discourage the harmful. They are learnt, not given at birth. It's possible, indeed likely, that we are born with a predisposition to cooperate with others ― but only within human society do we come to understand this as moral behaviour.
Possible Titles:
1. Moral Responsibility: A Human Concept Shaped by Culture and Society
2. The Distinction Between Sentience and Morality: Why Dogs Aren’t Morally Accountable
3. Understanding Morality as a Cultural Tool Rather Than a Universal Law
4. The Role of Morality in Human Society: Beyond Sentience and Agency
Main Idea #1:
Moral responsibility is a human construct developed to guide social behavior, not a universal concept like temperature or entropy.
Main Idea #2:
While animals like dogs can exhibit sentience and make choices, moral responsibility is a cultural tool unique to human society, developed to promote desirable behavior and discourage harmful actions. It is learned rather than innate, emerging through social interaction.
Summary:
Moral responsibility is a human construct, developed to regulate social behavior, unlike universal concepts like entropy. While animals like dogs exhibit sentience, morality is a cultural tool learned within human society, designed to cultivate cooperation and discourage harm.
Key Points:
1. Moral responsibility is not a universal concept but a human-developed tool.
2. Sentience and volition do not automatically imply moral accountability.
3. Morals are cultural constructs used to influence social behavior.
4. Humans may have a predisposition for cooperation, but moral behavior is learned within society.
[고3] 2024년09월–23번:일상적현상과이례적현상에대한인간의반응차이
It is much more natural to be surprised by unusual phenomena like eclipses than ordinary phenomena like falling bodies or the succession of night into day and day into night. Many cultures invented gods to explain these eclipses that shocked, frightened, or surprised them; but very few imagined a god of falling bodies ― to which they were so accustomed that they did not even notice them. But the reason for eclipses is ultimately the same as that of the succession of night and day: the movement of celestial bodies, which itself is based on the Newtonian law of attraction and how it explains why things fall when we let them go. For the physicist, understanding the ordinary, the habitual, and the frequent thus allows us to account for the frightening and the singular. As such, it was thus necessary to ask "Why do things fall?" and to have Newton's response to understand a broad range of much more bizarre phenomena occurring at every level of the universe.
Possible Titles:
1. From Ordinary to Extraordinary: How Newton’s Laws Explain the Bizarre
2. Why Understanding Everyday Phenomena Helps Explain the Unusual
3. The Connection Between Ordinary Events and Unusual Phenomena in Physics
4. How Newton’s Law of Attraction Explains Both the Familiar and the Mysterious
Main Idea #1:
Understanding ordinary phenomena, like falling objects, is key to explaining unusual events, such as eclipses.
Main Idea #2:
While unusual phenomena like eclipses surprised many cultures, their causes are rooted in the same principles that explain ordinary events like falling bodies. Newton’s law of attraction helps account for both common and bizarre occurrences in the universe, revealing that the familiar can provide insight into the extraordinary.
Summary:
Unusual events like eclipses once shocked people, but their causes are linked to the same principles that govern ordinary phenomena like falling objects. Newton’s law of attraction offers an explanation for both, demonstrating that understanding everyday occurrences helps us make sense of more extraordinary events.
Key Points:
1. People are more surprised by unusual phenomena like eclipses than ordinary events.
2. The causes of both ordinary and unusual events are rooted in the movement of celestial bodies.
3. Newton’s law of attraction explains why things fall and helps account for bizarre phenomena.
4. Understanding everyday phenomena allows physicists to explain extraordinary events.
[고3] 2024년09월–24번:사무실설계에서변화의중요성
There are good reasons why open-office plans have gained currency, but open offices may not be the plan of choice for all times. Instead, the right plan seems to be building a culture of change. Overly rigid habits and conventions, no matter how well-considered or well-intentioned, threaten innovation. The crucial take-away from analyzing office plans over time is that the answers keep changing. It might seem that there is a straight line of progress, but it's a myth. Surveying office spaces from the past eighty years, one can see a cycle that repeats. Comparing the offices of the 1940s with contemporary office spaces shows that they have circled back around to essentially the same style, via a period in the 1980s when partitions and cubicles were more the norm. The technologies and colors may differ, but the 1940s and 2000s plans are alike, right down to the pillars running down the middle.
Possible Titles:
1. The Evolution of Office Plans: A Cycle of Change and Innovation
2. Why Office Design Cycles Repeat: From Open Spaces to Cubicles and Back
3. The Myth of Linear Progress in Office Plans: A Look at Eighty Years of Design
4. Building a Culture of Change: The Shifting Trends in Office Layouts Over Time
Main Idea #1:
Office design trends change over time, and there is no single ideal layout that remains effective for all periods.
Main Idea #2:
The history of office plans shows a repeating cycle of change, with contemporary open-office designs resembling those of the 1940s, despite the shift to partitions and cubicles in the 1980s. This demonstrates that flexibility and adaptability are key to fostering innovation in office spaces.
Summary:
Office design trends do not follow a straight line of progress but instead cycle over time. Comparing office layouts from the 1940s to today reveals similarities, despite a shift to cubicles in the 1980s. The key takeaway is the need for adaptable office environments to foster innovation.
Key Points:
1. Open-office plans are not always the best choice for every era.
2. Office designs change in cycles rather than following a straight line of progress.
3. Contemporary offices resemble those of the 1940s, despite changes in technology and colors.
4. Flexibility and adaptability in office spaces are essential for promoting innovation.
[고3] 2024년09월–25번: 2022년4개국의VR과AR인지도비교그래프
The graph above shows the percentages of respondents who were familiar with the concept of virtual reality (VR) and those who were familiar with the concept of augmented reality (AR) in four countries in 2022. For each country, the percentage of respondents familiar with VR was greater than the percentage of respondents familiar with AR. The country with the highest percentage of respondents familiar with AR was South Korea. The country with the largest gap between the percentage of respondents familiar with VR and that of respondents familiar with AR was Canada. In Japan, the percentage of respondents familiar with VR was greater than 60%. The percentage of respondents familiar with VR and that of respondents familiar with AR were lower in Switzerland than in Japan, respectively.
Possible Titles:
1. Global Familiarity with Virtual and Augmented Reality in 2022
2. VR vs. AR Awareness: A Comparative Study Across Four Countries
3. South Korea Leads in AR Familiarity, Canada Shows Largest VR-AR Gap
4. Virtual and Augmented Reality Awareness: Insights from Four Countries in 2022
Main Idea #1:
In 2022, respondents in four countries were more familiar with VR than AR.
Main Idea #2:
While VR familiarity exceeded AR familiarity in all four countries, South Korea had the highest percentage of respondents familiar with AR, and Canada showed the largest gap between VR and AR awareness. Japan’s respondents had over 60% familiarity with VR, with Switzerland lagging behind both Japan and South Korea in awareness of both VR and AR.
Summary:
In 2022, respondents in all four countries were more familiar with VR than AR. South Korea led in AR familiarity, while Canada had the largest gap between VR and AR awareness. Japan had over 60% familiarity with VR, while Switzerland trailed behind Japan in familiarity with both VR and AR.
Key Points:
1. Familiarity with VR was higher than with AR in all four countries.
2. South Korea had the highest percentage of respondents familiar with AR.
3. Canada had the largest gap between VR and AR awareness.
4. Japan had over 60% familiarity with VR, with Switzerland having lower awareness of both VR and AR compared to Japan.
[고3] 2024년09월–26번:예술과과학을연결한Gyorgy Kepes의생애와업적
Gyorgy Kepes was an artist and educator born in Selyp, Hungary in 1906. He studied painting at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Budapest, Hungary. Then, he studied design and film in Berlin, Germany. He went to the United States in 1937, and about a decade later, he started teaching visual design at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He founded the Center for Advanced Visual Studies at MIT to form a community composed of artists and scientists. His exhibition in 1951 titled The New Landscape became the basis of his book The New Landscape in Art and Science, which was published several years later. In the book, he presented images that were not previously available, captured by the latest scientific devices. In 1995, a museum to house his works was established in Eger, Hungary. He was a great pioneer in connecting art and technology.
Possible Titles:
1. Gyorgy Kepes: A Pioneer in Bridging Art and Science
2. The Life and Legacy of Gyorgy Kepes: Connecting Visual Design and Technology
3. Gyorgy Kepes and His Contributions to Art, Science, and Education
4. From Hungary to MIT: Gyorgy Kepes' Journey in Art and Technology
Main Idea #1:
Gyorgy Kepes was an influential artist and educator who connected art and science through his work.
Main Idea #2:
Gyorgy Kepes, a Hungarian artist and educator, played a pioneering role in integrating art and technology, founding the Center for Advanced Visual Studies at MIT and publishing his influential book *The New Landscape in Art and Science*. His work remains recognized in a museum dedicated to him in Hungary.
Summary:
Gyorgy Kepes, a Hungarian-born artist and educator, is known for integrating art and science. He founded the Center for Advanced Visual Studies at MIT and published *The New Landscape in Art and Science*, which showcased images captured by scientific devices. A museum in Hungary was later established to house his works.
Key Points:
1. Gyorgy Kepes studied painting, design, and film in Hungary and Germany.
2. He taught visual design at MIT and founded the Center for Advanced Visual Studies.
3. His book *The New Landscape in Art and Science* highlighted the connection between art and science using scientific imagery.
4. A museum in Eger, Hungary, was established in 1995 to honor his works and legacy.
[고3] 2024년09월–29번:산업혁명시기의영국사회변화와문제점
Victorian England is characterised by the full development of the Industrial Revolution. England became the first industrial nation in the world and, by 1850, the first nation to have more people employed in industry than in agriculture. Expanding trade coincided with the growth of the Empire and brought great wealth to Britain, but this wealth was not evenly distributed. Many enterprising individuals (the 'self-made men') rose from humble origins to positions of wealth and influence, but large sections of the working class were forced into the overcrowded slums of large cities where they worked long hours for low wages in unhealthy conditions. The manufacturing towns of the north of England provided some of the worst examples and inspired such socially conscious novels as Kingsley's Alton Locke, Gaskell's Mary Barton, and Dickens's Hard Times. In the south there was London, already the largest city in the world, showing all the crime, evil, and misery which result from overpopulation and unplanned growth.
Possible Titles:
1. The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on Victorian England's Society
2. Wealth and Poverty in Victorian England: The Rise of Industry and Urban Slums
3. Victorian England: The Birth of Industry and the Struggles of the Working Class
4. The Duality of Victorian England: Industrial Growth and Social Inequality
Main Idea #1:
Victorian England saw the full development of the Industrial Revolution, with a shift from agriculture to industry.
Main Idea #2:
While the Industrial Revolution brought great wealth to some, it also led to severe social inequality. Large sections of the working class lived in overcrowded slums, working long hours in unhealthy conditions, inspiring socially conscious literature that depicted the struggles of the poor in both northern industrial towns and overcrowded London.
Summary:
Victorian England marked the height of the Industrial Revolution, shifting the economy from agriculture to industry. Though it brought wealth to Britain, it also created severe inequality, as many working-class families lived in overcrowded slums and faced harsh working conditions. This social divide inspired novels that highlighted the struggles of the poor in both the industrial north and overcrowded London.
Key Points:
1. Victorian England was shaped by the Industrial Revolution.
2. By 1850, more people were employed in industry than in agriculture.
3. Wealth from expanding trade and industry was unevenly distributed.
4. The working class faced harsh living and working conditions, which inspired socially conscious novels.
5. London, as the largest city, reflected the consequences of overpopulation and unplanned growth.
[고3] 2024년09월–30번:인간의사고방식이예측가능한오류로인해비합리적일수있는이유
We all like to think of ourselves as rational actors, careful and considered in our thinking, capable of sound and reliable judgments. We might believe that we generally consider different points of view and make informed decisions. We are, in fact, "predictably irrational," as psychologist Dan Ariely titled his book on the topic. All of us engage in automatic, reflexive thinking, typically taking the easier path and conserving mental effort. Although we each may have the subjective impression that we are careful thinkers, we often make snap judgments or no real judgments at all. In addition, numerous biases inhibit or override reflective, deliberative thought; intuitive theories can also interfere with acceptance of accurate scientific explanations. Understanding more about how our minds work and how biases may operate can make us each less subject to fallacious reasoning, more rational, and more aware of the problems in others' thinking. Learning to understand the built-in limitations of our mental processes can also help us improve our ability to inform others more effectively.
Possible Titles:
1. Understanding Our Predictable Irrationality and Mental Biases
2. How Automatic Thinking and Biases Affect Our Decision-Making
3. The Path to Rational Thinking: Overcoming Biases and Snap Judgments
4. Predictably Irrational: How Understanding Our Minds Can Improve Decision-Making
Main Idea #1:
Despite thinking of ourselves as rational, we often engage in automatic, reflexive thinking that is influenced by biases.
Main Idea #2:
While we believe we make careful decisions, biases and intuitive theories often override our reflective thinking, leading to fallacious reasoning. By understanding how these mental processes work, we can become more rational and effective in both our thinking and in helping others avoid flawed reasoning.
Summary:
Though we may believe we are rational thinkers, biases and automatic thinking often lead us to make snap judgments. Understanding these mental limitations can help us improve our reasoning and better inform others.
Key Points:
1. We often engage in reflexive, automatic thinking rather than deliberate reasoning.
2. Biases and intuitive theories interfere with rational thought and scientific understanding.
3. Understanding how our minds work can reduce fallacious reasoning and improve decision-making.
4. Recognizing our mental limitations can also help us communicate more effectively with others.
[고3] 2024년09월–31번:나방이빛에끌리는이유에대한이론들
There has been a lot of discussion on why moths are attracted to light. The consensus seems to hold that moths are not so much attracted to lights as they are trapped by them. The light becomes a sensory overload that disorients the insects and sends them into a holding pattern. A hypothesis called the Mach band theory suggests that moths see a dark area around a light source and head for it to escape the light. Another theory suggests that moths perceive the light coming from a source as a diffuse halo with a dark spot in the center. The moths, attempting to escape the light, fly toward that imagined "portal," bringing them closer to the source. As they approach the light, their reference point changes and they circle the light hopelessly trying to reach the portal. Everyone is familiar with moths circling their porch lights. Their flight appears to have no purpose, but they are, it is believed, trying to escape the pull of the light.
Possible Titles:
1. The Mystery of Moths and Light: Understanding Their Attraction
2. Why Moths Circle Lights: Exploring Theories of Sensory Overload
3. Trapped by Light: The Disorientation of Moths Around Light Sources
4. Moths and Light: Theories Behind Their Perpetual Circling Behavior
Main Idea #1:
Moths are not necessarily attracted to light, but rather disoriented and trapped by it.
Main Idea #2:
Theories like the Mach band theory suggest that moths perceive dark areas around light sources and attempt to escape toward them, only to be continuously disoriented, resulting in their circling pattern. This behavior is driven by a futile attempt to escape the light rather than a purposeful attraction to it.
Summary:
Moths are believed to circle lights not because they are attracted to them but because they are disoriented by sensory overload. Theories suggest that moths attempt to escape the light by flying toward dark areas they perceive near the light source, trapping them in a continuous circling pattern.
Key Points:
1. Moths are disoriented rather than attracted to lights.
2. The Mach band theory suggests moths fly toward perceived dark areas around lights.
3. Moths continuously circle lights in an attempt to escape the light’s pull.
4. Their flight patterns are driven by disorientation, not purposeful behavior.
[고3] 2024년09월–32번:커뮤니케이션기술발전에서투자와수익기대의문제
One of the factors determining the use of technologies of communication will be the kinds of investments made in equipment and personnel; who makes them, and what they expect in return. There is no guarantee that the investment will necessarily be in forms of communication that are most appropriate for the majority of people. Because the ownership of investment funds tends to be in the hands of commercial organisations, the modernisation of communications infrastructure only takes place on the basis of potential profitability. Take, for example, the installation of fibre-optic communications cable across the African continent. A number of African nations are involved in the development but its operational structures will be oriented to those who can pay for access. Many states that might wish to use it for education and information may not only find it too expensive but also simply unavailable to them. There can be no doubt that the development has been led by investment opportunity rather than community demand.
Possible Titles:
1. The Profit-Driven Nature of Communication Technology Investments
2. How Commercial Interests Shape the Development of Communication Infrastructure
3. The Role of Profitability in the Modernization of Communication Technologies
4. Investment Priorities vs. Community Needs in Communication Infrastructure Development
Main Idea #1:
Investment in communication technologies is driven by profitability rather than community needs.
Main Idea #2:
The modernization of communication infrastructure, such as the installation of fiber-optic cables in Africa, is led by commercial investments seeking profit, rather than addressing the communication needs of the majority. This can limit access to education and information for many, as the cost of the technology may be too high for widespread use.
Summary:
Investment in communication technology is primarily driven by profit rather than community needs. As seen in the installation of fiber-optic cables in Africa, access is often limited to those who can afford it, while states seeking to use it for education and information may be priced out.
Key Points:
1. Investment in communication technology is focused on profitability.
2. Modernization of communication infrastructure may not serve the majority.
3. Fiber-optic installation in Africa is driven by commercial interests.
4. High costs may limit access to communication infrastructure for education and information purposes.
[고3] 2024년09월–33번:도시의공간질과머무는활동의상관관계
City quality is so crucial for optional activities that the extent of staying activities can often be used as a measuring stick for the quality of the city as well as of its space. Many pedestrians in a city are not necessarily an indication of good city quality ― many people walking around can often be a sign of insufficient transit options or long distances between the various functions in the city. Conversely, it can be claimed that a city in which many people are not walking often indicates good city quality. In a city like Rome, it is the large number of people standing or sitting in squares rather than walking that is conspicuous. And it's not due to necessity but rather that the city quality is so inviting. It is hard to keep moving in city space with so many temptations to stay. In contrast are many new quarters and complexes that many people walk through but rarely stop or stay in.
Possible Titles:
1. Measuring City Quality: The Role of Staying Activities vs. Walking
2. Why Pedestrians Aren’t Always a Sign of Good City Quality
3. The Power of Staying: How Public Spaces Reflect City Quality
4. City Design and Social Interaction: Walking vs. Staying in Urban Spaces
Main Idea #1:
The extent of staying activities, such as people sitting or standing in public spaces, can be a better indicator of city quality than the number of pedestrians.
Main Idea #2:
Cities where people choose to stay, like Rome, indicate inviting spaces and good city quality, while cities with many pedestrians may reflect poor transit options or long distances between urban functions. Spaces where people rarely stop or stay tend to lack the qualities that make cities inviting.
Summary:
The quality of a city can be measured by how inviting it is for people to stay in public spaces rather than simply walk through them. In cities like Rome, people are drawn to linger, while in less inviting spaces, people pass through without stopping, reflecting lower city quality.
Key Points:
1. Staying activities are a better measure of city quality than pedestrian traffic.
2. High pedestrian numbers can indicate poor transit options or long distances between city functions.
3. Inviting cities, like Rome, encourage people to stay and enjoy public spaces.
4. Newer urban complexes often see people walking through but not staying, indicating lower city quality.
[고3] 2024년09월–34번: Rousseau가주장한인간발달의사회적의존성
That people need other people is hardly news, but for Rousseau this dependence extended far beyond companionship or even love, into the very process of becoming human. Rousseau believed that people are not born but made, every individual a bundle of potentials whose realization requires the active involvement of other people. Self-development is a social process. Self-sufficiency is an impossible fantasy. Much of the time Rousseau wished passionately that it were not: Robinson Crusoe was a favorite book, and he yearned to be free from the pains and uncertainties of social life. But his writings document with extraordinary clarity the shaping of the individual by his emotional attachments. "Our sweetest existence is relative and collective, and our true self is not entirely within us." And it is kindness ― which Rousseau analyzed under the rubric of pitié, which translates as "pity" but is much closer to "sympathy" as Hume and Smith defined it ― that is the key to this collective existence.
Possible Titles:
1. Rousseau’s View on Human Development: The Social Process of Becoming
2. The Role of Kindness in Rousseau’s Philosophy of Self-Development
3. Rousseau’s Argument: Why Self-Sufficiency is an Impossible Fantasy
4. Human Growth Through Social Bonds: Rousseau’s Perspective on Collective Existence
Main Idea #1:
Rousseau believed that self-development is a social process, and people become human through their interactions with others.
Main Idea #2:
Rousseau argued that humans are shaped by their emotional attachments and social interactions, with self-sufficiency being an unattainable ideal. Kindness, or pitié, is essential to this collective existence, as it fosters the relationships that define individual growth.
Summary:
Rousseau believed that self-development depends on social interactions, and individuals are shaped by their relationships with others. He emphasized that true selfhood is collective, not individual, and kindness plays a crucial role in the process of human growth.
Key Points:
1. Rousseau argued that people are "made" through social interactions, not born complete.
2. He believed self-sufficiency is an impossible fantasy, despite wishing for it at times.
3. Emotional attachments are central to shaping individuals.
4. Kindness, or pitié, is key to the collective existence Rousseau saw as fundamental to human development.
[고3] 2024년09월–35번:전문적수집가를위한딜러의광범위한역할
The best dealers offer a much broader service than merely having their goods on display and 'selling from stock'. Once they know the needs of a particular collector they can actively seek specific items to fill gaps in the collection. Because it is their business, to which they devote themselves full-time, they will inevitably have a much wider network than any non-professional collector can ever develop. As a matter of course they can enquire about the availability of pieces from dealers in other cities and, most crucially in some categories, from overseas. They will be routinely informed of news of all auctions and important private sales, and should be well-enough connected to hear occasionally of items which are not yet quite on sale but might be available for a certain price. In turn, they can circulate their own contacts with 'want-lists' of desired items or subjects, multiplying their client collectors' chances of expanding their collections.
Possible Titles:
1. The Expanded Role of Art Dealers: Beyond Selling from Stock
2. How Professional Dealers Help Collectors Build Specialized Collections
3. The Advantages of Working with Expert Dealers to Expand Collections
4. The Networking Power of Dealers in Finding Rare and Desired Items
Main Idea #1:
Professional dealers provide more than just selling from stock; they actively seek specific items for collectors.
Main Idea #2:
Dealers use their extensive networks, both locally and internationally, to help collectors acquire rare items. Their full-time commitment allows them to stay informed about auctions, private sales, and exclusive opportunities, thus greatly expanding a collector's chances of finding desired pieces.
Summary:
Professional dealers go beyond selling from stock by using their vast networks to help collectors find specific items. They stay informed about auctions and private sales, both locally and internationally, increasing collectors' opportunities to acquire rare pieces.
Key Points:
1. Dealers actively seek specific items for collectors.
2. They have extensive networks that surpass those of non-professional collectors.
3. Dealers stay informed about auctions, private sales, and rare opportunities.
4. They can circulate want-lists, further expanding collectors' chances of success.
[고3] 2024년09월–36번:학습은새로운정보가기존지식패턴에어떻게영향을미치는지에대한설명
If learning were simply a matter of accumulating lists of facts, then it shouldn't make any difference if we are presented with information that is just a little bit beyond what we already know or totally new information. Each fact would simply be stored separately. According to connectionist theory, however, our knowledge is organized into patterns of activity, and each time we learn something new we have to modify the old patterns so as to keep the old material while adding the new information. The adjustments are clearly smallest when the new information is only slightly new ― when it is compatible with what we already know, so that the old patterns need only a little bit of adjustment to accommodate the new knowledge. If we are trying to understand something totally new, however, we need to make larger adjustments to the units of the patterns we already have, which requires changing the strengths of large numbers of connections in our brain, and this is a difficult, tiring process.
Possible Titles:
1. How Connectionist Theory Explains the Challenge of Learning New Information
2. The Cognitive Strain of Learning: Adapting Old Knowledge to New Concepts
3. Why Learning is Easier When Information is Familiar: Insights from Connectionist Theory
4. Understanding the Mental Effort Behind Learning New and Complex Information
Main Idea #1:
Learning new information is easier when it is only slightly different from what we already know.
Main Idea #2:
Connectionist theory suggests that our knowledge is organized into patterns, and learning something new requires adjusting these patterns. Minor adjustments are easier when the new information is compatible with existing knowledge, but completely new concepts require larger, more tiring changes in the brain's connections.
Summary:
According to connectionist theory, learning is easier when new information is only slightly different from what we already know, as it requires minor adjustments to our existing knowledge patterns. In contrast, understanding entirely new information requires more significant changes to our brain's connections, making the process more difficult and tiring.
Key Points:
1. Learning is not just about accumulating facts; it involves adjusting existing knowledge patterns.
2. New information that is compatible with old knowledge requires minor adjustments.
3. Completely new information requires larger adjustments, which is a more challenging process.
4. Connectionist theory explains why learning new and unfamiliar information can be tiring.
[고3] 2024년09월–37번:동물의건강을유지하는선천적본능과행동
The generally close connection between health and what animals want exists because wanting to obtain the right things and wanting to avoid the wrong ones are major ways in which animals keep themselves healthy. Animals have evolved many different ways of maintaining their health and then regaining it again once it has been damaged, such as an ability to heal wounds when they are injured and an amazingly complex immune system for warding off infection. Animals are equally good, however, at dealing with injury and disease before they even happen. They have evolved a complex set of mechanisms for anticipating and avoiding danger altogether. They can take pre-emptive action so that the worst never happens. They start to want things that will be necessary for their health and survival not for now but for some time in the future.
Possible Titles:
1. How Animals Anticipate and Avoid Health Risks Through Evolved Behaviors
2. The Connection Between Health and What Animals Want for Survival
3. Evolutionary Mechanisms: How Animals Maintain Health by Avoiding Danger
4. Pre-emptive Actions in Animals: Evolved Strategies for Health and Survival
Main Idea #1:
Animals maintain their health by wanting to obtain beneficial things and avoid harmful ones.
Main Idea #2:
Animals have evolved complex mechanisms to maintain their health, not only by healing and fighting infections but also by anticipating and avoiding danger before it occurs. They develop desires for things that will ensure their future health and survival.
Summary:
Animals maintain their health by seeking beneficial things and avoiding harm. They have evolved mechanisms to heal and ward off infections, but they also prevent injury and disease by anticipating danger and taking pre-emptive actions that ensure their future health and survival.
Key Points:
1. Animals maintain their health by seeking what is good for them and avoiding harm.
2. Evolution has equipped animals with mechanisms to heal and fight infections.
3. Animals also anticipate and avoid danger before it occurs.
4. They develop desires for things that will ensure their health in the future.
[고3] 2024년09월–38번:로봇설계에서자기인식능력의중요성
People involved in the conception and engineering of robots designed to perceive and act know how fundamental is the ability to discriminate oneself from other entities in the environment. Without such an ability, no goal-oriented action would be possible. Imagine that you have to build a robot able to search for blocks scattered in a room in order to pile them. Even this simple task would require that your machine be able to discriminate between stimulation that originates from its own machinery and stimulation that originates from the blocks in the environment. Suppose that you equip your robot with an artificial eye and an artificial arm to detect, grab, and pile the blocks. To be successful, your machine will have to have some built-in system enabling it to discriminate between the detection of a block and the detection of its own arm. If not, the robot might endlessly chase itself rather than the blocks. Your robot would engage in circular, self-centered acts that would drive it away from the target or external goal.
Possible Titles:
1. The Importance of Self-Discrimination in Goal-Oriented Robot Design
2. Why Robots Must Differentiate Themselves from Their Environment
3. Building Robots That Can Tell Themselves Apart from Their Surroundings
4. How Self-Perception Enables Robots to Perform Goal-Oriented Tasks
Main Idea #1:
For robots to perform goal-oriented tasks, they must be able to distinguish between their own actions and external stimuli.
Main Idea #2:
Robots designed for tasks like detecting and piling blocks need a system to differentiate between their own machinery and external objects. Without this ability, the robot may confuse its own actions with environmental stimuli, leading to self-centered actions that prevent it from achieving its goal.
Summary:
To perform tasks successfully, robots must discriminate between their own machinery and external stimuli. This self-awareness is essential for goal-oriented actions, such as detecting and interacting with objects in the environment, to prevent the robot from becoming confused by its own actions.
Key Points:
1. Robots must distinguish themselves from other entities in the environment.
2. This self-discrimination is essential for goal-oriented actions.
3. Without such ability, robots might confuse their own machinery with external objects.
4. A lack of self-discrimination could cause a robot to engage in circular, ineffective behavior.
[고3] 2024년09월–39번:미래생태계를예측하고관리하는데있어불확실성
To decide whether and how to intervene in ecosystems, protected area managers normally need a reasonably clear idea of what future ecosystems would be like if they did not intervene. Management practices usually involve defining a more desirable future condition and implementing management actions designed to push or guide ecosystems toward that condition. Managers need confidence in the likely outcomes of their interventions. This traditional and inherently logical approach requires a high degree of predictive ability, and predictions must be developed at appropriate spatial and temporal scales, often localized and near-term. Unfortunately, at the scales, accuracy, and precision most useful to protected area management, the future not only promises to be unprecedented, but it also promises to be unpredictable. To illustrate this, consider the uncertainties involved in predicting climatic changes, how ecosystems are likely to respond to climatic changes, and the likely efficacy of actions that might be taken to counter adverse effects of climatic changes. Comparable uncertainties surround the nature and magnitude of future changes in other ecosystem stressors.
Possible Titles:
1. The Challenges of Predicting Ecosystem Changes for Effective Management
2. Uncertainty in Ecosystem Management: Balancing Intervention and Prediction
3. Why Future Ecosystem Conditions are Difficult to Predict for Conservation Management
4. The Role of Uncertainty in Managing Protected Ecosystems Amid Climatic Changes
Main Idea #1:
Protected area managers rely on predictions of future ecosystem conditions to decide how to intervene, but these predictions are often uncertain.
Main Idea #2:
Ecosystem management typically requires managers to predict future conditions to guide ecosystems toward desired outcomes. However, due to uncertainties in predicting climate changes and their effects, along with other ecosystem stressors, the future is unpredictable, complicating efforts to plan effective interventions.
Summary:
Protected area managers aim to guide ecosystems toward desired future conditions, but predicting future changes, particularly in response to climate and other stressors, is highly uncertain. This unpredictability challenges traditional management practices that rely on accurate, localized predictions.
Key Points:
1. Managers need to predict future ecosystem conditions to guide interventions.
2. Predictions must be made at appropriate spatial and temporal scales for management.
3. The future of ecosystems is unpredictable due to uncertainties like climate change.
4. These uncertainties complicate the effectiveness of traditional management practices.
[고3] 2024년09월–40번:인간언어가다른동물의소통방식과차별화되는이유
Human speech differs from the cries of other species in many ways. One very important distinction is that all other animals use one call for one message as the general principle of communication. This means that the number of possible messages is very restricted. If a new message is to be included in the system, a new sound has to be introduced, too. After the first few tens of sounds it becomes difficult to invent new distinctive sounds, and also to remember them for the next time they are needed. Human speech builds on the principle of combining a restricted number of sounds into an unlimited number of messages. In a typical human language there are something like thirty or forty distinctive speech sounds. These sounds can be combined into chains to form a literally unlimited number of words. Even a small child, who can communicate by only one word at a time, uses a system for communication that is infinitely superior to any system utilized by any other animal.
[요약문] In animal cries, each call represents a different message, which limits the number of possible messages, whereas human language creates an unlimited number of messages using a finite set of distinctive sounds.
Possible Titles:
1. The Unique Flexibility of Human Speech Compared to Animal Calls
2. Human Language: A System of Infinite Messages from Limited Sounds
3. How Human Speech Surpasses Animal Communication in Complexity
4. The Principle of Combination in Human Speech: Unlimited Communication from Finite Sounds
Main Idea #1:
Animal calls have a one-to-one correspondence between sound and message, which limits the number of possible messages.
Main Idea #2:
Human language, in contrast to animal communication, uses a limited number of distinctive sounds to form an unlimited number of messages by combining these sounds in different ways. This system allows humans to communicate far more complex and varied information than any other species.
Summary:
Animal communication is restricted by a one-to-one correspondence between calls and messages, limiting the number of messages. Human language, however, combines a finite set of speech sounds to create an unlimited number of messages, making it far more versatile.
Key Points:
1. Animal calls are limited because each sound corresponds to a specific message.
2. Human speech uses a finite set of sounds to create an unlimited number of messages.
3. The combination of sounds in human language allows for complex and varied communication.
4. Human language is vastly more flexible and powerful than animal communication systems.
[고3] 2024년09월–41~42번:시와일상언어의차이와시의새로운언어적가능성
People are correct when they feel that the written poetry of literate societies and the oral poetry of non-literate ones differ considerably from the everyday language spoken in the community. Listeners not only accept the strange use of words, rearrangement of word order, assonance, alliteration, rhythm, rhyme, compression of thought, and so on ― they actually expect to find these things in poetry and they are disappointed when poetry does not sound "poetic." But those who regard poetry as a different category of language altogether are deaf to the true achievements of the poet. Rather, the poet artfully manipulates the same raw materials of his language as are used in everyday speech; his skill is to find new possibilities in the resources already in the language. In much the same way that people living at the seashore become so accustomed to the sound of waves that they no longer hear it, most of us have become insensitive to the flood tide of words, millions of them every day, that hit our eardrums. One function of poetry is to depict the world with a fresh perception ― to make it strange ― so that we will listen to language once again. But the successful poet never departs so far into the strange world of language that none of his listeners can follow him. He still remains the communicator, the man of speech.
Possible Titles:
1. The Art of Poetry: Rediscovering Language Through Skilled Manipulation
2. How Poets Use Everyday Language to Create Fresh Perceptions
3. The Balance Between Familiarity and Strangeness in Poetic Language
4. Poetry as a Fresh Take on Everyday Language: A Communicator’s Craft
Main Idea #1:
Poetry differs from everyday language, but it uses the same linguistic materials in a more artful and skillful way.
Main Idea #2:
While poetry may sound strange compared to everyday speech, it manipulates the same raw materials of language. The poet's task is to find new possibilities within the familiar language, offering fresh perceptions without departing too far from what is understandable. Listeners expect poetry to sound different, but successful poets remain communicators.
Summary:
Poetry uses the same language as everyday speech but manipulates it in an artful way to offer fresh perspectives. Poets balance strangeness with familiarity, using language's resources to make us listen to it anew, while still remaining communicators that their audience can follow.
Key Points:
1. Poetry is expected to sound different from everyday language.
2. Poets use the same language as in daily life but manipulate it creatively.
3. The function of poetry is to make language fresh and perceptive again.
4. Poets balance making language strange while still being communicators.
[고3] 2024년09월–43~45번:두번째손구매앱을통해식물을구매한경험
Helen was thrilled when she received a notification on a second-hand shopping app from a seller named Anna. For months, she had been looking for a Philodendron gloriosum, a Colombian plant with dark, velvety leaves shaped like hearts. She had almost given up on getting one. Anna, though, had put one up for sale. The posting read, "I'm selling my favorite plant, because I'm moving abroad. If you pick it up today from Edincester Heights, you can have it for the current price, which is half the market rate." Helen immediately messaged the seller. "Hello! I'm interested in purchasing your plant. If it works for your schedule, I can be there in 10 minutes!" Anna replied, "Hi, there! I am at work right now, but my housemate, Julia, can meet you in front of the building." Unable to believe her good luck, Helen typed back in excitement, "Great! I can leave now. I'll wear a black baseball cap." Arriving at the building, Helen could identify Julia by the large paper bag she was holding. The bag had leaves sticking out of the top. She said, "You must be Julia!" Laughing, the woman said, "Yes! Please take good care of this plant. Anna had it for six years, so she considers it family." From the bag, she pulled out another plant, a tiny one with thick, glossy leaves. "Are you familiar with this? It's called a Dragon's Tail. My housemate said you could take it too, if you'd like." Helen exclaimed, "Yes, I'd love to! Please thank Anna for me. Both are in such wonderful condition. Do you have any tips for keeping them in good shape?" Handing over the bag, Julia replied, "I'm not a plant expert, but I know that Anna kept them away from windows to avoid direct sunlight. Why don't you message her? She would be happy to offer advice." "I'll be sure to do that," Helen said, as she handed over the cash.
Possible Titles:
1. A Lucky Find: Helen's Journey to Owning the Perfect Philodendron
2. An Unexpected Gift: Helen’s Fortunate Encounter with Two Beautiful Plants
3. The Quest for a Philodendron Gloriosum and a Surprise Addition
4. Helen’s Exciting Plant Purchase: A Philodendron and a Dragon’s Tail
Main Idea #1:
Helen excitedly secures a long-sought-after plant through a second-hand shopping app.
Main Idea #2:
After months of searching, Helen finally finds a Philodendron gloriosum at a bargain price. She quickly arranges to pick it up from Anna's housemate, Julia, who surprises her with an additional plant. Helen leaves thrilled with her purchase and eager to care for both plants.
Summary:
After searching for months, Helen finally finds a rare plant for sale at a discount and arranges to pick it up from the seller’s housemate. To her surprise, she receives an additional plant and leaves delighted with both her new acquisitions.
Key Points:
1. Helen finds a Philodendron gloriosum on a second-hand shopping app.
2. She quickly arranges to pick it up from the seller’s housemate, Julia.
3. Julia offers Helen an additional plant, a Dragon’s Tail, as a gift.
4. Helen is excited about her new plants and plans to seek care advice from Anna.
To whom it may concern, My name is Peter Jackson and I am thinking of applying for the Advanced Licensed Counselor Program that the university provides. I found that the certification for 100 hours of counseling experience is required for the application. However, I do not think I could possibly complete the required counseling experience by the current deadline. So, if possible, I kindly request an extension of the deadline until the end of this summer vacation. I am actively working on obtaining the certification, and I am sure I will be able to submit it by then. I understand the importance of following the application process, and would greatly appreciate your consideration of this request. I look forward to your response. Sincerely, Peter Jackson
Possible Titles:
1. Request for Extension of Application Deadline for Counselor Program
2. Deadline Extension Request for Advanced Licensed Counselor Program Application
3. Peter Jackson's Request for Extension to Submit Counseling Certification
4. Request for Deadline Adjustment Due to Incomplete Counseling Experience Hours
Main Idea #1:
Peter Jackson requests an extension of the deadline for submitting his application to the Advanced Licensed Counselor Program.
Main Idea #2:
Due to his inability to complete the required 100 hours of counseling experience by the current deadline, Peter Jackson is seeking an extension until the end of summer vacation to fulfill the certification requirement.
Summary:
Peter Jackson asks for an extension of the application deadline for the Advanced Licensed Counselor Program because he has not completed the required 100 hours of counseling experience. He assures that he will meet the requirement by the end of the summer vacation.
Key Points:
1. Peter Jackson plans to apply for the Advanced Licensed Counselor Program.
2. The application requires 100 hours of counseling experience.
3. He requests an extension of the deadline to complete the requirement.
4. He expects to fulfill the requirement by the end of summer vacation.
[고2] 2024년09월–19번:공항입국심사에서예상치못한상황에긴장한경험
The passport control line was short and the inspectors looked relaxed; except the inspector at my window. He seemed to want to model the seriousness of the task at hand for the other inspectors. Maybe that's why I felt uneasy when he studied my passport more carefully than I expected. "You were here in September," he said. "Why are you back so soon?" "I came in September to prepare to return this month," I replied with a trembling voice, considering if I missed any Italian regulations. "For how long?" he asked. "One month, this time," I answered truthfully. I knew it was not against the rules to stay in Italy for three months. "Enjoy your stay," he finally said, as he stamped my passport. Whew! As I walked away, the burden I had carried, even though I did nothing wrong, vanished into the air. My shoulders, once weighed down, now stretched out with comfort.
Possible Titles:
1. A Nervous Encounter with a Passport Inspector in Italy
2. Overcoming Anxiety at Passport Control Despite Following the Rules
3. A Close Call: Navigating Tension at Italian Passport Control
4. The Unexpected Pressure of Returning to Italy After a Short Stay
Main Idea #1:
The narrator feels uneasy during a strict inspection at passport control despite knowing they followed all the regulations.
Main Idea #2:
Although the narrator's stay in Italy was entirely within legal limits, the inspector's scrutiny creates unnecessary tension, but relief follows when the passport is finally stamped, allowing the narrator to relax and enjoy their visit.
Summary:
The narrator faces unexpected scrutiny at Italian passport control, feeling nervous despite adhering to all the rules. After a tense interaction, the inspector approves the stay, and the narrator feels relieved and relaxed.
Key Points:
1. The narrator faces extra scrutiny at passport control, causing unease.
2. They are questioned about returning to Italy shortly after a previous visit.
3. Despite feeling anxious, the narrator has followed the regulations.
4. After passing through, the narrator feels relieved and at ease.
[고2] 2024년09월–20번:걱정은통제가능한감정이라는점을자녀에게가르치는방법
Merely convincing your children that worry is senseless and that they would be more content if they didn't worry isn't going to stop them from worrying. For some reason, young people seem to believe that worry is a fact of life over which they have little or no control. Consequently, they don't even try to stop. Therefore, you need to convince them that worry, like guilt and fear, is nothing more than an emotion, and like all emotions, is subject to the power of the will. Tell them that they can eliminate worry from their lives by simply refusing to attend to it. Explain to them that if they refuse to act worried regardless of how they feel, they will eventually stop feeling worried and will begin to experience the contentment that accompanies a worry-free life.
Possible Titles:
1. Helping Children Understand the Power of Will Over Worry
2. Teaching Children to Overcome Worry Through Conscious Effort
3. Guiding Young People to a Worry-Free Life by Changing Their Mindset
4. How Parents Can Empower Children to Control Worry and Find Peace
Main Idea #1:
Simply telling children not to worry won't work unless they understand that worry is an emotion they can control.
Main Idea #2:
Parents must teach children that worry, like other emotions, can be controlled through willpower, and by refusing to act on worry, they can gradually eliminate it and find contentment.
Summary:
To help children stop worrying, parents must teach them that worry is an emotion they can control through their will. By refusing to act on worry, children can gradually overcome it and experience a more content and peaceful life.
Key Points:
1. Children often believe they cannot control their worries.
2. Worry, like other emotions, can be managed through willpower.
3. Refusing to act on worry can lead to eliminating it over time.
4. Parents should explain how overcoming worry leads to greater contentment.
[고2] 2024년09월–21번:산업시대에서창의성과속도가더중요한현대기업의특성
In today's information age, in many companies and on many teams, the objective is no longer error prevention and replicability. On the contrary, it's creativity, speed, and keenness. In the industrial era, the goal was to minimize variation. But in creative companies today, maximizing variation is more essential. In these situations, the biggest risk isn't making a mistake or losing consistency; it's failing to attract top talent, to invent new products, or to change direction quickly when the environment shifts. Consistency and repeatability are more likely to suppress fresh thinking than to bring your company profit. A lot of little mistakes, while sometimes painful, help the organization learn quickly and are a critical part of the innovation cycle. In these situations, rules and process are no longer the best answer. A symphony isn't what you're going for. Leave the conductor and the sheet music behind. Build a jazz band instead.
Possible Titles:
1. Embracing Creativity and Flexibility Over Consistency in Modern Companies
2. Why Innovation Requires Maximizing Variation and Accepting Mistakes
3. Shifting from Error Prevention to Innovation in the Information Age
4. Building a Creative Team: Jazz Bands Over Symphonies in Business
Main Idea #1:
The focus of modern companies has shifted from error prevention to creativity and flexibility.
Main Idea #2:
In today's rapidly changing environment, maximizing variation and embracing small mistakes are crucial for innovation, as consistency and repeatability can stifle creativity and limit a company's ability to adapt and grow.
Summary:
In the modern business world, creativity and quick adaptation are more important than error prevention. Companies that prioritize variation and allow small mistakes are more likely to innovate and thrive in changing environments, as strict adherence to rules can suppress fresh ideas.
Key Points:
1. The focus has shifted from minimizing errors to encouraging creativity and speed.
2. Modern companies benefit from maximizing variation rather than consistency.
3. Small mistakes are essential for learning and innovation.
4. A flexible, improvisational approach is better than rigid adherence to processes.
[고2] 2024년09월–22번:재난상황에서정보소통의중요성과소문이퍼지는이유
Any new or threatening situation may require us to make decisions and this requires information. So important is communication during a disaster that normal social barriers are often lowered. We will talk to strangers in a way we would never consider normally. Even relatively low grade disruption of our life such as a fire drill or a very late train seems to give us the permission to break normal etiquette and talk to strangers. The more important an event to a particular public, the more detailed and urgent the requirement for news becomes. Without an authoritative source of facts, whether that is a newspaper or trusted broadcast station, rumours often run riot. Rumours start because people believe their group to be in danger and so, although the rumour is unproven, feel they should pass it on. For example, if a worker heard that their employer's business was doing badly and people were going to be made redundant, they would pass that information on to colleagues.
Possible Titles:
1. The Role of Communication and Rumors During Disruptive Events
2. How Disasters Lower Social Barriers and Spread Information
3. The Power of Rumors in Crisis Situations and Their Impact on Communication
4. Breaking Social Norms: The Urgent Need for Information During Disasters
Main Idea #1:
Disasters lower social barriers, making people more willing to communicate with strangers for information.
Main Idea #2:
In crises, the lack of reliable information leads to the spread of rumors, as people feel compelled to pass on unverified news to protect their group, heightening the urgency for authoritative sources.
Summary:
In disruptive situations, people are more likely to communicate with strangers to gather information. The absence of reliable news often leads to the spread of rumors, as individuals feel the need to share potential dangers, even if unverified.
Key Points:
1. Disasters encourage communication between strangers.
2. Urgent events increase the need for reliable information.
3. The absence of authoritative news sources fuels the spread of rumors.
4. People spread rumors to protect their group from perceived danger.
[고2] 2024년09월–23번:예술과과학모두가문화적맥락에서이해되어야하는이유
People seem to recognize that the arts are cultural activities that draw on (or react against) certain cultural traditions, certain shared understanding, and certain values and ideas that are characteristic of the time and place in which the art is created. In the case of science, however, opinions differ. Some scientists, like the great biologist J. B. S. Haldane, see science in a similar light ― as a historical activity that occurs in a particular time and place, and that needs to be understood within that context. Others, however, see science as a purely "objective" pursuit, uninfluenced by the cultural viewpoint and values of those who create it. In describing this view of science, philosopher Hugh Lacey speaks of the belief that there is an underlying order of the world which is simply there to be discovered ― the world of pure "fact" stripped of any link with value. The aim of science according to this view is to represent this world of pure "fact", independently of any relationship it might bear contingently to human practices and experiences.
Possible Titles:
1. The Debate Over Whether Science Is Influenced by Culture
2. Is Science Objective or Shaped by Its Historical Context?
3. Exploring Different Views on the Role of Culture in Science
4. Science as a Cultural Activity or an Objective Pursuit: A Philosophical Discussion
Main Idea #1:
There are differing opinions on whether science is influenced by the cultural context in which it is practiced.
Main Idea #2:
While some view science as a historical activity shaped by time and place, others argue that it is an objective pursuit, focused solely on discovering a world of pure facts independent of human values or practices.
Summary:
Some scientists and philosophers believe that science is shaped by the cultural and historical context in which it is created, while others view it as an objective pursuit, aiming to uncover pure facts without influence from human values or experiences.
Key Points:
1. The arts are widely recognized as being influenced by cultural traditions and values.
2. Opinions differ on whether science is influenced by culture or purely objective.
3. Some believe science must be understood within its historical context.
4. Others argue that science aims to discover facts independent of human practices.
[고2] 2024년09월–24번:정신적성숙과책임감의연령에대한사회적기준의문제
Mental development consists of individuals increasingly mastering social codes and signals themselves, which they can master only in social situations with the support of more competent individuals, typically adults. In this sense, mental development consists of internalizing social patterns and gradually becoming a responsible actor among other responsible actors. In Denmark, the age of criminal responsibility is 15 years, which means that we then say that people have developed sufficient mental maturity to be accountable for their actions at this point. And at the age of 18 people are given the right to vote and are thereby formally included in the basic democratic process. I do not know whether these age boundaries are optimal, but it is clear that mental development takes place at different rates for different individuals, and depends especially on the social and family environment they have been given. Therefore, having formal limits for responsibility from a specific age that apply to everyone is a somewhat questionable practice. But the question, of course, is whether it can be done any differently.
Possible Titles:
1. The Relationship Between Mental Development and Legal Responsibility
2. Questioning Age Limits for Responsibility: Mental Development and Social Context
3. Can Age-Based Boundaries Truly Reflect Mental Maturity?
4. Understanding Mental Development and Its Role in Defining Responsibility
Main Idea #1:
Mental development involves mastering social codes with the help of more competent individuals, like adults.
Main Idea #2:
Although formal age limits, such as 15 for criminal responsibility and 18 for voting in Denmark, mark mental maturity, mental development varies for individuals based on their social and family environments, making age-based boundaries for responsibility questionable.
Summary:
Mental development occurs through mastering social norms with adult support, and while age limits for responsibility are set in Denmark, individual mental maturity varies based on social factors, raising questions about the fairness of universal age boundaries.
Key Points:
1. Mental development involves internalizing social patterns with guidance from others.
2. Denmark sets age limits of 15 for criminal responsibility and 18 for voting.
3. Mental maturity varies based on individual social and family environments.
4. Universal age limits for responsibility may not accurately reflect individual development.
[고2] 2024년09월–25번: 2022년캐나다의연령대별무급돌봄제공비율비교그래프
The graph above shows the percentage of people who provided unpaid care to children and adults by age group in Canada in 2022. Notably, the 35-44 group had the highest percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to children, reaching 59.5%. However, the highest percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to adults was found in the 55-64 group. Compared to the 25-34 group, the 1524 group had a lower percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to children and a higher percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to adults. The percentage of people providing unpaid care to adults in the 45-54 group was more than twice as high as that in the 35-44 group. The 55-64 group and the 65 and older group showed a similar percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to children, with a difference of less than 1 percentage point.
Possible Titles:
1. Age Group Differences in Unpaid Care for Children and Adults in Canada, 2022
2. The Distribution of Unpaid Care Responsibilities Across Age Groups in Canada
3. A Closer Look at Unpaid Care for Children and Adults by Age in 2022 Canada
4. How Different Age Groups Contribute to Unpaid Care for Children and Adults in Canada
Main Idea #1:
The 35-44 age group had the highest percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to children in 2022.
Main Idea #2:
The percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to adults peaked in the 55-64 age group, while other age groups showed varying levels of care provision for both children and adults, with notable differences between certain age groups.
Summary:
In Canada in 2022, unpaid care for children was most commonly provided by the 35-44 age group, while unpaid care for adults was highest in the 55-64 group. There were also significant differences between age groups in terms of care provision for both children and adults, with the 45-54 group showing particularly high rates of care for adults.
Key Points:
1. The 35-44 age group had the highest percentage of people providing unpaid care to children (59.5%).
2. The 55-64 age group had the highest percentage of people providing unpaid care to adults.
3. The 15-24 group provided less care to children but more to adults than the 25-34 group.
4. The 45-54 group provided over twice as much unpaid care to adults as the 35-44 group.
[고2] 2024년09월–26번:동물생태학발전에기여한Charles Elton의생애와업적
Born in the English city of Liverpool, Charles Elton studied zoology under Julian Huxley at Oxford University from 1918 to 1922. After graduating, he began teaching as a parttime instructor and had a long and distinguished teaching career at Oxford from 1922 to 1967. After a series of arctic expeditions with Huxley, he worked with a fur-collecting and trading company as a biological consultant, and examined the company's records to study animal populations. In 1927, he wrote his first and most important book, Animal Ecology, in which he demonstrated the nature of food chains and cycles. In 1932, he helped establish the Bureau of Animal Population at Oxford. In the same year he became the editor of the new Journal of Animal Ecology. Throughout his career, Elton wrote six books and played a major role in shaping the modern science of ecology.
Possible Titles:
1. Charles Elton: Pioneering Ecologist and Founder of Animal Population Studies
2. The Legacy of Charles Elton: From Zoology Student to Ecological Innovator
3. Charles Elton's Contributions to Animal Ecology and Population Research
4. Shaping Modern Ecology: The Life and Achievements of Charles Elton
Main Idea #1:
Charles Elton made significant contributions to the field of ecology, particularly in the study of animal populations and food chains.
Main Idea #2:
Through his work as a biological consultant, his founding of the Bureau of Animal Population, and his role as an author and editor, Charles Elton played a pivotal role in developing the modern science of ecology and animal population studies.
Summary:
Charles Elton, a zoologist educated at Oxford, made lasting contributions to the field of ecology. His pioneering work on food chains, population studies, and the founding of the Bureau of Animal Population helped shape modern ecology. He authored six books and had a long, influential teaching career.
Key Points:
1. Charles Elton studied zoology at Oxford under Julian Huxley.
2. He led arctic expeditions and worked as a biological consultant studying animal populations.
3. His 1927 book, Animal Ecology, introduced key concepts like food chains and cycles.
4. Elton helped establish the Bureau of Animal Population and played a key role in shaping modern ecology.
[고2] 2024년09월–29번:경제중심사고에서생태적건강을중시하는관점으로의변화
One well-known shift took place when the accepted view ― that the Earth was the center of the universe ― changed to one where we understood that we are only inhabitants on one planet orbiting the Sun. With each person who grasped the solar system view, it became easier for the next person to do so. So it is with the notion that the world revolves around the human economy. This is slowly being replaced by the view that the economy is a part of the larger system of material flows that connect all living things. When this perspective shifts into place, it will be obvious that our economic well-being requires that we account for, and respond to, factors of ecological health. Unfortunately we do not have a century or two to make the change. By clarifying the nature of the old and new perspectives, and by identifying actions on which we might cooperate to move the process along, we can help accelerate the shift.
Possible Titles:
1. Shifting Perspectives: From Human-Centric Economies to Ecological Integration
2. The Evolution of Thought: Economy as Part of Earth's Ecological Systems
3. Accelerating the Transition from Economic Dominance to Ecological Awareness
4. From Earth-Centered to Eco-Centered: Changing Views on Economy and Environment
Main Idea #1:
A shift is occurring from viewing the economy as central to understanding it as part of a larger ecological system.
Main Idea #2:
As people adopt the perspective that the economy is just one aspect of a broader system of material flows, it will become clear that economic well-being depends on ecological health, and we must act quickly to accelerate this shift in thinking.
Summary:
The perspective that the economy is central is gradually being replaced by the view that it is part of a broader ecological system. This shift is crucial for recognizing the connection between economic well-being and ecological health, and we must act quickly to accelerate this change.
Key Points:
1. The old view that Earth was the center of the universe parallels the current view of the economy's centrality.
2. The economy is now seen as part of a larger ecological system.
3. Economic well-being is dependent on ecological health.
4. Action is needed to accelerate this shift in thinking.
[고2] 2024년09월–30번:인류의진화과정에서도구사용과식단변화가중요한역할을함
The first human beings probably evolved in tropical regions where survival was possible without clothing. It is likely that they had very dark skin because light skin would have given little protection against the burning rays of the sun. There is a debate about whether these people spread into other parts of the world or, instead, whether people developed independently in various parts of the world. Whichever the case, it is believed that in time they became capable of spreading out from Africa, eventually to most of the world. This was probably because their physical characteristics changed. For instance, early hominids probably did not walk upright, but when they developed that ability, they could travel more efficiently. More important, perhaps, was their development of tool making. With tools, they could hunt other animals, so they could consume more protein and fat than their low-energy vegetarian diet would have provided. Not only their bodies but also their brains would have been changed with more energy. The brain needs lots of energy to grow. As their diet expanded, hominids could physically and intellectually expand their territory.
Possible Titles:
1. The Evolutionary Journey of Early Hominids and Their Global Expansion
2. How Physical and Intellectual Developments Enabled Early Human Migration
3. The Role of Diet and Tools in the Evolution of Early Humans
4. From Africa to the World: The Evolution and Spread of Early Humans
Main Idea #1:
Early humans likely evolved in tropical regions, with dark skin for sun protection.
Main Idea #2:
The development of tool-making and upright walking allowed early humans to hunt and travel more efficiently, leading to physical and intellectual evolution that enabled them to expand beyond Africa.
Summary:
Early humans likely originated in tropical regions with dark skin for sun protection. Their ability to walk upright and make tools allowed them to hunt and consume more energy-rich foods, which fueled physical and intellectual growth, enabling them to spread across the globe.
Key Points:
1. Early humans likely had dark skin to protect against the sun in tropical regions.
2. There is debate about whether humans spread from Africa or evolved independently in different parts of the world.
3. Walking upright and tool-making allowed for more efficient travel and hunting.
4. A protein-rich diet helped fuel brain development and territorial expansion.
[고2] 2024년09월–31번:불공정한절차가위로를제공하는이유와공정한절차의심리적영향
When we get an unfavorable outcome, in some ways the last thing we want to hear is that the process was fair. As outraging as the combination of an unfavorable outcome and an unfair process is, this combination also brings with it a consolation prize: the possibility of attributing the bad outcome to something other than ourselves. We may reassure ourselves by believing that our bad outcome had little to do with us and everything to do with the unfair process. If the process is fair, however, we cannot nearly as easily externalize the outcome; we got what we got "fair and square." When the process is fair we believe that our outcome is deserved, which is another way of saying that there must have been something about ourselves (what we did or who we are) that caused the outcome.
Possible Titles:
1. The Psychological Impact of Fairness on Unfavorable Outcomes
2. How Fair Processes Force Us to Accept Responsibility for Bad Results
3. The Consolation of Unfairness: Avoiding Blame for Unfavorable Outcomes
4. Why Fairness Can Make Unfavorable Outcomes Harder to Accept
Main Idea #1:
Unfavorable outcomes are easier to accept if we can attribute them to an unfair process.
Main Idea #2:
When the process is fair, individuals struggle to externalize unfavorable outcomes and are more likely to internalize blame, believing that the result was deserved based on their own actions or characteristics.
Summary:
Unfavorable outcomes are easier to accept when they can be attributed to an unfair process, allowing individuals to avoid self-blame. When the process is fair, people tend to internalize responsibility for the result, believing it reflects their own actions or characteristics.
Key Points:
1. People often find comfort in blaming an unfair process for bad outcomes.
2. Fair processes make it harder to externalize unfavorable results.
3. A fair process leads people to believe their outcome was deserved.
4. Internalizing responsibility is more likely when the outcome results from a fair process.
[고2] 2024년09월–32번:서양여성드레스의형태변화를분석한연구결과
The well-known American ethnologist Alfred Louis Kroeber made a rich and in-depth study of women's evening dress in the West, stretching back about three centuries and using reproductions of engravings. Having adjusted the dimensions of these plates due to their diverse origins, he was able to analyse the constant elements in fashion features and to come up with a study that was neither intuitive nor approximate, but precise, mathematical and statistical. He reduced women's clothing to a certain number of features: length and size of the skirt, size and depth of the neckline, height of the waistline. He demonstrated unambiguously that fashion is a profoundly regular phenomenon which is not located at the level of annual variations but on the scale of history. For practically 300 years, women's dress was subject to a very precise periodic cycle: forms reach the furthest point in their variations every fifty years. If, at any one moment, skirts are at their longest, fifty years later they will be at their shortest; thus skirts become long again fifty years after being short and a hundred years after being long.
Possible Titles:
1. Alfred Kroeber's Study of Fashion Cycles in Women's Evening Dress
2. The Mathematical Regularity of Women's Fashion Over Three Centuries
3. How Women's Evening Dress Follows a 50-Year Fashion Cycle
4. Alfred Kroeber's Precise Analysis of Fashion Trends in Women's Clothing
Main Idea #1:
Alfred Kroeber conducted a precise, mathematical study of women's evening dress over 300 years, analyzing fashion cycles.
Main Idea #2:
Kroeber demonstrated that women's fashion, particularly in evening dress, follows a regular 50-year cycle, with elements like skirt length and neckline depth changing in predictable ways over time, reflecting a deeper historical pattern rather than annual trends.
Summary:
Alfred Kroeber's study of women's evening dress revealed that fashion trends follow a regular 50-year cycle, with predictable changes in skirt length, neckline, and waistline height. His analysis showed that fashion operates on a historical scale rather than annual variations.
Key Points:
1. Kroeber studied 300 years of women's evening dress using engravings.
2. He reduced fashion to specific features like skirt length and neckline depth.
3. Fashion follows a 50-year cycle, with regular changes in style.
4. His analysis was mathematical, revealing a precise historical pattern in fashion trends.
[고2] 2024년09월–33번:기술발전으로인한불평등과노동시장의붕괴가능성
Over the last few centuries, humanity's collective prosperity has skyrocketed, as technological progress has made us far wealthier than ever before. To share out those riches, almost all societies have settled upon the market mechanism, rewarding people in various ways for the work that they do and the things that they own. But rising inequality, itself often driven by technology, has started to put that mechanism under strain. Today, markets already provide immense rewards to some people but leave many others with very little. And now, technological unemployment threatens to become a more radical version of the same story, taking place in the particular market we rely upon the most: the labor market. As that market begins to break down, more and more people will be in danger of not receiving a share of society's prosperity at all.
Possible Titles:
1. The Impact of Technological Progress on Rising Inequality and Labor Markets
2. How Technological Unemployment Threatens Market Mechanisms in Modern Society
3. The Strain of Inequality: Technology's Role in Disrupting Prosperity Distribution
4. Markets Under Pressure: Technological Advancements and the Future of Labor
Main Idea #1:
Technological progress has increased prosperity but also heightened inequality, straining the market mechanism.
Main Idea #2:
As technology leads to rising inequality and the potential for widespread technological unemployment, the labor market, which is key to distributing prosperity, may begin to break down, leaving many without a share in society's wealth.
Summary:
Technological progress has increased overall prosperity but has also intensified inequality, straining the market mechanism that distributes wealth. As technological unemployment rises, the labor market may collapse, leaving many without access to society's prosperity.
Key Points:
1. Technological progress has increased humanity's wealth.
2. The market mechanism distributes this wealth but is under strain due to rising inequality.
3. Technology has contributed to both increased inequality and the risk of technological unemployment.
4. As the labor market falters, many may be excluded from sharing in collective prosperity.
[고2] 2024년09월–34번:전문가들이기초지식을가르치기어려운이유
It's often said that those who can't do, teach. It would be more accurate to say that those who can do, can't teach the basics. A great deal of expert knowledge is implicit, not explicit. The further you progress toward mastery, the less conscious awareness you often have of the fundamentals. Experiments show that skilled golfers and wine aficionados have a hard time describing their putting and tasting techniques ― even asking them to explain their approaches is enough to interfere with their performance, so they often stay on autopilot. When I first saw an elite diver do four and a half somersaults, I asked how he managed to spin so fast. His answer: "Just go up in a ball." Experts often have an intuitive understanding of a route, but they struggle to clearly express all the steps to take. Their brain dump is partially filled with garbage.
Possible Titles:
1. The Struggles Experts Face When Teaching the Basics
2. Why Mastery Makes It Harder to Teach: The Implicit Knowledge Problem
3. The Paradox of Expertise: Difficulty in Explaining What Comes Naturally
4. The Gap Between Doing and Teaching: Why Experts Struggle to Share Fundamentals
Main Idea #1:
Experts often struggle to teach the basics because much of their knowledge is implicit.
Main Idea #2:
As individuals progress toward mastery, they become less conscious of the fundamental steps they follow, making it difficult to teach those steps to others. Experts often rely on intuition and struggle to explain their processes clearly.
Summary:
Experts often have difficulty teaching the basics because much of their knowledge is implicit and intuitive. As they master a skill, they become less aware of the fundamental steps involved, making it hard to explain their techniques clearly to others.
Key Points:
1. Experts often have implicit knowledge that is difficult to verbalize.
2. Skilled individuals may struggle to explain basic steps without disrupting their own performance.
3. Mastery leads to intuitive understanding, making it harder to teach beginners.
4. Attempts to teach can result in unclear explanations and incomplete steps.
[고2] 2024년09월–35번:곡물가공과발효과정이영양소보존에미치는영향
Minimal processing can be one of the best ways to keep original flavors and taste, without any need to add artificial flavoring or additives, or too much salt. This would also be the efficient way to keep most nutrients, especially the most sensitive ones such as many vitamins and anti-oxidants. Milling of cereals is one of the most harsh processes which dramatically affect nutrient content. While grains are naturally very rich in micronutrients, anti-oxidants and fiber (i.e. in wholemeal flour or flakes), milling usually removes the vast majority of minerals, vitamins and fibers to raise white flour. Such a spoilage of key nutrients and fiber is no longer acceptable in the context of a sustainable diet aiming at an optimal nutrient density and health protection. In contrast, fermentation of various foodstuffs or germination of grains are traditional, locally accessible, low-energy and highly nutritious processes of sounded interest.
Possible Titles:
1. The Benefits of Minimal Processing for Nutrient Retention and Flavor
2. How Milling and Minimal Processing Affect Nutrient Content in Grains
3. Sustainable Diets: Preserving Nutrients Through Minimal Processing and Fermentation
4. Why Minimal Processing and Traditional Methods Are Key for Nutrient-Rich Foods
Main Idea #1:
Minimal processing helps retain the original flavors and nutrients of foods without the need for artificial additives.
Main Idea #2:
While harsh processes like cereal milling remove essential nutrients and fiber, traditional methods such as fermentation and germination offer nutritious, low-energy alternatives that align with sustainable diets.
Summary:
Minimal processing preserves the original flavors and nutrients of foods, especially sensitive vitamins and antioxidants. In contrast, harsh processes like milling remove vital nutrients from grains, while traditional methods like fermentation and germination maintain nutrient density and align with sustainable, healthy diets.
Key Points:
1. Minimal processing retains original flavors and nutrients without additives.
2. Milling significantly reduces the nutrient content of grains.
3. Whole grains are rich in micronutrients, antioxidants, and fiber.
4. Traditional methods like fermentation and germination are nutrient-rich, sustainable alternatives.
[고2] 2024년09월–36번:너무유능한사람은오히려덜호감가는이유
It would seem obvious that the more competent someone is, the more we will like that person. By "competence," I mean a cluster of qualities: smartness, the ability to get things done, wise decisions, etc. We stand a better chance of doing well at our life tasks if we surround ourselves with people who know what they're doing and have a lot to teach us. But the research evidence is paradoxical: In problem-solving groups, the participants who are considered the most competent and have the best ideas tend not to be the ones who are best liked. Why? One possibility is that, although we like to be around competent people, those who are too competent make us uncomfortable. They may seem unapproachable, distant, superhuman ― and make us look bad (and feel worse) by comparison. If this were true, we might like people more if they reveal some evidence of fallibility. For example, if your friend is a brilliant mathematician, superb athlete, and gourmet cook, you might like him or her better if, every once in a while, they screwed up.
Possible Titles:
1. The Competence Paradox: Why Highly Capable People Aren't Always the Most Liked
2. Competence vs. Likability: How Perfection Can Make Others Uncomfortable
3. The Influence of Competence and Fallibility on Social Connections
4. Why Flaws in Competence May Increase Likability in Group Dynamics
Main Idea #1:
Highly competent individuals are not always the most liked in social or problem-solving groups.
Main Idea #2:
While competence is valued, overly competent people can make others feel uncomfortable or inferior. Revealing occasional fallibility can make them more approachable and likable, as it reduces the discomfort others may feel in comparison.
Summary:
Competence is generally desirable, but overly competent individuals may not be well-liked in group settings due to the discomfort they create. People tend to prefer those who reveal occasional fallibility, as it makes them more relatable and approachable.
Key Points:
1. Competence includes qualities like intelligence, decision-making, and efficiency.
2. Highly competent individuals are often less liked in problem-solving groups.
3. Excessive competence can make others feel inferior or uncomfortable.
4. Occasional fallibility in competent people can increase their likability.
[고2] 2024년09월–37번:꿀벌의춤과컴퓨터알고리즘의차이
A computational algorithm that takes input data and generates some output from it doesn't really embody any notion of meaning. Certainly, such a computation does not generally have as its purpose its own survival and wellbeing. It does not, in general, assign value to the inputs. Compare, for example, a computer algorithm with the waggle dance of the honeybee, by which means a foraging bee conveys to others in the hive information about the source of food (such as nectar) it has located. The "dance" ― a series of stylized movements on the comb ― shows the bees how far away the food is and in which direction. But this input does not simply program other bees to go out and look for it. Rather, they evaluate this information, comparing it with their own knowledge of the surroundings. Some bees might not bother to make the journey, considering it not worthwhile. The input, such as it is, is processed in the light of the organism's own internal states and history; there is nothing prescriptive about its effects.
Possible Titles:
1. The Difference Between Computational Algorithms and Biological Communication
2. Why Meaning and Evaluation Set Biological Systems Apart from Algorithms
3. Comparing Computer Algorithms and the Honeybee's Waggle Dance: A Study in Information Processing
4. From Inputs to Decisions: The Role of Evaluation in Honeybee Communication
Main Idea #1:
Computational algorithms process input without assigning meaning or value to it, unlike biological systems such as honeybees.
Main Idea #2:
The waggle dance of honeybees conveys information about food sources, but unlike computer algorithms, bees evaluate the information based on their internal states and past experiences, making decisions that are not simply prescriptive responses to input.
Summary:
Unlike computer algorithms, which process input without assigning meaning, honeybees use the waggle dance to convey information that is evaluated in light of individual experiences and internal states, demonstrating that biological systems assign value and meaning to input.
Key Points:
1. Algorithms process input without assigning value or meaning.
2. The honeybee's waggle dance communicates information about food sources.
3. Bees evaluate the input based on their own knowledge and internal states.
4. Biological systems process information in a non-prescriptive, evaluative way.
[고2] 2024년09월–38번:행동전염과바이러스전염의유사점과차이점
There are deep similarities between viral contagion and behavioral contagion. For example, people in close or extended proximity to others infected by a virus are themselves more likely to become infected, just as people are more likely to drink excessively when they spend more time in the company of heavy drinkers. But there are also important differences between the two types of contagion. One is that visibility promotes behavioral contagion but inhibits the spread of infectious diseases. Solar panels that are visible from the street, for instance, are more likely to stimulate neighboring installations. In contrast, we try to avoid others who are visibly ill. Another important difference is that whereas viral contagion is almost always a bad thing, behavioral contagion is sometimes negative ― as in the case of smoking ― but sometimes positive, as in the case of solar installations.
Possible Titles:
1. Comparing Viral and Behavioral Contagion: Similarities and Key Differences
2. The Influence of Visibility in Viral and Behavioral Contagion
3. Viral vs. Behavioral Contagion: When Imitation Helps or Hurts
4. How Visibility and Social Proximity Shape Viral and Behavioral Contagion
Main Idea #1:
Viral contagion and behavioral contagion share similarities but also have important differences.
Main Idea #2:
While proximity increases the likelihood of both viral and behavioral contagion, visibility encourages behavioral contagion but inhibits viral contagion. Furthermore, viral contagion is generally harmful, whereas behavioral contagion can be either positive or negative.
Summary:
Viral and behavioral contagion are similar in that both are more likely to spread through proximity, but they differ in key ways. Visibility promotes behavioral contagion but discourages viral contagion, and while viral contagion is usually harmful, behavioral contagion can be either beneficial or detrimental.
Key Points:
1. Proximity increases the likelihood of both viral and behavioral contagion.
2. Visibility encourages behavioral contagion but discourages viral contagion.
3. Viral contagion is typically harmful.
4. Behavioral contagion can be either negative, like smoking, or positive, like solar panel adoption.
[고2] 2024년09월–39번:동물의동면과수면의차이
Sleep is clearly about more than just resting. One curious fact is that animals that are hibernating also have periods of sleep. It comes as a surprise to most of us, but hibernation and sleep are not the same thing at all, at least not from a neurological and metabolic perspective. Hibernating is more like being anesthetized: the subject is unconscious but not actually asleep. So a hibernating animal needs to get a few hours of conventional sleep each day within the larger unconsciousness. A further surprise to most of us is that bears, the most famous of wintry sleepers, don't actually hibernate. Real hibernation involves profound unconsciousness and a dramatic fall in body temperature ― often to around 32 degrees Fahrenheit. By this definition, bears don't hibernate, because their body temperature stays near normal and they are easily awakened. Their winter sleeps are more accurately called a state of torpor.
Possible Titles:
1. The Difference Between Hibernation and Sleep: A Neurological Perspective
3. Sleep vs. Hibernation: The Surprising Distinctions in Animal Dormancy
4. Hibernation and Torpor: Exploring the Misconceptions About Winter Sleep
Main Idea #1:
Hibernation and sleep are distinct states, with hibernation being more similar to anesthesia.
Main Idea #2:
Hibernation involves deep unconsciousness and a significant drop in body temperature, whereas animals like bears experience torpor, a lighter form of dormancy where they remain easily awakened and maintain near-normal body temperatures.
Summary:
Hibernation is not the same as sleep; it resembles anesthesia, with animals needing regular sleep during hibernation. Bears, often thought to hibernate, actually enter a state of torpor, where their body temperature remains near normal and they can wake easily.
Key Points:
1. Sleep and hibernation are neurologically and metabolically different.
2. Hibernating animals still require conventional sleep periods.
3. True hibernation involves deep unconsciousness and a dramatic drop in body temperature.
4. Bears experience torpor, not true hibernation, as their body temperature stays near normal.
[고2] 2024년09월–40번:나이별로타인의평가를의식하는행동차이
The concern about how we appear to others can be seen in children, though work by the psychologist Ervin Staub suggests that the effect may vary with age. In a study where children heard another child in distress, young children (kindergarten through second grade) were more likely to help the child in distress when with another child than when alone. But for older children ― in fourth and sixth grade ― the effect reversed: they were less likely to help a child in distress when they were with a peer than when they were alone. Staub suggested that younger children might feel more comfortable acting when they have the company of a peer, whereas older children might feel more concern about being judged by their peers and fear feeling embarrassed by overreacting. Staub noted that "older children seemed to discuss the distress sounds less and to react to them less openly than younger children." In other words, the older children were deliberately putting on a poker face in front of their peers.
[요약문] The study suggests that, contrary to younger children, older children are less likely to help those in distress in the presence of others because they care more about how they are evaluated.
Possible Titles:
1. The Role of Peer Influence on Children's Willingness to Help
2. How Concern for Peer Judgment Affects Older Children's Behavior
3. Age Differences in Children's Responses to Helping Peers in Distress
4. Why Older Children Are Less Likely to Help in the Presence of Others
Main Idea #1:
Younger children are more likely to help when with a peer, while older children are less likely to do so.
Main Idea #2:
As children grow older, they become more concerned about how they are judged by their peers, which leads them to suppress their willingness to help others in distress, fearing embarrassment or overreaction in front of others.
Summary:
Younger children are more likely to help when accompanied by a peer, but older children tend to suppress their helping behavior in the presence of others, as they are more concerned about peer judgment and potential embarrassment.
Key Points:
1. Younger children are more likely to help when with another child.
2. Older children are less likely to help when a peer is present.
4. Older children deliberately hide their reactions to avoid embarrassment.
[고2] 2024년09월–41~42번:어린시절권위에대한질문의중요성과성인의대응방식
What makes questioning authority so hard? The difficulties start in childhood, when parents - the first and most powerful authority figures - show children "the way things are." This is a necessary element of learning language and socialization, and certainly most things learned in early childhood are noncontroversial: the English alphabet starts with A and ends with Z, the numbers 1 through 10 come before the numbers 11 through 20, and so on. Children, however, will spontaneously question things that are quite obvious to adults and even to older kids. The word "why?" becomes a challenge, as in, "Why is the sky blue?" Answers such as "because it just is" or "because I say so" tell children that they must unquestioningly accept what authorities say "just because," and children who persist in their questioning are likely to find themselves dismissed or yelled at for "bothering" adults with "meaningless" or "unimportant" questions. But these questions are in fact perfectly reasonable. Why is the sky blue? Many adults do not themselves know the answer. And who says the sky's color needs to be called "blue," anyway? How do we know that what one person calls "blue" is the same color that another calls "blue"? The scientific answers come from physics, but those are not the answers that children are seeking. They are trying to understand the world, and no matter how irritating the repeated questions may become to stressed and time-pressed parents, it is important to take them seriously to encourage kids to question authority to think for themselves.
Possible Titles:
1. Encouraging Critical Thinking: Why Children Should Question Authority
2. The Challenges of Questioning Authority and How It Starts in Childhood
3. Why Early Dismissal of Children's Questions Stifles Independent Thinking
4. From Childhood Curiosity to Adult Obedience: The Struggle to Question Authority
Main Idea #1:
Questioning authority begins in childhood but is often discouraged by adults through dismissive responses.
Main Idea #2:
Children's natural curiosity leads them to question even obvious facts, but they are often met with dismissive or frustrated responses, which teaches them to accept authority without question. Encouraging children to ask questions helps them develop critical thinking and independence.
Summary:
Questioning authority is difficult because children are often discouraged from asking questions by adults, who dismiss their curiosity as unimportant. Encouraging children to ask questions fosters independent thinking and helps them challenge accepted norms as they grow.
Key Points:
1. Questioning authority begins in childhood when children challenge basic facts.
2. Parents often dismiss children's questions with unsatisfactory answers.
3. This discouragement teaches children to accept authority without questioning.
4. Encouraging children to question fosters critical thinking and independence.
[고2] 2024년09월–43~45번:어린시절의특이한책경험이자녀의성장에미친긍정적영향
My two girls grew up without challenges with respect to development and social interaction. My son Benjamin, however, was quite delayed. He struggled through his childhood, not fitting in with the other children and wondering what he was doing wrong at every turn. He was teased by the other children and frowned upon by a number of unsympathetic adults. But his Grade 1 teacher was a wonderful, caring person who took the time to ask why Benjamin behaved the way he did. The teacher was determined to understand Benjamin and to accept him as he was. One day he came home with a note from his teacher. He suggested I go to the school library. They were having a sale, and he thought my son would like one of the books. I couldn't go for a couple of days and was concerned I'd missed the opportunity. When I finally went to the school, his teacher told me that the sale had ended but that the library had saved the book for my little boy. I suspected the teacher had paid for it out of his own pocket. It was a storyboard book with a place for a photo. On each page there was an outline of an animal and a hole so that the face in the photo appeared to be the face of the animal. Wondering if Benjamin would really be interested in the book, I brought it home. He loved it! Through that book, he saw that he could be anything he wanted to be: a cat, an octopus, a dinosaur─even a frog! Benjamin joyfully embarked on an imaginative journey through the book, and little did we know, it laid the groundwork for his future successes. And thankfully, his teacher had taken the time to observe and understand him and had discovered a way to help him reach out of his own world and join ours through a storyboard book. My son later became a child actor and performed for seven years with a Toronto casting agency. He is now a published author who writes fantasy and science-fiction! Who would have guessed?
Possible Titles:
1. How a Thoughtful Teacher Helped Benjamin Find His Path to Success
2. The Power of Understanding: A Teacher’s Role in Benjamin’s Journey
3. From Struggles to Success: How One Book Changed Benjamin’s Life
4. The Impact of a Caring Teacher on a Child’s Development and Future
Main Idea #1:
Benjamin faced developmental challenges but found support and encouragement through the kindness of his Grade 1 teacher.
Main Idea #2:
With the help of a caring teacher who took the time to understand him, Benjamin discovered his creativity through a special book, which sparked his imagination and eventually led to a successful career as an actor and writer.
Summary:
Benjamin, who struggled with developmental delays, found support from a compassionate teacher who introduced him to a special book that ignited his imagination. This simple gesture laid the foundation for his later success as a child actor and published author.
Key Points:
1. Benjamin faced developmental and social challenges during his childhood.
2. His Grade 1 teacher took the time to understand and support him.
3. A special book from the teacher helped spark Benjamin’s creativity.
4. Benjamin later became a successful child actor and published author.
To whom it may concern, I am writing to express my deep concern about the recent change made by Pittsburgh Train Station. The station had traditional ticket offices with staff before, but these have been replaced with ticket vending machines. However, individuals who are unfamiliar with these machines are now experiencing difficulty accessing the railway services. Since these individuals heavily relied on the staff assistance to be able to travel, they are in great need of ticket offices with staff in the station. Therefore, I am urging you to consider reopening the ticket offices. With the staff back in their positions, many people would regain access to the railway services. I look forward to your prompt attention to this matter and a positive resolution. Sincerely, Sarah Roberts
Possible Titles:
1. Reinstating Staffed Ticket Offices at Pittsburgh Train Station for Accessibility
2. Addressing Concerns Over the Shift to Ticket Vending Machines in Pittsburgh
3. The Impact of Automated Systems on Passenger Access at Pittsburgh Train Station
4. Ensuring Equal Access to Railway Services: The Need for Staffed Ticket Offices
Main Idea #1:
The replacement of staffed ticket offices with machines has caused difficulties for individuals unfamiliar with the technology.
Main Idea #2:
Reopening ticket offices with staff would help those who struggle with ticket vending machines regain access to railway services and ensure inclusive travel.
Summary:
Replacing staffed ticket offices with vending machines at Pittsburgh Train Station has made it hard for some passengers to travel. Sarah Roberts urges the station to bring back the staff to assist those who rely on human help. Reopening the offices would restore access to railway services for many.
Key Points:
1. Ticket offices were replaced with vending machines at Pittsburgh Train Station.
2. Some passengers are struggling to use the vending machines.
3. Sarah Roberts is requesting the reopening of ticket offices with staff.
4. Reinstating staff would improve access to railway services for many passengers.
[고1] 2024년09월–19번:무대에서쓰러진Arthur를구조한Jeevan의이야기
All the actors on the stage were focused on their acting. Then, suddenly, Arthur fell into the corner of the stage. Jeevan immediately approached Arthur and found his heart wasn't beating. Jeevan began CPR. Jeevan worked silently, glancing sometimes at Arthur's face. He thought, "Please, start breathing again, please." Arthur's eyes were closed. Moments later, an older man in a grey suit appeared, swiftly kneeling beside Arthur's chest. "I'm Walter Jacobi. I'm a doctor." He announced with a calm voice. Jeevan wiped the sweat off his forehead. With combined efforts, Jeevan and Dr. Jacobi successfully revived Arthur. Arthur's eyes slowly opened. Finally, Jeevan was able to hear Arthur's breath again, thinking to himself, "Thank goodness. You're back."
Possible Titles:
1. The Dramatic Rescue of Arthur by Jeevan and Dr. Jacobi
2. A Tense Moment: Reviving Arthur Onstage with Team Effort
3. When Acting Turns into Reality: Jeevan and Dr. Jacobi's Life-saving Actions
4. Arthur’s Near-Fatal Collapse and the Swift Response of Jeevan and Dr. Jacobi
Main Idea #1:
Jeevan immediately began CPR after Arthur collapsed during a stage performance.
Main Idea #2:
With Jeevan and Dr. Jacobi's teamwork, Arthur was successfully revived after his heart stopped during a play, offering relief to those involved.
Summary:
Arthur collapsed on stage, prompting Jeevan to begin CPR. Dr. Jacobi arrived, and together they revived Arthur, who eventually regained consciousness. Jeevan felt relieved to see Arthur breathe again.
Key Points:
1. Arthur collapsed during the performance.
2. Jeevan initiated CPR immediately after noticing Arthur’s heart had stopped.
3. Dr. Jacobi arrived and assisted Jeevan in the revival.
4. Arthur was successfully revived through their combined efforts.
[고1] 2024년09월–20번:부모의과도한자랑이자녀에게주는압박과부정적영향
As the parent of a gifted child, you need to be aware of a certain common parent trap. Of course you are a proud parent, and you should be. While it is very easy to talk nonstop about your little genius and his or her remarkable behavior, this can be very stressful on your child. It is extremely important to limit your bragging behavior to your very close friends, or your parents. Gifted children feel pressured when their parents show them off too much. This behavior creates expectations that they may not be able to live up to, and also creates a false sense of self for your child. You want your child to be who they are, not who they seem to be as defined by their incredible achievements. If not, you could end up with a driven perfectionist child or perhaps a dropout, or worse.
Possible Titles:
1. Avoiding Parental Pressure: Nurturing Gifted Children Without Overemphasis
2. Balancing Pride and Pressure: The Dangers of Over-bragging About Gifted Children
3. How Parental Bragging Can Impact a Gifted Child's Development
4. Raising a Gifted Child: Why Moderation in Praise Is Essential for Healthy Growth
Main Idea #1:
Constantly bragging about a gifted child can create unnecessary pressure on them.
Main Idea #2:
Parents should avoid showing off their child’s achievements excessively, as it can lead to unrealistic expectations, perfectionism, or even negative outcomes like burnout or dropping out.
Summary:
Excessive bragging about a gifted child can put undue pressure on them to meet high expectations. Limiting praise to close circles helps maintain a healthy balance, ensuring the child develops without feeling defined solely by their achievements.
Key Points:
1. Excessive parental bragging can stress gifted children.
2. Parents should limit praise to close friends or family.
3. Overemphasis on achievements may lead to perfectionism or burnout.
One valuable technique for getting out of helplessness, depression, and situations which are predominantly being run by the thought, "I can't," is to choose to be with other persons who have resolved the problem with which we struggle. This is one of the great powers of self-help groups. When we are in a negative state, we have given a lot of energy to negative thought forms, and the positive thought forms are weak. Those who are in a higher vibration are free of the energy from their negative thoughts and have energized positive thought forms. Merely to be in their presence is beneficial. In some self-help groups, this is called "hanging out with the winners." The benefit here is on the psychic level of consciousness, and there is a transfer of positive energy and relighting of one's own latent positive thought forms.
Possible Titles:
1. The Power of Positive Influence: Overcoming Negativity Through Supportive Communities
2. Breaking Free from Helplessness: How Self-help Groups Transform Mindsets
3. The Role of Positive Energy in Recovering from Depression and Negative Thinking
4. Reclaiming Positive Thoughts: The Impact of "Hanging Out with the Winners"
Main Idea #1:
Spending time with those who have overcome similar struggles can help counter negative thinking.
Main Idea #2:
Self-help groups allow individuals to benefit from the positive energy of others, which helps reignite their own positive thoughts and break free from negativity and helplessness.
Summary:
Being around people who have conquered the struggles you face helps weaken negative thoughts and strengthen positive ones. Self-help groups offer this benefit by allowing a transfer of positive energy, referred to as "hanging out with the winners."
Key Points:
1. Spending time with positive individuals helps counter negative thinking.
2. Self-help groups offer a transfer of positive energy.
3. Positive energy strengthens weak positive thought forms in those struggling.
4. "Hanging out with the winners" refers to being in the presence of those with strong positive energy.
[고1] 2024년09월–22번:인간의감정이생존에기여한진화적역할
Our emotions are thought to exist because they have contributed to our survival as a species. Fear has helped us avoid dangers, expressing anger helps us scare off threats, and expressing positive emotions helps us bond with others. From an evolutionary perspective, an emotion is a kind of "program" that, when triggered, directs many of our activities (including attention, perception, memory, movement, expressions, etc.). For example, fear makes us very attentive, narrows our perceptual focus to threatening stimuli, will cause us either to face a situation (fight) or avoid it (flight), and may cause us to remember an experience more acutely (so that we avoid the threat in the future). Regardless of the specific ways in which they activate our systems, the specific emotions we possess are thought to exist because they have helped us (as a species) survive challenges within our environment long ago. If they had not helped us adapt and survive, they would not have evolved with us.
Possible Titles:
1. The Evolutionary Role of Emotions in Human Survival and Adaptation
2. How Emotions Shape Human Behavior: An Evolutionary Perspective
3. Understanding Emotions as Evolutionary Programs for Survival
4. Emotions as Survival Tools: The Evolutionary Benefits of Fear, Anger, and Joy
Main Idea #1:
Emotions exist because they have contributed to human survival throughout evolution.
Main Idea #2:
Emotions like fear, anger, and joy function as evolutionary "programs" that trigger various responses, such as attention, perception, and memory, to help humans adapt and survive challenges in their environment.
Summary:
Emotions have evolved because they helped humans survive, directing behaviors and responses to challenges. Fear, for instance, sharpens focus on danger, while positive emotions aid in social bonding. These emotional "programs" helped humans adapt to threats and survive over time.
Key Points:
1. Emotions contributed to human survival and adaptation.
2. Fear, anger, and positive emotions serve specific functions for survival.
3. Emotions trigger multiple activities like perception and memory.
4. Emotions evolved because they helped humans face environmental challenges.
[고1] 2024년09월–23번: AI기술이장애인을포함한노동시장에서의포용성증대
By improving accessibility of the workplace for workers that are typically at a disadvantage in the labour market, AI can improve inclusiveness in the workplace. AI-powered assistive devices to aid workers with visual, speech or hearing difficulties are becoming more widespread, improving the access to, and the quality of work for people with disabilities. For example, speech recognition solutions for people with dysarthric voices, or live captioning systems for deaf and hard of hearing people can facilitate communication with colleagues and access to jobs where inter-personal communication is necessary. AI can also enhance the capabilities of low-skilled workers, with potentially positive effects on their wages and career prospects. For example, AI's capacity to translate written and spoken word in real-time can improve the performance of non-native speakers in the workplace. Moreover, recent developments in AI-powered text generators can instantly improve the performance of lower-skilled individuals in domains such as writing, coding or customer service.
Possible Titles:
1. How AI is Enhancing Workplace Inclusivity for Disadvantaged Workers
2. The Role of AI in Empowering Workers with Disabilities and Low Skills
3. AI's Potential to Improve Accessibility and Career Prospects for All Workers
4. Inclusive Workplaces Through AI: Supporting Disabled and Low-skilled Workers
Main Idea #1:
AI is making workplaces more inclusive by improving accessibility for workers with disabilities.
Main Idea #2:
AI-powered assistive devices and tools enhance the capabilities of disadvantaged workers, such as those with disabilities or low skills, helping them improve performance and career prospects in various domains like communication, writing, and coding.
Summary:
AI improves workplace inclusivity by providing assistive devices for disabled workers and enhancing the skills of low-skilled workers. Tools like speech recognition, live captioning, and real-time translation help disadvantaged workers communicate and perform better in their jobs.
Key Points:
1. AI improves workplace accessibility for disabled workers.
2. Assistive devices, such as speech recognition and live captioning, enhance communication.
3. AI helps low-skilled workers improve performance in tasks like writing and coding.
4. Real-time translation aids nonnative speakers in workplace communication.
[고1] 2024년09월–24번:고래가기후변화완화에기여하는방식과그가치
Whales are highly efficient at carbon storage. When they die, each whale sequesters an average of 30 tons of carbon dioxide, taking that carbon out of the atmosphere for centuries. For comparison, the average tree absorbs only 48 pounds of CO2a year. From a climate perspective, each whale is the marine equivalent of thousands of trees. Whales also help sequester carbon by fertilizing the ocean as they release nutrient-rich waste, in turn increasing phytoplankton populations, which also sequester carbon ― leading some scientists to call them the "engineers of marine ecosystems." In 2019, economists from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimated the value of the ecosystem services provided by each whale at over $2 million USD. They called for a new global program of economic incentives to return whale populations to preindustrial whaling levels as one example of a "nature-based solution" to climate change. Calls are now being made for a global whale restoration program, to slow down climate change.
Possible Titles:
1. Whales: Nature's Key to Carbon Sequestration and Climate Solutions
2. The Crucial Role of Whales in Combating Climate Change
3. How Whales Store Carbon and Help Restore Marine Ecosystems
4. Whale Restoration as a Nature-based Solution to Climate Change
Main Idea #1:
Whales play a crucial role in carbon sequestration, each storing vast amounts of carbon dioxide.
Main Idea #2:
In addition to directly sequestering carbon, whales boost marine ecosystems by fertilizing the ocean, which supports phytoplankton growth, and economists value these ecosystem services highly, advocating for a global whale restoration program to combat climate change.
Summary:
Whales sequester large amounts of carbon dioxide and help marine ecosystems thrive by increasing phytoplankton populations. Economists have highlighted the value of these ecosystem services, leading to calls for a global whale restoration program to address climate change.
Key Points:
1. Each whale sequesters an average of 30 tons of carbon dioxide.
2. Whales support phytoplankton populations, which also sequester carbon.
3. Economists estimate each whale's ecosystem services to be worth over $2 million.
4. A global whale restoration program is proposed to help combat climate change.
[고1] 2024년09월–25번: 2022년주요국가들의1인당CO2배출량비교그래프
The above graph shows per capitaCO2emissions from coal, oil, and gas by countries in 2022. The United States had the highest total per capita CO2emissions, even though its emissions from coal were the second lowest among the five countries shown. South Korea's total per capita CO2emissions were over 10 tons, ranking it the second highest among the countries shown. Germany had lower CO2emissions per capita than South Korea in all three major sources respectively. The per capita CO2emissions from coal in South Africa were over three times higher than those in Germany. In Brazil, oil was the largest source of CO2emissions per capita among its three major sources, just as it was in the United States and Germany.
1. A Comparative Analysis of CO2Emissions Per Capita by Energy Source in 2022
2. Understanding Global CO2Emissions: A Look at Per Capita Emissions by Country
3. How Coal, Oil, and Gas Contributed to CO2Emissions in Major Countries in 2022
4. The Distribution of CO2Emissions by Energy Source Across Key Countries in 2022
Main Idea #1:
The United States had the highest total per capita CO2emissions despite having relatively low coal emissions.
Main Idea #2:
South Korea ranked second in total per capita CO2emissions, and South Africa had significantly higher coal emissions per capita than Germany, while oil was the leading source of emissions in the United States, Brazil, and Germany.
Summary:
In 2022, the United States had the highest per capita CO2emissions, with oil being a dominant source, while South Korea ranked second. South Africa’s coal emissions per capita were more than three times those of Germany, and in Brazil, oil was the largest contributor to CO2emissions, as it was in the United States and Germany.
Key Points:
1. The United States had the highest per capita CO2emissions despite lower coal use.
2. South Korea ranked second in total per capita CO2emissions.
3. South Africa’s coal emissions per capita were over three times higher than Germany’s.
4. Oil was the largest source of CO2emissions in the United States, Brazil, and Germany.
[고1] 2024년09월–26번:프랑스의여성과학자Emilie du Chatelet의업적과영향
Emilie du Chatelet, a French mathematician and physicist, was born in Paris in 1706. During her childhood, with her father's support, she was able to get mathematical and scientific education that most women of her time did not receive. In 1737, she submitted her paper on the nature of fire to a contest sponsored by the French Academy of Sciences, and it was published a year later. In her book, Institutions de Physique, Emilie du Chatelet explained the ideas of space and time in a way that is closer to what we understand in modern relativity than what was common during her time. Her most significant achievement was translating Isaac Newton's Principia into French near the end of her life. Emilie du Chatelet's work was not recognized in her time, but she is now remembered as a symbol of the Enlightenment and the struggle for women's participation in science.
Possible Titles:
1. Emilie du Chatelet: A Pioneer in Physics and Mathematics During the Enlightenment
2. Breaking Barriers: Emilie du Chatelet's Contributions to Science and Her Legacy
3. From Fire to Relativity: The Scientific Achievements of Emilie du Chatelet
4. Emilie du Chatelet's Groundbreaking Work in Physics and Translation of Newton's Principia
Main Idea #1:
Emilie du Chatelet received an uncommon scientific education for women of her time, thanks to her father's support.
Main Idea #2:
Emilie du Chatelet made significant contributions to physics and mathematics, including a groundbreaking explanation of space and time and her translation of Newton's Principia, though her work was not recognized until long after her death.
Summary:
Emilie du Chatelet, a French mathematician and physicist, made important contributions to science, including her work on fire and space-time and her translation of Newton’s Principia into French. Although her work went unrecognized during her life, she is now celebrated for her role in advancing science and advocating for women’s involvement in it.
Key Points:
1. Emilie du Chatelet received scientific education uncommon for women in her time.
2. She submitted a paper on the nature of fire to the French Academy of Sciences.
3. Her explanation of space and time foreshadowed modern concepts of relativity.
4. Her translation of Newton's Principia is considered her most significant achievement.
[고1] 2024년09월–29번:조직내다양한부서들이갈등을일으키는구조적요인
From an organizational viewpoint, one of the most fascinating examples of how any organization may contain many different types of culture is to recognize the functional operations of different departments within the organization. The varying departments and divisions within an organization will inevitably view any given situation from their own biased and prejudiced perspective. A department and its members will acquire "tunnel vision" which disallows them to see things as others see them. The very structure of organizations can create conflict. The choice of whether the structure is "mechanistic" or "organic" can have a profound influence on conflict management. A mechanistic structure has a vertical hierarchy with many rules, many procedures, and many levels of management involved in decision making. Organic structures are more horizontal in nature, where decision making is less centralized and spread across the plane of the organization.
Possible Titles:
1. Understanding Departmental Culture and Conflict in Organizational Structures
2. The Impact of Organizational Structures on Conflict and Decision Making
3. How Mechanistic and Organic Structures Influence Departmental Perspectives
4. The Role of Tunnel Vision and Structure in Organizational Conflict
Main Idea #1:
Different departments within an organization develop their own biased perspectives, leading to conflicts.
Main Idea #2:
The structure of an organization, whether mechanistic or organic, significantly influences conflict management, with mechanistic structures having a rigid hierarchy and organic structures promoting decentralized decision making.
Summary:
Departments within organizations often develop biased perspectives, causing conflict due to differing views. The type of organizational structure, whether mechanistic with a rigid hierarchy or organic with decentralized decision making, affects how conflicts are managed.
Key Points:
1. Departments develop tunnel vision, leading to biased perspectives.
2. Organizational structures can influence how conflicts are managed.
3. Mechanistic structures have rigid hierarchies and centralized decision making.
4. Organic structures have decentralized, horizontal decision-making processes.
[고1] 2024년09월–30번:자전거전용도로확장으로교통을줄이는도시계획의이점
An excellent alternative to calming traffic is removing it. Some cities reserve an extensive network of lanes and streets for bikes, pedestrians, and the occasional service vehicle. This motivates people to travel by bike rather than by car, making streets safer for everyone. As bicycles become more popular in a city, planners can convert more automobile lanes and entire streets to accommodate more of them. Nevertheless, even the most bikeable cities still require motor vehicle lanes for taxis, emergency vehicles, and delivery trucks. Delivery vehicles are frequently a target of animus, but they are actually an essential component to making cities greener. A tightly packed delivery truck is a far more efficient transporter of goods than several hybrids carrying a few shopping bags each. Distributing food and other goods to neighborhood vendors allows them to operate smaller stores close to homes so that residents can walk, rather than drive, to get their groceries.
Possible Titles:
1. Transforming Streets: The Benefits of Reducing Traffic for Bikes and Pedestrians
2. How Reducing Car Traffic Can Create Safer, More Efficient Cities
3. Making Streets Safer: The Role of Bicycles and Delivery Vehicles in Urban Planning
4. The Balance Between Bikeable Cities and Essential Vehicle Lanes
Main Idea #1:
Removing car traffic and reserving streets for bikes and pedestrians makes cities safer and encourages biking.
Main Idea #2:
Despite reducing car traffic, cities still need lanes for essential vehicles like delivery trucks, which contribute to a greener environment by efficiently transporting goods and supporting neighborhood stores.
Summary:
Cities can promote biking and safety by converting streets for bikes and pedestrians. Although motor vehicle lanes are still necessary for taxis, emergency vehicles, and delivery trucks, these trucks help make cities greener by efficiently delivering goods and supporting local stores, reducing the need for individual car trips.
Key Points:
1. Removing car traffic encourages biking and makes streets safer.
2. Bikes can replace cars on some streets, but motor vehicles are still needed.
3. Delivery trucks are essential for efficient transportation of goods.
4. Local stores supported by deliveries reduce the need for residents to drive.
[고1] 2024년09월–31번:유명작곡가들의초기작품이받아들여지기어려웠던이유
You hear again and again that some of the greatest composers were misunderstood in their own day. Not everyone could understand the compositions of Beethoven, Brahms, or Stravinsky in their day. The reason for this initial lack of acceptance is unfamiliarity. The musical forms, or ideas expressed within them, were completely new. And yet, this is exactly one of the things that makes them so great. Effective composers have their own ideas. Have you ever seen the classic movie Amadeus? The composer Antonio Salieri is the "host" of this movie; he's depicted as one of the most famous non-great composers ― he lived at the time of Mozart and was completely overshadowed by him. Now, Salieri wasn't a bad composer; in fact, he was a very good one. But he wasn't one of the world's great composers because his work wasn't original. What he wrote sounded just like what everyone else was composing at the time.
Possible Titles:
1. The Role of Originality in Defining the World's Greatest Composers
2. How Familiarity and Originality Shape Musical Greatness
3. Why Some Composers Were Misunderstood in Their Time but Later Revered
4. The Difference Between Good and Great Composers: Originality as the Key Factor
Main Idea #1:
Great composers were often misunderstood in their time due to the unfamiliarity of their ideas.
Main Idea #2:
Originality is a defining characteristic of great composers, as demonstrated by figures like Beethoven and Mozart, whose work was initially misunderstood but ultimately recognized for its uniqueness, unlike more conventional composers like Salieri.
Summary:
Many great composers, such as Beethoven and Mozart, were initially misunderstood because their compositions introduced unfamiliar ideas. Unlike conventional composers like Salieri, they are celebrated for their originality, which sets them apart as true musical innovators.
Key Points:
1. Many great composers were misunderstood due to the novelty of their ideas.
2. Originality is essential for a composer to be considered great.
3. Salieri, while a good composer, lacked the originality that defined Mozart.
4. Great composers like Beethoven, Brahms, and Stravinsky introduced new musical forms.
[고1] 2024년09월–32번:새로운매체가인간의사고방식을변화시키는과정
Every time a new medium comes along─whether it's the invention of the printed book, or TV, or SNS─and you start to use it, it's like you are putting on a new kind of goggles, with their own special colors and lenses. Each set of goggles you put on makes you see things differently. So when you start to watch television, before you absorb the message of any particular TV show─whether it's Wheel of Fortune or The Wire─you start to see the world as being shaped like television itself. That's why Marshall McLuhan said that every time a new medium comes along─a new way for humans to communicate─it has buried in it a message. It is gently guiding us to see the world according to a new set of codes. The way information gets to you, McLuhan argued, is more important than the information itself. TV teaches you that the world is fast; that it's about surfaces and appearances.
Possible Titles:
1. How New Media Shapes Our Perception: The Impact of Communication Tools
2. Understanding Marshall McLuhan: The Medium as a Message in Modern Media
3. The Influence of Media on Worldview: How TV and SNS Change Perception
4. Seeing Through New Lenses: How Media Guides Our Understanding of the World
Main Idea #1:
New forms of media change the way we perceive the world, much like putting on a new set of goggles.
Main Idea #2:
Marshall McLuhan argued that the way information is delivered through a medium is more important than the content itself, as each medium subtly alters how we see the world and shapes our understanding according to its own codes.
Summary:
New forms of media, like TV or SNS, change how we perceive the world by altering the way we receive information. Marshall McLuhan believed that the medium itself carries a hidden message, guiding us to view the world in a particular way, often more influential than the content it delivers.
Key Points:
1. New media changes how we see the world, like wearing different goggles.
2. Marshall McLuhan believed that the medium is more important than the message.
3. TV, for example, teaches us to perceive the world as fast and appearance-driven.
4. Each medium guides us to view the world according to its own codes and structure.
[고1] 2024년09월–33번:개념의중요성과잘못된개념이과학적오류를초래할수있는위험성
Concepts are vital to human survival, but we must also be careful with them because concepts open the door to essentialism. They encourage us to see things that aren't present. Stuart Firestein opens his book, Ignorance, with an old proverb, "It is very difficult to find a black cat in a dark room, especially when there is no cat." This statement beautifully sums up the search for essences. History has many examples of scientists who searched fruitlessly for an essence because they used the wrong concept to guide their hypotheses. Firestein gives the example of luminiferous ether, a mysterious substance that was thought to fill the universe so that light would have a medium to move through. The ether was a black cat, writes Firestein, and physicists had been theorizing in a dark room, and then experimenting in it, looking for evidence of a cat that did not exist.
Possible Titles:
1. The Dangers of Essentialism in Scientific Inquiry: Lessons from History
2. How Concepts Can Mislead: The Search for Nonexistent Essences in Science
3. Stuart Firestein's Insights on Ignorance and the Pitfalls of Misguided Concepts
4. The Black Cat in the Dark Room: The Perils of Essentialism in Science
Main Idea #1:
Concepts are essential for human understanding, but they can lead to misguided searches for nonexistent essences.
Main Idea #2:
Stuart Firestein illustrates how essentialism can mislead scientific inquiry, using the historical example of physicists searching for the nonexistent ether, much like searching for a black cat in a dark room when no cat is present.
Summary:
Concepts are important but can lead to essentialism, where scientists search for nonexistent things, as illustrated by the historical search for luminiferous ether. Stuart Firestein likens this to looking for a black cat in a dark room when there is no cat.
Key Points:
1. Concepts can lead to misguided searches for essences that don’t exist.
2. Stuart Firestein uses the proverb of a black cat in a dark room to illustrate this.
3. Scientists once searched for the nonexistent luminiferous ether, misled by a false concept.
4. Essentialism can misguide scientific inquiry by focusing on nonexistent phenomena.
[고1] 2024년09월–34번:소셜미디어에서의'일반적유명인'과전통적유명인의차이
While social media attention is potentially an instrument to achieve ends like elite celebrity, some content creators desire ordinary fame as a social end in itself. Not unlike reality television stars, social media celebrities are often criticized for not having skills and talents associated with traditional, elite celebrity, such as acting or singing ability. This criticism highlights the fact that digital content creators face real barriers to crossing over to the sphere of elite celebrity. However, the criticism also misses the point that the phenomenon of ordinary celebrity reconstructs the meaning of fame. The elite celebrity is symbolized by the metaphor of the star, characterized by mystery and hierarchical distance and associated with naturalized qualities of talent and class. The ordinary celebrity attracts attention through regular and frequent interactions with other ordinary people. Achieving ordinary fame as a social media celebrity is like doing well at a game, because in this sphere, fame is nothing more nor less than relatively high scores on attention scales, the metrics of subscribers, followers, Likes, or clicks built into social media applications.
Possible Titles:
1. Redefining Fame: The Rise of Ordinary Celebrities in the Social Media Era
2. Ordinary Fame vs. Elite Celebrity: How Social Media Changes the Game of Fame
3. Social Media Celebrities: Challenging Traditional Notions of Talent and Stardom
4. The Metrics of Fame: How Social Media Transforms Celebrity into a Numbers Game
Main Idea #1:
Social media celebrities often seek fame for its own sake, rather than for elite recognition based on traditional talent.
Main Idea #2:
While social media celebrities face barriers to crossing into elite celebrity status, their fame reconstructs the meaning of celebrity, as it is driven by frequent interactions with ordinary people and measured by attention metrics like followers and Likes.
Summary:
Social media celebrities seek ordinary fame, which differs from traditional elite celebrity by focusing on frequent interactions with followers rather than naturalized talents. Fame in this realm is measured by attention metrics such as Likes and followers, shifting the meaning of celebrity.
Key Points:
1. Social media celebrities seek fame as an end in itself.
2. They are often criticized for lacking traditional talents like acting or singing.
3. Ordinary celebrity redefines fame, focusing on regular interaction with followers.
4. Fame in social media is measured by attention metrics like followers and Likes.
[고1] 2024년09월–35번:시험준비에서벼락치기가효과적이지않은이유
Why do we have the illusion that cramming for an exam is the best learning strategy? Because we are unable to differentiate between the various sections of our memory. Immediately after reading our textbook or our class notes, information is fully present in our mind. It sits in our conscious working memory, in an active form. We feel as if we know it, because it is present in our short-term storage space ... but this short-term section has nothing to do with the long-term memory that we will need in order to recall the same information a few days later. After a few seconds or minutes, working memory already starts disappearing, and after a few days, the effect becomes enormous: unless you retest your knowledge, memory vanishes. To get information into long-term memory, it is essential to study the material, then test yourself, rather than spend all your time studying.
Possible Titles:
1. The Illusion of Cramming: Why Short-Term Memory Doesn't Guarantee Long-Term Recall
2. Understanding the Difference Between Short-Term and Long-Term Memory in Learning
3. Why Cramming Fails: The Importance of Self-Testing for Long-Term Retention
4. How to Overcome the Pitfalls of Cramming: Strategies for Lasting Learning
Main Idea #1:
Cramming feels effective because information remains temporarily in our short-term memory, giving us the illusion of mastery.
Main Idea #2:
To transfer information into long-term memory, it is crucial to study material over time and retest yourself, as short-term memory fades quickly and is not sufficient for long-term recall.
Summary:
Cramming feels effective because it fills short-term memory, giving the illusion of learning. However, short-term memory fades quickly. To ensure long-term retention, it is important to study over time and test yourself regularly.
Key Points:
1. Cramming fills short-term memory, creating an illusion of knowing the material.
2. Short-term memory is not connected to long-term recall.
3. Memory fades quickly unless reinforced through self-testing.
4. Effective learning strategies involve both studying and self-testing for long-term retention.
[고1] 2024년09월–36번:거울뉴런이관찰학습에미치는영향
The discovery of mirror neurons has profoundly changed the way we think of a fundamental human capacity, learning by observation. As children we learn a lot by observing what our parents and friends do. Newborns, in the first week of life, have an inborn tendency to stick out their tongue if their parents stick out theirs. Such imitation is not perfect. You may not see the tongue stick out each time you stick yours out at your newborn, but if you do it many times, the tongue will come out more often than if you do something different. Babies babble and later start to imitate the sounds their parents produce. Later still, they play with vacuum cleaners and hammers in imitation of their parents. Our modern cultures, in which we write, speak, read, build spaceships and go to school, can work only because we are not restricted to the behavior we are born with or learn by trial and error. We can learn a lot by simply watching others.
Possible Titles:
1. How Mirror Neurons Revolutionize Our Understanding of Learning by Observation
2. The Role of Mirror Neurons in Human Development: Learning Through Imitation
3. From Babbling to Building: How Observational Learning Shapes Human Culture
4. The Science Behind Imitation: Mirror Neurons and the Power of Observational Learning
Main Idea #1:
Mirror neurons help explain how humans learn through observation, especially from infancy.
Main Idea #2:
Observational learning, driven by mirror neurons, allows humans to go beyond innate behaviors, enabling cultural practices such as language, tool use, and complex societal activities, which are fundamental to modern life.
Summary:
Mirror neurons reveal how humans, starting as infants, learn by observing and imitating others. This ability to learn through observation enables us to adopt complex cultural behaviors, like language and tool use, that go far beyond innate actions or trial-and-error learning.
Key Points:
1. Mirror neurons explain the ability to learn by observing others.
2. Infants begin imitating behaviors, such as sticking out their tongue, from a young age.
3. Observational learning allows humans to learn complex behaviors without trial and error.
4. This capacity is essential for cultural practices, such as language, tool use, and education.
[고1] 2024년09월–37번:자신의목소리를다르게인식하는이유
Have you ever been surprised to hear a recording of your own voice? You might have thought, "Is that really what my voice sounds like?" Maybe your accent is more pronounced in the recording than you realized, or your voice is higher than it seems to your own ears. This is of course quite a common experience. The explanation is actually fairly simple. There are two pathways through which we perceive our own voice when we speak. One is the route through which we perceive most external sounds, like waves that travel from the air through the outer, middle and inner ear. But because our vocal cords vibrate when we speak, there is a second internal path. Vibrations are conducted through our bones and stimulate our inner ears directly. Lower frequencies are emphasized along this pathway. That makes your voice sound deeper and richer to yourself than it may sound to other people.
Possible Titles:
1. Why Your Voice Sounds Different in Recordings: The Science Behind the Surprise
2. Hearing Your Own Voice: Understanding the Difference Between Internal and External Sound Perception
3. The Two Pathways of Hearing: Why Your Voice Sounds Deeper to Yourself
4. Bone Vibrations and Sound Waves: The Reason Your Voice Surprises You in Recordings
Main Idea #1:
Hearing your own recorded voice sounds different because of the two ways we perceive sound when we speak.
Main Idea #2:
While external sounds travel through the air to the ears, our voice also reaches us through vibrations conducted by our bones, which emphasize lower frequencies, making our voice sound deeper to ourselves than it does to others.
Summary:
When we speak, we hear our voice through two pathways: air conduction and bone conduction. The latter emphasizes lower frequencies, making our voice sound deeper to ourselves than it does to others, which explains why recordings of our voice often sound unfamiliar.
Key Points:
1. Hearing your recorded voice can be surprising due to differences in sound perception.
2. We perceive sound through both external air waves and internal bone conduction.
3. Bone conduction emphasizes lower frequencies, making your voice sound deeper to you.
4. This explains why your recorded voice often sounds higher or different than expected.
[고1] 2024년09월–38번:생물의유사성에서아날로그와호몰로그의차이
Biologists distinguish two kinds of similarity. "Analogous" traits are ones that have a common function but arose on different branches of the evolutionary tree and are in an important sense not "the same" organ. The wings of birds and the wings of bees are both used for flight and are similar in some ways because anything used for flight has to be built in those ways, but they arose independently in evolution and have nothing in common beyond their use in flight. "Homologous" traits, in contrast, may or may not have a common function, but they descended from a common ancestor and hence have some common structure that indicates their being "the same" organ. The wing of a bat and the front leg of a horse have very different functions, but they are all modifications of the forelimb of the ancestor of all mammals. As a result, they share nonfunctional traits like the number of bones and the ways they are connected. To distinguish analogy from homology, biologists usually look at the overall architecture of the organs and focus on their most useless properties.
Possible Titles:
1. Homology vs. Analogy: Understanding Biological Similarities in Evolution
2. The Difference Between Analogous and Homologous Traits in Evolutionary Biology
3. How Biologists Distinguish Between Traits: Homology and Analogy Explained
4. Wings and Limbs: Comparing Analogous and Homologous Traits in Evolution
Main Idea #1:
Analogous traits serve similar functions but evolved independently on different branches of the evolutionary tree.
Main Idea #2:
Homologous traits share a common ancestral origin, regardless of their current function, and biologists use nonfunctional similarities, such as bone structure, to identify them and differentiate them from analogous traits.
Summary:
Biologists distinguish between analogous traits, which perform similar functions but evolved independently, and homologous traits, which share a common ancestor despite having different functions. To identify homology, biologists focus on structural features that are not related to the organ’s current function.
Key Points:
1. Analogous traits have similar functions but evolved separately.
2. Homologous traits share a common ancestor despite differences in function.
3. Examples include bird and bee wings (analogous) and bat wings and horse legs (homologous).
4. Biologists look at nonfunctional properties, like bone structure, to differentiate traits.
[고1] 2024년09월–39번:기후변화로인한해양산소감소의위험성
Seawater contains an abundance of dissolved oxygen that all marine animals breathe to stay alive. It has long been established in physics that cold water holds more dissolved oxygen than warm water does ― this is one reason that cold polar seas are full of life while tropical oceans are blue, clear, and relatively poorly populated with living creatures. Thus, as global warming raises the temperature of marine waters, it is self-evident that the amount of dissolved oxygen will decrease. This is a worrisome and potentially disastrous consequence if allowed to continue to an ecosystem-threatening level. Now scientists have analyzed data indicating that the amount of dissolved oxygen in the oceans has been declining for more than a half century. The data show that the ocean oxygen level has been falling more rapidly than the corresponding rise in water temperature. Falling oxygen levels in water have the potential to impact the habitat of marine organisms worldwide and in recent years this has led to more frequent anoxic events that killed or displaced populations of fish, crabs, and many other organisms.
Possible Titles:
1. The Decline of Ocean Oxygen Levels: A Growing Threat to Marine Life
2. Global Warming and Ocean Oxygen Depletion: Understanding the Consequences
3. How Rising Temperatures Are Depleting Oxygen in Marine Ecosystems
4. The Impact of Falling Oxygen Levels on Marine Life: A Global Environmental Challenge
Main Idea #1:
Cold water holds more dissolved oxygen than warm water, which is why colder seas support more marine life.
Main Idea #2:
As global warming raises ocean temperatures, oxygen levels in the water are decreasing faster than expected, leading to habitat loss and more frequent anoxic events, which are harmful to marine organisms.
Summary:
Colder waters hold more oxygen, supporting more marine life, but global warming is reducing oxygen levels in the oceans. This decline is faster than temperature increases and is causing anoxic events that threaten marine ecosystems by killing or displacing species.
Key Points:
1. Cold water holds more dissolved oxygen than warm water.
2. Rising ocean temperatures due to global warming decrease oxygen levels.
3. Oxygen levels have been declining more rapidly than expected for over 50 years.
4. Declining oxygen levels are causing anoxic events, harming marine life.
[고1] 2024년09월–40번:원숭이실험에서불공정한대우에대한반응
Capuchins ― New World Monkeys that live in large social groups ― will, in captivity, trade with people all day long, especially if food is involved. I give you this rock and you give me a treat to eat. If you put two monkeys in cages next to each other, and offer them both slices of cucumber for the rocks they already have, they will happily eat the cucumbers. If, however, you give one monkey grapes instead ― grapes being universally preferred to cucumbers ― the monkey that is still receiving cucumbers will begin to throw them back at the experimenter. Even though she is still getting "paid" the same amount for her effort of sourcing rocks, and so her particular situation has not changed, the comparison to another makes the situation unfair. Furthermore, she is now willing to abandon all gains―the cucumbers themselves―to communicate her displeasure to the experimenter.
[요약문] According to the passage, if the Capuchin monkey realizes the inequality in rewards compared to another monkey, she will reject her rewards to express her feelings about the treatment, despite getting exactly the same rewards as before.
Possible Titles:
1. Capuchin Monkeys' Reaction to Perceived Inequality in Rewards
2. Social Comparison and Fairness Among Capuchin Monkeys in Captivity
3. Behavioral Response of Capuchins to Unfair Treatment in Reward Systems
4. The Impact of Inequity on Capuchin Monkeys' Trading Behavior
Main Idea #1:
Capuchin monkeys become dissatisfied when they perceive unequal treatment in rewards.
Main Idea #2:
Even when their own rewards do not change, Capuchin monkeys are willing to reject them if they notice another monkey receiving something better, indicating their sensitivity to fairness.
Summary:
Capuchin monkeys react negatively when they perceive an imbalance in rewards, rejecting their own reward if another monkey gets something better. This response occurs despite no changes to their own compensation, highlighting their sensitivity to fairness in social comparisons.
Key Points:
1. Capuchin monkeys happily trade for food in captivity.
2. They react strongly to unfair treatment when rewards are unequal.
3. Monkeys will reject rewards if they perceive another monkey getting better compensation.
4. Social comparison drives the monkeys' decision to express displeasure with unequal rewards.
[고1] 2024년09월–41~42번:고등교육의확산과그로인한평가시스템의모순
Higher education has grown from an elite to a mass system across the world. In Europe and the USA, increased rates of participation occurred in the decades after the Second World War. Between 2000 and 2014, rates of participation in higher education almost doubled from 19% to 34% across the world among the members of the population in the school-leaving age category (typically 18-23). The dramatic expansion of higher education has been marked by a wider range of institutions of higher learning and a more diverse demographic of students. Changes from an elite system to a mass higher education system are associated with political needs to build a specialized workforce for the economy. In theory, the expansion of higher education to develop a highly skilled workforce should diminish the role of examinations in the selection and control of students, initiating approaches to assessment which enable lifelong learning: assessment for learning and a focus on feedback for development. In reality, socio-political changes to expand higher education have set up a 'field of contradictions' for assessment in higher education. Mass higher education requires efficient approaches to assessment, such as examinations and multiple-choice quizzes, with minimalist, impersonal, or standardised feedback, often causing students to focus more on grades than feedback. In contrast, the relatively small numbers of students in elite systems in the past allowed for closer relationships between students and their teachers, with formative feedback shaping the minds, academic skills, and even the characters of students.
Possible Titles:
1. The Transition from Elite to Mass Higher Education Systems Worldwide
2. Challenges in Assessment Practices in Expanding Higher Education Systems
3. Contradictions in Student Assessment Amidst Higher Education Expansion
4. The Impact of Mass Higher Education on Student-Teacher Dynamics and Feedback
Main Idea #1:
Higher education has expanded globally from an elite to a mass system, with a larger and more diverse student body.
Main Idea #2:
Although the massification of higher education aims to develop a skilled workforce, it has created contradictions in assessment practices, prioritizing efficiency over meaningful feedback and focusing students on grades instead of learning.
Summary:
The shift from elite to mass higher education has expanded participation and diversity. However, this expansion has led to challenges in assessment, where the need for efficiency often compromises personalized feedback, causing students to prioritize grades over learning.
Key Points:
1. Higher education has transformed from an elite to a mass system globally.
2. This expansion is driven by the need for a specialized workforce.
3. Mass higher education has created contradictions in assessment practices.
4. Efficiency in assessments often limits meaningful feedback, affecting student focus.
Once upon a time in the Iranian city of Shiraz, there lived the famous poet Sheikh Saadi. Like most other poets and philosophers, he led a very simple life. A rich merchant of Shiraz was preparing for his daughter's wedding and invited him along with a lot of big businessmen of the town. The poet accepted the invitation and decided to attend. On the day of the wedding, the rich merchant, the host of the wedding, was receiving the guests at the gate. Many rich people of the town attended the wedding. They had come out in their best clothes. The poet wore simple clothes which were neither grand nor expensive. He waited for someone to approach him but no one gave him as much as even a second glance. Even the host did not greet him and looked away. Seeing all this, the poet quietly left the party and went to a shop where he could rent clothes. There he chose a richly decorated coat, which made him look like a new person. With this coat, he entered the party and this time was welcomed with open arms. The host embraced him as he would do to an old friend and complimented him on the clothes he was wearing. The poet did not say a word and allowed the host to lead him to the dining room. The host personally led the poet to his seat and served out chicken soup to him. After a moment, the poet suddenly dipped the corner of his coat in the soup as if he fed it. All the guests were now staring at him in surprise. The host said, "Sir, what are you doing?" The poet very calmly replied, "Now that I have put on expensive clothes, I see a world of difference here. All that I can say now is that this feast is meant for my clothes, not for me."
Possible Titles:
1. The Lesson of Appearance and Perception in Saadi's Story
2. Sheikh Saadi's Tale of How Clothes Influence Respect
3. The Power of External Appearance in Social Status and Treatment
4. Saadi's Clever Response to Being Judged by His Clothing at a Wedding
Main Idea #1:
Sheikh Saadi teaches a lesson about how people judge others based on their appearance rather than their true worth.
Main Idea #2:
Through his experience at the wedding, Saadi highlights the superficiality of society, where he is ignored in simple clothes but warmly welcomed when dressed in rich attire, prompting him to demonstrate that respect is given to clothes, not the person.
Summary:
Sheikh Saadi attends a wedding in simple clothes and is ignored, but when he returns in expensive attire, he is welcomed with honor. His action of feeding his coat illustrates how people often judge others based on appearance rather than character.
Key Points:
1. Sheikh Saadi was invited to a wedding but ignored due to his simple clothes.
2. When he wore expensive clothes, he was treated with respect.
3. Saadi's actions demonstrated society's superficial judgment based on appearance.
4. The poet cleverly showed that the respect given was for his clothes, not for him.
②Sophie's day began with her alarm clock failing to ring, which had thrown her into an intense rush.
Sophie의 하루는 그녀의 알람시계가 울리지 않으며 시작되었는데,그것이 그녀를 격심한 서두름으로 던져넣었다.
③After terrible traffic, her taxi finally arrived at the airport, where she was met with endless security lines.
끔찍한 교통 체증 후에 그녀가 탄 택시가 마침내 공항에 도착했는데,그곳에서 그녀는 끝없는 보안 검색(대기)줄과 마주하게 되었다.
④Sophie kept glancing at her watch with each second feeling like an hour.
Sophie는 매 초가 한 시간처럼 느껴지는 가운데,계속 자신의 시계를 힐끗힐끗 보았다.
⑤Worried that she could not get to the boarding gate in time, she rushed through the crowds of people.
시간 내에 탑승구에 도착할 수 없을까 봐 걱정하면서 그녀는 수많은 사람들을 뚫고 돌진했다.
⑥Just then, she heard an announcement saying that her flight had been "delayed."
바로 그때,그녀는 자신의 항공편이'지연되었다'고 하는 안내 방송을 들었다.
⑦Letting out a deep sigh, she finally felt at ease.
깊은 한숨을 내쉬며,그녀는 마침내 마음이 편해졌다.
⑧With an unexpected hour to spare, she would have time to relax and browse the airport shops before her journey.
예상치 못한 한 시간의 여유가 생기면서,그녀는 여행 전에 긴장을 풀고 공항 상점들을 둘러볼 시간을 갖게 되었다.
[고3] 2024년09월–20번:소셜미디어에서의잘못된정보확산의위험성
①Truth is essential for progress and the development of knowledge, as it serves as the foundation upon which reliable and accurate understanding is built.
진실은 진보와 지식의 발전에 필수적인데,그것이 신뢰할 수 있고 정확한 이해가 이루어지는 토대의 역할을 하기 때문이다.
②However, one of the greatest threats to the accumulation of knowledge can now be found on social media platforms.
그러나 지식 축적에 가장 큰 위협 중 하나가 이제 소셜 미디어 플랫폼에서 발견될 수 있다.
③As social media becomes a primary source of information for millions, its unregulated nature allows misinformation to spread rapidly.
소셜 미디어가 수백만 명에게 주 정보원이 되면서,그것의 규제받지 않는 특성으로 인해 오정보가 빠르게 퍼지게 된다.
④Social media users may unknowingly participate in creating and circulating misinformation, which can influence elections, cause violence, and create widespread panic, as seen in various global incidents.
소셜 미디어 사용자는 자신도 모르게 오정보를 만들고 유포하는 데 참여할 수 있는데,이는 다양한 전 세계적 사건에서 보이듯이 선거에 영향을 미치고,폭력을 유발하며,광범위한 공황 상태를 조성할 수 있다.
⑤As creators and consumers, it is our responsibility to take on a greater role in the enhancement of fact-checking protocols in order to ensure accuracy.
(정보)제작자이자 소비자로서,정확성을 확보하기 위해 사실 확인 프로토콜 강화에 더 큰 역할을 맡는 것이 우리의 책무이다.
⑥It is critical that participants safeguard the reliability of information, supporting a more informed and rational public community.
참여자들이 더 사실 이해에 입각하고 합리적인 대중 커뮤니티를 지원하면서 정보의 신뢰성을 보호하는 것이 매우 중요하다.
[고3] 2024년09월–21번:문화적맥락에서인류학자들이현지관찰의중요성을인식한사례
①Around the turn of the twentieth century, anthropologists trained in the natural sciences began to reimagine what a science of humanity should look like and how social scientists ought to go about studying cultural groups.
20세기에 접어들면서,자연과학에서 훈련받은 인류학자들은 인류학이 어떻게 보여야 하는지와 사회 과학자들이 문화 집단 연구를 어떻게 시작해야 하는지를 다시 생각하기 시작했다.
②Some of those anthropologists insisted that one should at least spend significant time actually observing and talking to the people studied.
그러한 인류학자들 중 일부는 다른 건 몰라도 연구 대상인 사람들을 실제로 관찰하고 그들과 대화하는 데 상당한 시간을 할애해야 한다고 주장했다.
③Early ethnographers such as Franz Boas and Alfred Cort Haddon typically traveled to the remote locations where the people in question lived and spent a few weeks to a few months there.
Franz Boas와Alfred Cort Haddon과 같은 초기 민족지학자들은 일반적으로 연구되고 있는 사람이 살고 있는 외딴 지역으로 가서 그곳에서 몇 주에서 몇 달을 보냈다.
④They sought out a local Western host who was familiar with the people and the area (such as a colonial official, missionary, or businessman) and found accommodations through them.
그들은(식민지 관료,선교사 혹은 사업가와 같이)주민들과 그 지역을 잘 알고 있는 그 지역 서양인 호스트를 찾아내어 그들을 통해 숙박 시설을 구했다.
⑤Although they did at times venture into the community without a guide, they generally did not spend significant time with the local people.
가끔은 그들은 정말이지 가이드 없이 그 지역사회를 탐험하기도 했지만,대개 그들은 현지인들과 상당한 시간을 보내지는 않았다.
⑥Thus, their observations were primarily conducted from their verandas.
그리하여 그들의 관찰은 주로 그들의'베란다'에서 행해졌다.
[고3] 2024년09월–22번:도덕적책임이인간사회에서형성된개념이라는주장
①Even though there is good reason to consider a dog a sentient being capable of making choices and plans ― so that we might suppose 'it could have conceived of acting otherwise' ― we're unlikely to think it is wicked and immoral for attacking a child.
개를 선택과 계획을 할 수 있는 지각력이 있는 존재로 간주하여,이를테면 우리가'그것은 다른 방식으로 행동하는 것을 상상할 수 있었을 것이다'라고 추정할 수도 있는 타당한 이유가 있더라도,우리가 아이를 공격하는 것에 관해 그것이 사악하고 부도덕하다고 생각할 것 같지는 않다.
②Moral responsibility is not some universal concept like entropy or temperature ― something that applies equally, and can be measured similarly, everywhere in the cosmos.
도덕적 책임은 엔트로피나 온도 같은 어떤 보편적인 개념,즉 똑같이 적용되어 우주 어디에서나 비슷하게 측정될 수 있는 것이 아니다.
③It is a notion developed specifically for human use, no more or less than languages are.
그것은 인간이 사용하기 위해 특별히 개발된 개념인데,언어와 별반 다르지 않다.
④While sentience and volition are aspects of mind and agency, morals are cultural tools developed to influence social behaviour: to cultivate the desirable and discourage the harmful.
지각력과 의지가 마음 및 주체성의 측면인 반면,도덕성은 사회적 행동에 영향을 미치기 위해,즉 바람직한 것을 함양하고 해로운 것을 막기 위해 개발된 문화적 도구이다.
⑤They are learnt, not given at birth.
그것들은 태어날 때 주어지는 것이 아니라 학습된다.
⑥It's possible, indeed likely, that we are born with a predisposition to cooperate with others ― but only within human society do we come to understand this as moral behaviour.
우리는 다른 사람과 협력하려는 성향을 가지고 태어날 수 있고 실제로 그럴 가능성이 크지만,오로지 인간 사회 내에서만 우리는 이것을'도덕적'행동으로 이해하게 된다.
[고3] 2024년09월–23번:일상적현상과이례적현상에대한인간의반응차이
①It is much more natural to be surprised by unusual phenomena like eclipses than ordinary phenomena like falling bodies or the succession of night into day and day into night.
낙하하는 물체나 밤이 낮으로,낮이 밤으로 이어지는 것과 같은 평범한 현상보다 일식과 같은 특이한 현상에 놀라는 것이 훨씬 더 자연스럽다.
②Many cultures invented gods to explain these eclipses that shocked, frightened, or surprised them; but very few imagined a god of falling bodies ― to which they were so accustomed that they did not even notice them.
그들에게 충격,공포,또는 놀라움을 주었던 이러한 일식을 설명하기 위해 많은 문화에서 신을 만들어 냈지만,너무 익숙해서 심지어 알아차리지도 못했던,낙하하는 물체의 신을 상상했던 문화는 거의 없었다.
③But the reason for eclipses is ultimately the same as that of the succession of night and day: the movement of celestial bodies, which itself is based on the Newtonian law of attraction and how it explains why things fall when we let them go.
그러나 일식이 일어나는 이유는 밤과 낮이 연속되는 이유와 궁극적으로 동일한데,즉 그 자체로 뉴턴의 만유인력의 법칙에 기반하는 천체의 움직임과 그것이 우리가 물체를 놓으면 왜 떨어지는지 설명하는 방식이다.
④For the physicist, understanding the ordinary, the habitual, and the frequent thus allows us to account for the frightening and the singular.
그러므로 물리학자로 말할 것 같으면,평범한 것,습관적인 것,빈번한 것을 이해하여 우리가 무서운 것과 기묘한 것을 설명할 수 있게 해 준다.
⑤As such, it was thus necessary to ask "Why do things fall?" and to have Newton's response to understand a broad range of much more bizarre phenomena occurring at every level of the universe.
따라서 그와 같이,우주의 모든 수준에서 일어나고 있는 다양하고 폭넓은 훨씬 더 기괴한 현상들을 이해하기 위해서, "물체는 왜 떨어지는가?"라고 질문하는 것과 뉴턴식의 답을 하는 것이 필요했다.
[고3] 2024년09월–24번:사무실설계에서변화의중요성
①There are good reasons why open-office plans have gained currency, but open offices may not be the plan of choice for all times.
개방형 사무실 계획이 유행하는 데는 그럴 만한 이유가 있지만,개방형 사무실이'언제라도'선택할 수 있는 계획은 아닐 수도 있다.
②Instead, the right plan seems to be building a culture of change.
대신에,올바른 계획은 변화의 문화를 구축하는 것인 듯하다.
③Overly rigid habits and conventions, no matter how well-considered or well-intentioned, threaten innovation.
지나치게 굳은 관례와 관습은,아무리 깊이 고려되거나 의도가 좋다 하더라도 혁신을 위협한다.
④The crucial take-away from analyzing office plans over time is that the answers keep changing.
시간이 지남에 따른 사무실 계획을 분석할 때 매우 중요한 핵심은 답이 계속 바뀐다는 것이다.
⑤It might seem that there is a straight line of progress, but it's a myth.
일직선으로 발전하는 것처럼 보일 수 있지만 이는 근거 없는 믿음이다.
⑥Surveying office spaces from the past eighty years, one can see a cycle that repeats.
지난80년의 사무실 공간을 조사해 보면,반복되는 주기를 확인할 수 있다.
⑦Comparing the offices of the 1940s with contemporary office spaces shows that they have circled back around to essentially the same style, via a period in the 1980s when partitions and cubicles were more the norm.
1940년대의 사무실과 현대의 사무실 공간을 비교해 보면 칸막이벽과 작은 개인 방이 훨씬 더 일반적이었던1980년대를 거쳐,다시 본질적으로 동일한 스타일로 크게 한 바퀴 돌아왔음을 알 수 있다.
⑧The technologies and colors may differ, but the 1940s and 2000s plans are alike, right down to the pillars running down the middle.
기술과 색상은 다를 수 있지만, 1940년대와2000년대의 계획은 비슷한데,바로 중앙을 따라 내려오는 기둥까지 그렇다.
[고3] 2024년09월–25번: 2022년4개국의VR과AR인지도비교그래프
①The graph above shows the percentages of respondents who were familiar with the concept of virtual reality (VR) and those who were familiar with the concept of augmented reality (AR) in four countries in 2022.
위 그래프는2022년4개국에서 가상 현실(VR)의 개념에 친숙한 응답자 비율과 증강 현실(AR)의 개념에 친숙한 응답자 비율을 보여 준다.
②For each country, the percentage of respondents familiar with VR was greater than the percentage of respondents familiar with AR.
각 국가별로VR에 친숙한 응답자 비율이AR에 친숙한 응답자 비율보다 더 높았다.
③The country with the highest percentage of respondents familiar with AR was South Korea.
AR에 친숙한 응답자 비율이 가장 높은 국가는 한국이었다.
④The country with the largest gap between the percentage of respondents familiar with VR and that of respondents familiar with AR was Canada.
VR에 친숙한 응답자 비율과AR에 친숙한 응답자 비율의 격차가 가장 큰 국가는 캐나다였다.
⑤In Japan, the percentage of respondents familiar with VR was greater than 60%.
일본에서는VR에 친숙한 응답자 비율이60%를 넘었다.
⑥The percentage of respondents familiar with VR and that of respondents familiar with AR were lower in Switzerland than in Japan, respectively.
VR에 친숙한 응답자 비율과AR에 친숙한 응답자 비율은 각각 일본보다 스위스에서 더 낮았다.
[고3] 2024년09월–26번:예술과과학을연결한Gyorgy Kepes의생애와업적
①Gyorgy Kepes was an artist and educator born in Selyp, Hungary in 1906.
Gyorgy Kepes는1906년 헝가리Selyp에서 태어난 예술가이자 교육자였다.
②He studied painting at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Budapest, Hungary.
그는 헝가리Budapest의 왕립 미술 아카데미에서 회화를 공부했다.
③Then, he studied design and film in Berlin, Germany.
그 후 그는 독일Berlin에서 디자인과 영화를 공부했다.
④He went to the United States in 1937, and about a decade later, he started teaching visual design at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
그는1937년 미국으로 건너가 약10년 후 매사추세츠 공과대학(MIT)에서 시각 디자인을 가르치기 시작했다.
⑤He founded the Center for Advanced Visual Studies at MIT to form a community composed of artists and scientists.
그는MIT에 고급 시각 연구 센터를 설립하여 예술가와 과학자들로 구성된 커뮤니티를 만들었다.
⑥His exhibition in 1951 titled The New Landscape became the basis of his book The New Landscape in Art and Science, which was published several years later.
1951년'새로운 풍경'이라는 제목으로 열린 그의 전시회는 몇 년 후 출간된 그의 저서'예술과 과학의 새로운 풍경'의 기반이 되었다.
⑦In the book, he presented images that were not previously available, captured by the latest scientific devices.
그 책에서 그는 최신 과학 기기로 포착한,이전에는 볼 수 없었던 이미지를 선보였다.
⑧In 1995, a museum to house his works was established in Eger, Hungary.
1995년 그의 작품을 소장하기 위한 박물관이 헝가리Eger에 설립되었다.
⑨He was a great pioneer in connecting art and technology.
그는 예술과 기술을 연결하는 데 있어 위대한 선구자였다.
[고3] 2024년09월–29번:산업혁명시기의영국사회변화와문제점
①Victorian England is characterised by the full development of the Industrial Revolution.
빅토리아 시대 영국의 특징은 산업혁명의 완전한 전개이다.
②England became the first industrial nation in the world and, by 1850, the first nation to have more people employed in industry than in agriculture.
영국은 세계 최초의 산업 국가가 되었고, 1850년 무렵에는 농업보다 공업에 종사하는 인구가 더 많은 최초의 국가가 되었다.
③Expanding trade coincided with the growth of the Empire and brought great wealth to Britain, but this wealth was not evenly distributed.
무역의 확대는 대영제국의 성장과 맞물려 영국에 막대한 부를 가져다 주었지만,이 부는 고르게 분배되지 않았다.
④Many enterprising individuals (the 'self-made men') rose from humble origins to positions of wealth and influence, but large sections of the working class were forced into the overcrowded slums of large cities where they worked long hours for low wages in unhealthy conditions.
많은 진취적인 개인('자수성가한 사람들')은 비천한 출신에서 부와 영향력을 가진 지위로 올랐지만,노동 계급의 다수는 열악한 환경에서 저임금으로 장시간 노동하는 대도시의 빈민가로 내몰렸다.
⑤The manufacturing towns of the north of England provided some of the worst examples and inspired such socially conscious novels as Kingsley's Alton Locke, Gaskell's Mary Barton, and Dickens's Hard Times.
영국 북부의 제조업 도시들은 몇몇 최악의 사례를 제공하며Kingsley의Alton Locke, Gaskell의Mary Barton, Dickens의Hard Times와 같은 사회의식이 강한 소설에 영감을 주었다.
⑥In the south there was London, already the largest city in the world, showing all the crime, evil, and misery which result from overpopulation and unplanned growth.
남부에는 이미 세계에서 가장 큰 도시인 런던이 있었는데,이곳은 과잉 인구와 무계획적인 성장의 결과인 모든 범죄,악,비참함을 보여 주었다.
[고3] 2024년09월–30번:인간의사고방식이예측가능한오류로인해비합리적일수있는이유
①We all like to think of ourselves as rational actors, careful and considered in our thinking, capable of sound and reliable judgments.
우리는 모두 자신을 신중하고 사려 깊이 생각하며 타당하고 신뢰할 수 있는 판단을 내릴 수 있는 합리적인 행위자라고 여기고 싶어 한다.
②We might believe that we generally consider different points of view and make informed decisions.
우리는 우리가 일반적으로 다양한 관점을 고려하고 정보에 입각한 결정을 내린다고 믿을지도 모른다.
③We are, in fact, "predictably irrational," as psychologist Dan Ariely titled his book on the topic.
사실,우리는 심리학자Dan Ariely가 이 주제에 관한 자신의 책에 붙인 제목처럼'예측할 수 있게 비합리적'이다.
④All of us engage in automatic, reflexive thinking, typically taking the easier path and conserving mental effort.
우리는 모두 자동적이고 반사적인 사고를 하며,일반적으로 더 쉬운 길을 택하고 정신적 노력을 절약한다.
⑤Although we each may have the subjective impression that we are careful thinkers, we often make snap judgments or no real judgments at all.
우리는 각자 자신이 신중하게 생각한다는 주관적인 인상을 가질 수도 있지만,우리가 성급한 판단을 내리거나 실제 판단을 전혀 하지 않는 경우는 흔하다.
⑥In addition, numerous biases inhibit or override reflective, deliberative thought; intuitive theories can also interfere with acceptance of accurate scientific explanations.
게다가,수많은 편향이 성찰적이고 신중한 사고를 억제하거나 무시하는데,직관적인 이론도 정확한 과학적 설명의 수용을 방해할 수 있을 것이다.
⑦Understanding more about how our minds work and how biases may operate can make us each less subject to fallacious reasoning, more rational, and more aware of the problems in others' thinking.
우리의 마음이 어떻게 작용하고 편향이 어떻게 작동할 수 있는지 더 많이 이해하는 것은 우리 각자가 잘못된 추론에 덜 빠지고,더 합리적이며,다른 사람의 사고의 문제점을 더 잘 인식하게 할 수 있다.
⑧Learning to understand the built-in limitations of our mental processes can also help us improve our ability to inform others more effectively.
우리의 정신 과정에 내재한 한계를 이해하는 것을 배우는 것은 우리가 다른 사람들에게 더 효과적으로 정보를 전달하는 능력을 향상하는 데도 도움이 될 수 있다.
[고3] 2024년09월–31번:나방이빛에끌리는이유에대한이론들
①There has been a lot of discussion on why moths are attracted to light.
나방이 왜 빛에 끌리는지에 관한 많은 논의가 있어 왔다.
②The consensus seems to hold that moths are not so much attracted to lights as they are trapped by them.
나방이 빛에 끌리는 것이 아니라 빛에 의해 갇힌다는 것이 합의인 것처럼 보인다.
③The light becomes a sensory overload that disorients the insects and sends them into a holding pattern.
빛은 감각 과부하를 일으켜 곤충이 방향을 잃게 하고 그것이 제자리를 맴돌게 한다.
④A hypothesis called the Mach band theory suggests that moths see a dark area around a light source and head for it to escape the light.
마하 밴드 이론이라는 가설에 따르면,나방은 광원 주변의 어두운 영역을 보고 빛을 피하고자 그쪽으로 향한다.
⑤Another theory suggests that moths perceive the light coming from a source as a diffuse halo with a dark spot in the center.
또 다른 이론은 나방이 광원에서 나오는 빛을 중앙에 어두운 점이 있는,널리 퍼진 광륜(光輪)으로 인식한다는 것을 보여 준다.
⑥The moths, attempting to escape the light, fly toward that imagined "portal," bringing them closer to the source.
나방은 빛을 피하려고 애쓰면서,상상 속의'입구'를 향해 날아가 광원에 더 가까이 다가가게 된다.
⑦As they approach the light, their reference point changes and they circle the light hopelessly trying to reach the portal.
빛에 가까워지면서 나방의 기준점이 바뀌고 나방은 입구에 도달하기 위해 어쩔 도리 없이 빛 주위를 맴돈다.
⑧Everyone is familiar with moths circling their porch lights.
누구나 현관 불빛을 맴도는 나방에 익숙하다.
⑨Their flight appears to have no purpose, but they are, it is believed, trying to escape the pull of the light.
나방의 비행은 아무런 목적이 없는 것처럼 보이지만,그들은 빛의 끌어당김에서 벗어나려고 애쓰고 있는 것으로 여겨진다.
[고3] 2024년09월–32번:커뮤니케이션기술발전에서투자와수익기대의문제
①One of the factors determining the use of technologies of communication will be the kinds of investments made in equipment and personnel; who makes them, and what they expect in return.
통신 기술의 사용을 결정하는 요인 중 하나는 장비와 인력에 들어가는 투자의 종류,즉,누가 투자를 하고,그들이 수익으로 무엇을 기대하는지이다.
②There is no guarantee that the investment will necessarily be in forms of communication that are most appropriate for the majority of people.
투자가 반드시 다수의 사람에게 가장 적합한 통신 형태일 것이라는 보장은 없다.
③Because the ownership of investment funds tends to be in the hands of commercial organisations, the modernisation of communications infrastructure only takes place on the basis of potential profitability.
투자 기금의 소유권은 상업적 조직의 수중에 있는 경향이 있으므로,통신 기간 시설의 현대화는 오로지 잠재적 수익성을 바탕으로 이루어진다.
④Take, for example, the installation of fibre-optic communications cable across the African continent.
아프리카 대륙 전역에 걸친 광섬유 통신 케이블 설치를 예로 들어보자.
⑤A number of African nations are involved in the development but its operational structures will be oriented to those who can pay for access.
여러 아프리카 국가가 그 개발에 관여하고 있지만,그것의 운영 구조는 이용에 대한 대가를 지급할 수 있는 국가들을 우선할 것이다.
⑥Many states that might wish to use it for education and information may not only find it too expensive but also simply unavailable to them.
교육과 정보를 위해 그것을 이용하고 싶어 할 수도 있는 많은 국가는 그것이 자국에 너무 비쌀 뿐만 아니라 단순히 이용할 수 없다는 것을 알게 될지도 모른다.
⑦There can be no doubt that the development has been led by investment opportunity rather than community demand.
그 개발이 지역 사회의 수요보다는 투자 기회에 의해 주도되었다는 것은 의심의 여지가 있을 수 없다.
[고3] 2024년09월–33번:도시의공간질과머무는활동의상관관계
①City quality is so crucial for optional activities that the extent of staying activities can often be used as a measuring stick for the quality of the city as well as of its space.
도시의 질은 선택적 활동에 매우 중요해서,머물기 활동의 정도가 흔히 도시의 공간 뿐만 아니라 도시의 질을 측정하는 잣대로 사용될 수 있다.
②Many pedestrians in a city are not necessarily an indication of good city quality ― many people walking around can often be a sign of insufficient transit options or long distances between the various functions in the city.
도시의 많은 보행자가 반드시 도시의 질이 좋다는 지표인 것은 아니며,걸어서 돌아다니는 많은 사람은 흔히 부족한 운송 선택권 또는 도시 내 다양한 기능 간의 먼 거리의 징표일 수 있다.
③Conversely, it can be claimed that a city in which many people are not walking often indicates good city quality.
반대로,많은 사람이 걷지 않는 도시는 흔히 좋은 도시의 질을 나타낸다고 주장될 수 있다.
④In a city like Rome, it is the large number of people standing or sitting in squares rather than walking that is conspicuous.
로마와 같은 도시에서 눈에 띄는 것은 걷기보다는 광장에 서 있거나 앉아 있는 많은 사람이다.
⑤And it's not due to necessity but rather that the city quality is so inviting.
그런데 이것은 필요성 때문이 아니라,그 도시의 질이 매우 매력적이기 때문이다.
⑥It is hard to keep moving in city space with so many temptations to stay.
도시 공간에는 머무르게 하는 유혹이 너무 많아서 계속 움직이기 어렵다.
⑦In contrast are many new quarters and complexes that many people walk through but rarely stop or stay in.
반대로 많은 사람이 걸어서 지나가지만 거의 멈추거나 머무르지 않는 많은 새로운 구역과 단지가 있다.
[고3] 2024년09월–34번: Rousseau가주장한인간발달의사회적의존성
①That people need other people is hardly news, but for Rousseau this dependence extended far beyond companionship or even love, into the very process of becoming human.
사람이 다른 사람을 필요로 한다는 것은 거의 새로울 게 없지만, Rousseau에게는 이러한 의존이 동료 관계나 심지어 사랑을 넘어 인간이 되는 바로 그 과정에까지 이르렀다.
②Rousseau believed that people are not born but made, every individual a bundle of potentials whose realization requires the active involvement of other people.
Rousseau는 사람은 태어나는 것이 아니라 만들어진다고,모든 개인은 잠재성 꾸러미라고,이 잠재성을 실현하기 위해서는 다른 사람의 적극적인 관여가 필요하다고 믿었다.
③Self-development is a social process.
자기 계발은 사회적 과정이다.
④Self-sufficiency is an impossible fantasy.
자족은 불가능한 환상이다.
⑤Much of the time Rousseau wished passionately that it were not: Robinson Crusoe was a favorite book, and he yearned to be free from the pains and uncertainties of social life.
루소는 대부분 시간을 그것이 그렇지 않기를 열렬히 바랐는데, Robinson Crusoe는 좋아하는 책이었고,그는 사회생활의 고통과 불확실성에서 벗어나기를 갈망했다.
⑥But his writings document with extraordinary clarity the shaping of the individual by his emotional attachments.
그러나 그의 저작은 보기 드문 명료함으로 정서적 유대에 의해 개인이 형성되는 과정을 기록한다.
⑦"Our sweetest existence is relative and collective, and our true self is not entirely within us."
"우리의 가장 달콤한 존재는 상대적이고 집단적이며,우리의 진정한'자아'는 우리 안에 있는 것이 전혀 아니다."
⑧And it is kindness ― which Rousseau analyzed under the rubric ofpitié, which translates as "pity" but is much closer to "sympathy" as Hume and Smith defined it ― that is the key to this collective existence.
그리고 이러한 집단적 존재의 핵심은 친절인데, Rousseau는 이를'pitié'라는 항목 아래에 분석하였고,이는'연민'으로 번역되지만, Hume과Smith가 정의한'공감'에 훨씬 더 가깝다.
[고3] 2024년09월–35번:전문적수집가를위한딜러의광범위한역할
①The best dealers offer a much broader service than merely having their goods on display and 'selling from stock'.
최고의 판매업자는 단지 상품을 전시하고'재고로 있는 것을 판매하는 것'보다 훨씬 더 폭넓은 서비스를 제공한다.
②Once they know the needs of a particular collector they can actively seek specific items to fill gaps in the collection.
특정 수집가의 필요를 알게 되면,그들은 소장품의 빈 틈을 채우려 특정 물품을 적극적으로 찾을 수 있다.
③Because it is their business, to which they devote themselves full-time, they will inevitably have a much wider network than any non-professional collector can ever develop.
그것이 그들이 전업으로 하는 사업이기 때문에,그들은 여태껏 어느 비전문 수집가가 구축할 수 있는 것보다도 훨씬 더 넓은 조직망을 필연적으로 갖출 것이다.
④As a matter of course they can enquire about the availability of pieces from dealers in other cities and, most crucially in some categories, from overseas.
당연히 그들은 다른 도시의 판매업자들에게,그리고 가장 중요하게 일부 범주에서는 해외의 판매업자들에게도 작품의 구매 가능 여부를 문의할 수 있다.
⑤They will be routinely informed of news of all auctions and important private sales, and should be well-enough connected to hear occasionally of items which are not yet quite on sale but might be available for a certain price.
그들은 모든 경매와 중요한 개인 판매 소식에 대해 정례적으로 정보를 받을 것이며,아직 판매되지 않았지만 특정 가격에 구매할 수 있을 물품에 대해 가끔 소식을 들을 수 있도록 충분히 연결망을 갖추고 있을 것이다.
⑥In turn, they can circulate their own contacts with 'want-lists' of desired items or subjects, multiplying their client collectors' chances of expanding their collections.
결과적으로,그들은 원하는 물품이나 대상의'필요 품목표'를 자신들이 연락하는 이들에게 배포하여,자신들의 고객 수집가의 소장품 확장 기회를 배가할 수 있다.
[고3] 2024년09월–36번:학습은새로운정보가기존지식패턴에어떻게영향을미치는지에대한설명
①If learning were simply a matter of accumulating lists of facts, then it shouldn't make any difference if we are presented with information that is just a little bit beyond what we already know or totally new information.
학습이 단순히 사실의 목록을 축적하는 문제라면,우리가 이미 알고 있는 것을 조금 넘어서는 정보가 제공되거나 완전히 새로운 정보가 제공되더라도 아무런 차이가 없을 것이다.
②Each fact would simply be stored separately.
각 사실은 단순히 개별적으로 저장될 것이다.
③According to connectionist theory, however, our knowledge is organized into patterns of activity, and each time we learn something new we have to modify the old patterns so as to keep the old material while adding the new information.
그러나 연결주의 이론에 따르면,우리의 지식은 활동 패턴으로 조직되며,우리가 새로운 것을 배울 때마다 새로 운 정보를 추가하면서 이전 자료를 유지하기 위해 기존 패턴을 수정해야 한다.
④The adjustments are clearly smallest when the new information is only slightly new ― when it is compatible with what we already know, so that the old patterns need only a little bit of adjustment to accommodate the new knowledge.
새로운 정보가 약간만 새로운 것일 때,즉 그것이 우리가 이미 알고 있는 것과 양립할 수 있어서,새로운 지식을 수용하기 위해 기존 패턴을 약간만 조정하면 될 때 조정은 분명 가장 적다.
⑤If we are trying to understand something totally new, however, we need to make larger adjustments to the units of the patterns we already have, which requires changing the strengths of large numbers of connections in our brain, and this is a difficult, tiring process.
그러나 완전히 새로운 것을 이해하려고 한다면,우리는 이미 가지고 있는 패턴의 단위를 더 크게 조정해야 하는데,이를 위해서는 우리 뇌의 수많은 연결 강도를 변경해야 하며,이것은 어렵고 피곤한 과정이다.
[고3] 2024년09월–37번:동물의건강을유지하는선천적본능과행동
①The generally close connection between health and what animals want exists because wanting to obtain the right things and wanting to avoid the wrong ones are major ways in which animals keep themselves healthy.
올바른 것을 얻고자 하는 것과 잘못된 것을 피하고자 하는 것은 동물이 자신의 건강을 유지하는 주요한 방법이기 때문에 건강과 동물이 원하는 것 사이에는 일반적으로 밀접한 관계가 존재한다.
②Animals have evolved many different ways of maintaining their health and then regaining it again once it has been damaged, such as an ability to heal wounds when they are injured and an amazingly complex immune system for warding off infection.
동물은 다쳤을 때 상처를 치유하는 능력과 감염을 막기 위한 놀랍도록 복잡한 면역 체계와 같은,건강을 유지하고 그러고는 건강이 손상되었을 때 이를 되찾는 많은 다양한 방법을 발달시켜 왔다.
③Animals are equally good, however, at dealing with injury and disease before they even happen.
그러나 동물은 부상과 질병이 발생하기 전에 대처하는 능력도 똑같이 뛰어나다.
④They have evolved a complex set of mechanisms for anticipating and avoiding danger altogether.
동물은 위험을 예측하고 완전히 피하기 위한 복잡한 메커니즘을 발달시켜 왔다.
⑤They can take pre-emptive action so that the worst never happens.
그들은 최악의 상황이 발생하지 않도록 선제 조치를 취할 수 있다.
⑥They start to want things that will be necessary for their health and survival not for now but for some time in the future.
그들은 지금이 아니라 미래 언젠가의 건강과 생존에 필요할 것들을 원하기 시작한다.
[고3] 2024년09월–38번:로봇설계에서자기인식능력의중요성
①People involved in the conception and engineering of robots designed to perceive and act know how fundamental is the ability to discriminate oneself from other entities in the environment.
인지하고 행동하도록 설계된 로봇의 구상과 엔지니어링에 관여하는 사람들은 주위의 다른 실재물과 자신을 구별하는 능력이 얼마나 핵심적인지 알고 있다.
②Without such an ability, no goal-oriented action would be possible.
그러한 능력이 없으면 목표 지향적인 행동은 불가능할 것이다.
③Imagine that you have to build a robot able to search for blocks scattered in a room in order to pile them.
여러분이 블록을 쌓기 위해 방에 흩어져 있는 블록을 찾을 수 있는 로봇을 만들어야 한다고 상상해 보라.
④Even this simple task would require that your machine be able to discriminate between stimulation that originates from its own machinery and stimulation that originates from the blocks in the environment.
이 간단한 작업을 하기 위해서도 기계는 자신의 시스템에서 발생하는 자극과 주위의 블록에서 발생하는 자극을 구별할 수 있어야 할 것이다.
⑤Suppose that you equip your robot with an artificial eye and an artificial arm to detect, grab, and pile the blocks.
로봇에 인공 눈과 인공 팔을 갖추게 하여 블록을 감지하고,잡고,쌓도록 한다고 가정해 보라.
⑥To be successful, your machine will have to have some built-in system enabling it to discriminate between the detection of a block and the detection of its own arm.
(이 작업을)성공적으로 수행하려면 여러분의 기계에는 그것이 블록 감지와 자신의 팔 감지를 구별할 수 있게 해주는 어떤 시스템이 내장되어 있어야 할 것이다.
⑦If not, the robot might endlessly chase itself rather than the blocks.
그렇지 않으면 로봇이 블록이 아닌 자기 자신을 끝없이 쫓아갈 수도 있다.
⑧Your robot would engage in circular, self-centered acts that would drive it away from the target or external goal.
로봇은 자신을 목표물이나 외부 목표에서 멀어지게 하는 순환적이고 자기중심적인 행동을 하게 될 것이다.
[고3] 2024년09월–39번:미래생태계를예측하고관리하는데있어불확실성
①To decide whether and how to intervene in ecosystems, protected area managers normally need a reasonably clear idea of what future ecosystems would be like if they did not intervene.
생태계에 개입할지 여부와 방법을 결정하기 위해 보호 지역 관리자는 자신이 개입하지 않을 경우 미래의 생태계가 어떨지 일반적으로 상당히 명확하게 알고 있을 필요가 있다.
②Management practices usually involve defining a more desirable future condition and implementing management actions designed to push or guide ecosystems toward that condition.
관리 관행에는 대체로 더 바람직한 미래 상태를 규정하고 생태계를 그 상태 쪽으로 밀고 가거나 이끌도록 설계된 관리 조치를 실행하는 것이 포함된다.
③Managers need confidence in the likely outcomes of their interventions.
관리자는 개입의 가능한 결과에 대한 확신이 필요하다.
④This traditional and inherently logical approach requires a high degree of predictive ability, and predictions must be developed at appropriate spatial and temporal scales, often localized and near-term.
이러한 전통적이고 본질적으로 논리적인 접근 방식은 높은 수준의 예측 능력을 필요로 하며,예측은 적절한 공간적,시간적 규모에서,종종 국지적이고 단기적인 규모로 이루어져야 한다.
⑤Unfortunately, at the scales, accuracy, and precision most useful to protected area management, the future not only promises to be unprecedented, but it also promises to be unpredictable.
안타깝게도 보호 지역 관리에 가장 유용한 규모,정확성,정밀도를 고려할 때 미래는 전례가 없을 뿐만 아니라 예측할 수 없는 것이 될 것이다.
⑥To illustrate this, consider the uncertainties involved in predicting climatic changes, how ecosystems are likely to respond to climatic changes, and the likely efficacy of actions that might be taken to counter adverse effects of climatic changes.
이를 설명하기 위해 기후 변화 예측과 관련된 불확실성,생태계가 기후 변화에 어떻게 반응할 것인지,그리고 기후 변화의 해로운 영향에 대응하기 위해 취할 수도 있을 조치의 가능한 효율을 고려해 보라.
⑦Comparable uncertainties surround the nature and magnitude of future changes in other ecosystem stressors.
다른 생태계 스트레스 요인의 미래 변화의 성격과 규모에서도 비슷한 불확실성이 존재한다.
[고3] 2024년09월–40번:인간언어가다른동물의소통방식과차별화되는이유
①Human speech differs from the cries of other species in many ways.
인간의 말은 다른 종의 울음소리와 여러 가지 면에서 다르다.
②One very important distinction is that all other animals use one call for one message as the general principle of communication.
매우 중요한 한 가지 차이는 다른 모든 동물은 의사소통의 일반적인 원칙으로 하나의 메시지에 하나의 울음소리를 사용한다는 것이다.
③This means that the number of possible messages is very restricted.
이는 가능한 메시지의 수가 매우 제한적임을 의미한다.
④If a new message is to be included in the system, a new sound has to be introduced, too.
새로운 메시지가 시스템에 포함되려면,새로운 소리도 도입되어야 한다.
⑤After the first few tens of sounds it becomes difficult to invent new distinctive sounds, and also to remember them for the next time they are needed.
처음 몇십 개의 소리가 있고 난 후에는 새로운 독특한 소리를 만들어 내는 것뿐만 아니라 다음에 필요할 때를 위해 그것을 기억하는 것 또한 어려워진다.
⑥Human speech builds on the principle of combining a restricted number of sounds into an unlimited number of messages.
인간의 말은 제한된 수의 소리를 결합하여 무제한적인 수의 메시지를 만들어 내는 원리를 기반으로 한다.
⑦In a typical human language there are something like thirty or forty distinctive speech sounds.
일반적인 인간의 언어에는 대략30개 또는40개의 독특한 말소리가 있다.
⑧These sounds can be combined into chains to form a literally unlimited number of words.
이 소리들을 연쇄적으로 결합하여 말 그대로 무제한적인 수의 단어를 만들 수 있다.
⑨Even a small child, who can communicate by only one word at a time, uses a system for communication that is infinitely superior to any system utilized by any other animal.
심지어 한 번에 한 단어로만 의사소통을 할 수 있는 어린아이도 다른 어느 동물이 활용하는 어떤 시스템보다 엄청 더 뛰어난 의사소통 시스템을 사용한다.
⑩[요약문] In animal cries, each call represents a different message, which limits the number of possible messages, whereas human language creates an unlimited number of messages using a finite set of distinctive sounds.
[요약문]동물의 울음소리에서 각각의 울음소리는 서로 다른 메시지를 나타내므로 가능한 메시지의 수가 제한되는 반면,인간의 언어는 한정된 수의 독특한 소리 집합을 사용하여 무한한 수의 메시지를 만들어 낸다.
[고3] 2024년09월–41~42번:시와일상언어의차이와시의새로운언어적가능성
①People are correct when they feel that the written poetry of literate societies and the oral poetry of non-literate ones differ considerably from the everyday language spoken in the community.
사람들이 문자 기반 사회에서 문자로 쓰인 시와 문자에 의존하지 않는 사회에서 말로 전달되는 시가 공동체에서 사용되는 일상의 언어와 상당히 다르다고 느낄 때 그들은 옳은 것이다.
②Listeners not only accept the strange use of words, rearrangement of word order, assonance, alliteration, rhythm, rhyme, compression of thought, and so on ― they actually expect to find these things in poetry and they are disappointed when poetry does not sound "poetic."
감상자는 단어의 낯선 사용,어순의 재배열,유운,두운,운율,운,사고의 압축 등을 받아들일 뿐만 아니라 실제로 시에서 이러한 요소들을 발견하기를 기대하며,시가'시적으로'들리지 않을 때는 실망한다.
③But those who regard poetry as a different category of language altogether are deaf to the true achievements of the poet.
그러나 시를 완전히 다른 범주의 언어로 간주하는 사람들은 시인의 진정한 업적에 귀를 기울이지 않는다.
④Rather, the poet artfully manipulates the same raw materials of his language as are used in everyday speech; his skill is to find new possibilities in the resources already in the language.
오히려 시인은 일상의 언어에서 사용되는 것과 동일한 언어의 원료를 교묘히 조작하는데,그의 솜씨는 이미 언어에 있는 자원에서 새로운 가능성을 찾아내는 것이다.
⑤In much the same way that people living at the seashore become so accustomed to the sound of waves that they no longer hear it, most of us have become insensitive to the flood tide of words, millions of them every day, that hit our eardrums.
바닷가에 사는 사람들이 파도 소리에 너무 익숙해져서 더 이상 그것을 듣지 못하는 것과 아주 마찬가지로,우리 대부분은 고막을 때리는 매일 수백만 단어로 홍수처럼 쏟아지는 말에 무감각하게 된다.
⑥One function of poetry is to depict the world with a fresh perception ― to make it strange ― so that we will listen to language once again.
시의 한 가지 기능은 신선한 인식으로 세상을 묘사하여,즉 그것을 낯설게 만들어서,우리가 다시 한번 언어에 귀를 기울이게 하는 것이다.
⑦But the successful poet never departs so far into the strange world of language that none of his listeners can follow him.
그러나 성공을 이룬 시인은 낯선 언어의 세계로 결코 자신의 청취자 중 누구도 자신을 따라가지 못할 만큼 멀리 떠나지는 않는다.
⑧He still remains the communicator, the man of speech.
그는 여전히(효과적인)전달자,즉 언어의 능숙한 사용자로 남아 있다.
[고3] 2024년09월–43~45번:두번째손구매앱을통해식물을구매한경험
①Helen was thrilled when she received a notification on a second-hand shopping app from a seller named Anna.
Helen은 중고 쇼핑 앱에서Anna라는 판매자로부터 알림을 받았을 때 매우 기뻤다.
②For months, she had been looking for aPhilodendron gloriosum, a Colombian plant with dark, velvety leaves shaped like hearts.
그녀는 몇 달 동안 하트 모양의 짙은 벨벳 같은 잎을 가진 콜롬비아 식물인Philodendron gloriosum을 찾고 있었다.
③She had almost given up on getting one.
그녀는 이 식물을 구하는 것을 거의 포기할 뻔했다.
④Anna, though, had put one up for sale.
하지만Anna가 한 그루를 매물로 내놓았다.
⑤The posting read, "I'm selling my favorite plant, because I'm moving abroad.
게시글에는"해외로 이사하게 되어 제가 제일 좋아하는 식물을 팔려고 합니다.
⑥If you pick it up today from Edincester Heights, you can have it for the current price, which is half the market rate."
오늘Edincester Heights에서 이 식물을 가져가시면 시장 시세의 절반 가격인 현재 가격으로 가져가실 수 있습니다."라고 적혀 있었다.
⑦Helen immediately messaged the seller.
Helen은 즉시 판매자에게 메시지를 보냈다.
⑧"Hello! I'm interested in purchasing your plant.
"안녕하세요!제가 당신의 식물을 구매하고 싶어요.
⑨If it works for your schedule, I can be there in 10 minutes!"
일정이 맞으신다면, 10분 안에 거기로 갈 수 있을 것 같아요!"
⑩Anna replied, "Hi, there! I am at work right now, but my housemate, Julia, can meet you in front of the building."
Anna는"안녕하세요!저는 지금 일하는 중이지만,제 룸메이트Julia가 당신을 건물 앞에서 만날 수 있어요."라고 답했다.
⑪Unable to believe her good luck, Helen typed back in excitement, "Great!
Helen은 자신의 행운을 믿지 못한 채 흥분하여"좋아요!
⑫I can leave now. I'll wear a black baseball cap."
저는 지금 출발할 수 있어요.검은 야구 모자를 쓰고 있을게요."라고 답장했다.
⑬Arriving at the building, Helen could identify Julia by the large paper bag she was holding.
건물에 도착했을 때Helen은Julia가 들고 있는 커다란 종이봉투로 그녀를 알아볼 수 있었다.
⑭The bag had leaves sticking out of the top.
그 봉투의 윗부분에는 나뭇잎이 삐져나와 있었다.
⑮She said, "You must be Julia!"
그녀는"당신이Julia가 틀림없겠군요!"라고 말했다.
⑯Laughing, the woman said, "Yes! Please take good care of this plant.
그 여자는 웃으며"네!이 식물을 잘 돌봐주세요.
⑰Anna had it for six years, so she considers it family."
6년 동안 키워서Anna는 이 식물이 가족이라고 생각해요."라고 말했다.
⑱From the bag, she pulled out another plant, a tiny one with thick, glossy leaves.
그녀는 봉투에서 두껍고 윤기 나는 잎을 가진 작은 식물 하나를 더 꺼냈다.
⑲"Are you familiar with this? It's called a Dragon's Tail.
"이것을 잘 아세요?용의 꼬리라고 해요.
⑳My housemate said you could take it too, if you'd like."
제 룸메이트가 당신이 원한다면 이것도 가져가도 된다고 했어요."
㉑Helen exclaimed, "Yes, I'd love to!
Helen이"네,그러고 싶어요!
㉒Please thank Anna for me.
Anna에게 저를 대신해서 고맙다고 전해주세요.
㉓Both are in such wonderful condition.
둘 다 정말 멋진 상태네요.
㉔Do you have any tips for keeping them in good shape?"
그것들을 상태가 좋게 유지하기 위한 어떤 팁이 있나요?"라고 외쳤다.
㉕Handing over the bag, Julia replied, "I'm not a plant expert, but I know that Anna kept them away from windows to avoid direct sunlight.
Julia는 봉투를 건네며"제가 식물 전문가는 아니지만Anna가 직사광선을 피하고자 그것들을 창문에서 멀리 두었다는 건 알아요.
㉖Why don't you message her?
그녀에게 메시지를 보내보는 건 어떠세요?
㉗She would be happy to offer advice."
그녀가 기꺼이 조언을 해줄 거예요."
㉘"I'll be sure to do that," Helen said, as she handed over the cash.
③I found that the certification for 100 hours of counseling experience is required for the application.
저는 지원을 위해100시간의 상담 경력 증명서가 필요하다는 것을 알았습니다.
④However, I do not think I could possibly complete the required counseling experience by the current deadline.
그러나 저는 아마도 현재 마감 기한까지 필요한 상담 경험을 완료할 수 없다고 생각합니다.
⑤So, if possible, I kindly request an extension of the deadline until the end of this summer vacation.
그래서 가능하시다면 저는 이번 여름 방학 말까지 마감 기한의 연장을 정중하게 요청합니다.
⑥I am actively working on obtaining the certification, and I am sure I will be able to submit it by then.
저는 증명서를 얻으려고 열심히 노력하고 있고,저는 제가 그때까지 그것을 제출할 수 있을 것이라고 확신합니다.
⑦I understand the importance of following the application process, and would greatly appreciate your consideration of this request.
저는 지원 과정을 따르는 것의 중요성을 이해하며,이 요청에 대한 귀하의 고려에 대단히 감사하겠습니다.
⑧I look forward to your response.
저는 귀하의 회신을 기다리겠습니다.
⑨Sincerely, Peter Jackson
진심을 담아, Peter Jackson드림
[고2] 2024년09월–19번:공항입국심사에서예상치못한상황에긴장한경험
①The passport control line was short and the inspectors looked relaxed; except the inspector at my window.
입국 심사 줄은 짧았고 심사관들은 편안해 보였는데,내 창구의 심사관은 예외였다.
②He seemed to want to model the seriousness of the task at hand for the other inspectors.
그는 다른 심사관들에게 당면한 업무의 심각성에 대해 모 범을 보여주고 싶어 하는 것 같았다.
③Maybe that's why I felt uneasy when he studied my passport more carefully than I expected.
아마 그것이 내가 예상했던 것보다 그가 내 여권을 더 꼼꼼히 살펴볼 때 불안감을 느꼈던 이유였다.
④"You were here in September," he said.
"9월에 여기 계셨네요."라고 그가 말했다.
⑤"Why are you back so soon?"
"왜 이렇게 빨리 돌아오셨나요?"
⑥"I came in September to prepare to return this month," I replied with a trembling voice, considering if I missed any Italian regulations.
나는 내가 이탈리아의 규정을 놓친 것이 아닌지 생각하면서"이번 달에 돌아올 것을 준비하기 위해9월에 왔었어요."라고 떨리는 목소리로 대답했다.
⑦"For how long?" he asked.
"얼마나 오래요?"라고 그가 물었다.
⑧"One month, this time," I answered truthfully.
나는"이번에는 한 달 동안입니다."라고 정직하게 대답했다.
⑨I knew it was not against the rules to stay in Italy for three months.
나는 이탈리아에 세 달 동안 체류하는 것이 규정에 어긋나지 않는다는 것을 알고 있었다.
⑩"Enjoy your stay," he finally said, as he stamped my passport.
"즐거운 여행 되세요."그가 마침내 내 여권에 도장을 찍으며 말했다.
⑪Whew! As I walked away, the burden I had carried, even though I did nothing wrong, vanished into the air.
휴!내가 걸어 나갈 때,나는 아무 잘못도 하지 않았는데도,내가 짊어지고 있던 짐이 허공으로 사라졌다.
⑫My shoulders, once weighed down, now stretched out with comfort.
한때 눌렸던 내 어깨가 이제 편한 마음과 함께 쭉 펴졌다.
[고2] 2024년09월–20번:걱정은통제가능한감정이라는점을자녀에게가르치는방법
①Merely convincing your children that worry is senseless and that they would be more content if they didn't worry isn't going to stop them from worrying.
걱정은 의미 없고 그들이 걱정하지 않는다면 더 만족할 것이라고 여러분의 아이들을 설득하는 것만으로는 그들이 걱정하는 것을 멈추게 하지 않을 것이다.
②For some reason, young people seem to believe that worry is a fact of life over which they have little or no control.
어떤 이유로,아이들은 걱정이 자신이 거의 통제할 수 없거나 아예 통제할 수 없는 삶의 사실이라고 믿는 것 같다.
③Consequently, they don't even try to stop.
결과적으로,그들은 멈추려고 노력하지도 않는다.
④Therefore, you need to convince them that worry, like guilt and fear, is nothing more than an emotion, and like all emotions, is subject to the power of the will.
따라서,여러분은 걱정이 죄책감과 두려움처럼 감정에 지나지 않고,모든 감정과 같이 의지의 힘에 영향을 받기 쉽다고 그들을 설득할 필요가 있다.
⑤Tell them that they can eliminate worry from their lives by simply refusing to attend to it.
아이들에게 단순히 걱정에 주의를 기울이려 하지 않음으로써 그들이 자신의 삶으로부터 걱정을 없앨 수 있다는 것을 알려주어라.
⑥Explain to them that if they refuse to act worried regardless of how they feel, they will eventually stop feeling worried and will begin to experience the contentment that accompanies a worry-free life.
아이들에게 그들이 어떻게 느끼는지와 상관없이 걱정하며 행동하는 것을 거부한다면,그들은 결국 걱정하는 것을 멈추고 걱정 없는 삶을 수반하는 만족감을 경험하기 시작할 것이라고 설명하라.
[고2] 2024년09월–21번:산업시대에서창의성과속도가더중요한현대기업의특성
①In today's information age, in many companies and on many teams, the objective is no longer error prevention and replicability.
오늘날 정보화 시대에는,많은 기업과 팀에서 목표는 더 이상 오류 방지와 반복 가능성이 아니다.
②On the contrary, it's creativity, speed, and keenness.
반대로,그것은 창의성,속도 그리고 명민함이다.
③In the industrial era, the goal was to minimize variation.
산업화 시대에서,목표는 변화를 최소화 하는 것이었다.
④But in creative companies today, maximizing variation is more essential.
그런데 오늘날의 창의적 기업에서는 변화를 극대화하는 것이 더 필수적이다.
⑤In these situations, the biggest risk isn't making a mistake or losing consistency; it's failing to attract top talent, to invent new products, or to change direction quickly when the environment shifts.
이러한 상황에서,가장 큰 위험은 실수를 하거나 일관 성을 잃는 것이 아니라,가장 재능 있는 사람을 끌어들이는 것,새로운 제품을 만드는 것,혹은 상황이 변할 때 방향을 빠르게 바꾸는 것에 실패 하는 것이다.
⑥Consistency and repeatability are more likely to suppress fresh thinking than to bring your company profit.
일관성과 반복 가능성은 여러분의 회사에 이익을 가져오기보다 새로운 생각을 짓누를 가능성이 더 높다.
⑦A lot of little mistakes, while sometimes painful, help the organization learn quickly and are a critical part of the innovation cycle.
많은 작은 실수는 때때로 고통스럽지만,조직이 빠르게 배우는 것을 돕고 혁신 주기의 중요한 부분이다.
⑧In these situations, rules and process are no longer the best answer.
이러한 상황에서,규칙과 과정은 더 이상 최선의 답이 아니다.
⑨A symphony isn't what you're going for.
교향 악단은 여러분이 추구하는 것이 아니다.
⑩Leave the conductor and the sheet music behind.
지휘자와 악보는 내버려 두어라.
⑪Build a jazz band instead.
대신 재즈 밴드를 구성하라.
[고2] 2024년09월–22번:재난상황에서정보소통의중요성과소문이퍼지는이유
①Any new or threatening situation may require us to make decisions and this requires information.
어떤 새롭거나 긴박한 상황은 우리가 결정을 내리도록 하고 이것은 정보를 요한다.
②So important is communication during a disaster that normal social barriers are often lowered.
재난 상황 중에는 소통이 매우 중요해서 보통의 사회적 장벽이 자주 낮아진다.
③We will talk to strangers in a way we would never consider normally.
우리는 평상시에는 전혀 고려하지 않을 방식으로 낯선 사람에게 말을 걸 것이다.
④Even relatively low grade disruption of our life such as a fire drill or a very late train seems to give us the permission to break normal etiquette and talk to strangers.
소방 훈련이나 매우 연착된 기차와 같은 우리 삶에서의 비교적 낮은 수준의 혼란조차도 보통의 에티켓을 어기고 낯선 사람에게 말을 거는 것을 허용해 주는 것처럼 보인다.
⑤The more important an event to a particular public, the more detailed and urgent the requirement for news becomes.
어떠한 사건이 특정 사람들에게 중요할수록,소식에 대한 요구가 더 상세하고 긴박해진다.
⑥Without an authoritative source of facts, whether that is a newspaper or trusted broadcast station, rumours often run riot.
그것이 신문이든 신뢰할 만한 방송국이든,사실에 대한 공신력 있는 출처없이,소문은 자주 제멋대로 뻗어 나간다.
⑦Rumours start because people believe their group to be in danger and so, although the rumour is unproven, feel they should pass it on.
소문은 사람들이 자신이 속한 집단이 위험에 처해 있다고 믿어서,입증되지 않은 소문임에도 불구하고,이를 전달해야 한다고 생각하기 때문에 시작된다.
⑧For example, if a worker heard that their employer's business was doing badly and people were going to be made redundant, they would pass that information on to colleagues.
예를 들어,한 근로자가 그의 고용주의 사업이 잘 안되어서 사람들이 해고될 것이라고 들으면,그들은 그 정보를 동료들에게 전달할 것이다.
[고2] 2024년09월–23번:예술과과학모두가문화적맥락에서이해되어야하는이유
①People seem to recognize that the arts are cultural activities that draw on (or react against) certain cultural traditions, certain shared understanding, and certain values and ideas that are characteristic of the time and place in which the art is created.
사람들은 예술을 예술이 만들어진 시기와 장소에 특유한 특정 문화적 전통,특정 공유 지식,그리고 특정 가치와 아이디어에 기반한(또는 이에 반하는)문화적 활동이라고 인식하는 것 같다.
②In the case of science, however, opinions differ.
하지만 과학의 경우에는 의견이 갈린다.
③Some scientists, like the great biologist J. B. S. Haldane, see science in a similar light ― as a historical activity that occurs in a particular time and place, and that needs to be understood within that context.
위대한 생물학자J. B. S. Haldane과 같은 일부 과학자들은 유사한 관점에서 과학을 보는데,특정한 시기와 장소에서 발생하고 그 맥락 안에서 이해될 필요가 있는 역사적 활동으로 보는 것이다.
④Others, however, see science as a purely "objective" pursuit, uninfluenced by the cultural viewpoint and values of those who create it.
하지만 다른 사람들은 과학을 그것을 만들어 내는 사람들의 문화적 관점과 가치에 의해 영향을 받지 않는 순전히'객관적인'일로 본다.
⑤In describing this view of science, philosopher Hugh Lacey speaks of the belief that there is an underlying order of the world which is simply there to be discovered ― the world of pure "fact" stripped of any link with value.
과학에 대한 이러한 관점을 묘사할 때,철학자Hugh Lacey는 단순히 거기에 있어서 발견되는 세계의 근원적인 질서가 있다는 믿음에 대해 말하는데,이것은 가치와 어떠한 연관도 없는 순전한'사실'의 세계이다.
⑥The aim of science according to this view is to represent this world of pure "fact", independently of any relationship it might bear contingently to human practices and experiences.
이러한 관점에 따라 과학의 목적은 이러한 순전한'사실'의 세계를 나타내는 것인데,그것이 인간의 관습 및 경험과 혹여라도 맺을 수 있는 어떠한 관계와도 무관하게 말이다.
[고2] 2024년09월–24번:정신적성숙과책임감의연령에대한사회적기준의문제
①Mental development consists of individuals increasingly mastering social codes and signals themselves, which they can master only in social situations with the support of more competent individuals, typically adults.
정신적 발달은 개인들이 점점 더 사회적 규범과 신호를 스스로 습득하는 것으로 이루어지는데,그들은 더 유능한 개인들,일반적으로 성인들의 도움을 받는 사회적 상황에서만 이를 습득할 수 있다.
②In this sense, mental development consists of internalizing social patterns and gradually becoming a responsible actor among other responsible actors.
이러한 의미에서 정신적 발달은 사회적 양식을 내면화하고 다른 책임 있는 행위자들 사이에서 점차 책임 있는 행위자가 되는 것으로 이루어진다.
③In Denmark, the age of criminal responsibility is 15 years, which means that we then say that people have developed sufficient mental maturity to be accountable for their actions at this point.
덴마크에서 형사 책임 연령은15세인데,이는 그러면 우리가 사람들이 이 시점에서 자신의 행위에 책임을 지기에 충분한 정신적 성숙을 발현했다고 말할 수 있음을 의미한다.
④And at the age of 18 people are given the right to vote and are thereby formally included in the basic democratic process.
그리고18세에 사람들은 투표권을 받고,그것에 의해 기본적인 민주적 과정에 공식적으로 포함된다.
⑤I do not know whether these age boundaries are optimal, but it is clear that mental development takes place at different rates for different individuals, and depends especially on the social and family environment they have been given.
나는 이러한 연령 경계가 최적인지는 모르겠지만,정신적 발달이 다른 개인에게 다른 속도로 일어나고,특히 그들에게 주어져 있는 사회적 환경과 가정 환경에 따라 달라진다는 것은 분명하다.
⑥Therefore, having formal limits for responsibility from a specific age that apply to everyone is a somewhat questionable practice.
따라서 특정 연령부터 모든 사람에게 적용되는 책임에 대한 공식적인 제한을 두는 것은 다소 의심스러운 관행이다.
⑦But the question, of course, is whether it can be done any differently.
그러나 물론 문제는 그것이 조금이나마 다르게 행해질 수 있는지이다.
[고2] 2024년09월–25번: 2022년캐나다의연령대별무급돌봄제공비율비교그래프
①The graph above shows the percentage of people who provided unpaid care to children and adults by age group in Canada in 2022.
위 그래프는2022년 캐나다의 연령 집단별 아동과 성인에게 무급 돌봄을 제공한 사람의 비율을 보여준다.
②Notably, the 35-44 group had the highest percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to children, reaching 59.5%.
특히35~44세 집단은 아동에게 무급 돌봄을 제공하는 사람의 비율이 가장 높았는데,이는59.5퍼센트에 달했다.
③However, the highest percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to adults was found in the 55-64 group.
하지만 성인에게 무급 돌봄을 제공하는 사람의 가장 높은 비율은55~64세 집단에서 발견되었다.
④Compared to the 25-34 group, the 1524 group had a lower percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to children and a higher percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to adults.
25~34세 집단에 비해, 15~24세 집단은 아동에게 무급 돌봄을 제공하는 사람의 비율이 더 낮았고,성인에게 무급 돌봄을 제공하는 사람의 비율이 더 높았다.
⑤The percentage of people providing unpaid care to adults in the 45-54 group was more than twice as high as that in the 35-44 group.
45~54세 집단에서 성인에게 무급 돌봄을 제공하는 사람의 비율은35~44세 집단의 비율보다 두 배 넘게 높았다.
⑥The 55-64 group and the 65 and older group showed a similar percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to children, with a difference of less than 1 percentage point.
55~64세 집단과65세 이상 집단은 아동에게 무급 돌봄을 제공하는 사람의 비율이1퍼센트포인트 미만의 차이로 비슷한 비율을 보였다.
[고2] 2024년09월–26번:동물생태학발전에기여한Charles Elton의생애와업적
①Born in the English city of Liverpool, Charles Elton studied zoology under Julian Huxley at Oxford University from 1918 to 1922.
영국의 도시Liverpool에서 태어난Charles Elton은1918년부터1922년까지Oxford대학에서Julian Huxley아래에서 동물학을 공부했다.
②After graduating, he began teaching as a parttime instructor and had a long and distinguished teaching career at Oxford from 1922 to 1967.
졸업 후 그는 시간제 강사로 가르치는 일을 시작했고1922년부터1967년까지Oxford대학에서 장기간의 훌륭한 교수 경력을 가졌다.
③After a series of arctic expeditions with Huxley, he worked with a fur-collecting and trading company as a biological consultant, and examined the company's records to study animal populations.
Huxley와 함께한 일련의 북극 탐험 후,그는 생물학 컨설턴트로서 한 모피 수집 및 무역 회사와 함께 일했고,동물 개체군을 연구하기 위해 그 회사의 기록을 검토했다.
④In 1927, he wrote his first and most important book, Animal Ecology, in which he demonstrated the nature of food chains and cycles.
1927년 그의 처음이자 가장 중요한 저서인Animal Ecology를 썼고,그 저서에서 그는 먹이사슬과 순환의 본질을 설명했다.
⑤In 1932, he helped establish the Bureau of Animal Population at Oxford.
1932년에 그는Oxford대학에서Bureau of Animal Population을 설립하는 것을 도왔다.
⑥In the same year he became the editor of the new Journal of Animal Ecology.
같은 해에 그는 새로운Journal of Animal Ecology의 편집자가 되었다.
⑦Throughout his career, Elton wrote six books and played a major role in shaping the modern science of ecology.
그의 경력을 통틀어서Elton은 여섯 권의 저서를 썼고,현대 생태학을 형성하는 데 주요한 역할을 했다.
[고2] 2024년09월–29번:경제중심사고에서생태적건강을중시하는관점으로의변화
①One well-known shift took place when the accepted view ― that the Earth was the center of the universe ― changed to one where we understood that we are only inhabitants on one planet orbiting the Sun.
지구가 우주의 중심이라는 용인된 관점이 우리가 태양을 공전하는 하나의 행성에 사는 거주자일 뿐이라고 이해하는 관점으로 바뀌었을 때 잘 알려진 한 가지 변화가 일어났다.
②With each person who grasped the solar system view, it became easier for the next person to do so.
태양계의 관점을 이해하는 각각의 사람이 있어서,그 다음 사람이 그렇게 하는 것이 더 쉬워졌다.
③So it is with the notion that the world revolves around the human economy.
세계가 인간의 경제를 중심으로 돌아간다는 개념도 마찬가지이다.
④This is slowly being replaced by the view that the economy is a part of the larger system of material flows that connect all living things.
이것은 경제가 모든 생명체를 연결하는 물질 흐름의 더 거대한 시스템의 일부라는 관점으로 서서히 대체되고 있다.
⑤When this perspective shifts into place, it will be obvious that our economic well-being requires that we account for, and respond to, factors of ecological health.
이러한 관점이 바뀌어 자리를 잡으면,우리의 경제적 안녕이 우리가 생태학적 건강의 요인에 책임지고,대응하는 것을 필요로 한다는 것이 분명해질 것이다.
⑥Unfortunately we do not have a century or two to make the change.
불행하게도 우리는 변화를 만들어 낼 한두 세기의 시간이 없다.
⑦By clarifying the nature of the old and new perspectives, and by identifying actions on which we might cooperate to move the process along, we can help accelerate the shift.
오래된 관점과 새로운 관점의 본질을 명확히 하고,그 과정을 진전시키기 위해 협력할지도 모를 행동을 밝힘으로써 우리는 그 변화를 가속화하는데 도움을 줄 수 있다.
[고2] 2024년09월–30번:인류의진화과정에서도구사용과식단변화가중요한역할을함
①The first human beings probably evolved in tropical regions where survival was possible without clothing.
최초의 인간은 아마도 의복 없이 생존이 가능한 열대 지역에서 진화했다.
②It is likely that they had very dark skin because light skin would have given little protection against the burning rays of the sun.
밝은 피부는 강렬한 태양 광선에 대한 보호를 거의 제공하지 못했을 것이기 때문에 그들은 매우 어두운 피부를 가졌을 가능성이 있다.
③There is a debate about whether these people spread into other parts of the world or, instead, whether people developed independently in various parts of the world.
이 사람들이 세계의 다른 지역으로 퍼져나갔는지,아니면 대신에 사람들이 세계의 다른 지역에서 독립적으로 발생했는지에 대해서는 논쟁이 있다.
④Whichever the case, it is believed that in time they became capable of spreading out from Africa, eventually to most of the world.
어느 경우이든,언젠가 그들은 아프리카에서부터,결국 세계 대부분의 지역으로 퍼져 나갈 수 있게 되었다고 믿어진다.
⑤This was probably because their physical characteristics changed.
이것은 아마도 그들의 신체적 특성이 바뀌었기 때문일 것이다.
⑥For instance, early hominids probably did not walk upright, but when they developed that ability, they could travel more efficiently.
예를 들어,초기 인류는 아마도 직립 보행을 하지 않았을 것이지만,그들이 그 능력을 발달시켰을 때,그들은 더 효율적으로 이동할 수 있었다.
⑦More important, perhaps, was their development of tool making.
더 중요한 것은 아마도 그들의 도구 제작의 발달이었다.
⑧With tools, they could hunt other animals, so they could consume more protein and fat than their low-energy vegetarian diet would have provided.
도구를 이용하여,그들은 다른 동물을 사냥할 수 있어서,그들의 저에너지 채식 식단이 제공했을 것보다 더 많은 단백질과 지방을 섭취할 수 있었다.
⑨Not only their bodies but also their brains would have been changed with more energy.
그들의 신체뿐만 아니라 뇌도 더 많은 에너지와 함께 변화되었을 것이다.
⑩The brain needs lots of energy to grow.
뇌는 성장하기 위해 많은 에너지가 필요하다.
⑪As their diet expanded, hominids could physically and intellectually expand their territory.
초기 인류의 식단이 확장되면서 그들은 신체적으로 그리고 지적으로 그들의 영역을 확장할 수 있었다.
[고2] 2024년09월–31번:불공정한절차가위로를제공하는이유와공정한절차의심리적영향
①When we get an unfavorable outcome, in some ways the last thing we want to hear is that the process was fair.
우리가 불리한 결과를 얻을 때,어떤 면에서 우리가'가장 듣고 싶지 않은'말은 그 과정이 공정했다는 말이다.
②As outraging as the combination of an unfavorable outcome and an unfair process is, this combination also brings with it a consolation prize: the possibility of attributing the bad outcome to something other than ourselves.
불리한 결과와 불공정한 과정의 결합이 분노를 불러일으키지만,이 결합은 또한 위로의 상,즉 나쁜 결과를 우리 자신 이외의 다른 무언가의 탓으로 돌릴 가능성을 더불어 가져다준다.
③We may reassure ourselves by believing that our bad outcome had little to do with us and everything to do with the unfair process.
우리는 우리의 나쁜 결과가 우리와는 거의 관련이 없었고 불공정한 과정과 전적으로 관련이 있었다고 믿음으로써 우리 자신을 안심시킬지도 모른다.
④If the process is fair, however, we cannot nearly as easily externalize the outcome; we got what we got "fair and square."
하지만 그 과정이 공정하다면,우리는 결과를 거의 마찬가지로 쉽게 외부화할 수 없으며,우리는 우리가 얻은 것을'정정당당하게'얻은 것이다.
⑤When the process is fair we believe that our outcome is deserved, which is another way of saying that there must have been something about ourselves (what we did or who we are) that caused the outcome.
그 과정이 공정할 때 우리는 우리의 결과가 마땅하다고 믿게 되는데,이는 그 결과를 초래한 우리 자신(우리가 무엇을 했는지 또는 우리가 누구인지)에 관한 무언가가 틀림없이 있었을 것이라고 말하는 또 다른 방식이다.
[고2] 2024년09월–32번:서양여성드레스의형태변화를분석한연구결과
①The well-known American ethnologist Alfred Louis Kroeber made a rich and in-depth study of women's evening dress in the West, stretching back about three centuries and using reproductions of engravings.
미국의 잘 알려진 민속학자인Alfred Louis Kroeber는 약3세기 전으로 거슬러 올라가 판화 복제품을 사용하여 서양의 여성 이브닝 드레스에 대한 풍부하고 심도 있는 연구를 수행했다.
②Having adjusted the dimensions of these plates due to their diverse origins, he was able to analyse the constant elements in fashion features and to come up with a study that was neither intuitive nor approximate, but precise, mathematical and statistical.
다양한 기원 때문에 이 판들의 크기를 조정하여,그는 패션 특징에서의 일정한 요소를 분석해서 직관적이지도 대략적이지도 않은,정확하고 수학적이며 통계적인 연구를 구상할 수 있었다.
③He reduced women's clothing to a certain number of features: length and size of the skirt, size and depth of the neckline, height of the waistline.
그는 여성 의류를 스커트의 길이와 크기,목선의 크기와 깊이,허리선의 높이와 같은 몇 가지 특징들로 정리했다.
④He demonstrated unambiguously that fashion is a profoundly regular phenomenon which is not located at the level of annual variations but on the scale of history.
그는 패션이 매년 일어나는 변화의 수준이 아니라 역사의 척도에 위치하는 매우 규칙적인 현상이라는 것을 분명하게 보여주었다.
⑤For practically 300 years, women's dress was subject to a very precise periodic cycle: forms reach the furthest point in their variations every fifty years.
거의300년 동안 여성 드레스는 매우 정확한 주기적인 순환의 영향을 받았는데,형식은50년마다 변화의 정점에 도달했다.
⑥If, at any one moment, skirts are at their longest, fifty years later they will be at their shortest; thus skirts become long again fifty years after being short and a hundred years after being long.
어느 한 시기에 스커트가 가장 길었다면50년 후에 가장 짧아질 것이고,따라서 스커트는 짧아진 데서50년 후에 다시 길어지고,길어진 데서100년 후에 길어진다.
[고2] 2024년09월–33번:기술발전으로인한불평등과노동시장의붕괴가능성
①Over the last few centuries, humanity's collective prosperity has skyrocketed, as technological progress has made us far wealthier than ever before.
지난 몇 세기 동안 기술 발전이 우리를 그 어느 때보다 훨씬 더 부유하게 만듦에 따라,인류의 집합적 부가 급증했다.
②To share out those riches, almost all societies have settled upon the market mechanism, rewarding people in various ways for the work that they do and the things that they own.
이러한 부를 나누기 위해 거의 모든 사회는 사람들에게 그들이 하는 일과 그들이 소유한 것에 대해 다양한 방식으로 보상하는 시장 메커니즘을 채택했다.
③But rising inequality, itself often driven by technology, has started to put that mechanism under strain.
그러나 증가하는 불평등은,그 자체가 기술로 인해 자주 생기는데,그 메커니즘에 부담을 주기 시작했다.
④Today, markets already provide immense rewards to some people but leave many others with very little.
오늘날 시장은 이미 일부 사람들에게는 막대한 보상을 제공하지만 많은 다른 사람들에게는 거의 아무것도 남기지 않는다.
⑤And now, technological unemployment threatens to become a more radical version of the same story, taking place in the particular market we rely upon the most: the labor market.
그리고 이제,기술 혁신에 의한 실업은 우리가 가장 의존하는 특정 시장,즉 노동 시장에서 발생하여,같은 이야기의 좀 더 급진적인 형태가 될 우려가 있다.
⑥As that market begins to break down, more and more people will be in danger of not receiving a share of society's prosperity at all.
그 시장이 무너짐에 따라 점점 더 많은 사람들이 사회의 부의 몫을 전혀 받지 않을 위험에 처하게 될 것이다.
[고2] 2024년09월–34번:전문가들이기초지식을가르치기어려운이유
①It's often said that those who can't do, teach.
흔히 할 줄 모르는 사람이 가르친다는 말이 있다.
②It would be more accurate to say that those who can do, can't teach the basics.
할 수 있는 사람은 기본을 가르칠 수 없다고 말하는 것이 더 정확할 것이다.
③A great deal of expert knowledge is implicit, not explicit.
많은 전문 지식은 명시적이지 않고 암시적이다.
④The further you progress toward mastery, the less conscious awareness you often have of the fundamentals.
숙달을 향해 더 나아갈수록 여러분은 흔히 기본에 대해 덜 의식적인 인식을 지닌다.
⑤Experiments show that skilled golfers and wine aficionados have a hard time describing their putting and tasting techniques ― even asking them to explain their approaches is enough to interfere with their performance, so they often stay on autopilot.
실험들에 따르면 숙련된 골퍼와 와인 애호가들은 자신의 퍼팅과 시음 기술을 설명하는 데 어려움을 겪으며,심지어 그들의 접근 방식을 설명해 달라고 요청하는 것은 그들의 수행에 방해가 되기에 충분하기 때문에 그들은 자주 자동 조종 상태에 있다.
⑥When I first saw an elite diver do four and a half somersaults, I asked how he managed to spin so fast.
내가 한 엘리트 다이버가 공중제비를4회 반 도는 것을 처음 봤을 때,나는 어떻게 그렇게 빨리 회전할 수 있었는지 물었다.
⑦His answer: "Just go up in a ball."
그의 대답은"그냥 공 모양으로 올라가기만 하면 돼요."였다.
⑧Experts often have an intuitive understanding of a route, but they struggle to clearly express all the steps to take.
전문가들은 자주 방법에 대해 직관적인 지식을 가지고 있지만,취해야 할 모든 단계를 분명하게 표현하는 데 고전한다.
⑨Their brain dump is partially filled with garbage.
그들이 이것저것 표현하는 것은 부분적으로는 쓰레기로 차있다.
[고2] 2024년09월–35번:곡물가공과발효과정이영양소보존에미치는영향
①Minimal processing can be one of the best ways to keep original flavors and taste, without any need to add artificial flavoring or additives, or too much salt.
최소한의 가공은 인공 향료나 첨가물,또는 과도한 소금을 넣을 필요 없이 본연의 풍미와 맛을 유지하는 가장 좋은 방법 중 하나일 수 있다.
②This would also be the efficient way to keep most nutrients, especially the most sensitive ones such as many vitamins and anti-oxidants.
이것은 또한 대부분의 영양소,특히 많은 비타민과 항산화물질과 같은 가장 민감한 영양소를 유지하는 효율적인 방법일 수 있다.
③Milling of cereals is one of the most harsh processes which dramatically affect nutrient content.
곡물을 제분하는 것은 영양소 함량에 크게 영향을 미치는 가장 가혹한 과정 중 하나이다.
④While grains are naturally very rich in micronutrients, anti-oxidants and fiber (i.e. in wholemeal flour or flakes), milling usually removes the vast majority of minerals, vitamins and fibers to raise white flour.
곡물에는(즉 통밀가루 또는 플레이크에는)미량 영양소,항산화물질,그리고 섬유질이 자연적으로 매우 풍부하지만,제분이 일반적으로 흰 밀가루를 만들기 위해 대부분의 미네랄,비타민 그리고 섬유질을 제거한다.
⑤Such a spoilage of key nutrients and fiber is no longer acceptable in the context of a sustainable diet aiming at an optimal nutrient density and health protection.
주요 영양소와 섬유질의 그러한 손상은 최적의 영양소 밀도와 건강 보호를 목표로 하는 지속 가능한 식단의 맥락에서 더 이상 받아들여질 수 없다.
⑥In contrast, fermentation of various foodstuffs or germination of grains are traditional, locally accessible, low-energy and highly nutritious processes of sounded interest.
대조적으로,다양한 식품의 발효나 곡물의 발아는 알려진 관심을 받는 전통적이고,현지에서 접근 가능하며,에너지가 적게 들고,매우 영양가 있는 과정이다.
[고2] 2024년09월–36번:너무유능한사람은오히려덜호감가는이유
①It would seem obvious that the more competent someone is, the more we will like that person.
누군가가 더 능력이 있을수록,우리가 그 사람을 더 많이 좋아할 것이라는 점은 명확해 보일 것이다.
②By "competence," I mean a cluster of qualities: smartness, the ability to get things done, wise decisions, etc.
나는, '능력'이라는 것을,똑똑함,일을 수행하는 능력,지혜로운 결정 등과 같은 총체적인 특징을 뜻하는 것으로 말한다.
③We stand a better chance of doing well at our life tasks if we surround ourselves with people who know what they're doing and have a lot to teach us.
우리는 자신이 무엇을 하고 있는지를 알고 우리를 가르칠 많은 것들을 갖고 있는 사람 주변에 있을 때,우리의 인생 과업에서 잘할 더 나은 가능성이 있다.
④But the research evidence is paradoxical:
그러나 연구 증거는 역설적이다.
⑤In problem-solving groups, the participants who are considered the most competent and have the best ideas tend not to be the ones who are best liked.
문제 해결 집단에서,가장 능력이 있다고 여겨지고 가장 좋은 생각을 갖고 있는 참여자들은 가장 선호되는 사람들이 아닌 경향이 있다.
⑥Why?
왜 그럴까?
⑦One possibility is that, although we like to be around competent people, those who are too competent make us uncomfortable.
하나의 가능성은,비록 우리는 능력 있는 사람들 주위에 있고 싶어하지만, '너무'능력 있는 사람들은 우리를 불편하게 만든다는 것이다.
⑧They may seem unapproachable, distant, superhuman ― and make us look bad (and feel worse) by comparison.
그들은 접근할 수 없고,멀고,초인간적으로 보일 수가 있어서,비교해보면 우리가 형편없어 보이게(그리고 기분이 더 나쁘게)만든다.
⑨If this were true, we might like people more if they reveal some evidence of fallibility.
만약에 이것이 사실이라면,사람들이 실수를 저지를 수 있다는 어떤 증거를 드러낼 때 그들을 더 좋아할지도 모른다.
⑩For example, if your friend is a brilliant mathematician, superb athlete, and gourmet cook, you might like him or her better if, every once in a while, they screwed up.
예를 들면,여러분의 친구가 훌륭한 수학자,뛰어난 운동 선수,그리고 미식 요리사라면,여러분은 가끔 그들이 일을 망친다면 그들을 더 좋아할지도 모른다.
[고2] 2024년09월–37번:꿀벌의춤과컴퓨터알고리즘의차이
①A computational algorithm that takes input data and generates some output from it doesn't really embody any notion of meaning.
입력 데이터를 받아 그것으로부터 어떤 출력을 생성하는 컴퓨터를 사용하는 알고리즘은 실제로 의미라는 그 어떤 개념도 구현하지 않는다.
②Certainly, such a computation does not generally have as its purpose its own survival and wellbeing.
분명히,그러한 컴퓨터 계산은 일반적으로 그 자체의 생존과 안녕을 목적으로 하지 않는다.
③It does not, in general, assign value to the inputs.
이것은 일반적으로 입력에 가치를 부여하지 않는다.
④Compare, for example, a computer algorithm with the waggle dance of the honeybee, by which means a foraging bee conveys to others in the hive information about the source of food (such as nectar) it has located.
예를 들어,컴퓨터 알고리즘을,먹이를 찾아다니는 벌이 벌집 안의 다른 벌들에게 그것이 위치를 찾아낸(꿀과 같은)먹이의 출처에 대한 정보를 알려주는 수단인 꿀벌의8자의 춤과 비교해 보라.
⑤The "dance" ― a series of stylized movements on the comb ― shows the bees how far away the food is and in which direction.
그'춤',즉 벌집에서의 일련의 양식화된 움직임은 벌들에게 먹이가 얼마나 멀리 있고 어느 방향으로 있는지 보여준다.
⑥But this input does not simply program other bees to go out and look for it.
그러나 이 입력은 다른 벌들이 나가서 먹이를 찾도록 단순히 프로그래밍하는 것이 아니다.
⑦Rather, they evaluate this information, comparing it with their own knowledge of the surroundings.
오히려 그것들은 이 정보를 주변 환경에 대한 그들 자신의 지식과 비교하면서 정보를 평가한다.
⑧Some bees might not bother to make the journey, considering it not worthwhile.
일부 벌들은 그 이동이 가치가 없다고 생각해서 굳이 그 이동을 하지 않을 수도 있다.
⑨The input, such as it is, is processed in the light of the organism's own internal states and history; there is nothing prescriptive about its effects.
그 입력은,대단한 것은 아니지만,유기체 자체의 내부 상태와 역사에 비추어 처리되며,그 결과에 대해 규정하는 것은 없다.
[고2] 2024년09월–38번:행동전염과바이러스전염의유사점과차이점
①There are deep similarities between viral contagion and behavioral contagion.
바이러스성의 전염과 행동의 전염 사이에 깊은 유사성이 있다.
②For example, people in close or extended proximity to others infected by a virus are themselves more likely to become infected, just as people are more likely to drink excessively when they spend more time in the company of heavy drinkers.
예를 들어,바이러스에 감염된 다른 사람들과 아주 근접해 있거나 어느 정도 근접해 있는 사람들은 그들도 감염될 가능성이 더 높은데,이는 사람들이 술을 많이 마시는 사람들과 함께 시간을 많이 보낼 때 술을 과도하게 마실 가능성이 더 높은 것과 마찬가지이다.
③But there are also important differences between the two types of contagion.
하지만 두 종류의 전염 사이에 중요한 차이점들도 있다.
④One is that visibility promotes behavioral contagion but inhibits the spread of infectious diseases.
한가지는 가시성이 행동의 전염을 촉진하지만,감염성 질병의 확산은 억제한다는 것이다.
⑤Solar panels that are visible from the street, for instance, are more likely to stimulate neighboring installations.
예를 들어,거리에서 볼 수 있는 태양 전지판은 이웃의 설치를 북돋을 가능성이 더 높다.
⑥In contrast, we try to avoid others who are visibly ill.
대조적으로,우리는 눈에 띄게 몸이 아픈 다른 사람들을 피하려고 노력한다.
⑦Another important difference is that whereas viral contagion is almost always a bad thing, behavioral contagion is sometimes negative ― as in the case of smoking ― but sometimes positive, as in the case of solar installations.
또 다른 중요한 차이는 바이러스성의 전염은 거의 항상 나쁜 것인 반면,행동의 전염은 흡연의 경우와 같이,때로는 부정적이지만,태양 전지판 설치의 경우와 같이,때때로 긍정적이라는 것이다.
[고2] 2024년09월–39번:동물의동면과수면의차이
①Sleep is clearly about more than just resting.
잠은 분명 단지 휴식하는 것 이상이다.
②One curious fact is that animals that are hibernating also have periods of sleep.
한가지 호기심을 끄는 사실은 동면하고 있는 동물들 또한 잠자는 기간을 가진다는 점이다.
③It comes as a surprise to most of us, but hibernation and sleep are not the same thing at all, at least not from a neurological and metabolic perspective.
그것은 우리 대부분에게 놀라움으로 다가오지만,동면과 수면은 적어도 신경학적이고 신진대사적인 관점에서 볼 때 전혀 같은 것이 아니다.
④Hibernating is more like being anesthetized: the subject is unconscious but not actually asleep.
동면은 마취되는 것과 더욱 비슷한데,그 대상은 의식이 없지만 실제로 잠들어 있지는 않다.
⑤So a hibernating animal needs to get a few hours of conventional sleep each day within the larger unconsciousness.
그래서 동면하고 있는 동물은 더 큰 무의식 속에서 매일 몇 시간의 전형적인 잠을 잘 필요가 있다.
⑥A further surprise to most of us is that bears, the most famous of wintry sleepers, don't actually hibernate.
우리 대부분에게 더욱 놀라운 점은 겨울에 잠을 자는 동물 중 가장 유명한 곰도 실제로는 동면하지 않는다는 것이다.
⑦Real hibernation involves profound unconsciousness and a dramatic fall in body temperature ― often to around 32 degrees Fahrenheit.
실제 동면은 깊은 무의식과 체온의 급격한 하락을 포함하는데,자주 대략 화씨32도로 떨어진다.
⑧By this definition, bears don't hibernate, because their body temperature stays near normal and they are easily awakened.
이러한 정의에 따르면,곰의 체온은 정상 근처를 유지하고 쉽게 잠에서 깨어나기 때문에 그것들은 동면하지 않는다.
⑨Their winter sleeps are more accurately called a state of torpor.
그것들의 겨울잠은 더 정확하게는 휴면 상태라고 불린다.
[고2] 2024년09월–40번:나이별로타인의평가를의식하는행동차이
①The concern about how we appear to others can be seen in children, though work by the psychologist Ervin Staub suggests that the effect may vary with age.
우리가 다른 사람들에게 어떻게 보이는지에 대한 걱정은 아이들에게서 보일 수 있지만,심리학자Ervin Staub의 연구는 그 영향이 나이에 따라 달라질 수도 있다고 시사한다.
②In a study where children heard another child in distress, young children (kindergarten through second grade) were more likely to help the child in distress when with another child than when alone.
아이들이 곤경에 처한 다른 아이의 소리를 들었던 한 연구에서,어린 아이들(유치원에서2학년까지)은 혼자 있을 때보다 다른 아이와 함께 있을 때 곤경에 처한 아이를 도울 가능성이 더 높았다.
③But for older children ― in fourth and sixth grade ― the effect reversed: they were less likely to help a child in distress when they were with a peer than when they were alone.
하지만4학년과6학년과 같이 나이가 더 많은 아이들의 경우에는,그 결과가 뒤바뀌었는데,그들은 혼자 있을 때보다 또래와 함께 있을 때 곤경에 처한 아이를 도울 가능성이 더 낮았다.
④Staub suggested that younger children might feel more comfortable acting when they have the company of a peer, whereas older children might feel more concern about being judged by their peers and fear feeling embarrassed by overreacting.
Staub은 더 어린 아이들은 또래와 함께 있을 때 행동하는 데 더 편안함을 느낄지도 모르는 데 반해,나이가 더 많은 아이들은 자기 또래들에게 판단받는 것을 더욱 걱정하며 과잉 반응에 의해 창피함을 느끼는 것을 두려워할지도 모른다고 말했다.
⑤Staub noted that "older children seemed to discuss the distress sounds less and to react to them less openly than younger children."
Staub은'나이가 더 많은 아이들은 더 어린 아이들에 비해 곤경(에 처한 아이들)의 소리에 대해 덜 이야기하고,덜 공공연하게 반응하는 것처럼 보였다.'라고 언급했다.
⑥In other words, the older children were deliberately putting on a poker face in front of their peers.
다시 말해서,더 나이가 많은 아이들은 의도적으로 자기 또래들 앞에서 무표정한 얼굴을 하고 있었다.
⑦[요약문] The study suggests that, contrary to younger children, older children are less likely to help those in distress in the presence of others because they care more about how they are evaluated.
[요약문]연구는 더 어린 아이들과는 반대로,나이가 더 많은 아이들은 다른 사람들이 있을 때 곤경에 처한 아이들을 도울 가능성이 더 낮으며,그 이유는 그들은 자신이 어떻게 평가받는지에 대해 더 많이 신경 쓰기 때문이라고 시사한다.
[고2] 2024년09월–41~42번:어린시절권위에대한질문의중요성과성인의대응방식
①What makes questioning authority so hard?
무엇이 권위에 의문을 제기하는 것을 그토록 어렵게 만들까?
②The difficulties start in childhood, when parents - the first and most powerful authority figures - show children "the way things are."
그 어려움은 유년 시절에 시작하는데,이는 최초이자 가장 영향력 있는 권위자인 부모가 아이들에게'사물이 존재하는 방식'을 제시하는 때이다.
③This is a necessary element of learning language and socialization, and certainly most things learned in early childhood are noncontroversial: the English alphabet starts with A and ends with Z, the numbers 1 through 10 come before the numbers 11 through 20, and so on.
이것은 언어 학습과 사회화의 필수적인 요소이고,확실히 초기 유년기에 학습되는 것 대부분은 논쟁의 여지가 없는데,영어 알파벳은A에서 시작해서Z로 끝난다는 것,숫자1부터10은 숫자11부터20보다 이전에 나온다는 것 등등처럼 말이다.
④Children, however, will spontaneously question things that are quite obvious to adults and even to older kids.
하지만 아이들은 어른들과 심지어 더 나이 많은 아이들에게도 꽤 명백한 것들에 즉흥적으로 의문을 제기할 것이다.
⑤The word "why?" becomes a challenge, as in, "Why is the sky blue?"
"왜요?"라는 말은"왜 하늘은 파랄까요?"에서처럼 도전이 된다.
⑥Answers such as "because it just is" or "because I say so" tell children that they must unquestioningly accept what authorities say "just because," and children who persist in their questioning are likely to find themselves dismissed or yelled at for "bothering" adults with "meaningless" or "unimportant" questions.
"그냥 그러니까"혹은"내가 그렇다고 하니까"와 같은 대답들은 권위자들이"단지 그러니까"라고 말하는 것을 아이들이 의심 없이 받아들여야 한다고 아이들에게 말해주며,의문을 제기하는 것을 지속하는 아이들은'무의미한'혹은'중요하지 않은'질문으로 어른들을'성가시게 하는 것'때문에 그들 자신이 쫓겨나거나 고함을 듣는다는 것을 알게 될 가능성이 높다.
⑦But these questions are in fact perfectly reasonable.
하지만 이러한 질문들은 실제로 완벽하게 합리적이다.
⑧Why is the sky blue?
왜 하늘은 파랄까?
⑨Many adults do not themselves know the answer.
많은 어른들은 자신도 그 대답을 알지 못한다.
⑩And who says the sky's color needs to be called "blue," anyway?
그리고 어쨌든 누가 하늘의 색깔이'파란색'으로 불려야 한다고 말하는가?
⑪How do we know that what one person calls "blue" is the same color that another calls "blue"?
한 사람이'파란색'이라고 부르는 것이 또 다른 사람이'파란색'이라고 부르는 것과 같은 색깔인지 어떻게 우리가 아는가?
⑫The scientific answers come from physics, but those are not the answers that children are seeking.
과학적인 답은 물리학에서 나오지만,그것들은 아이들이 찾고 있는 답은 아니다.
⑬They are trying to understand the world, and no matter how irritating the repeated questions may become to stressed and time-pressed parents, it is important to take them seriously to encourage kids to question authority to think for themselves.
그들은 세계를 이해하려고 노력하고 있고,반복되는 질문들이 스트레스가 쌓이고 시간에 쫓기는 부모들에게 아무리 짜증스러울지라도,아이들이 권위에 의문을 제기하도록 독려하여 스스로 생각하도록 그것들을 진지하게 받아들이는 것이 중요하다.
[고2] 2024년09월–43~45번:어린시절의특이한책경험이자녀의성장에미친긍정적영향
①My two girls grew up without challenges with respect to development and social interaction.
나의 두 딸은 발달과 사회적 상호 작용에 있어서 어려움 없이 성장했다.
②My son Benjamin, however, was quite delayed.
하지만,나의 아들Benjamin은 꽤 더뎠다.
③He struggled through his childhood, not fitting in with the other children and wondering what he was doing wrong at every turn.
그는 다른 아이들과 잘 어울리지 않고 언제나 그가 무엇을 잘못했는지 궁금해하며,어린 시절 동안 고생했다.
④He was teased by the other children and frowned upon by a number of unsympathetic adults.
그는 다른 아이들에게 괴롭힘을 받았고 인정 없는 많은 어른들의 눈살을 찌푸리게 했다.
⑤But his Grade 1 teacher was a wonderful, caring person who took the time to ask why Benjamin behaved the way he did.
하지만 그의1학년 선생님은 왜Benjamin이 그가 했던 방식으로 행동했는지 물어보는 시간을 갖는,훌륭하고 친절한 사람이었다.
⑥The teacher was determined to understand Benjamin and to accept him as he was.
그 선생님은Benjamin을 이해하고 그를 있는 그대로 받아들이겠다고 결심했다.
⑦One day he came home with a note from his teacher.
어느 날 그는 그의 선생님으로부터 받은 한 쪽지를 가지고 집으로 왔다.
⑧He suggested I go to the school library.
그는 내가 학교 도서관에 방문할 것을 제안했다.
⑨They were having a sale, and he thought my son would like one of the books.
그들은 판매를 하고 있었고,그는 나의 아들이 책 중 하나를 좋아할 거라고 생각했다.
⑩I couldn't go for a couple of days and was concerned I'd missed the opportunity.
나는 며칠 동안 갈 수 없었고,기회를 놓쳤을까 봐 걱정했다.
⑪When I finally went to the school, his teacher told me that the sale had ended but that the library had saved the book for my little boy.
내가 마침내 학교에 갔을 때,그의 선생님은 나에게 판매는 끝났지만 도서관이 내 아이를 위해 책을 남겨 두었다고 말했다.
⑫I suspected the teacher had paid for it out of his own pocket.
나는 선생님이 그것을 자비로 지불한 것이 아닌가 짐작했다.
⑬It was a storyboard book with a place for a photo.
그것은 사진을 위한 공간이 있는 스토리보드 책이었다.
⑭On each page there was an outline of an animal and a hole so that the face in the photo appeared to be the face of the animal.
쪽마다 동물의 윤곽과 구멍이 있어서 사진 속의 얼굴이 그 동물의 얼굴인 것처럼 보였다.
⑮Wondering if Benjamin would really be interested in the book, I brought it home.
Benjamin이 그 책에 정말로 흥미가 있을지 궁금해하며 나는 그것을 집으로 가져왔다.
⑯He loved it!
그는 그것을 좋아했다!
⑰Through that book, he saw that he could be anything he wanted to be: a cat, an octopus, a dinosaur─even a frog!
그 책을 통해 그는 그가 자신이 되길 원하는 어떠한 것도 될 수 있음을 알았는데,고양이,문어,공룡 그리고 심지어 개구리까지 말이다!
⑱Benjamin joyfully embarked on an imaginative journey through the book, and little did we know, it laid the groundwork for his future successes.
Benjamin은 그 책을 통해 상상의 여행을 즐겁게 시작했고,우리가 거의 알지는 못했지만,그것은 그의 미래 성공을 위한 토대를 마련했다.
⑲And thankfully, his teacher had taken the time to observe and understand him and had discovered a way to help him reach out of his own world and join ours through a storyboard book.
그리고 감사하게도,그의 선생님은 그를 관찰하고 이해하기 위한 시간을 가졌고,스토리보드 책을 통해 그가 자신만의 세상을 벗어나 우리의 세상에 참여하도록 돕는 방법을 발견했다.
⑳My son later became a child actor and performed for seven years with a Toronto casting agency.
내 아들은 나중에 아역 배우가 되었고Toronto에 있는 캐스팅 회사와 함께7년 동안 공연을 했다.
㉑He is now a published author who writes fantasy and science-fiction!
②I am writing to express my deep concern about the recent change made by Pittsburgh Train Station.
저는Pittsburgh Train Station에 의한 최근의 변경에 대해 저의 깊은 우려를 표하기 위해 글을 쓰고 있습니다.
③The station had traditional ticket offices with staff before, but these have been replaced with ticket vending machines.
이전에는 역에 직원이 있는 전통적인 매표소가 있었지만,이것들은 승차권 발매기로 대체되었습니다.
④However, individuals who are unfamiliar with these machines are now experiencing difficulty accessing the railway services.
그러나 이러한 기계에 익숙하지 않은 사람들은 현재 철도 서비스에 접근하는 데 어려움을 겪고 있습니다.
⑤Since these individuals heavily relied on the staff assistance to be able to travel, they are in great need of ticket offices with staff in the station.
이 사람들은 이동할 수 있기 위해 직원의 도움에 크게 의존했기 때문에,그들은 역 내에 직원이 있는 매표소를 매우 필요로 합니다.
⑥Therefore, I am urging you to consider reopening the ticket offices.
그러므로 저는 당신에게 매표소 재운영을 고려할 것을 촉구합니다.
⑦With the staff back in their positions, many people would regain access to the railway services.
직원이 그들의 자리로 돌아오면 많은 사람이 철도 서비스에 대한 접근을 다시 얻을 것입니다.
⑧I look forward to your prompt attention to this matter and a positive resolution.
저는 이 문제에 대한 당신의 신속한 관심과 긍정적인 해결을 기대합니다.
⑨Sincerely, Sarah Roberts
진심을 담아, Sarah Roberts
[고1] 2024년09월–19번:무대에서쓰러진Arthur를구조한Jeevan의이야기
①All the actors on the stage were focused on their acting.
무대 위의 모든 배우가 그들의 연기에 집중하고 있었다.
②Then, suddenly, Arthur fell into the corner of the stage.
그 때 갑자기Arthur가 무대의 한쪽 구석에 쓰러졌다.
③Jeevan immediately approached Arthur and found his heart wasn't beating.
Jeevan이 즉각Arthur에게 다가갔고 그의 심장이 뛰지 않는 것을 알아차렸다.
④Jeevan began CPR.
Jeevan은CPR을 시작했다.
⑤Jeevan worked silently, glancing sometimes at Arthur's face.
⑧Moments later, an older man in a grey suit appeared, swiftly kneeling beside Arthur's chest.
잠시 뒤,회색 정장 차림의 한 노인이 나타났고, Arthur의 가슴 옆에 재빠르게 무릎을 꿇었다.
⑨"I'm Walter Jacobi. I'm a doctor."
"저는Walter Jacobi입니다.저는 의사입니다."
⑩He announced with a calm voice.
그는 차분한 목소리로 전했다.
⑪Jeevan wiped the sweat off his forehead.
Jeevan은 그의 이마에서 땀을 닦아냈다.
⑫With combined efforts, Jeevan and Dr. Jacobi successfully revived Arthur.
협력하여, Jeevan과Dr. Jacobi는Arthur를 성공적으로 소생시켰다.
⑬Arthur's eyes slowly opened.
Arthur의 눈이 천천히 떠졌다.
⑭Finally, Jeevan was able to hear Arthur's breath again, thinking to himself, "Thank goodness. You're back."
마침내Jeevan은Arthur의 숨을 다시 들을 수 있었고, '다행이다.깨어났다.'라고 자신에게 되뇌었다.
[고1] 2024년09월–20번:부모의과도한자랑이자녀에게주는압박과부정적영향
①As the parent of a gifted child, you need to be aware of a certain common parent trap.
영재의 부모로서,당신은 어떤 흔한 부모의 덫을 주의할 필요가 있다.
②Of course you are a proud parent, and you should be.
물론,당신은 자랑스러워하는 부모이고,그리고 그래야 한다.
③While it is very easy to talk nonstop about your little genius and his or her remarkable behavior, this can be very stressful on your child.
당신의 작은 천재와 그 또는 그녀의 놀라운 행동에 대해서 쉬지 않고 말하는 것은 매우 쉬우나,이것은 당신의 아이에게 매우 스트레스가 될 수 있다.
④It is extremely important to limit your bragging behavior to your very close friends, or your parents.
당신의 자랑하는 행동을 당신의 아주 가까운 친구나,당신의 부모에게로 제한하는 것이 매우 중요하다.
⑤Gifted children feel pressured when their parents show them off too much.
영재는 그들의 부모가 지나치게 그들을 자랑할 때 부담을 느낀다.
⑥This behavior creates expectations that they may not be able to live up to, and also creates a false sense of self for your child.
이러한 행동은 그들이 부응할 수 없을지도 모르는 기대를 만들고,또한 당신의 자녀에게 있어 잘못된 자의식을 만든다.
⑦You want your child to be who they are, not who they seem to be as defined by their incredible achievements.
당신은 당신의 자녀가 그들의 엄청난 업적에 의해서 규정지어진 대로 보이는 누군가가 아니라 있는 그대로의 그들이기를 바란다.
⑧If not, you could end up with a driven perfectionist child or perhaps a dropout, or worse.
그렇지 않으면,당신은 결국 지나친 완벽주의자 아이 또는 아마도 학업 중단자이거나 그보다 더 안 좋은 것을 마주하게 될 것이다.
[고1] 2024년09월–21번:부정적상황에서자조그룹의긍정적에너지의중요성
①One valuable technique for getting out of helplessness, depression, and situations which are predominantly being run by the thought, "I can't," is to choose to be with other persons who have resolved the problem with which we struggle.
무력함,우울감,그리고'나는 할 수 없다'는 생각에 의해 현저히 지배당하는 상황에서 벗어나기 위한 한 가지 유용한 기술은 우리가 분투하고 있는 문제를 해결해 본 타인과 함께 있기로 선택하는 것이다.
②This is one of the great powers of self-help groups.
이것은 자조 집단의 큰 힘 중 하나이다.
③When we are in a negative state, we have given a lot of energy to negative thought forms, and the positive thought forms are weak.
우리가 부정적인 상태에 있을 때,우리는 부정적인 사고 형태에 많은 에너지를 투입해 왔고 긍정적인 사고 형태는 약하다.
④Those who are in a higher vibration are free of the energy from their negative thoughts and have energized positive thought forms.
더 높은 진동에 있는 사람들은 그들의 부정적인 사고에서 나오는 에너지가 없고,긍정적인 사고 형태를 활기 띠게 했다.
⑤Merely to be in their presence is beneficial.
단지 그들이 있는 자리에 있기만 하는 것도 유익하다.
⑥In some self-help groups, this is called "hanging out with the winners."
일부 자조 집단에서 이것은'승자들과 어울리기'라고 불린다.
⑦The benefit here is on the psychic level of consciousness, and there is a transfer of positive energy and relighting of one's own latent positive thought forms.
여기에서의 이점은 의식의 정신적 수준에 있으며,긍정적인 에너지의 전달과 자신의 잠재적인 긍정적인 사고 형태의 재점화가 있다.
[고1] 2024년09월–22번:인간의감정이생존에기여한진화적역할
①Our emotions are thought to exist because they have contributed to our survival as a species.
우리의 감정은 그것들이 종으로서 우리의 생존에 기여해 왔기 때문에 존재한다고 여겨진다.
②Fear has helped us avoid dangers, expressing anger helps us scare off threats, and expressing positive emotions helps us bond with others.
두려움은 우리가 위험을 피하는 데 도움을 주어 왔고,분노를 표현하는 것은 우리가 위협을 쫓아내도록 돕고,긍정적인 감정을 표현하는 것은 우리가 다른 사람과 유대하도록 돕는다.
③From an evolutionary perspective, an emotion is a kind of "program" that, when triggered, directs many of our activities (including attention, perception, memory, movement, expressions, etc.).
진화적 관점에서,감정은 유발될 때(주의,지각,기억,움직임,표현 등을 포함하는)우리의 많은 활동을 지시하는 일종의'프로그램'이다.
④For example, fear makes us very attentive, narrows our perceptual focus to threatening stimuli, will cause us either to face a situation (fight) or avoid it (flight), and may cause us to remember an experience more acutely (so that we avoid the threat in the future).
예를 들어,두려움은 우리를 매우 주의 깊게 만들고,우리의 지각의 초점을 위협적인 자극으로 좁히고,우리로 하여금 상황을 정면으로 대하거나(싸우거나)그것을 피하도록(도피하도록)하며,우리로 하여금 경험을 더 강렬하게 기억하도록(그래서 우리가 미래에 위협을 피하도록)할 수도 있다.
⑤Regardless of the specific ways in which they activate our systems, the specific emotions we possess are thought to exist because they have helped us (as a species) survive challenges within our environment long ago.
그것들이 우리의 시스템을 활성화하는 구체적인 방식과는 관계없이,우리가 소유한 특정한 감정은 그것들이 오래전에 우리의 환경 내에서 우리가(종으로서)힘든 상황에서 생존하도록 도움을 주어 왔기 때문에 존재한다고 여겨진다.
⑥If they had not helped us adapt and survive, they would not have evolved with us.
만약 그것들이 우리가 적응하고 생존하도록 도움을 주지 않았었더라면 그것들은 우리와 함께 진화해 오지 않았을 것이다.
[고1] 2024년09월–23번: AI기술이장애인을포함한노동시장에서의포용성증대
①By improving accessibility of the workplace for workers that are typically at a disadvantage in the labour market, AI can improve inclusiveness in the workplace.
노동 시장에서 일반적으로 불리한 위치에 있는 노동자를 위한 일터로의 접근성을 향상시킴으로써, AI는 일터에서 포괄성을 향상시킬 수 있다.
②AI-powered assistive devices to aid workers with visual, speech or hearing difficulties are becoming more widespread, improving the access to, and the quality of work for people with disabilities.
시각,발화 또는 청각 장애가 있는 노동자들을 돕기 위핸AI동력의 보조 장치들이 더 널리 보급되어,장애를 지닌 사람들의 업무 접근성과 업무의 질을 향상시키고 있다.
③For example, speech recognition solutions for people with dysarthric voices, or live captioning systems for deaf and hard of hearing people can facilitate communication with colleagues and access to jobs where inter-personal communication is necessary.
예를 들어,구음 장애가 있는 사람들을 위한 발화 인식 솔루션이나 청각 장애인과 난청인을 위한 실시간 자막 시스템은 동료와의 의사소통과 대인 의사소통이 필요한 일에 대한 접근을 용이하게 할 수 있다.
④AI can also enhance the capabilities of low-skilled workers, with potentially positive effects on their wages and career prospects.
AI는 또한 그들의 임금과 경력 전망에 잠재적으로 긍정적인 영향과 함께 저숙련 노동자들의 능력을 향상시킬 수 있다.
⑤For example, AI's capacity to translate written and spoken word in real-time can improve the performance of non-native speakers in the workplace.
예를 들어,문자 언어와 음성 언어를 실시간으로 번역하는AI의 능력은 일터에서 비원어민의 수행을 향상시킬 수 있다.
⑥Moreover, recent developments in AI-powered text generators can instantly improve the performance of lower-skilled individuals in domains such as writing, coding or customer service.
게다가,최근의AI동력의 텍스트 생성기의 발전은 글쓰기,코딩,고객 서비스와 같은 영역에서 저숙련된 개인의 수행을 즉시 향상시킬 수 있다.
[고1] 2024년09월–24번:고래가기후변화완화에기여하는방식과그가치
①Whales are highly efficient at carbon storage.
고래는 탄소 저장에 매우 효율적이다.
②When they die, each whale sequesters an average of 30 tons of carbon dioxide, taking that carbon out of the atmosphere for centuries.
그들이 죽을 때,각각의 고래는 평균30톤의 이산화탄소를 격리하며,수 세기 동안 대기로부터 그 탄소를 빼내어 둔다.
③For comparison, the average tree absorbs only 48 pounds of CO₂a year.
비교하자면,평균적인 나무는 연간48파운드의 이산화탄소만을 흡수한다.
④From a climate perspective, each whale is the marine equivalent of thousands of trees.
기후의 관점에서 각각의 고래는 수천 그루의 나무에 상응하는 바다에 사는 것이다.
⑤Whales also help sequester carbon by fertilizing the ocean as they release nutrient-rich waste, in turn increasing phytoplankton populations, which also sequester carbon ― leading some scientists to call them the "engineers of marine ecosystems."
고래는 또한 영양이 풍부한 배설물을 내보내면서 바다를 비옥하게 함으로써 탄소를 격리하는 데 도움을 주는데,결과적으로 식물성 플랑크톤 개체를 증가시키고 이는 또한 탄소를 격리한다.그리하여 몇몇 과학자들은 그들을'해양 생태계의 기술자'라고 부르게 되었다.
⑥In 2019, economists from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimated the value of the ecosystem services provided by each whale at over $2 million USD.
2019년 국제 통화 기극(IMF)의 경제학자들은 각각의 고래에 의해서 제공되는 생태계 서비스의 가치를 미화200만 달러가 넘게 추정했다.
⑦They called for a new global program of economic incentives to return whale populations to preindustrial whaling levels as one example of a "nature-based solution" to climate change.
그들은 기후 변화에 대한'자연 기반 해결책'의 한 예로서 고래 개체수를 산업화 이전의 고래잡이 수준으로 되돌리기 위한 새로운 글로벌 경제적 인센티브 프로그램을 요구했다.
⑧Calls are now being made for a global whale restoration program, to slow down climate change.
기후 변화를 늦추기 위해 세계적인 고래 복원 프로그램에 대한 요구가 현재 제기되고 있다.
[고1] 2024년09월–25번: 2022년주요국가들의1인당CO₂배출량비교그래프
①The above graph shows per capita CO₂emissions from coal, oil, and gas by countries in 2022.
위 그래프는2022년의 국가별 석탄,석유,천연가스에서 나온1인당 이산화탄소 배출량을 보여 준다.
②The United States had the highest total per capita CO₂emissions, even though its emissions from coal were the second lowest among the five countries shown.
석탄에서 나온 배출량은 보여진 다섯 개의 국가 중 두 번째로 낮았음에도 불구하고,미국은 가장 높은1인당 이산화탄소 총배출량을 가졌다.
③South Korea's total per capita CO₂emissions were over 10 tons, ranking it the second highest among the countries shown.
한국의1인당 이산화탄소 총배출량은10톤이 넘고,보여진 국가 중 두 번째로 높은 순위를 차지했다.
④Germany had lower CO₂emissions per capita than South Korea in all three major sources respectively.
독일은 한국보다 각각의 모든 세 가지 주요한 원천에서 더 낮은1인당 이산화탄소 배출량을 가졌다.
⑤The per capita CO₂emissions from coal in South Africa were over three times higher than those in Germany.
남아프리카 공화국의 석탄으로부터의1인당 이산화탄소 배출량은 독일의 그것보다 세 배보다 더 높았다.
⑥In Brazil, oil was the largest source of CO₂emissions per capita among its three major sources, just as it was in the United States and Germany.
브라질에서 석유는 브라질의 세 가지 주요한 원천 중에서1인당 이산화탄소 배출량의 가장 큰 원천이었고,그것은 미국과 독일에서도 마찬가지였다.
[고1] 2024년09월–26번:프랑스의여성과학자Emilie du Chatelet의업적과영향
①Emilie du Chatelet, a French mathematician and physicist, was born in Paris in 1706.
프랑스 수학자이자 물리학자인Emilie du Chatelet는1706년에 파리에서 태어났다.
②During her childhood, with her father's support, she was able to get mathematical and scientific education that most women of her time did not receive.
어린 시절에 아버지의 도움으로 그녀는 당대 대부분의 여성들은 받지 못했던 수학과 과학 교육을 받을 수 있었다.
③In 1737, she submitted her paper on the nature of fire to a contest sponsored by the French Academy of Sciences, and it was published a year later.
1737년에 그녀는 불의 속성에 관한 논문을French Academy of Sciences에 의해 후원되는 대회에 제출했으며,그것은1년 후에 출간되었다.
④In her book, Institutions de Physique, Emilie du Chatelet explained the ideas of space and time in a way that is closer to what we understand in modern relativity than what was common during her time.
그녀의 책Institutions de Physique에서Emilie du Chatelet는 당대에 일반적이었던 것보다 현대의 상대성 이론에서 우리가 이해하는 것에 더 가까운 방식으로 공간과 시간의 개념을 설명했다.
⑤Her most significant achievement was translating Isaac Newton's Principia into French near the end of her life.
그녀의 가장 주요한 성과는 그녀의 말년 무렵 아이작 뉴턴의Principia를 프랑스어로 번역한 것이었다.
⑥Emilie du Chatelet's work was not recognized in her time, but she is now remembered as a symbol of the Enlightenment and the struggle for women's participation in science.
Emilie du Chatelet의 업적은 당대에 인정받지 못했지만,현재 그녀는 계몽주의와 여성의 과학 분야 참여를 위한 투쟁의 상징으로 기억된다.
[고1] 2024년09월–29번:조직내다양한부서들이갈등을일으키는구조적요인
①From an organizational viewpoint, one of the most fascinating examples of how any organization may contain many different types of culture is to recognize the functional operations of different departments within the organization.
조직의 관점에서,어떤 조직이 어떻게 많은 다른 문화 유형들을 포함할 수 있는지에 대한 가장 매력적인 예시 중 하나는 조직 내 다른 부서들의 기능적 운영을 인식하는 것이다.
②The varying departments and divisions within an organization will inevitably view any given situation from their own biased and prejudiced perspective.
조직 내 다양한 부서와 과는 필연적으로 어떤 주어진 상황이라도 그들 자신만의 편향적이고 편파적인 관점에서 볼 것이다.
③A department and its members will acquire "tunnel vision" which disallows them to see things as others see them.
한 부서와 그 구성원들은 그들을 다른 이들이 그것들을 보는 대로 볼 수 없게 하는'터널 시야 현상'을 갖게 될 것이다.
④The very structure of organizations can create conflict.
조직의 구조 자체가 갈등을 만들어낼 수 있다.
⑤The choice of whether the structure is "mechanistic" or "organic" can have a profound influence on conflict management.
구조가'기계적'인지 또는'유기적'인지의 선택은 갈등 관리에 깊은 영향을 미칠 수 있다.
⑥A mechanistic structure has a vertical hierarchy with many rules, many procedures, and many levels of management involved in decision making.
기계적 구조는 많은 규칙,많은 절차 그리고 의사결정에 포함된 많은 수준의 관리를 가진 수직적 위계를 갖는다.
⑦Organic structures are more horizontal in nature, where decision making is less centralized and spread across the plane of the organization.
유기적 구조는 본래 더 수평적이고,여기서는 의사결정이 덜 중앙 집중화되고,조직 전반에 걸쳐 펼처진다.
[고1] 2024년09월–30번:자전거전용도로확장으로교통을줄이는도시계획의이점
①An excellent alternative to calming traffic is removing it.
교통을 진정시키는 훌륭한 대안은 그것을 제거하는 것이다.
②Some cities reserve an extensive network of lanes and streets for bikes, pedestrians, and the occasional service vehicle.
몇몇 도시는 자전거,보행자,그리고 수시 서비스 차량을 위한 광범위한 망의 도로와 거리를 마련해 둔다.
③This motivates people to travel by bike rather than by car, making streets safer for everyone.
이것은 사람들이 자동차보다 자전거로 이동을 하도록 동기를 부여하여 거리를 모두에게 더 안전하게 만든다.
④As bicycles become more popular in a city, planners can convert more automobile lanes and entire streets to accommodate more of them.
자전거가 도시에서 더 대중적이 되면,계획자들은 더 많은 자동차 도로와 전체 거리를 더 많은 자전거를 수용할 수 있도록 전환할 수 있다.
⑤Nevertheless, even the most bikeable cities still require motor vehicle lanes for taxis, emergency vehicles, and delivery trucks.
그럼에도 불구하고,가장 자전거를 타기 좋은 도시들조차도 여전히 택시,긴급 차량,그리고 배달 트럭을 위한 자동차 도로를 필요로 한다.
⑥Delivery vehicles are frequently a target of animus, but they are actually an essential component to making cities greener.
배달 차량은 자주 반감의 대상이지만,그것들은 실제로 도시를 더 친환경적으로 만드는 필수 구성요소이다.
⑦A tightly packed delivery truck is a far more efficient transporter of goods than several hybrids carrying a few shopping bags each.
짐이 빽빽하게 들어찬 배달 트럭은 각각 몇 개의 쇼핑백을 실은 여러 하이브리드 차량보다 훨씬 더 효율적인 상품 운송 수단이다.
⑧Distributing food and other goods to neighborhood vendors allows them to operate smaller stores close to homes so that residents can walk, rather than drive, to get their groceries.
음식과 다른 상품을 동네 상인에게 배포하는 것은 그들이 집에 가까운 더 작은 상점을 운영할 수 있게 하고 그 결과 주민들은 식료품을 사기 위해 운전하기보다는 걸어갈 수 있다.
[고1] 2024년09월–31번:유명작곡가들의초기작품이받아들여지기어려웠던이유
①You hear again and again that some of the greatest composers were misunderstood in their own day.
여러분은 몇몇 가장 위대한 작곡가들이 그들의 시대에 진가를 인정받지 못했다고 몇 번이고 듣는다.
②Not everyone could understand the compositions of Beethoven, Brahms, or Stravinsky in their day.
그들의 시대에 베토벤,브람스,스트라빈스키의 곡들을 모든 사람이 이해할 수 있었던 것은 아니었다.
③The reason for this initial lack of acceptance is unfamiliarity.
이러한 초기의 수용 부족의 이유는 낯섦이다.
④The musical forms, or ideas expressed within them, were completely new.
음악적 형식,또는 그 안에 표현된 생각은 완전히 새로운 것이었다.
⑤And yet, this is exactly one of the things that makes them so great.
그럼에도 불구하고 이것이 바로 그들을 그토록 위대하게 만드는 것들 중 하나이다.
⑥Effective composers have their own ideas.
유능한 작곡가는 그들 자신만의 생각을 갖는다.
⑦Have you ever seen the classic movie Amadeus?
당신은 고전 영화Amadeus를 본 적이 있는가?
⑧The composer Antonio Salieri is the "host" of this movie; he's depicted as one of the most famous non-great composers ― he lived at the time of Mozart and was completely overshadowed by him.
작곡가Antonio Salieri가 이 영화의'주인공'이다.그는 가장 유명한 위대하지 않은 작곡가 중 한 명으로 묘사된다.그는 모차르트 시대에 살았고 그에 의해 완전히 가려졌다.
⑨Now, Salieri wasn't a bad composer; in fact, he was a very good one.
인제 보니Salieri는 형편없는 작곡가가 아니었다.사실,그는 매우 훌륭한 작곡가였다.
⑩But he wasn't one of the world's great composers because his work wasn't original.
하지만 그의 작품이 독창적이지 않았기 때문에 그는 세계의 위대한 작곡가들 중 한 명은 아니었다.
⑪What he wrote sounded just like what everyone else was composing at the time.
그가 쓴 곡은 마치 그 당시 모든 다른 사람들이 작곡했던 것처럼 들렸다.
[고1] 2024년09월–32번:새로운매체가인간의사고방식을변화시키는과정
①Every time a new medium comes along─whether it's the invention of the printed book, or TV, or SNS─and you start to use it, it's like you are putting on a new kind of goggles, with their own special colors and lenses.
인쇄된 책의 발명이든 텔레비전의 발명이든SNS의 발명이든,새로운 매체가 나타나 여러분이 그것을 쓰기 시작할 때마다 여러분은 고유의 색깔과 렌즈를 가진 새 고글을 쓰는 것과 같다.
②Each set of goggles you put on makes you see things differently.
여러분이 쓰는 각각의 고글은 세상을 다른 방식으로 바라보게 한다.
③So when you start to watch television, before you absorb the message of any particular TV show─whether it's Wheel of Fortune or The Wire─you start to see the world as being shaped like television itself.
그러므로 여러분이 텔레비전을 보기 시작하면,그것이Wheel of Fortune이든The Wire든,특정 텔레비전 프로그램의 메시지를 흡수하기 이전에 이미 세상을 텔레비전 그 자체처럼 형성된 것으로 바라보게 된다.
④That's why Marshall McLuhan said that every time a new medium comes along─a new way for humans to communicate─it has buried in it a message.
이러한 이유로Marshall McLuhan이 새로운 매체,즉,인간이 의사소통하는 새로운 방식이 나타날 때마다 그 안에 메시지가 담겨 있다고 말한 것이다.
⑤It is gently guiding us to see the world according to a new set of codes.
새로운 매체는 자연스럽게 우리가 새로운 일련의 방식에 따라 세상을 바라보게 한다.
⑥The way information gets to you, McLuhan argued, is more important than the information itself.
McLuhan은 정보가 여러분에게 도달하는 방식이 정보 자체보다 더 중요하다고 주장했다.
⑦TV teaches you that the world is fast; that it's about surfaces and appearances.
텔레비전은 우리에게 세상은 빠르고,중요한 것은 표면과 겉모습이라고 가르친다.
[고1] 2024년09월–33번:개념의중요성과잘못된개념이과학적오류를초래할수있는위험성
①Concepts are vital to human survival, but we must also be careful with them because concepts open the door to essentialism.
개념은 인간의 생존에 필수적이지만,개념이 본질주의로 향하는 문을 열기 때문에 우리는 또한 그것들을 주의해야 한다.
②They encourage us to see things that aren't present.
그것들은 존재하지 않는 것들을 보도록 우리를 부추긴다.
③Stuart Firestein opens his book, Ignorance, with an old proverb, "It is very difficult to find a black cat in a dark room, especially when there is no cat."
Stuart Firestein은"어두운 방에서 검은 고양이를 찾는 것은 특히 고양이가 없을 때 매우 어렵다."라는 옛 속담으로 그의 책Ignorance를 시작한다.
④This statement beautifully sums up the search for essences.
이 말은 본질에 대한 탐구를 훌륭하게 요약한다.
⑤History has many examples of scientists who searched fruitlessly for an essence because they used the wrong concept to guide their hypotheses.
역사는 가설을 이끄는 잘못된 개념을 사용했기 때문에 헛되이 본질을 탐색했던 과학자들의 많은 예를 가지고 있다.
⑥Firestein gives the example of luminiferous ether, a mysterious substance that was thought to fill the universe so that light would have a medium to move through.
Firestein은 빛이 통과할 수 있는 매개체를 갖도록 우주를 가득 채워줄 것이라 여겨진 신비한 물질인 발광 에테르의 예를 제시한다.
⑦The ether was a black cat, writes Firestein, and physicists had been theorizing in a dark room, and then experimenting in it, looking for evidence of a cat that did not exist.
Firestein이 쓰기를,에테르는 검은 고양이였고,물리학자들은 어두운 방에서 이론을 세우고,그러고 나서 존재하지 않았던 고양이라는 증거를 찾으며,그 안에서 실험을 하고 있었던 것이었다.
[고1] 2024년09월–34번:소셜미디어에서의'일반적유명인'과전통적유명인의차이
①While social media attention is potentially an instrument to achieve ends like elite celebrity, some content creators desire ordinary fame as a social end in itself.
소셜 미디어 관심은 잠재적으로 엘리트 명성과 같은 목적을 달성하기 위한 도구인 반면,일부 콘텐츠 제작자들은 사회적 목적 그 자체로서 평범한 명성을 원한다.
②Not unlike reality television stars, social media celebrities are often criticized for not having skills and talents associated with traditional, elite celebrity, such as acting or singing ability.
리얼리티 텔레비전 스타들과 다르지 않게,소셜 미디어 유명인들은 연기나 가창력과 같은 전통적인 엘리트 명성과 관련된 기술과 재능을 가지고 있지 않다는 이유로 종종 비판을 받는다.
③This criticism highlights the fact that digital content creators face real barriers to crossing over to the sphere of elite celebrity.
이러한 비판은 디지털 콘텐츠 제작자들이 엘리트 명성의 영역으로 넘어가는 데 있어 실질적인 장벽에 직면하고 있다는 사실을 강조한다.
④However, the criticism also misses the point that the phenomenon of ordinary celebrity reconstructs the meaning of fame.
그러나 이 비판은 또한 평범한 명성 현상이 명성의 의미를 재구성한다는 점을 놓친다.
⑤The elite celebrity is symbolized by the metaphor of the star, characterized by mystery and hierarchical distance and associated with naturalized qualities of talent and class.
엘리트 유명인은 스타라는 은유로 상징되고,신비로움과 계층적 거리로 특징지어지며,타고난 자질의 재능과 계층에 연관되어 있다.
⑥The ordinary celebrity attracts attention through regular and frequent interactions with other ordinary people.
평범한 유명인은 다른 평범한 사람들과의 정기적이고 빈번한 상호작용을 통해 관심을 끈다.
⑦Achieving ordinary fame as a social media celebrity is like doing well at a game, because in this sphere, fame is nothing more nor less than relatively high scores on attention scales, the metrics of subscribers, followers, Likes, or clicks built into social media applications.
소셜 미디어 유명인으로서 평범한 명성을 얻는 것은 게임에서 잘하는 것과 같은데,왜냐하면 이 영역에서 명성은 관심 척도,즉,소셜 미디어 애플리케이션에 내장된 구독자,팔로워,좋아요 또는 클릭의 측정 기준에서 상대적으로 높은 점수 그 이상도 그 이하도 아니기 때문이다.
[고1] 2024년09월–35번:시험준비에서벼락치기가효과적이지않은이유
①Why do we have the illusion that cramming for an exam is the best learning strategy?
왜 우리는 시험을 위해 벼락 공부를 하는 것이 최고의 학습 전략이라는 착각을 하는 것일까?
②Because we are unable to differentiate between the various sections of our memory.
우리가 우리의 기억의 다양한 구획을 구별할 수 없기 때문이다.
③Immediately after reading our textbook or our class notes, information is fully present in our mind.
우리의 교과서나 수업 노트를 읽은 직후에는 정보가 우리 머릿속에 완전히 존재한다.
④It sits in our conscious working memory, in an active form.
그것은 우리의 의식적인 작업 기억에 활동적인 형태로 자리한다.
⑤We feel as if we know it, because it is present in our short-term storage space ... but this short-term section has nothing to do with the long-term memory that we will need in order to recall the same information a few days later.
그것은 우리의 단기 저장 공간에 존재하기 때문에 우리는 마치 우리가 그것을 알고 있는 것처럼 느끼지만,이 단기 구획은 며칠 후 같은 정보를 기억하기 위해 우리가 필요로 할 장기 기억과는 아무런 관련이 없다.
⑥After a few seconds or minutes, working memory already starts disappearing, and after a few days, the effect becomes enormous: unless you retest your knowledge, memory vanishes.
몇 초 또는 몇 분 후,작업 기억은 이미 사라지기 시작하고,며칠 후 그 영향은 엄청나게 되어,여러분이 자신의 지식을 다시 테스트하지 않으면 기억은 사라진다.
⑦To get information into long-term memory, it is essential to study the material, then test yourself, rather than spend all your time studying.
정보를 장기 기억에 넣으려면,여러분의 모든 시간을 공부하는 데에 쓰기보다는 자료를 공부하고 나서 스스로를 테스트하는 것이 필수적이다.
[고1] 2024년09월–36번:거울뉴런이관찰학습에미치는영향
①The discovery of mirror neurons has profoundly changed the way we think of a fundamental human capacity, learning by observation.
거울 뉴런의 발견은 관찰에 의한 학습이라는 근본적인 인간의 능력에 대해 우리가 생각하는 방식을 완전히 바꾸어 놓았다.
②As children we learn a lot by observing what our parents and friends do.
어린이일 때 우리는 우리의 부모와 친구들이 하는 것을 관찰하면서 많이 배운다.
③Newborns, in the first week of life, have an inborn tendency to stick out their tongue if their parents stick out theirs.
갓난아기들은 생의 첫 주에 그들의 부모가 그들의 것(혀)을 내밀면 자신의 혀를 내미는 선천적인 성향을 갖고 있다.
④Such imitation is not perfect.
그러한 모방은 완벽하지 않다.
⑤You may not see the tongue stick out each time you stick yours out at your newborn, but if you do it many times, the tongue will come out more often than if you do something different.
당신은 당신의 갓난아기에게 당신의 것(혀)을 내밀 때마다(아기의)혀가 내밀어 나오는 것을 보지 못할 수도 있지만,만약 당신이 그것을 여러 번 한다면 당신이 다른 것을 할 때보다(아기의)혀가 더 자주 나올 것이다.
⑥Babies babble and later start to imitate the sounds their parents produce.
아기들은 옹알이하고 이후에 그들의 부모가 내는 소리를 모방하기 시작한다.
⑦Later still, they play with vacuum cleaners and hammers in imitation of their parents.
이후에도 여전히,그들은 부모들을 흉내 내어 진공청소기와 망치를 갖고 논다.
⑧Our modern cultures, in which we write, speak, read, build spaceships and go to school, can work only because we are not restricted to the behavior we are born with or learn by trial and error.
쓰고 말하고 읽고 우주선을 만들고 학교에 가는 우리의 현대 문화는 단지 우리가 가지고 태어나는 또는 시행착오를 통해 배우는 행동에 국한되지 않기 때문에 작동할 수 있다.
⑨We can learn a lot by simply watching others.
우리는 그저 다른 사람들을 관찰하는 것을 통해 많이 배울 수 있다.
[고1] 2024년09월–37번:자신의목소리를다르게인식하는이유
①Have you ever been surprised to hear a recording of your own voice?
당신은 당신의 음성 녹음을 듣고 놀랐던 적이 있는가?
②You might have thought, "Is that really what my voice sounds like?"
당신은'내 목소리가 정말 이렇게 들리는가?'라고 생각했을지도 모른다.
③Maybe your accent is more pronounced in the recording than you realized, or your voice is higher than it seems to your own ears.
어쩌면 녹음에서는 당신이 인식한 것보다 당신의 억양이 더 강조되거나,당신의 목소리가 당신의 귀에 들리는 것 같은 것보다 더 높다.
④This is of course quite a common experience.
이것은 당연히 꽤 흔한 경험이다.
⑤The explanation is actually fairly simple.
이 설명은 사실 꽤 간단하다.
⑥There are two pathways through which we perceive our own voice when we speak.
우리가 말할 때 우리 자신의 목소리를 인지하는 데는 두 가지 경로가 있다.
⑦One is the route through which we perceive most external sounds, like waves that travel from the air through the outer, middle and inner ear.
하나는 외이,중이,내이를 통하는 공기로부터 이동하는 파동처럼 우리가 대부분의 외부의 소리를 인지하는 경로이다.
⑧But because our vocal cords vibrate when we speak, there is a second internal path.
그러나 우리가 말할 때 우리의 성대가 진동하기 때문에 두 번째 내부의 경로가 있다.
⑨Vibrations are conducted through our bones and stimulate our inner ears directly.
진동은 뼈를 통해 전해지고,우리의 내이를 직접 자극한다.
⑩Lower frequencies are emphasized along this pathway.
낮은 주파수는 이 경로를 따라 두드러진다.
⑪That makes your voice sound deeper and richer to yourself than it may sound to other people.
그것은 당신의 목소리가 다른 사람에게 들릴 수 있는 것보다 당신 자신에게 더 깊고 풍부하게 들리게 한다.
[고1] 2024년09월–38번:생물의유사성에서아날로그와호몰로그의차이
①Biologists distinguish two kinds of similarity.
생물학자들은 두 종류의 유사성을 구별한다.
②"Analogous" traits are ones that have a common function but arose on different branches of the evolutionary tree and are in an important sense not "the same" organ.
'상사'형질은 공통된 기능을 가지는 것들이지만,진화 계보의 다른 가지에서 생겨났고 중요한 면에서'동일한'기관이 아닌 형질이다.
③The wings of birds and the wings of bees are both used for flight and are similar in some ways because anything used for flight has to be built in those ways, but they arose independently in evolution and have nothing in common beyond their use in flight.
새의 날개들과 벌의 날개들은 둘 다 비행에 쓰이고 비행에 쓰이는 것은 어떤 것이든 그러한 방식으로 만들어져야 하기 때문에 일부 방식에서 유사하지만,그것들은 진화상에 별개로 생겨났고,비행에서 그것들의 쓰임 외에는 공통점이 없다.
④"Homologous" traits, in contrast, may or may not have a common function, but they descended from a common ancestor and hence have some common structure that indicates their being "the same" organ.
대조적으로, '상동'형질은 공통된 기능이 있을 수도 없을 수도 있으나 그것들은 공통의 조상으로부터 내려왔으므로 그들이'동일한'기관임을 보여주는 어떠한 공통된 구조를 가진다.
⑤The wing of a bat and the front leg of a horse have very different functions, but they are all modifications of the forelimb of the ancestor of all mammals.
박쥐의 날개와 말의 앞다리는 매우 다른 기능들을 가지나,그것들은 모든 포유류의 조상의 앞다리가 모두 변형된 것들이다.
⑥As a result, they share nonfunctional traits like the number of bones and the ways they are connected.
그 결과,그들은 뼈의 개수와 그것들이 연결된 방식과 같은 비기능적 형질을 공유한다.
⑦To distinguish analogy from homology, biologists usually look at the overall architecture of the organs and focus on their most useless properties.
상사성과 상동성을 구별하기 위해,생물학자들은 주로 그 기관의 전체적인 구성을 살펴보고 그들의 가장 쓰임이 없는 특성에 집중한다.
[고1] 2024년09월–39번:기후변화로인한해양산소감소의위험성
①Seawater contains an abundance of dissolved oxygen that all marine animals breathe to stay alive.
해수는 모든 해양 동물이 살아있기 위해 호흡하는 다량의 용존 산소를 포함한다.
②It has long been established in physics that cold water holds more dissolved oxygen than warm water does ― this is one reason that cold polar seas are full of life while tropical oceans are blue, clear, and relatively poorly populated with living creatures.
따뜻한 물이 보유하고 있는 것보다 차가운 물이 더 많은 용존 산소를 보유하고 있다는 사실은 물리학에서 오랫동안 확립되어 왔으며,이는 열대 해양은 푸르고 맑고 생물이 상대적으로 적게 서식하는 반면 차가운 극지의 바다는 생명으로 가득한 하나의 이유이다.
③Thus, as global warming raises the temperature of marine waters, it is self-evident that the amount of dissolved oxygen will decrease.
따라서 지구 온난화가 해양 수온을 높임에 따라 용존 산소의 양이 감소할 것은 자명하다.
④This is a worrisome and potentially disastrous consequence if allowed to continue to an ecosystem-threatening level.
만약 생태계를 위협하는 수준까지 계속되도록 허용된다면 이는 걱정스럽고 잠재적으로 파괴적인 결과다.
⑤Now scientists have analyzed data indicating that the amount of dissolved oxygen in the oceans has been declining for more than a half century.
현재 과학자들은 해양에서 용존 산소의 양이 반세기가 넘는 기간 동안 감소해 왔다는 것을 보여 주는 데이터를 분석해 왔다.
⑥The data show that the ocean oxygen level has been falling more rapidly than the corresponding rise in water temperature.
이 데이터는 해양 산소 농도가 상응하는 수온 상승보다 더 빠르게 감소해 오고 있음을 보여 준다.
⑦Falling oxygen levels in water have the potential to impact the habitat of marine organisms worldwide and in recent years this has led to more frequent anoxic events that killed or displaced populations of fish, crabs, and many other organisms.
감소하는 수중 산소 농도는 세계적으로 해양 생물의 서식지에 영향을 끼칠 가능성을 갖고 있으며 최근에 이것은 물고기,게,그리고 많은 다른 생물의 개체군을 죽이거나 쫓아낸 더 빈번한 산소 결핍 사건을 초래해 왔다.
[고1] 2024년09월–40번:원숭이실험에서불공정한대우에대한반응
①Capuchins ― New World Monkeys that live in large social groups ― will, in captivity, trade with people all day long, especially if food is involved.
대규모의 사회 집단으로 서식하는New World Monkey인Capuchin은 갇힌 상태에서 온종일 사람들과 거래를 할 것인데 특히 먹이가 연관된다면 그러할 것이다.
②I give you this rock and you give me a treat to eat.
'내가 너에게 이 돌을 주고 너는 나에게 먹을 간식을 준다.'
③If you put two monkeys in cages next to each other, and offer them both slices of cucumber for the rocks they already have, they will happily eat the cucumbers.
만약 당신이 두 마리의 원숭이들을 나란히 있는 우리에 넣고 그들이 이미 가지고 있는 돌의 대가로 오이 조각을 둘 모두에게 주었을 때 그들은 그 오이를 기쁘게 먹을 것이다.
④If, however, you give one monkey grapes instead ― grapes being universally preferred to cucumbers ― the monkey that is still receiving cucumbers will begin to throw them back at the experimenter.
하지만 만약 당신이 한 원숭이에게는 포도를 대신 준다면,일반적으로 포도는 오이보다 더 선호되는데,여전히 오이를 받은 원숭이는 그것들을 실험자에게 던지기 시작할 것이다.
⑤Even though she is still getting "paid" the same amount for her effort of sourcing rocks, and so her particular situation has not changed, the comparison to another makes the situation unfair.
비록 그녀가 돌을 모은 그녀의 수고에 대한 대가로 같은 양을 여전히'받고',그래서 그녀의 특정한 상황이 변화가 없더라도,다른 원숭이와의 비교는 그 상황을 부당하게 만든다.
⑥Furthermore, she is now willing to abandon all gains ― the cucumbers themselves ― to communicate her displeasure to the experimenter.
게다가,그녀는 실험자에게 그녀의 불쾌함을 전달하기 위해 모든 얻은 것들,즉,오이 자체를 이제 기꺼이 포기한다.
⑦[요약문] According to the passage, if the Capuchin monkey realizes the inequality in rewards compared to another monkey, she will reject her rewards to express her feelings about the treatment, despite getting exactly the same rewards as before.
[요약문]이 글에 따르면,만약Capuchin원숭이가 다른 원숭이와 비교하여 보상에서의 불평등을 알아차린다면,그녀는 이전과 정확히 똑같은 보상을 받더라도 대우에 대한 그녀의 감정을 표현하기 위해 그녀의 보상을 거부할 것이다.
[고1] 2024년09월–41~42번:고등교육의확산과그로인한평가시스템의모순
①Higher education has grown from an elite to a mass system across the world.
고등 교육은 전 세계에 걸쳐 엘리트에서 대중 체제로 성장해 왔다.
②In Europe and the USA, increased rates of participation occurred in the decades after the Second World War.
유럽과 미국에서는2차 세계 대전 이후 수십 년 동안 증가된 참여율이 나타났다.
③Between 2000 and 2014, rates of participation in higher education almost doubled from 19% to 34% across the world among the members of the population in the school-leaving age category (typically 18-23).
2000년과2014년 사이에 졸업 연령 범주 내 집단 구성원 사이에서의 고등 교육 참여율은 전 세계에 걸쳐19%에서34%로 거의 두 배가 되었다.
④The dramatic expansion of higher education has been marked by a wider range of institutions of higher learning and a more diverse demographic of students.
고등 교육의 극적인 확대는 더 광범위한 고등 학습 기관과 더 다양한 학생 인구 집단으로 특징지어져 왔다.
⑤Changes from an elite system to a mass higher education system are associated with political needs to build a specialized workforce for the economy.
엘리트 체제에서 대중 고등 교육 체제로의 변화는 경제를 위한 전문화된 노동력을 구축하려는 정치적 필요성과 관련이 있다.
⑥In theory, the expansion of higher education to develop a highly skilled workforce should diminish the role of examinations in the selection and control of students, initiating approaches to assessment which enable lifelong learning: assessment for learning and a focus on feedback for development.
이론적으로,고도로 숙련된 노동력을 개발하기 위한 고등 교육의 확대는 평생학습을 가능하게 하는 평가로의 접근 방법,즉,학습을'위한'평가와 발달을 위한 피드백에 집중을 시작하면서,학생의 선발과 통제에 있어 시험의 역할을 감소시킬 것이다.
⑦In reality, socio-political changes to expand higher education have set up a 'field of contradictions' for assessment in higher education.
실제로는 고등 교육을 확대하기 위한 사회 정치적 변화는 고등 교육에서의 평가에 있어'모순의 장'을 조성해 왔다.
⑧Mass higher education requires efficient approaches to assessment, such as examinations and multiple-choice quizzes, with minimalist, impersonal, or standardised feedback, often causing students to focus more on grades than feedback.
대중 고등 교육은 최소한이거나 비개인적이거나 표준화된 피드백을 갖춘,시험과 선다형 퀴즈와 같은,평가로의 효율적인 접근 방법을 필요로 하며,이는 종종 학생이 피드백보다 성적에 더 집중하게 만든다.
⑨In contrast, the relatively small numbers of students in elite systems in the past allowed for closer relationships between students and their teachers, with formative feedback shaping the minds, academic skills, and even the characters of students.
대조적으로,과거에 엘리트 체제의 상대적으로 적은 학생의 수는 형성적 피드백이 학생의 마음,학업 기술,그리고 심지어 학생의 성격을 형성하면서,학생과 그들의 선생님 사이의 더 긴밀한 관계를 허용했다.
②Sophie's day began with her alarm clock failing to ring, which had thrown her into an intense rush.
②Sophie의 하루는 그녀의 알람시계가 울리지 않으며 시작되었는데,그것이 그녀를 격심한 서두름으로 던져넣었다.
③After terrible traffic, her taxi finally arrived at the airport, where she was met with endless security lines.
③끔찍한 교통 체증 후에 그녀가 탄 택시가 마침내 공항에 도착했는데,그곳에서 그녀는 끝없는 보안 검색(대기)줄과 마주하게 되었다.
④Sophie kept glancing at her watch with each second feeling like an hour.
④Sophie는 매 초가 한 시간처럼 느껴지는 가운데,계속 자신의 시계를 힐끗힐끗 보았다.
⑤Worried that she could not get to the boarding gate in time, she rushed through the crowds of people.
⑤시간 내에 탑승구에 도착할 수 없을까 봐 걱정하면서 그녀는 수많은 사람들을 뚫고 돌진했다.
⑥Just then, she heard an announcement saying that her flight had been "delayed."
⑥바로 그때,그녀는 자신의 항공편이'지연되었다'고 하는 안내 방송을 들었다.
⑦Letting out a deep sigh, she finally felt at ease.
⑦깊은 한숨을 내쉬며,그녀는 마침내 마음이 편해졌다.
⑧With an unexpected hour to spare, she would have time to relax and browse the airport shops before her journey.
⑧예상치 못한 한 시간의 여유가 생기면서,그녀는 여행 전에 긴장을 풀고 공항 상점들을 둘러볼 시간을 갖게 되었다.
[고3] 2024년09월–20번:소셜미디어에서의잘못된정보확산의위험성
①Truth is essential for progress and the development of knowledge, as it serves as the foundation upon which reliable and accurate understanding is built.
①진실은 진보와 지식의 발전에 필수적인데,그것이 신뢰할 수 있고 정확한 이해가 이루어지는 토대의 역할을 하기 때문이다.
②However, one of the greatest threats to the accumulation of knowledge can now be found on social media platforms.
②그러나 지식 축적에 가장 큰 위협 중 하나가 이제 소셜 미디어 플랫폼에서 발견될 수 있다.
③As social media becomes a primary source of information for millions, its unregulated nature allows misinformation to spread rapidly.
③소셜 미디어가 수백만 명에게 주 정보원이 되면서,그것의 규제받지 않는 특성으로 인해 오정보가 빠르게 퍼지게 된다.
④Social media users may unknowingly participate in creating and circulating misinformation, which can influence elections, cause violence, and create widespread panic, as seen in various global incidents.
④소셜 미디어 사용자는 자신도 모르게 오정보를 만들고 유포하는 데 참여할 수 있는데,이는 다양한 전 세계적 사건에서 보이듯이 선거에 영향을 미치고,폭력을 유발하며,광범위한 공황 상태를 조성할 수 있다.
⑤As creators and consumers, it is our responsibility to take on a greater role in the enhancement of fact-checking protocols in order to ensure accuracy.
⑤(정보)제작자이자 소비자로서,정확성을 확보하기 위해 사실 확인 프로토콜 강화에 더 큰 역할을 맡는 것이 우리의 책무이다.
⑥It is critical that participants safeguard the reliability of information, supporting a more informed and rational public community.
⑥참여자들이 더 사실 이해에 입각하고 합리적인 대중 커뮤니티를 지원하면서 정보의 신뢰성을 보호하는 것이 매우 중요하다.
[고3] 2024년09월–21번:문화적맥락에서인류학자들이현지관찰의중요성을인식한사례
①Around the turn of the twentieth century, anthropologists trained in the natural sciences began to reimagine what a science of humanity should look like and how social scientists ought to go about studying cultural groups.
①20세기에 접어들면서,자연과학에서 훈련받은 인류학자들은 인류학이 어떻게 보여야 하는지와 사회 과학자들이 문화 집단 연구를 어떻게 시작해야 하는지를 다시 생각하기 시작했다.
②Some of those anthropologists insisted that one should at least spend significant time actually observing and talking to the people studied.
②그러한 인류학자들 중 일부는 다른 건 몰라도 연구 대상인 사람들을 실제로 관찰하고 그들과 대화하는 데 상당한 시간을 할애해야 한다고 주장했다.
③Early ethnographers such as Franz Boas and Alfred Cort Haddon typically traveled to the remote locations where the people in question lived and spent a few weeks to a few months there.
③Franz Boas와Alfred Cort Haddon과 같은 초기 민족지학자들은 일반적으로 연구되고 있는 사람이 살고 있는 외딴 지역으로 가서 그곳에서 몇 주에서 몇 달을 보냈다.
④They sought out a local Western host who was familiar with the people and the area (such as a colonial official, missionary, or businessman) and found accommodations through them.
④그들은(식민지 관료,선교사 혹은 사업가와 같이)주민들과 그 지역을 잘 알고 있는 그 지역 서양인 호스트를 찾아내어 그들을 통해 숙박 시설을 구했다.
⑤Although they did at times venture into the community without a guide, they generally did not spend significant time with the local people.
⑤가끔은 그들은 정말이지 가이드 없이 그 지역사회를 탐험하기도 했지만,대개 그들은 현지인들과 상당한 시간을 보내지는 않았다.
⑥Thus, their observations were primarily conducted from their verandas.
⑥그리하여 그들의 관찰은 주로 그들의'베란다'에서 행해졌다.
[고3] 2024년09월–22번:도덕적책임이인간사회에서형성된개념이라는주장
①Even though there is good reason to consider a dog a sentient being capable of making choices and plans ― so that we might suppose 'it could have conceived of acting otherwise' ― we're unlikely to think it is wicked and immoral for attacking a child.
①개를 선택과 계획을 할 수 있는 지각력이 있는 존재로 간주하여,이를테면 우리가'그것은 다른 방식으로 행동하는 것을 상상할 수 있었을 것이다'라고 추정할 수도 있는 타당한 이유가 있더라도,우리가 아이를 공격하는 것에 관해 그것이 사악하고 부도덕하다고 생각할 것 같지는 않다.
②Moral responsibility is not some universal concept like entropy or temperature ― something that applies equally, and can be measured similarly, everywhere in the cosmos.
②도덕적 책임은 엔트로피나 온도 같은 어떤 보편적인 개념,즉 똑같이 적용되어 우주 어디에서나 비슷하게 측정될 수 있는 것이 아니다.
③It is a notion developed specifically for human use, no more or less than languages are.
③그것은 인간이 사용하기 위해 특별히 개발된 개념인데,언어와 별반 다르지 않다.
④While sentience and volition are aspects of mind and agency, morals are cultural tools developed to influence social behaviour: to cultivate the desirable and discourage the harmful.
④지각력과 의지가 마음 및 주체성의 측면인 반면,도덕성은 사회적 행동에 영향을 미치기 위해,즉 바람직한 것을 함양하고 해로운 것을 막기 위해 개발된 문화적 도구이다.
⑤They are learnt, not given at birth.
⑤그것들은 태어날 때 주어지는 것이 아니라 학습된다.
⑥It's possible, indeed likely, that we are born with a predisposition to cooperate with others ― but only within human society do we come to understand this as moral behaviour.
⑥우리는 다른 사람과 협력하려는 성향을 가지고 태어날 수 있고 실제로 그럴 가능성이 크지만,오로지 인간 사회 내에서만 우리는 이것을'도덕적'행동으로 이해하게 된다.
[고3] 2024년09월–23번:일상적현상과이례적현상에대한인간의반응차이
①It is much more natural to be surprised by unusual phenomena like eclipses than ordinary phenomena like falling bodies or the succession of night into day and day into night.
①낙하하는 물체나 밤이 낮으로,낮이 밤으로 이어지는 것과 같은 평범한 현상보다 일식과 같은 특이한 현상에 놀라는 것이 훨씬 더 자연스럽다.
②Many cultures invented gods to explain these eclipses that shocked, frightened, or surprised them; but very few imagined a god of falling bodies ― to which they were so accustomed that they did not even notice them.
②그들에게 충격,공포,또는 놀라움을 주었던 이러한 일식을 설명하기 위해 많은 문화에서 신을 만들어 냈지만,너무 익숙해서 심지어 알아차리지도 못했던,낙하하는 물체의 신을 상상했던 문화는 거의 없었다.
③But the reason for eclipses is ultimately the same as that of the succession of night and day: the movement of celestial bodies, which itself is based on the Newtonian law of attraction and how it explains why things fall when we let them go.
③그러나 일식이 일어나는 이유는 밤과 낮이 연속되는 이유와 궁극적으로 동일한데,즉 그 자체로 뉴턴의 만유인력의 법칙에 기반하는 천체의 움직임과 그것이 우리가 물체를 놓으면 왜 떨어지는지 설명하는 방식이다.
④For the physicist, understanding the ordinary, the habitual, and the frequent thus allows us to account for the frightening and the singular.
④그러므로 물리학자로 말할 것 같으면,평범한 것,습관적인 것,빈번한 것을 이해하여 우리가 무서운 것과 기묘한 것을 설명할 수 있게 해 준다.
⑤As such, it was thus necessary to ask "Why do things fall?" and to have Newton's response to understand a broad range of much more bizarre phenomena occurring at every level of the universe.
⑤따라서 그와 같이,우주의 모든 수준에서 일어나고 있는 다양하고 폭넓은 훨씬 더 기괴한 현상들을 이해하기 위해서, "물체는 왜 떨어지는가?"라고 질문하는 것과 뉴턴식의 답을 하는 것이 필요했다.
[고3] 2024년09월–24번:사무실설계에서변화의중요성
①There are good reasons why open-office plans have gained currency, but open offices may not be the plan of choice for all times.
①개방형 사무실 계획이 유행하는 데는 그럴 만한 이유가 있지만,개방형 사무실이'언제라도'선택할 수 있는 계획은 아닐 수도 있다.
②Instead, the right plan seems to be building a culture of change.
②대신에,올바른 계획은 변화의 문화를 구축하는 것인 듯하다.
③Overly rigid habits and conventions, no matter how well-considered or well-intentioned, threaten innovation.
③지나치게 굳은 관례와 관습은,아무리 깊이 고려되거나 의도가 좋다 하더라도 혁신을 위협한다.
④The crucial take-away from analyzing office plans over time is that the answers keep changing.
④시간이 지남에 따른 사무실 계획을 분석할 때 매우 중요한 핵심은 답이 계속 바뀐다는 것이다.
⑤It might seem that there is a straight line of progress, but it's a myth.
⑤일직선으로 발전하는 것처럼 보일 수 있지만 이는 근거 없는 믿음이다.
⑥Surveying office spaces from the past eighty years, one can see a cycle that repeats.
⑥지난80년의 사무실 공간을 조사해 보면,반복되는 주기를 확인할 수 있다.
⑦Comparing the offices of the 1940s with contemporary office spaces shows that they have circled back around to essentially the same style, via a period in the 1980s when partitions and cubicles were more the norm.
⑦1940년대의 사무실과 현대의 사무실 공간을 비교해 보면 칸막이벽과 작은 개인 방이 훨씬 더 일반적이었던1980년대를 거쳐,다시 본질적으로 동일한 스타일로 크게 한 바퀴 돌아왔음을 알 수 있다.
⑧The technologies and colors may differ, but the 1940s and 2000s plans are alike, right down to the pillars running down the middle.
⑧기술과 색상은 다를 수 있지만, 1940년대와2000년대의 계획은 비슷한데,바로 중앙을 따라 내려오는 기둥까지 그렇다.
[고3] 2024년09월–25번: 2022년4개국의VR과AR인지도비교그래프
①The graph above shows the percentages of respondents who were familiar with the concept of virtual reality (VR) and those who were familiar with the concept of augmented reality (AR) in four countries in 2022.
①위 그래프는2022년4개국에서 가상 현실(VR)의 개념에 친숙한 응답자 비율과 증강 현실(AR)의 개념에 친숙한 응답자 비율을 보여 준다.
②For each country, the percentage of respondents familiar with VR was greater than the percentage of respondents familiar with AR.
②각 국가별로VR에 친숙한 응답자 비율이AR에 친숙한 응답자 비율보다 더 높았다.
③The country with the highest percentage of respondents familiar with AR was South Korea.
③AR에 친숙한 응답자 비율이 가장 높은 국가는 한국이었다.
④The country with the largest gap between the percentage of respondents familiar with VR and that of respondents familiar with AR was Canada.
④VR에 친숙한 응답자 비율과AR에 친숙한 응답자 비율의 격차가 가장 큰 국가는 캐나다였다.
⑤In Japan, the percentage of respondents familiar with VR was greater than 60%.
⑤일본에서는VR에 친숙한 응답자 비율이60%를 넘었다.
⑥The percentage of respondents familiar with VR and that of respondents familiar with AR were lower in Switzerland than in Japan, respectively.
⑥VR에 친숙한 응답자 비율과AR에 친숙한 응답자 비율은 각각 일본보다 스위스에서 더 낮았다.
[고3] 2024년09월–26번:예술과과학을연결한Gyorgy Kepes의생애와업적
①Gyorgy Kepes was an artist and educator born in Selyp, Hungary in 1906.
①Gyorgy Kepes는1906년 헝가리Selyp에서 태어난 예술가이자 교육자였다.
②He studied painting at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Budapest, Hungary.
②그는 헝가리Budapest의 왕립 미술 아카데미에서 회화를 공부했다.
③Then, he studied design and film in Berlin, Germany.
③그 후 그는 독일Berlin에서 디자인과 영화를 공부했다.
④He went to the United States in 1937, and about a decade later, he started teaching visual design at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
④그는1937년 미국으로 건너가 약10년 후 매사추세츠 공과대학(MIT)에서 시각 디자인을 가르치기 시작했다.
⑤He founded the Center for Advanced Visual Studies at MIT to form a community composed of artists and scientists.
⑤그는MIT에 고급 시각 연구 센터를 설립하여 예술가와 과학자들로 구성된 커뮤니티를 만들었다.
⑥His exhibition in 1951 titled The New Landscape became the basis of his book The New Landscape in Art and Science, which was published several years later.
⑥1951년'새로운 풍경'이라는 제목으로 열린 그의 전시회는 몇 년 후 출간된 그의 저서'예술과 과학의 새로운 풍경'의 기반이 되었다.
⑦In the book, he presented images that were not previously available, captured by the latest scientific devices.
⑦그 책에서 그는 최신 과학 기기로 포착한,이전에는 볼 수 없었던 이미지를 선보였다.
⑧In 1995, a museum to house his works was established in Eger, Hungary.
⑧1995년 그의 작품을 소장하기 위한 박물관이 헝가리Eger에 설립되었다.
⑨He was a great pioneer in connecting art and technology.
⑨그는 예술과 기술을 연결하는 데 있어 위대한 선구자였다.
[고3] 2024년09월–29번:산업혁명시기의영국사회변화와문제점
①Victorian England is characterised by the full development of the Industrial Revolution.
①빅토리아 시대 영국의 특징은 산업혁명의 완전한 전개이다.
②England became the first industrial nation in the world and, by 1850, the first nation to have more people employed in industry than in agriculture.
②영국은 세계 최초의 산업 국가가 되었고, 1850년 무렵에는 농업보다 공업에 종사하는 인구가 더 많은 최초의 국가가 되었다.
③Expanding trade coincided with the growth of the Empire and brought great wealth to Britain, but this wealth was not evenly distributed.
③무역의 확대는 대영제국의 성장과 맞물려 영국에 막대한 부를 가져다 주었지만,이 부는 고르게 분배되지 않았다.
④Many enterprising individuals (the 'self-made men') rose from humble origins to positions of wealth and influence, but large sections of the working class were forced into the overcrowded slums of large cities where they worked long hours for low wages in unhealthy conditions.
④많은 진취적인 개인('자수성가한 사람들')은 비천한 출신에서 부와 영향력을 가진 지위로 올랐지만,노동 계급의 다수는 열악한 환경에서 저임금으로 장시간 노동하는 대도시의 빈민가로 내몰렸다.
⑤The manufacturing towns of the north of England provided some of the worst examples and inspired such socially conscious novels as Kingsley's Alton Locke, Gaskell's Mary Barton, and Dickens's Hard Times.
⑤영국 북부의 제조업 도시들은 몇몇 최악의 사례를 제공하며Kingsley의Alton Locke, Gaskell의Mary Barton, Dickens의Hard Times와 같은 사회의식이 강한 소설에 영감을 주었다.
⑥In the south there was London, already the largest city in the world, showing all the crime, evil, and misery which result from overpopulation and unplanned growth.
⑥남부에는 이미 세계에서 가장 큰 도시인 런던이 있었는데,이곳은 과잉 인구와 무계획적인 성장의 결과인 모든 범죄,악,비참함을 보여 주었다.
[고3] 2024년09월–30번:인간의사고방식이예측가능한오류로인해비합리적일수있는이유
①We all like to think of ourselves as rational actors, careful and considered in our thinking, capable of sound and reliable judgments.
①우리는 모두 자신을 신중하고 사려 깊이 생각하며 타당하고 신뢰할 수 있는 판단을 내릴 수 있는 합리적인 행위자라고 여기고 싶어 한다.
②We might believe that we generally consider different points of view and make informed decisions.
②우리는 우리가 일반적으로 다양한 관점을 고려하고 정보에 입각한 결정을 내린다고 믿을지도 모른다.
③We are, in fact, "predictably irrational," as psychologist Dan Ariely titled his book on the topic.
③사실,우리는 심리학자Dan Ariely가 이 주제에 관한 자신의 책에 붙인 제목처럼'예측할 수 있게 비합리적'이다.
④All of us engage in automatic, reflexive thinking, typically taking the easier path and conserving mental effort.
④우리는 모두 자동적이고 반사적인 사고를 하며,일반적으로 더 쉬운 길을 택하고 정신적 노력을 절약한다.
⑤Although we each may have the subjective impression that we are careful thinkers, we often make snap judgments or no real judgments at all.
⑤우리는 각자 자신이 신중하게 생각한다는 주관적인 인상을 가질 수도 있지만,우리가 성급한 판단을 내리거나 실제 판단을 전혀 하지 않는 경우는 흔하다.
⑥In addition, numerous biases inhibit or override reflective, deliberative thought; intuitive theories can also interfere with acceptance of accurate scientific explanations.
⑥게다가,수많은 편향이 성찰적이고 신중한 사고를 억제하거나 무시하는데,직관적인 이론도 정확한 과학적 설명의 수용을 방해할 수 있을 것이다.
⑦Understanding more about how our minds work and how biases may operate can make us each less subject to fallacious reasoning, more rational, and more aware of the problems in others' thinking.
⑦우리의 마음이 어떻게 작용하고 편향이 어떻게 작동할 수 있는지 더 많이 이해하는 것은 우리 각자가 잘못된 추론에 덜 빠지고,더 합리적이며,다른 사람의 사고의 문제점을 더 잘 인식하게 할 수 있다.
⑧Learning to understand the built-in limitations of our mental processes can also help us improve our ability to inform others more effectively.
⑧우리의 정신 과정에 내재한 한계를 이해하는 것을 배우는 것은 우리가 다른 사람들에게 더 효과적으로 정보를 전달하는 능력을 향상하는 데도 도움이 될 수 있다.
[고3] 2024년09월–31번:나방이빛에끌리는이유에대한이론들
①There has been a lot of discussion on why moths are attracted to light.
①나방이 왜 빛에 끌리는지에 관한 많은 논의가 있어 왔다.
②The consensus seems to hold that moths are not so much attracted to lights as they are trapped by them.
②나방이 빛에 끌리는 것이 아니라 빛에 의해 갇힌다는 것이 합의인 것처럼 보인다.
③The light becomes a sensory overload that disorients the insects and sends them into a holding pattern.
③빛은 감각 과부하를 일으켜 곤충이 방향을 잃게 하고 그것이 제자리를 맴돌게 한다.
④A hypothesis called the Mach band theory suggests that moths see a dark area around a light source and head for it to escape the light.
④마하 밴드 이론이라는 가설에 따르면,나방은 광원 주변의 어두운 영역을 보고 빛을 피하고자 그쪽으로 향한다.
⑤Another theory suggests that moths perceive the light coming from a source as a diffuse halo with a dark spot in the center.
⑤또 다른 이론은 나방이 광원에서 나오는 빛을 중앙에 어두운 점이 있는,널리 퍼진 광륜(光輪)으로 인식한다는 것을 보여 준다.
⑥The moths, attempting to escape the light, fly toward that imagined "portal," bringing them closer to the source.
⑥나방은 빛을 피하려고 애쓰면서,상상 속의'입구'를 향해 날아가 광원에 더 가까이 다가가게 된다.
⑦As they approach the light, their reference point changes and they circle the light hopelessly trying to reach the portal.
⑦빛에 가까워지면서 나방의 기준점이 바뀌고 나방은 입구에 도달하기 위해 어쩔 도리 없이 빛 주위를 맴돈다.
⑧Everyone is familiar with moths circling their porch lights.
⑧누구나 현관 불빛을 맴도는 나방에 익숙하다.
⑨Their flight appears to have no purpose, but they are, it is believed, trying to escape the pull of the light.
⑨나방의 비행은 아무런 목적이 없는 것처럼 보이지만,그들은 빛의 끌어당김에서 벗어나려고 애쓰고 있는 것으로 여겨진다.
[고3] 2024년09월–32번:커뮤니케이션기술발전에서투자와수익기대의문제
①One of the factors determining the use of technologies of communication will be the kinds of investments made in equipment and personnel; who makes them, and what they expect in return.
①통신 기술의 사용을 결정하는 요인 중 하나는 장비와 인력에 들어가는 투자의 종류,즉,누가 투자를 하고,그들이 수익으로 무엇을 기대하는지이다.
②There is no guarantee that the investment will necessarily be in forms of communication that are most appropriate for the majority of people.
②투자가 반드시 다수의 사람에게 가장 적합한 통신 형태일 것이라는 보장은 없다.
③Because the ownership of investment funds tends to be in the hands of commercial organisations, the modernisation of communications infrastructure only takes place on the basis of potential profitability.
③투자 기금의 소유권은 상업적 조직의 수중에 있는 경향이 있으므로,통신 기간 시설의 현대화는 오로지 잠재적 수익성을 바탕으로 이루어진다.
④Take, for example, the installation of fibre-optic communications cable across the African continent.
④아프리카 대륙 전역에 걸친 광섬유 통신 케이블 설치를 예로 들어보자.
⑤A number of African nations are involved in the development but its operational structures will be oriented to those who can pay for access.
⑤여러 아프리카 국가가 그 개발에 관여하고 있지만,그것의 운영 구조는 이용에 대한 대가를 지급할 수 있는 국가들을 우선할 것이다.
⑥Many states that might wish to use it for education and information may not only find it too expensive but also simply unavailable to them.
⑥교육과 정보를 위해 그것을 이용하고 싶어 할 수도 있는 많은 국가는 그것이 자국에 너무 비쌀 뿐만 아니라 단순히 이용할 수 없다는 것을 알게 될지도 모른다.
⑦There can be no doubt that the development has been led by investment opportunity rather than community demand.
⑦그 개발이 지역 사회의 수요보다는 투자 기회에 의해 주도되었다는 것은 의심의 여지가 있을 수 없다.
[고3] 2024년09월–33번:도시의공간질과머무는활동의상관관계
①City quality is so crucial for optional activities that the extent of staying activities can often be used as a measuring stick for the quality of the city as well as of its space.
①도시의 질은 선택적 활동에 매우 중요해서,머물기 활동의 정도가 흔히 도시의 공간 뿐만 아니라 도시의 질을 측정하는 잣대로 사용될 수 있다.
②Many pedestrians in a city are not necessarily an indication of good city quality ― many people walking around can often be a sign of insufficient transit options or long distances between the various functions in the city.
②도시의 많은 보행자가 반드시 도시의 질이 좋다는 지표인 것은 아니며,걸어서 돌아다니는 많은 사람은 흔히 부족한 운송 선택권 또는 도시 내 다양한 기능 간의 먼 거리의 징표일 수 있다.
③Conversely, it can be claimed that a city in which many people are not walking often indicates good city quality.
③반대로,많은 사람이 걷지 않는 도시는 흔히 좋은 도시의 질을 나타낸다고 주장될 수 있다.
④In a city like Rome, it is the large number of people standing or sitting in squares rather than walking that is conspicuous.
④로마와 같은 도시에서 눈에 띄는 것은 걷기보다는 광장에 서 있거나 앉아 있는 많은 사람이다.
⑤And it's not due to necessity but rather that the city quality is so inviting.
⑤그런데 이것은 필요성 때문이 아니라,그 도시의 질이 매우 매력적이기 때문이다.
⑥It is hard to keep moving in city space with so many temptations to stay.
⑥도시 공간에는 머무르게 하는 유혹이 너무 많아서 계속 움직이기 어렵다.
⑦In contrast are many new quarters and complexes that many people walk through but rarely stop or stay in.
⑦반대로 많은 사람이 걸어서 지나가지만 거의 멈추거나 머무르지 않는 많은 새로운 구역과 단지가 있다.
[고3] 2024년09월–34번: Rousseau가주장한인간발달의사회적의존성
①That people need other people is hardly news, but for Rousseau this dependence extended far beyond companionship or even love, into the very process of becoming human.
①사람이 다른 사람을 필요로 한다는 것은 거의 새로울 게 없지만, Rousseau에게는 이러한 의존이 동료 관계나 심지어 사랑을 넘어 인간이 되는 바로 그 과정에까지 이르렀다.
②Rousseau believed that people are not born but made, every individual a bundle of potentials whose realization requires the active involvement of other people.
②Rousseau는 사람은 태어나는 것이 아니라 만들어진다고,모든 개인은 잠재성 꾸러미라고,이 잠재성을 실현하기 위해서는 다른 사람의 적극적인 관여가 필요하다고 믿었다.
③Self-development is a social process.
③자기 계발은 사회적 과정이다.
④Self-sufficiency is an impossible fantasy.
④자족은 불가능한 환상이다.
⑤Much of the time Rousseau wished passionately that it were not: Robinson Crusoe was a favorite book, and he yearned to be free from the pains and uncertainties of social life.
⑤루소는 대부분 시간을 그것이 그렇지 않기를 열렬히 바랐는데, Robinson Crusoe는 좋아하는 책이었고,그는 사회생활의 고통과 불확실성에서 벗어나기를 갈망했다.
⑥But his writings document with extraordinary clarity the shaping of the individual by his emotional attachments.
⑥그러나 그의 저작은 보기 드문 명료함으로 정서적 유대에 의해 개인이 형성되는 과정을 기록한다.
⑦"Our sweetest existence is relative and collective, and our true self is not entirely within us."
⑦"우리의 가장 달콤한 존재는 상대적이고 집단적이며,우리의 진정한'자아'는 우리 안에 있는 것이 전혀 아니다."
⑧And it is kindness ― which Rousseau analyzed under the rubric ofpitié, which translates as "pity" but is much closer to "sympathy" as Hume and Smith defined it ― that is the key to this collective existence.
⑧그리고 이러한 집단적 존재의 핵심은 친절인데, Rousseau는 이를'pitié'라는 항목 아래에 분석하였고,이는'연민'으로 번역되지만, Hume과Smith가 정의한'공감'에 훨씬 더 가깝다.
[고3] 2024년09월–35번:전문적수집가를위한딜러의광범위한역할
①The best dealers offer a much broader service than merely having their goods on display and 'selling from stock'.
①최고의 판매업자는 단지 상품을 전시하고'재고로 있는 것을 판매하는 것'보다 훨씬 더 폭넓은 서비스를 제공한다.
②Once they know the needs of a particular collector they can actively seek specific items to fill gaps in the collection.
②특정 수집가의 필요를 알게 되면,그들은 소장품의 빈 틈을 채우려 특정 물품을 적극적으로 찾을 수 있다.
③Because it is their business, to which they devote themselves full-time, they will inevitably have a much wider network than any non-professional collector can ever develop.
③그것이 그들이 전업으로 하는 사업이기 때문에,그들은 여태껏 어느 비전문 수집가가 구축할 수 있는 것보다도 훨씬 더 넓은 조직망을 필연적으로 갖출 것이다.
④As a matter of course they can enquire about the availability of pieces from dealers in other cities and, most crucially in some categories, from overseas.
④당연히 그들은 다른 도시의 판매업자들에게,그리고 가장 중요하게 일부 범주에서는 해외의 판매업자들에게도 작품의 구매 가능 여부를 문의할 수 있다.
⑤They will be routinely informed of news of all auctions and important private sales, and should be well-enough connected to hear occasionally of items which are not yet quite on sale but might be available for a certain price.
⑤그들은 모든 경매와 중요한 개인 판매 소식에 대해 정례적으로 정보를 받을 것이며,아직 판매되지 않았지만 특정 가격에 구매할 수 있을 물품에 대해 가끔 소식을 들을 수 있도록 충분히 연결망을 갖추고 있을 것이다.
⑥In turn, they can circulate their own contacts with 'want-lists' of desired items or subjects, multiplying their client collectors' chances of expanding their collections.
⑥결과적으로,그들은 원하는 물품이나 대상의'필요 품목표'를 자신들이 연락하는 이들에게 배포하여,자신들의 고객 수집가의 소장품 확장 기회를 배가할 수 있다.
[고3] 2024년09월–36번:학습은새로운정보가기존지식패턴에어떻게영향을미치는지에대한설명
①If learning were simply a matter of accumulating lists of facts, then it shouldn't make any difference if we are presented with information that is just a little bit beyond what we already know or totally new information.
①학습이 단순히 사실의 목록을 축적하는 문제라면,우리가 이미 알고 있는 것을 조금 넘어서는 정보가 제공되거나 완전히 새로운 정보가 제공되더라도 아무런 차이가 없을 것이다.
②Each fact would simply be stored separately.
②각 사실은 단순히 개별적으로 저장될 것이다.
③According to connectionist theory, however, our knowledge is organized into patterns of activity, and each time we learn something new we have to modify the old patterns so as to keep the old material while adding the new information.
③그러나 연결주의 이론에 따르면,우리의 지식은 활동 패턴으로 조직되며,우리가 새로운 것을 배울 때마다 새로 운 정보를 추가하면서 이전 자료를 유지하기 위해 기존 패턴을 수정해야 한다.
④The adjustments are clearly smallest when the new information is only slightly new ― when it is compatible with what we already know, so that the old patterns need only a little bit of adjustment to accommodate the new knowledge.
④새로운 정보가 약간만 새로운 것일 때,즉 그것이 우리가 이미 알고 있는 것과 양립할 수 있어서,새로운 지식을 수용하기 위해 기존 패턴을 약간만 조정하면 될 때 조정은 분명 가장 적다.
⑤If we are trying to understand something totally new, however, we need to make larger adjustments to the units of the patterns we already have, which requires changing the strengths of large numbers of connections in our brain, and this is a difficult, tiring process.
⑤그러나 완전히 새로운 것을 이해하려고 한다면,우리는 이미 가지고 있는 패턴의 단위를 더 크게 조정해야 하는데,이를 위해서는 우리 뇌의 수많은 연결 강도를 변경해야 하며,이것은 어렵고 피곤한 과정이다.
[고3] 2024년09월–37번:동물의건강을유지하는선천적본능과행동
①The generally close connection between health and what animals want exists because wanting to obtain the right things and wanting to avoid the wrong ones are major ways in which animals keep themselves healthy.
①올바른 것을 얻고자 하는 것과 잘못된 것을 피하고자 하는 것은 동물이 자신의 건강을 유지하는 주요한 방법이기 때문에 건강과 동물이 원하는 것 사이에는 일반적으로 밀접한 관계가 존재한다.
②Animals have evolved many different ways of maintaining their health and then regaining it again once it has been damaged, such as an ability to heal wounds when they are injured and an amazingly complex immune system for warding off infection.
②동물은 다쳤을 때 상처를 치유하는 능력과 감염을 막기 위한 놀랍도록 복잡한 면역 체계와 같은,건강을 유지하고 그러고는 건강이 손상되었을 때 이를 되찾는 많은 다양한 방법을 발달시켜 왔다.
③Animals are equally good, however, at dealing with injury and disease before they even happen.
③그러나 동물은 부상과 질병이 발생하기 전에 대처하는 능력도 똑같이 뛰어나다.
④They have evolved a complex set of mechanisms for anticipating and avoiding danger altogether.
④동물은 위험을 예측하고 완전히 피하기 위한 복잡한 메커니즘을 발달시켜 왔다.
⑤They can take pre-emptive action so that the worst never happens.
⑤그들은 최악의 상황이 발생하지 않도록 선제 조치를 취할 수 있다.
⑥They start to want things that will be necessary for their health and survival not for now but for some time in the future.
⑥그들은 지금이 아니라 미래 언젠가의 건강과 생존에 필요할 것들을 원하기 시작한다.
[고3] 2024년09월–38번:로봇설계에서자기인식능력의중요성
①People involved in the conception and engineering of robots designed to perceive and act know how fundamental is the ability to discriminate oneself from other entities in the environment.
①인지하고 행동하도록 설계된 로봇의 구상과 엔지니어링에 관여하는 사람들은 주위의 다른 실재물과 자신을 구별하는 능력이 얼마나 핵심적인지 알고 있다.
②Without such an ability, no goal-oriented action would be possible.
②그러한 능력이 없으면 목표 지향적인 행동은 불가능할 것이다.
③Imagine that you have to build a robot able to search for blocks scattered in a room in order to pile them.
③여러분이 블록을 쌓기 위해 방에 흩어져 있는 블록을 찾을 수 있는 로봇을 만들어야 한다고 상상해 보라.
④Even this simple task would require that your machine be able to discriminate between stimulation that originates from its own machinery and stimulation that originates from the blocks in the environment.
④이 간단한 작업을 하기 위해서도 기계는 자신의 시스템에서 발생하는 자극과 주위의 블록에서 발생하는 자극을 구별할 수 있어야 할 것이다.
⑤Suppose that you equip your robot with an artificial eye and an artificial arm to detect, grab, and pile the blocks.
⑤로봇에 인공 눈과 인공 팔을 갖추게 하여 블록을 감지하고,잡고,쌓도록 한다고 가정해 보라.
⑥To be successful, your machine will have to have some built-in system enabling it to discriminate between the detection of a block and the detection of its own arm.
⑥(이 작업을)성공적으로 수행하려면 여러분의 기계에는 그것이 블록 감지와 자신의 팔 감지를 구별할 수 있게 해주는 어떤 시스템이 내장되어 있어야 할 것이다.
⑦If not, the robot might endlessly chase itself rather than the blocks.
⑦그렇지 않으면 로봇이 블록이 아닌 자기 자신을 끝없이 쫓아갈 수도 있다.
⑧Your robot would engage in circular, self-centered acts that would drive it away from the target or external goal.
⑧로봇은 자신을 목표물이나 외부 목표에서 멀어지게 하는 순환적이고 자기중심적인 행동을 하게 될 것이다.
[고3] 2024년09월–39번:미래생태계를예측하고관리하는데있어불확실성
①To decide whether and how to intervene in ecosystems, protected area managers normally need a reasonably clear idea of what future ecosystems would be like if they did not intervene.
①생태계에 개입할지 여부와 방법을 결정하기 위해 보호 지역 관리자는 자신이 개입하지 않을 경우 미래의 생태계가 어떨지 일반적으로 상당히 명확하게 알고 있을 필요가 있다.
②Management practices usually involve defining a more desirable future condition and implementing management actions designed to push or guide ecosystems toward that condition.
②관리 관행에는 대체로 더 바람직한 미래 상태를 규정하고 생태계를 그 상태 쪽으로 밀고 가거나 이끌도록 설계된 관리 조치를 실행하는 것이 포함된다.
③Managers need confidence in the likely outcomes of their interventions.
③관리자는 개입의 가능한 결과에 대한 확신이 필요하다.
④This traditional and inherently logical approach requires a high degree of predictive ability, and predictions must be developed at appropriate spatial and temporal scales, often localized and near-term.
④이러한 전통적이고 본질적으로 논리적인 접근 방식은 높은 수준의 예측 능력을 필요로 하며,예측은 적절한 공간적,시간적 규모에서,종종 국지적이고 단기적인 규모로 이루어져야 한다.
⑤Unfortunately, at the scales, accuracy, and precision most useful to protected area management, the future not only promises to be unprecedented, but it also promises to be unpredictable.
⑤안타깝게도 보호 지역 관리에 가장 유용한 규모,정확성,정밀도를 고려할 때 미래는 전례가 없을 뿐만 아니라 예측할 수 없는 것이 될 것이다.
⑥To illustrate this, consider the uncertainties involved in predicting climatic changes, how ecosystems are likely to respond to climatic changes, and the likely efficacy of actions that might be taken to counter adverse effects of climatic changes.
⑥이를 설명하기 위해 기후 변화 예측과 관련된 불확실성,생태계가 기후 변화에 어떻게 반응할 것인지,그리고 기후 변화의 해로운 영향에 대응하기 위해 취할 수도 있을 조치의 가능한 효율을 고려해 보라.
⑦Comparable uncertainties surround the nature and magnitude of future changes in other ecosystem stressors.
⑦다른 생태계 스트레스 요인의 미래 변화의 성격과 규모에서도 비슷한 불확실성이 존재한다.
[고3] 2024년09월–40번:인간언어가다른동물의소통방식과차별화되는이유
①Human speech differs from the cries of other species in many ways.
①인간의 말은 다른 종의 울음소리와 여러 가지 면에서 다르다.
②One very important distinction is that all other animals use one call for one message as the general principle of communication.
②매우 중요한 한 가지 차이는 다른 모든 동물은 의사소통의 일반적인 원칙으로 하나의 메시지에 하나의 울음소리를 사용한다는 것이다.
③This means that the number of possible messages is very restricted.
③이는 가능한 메시지의 수가 매우 제한적임을 의미한다.
④If a new message is to be included in the system, a new sound has to be introduced, too.
④새로운 메시지가 시스템에 포함되려면,새로운 소리도 도입되어야 한다.
⑤After the first few tens of sounds it becomes difficult to invent new distinctive sounds, and also to remember them for the next time they are needed.
⑤처음 몇십 개의 소리가 있고 난 후에는 새로운 독특한 소리를 만들어 내는 것뿐만 아니라 다음에 필요할 때를 위해 그것을 기억하는 것 또한 어려워진다.
⑥Human speech builds on the principle of combining a restricted number of sounds into an unlimited number of messages.
⑥인간의 말은 제한된 수의 소리를 결합하여 무제한적인 수의 메시지를 만들어 내는 원리를 기반으로 한다.
⑦In a typical human language there are something like thirty or forty distinctive speech sounds.
⑦일반적인 인간의 언어에는 대략30개 또는40개의 독특한 말소리가 있다.
⑧These sounds can be combined into chains to form a literally unlimited number of words.
⑧이 소리들을 연쇄적으로 결합하여 말 그대로 무제한적인 수의 단어를 만들 수 있다.
⑨Even a small child, who can communicate by only one word at a time, uses a system for communication that is infinitely superior to any system utilized by any other animal.
⑨심지어 한 번에 한 단어로만 의사소통을 할 수 있는 어린아이도 다른 어느 동물이 활용하는 어떤 시스템보다 엄청 더 뛰어난 의사소통 시스템을 사용한다.
⑩[요약문] In animal cries, each call represents a different message, which limits the number of possible messages, whereas human language creates an unlimited number of messages using a finite set of distinctive sounds.
⑩[요약문]동물의 울음소리에서 각각의 울음소리는 서로 다른 메시지를 나타내므로 가능한 메시지의 수가 제한되는 반면,인간의 언어는 한정된 수의 독특한 소리 집합을 사용하여 무한한 수의 메시지를 만들어 낸다.
[고3] 2024년09월–41~42번:시와일상언어의차이와시의새로운언어적가능성
①People are correct when they feel that the written poetry of literate societies and the oral poetry of non-literate ones differ considerably from the everyday language spoken in the community.
①사람들이 문자 기반 사회에서 문자로 쓰인 시와 문자에 의존하지 않는 사회에서 말로 전달되는 시가 공동체에서 사용되는 일상의 언어와 상당히 다르다고 느낄 때 그들은 옳은 것이다.
②Listeners not only accept the strange use of words, rearrangement of word order, assonance, alliteration, rhythm, rhyme, compression of thought, and so on ― they actually expect to find these things in poetry and they are disappointed when poetry does not sound "poetic."
②감상자는 단어의 낯선 사용,어순의 재배열,유운,두운,운율,운,사고의 압축 등을 받아들일 뿐만 아니라 실제로 시에서 이러한 요소들을 발견하기를 기대하며,시가'시적으로'들리지 않을 때는 실망한다.
③But those who regard poetry as a different category of language altogether are deaf to the true achievements of the poet.
③그러나 시를 완전히 다른 범주의 언어로 간주하는 사람들은 시인의 진정한 업적에 귀를 기울이지 않는다.
④Rather, the poet artfully manipulates the same raw materials of his language as are used in everyday speech; his skill is to find new possibilities in the resources already in the language.
④오히려 시인은 일상의 언어에서 사용되는 것과 동일한 언어의 원료를 교묘히 조작하는데,그의 솜씨는 이미 언어에 있는 자원에서 새로운 가능성을 찾아내는 것이다.
⑤In much the same way that people living at the seashore become so accustomed to the sound of waves that they no longer hear it, most of us have become insensitive to the flood tide of words, millions of them every day, that hit our eardrums.
⑤바닷가에 사는 사람들이 파도 소리에 너무 익숙해져서 더 이상 그것을 듣지 못하는 것과 아주 마찬가지로,우리 대부분은 고막을 때리는 매일 수백만 단어로 홍수처럼 쏟아지는 말에 무감각하게 된다.
⑥One function of poetry is to depict the world with a fresh perception ― to make it strange ― so that we will listen to language once again.
⑥시의 한 가지 기능은 신선한 인식으로 세상을 묘사하여,즉 그것을 낯설게 만들어서,우리가 다시 한번 언어에 귀를 기울이게 하는 것이다.
⑦But the successful poet never departs so far into the strange world of language that none of his listeners can follow him.
⑦그러나 성공을 이룬 시인은 낯선 언어의 세계로 결코 자신의 청취자 중 누구도 자신을 따라가지 못할 만큼 멀리 떠나지는 않는다.
⑧He still remains the communicator, the man of speech.
⑧그는 여전히(효과적인)전달자,즉 언어의 능숙한 사용자로 남아 있다.
[고3] 2024년09월–43~45번:두번째손구매앱을통해식물을구매한경험
①Helen was thrilled when she received a notification on a second-hand shopping app from a seller named Anna.
①Helen은 중고 쇼핑 앱에서Anna라는 판매자로부터 알림을 받았을 때 매우 기뻤다.
②For months, she had been looking for aPhilodendron gloriosum, a Colombian plant with dark, velvety leaves shaped like hearts.
②그녀는 몇 달 동안 하트 모양의 짙은 벨벳 같은 잎을 가진 콜롬비아 식물인Philodendron gloriosum을 찾고 있었다.
③She had almost given up on getting one.
③그녀는 이 식물을 구하는 것을 거의 포기할 뻔했다.
④Anna, though, had put one up for sale.
④하지만Anna가 한 그루를 매물로 내놓았다.
⑤The posting read, "I'm selling my favorite plant, because I'm moving abroad.
⑤게시글에는"해외로 이사하게 되어 제가 제일 좋아하는 식물을 팔려고 합니다.
⑥If you pick it up today from Edincester Heights, you can have it for the current price, which is half the market rate."
⑥오늘Edincester Heights에서 이 식물을 가져가시면 시장 시세의 절반 가격인 현재 가격으로 가져가실 수 있습니다."라고 적혀 있었다.
⑦Helen immediately messaged the seller.
⑦Helen은 즉시 판매자에게 메시지를 보냈다.
⑧"Hello! I'm interested in purchasing your plant.
⑧"안녕하세요!제가 당신의 식물을 구매하고 싶어요.
⑨If it works for your schedule, I can be there in 10 minutes!"
⑨일정이 맞으신다면, 10분 안에 거기로 갈 수 있을 것 같아요!"
⑩Anna replied, "Hi, there! I am at work right now, but my housemate, Julia, can meet you in front of the building."
⑩Anna는"안녕하세요!저는 지금 일하는 중이지만,제 룸메이트Julia가 당신을 건물 앞에서 만날 수 있어요."라고 답했다.
⑪Unable to believe her good luck, Helen typed back in excitement, "Great!
⑪Helen은 자신의 행운을 믿지 못한 채 흥분하여"좋아요!
⑫I can leave now. I'll wear a black baseball cap."
⑫저는 지금 출발할 수 있어요.검은 야구 모자를 쓰고 있을게요."라고 답장했다.
⑬Arriving at the building, Helen could identify Julia by the large paper bag she was holding.
⑬건물에 도착했을 때Helen은Julia가 들고 있는 커다란 종이봉투로 그녀를 알아볼 수 있었다.
⑭The bag had leaves sticking out of the top.
⑭그 봉투의 윗부분에는 나뭇잎이 삐져나와 있었다.
⑮She said, "You must be Julia!"
⑮그녀는"당신이Julia가 틀림없겠군요!"라고 말했다.
⑯Laughing, the woman said, "Yes! Please take good care of this plant.
⑯그 여자는 웃으며"네!이 식물을 잘 돌봐주세요.
⑰Anna had it for six years, so she considers it family."
⑰6년 동안 키워서Anna는 이 식물이 가족이라고 생각해요."라고 말했다.
⑱From the bag, she pulled out another plant, a tiny one with thick, glossy leaves.
⑱그녀는 봉투에서 두껍고 윤기 나는 잎을 가진 작은 식물 하나를 더 꺼냈다.
⑲"Are you familiar with this? It's called a Dragon's Tail.
⑲"이것을 잘 아세요?용의 꼬리라고 해요.
⑳My housemate said you could take it too, if you'd like."
⑳제 룸메이트가 당신이 원한다면 이것도 가져가도 된다고 했어요."
㉑Helen exclaimed, "Yes, I'd love to!
㉑Helen이"네,그러고 싶어요!
㉒Please thank Anna for me.
㉒Anna에게 저를 대신해서 고맙다고 전해주세요.
㉓Both are in such wonderful condition.
㉓둘 다 정말 멋진 상태네요.
㉔Do you have any tips for keeping them in good shape?"
㉔그것들을 상태가 좋게 유지하기 위한 어떤 팁이 있나요?"라고 외쳤다.
㉕Handing over the bag, Julia replied, "I'm not a plant expert, but I know that Anna kept them away from windows to avoid direct sunlight.
㉕Julia는 봉투를 건네며"제가 식물 전문가는 아니지만Anna가 직사광선을 피하고자 그것들을 창문에서 멀리 두었다는 건 알아요.
㉖Why don't you message her?
㉖그녀에게 메시지를 보내보는 건 어떠세요?
㉗She would be happy to offer advice."
㉗그녀가 기꺼이 조언을 해줄 거예요."
㉘"I'll be sure to do that," Helen said, as she handed over the cash.
③I found that the certification for 100 hours of counseling experience is required for the application.
③저는 지원을 위해100시간의 상담 경력 증명서가 필요하다는 것을 알았습니다.
④However, I do not think I could possibly complete the required counseling experience by the current deadline.
④그러나 저는 아마도 현재 마감 기한까지 필요한 상담 경험을 완료할 수 없다고 생각합니다.
⑤So, if possible, I kindly request an extension of the deadline until the end of this summer vacation.
⑤그래서 가능하시다면 저는 이번 여름 방학 말까지 마감 기한의 연장을 정중하게 요청합니다.
⑥I am actively working on obtaining the certification, and I am sure I will be able to submit it by then.
⑥저는 증명서를 얻으려고 열심히 노력하고 있고,저는 제가 그때까지 그것을 제출할 수 있을 것이라고 확신합니다.
⑦I understand the importance of following the application process, and would greatly appreciate your consideration of this request.
⑦저는 지원 과정을 따르는 것의 중요성을 이해하며,이 요청에 대한 귀하의 고려에 대단히 감사하겠습니다.
⑧I look forward to your response.
⑧저는 귀하의 회신을 기다리겠습니다.
⑨Sincerely, Peter Jackson
⑨진심을 담아, Peter Jackson드림
[고2] 2024년09월–19번:공항입국심사에서예상치못한상황에긴장한경험
①The passport control line was short and the inspectors looked relaxed; except the inspector at my window.
①입국 심사 줄은 짧았고 심사관들은 편안해 보였는데,내 창구의 심사관은 예외였다.
②He seemed to want to model the seriousness of the task at hand for the other inspectors.
②그는 다른 심사관들에게 당면한 업무의 심각성에 대해 모 범을 보여주고 싶어 하는 것 같았다.
③Maybe that's why I felt uneasy when he studied my passport more carefully than I expected.
③아마 그것이 내가 예상했던 것보다 그가 내 여권을 더 꼼꼼히 살펴볼 때 불안감을 느꼈던 이유였다.
④"You were here in September," he said.
④"9월에 여기 계셨네요."라고 그가 말했다.
⑤"Why are you back so soon?"
⑤"왜 이렇게 빨리 돌아오셨나요?"
⑥"I came in September to prepare to return this month," I replied with a trembling voice, considering if I missed any Italian regulations.
⑥나는 내가 이탈리아의 규정을 놓친 것이 아닌지 생각하면서"이번 달에 돌아올 것을 준비하기 위해9월에 왔었어요."라고 떨리는 목소리로 대답했다.
⑦"For how long?" he asked.
⑦"얼마나 오래요?"라고 그가 물었다.
⑧"One month, this time," I answered truthfully.
⑧나는"이번에는 한 달 동안입니다."라고 정직하게 대답했다.
⑨I knew it was not against the rules to stay in Italy for three months.
⑨나는 이탈리아에 세 달 동안 체류하는 것이 규정에 어긋나지 않는다는 것을 알고 있었다.
⑩"Enjoy your stay," he finally said, as he stamped my passport.
⑩"즐거운 여행 되세요."그가 마침내 내 여권에 도장을 찍으며 말했다.
⑪Whew! As I walked away, the burden I had carried, even though I did nothing wrong, vanished into the air.
⑪휴!내가 걸어 나갈 때,나는 아무 잘못도 하지 않았는데도,내가 짊어지고 있던 짐이 허공으로 사라졌다.
⑫My shoulders, once weighed down, now stretched out with comfort.
⑫한때 눌렸던 내 어깨가 이제 편한 마음과 함께 쭉 펴졌다.
[고2] 2024년09월–20번:걱정은통제가능한감정이라는점을자녀에게가르치는방법
①Merely convincing your children that worry is senseless and that they would be more content if they didn't worry isn't going to stop them from worrying.
①걱정은 의미 없고 그들이 걱정하지 않는다면 더 만족할 것이라고 여러분의 아이들을 설득하는 것만으로는 그들이 걱정하는 것을 멈추게 하지 않을 것이다.
②For some reason, young people seem to believe that worry is a fact of life over which they have little or no control.
②어떤 이유로,아이들은 걱정이 자신이 거의 통제할 수 없거나 아예 통제할 수 없는 삶의 사실이라고 믿는 것 같다.
③Consequently, they don't even try to stop.
③결과적으로,그들은 멈추려고 노력하지도 않는다.
④Therefore, you need to convince them that worry, like guilt and fear, is nothing more than an emotion, and like all emotions, is subject to the power of the will.
④따라서,여러분은 걱정이 죄책감과 두려움처럼 감정에 지나지 않고,모든 감정과 같이 의지의 힘에 영향을 받기 쉽다고 그들을 설득할 필요가 있다.
⑤Tell them that they can eliminate worry from their lives by simply refusing to attend to it.
⑤아이들에게 단순히 걱정에 주의를 기울이려 하지 않음으로써 그들이 자신의 삶으로부터 걱정을 없앨 수 있다는 것을 알려주어라.
⑥Explain to them that if they refuse to act worried regardless of how they feel, they will eventually stop feeling worried and will begin to experience the contentment that accompanies a worry-free life.
⑥아이들에게 그들이 어떻게 느끼는지와 상관없이 걱정하며 행동하는 것을 거부한다면,그들은 결국 걱정하는 것을 멈추고 걱정 없는 삶을 수반하는 만족감을 경험하기 시작할 것이라고 설명하라.
[고2] 2024년09월–21번:산업시대에서창의성과속도가더중요한현대기업의특성
①In today's information age, in many companies and on many teams, the objective is no longer error prevention and replicability.
①오늘날 정보화 시대에는,많은 기업과 팀에서 목표는 더 이상 오류 방지와 반복 가능성이 아니다.
②On the contrary, it's creativity, speed, and keenness.
②반대로,그것은 창의성,속도 그리고 명민함이다.
③In the industrial era, the goal was to minimize variation.
③산업화 시대에서,목표는 변화를 최소화 하는 것이었다.
④But in creative companies today, maximizing variation is more essential.
④그런데 오늘날의 창의적 기업에서는 변화를 극대화하는 것이 더 필수적이다.
⑤In these situations, the biggest risk isn't making a mistake or losing consistency; it's failing to attract top talent, to invent new products, or to change direction quickly when the environment shifts.
⑤이러한 상황에서,가장 큰 위험은 실수를 하거나 일관 성을 잃는 것이 아니라,가장 재능 있는 사람을 끌어들이는 것,새로운 제품을 만드는 것,혹은 상황이 변할 때 방향을 빠르게 바꾸는 것에 실패 하는 것이다.
⑥Consistency and repeatability are more likely to suppress fresh thinking than to bring your company profit.
⑥일관성과 반복 가능성은 여러분의 회사에 이익을 가져오기보다 새로운 생각을 짓누를 가능성이 더 높다.
⑦A lot of little mistakes, while sometimes painful, help the organization learn quickly and are a critical part of the innovation cycle.
⑦많은 작은 실수는 때때로 고통스럽지만,조직이 빠르게 배우는 것을 돕고 혁신 주기의 중요한 부분이다.
⑧In these situations, rules and process are no longer the best answer.
⑧이러한 상황에서,규칙과 과정은 더 이상 최선의 답이 아니다.
⑨A symphony isn't what you're going for.
⑨교향 악단은 여러분이 추구하는 것이 아니다.
⑩Leave the conductor and the sheet music behind.
⑩지휘자와 악보는 내버려 두어라.
⑪Build a jazz band instead.
⑪대신 재즈 밴드를 구성하라.
[고2] 2024년09월–22번:재난상황에서정보소통의중요성과소문이퍼지는이유
①Any new or threatening situation may require us to make decisions and this requires information.
①어떤 새롭거나 긴박한 상황은 우리가 결정을 내리도록 하고 이것은 정보를 요한다.
②So important is communication during a disaster that normal social barriers are often lowered.
②재난 상황 중에는 소통이 매우 중요해서 보통의 사회적 장벽이 자주 낮아진다.
③We will talk to strangers in a way we would never consider normally.
③우리는 평상시에는 전혀 고려하지 않을 방식으로 낯선 사람에게 말을 걸 것이다.
④Even relatively low grade disruption of our life such as a fire drill or a very late train seems to give us the permission to break normal etiquette and talk to strangers.
④소방 훈련이나 매우 연착된 기차와 같은 우리 삶에서의 비교적 낮은 수준의 혼란조차도 보통의 에티켓을 어기고 낯선 사람에게 말을 거는 것을 허용해 주는 것처럼 보인다.
⑤The more important an event to a particular public, the more detailed and urgent the requirement for news becomes.
⑤어떠한 사건이 특정 사람들에게 중요할수록,소식에 대한 요구가 더 상세하고 긴박해진다.
⑥Without an authoritative source of facts, whether that is a newspaper or trusted broadcast station, rumours often run riot.
⑥그것이 신문이든 신뢰할 만한 방송국이든,사실에 대한 공신력 있는 출처없이,소문은 자주 제멋대로 뻗어 나간다.
⑦Rumours start because people believe their group to be in danger and so, although the rumour is unproven, feel they should pass it on.
⑦소문은 사람들이 자신이 속한 집단이 위험에 처해 있다고 믿어서,입증되지 않은 소문임에도 불구하고,이를 전달해야 한다고 생각하기 때문에 시작된다.
⑧For example, if a worker heard that their employer's business was doing badly and people were going to be made redundant, they would pass that information on to colleagues.
⑧예를 들어,한 근로자가 그의 고용주의 사업이 잘 안되어서 사람들이 해고될 것이라고 들으면,그들은 그 정보를 동료들에게 전달할 것이다.
[고2] 2024년09월–23번:예술과과학모두가문화적맥락에서이해되어야하는이유
①People seem to recognize that the arts are cultural activities that draw on (or react against) certain cultural traditions, certain shared understanding, and certain values and ideas that are characteristic of the time and place in which the art is created.
①사람들은 예술을 예술이 만들어진 시기와 장소에 특유한 특정 문화적 전통,특정 공유 지식,그리고 특정 가치와 아이디어에 기반한(또는 이에 반하는)문화적 활동이라고 인식하는 것 같다.
②In the case of science, however, opinions differ.
②하지만 과학의 경우에는 의견이 갈린다.
③Some scientists, like the great biologist J. B. S. Haldane, see science in a similar light ― as a historical activity that occurs in a particular time and place, and that needs to be understood within that context.
③위대한 생물학자J. B. S. Haldane과 같은 일부 과학자들은 유사한 관점에서 과학을 보는데,특정한 시기와 장소에서 발생하고 그 맥락 안에서 이해될 필요가 있는 역사적 활동으로 보는 것이다.
④Others, however, see science as a purely "objective" pursuit, uninfluenced by the cultural viewpoint and values of those who create it.
④하지만 다른 사람들은 과학을 그것을 만들어 내는 사람들의 문화적 관점과 가치에 의해 영향을 받지 않는 순전히'객관적인'일로 본다.
⑤In describing this view of science, philosopher Hugh Lacey speaks of the belief that there is an underlying order of the world which is simply there to be discovered ― the world of pure "fact" stripped of any link with value.
⑤과학에 대한 이러한 관점을 묘사할 때,철학자Hugh Lacey는 단순히 거기에 있어서 발견되는 세계의 근원적인 질서가 있다는 믿음에 대해 말하는데,이것은 가치와 어떠한 연관도 없는 순전한'사실'의 세계이다.
⑥The aim of science according to this view is to represent this world of pure "fact", independently of any relationship it might bear contingently to human practices and experiences.
⑥이러한 관점에 따라 과학의 목적은 이러한 순전한'사실'의 세계를 나타내는 것인데,그것이 인간의 관습 및 경험과 혹여라도 맺을 수 있는 어떠한 관계와도 무관하게 말이다.
[고2] 2024년09월–24번:정신적성숙과책임감의연령에대한사회적기준의문제
①Mental development consists of individuals increasingly mastering social codes and signals themselves, which they can master only in social situations with the support of more competent individuals, typically adults.
①정신적 발달은 개인들이 점점 더 사회적 규범과 신호를 스스로 습득하는 것으로 이루어지는데,그들은 더 유능한 개인들,일반적으로 성인들의 도움을 받는 사회적 상황에서만 이를 습득할 수 있다.
②In this sense, mental development consists of internalizing social patterns and gradually becoming a responsible actor among other responsible actors.
②이러한 의미에서 정신적 발달은 사회적 양식을 내면화하고 다른 책임 있는 행위자들 사이에서 점차 책임 있는 행위자가 되는 것으로 이루어진다.
③In Denmark, the age of criminal responsibility is 15 years, which means that we then say that people have developed sufficient mental maturity to be accountable for their actions at this point.
③덴마크에서 형사 책임 연령은15세인데,이는 그러면 우리가 사람들이 이 시점에서 자신의 행위에 책임을 지기에 충분한 정신적 성숙을 발현했다고 말할 수 있음을 의미한다.
④And at the age of 18 people are given the right to vote and are thereby formally included in the basic democratic process.
④그리고18세에 사람들은 투표권을 받고,그것에 의해 기본적인 민주적 과정에 공식적으로 포함된다.
⑤I do not know whether these age boundaries are optimal, but it is clear that mental development takes place at different rates for different individuals, and depends especially on the social and family environment they have been given.
⑤나는 이러한 연령 경계가 최적인지는 모르겠지만,정신적 발달이 다른 개인에게 다른 속도로 일어나고,특히 그들에게 주어져 있는 사회적 환경과 가정 환경에 따라 달라진다는 것은 분명하다.
⑥Therefore, having formal limits for responsibility from a specific age that apply to everyone is a somewhat questionable practice.
⑥따라서 특정 연령부터 모든 사람에게 적용되는 책임에 대한 공식적인 제한을 두는 것은 다소 의심스러운 관행이다.
⑦But the question, of course, is whether it can be done any differently.
⑦그러나 물론 문제는 그것이 조금이나마 다르게 행해질 수 있는지이다.
[고2] 2024년09월–25번: 2022년캐나다의연령대별무급돌봄제공비율비교그래프
①The graph above shows the percentage of people who provided unpaid care to children and adults by age group in Canada in 2022.
①위 그래프는2022년 캐나다의 연령 집단별 아동과 성인에게 무급 돌봄을 제공한 사람의 비율을 보여준다.
②Notably, the 35-44 group had the highest percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to children, reaching 59.5%.
②특히35~44세 집단은 아동에게 무급 돌봄을 제공하는 사람의 비율이 가장 높았는데,이는59.5퍼센트에 달했다.
③However, the highest percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to adults was found in the 55-64 group.
③하지만 성인에게 무급 돌봄을 제공하는 사람의 가장 높은 비율은55~64세 집단에서 발견되었다.
④Compared to the 25-34 group, the 1524 group had a lower percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to children and a higher percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to adults.
④25~34세 집단에 비해, 15~24세 집단은 아동에게 무급 돌봄을 제공하는 사람의 비율이 더 낮았고,성인에게 무급 돌봄을 제공하는 사람의 비율이 더 높았다.
⑤The percentage of people providing unpaid care to adults in the 45-54 group was more than twice as high as that in the 35-44 group.
⑤45~54세 집단에서 성인에게 무급 돌봄을 제공하는 사람의 비율은35~44세 집단의 비율보다 두 배 넘게 높았다.
⑥The 55-64 group and the 65 and older group showed a similar percentage of individuals providing unpaid care to children, with a difference of less than 1 percentage point.
⑥55~64세 집단과65세 이상 집단은 아동에게 무급 돌봄을 제공하는 사람의 비율이1퍼센트포인트 미만의 차이로 비슷한 비율을 보였다.
[고2] 2024년09월–26번:동물생태학발전에기여한Charles Elton의생애와업적
①Born in the English city of Liverpool, Charles Elton studied zoology under Julian Huxley at Oxford University from 1918 to 1922.
①영국의 도시Liverpool에서 태어난Charles Elton은1918년부터1922년까지Oxford대학에서Julian Huxley아래에서 동물학을 공부했다.
②After graduating, he began teaching as a parttime instructor and had a long and distinguished teaching career at Oxford from 1922 to 1967.
②졸업 후 그는 시간제 강사로 가르치는 일을 시작했고1922년부터1967년까지Oxford대학에서 장기간의 훌륭한 교수 경력을 가졌다.
③After a series of arctic expeditions with Huxley, he worked with a fur-collecting and trading company as a biological consultant, and examined the company's records to study animal populations.
③Huxley와 함께한 일련의 북극 탐험 후,그는 생물학 컨설턴트로서 한 모피 수집 및 무역 회사와 함께 일했고,동물 개체군을 연구하기 위해 그 회사의 기록을 검토했다.
④In 1927, he wrote his first and most important book, Animal Ecology, in which he demonstrated the nature of food chains and cycles.
④1927년 그의 처음이자 가장 중요한 저서인Animal Ecology를 썼고,그 저서에서 그는 먹이사슬과 순환의 본질을 설명했다.
⑤In 1932, he helped establish the Bureau of Animal Population at Oxford.
⑤1932년에 그는Oxford대학에서Bureau of Animal Population을 설립하는 것을 도왔다.
⑥In the same year he became the editor of the new Journal of Animal Ecology.
⑥같은 해에 그는 새로운Journal of Animal Ecology의 편집자가 되었다.
⑦Throughout his career, Elton wrote six books and played a major role in shaping the modern science of ecology.
⑦그의 경력을 통틀어서Elton은 여섯 권의 저서를 썼고,현대 생태학을 형성하는 데 주요한 역할을 했다.
[고2] 2024년09월–29번:경제중심사고에서생태적건강을중시하는관점으로의변화
①One well-known shift took place when the accepted view ― that the Earth was the center of the universe ― changed to one where we understood that we are only inhabitants on one planet orbiting the Sun.
①지구가 우주의 중심이라는 용인된 관점이 우리가 태양을 공전하는 하나의 행성에 사는 거주자일 뿐이라고 이해하는 관점으로 바뀌었을 때 잘 알려진 한 가지 변화가 일어났다.
②With each person who grasped the solar system view, it became easier for the next person to do so.
②태양계의 관점을 이해하는 각각의 사람이 있어서,그 다음 사람이 그렇게 하는 것이 더 쉬워졌다.
③So it is with the notion that the world revolves around the human economy.
③세계가 인간의 경제를 중심으로 돌아간다는 개념도 마찬가지이다.
④This is slowly being replaced by the view that the economy is a part of the larger system of material flows that connect all living things.
④이것은 경제가 모든 생명체를 연결하는 물질 흐름의 더 거대한 시스템의 일부라는 관점으로 서서히 대체되고 있다.
⑤When this perspective shifts into place, it will be obvious that our economic well-being requires that we account for, and respond to, factors of ecological health.
⑤이러한 관점이 바뀌어 자리를 잡으면,우리의 경제적 안녕이 우리가 생태학적 건강의 요인에 책임지고,대응하는 것을 필요로 한다는 것이 분명해질 것이다.
⑥Unfortunately we do not have a century or two to make the change.
⑥불행하게도 우리는 변화를 만들어 낼 한두 세기의 시간이 없다.
⑦By clarifying the nature of the old and new perspectives, and by identifying actions on which we might cooperate to move the process along, we can help accelerate the shift.
⑦오래된 관점과 새로운 관점의 본질을 명확히 하고,그 과정을 진전시키기 위해 협력할지도 모를 행동을 밝힘으로써 우리는 그 변화를 가속화하는데 도움을 줄 수 있다.
[고2] 2024년09월–30번:인류의진화과정에서도구사용과식단변화가중요한역할을함
①The first human beings probably evolved in tropical regions where survival was possible without clothing.
①최초의 인간은 아마도 의복 없이 생존이 가능한 열대 지역에서 진화했다.
②It is likely that they had very dark skin because light skin would have given little protection against the burning rays of the sun.
②밝은 피부는 강렬한 태양 광선에 대한 보호를 거의 제공하지 못했을 것이기 때문에 그들은 매우 어두운 피부를 가졌을 가능성이 있다.
③There is a debate about whether these people spread into other parts of the world or, instead, whether people developed independently in various parts of the world.
③이 사람들이 세계의 다른 지역으로 퍼져나갔는지,아니면 대신에 사람들이 세계의 다른 지역에서 독립적으로 발생했는지에 대해서는 논쟁이 있다.
④Whichever the case, it is believed that in time they became capable of spreading out from Africa, eventually to most of the world.
④어느 경우이든,언젠가 그들은 아프리카에서부터,결국 세계 대부분의 지역으로 퍼져 나갈 수 있게 되었다고 믿어진다.
⑤This was probably because their physical characteristics changed.
⑤이것은 아마도 그들의 신체적 특성이 바뀌었기 때문일 것이다.
⑥For instance, early hominids probably did not walk upright, but when they developed that ability, they could travel more efficiently.
⑥예를 들어,초기 인류는 아마도 직립 보행을 하지 않았을 것이지만,그들이 그 능력을 발달시켰을 때,그들은 더 효율적으로 이동할 수 있었다.
⑦More important, perhaps, was their development of tool making.
⑦더 중요한 것은 아마도 그들의 도구 제작의 발달이었다.
⑧With tools, they could hunt other animals, so they could consume more protein and fat than their low-energy vegetarian diet would have provided.
⑧도구를 이용하여,그들은 다른 동물을 사냥할 수 있어서,그들의 저에너지 채식 식단이 제공했을 것보다 더 많은 단백질과 지방을 섭취할 수 있었다.
⑨Not only their bodies but also their brains would have been changed with more energy.
⑨그들의 신체뿐만 아니라 뇌도 더 많은 에너지와 함께 변화되었을 것이다.
⑩The brain needs lots of energy to grow.
⑩뇌는 성장하기 위해 많은 에너지가 필요하다.
⑪As their diet expanded, hominids could physically and intellectually expand their territory.
⑪초기 인류의 식단이 확장되면서 그들은 신체적으로 그리고 지적으로 그들의 영역을 확장할 수 있었다.
[고2] 2024년09월–31번:불공정한절차가위로를제공하는이유와공정한절차의심리적영향
①When we get an unfavorable outcome, in some ways the last thing we want to hear is that the process was fair.
①우리가 불리한 결과를 얻을 때,어떤 면에서 우리가'가장 듣고 싶지 않은'말은 그 과정이 공정했다는 말이다.
②As outraging as the combination of an unfavorable outcome and an unfair process is, this combination also brings with it a consolation prize: the possibility of attributing the bad outcome to something other than ourselves.
②불리한 결과와 불공정한 과정의 결합이 분노를 불러일으키지만,이 결합은 또한 위로의 상,즉 나쁜 결과를 우리 자신 이외의 다른 무언가의 탓으로 돌릴 가능성을 더불어 가져다준다.
③We may reassure ourselves by believing that our bad outcome had little to do with us and everything to do with the unfair process.
③우리는 우리의 나쁜 결과가 우리와는 거의 관련이 없었고 불공정한 과정과 전적으로 관련이 있었다고 믿음으로써 우리 자신을 안심시킬지도 모른다.
④If the process is fair, however, we cannot nearly as easily externalize the outcome; we got what we got "fair and square."
④하지만 그 과정이 공정하다면,우리는 결과를 거의 마찬가지로 쉽게 외부화할 수 없으며,우리는 우리가 얻은 것을'정정당당하게'얻은 것이다.
⑤When the process is fair we believe that our outcome is deserved, which is another way of saying that there must have been something about ourselves (what we did or who we are) that caused the outcome.
⑤그 과정이 공정할 때 우리는 우리의 결과가 마땅하다고 믿게 되는데,이는 그 결과를 초래한 우리 자신(우리가 무엇을 했는지 또는 우리가 누구인지)에 관한 무언가가 틀림없이 있었을 것이라고 말하는 또 다른 방식이다.
[고2] 2024년09월–32번:서양여성드레스의형태변화를분석한연구결과
①The well-known American ethnologist Alfred Louis Kroeber made a rich and in-depth study of women's evening dress in the West, stretching back about three centuries and using reproductions of engravings.
①미국의 잘 알려진 민속학자인Alfred Louis Kroeber는 약3세기 전으로 거슬러 올라가 판화 복제품을 사용하여 서양의 여성 이브닝 드레스에 대한 풍부하고 심도 있는 연구를 수행했다.
②Having adjusted the dimensions of these plates due to their diverse origins, he was able to analyse the constant elements in fashion features and to come up with a study that was neither intuitive nor approximate, but precise, mathematical and statistical.
②다양한 기원 때문에 이 판들의 크기를 조정하여,그는 패션 특징에서의 일정한 요소를 분석해서 직관적이지도 대략적이지도 않은,정확하고 수학적이며 통계적인 연구를 구상할 수 있었다.
③He reduced women's clothing to a certain number of features: length and size of the skirt, size and depth of the neckline, height of the waistline.
③그는 여성 의류를 스커트의 길이와 크기,목선의 크기와 깊이,허리선의 높이와 같은 몇 가지 특징들로 정리했다.
④He demonstrated unambiguously that fashion is a profoundly regular phenomenon which is not located at the level of annual variations but on the scale of history.
④그는 패션이 매년 일어나는 변화의 수준이 아니라 역사의 척도에 위치하는 매우 규칙적인 현상이라는 것을 분명하게 보여주었다.
⑤For practically 300 years, women's dress was subject to a very precise periodic cycle: forms reach the furthest point in their variations every fifty years.
⑤거의300년 동안 여성 드레스는 매우 정확한 주기적인 순환의 영향을 받았는데,형식은50년마다 변화의 정점에 도달했다.
⑥If, at any one moment, skirts are at their longest, fifty years later they will be at their shortest; thus skirts become long again fifty years after being short and a hundred years after being long.
⑥어느 한 시기에 스커트가 가장 길었다면50년 후에 가장 짧아질 것이고,따라서 스커트는 짧아진 데서50년 후에 다시 길어지고,길어진 데서100년 후에 길어진다.
[고2] 2024년09월–33번:기술발전으로인한불평등과노동시장의붕괴가능성
①Over the last few centuries, humanity's collective prosperity has skyrocketed, as technological progress has made us far wealthier than ever before.
①지난 몇 세기 동안 기술 발전이 우리를 그 어느 때보다 훨씬 더 부유하게 만듦에 따라,인류의 집합적 부가 급증했다.
②To share out those riches, almost all societies have settled upon the market mechanism, rewarding people in various ways for the work that they do and the things that they own.
②이러한 부를 나누기 위해 거의 모든 사회는 사람들에게 그들이 하는 일과 그들이 소유한 것에 대해 다양한 방식으로 보상하는 시장 메커니즘을 채택했다.
③But rising inequality, itself often driven by technology, has started to put that mechanism under strain.
③그러나 증가하는 불평등은,그 자체가 기술로 인해 자주 생기는데,그 메커니즘에 부담을 주기 시작했다.
④Today, markets already provide immense rewards to some people but leave many others with very little.
④오늘날 시장은 이미 일부 사람들에게는 막대한 보상을 제공하지만 많은 다른 사람들에게는 거의 아무것도 남기지 않는다.
⑤And now, technological unemployment threatens to become a more radical version of the same story, taking place in the particular market we rely upon the most: the labor market.
⑤그리고 이제,기술 혁신에 의한 실업은 우리가 가장 의존하는 특정 시장,즉 노동 시장에서 발생하여,같은 이야기의 좀 더 급진적인 형태가 될 우려가 있다.
⑥As that market begins to break down, more and more people will be in danger of not receiving a share of society's prosperity at all.
⑥그 시장이 무너짐에 따라 점점 더 많은 사람들이 사회의 부의 몫을 전혀 받지 않을 위험에 처하게 될 것이다.
[고2] 2024년09월–34번:전문가들이기초지식을가르치기어려운이유
①It's often said that those who can't do, teach.
①흔히 할 줄 모르는 사람이 가르친다는 말이 있다.
②It would be more accurate to say that those who can do, can't teach the basics.
②할 수 있는 사람은 기본을 가르칠 수 없다고 말하는 것이 더 정확할 것이다.
③A great deal of expert knowledge is implicit, not explicit.
③많은 전문 지식은 명시적이지 않고 암시적이다.
④The further you progress toward mastery, the less conscious awareness you often have of the fundamentals.
④숙달을 향해 더 나아갈수록 여러분은 흔히 기본에 대해 덜 의식적인 인식을 지닌다.
⑤Experiments show that skilled golfers and wine aficionados have a hard time describing their putting and tasting techniques ― even asking them to explain their approaches is enough to interfere with their performance, so they often stay on autopilot.
⑤실험들에 따르면 숙련된 골퍼와 와인 애호가들은 자신의 퍼팅과 시음 기술을 설명하는 데 어려움을 겪으며,심지어 그들의 접근 방식을 설명해 달라고 요청하는 것은 그들의 수행에 방해가 되기에 충분하기 때문에 그들은 자주 자동 조종 상태에 있다.
⑥When I first saw an elite diver do four and a half somersaults, I asked how he managed to spin so fast.
⑥내가 한 엘리트 다이버가 공중제비를4회 반 도는 것을 처음 봤을 때,나는 어떻게 그렇게 빨리 회전할 수 있었는지 물었다.
⑦His answer: "Just go up in a ball."
⑦그의 대답은"그냥 공 모양으로 올라가기만 하면 돼요."였다.
⑧Experts often have an intuitive understanding of a route, but they struggle to clearly express all the steps to take.
⑧전문가들은 자주 방법에 대해 직관적인 지식을 가지고 있지만,취해야 할 모든 단계를 분명하게 표현하는 데 고전한다.
⑨Their brain dump is partially filled with garbage.
⑨그들이 이것저것 표현하는 것은 부분적으로는 쓰레기로 차있다.
[고2] 2024년09월–35번:곡물가공과발효과정이영양소보존에미치는영향
①Minimal processing can be one of the best ways to keep original flavors and taste, without any need to add artificial flavoring or additives, or too much salt.
①최소한의 가공은 인공 향료나 첨가물,또는 과도한 소금을 넣을 필요 없이 본연의 풍미와 맛을 유지하는 가장 좋은 방법 중 하나일 수 있다.
②This would also be the efficient way to keep most nutrients, especially the most sensitive ones such as many vitamins and anti-oxidants.
②이것은 또한 대부분의 영양소,특히 많은 비타민과 항산화물질과 같은 가장 민감한 영양소를 유지하는 효율적인 방법일 수 있다.
③Milling of cereals is one of the most harsh processes which dramatically affect nutrient content.
③곡물을 제분하는 것은 영양소 함량에 크게 영향을 미치는 가장 가혹한 과정 중 하나이다.
④While grains are naturally very rich in micronutrients, anti-oxidants and fiber (i.e. in wholemeal flour or flakes), milling usually removes the vast majority of minerals, vitamins and fibers to raise white flour.
④곡물에는(즉 통밀가루 또는 플레이크에는)미량 영양소,항산화물질,그리고 섬유질이 자연적으로 매우 풍부하지만,제분이 일반적으로 흰 밀가루를 만들기 위해 대부분의 미네랄,비타민 그리고 섬유질을 제거한다.
⑤Such a spoilage of key nutrients and fiber is no longer acceptable in the context of a sustainable diet aiming at an optimal nutrient density and health protection.
⑤주요 영양소와 섬유질의 그러한 손상은 최적의 영양소 밀도와 건강 보호를 목표로 하는 지속 가능한 식단의 맥락에서 더 이상 받아들여질 수 없다.
⑥In contrast, fermentation of various foodstuffs or germination of grains are traditional, locally accessible, low-energy and highly nutritious processes of sounded interest.
⑥대조적으로,다양한 식품의 발효나 곡물의 발아는 알려진 관심을 받는 전통적이고,현지에서 접근 가능하며,에너지가 적게 들고,매우 영양가 있는 과정이다.
[고2] 2024년09월–36번:너무유능한사람은오히려덜호감가는이유
①It would seem obvious that the more competent someone is, the more we will like that person.
①누군가가 더 능력이 있을수록,우리가 그 사람을 더 많이 좋아할 것이라는 점은 명확해 보일 것이다.
②By "competence," I mean a cluster of qualities: smartness, the ability to get things done, wise decisions, etc.
②나는, '능력'이라는 것을,똑똑함,일을 수행하는 능력,지혜로운 결정 등과 같은 총체적인 특징을 뜻하는 것으로 말한다.
③We stand a better chance of doing well at our life tasks if we surround ourselves with people who know what they're doing and have a lot to teach us.
③우리는 자신이 무엇을 하고 있는지를 알고 우리를 가르칠 많은 것들을 갖고 있는 사람 주변에 있을 때,우리의 인생 과업에서 잘할 더 나은 가능성이 있다.
④But the research evidence is paradoxical:
④그러나 연구 증거는 역설적이다.
⑤In problem-solving groups, the participants who are considered the most competent and have the best ideas tend not to be the ones who are best liked.
⑤문제 해결 집단에서,가장 능력이 있다고 여겨지고 가장 좋은 생각을 갖고 있는 참여자들은 가장 선호되는 사람들이 아닌 경향이 있다.
⑥Why?
⑥왜 그럴까?
⑦One possibility is that, although we like to be around competent people, those who are too competent make us uncomfortable.
⑦하나의 가능성은,비록 우리는 능력 있는 사람들 주위에 있고 싶어하지만, '너무'능력 있는 사람들은 우리를 불편하게 만든다는 것이다.
⑧They may seem unapproachable, distant, superhuman ― and make us look bad (and feel worse) by comparison.
⑧그들은 접근할 수 없고,멀고,초인간적으로 보일 수가 있어서,비교해보면 우리가 형편없어 보이게(그리고 기분이 더 나쁘게)만든다.
⑨If this were true, we might like people more if they reveal some evidence of fallibility.
⑨만약에 이것이 사실이라면,사람들이 실수를 저지를 수 있다는 어떤 증거를 드러낼 때 그들을 더 좋아할지도 모른다.
⑩For example, if your friend is a brilliant mathematician, superb athlete, and gourmet cook, you might like him or her better if, every once in a while, they screwed up.
⑩예를 들면,여러분의 친구가 훌륭한 수학자,뛰어난 운동 선수,그리고 미식 요리사라면,여러분은 가끔 그들이 일을 망친다면 그들을 더 좋아할지도 모른다.
[고2] 2024년09월–37번:꿀벌의춤과컴퓨터알고리즘의차이
①A computational algorithm that takes input data and generates some output from it doesn't really embody any notion of meaning.
①입력 데이터를 받아 그것으로부터 어떤 출력을 생성하는 컴퓨터를 사용하는 알고리즘은 실제로 의미라는 그 어떤 개념도 구현하지 않는다.
②Certainly, such a computation does not generally have as its purpose its own survival and wellbeing.
②분명히,그러한 컴퓨터 계산은 일반적으로 그 자체의 생존과 안녕을 목적으로 하지 않는다.
③It does not, in general, assign value to the inputs.
③이것은 일반적으로 입력에 가치를 부여하지 않는다.
④Compare, for example, a computer algorithm with the waggle dance of the honeybee, by which means a foraging bee conveys to others in the hive information about the source of food (such as nectar) it has located.
④예를 들어,컴퓨터 알고리즘을,먹이를 찾아다니는 벌이 벌집 안의 다른 벌들에게 그것이 위치를 찾아낸(꿀과 같은)먹이의 출처에 대한 정보를 알려주는 수단인 꿀벌의8자의 춤과 비교해 보라.
⑤The "dance" ― a series of stylized movements on the comb ― shows the bees how far away the food is and in which direction.
⑤그'춤',즉 벌집에서의 일련의 양식화된 움직임은 벌들에게 먹이가 얼마나 멀리 있고 어느 방향으로 있는지 보여준다.
⑥But this input does not simply program other bees to go out and look for it.
⑥그러나 이 입력은 다른 벌들이 나가서 먹이를 찾도록 단순히 프로그래밍하는 것이 아니다.
⑦Rather, they evaluate this information, comparing it with their own knowledge of the surroundings.
⑦오히려 그것들은 이 정보를 주변 환경에 대한 그들 자신의 지식과 비교하면서 정보를 평가한다.
⑧Some bees might not bother to make the journey, considering it not worthwhile.
⑧일부 벌들은 그 이동이 가치가 없다고 생각해서 굳이 그 이동을 하지 않을 수도 있다.
⑨The input, such as it is, is processed in the light of the organism's own internal states and history; there is nothing prescriptive about its effects.
⑨그 입력은,대단한 것은 아니지만,유기체 자체의 내부 상태와 역사에 비추어 처리되며,그 결과에 대해 규정하는 것은 없다.
[고2] 2024년09월–38번:행동전염과바이러스전염의유사점과차이점
①There are deep similarities between viral contagion and behavioral contagion.
①바이러스성의 전염과 행동의 전염 사이에 깊은 유사성이 있다.
②For example, people in close or extended proximity to others infected by a virus are themselves more likely to become infected, just as people are more likely to drink excessively when they spend more time in the company of heavy drinkers.
②예를 들어,바이러스에 감염된 다른 사람들과 아주 근접해 있거나 어느 정도 근접해 있는 사람들은 그들도 감염될 가능성이 더 높은데,이는 사람들이 술을 많이 마시는 사람들과 함께 시간을 많이 보낼 때 술을 과도하게 마실 가능성이 더 높은 것과 마찬가지이다.
③But there are also important differences between the two types of contagion.
③하지만 두 종류의 전염 사이에 중요한 차이점들도 있다.
④One is that visibility promotes behavioral contagion but inhibits the spread of infectious diseases.
④한가지는 가시성이 행동의 전염을 촉진하지만,감염성 질병의 확산은 억제한다는 것이다.
⑤Solar panels that are visible from the street, for instance, are more likely to stimulate neighboring installations.
⑤예를 들어,거리에서 볼 수 있는 태양 전지판은 이웃의 설치를 북돋을 가능성이 더 높다.
⑥In contrast, we try to avoid others who are visibly ill.
⑥대조적으로,우리는 눈에 띄게 몸이 아픈 다른 사람들을 피하려고 노력한다.
⑦Another important difference is that whereas viral contagion is almost always a bad thing, behavioral contagion is sometimes negative ― as in the case of smoking ― but sometimes positive, as in the case of solar installations.
⑦또 다른 중요한 차이는 바이러스성의 전염은 거의 항상 나쁜 것인 반면,행동의 전염은 흡연의 경우와 같이,때로는 부정적이지만,태양 전지판 설치의 경우와 같이,때때로 긍정적이라는 것이다.
[고2] 2024년09월–39번:동물의동면과수면의차이
①Sleep is clearly about more than just resting.
①잠은 분명 단지 휴식하는 것 이상이다.
②One curious fact is that animals that are hibernating also have periods of sleep.
②한가지 호기심을 끄는 사실은 동면하고 있는 동물들 또한 잠자는 기간을 가진다는 점이다.
③It comes as a surprise to most of us, but hibernation and sleep are not the same thing at all, at least not from a neurological and metabolic perspective.
③그것은 우리 대부분에게 놀라움으로 다가오지만,동면과 수면은 적어도 신경학적이고 신진대사적인 관점에서 볼 때 전혀 같은 것이 아니다.
④Hibernating is more like being anesthetized: the subject is unconscious but not actually asleep.
④동면은 마취되는 것과 더욱 비슷한데,그 대상은 의식이 없지만 실제로 잠들어 있지는 않다.
⑤So a hibernating animal needs to get a few hours of conventional sleep each day within the larger unconsciousness.
⑤그래서 동면하고 있는 동물은 더 큰 무의식 속에서 매일 몇 시간의 전형적인 잠을 잘 필요가 있다.
⑥A further surprise to most of us is that bears, the most famous of wintry sleepers, don't actually hibernate.
⑥우리 대부분에게 더욱 놀라운 점은 겨울에 잠을 자는 동물 중 가장 유명한 곰도 실제로는 동면하지 않는다는 것이다.
⑦Real hibernation involves profound unconsciousness and a dramatic fall in body temperature ― often to around 32 degrees Fahrenheit.
⑦실제 동면은 깊은 무의식과 체온의 급격한 하락을 포함하는데,자주 대략 화씨32도로 떨어진다.
⑧By this definition, bears don't hibernate, because their body temperature stays near normal and they are easily awakened.
⑧이러한 정의에 따르면,곰의 체온은 정상 근처를 유지하고 쉽게 잠에서 깨어나기 때문에 그것들은 동면하지 않는다.
⑨Their winter sleeps are more accurately called a state of torpor.
⑨그것들의 겨울잠은 더 정확하게는 휴면 상태라고 불린다.
[고2] 2024년09월–40번:나이별로타인의평가를의식하는행동차이
①The concern about how we appear to others can be seen in children, though work by the psychologist Ervin Staub suggests that the effect may vary with age.
①우리가 다른 사람들에게 어떻게 보이는지에 대한 걱정은 아이들에게서 보일 수 있지만,심리학자Ervin Staub의 연구는 그 영향이 나이에 따라 달라질 수도 있다고 시사한다.
②In a study where children heard another child in distress, young children (kindergarten through second grade) were more likely to help the child in distress when with another child than when alone.
②아이들이 곤경에 처한 다른 아이의 소리를 들었던 한 연구에서,어린 아이들(유치원에서2학년까지)은 혼자 있을 때보다 다른 아이와 함께 있을 때 곤경에 처한 아이를 도울 가능성이 더 높았다.
③But for older children ― in fourth and sixth grade ― the effect reversed: they were less likely to help a child in distress when they were with a peer than when they were alone.
③하지만4학년과6학년과 같이 나이가 더 많은 아이들의 경우에는,그 결과가 뒤바뀌었는데,그들은 혼자 있을 때보다 또래와 함께 있을 때 곤경에 처한 아이를 도울 가능성이 더 낮았다.
④Staub suggested that younger children might feel more comfortable acting when they have the company of a peer, whereas older children might feel more concern about being judged by their peers and fear feeling embarrassed by overreacting.
④Staub은 더 어린 아이들은 또래와 함께 있을 때 행동하는 데 더 편안함을 느낄지도 모르는 데 반해,나이가 더 많은 아이들은 자기 또래들에게 판단받는 것을 더욱 걱정하며 과잉 반응에 의해 창피함을 느끼는 것을 두려워할지도 모른다고 말했다.
⑤Staub noted that "older children seemed to discuss the distress sounds less and to react to them less openly than younger children."
⑤Staub은'나이가 더 많은 아이들은 더 어린 아이들에 비해 곤경(에 처한 아이들)의 소리에 대해 덜 이야기하고,덜 공공연하게 반응하는 것처럼 보였다.'라고 언급했다.
⑥In other words, the older children were deliberately putting on a poker face in front of their peers.
⑥다시 말해서,더 나이가 많은 아이들은 의도적으로 자기 또래들 앞에서 무표정한 얼굴을 하고 있었다.
⑦[요약문] The study suggests that, contrary to younger children, older children are less likely to help those in distress in the presence of others because they care more about how they are evaluated.
⑦[요약문]연구는 더 어린 아이들과는 반대로,나이가 더 많은 아이들은 다른 사람들이 있을 때 곤경에 처한 아이들을 도울 가능성이 더 낮으며,그 이유는 그들은 자신이 어떻게 평가받는지에 대해 더 많이 신경 쓰기 때문이라고 시사한다.
[고2] 2024년09월–41~42번:어린시절권위에대한질문의중요성과성인의대응방식
①What makes questioning authority so hard?
①무엇이 권위에 의문을 제기하는 것을 그토록 어렵게 만들까?
②The difficulties start in childhood, when parents - the first and most powerful authority figures - show children "the way things are."
②그 어려움은 유년 시절에 시작하는데,이는 최초이자 가장 영향력 있는 권위자인 부모가 아이들에게'사물이 존재하는 방식'을 제시하는 때이다.
③This is a necessary element of learning language and socialization, and certainly most things learned in early childhood are noncontroversial: the English alphabet starts with A and ends with Z, the numbers 1 through 10 come before the numbers 11 through 20, and so on.
③이것은 언어 학습과 사회화의 필수적인 요소이고,확실히 초기 유년기에 학습되는 것 대부분은 논쟁의 여지가 없는데,영어 알파벳은A에서 시작해서Z로 끝난다는 것,숫자1부터10은 숫자11부터20보다 이전에 나온다는 것 등등처럼 말이다.
④Children, however, will spontaneously question things that are quite obvious to adults and even to older kids.
④하지만 아이들은 어른들과 심지어 더 나이 많은 아이들에게도 꽤 명백한 것들에 즉흥적으로 의문을 제기할 것이다.
⑤The word "why?" becomes a challenge, as in, "Why is the sky blue?"
⑤"왜요?"라는 말은"왜 하늘은 파랄까요?"에서처럼 도전이 된다.
⑥Answers such as "because it just is" or "because I say so" tell children that they must unquestioningly accept what authorities say "just because," and children who persist in their questioning are likely to find themselves dismissed or yelled at for "bothering" adults with "meaningless" or "unimportant" questions.
⑥"그냥 그러니까"혹은"내가 그렇다고 하니까"와 같은 대답들은 권위자들이"단지 그러니까"라고 말하는 것을 아이들이 의심 없이 받아들여야 한다고 아이들에게 말해주며,의문을 제기하는 것을 지속하는 아이들은'무의미한'혹은'중요하지 않은'질문으로 어른들을'성가시게 하는 것'때문에 그들 자신이 쫓겨나거나 고함을 듣는다는 것을 알게 될 가능성이 높다.
⑦But these questions are in fact perfectly reasonable.
⑦하지만 이러한 질문들은 실제로 완벽하게 합리적이다.
⑧Why is the sky blue?
⑧왜 하늘은 파랄까?
⑨Many adults do not themselves know the answer.
⑨많은 어른들은 자신도 그 대답을 알지 못한다.
⑩And who says the sky's color needs to be called "blue," anyway?
⑩그리고 어쨌든 누가 하늘의 색깔이'파란색'으로 불려야 한다고 말하는가?
⑪How do we know that what one person calls "blue" is the same color that another calls "blue"?
⑪한 사람이'파란색'이라고 부르는 것이 또 다른 사람이'파란색'이라고 부르는 것과 같은 색깔인지 어떻게 우리가 아는가?
⑫The scientific answers come from physics, but those are not the answers that children are seeking.
⑫과학적인 답은 물리학에서 나오지만,그것들은 아이들이 찾고 있는 답은 아니다.
⑬They are trying to understand the world, and no matter how irritating the repeated questions may become to stressed and time-pressed parents, it is important to take them seriously to encourage kids to question authority to think for themselves.
⑬그들은 세계를 이해하려고 노력하고 있고,반복되는 질문들이 스트레스가 쌓이고 시간에 쫓기는 부모들에게 아무리 짜증스러울지라도,아이들이 권위에 의문을 제기하도록 독려하여 스스로 생각하도록 그것들을 진지하게 받아들이는 것이 중요하다.
[고2] 2024년09월–43~45번:어린시절의특이한책경험이자녀의성장에미친긍정적영향
①My two girls grew up without challenges with respect to development and social interaction.
①나의 두 딸은 발달과 사회적 상호 작용에 있어서 어려움 없이 성장했다.
②My son Benjamin, however, was quite delayed.
②하지만,나의 아들Benjamin은 꽤 더뎠다.
③He struggled through his childhood, not fitting in with the other children and wondering what he was doing wrong at every turn.
③그는 다른 아이들과 잘 어울리지 않고 언제나 그가 무엇을 잘못했는지 궁금해하며,어린 시절 동안 고생했다.
④He was teased by the other children and frowned upon by a number of unsympathetic adults.
④그는 다른 아이들에게 괴롭힘을 받았고 인정 없는 많은 어른들의 눈살을 찌푸리게 했다.
⑤But his Grade 1 teacher was a wonderful, caring person who took the time to ask why Benjamin behaved the way he did.
⑤하지만 그의1학년 선생님은 왜Benjamin이 그가 했던 방식으로 행동했는지 물어보는 시간을 갖는,훌륭하고 친절한 사람이었다.
⑥The teacher was determined to understand Benjamin and to accept him as he was.
⑥그 선생님은Benjamin을 이해하고 그를 있는 그대로 받아들이겠다고 결심했다.
⑦One day he came home with a note from his teacher.
⑦어느 날 그는 그의 선생님으로부터 받은 한 쪽지를 가지고 집으로 왔다.
⑧He suggested I go to the school library.
⑧그는 내가 학교 도서관에 방문할 것을 제안했다.
⑨They were having a sale, and he thought my son would like one of the books.
⑨그들은 판매를 하고 있었고,그는 나의 아들이 책 중 하나를 좋아할 거라고 생각했다.
⑩I couldn't go for a couple of days and was concerned I'd missed the opportunity.
⑩나는 며칠 동안 갈 수 없었고,기회를 놓쳤을까 봐 걱정했다.
⑪When I finally went to the school, his teacher told me that the sale had ended but that the library had saved the book for my little boy.
⑪내가 마침내 학교에 갔을 때,그의 선생님은 나에게 판매는 끝났지만 도서관이 내 아이를 위해 책을 남겨 두었다고 말했다.
⑫I suspected the teacher had paid for it out of his own pocket.
⑫나는 선생님이 그것을 자비로 지불한 것이 아닌가 짐작했다.
⑬It was a storyboard book with a place for a photo.
⑬그것은 사진을 위한 공간이 있는 스토리보드 책이었다.
⑭On each page there was an outline of an animal and a hole so that the face in the photo appeared to be the face of the animal.
⑭쪽마다 동물의 윤곽과 구멍이 있어서 사진 속의 얼굴이 그 동물의 얼굴인 것처럼 보였다.
⑮Wondering if Benjamin would really be interested in the book, I brought it home.
⑮Benjamin이 그 책에 정말로 흥미가 있을지 궁금해하며 나는 그것을 집으로 가져왔다.
⑯He loved it!
⑯그는 그것을 좋아했다!
⑰Through that book, he saw that he could be anything he wanted to be: a cat, an octopus, a dinosaur─even a frog!
⑰그 책을 통해 그는 그가 자신이 되길 원하는 어떠한 것도 될 수 있음을 알았는데,고양이,문어,공룡 그리고 심지어 개구리까지 말이다!
⑱Benjamin joyfully embarked on an imaginative journey through the book, and little did we know, it laid the groundwork for his future successes.
⑱Benjamin은 그 책을 통해 상상의 여행을 즐겁게 시작했고,우리가 거의 알지는 못했지만,그것은 그의 미래 성공을 위한 토대를 마련했다.
⑲And thankfully, his teacher had taken the time to observe and understand him and had discovered a way to help him reach out of his own world and join ours through a storyboard book.
⑲그리고 감사하게도,그의 선생님은 그를 관찰하고 이해하기 위한 시간을 가졌고,스토리보드 책을 통해 그가 자신만의 세상을 벗어나 우리의 세상에 참여하도록 돕는 방법을 발견했다.
⑳My son later became a child actor and performed for seven years with a Toronto casting agency.
⑳내 아들은 나중에 아역 배우가 되었고Toronto에 있는 캐스팅 회사와 함께7년 동안 공연을 했다.
㉑He is now a published author who writes fantasy and science-fiction!
②I am writing to express my deep concern about the recent change made by Pittsburgh Train Station.
②저는Pittsburgh Train Station에 의한 최근의 변경에 대해 저의 깊은 우려를 표하기 위해 글을 쓰고 있습니다.
③The station had traditional ticket offices with staff before, but these have been replaced with ticket vending machines.
③이전에는 역에 직원이 있는 전통적인 매표소가 있었지만,이것들은 승차권 발매기로 대체되었습니다.
④However, individuals who are unfamiliar with these machines are now experiencing difficulty accessing the railway services.
④그러나 이러한 기계에 익숙하지 않은 사람들은 현재 철도 서비스에 접근하는 데 어려움을 겪고 있습니다.
⑤Since these individuals heavily relied on the staff assistance to be able to travel, they are in great need of ticket offices with staff in the station.
⑤이 사람들은 이동할 수 있기 위해 직원의 도움에 크게 의존했기 때문에,그들은 역 내에 직원이 있는 매표소를 매우 필요로 합니다.
⑥Therefore, I am urging you to consider reopening the ticket offices.
⑥그러므로 저는 당신에게 매표소 재운영을 고려할 것을 촉구합니다.
⑦With the staff back in their positions, many people would regain access to the railway services.
⑦직원이 그들의 자리로 돌아오면 많은 사람이 철도 서비스에 대한 접근을 다시 얻을 것입니다.
⑧I look forward to your prompt attention to this matter and a positive resolution.
⑧저는 이 문제에 대한 당신의 신속한 관심과 긍정적인 해결을 기대합니다.
⑨Sincerely, Sarah Roberts
⑨진심을 담아, Sarah Roberts
[고1] 2024년09월–19번:무대에서쓰러진Arthur를구조한Jeevan의이야기
①All the actors on the stage were focused on their acting.
①무대 위의 모든 배우가 그들의 연기에 집중하고 있었다.
②Then, suddenly, Arthur fell into the corner of the stage.
②그 때 갑자기Arthur가 무대의 한쪽 구석에 쓰러졌다.
③Jeevan immediately approached Arthur and found his heart wasn't beating.
③Jeevan이 즉각Arthur에게 다가갔고 그의 심장이 뛰지 않는 것을 알아차렸다.
④Jeevan began CPR.
④Jeevan은CPR을 시작했다.
⑤Jeevan worked silently, glancing sometimes at Arthur's face.
⑧Moments later, an older man in a grey suit appeared, swiftly kneeling beside Arthur's chest.
⑧잠시 뒤,회색 정장 차림의 한 노인이 나타났고, Arthur의 가슴 옆에 재빠르게 무릎을 꿇었다.
⑨"I'm Walter Jacobi. I'm a doctor."
⑨"저는Walter Jacobi입니다.저는 의사입니다."
⑩He announced with a calm voice.
⑩그는 차분한 목소리로 전했다.
⑪Jeevan wiped the sweat off his forehead.
⑪Jeevan은 그의 이마에서 땀을 닦아냈다.
⑫With combined efforts, Jeevan and Dr. Jacobi successfully revived Arthur.
⑫협력하여, Jeevan과Dr. Jacobi는Arthur를 성공적으로 소생시켰다.
⑬Arthur's eyes slowly opened.
⑬Arthur의 눈이 천천히 떠졌다.
⑭Finally, Jeevan was able to hear Arthur's breath again, thinking to himself, "Thank goodness. You're back."
⑭마침내Jeevan은Arthur의 숨을 다시 들을 수 있었고, '다행이다.깨어났다.'라고 자신에게 되뇌었다.
[고1] 2024년09월–20번:부모의과도한자랑이자녀에게주는압박과부정적영향
①As the parent of a gifted child, you need to be aware of a certain common parent trap.
①영재의 부모로서,당신은 어떤 흔한 부모의 덫을 주의할 필요가 있다.
②Of course you are a proud parent, and you should be.
②물론,당신은 자랑스러워하는 부모이고,그리고 그래야 한다.
③While it is very easy to talk nonstop about your little genius and his or her remarkable behavior, this can be very stressful on your child.
③당신의 작은 천재와 그 또는 그녀의 놀라운 행동에 대해서 쉬지 않고 말하는 것은 매우 쉬우나,이것은 당신의 아이에게 매우 스트레스가 될 수 있다.
④It is extremely important to limit your bragging behavior to your very close friends, or your parents.
④당신의 자랑하는 행동을 당신의 아주 가까운 친구나,당신의 부모에게로 제한하는 것이 매우 중요하다.
⑤Gifted children feel pressured when their parents show them off too much.
⑤영재는 그들의 부모가 지나치게 그들을 자랑할 때 부담을 느낀다.
⑥This behavior creates expectations that they may not be able to live up to, and also creates a false sense of self for your child.
⑥이러한 행동은 그들이 부응할 수 없을지도 모르는 기대를 만들고,또한 당신의 자녀에게 있어 잘못된 자의식을 만든다.
⑦You want your child to be who they are, not who they seem to be as defined by their incredible achievements.
⑦당신은 당신의 자녀가 그들의 엄청난 업적에 의해서 규정지어진 대로 보이는 누군가가 아니라 있는 그대로의 그들이기를 바란다.
⑧If not, you could end up with a driven perfectionist child or perhaps a dropout, or worse.
⑧그렇지 않으면,당신은 결국 지나친 완벽주의자 아이 또는 아마도 학업 중단자이거나 그보다 더 안 좋은 것을 마주하게 될 것이다.
[고1] 2024년09월–21번:부정적상황에서자조그룹의긍정적에너지의중요성
①One valuable technique for getting out of helplessness, depression, and situations which are predominantly being run by the thought, "I can't," is to choose to be with other persons who have resolved the problem with which we struggle.
①무력함,우울감,그리고'나는 할 수 없다'는 생각에 의해 현저히 지배당하는 상황에서 벗어나기 위한 한 가지 유용한 기술은 우리가 분투하고 있는 문제를 해결해 본 타인과 함께 있기로 선택하는 것이다.
②This is one of the great powers of self-help groups.
②이것은 자조 집단의 큰 힘 중 하나이다.
③When we are in a negative state, we have given a lot of energy to negative thought forms, and the positive thought forms are weak.
③우리가 부정적인 상태에 있을 때,우리는 부정적인 사고 형태에 많은 에너지를 투입해 왔고 긍정적인 사고 형태는 약하다.
④Those who are in a higher vibration are free of the energy from their negative thoughts and have energized positive thought forms.
④더 높은 진동에 있는 사람들은 그들의 부정적인 사고에서 나오는 에너지가 없고,긍정적인 사고 형태를 활기 띠게 했다.
⑤Merely to be in their presence is beneficial.
⑤단지 그들이 있는 자리에 있기만 하는 것도 유익하다.
⑥In some self-help groups, this is called "hanging out with the winners."
⑥일부 자조 집단에서 이것은'승자들과 어울리기'라고 불린다.
⑦The benefit here is on the psychic level of consciousness, and there is a transfer of positive energy and relighting of one's own latent positive thought forms.
⑦여기에서의 이점은 의식의 정신적 수준에 있으며,긍정적인 에너지의 전달과 자신의 잠재적인 긍정적인 사고 형태의 재점화가 있다.
[고1] 2024년09월–22번:인간의감정이생존에기여한진화적역할
①Our emotions are thought to exist because they have contributed to our survival as a species.
①우리의 감정은 그것들이 종으로서 우리의 생존에 기여해 왔기 때문에 존재한다고 여겨진다.
②Fear has helped us avoid dangers, expressing anger helps us scare off threats, and expressing positive emotions helps us bond with others.
②두려움은 우리가 위험을 피하는 데 도움을 주어 왔고,분노를 표현하는 것은 우리가 위협을 쫓아내도록 돕고,긍정적인 감정을 표현하는 것은 우리가 다른 사람과 유대하도록 돕는다.
③From an evolutionary perspective, an emotion is a kind of "program" that, when triggered, directs many of our activities (including attention, perception, memory, movement, expressions, etc.).
③진화적 관점에서,감정은 유발될 때(주의,지각,기억,움직임,표현 등을 포함하는)우리의 많은 활동을 지시하는 일종의'프로그램'이다.
④For example, fear makes us very attentive, narrows our perceptual focus to threatening stimuli, will cause us either to face a situation (fight) or avoid it (flight), and may cause us to remember an experience more acutely (so that we avoid the threat in the future).
④예를 들어,두려움은 우리를 매우 주의 깊게 만들고,우리의 지각의 초점을 위협적인 자극으로 좁히고,우리로 하여금 상황을 정면으로 대하거나(싸우거나)그것을 피하도록(도피하도록)하며,우리로 하여금 경험을 더 강렬하게 기억하도록(그래서 우리가 미래에 위협을 피하도록)할 수도 있다.
⑤Regardless of the specific ways in which they activate our systems, the specific emotions we possess are thought to exist because they have helped us (as a species) survive challenges within our environment long ago.
⑤그것들이 우리의 시스템을 활성화하는 구체적인 방식과는 관계없이,우리가 소유한 특정한 감정은 그것들이 오래전에 우리의 환경 내에서 우리가(종으로서)힘든 상황에서 생존하도록 도움을 주어 왔기 때문에 존재한다고 여겨진다.
⑥If they had not helped us adapt and survive, they would not have evolved with us.
⑥만약 그것들이 우리가 적응하고 생존하도록 도움을 주지 않았었더라면 그것들은 우리와 함께 진화해 오지 않았을 것이다.
[고1] 2024년09월–23번: AI기술이장애인을포함한노동시장에서의포용성증대
①By improving accessibility of the workplace for workers that are typically at a disadvantage in the labour market, AI can improve inclusiveness in the workplace.
①노동 시장에서 일반적으로 불리한 위치에 있는 노동자를 위한 일터로의 접근성을 향상시킴으로써, AI는 일터에서 포괄성을 향상시킬 수 있다.
②AI-powered assistive devices to aid workers with visual, speech or hearing difficulties are becoming more widespread, improving the access to, and the quality of work for people with disabilities.
②시각,발화 또는 청각 장애가 있는 노동자들을 돕기 위핸AI동력의 보조 장치들이 더 널리 보급되어,장애를 지닌 사람들의 업무 접근성과 업무의 질을 향상시키고 있다.
③For example, speech recognition solutions for people with dysarthric voices, or live captioning systems for deaf and hard of hearing people can facilitate communication with colleagues and access to jobs where inter-personal communication is necessary.
③예를 들어,구음 장애가 있는 사람들을 위한 발화 인식 솔루션이나 청각 장애인과 난청인을 위한 실시간 자막 시스템은 동료와의 의사소통과 대인 의사소통이 필요한 일에 대한 접근을 용이하게 할 수 있다.
④AI can also enhance the capabilities of low-skilled workers, with potentially positive effects on their wages and career prospects.
④AI는 또한 그들의 임금과 경력 전망에 잠재적으로 긍정적인 영향과 함께 저숙련 노동자들의 능력을 향상시킬 수 있다.
⑤For example, AI's capacity to translate written and spoken word in real-time can improve the performance of non-native speakers in the workplace.
⑤예를 들어,문자 언어와 음성 언어를 실시간으로 번역하는AI의 능력은 일터에서 비원어민의 수행을 향상시킬 수 있다.
⑥Moreover, recent developments in AI-powered text generators can instantly improve the performance of lower-skilled individuals in domains such as writing, coding or customer service.
⑥게다가,최근의AI동력의 텍스트 생성기의 발전은 글쓰기,코딩,고객 서비스와 같은 영역에서 저숙련된 개인의 수행을 즉시 향상시킬 수 있다.
[고1] 2024년09월–24번:고래가기후변화완화에기여하는방식과그가치
①Whales are highly efficient at carbon storage.
①고래는 탄소 저장에 매우 효율적이다.
②When they die, each whale sequesters an average of 30 tons of carbon dioxide, taking that carbon out of the atmosphere for centuries.
②그들이 죽을 때,각각의 고래는 평균30톤의 이산화탄소를 격리하며,수 세기 동안 대기로부터 그 탄소를 빼내어 둔다.
③For comparison, the average tree absorbs only 48 pounds of CO₂a year.
③비교하자면,평균적인 나무는 연간48파운드의 이산화탄소만을 흡수한다.
④From a climate perspective, each whale is the marine equivalent of thousands of trees.
④기후의 관점에서 각각의 고래는 수천 그루의 나무에 상응하는 바다에 사는 것이다.
⑤Whales also help sequester carbon by fertilizing the ocean as they release nutrient-rich waste, in turn increasing phytoplankton populations, which also sequester carbon ― leading some scientists to call them the "engineers of marine ecosystems."
⑤고래는 또한 영양이 풍부한 배설물을 내보내면서 바다를 비옥하게 함으로써 탄소를 격리하는 데 도움을 주는데,결과적으로 식물성 플랑크톤 개체를 증가시키고 이는 또한 탄소를 격리한다.그리하여 몇몇 과학자들은 그들을'해양 생태계의 기술자'라고 부르게 되었다.
⑥In 2019, economists from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimated the value of the ecosystem services provided by each whale at over $2 million USD.
⑥2019년 국제 통화 기극(IMF)의 경제학자들은 각각의 고래에 의해서 제공되는 생태계 서비스의 가치를 미화200만 달러가 넘게 추정했다.
⑦They called for a new global program of economic incentives to return whale populations to preindustrial whaling levels as one example of a "nature-based solution" to climate change.
⑦그들은 기후 변화에 대한'자연 기반 해결책'의 한 예로서 고래 개체수를 산업화 이전의 고래잡이 수준으로 되돌리기 위한 새로운 글로벌 경제적 인센티브 프로그램을 요구했다.
⑧Calls are now being made for a global whale restoration program, to slow down climate change.
⑧기후 변화를 늦추기 위해 세계적인 고래 복원 프로그램에 대한 요구가 현재 제기되고 있다.
[고1] 2024년09월–25번: 2022년주요국가들의1인당CO₂배출량비교그래프
①The above graph shows per capita CO₂emissions from coal, oil, and gas by countries in 2022.
①위 그래프는2022년의 국가별 석탄,석유,천연가스에서 나온1인당 이산화탄소 배출량을 보여 준다.
②The United States had the highest total per capita CO₂emissions, even though its emissions from coal were the second lowest among the five countries shown.
②석탄에서 나온 배출량은 보여진 다섯 개의 국가 중 두 번째로 낮았음에도 불구하고,미국은 가장 높은1인당 이산화탄소 총배출량을 가졌다.
③South Korea's total per capita CO₂emissions were over 10 tons, ranking it the second highest among the countries shown.
③한국의1인당 이산화탄소 총배출량은10톤이 넘고,보여진 국가 중 두 번째로 높은 순위를 차지했다.
④Germany had lower CO₂emissions per capita than South Korea in all three major sources respectively.
④독일은 한국보다 각각의 모든 세 가지 주요한 원천에서 더 낮은1인당 이산화탄소 배출량을 가졌다.
⑤The per capita CO₂emissions from coal in South Africa were over three times higher than those in Germany.
⑤남아프리카 공화국의 석탄으로부터의1인당 이산화탄소 배출량은 독일의 그것보다 세 배보다 더 높았다.
⑥In Brazil, oil was the largest source of CO₂emissions per capita among its three major sources, just as it was in the United States and Germany.
⑥브라질에서 석유는 브라질의 세 가지 주요한 원천 중에서1인당 이산화탄소 배출량의 가장 큰 원천이었고,그것은 미국과 독일에서도 마찬가지였다.
[고1] 2024년09월–26번:프랑스의여성과학자Emilie du Chatelet의업적과영향
①Emilie du Chatelet, a French mathematician and physicist, was born in Paris in 1706.
①프랑스 수학자이자 물리학자인Emilie du Chatelet는1706년에 파리에서 태어났다.
②During her childhood, with her father's support, she was able to get mathematical and scientific education that most women of her time did not receive.
②어린 시절에 아버지의 도움으로 그녀는 당대 대부분의 여성들은 받지 못했던 수학과 과학 교육을 받을 수 있었다.
③In 1737, she submitted her paper on the nature of fire to a contest sponsored by the French Academy of Sciences, and it was published a year later.
③1737년에 그녀는 불의 속성에 관한 논문을French Academy of Sciences에 의해 후원되는 대회에 제출했으며,그것은1년 후에 출간되었다.
④In her book, Institutions de Physique, Emilie du Chatelet explained the ideas of space and time in a way that is closer to what we understand in modern relativity than what was common during her time.
④그녀의 책Institutions de Physique에서Emilie du Chatelet는 당대에 일반적이었던 것보다 현대의 상대성 이론에서 우리가 이해하는 것에 더 가까운 방식으로 공간과 시간의 개념을 설명했다.
⑤Her most significant achievement was translating Isaac Newton's Principia into French near the end of her life.
⑤그녀의 가장 주요한 성과는 그녀의 말년 무렵 아이작 뉴턴의Principia를 프랑스어로 번역한 것이었다.
⑥Emilie du Chatelet's work was not recognized in her time, but she is now remembered as a symbol of the Enlightenment and the struggle for women's participation in science.
⑥Emilie du Chatelet의 업적은 당대에 인정받지 못했지만,현재 그녀는 계몽주의와 여성의 과학 분야 참여를 위한 투쟁의 상징으로 기억된다.
[고1] 2024년09월–29번:조직내다양한부서들이갈등을일으키는구조적요인
①From an organizational viewpoint, one of the most fascinating examples of how any organization may contain many different types of culture is to recognize the functional operations of different departments within the organization.
①조직의 관점에서,어떤 조직이 어떻게 많은 다른 문화 유형들을 포함할 수 있는지에 대한 가장 매력적인 예시 중 하나는 조직 내 다른 부서들의 기능적 운영을 인식하는 것이다.
②The varying departments and divisions within an organization will inevitably view any given situation from their own biased and prejudiced perspective.
②조직 내 다양한 부서와 과는 필연적으로 어떤 주어진 상황이라도 그들 자신만의 편향적이고 편파적인 관점에서 볼 것이다.
③A department and its members will acquire "tunnel vision" which disallows them to see things as others see them.
③한 부서와 그 구성원들은 그들을 다른 이들이 그것들을 보는 대로 볼 수 없게 하는'터널 시야 현상'을 갖게 될 것이다.
④The very structure of organizations can create conflict.
④조직의 구조 자체가 갈등을 만들어낼 수 있다.
⑤The choice of whether the structure is "mechanistic" or "organic" can have a profound influence on conflict management.
⑤구조가'기계적'인지 또는'유기적'인지의 선택은 갈등 관리에 깊은 영향을 미칠 수 있다.
⑥A mechanistic structure has a vertical hierarchy with many rules, many procedures, and many levels of management involved in decision making.
⑥기계적 구조는 많은 규칙,많은 절차 그리고 의사결정에 포함된 많은 수준의 관리를 가진 수직적 위계를 갖는다.
⑦Organic structures are more horizontal in nature, where decision making is less centralized and spread across the plane of the organization.
⑦유기적 구조는 본래 더 수평적이고,여기서는 의사결정이 덜 중앙 집중화되고,조직 전반에 걸쳐 펼처진다.
[고1] 2024년09월–30번:자전거전용도로확장으로교통을줄이는도시계획의이점
①An excellent alternative to calming traffic is removing it.
①교통을 진정시키는 훌륭한 대안은 그것을 제거하는 것이다.
②Some cities reserve an extensive network of lanes and streets for bikes, pedestrians, and the occasional service vehicle.
②몇몇 도시는 자전거,보행자,그리고 수시 서비스 차량을 위한 광범위한 망의 도로와 거리를 마련해 둔다.
③This motivates people to travel by bike rather than by car, making streets safer for everyone.
③이것은 사람들이 자동차보다 자전거로 이동을 하도록 동기를 부여하여 거리를 모두에게 더 안전하게 만든다.
④As bicycles become more popular in a city, planners can convert more automobile lanes and entire streets to accommodate more of them.
④자전거가 도시에서 더 대중적이 되면,계획자들은 더 많은 자동차 도로와 전체 거리를 더 많은 자전거를 수용할 수 있도록 전환할 수 있다.
⑤Nevertheless, even the most bikeable cities still require motor vehicle lanes for taxis, emergency vehicles, and delivery trucks.
⑤그럼에도 불구하고,가장 자전거를 타기 좋은 도시들조차도 여전히 택시,긴급 차량,그리고 배달 트럭을 위한 자동차 도로를 필요로 한다.
⑥Delivery vehicles are frequently a target of animus, but they are actually an essential component to making cities greener.
⑥배달 차량은 자주 반감의 대상이지만,그것들은 실제로 도시를 더 친환경적으로 만드는 필수 구성요소이다.
⑦A tightly packed delivery truck is a far more efficient transporter of goods than several hybrids carrying a few shopping bags each.
⑦짐이 빽빽하게 들어찬 배달 트럭은 각각 몇 개의 쇼핑백을 실은 여러 하이브리드 차량보다 훨씬 더 효율적인 상품 운송 수단이다.
⑧Distributing food and other goods to neighborhood vendors allows them to operate smaller stores close to homes so that residents can walk, rather than drive, to get their groceries.
⑧음식과 다른 상품을 동네 상인에게 배포하는 것은 그들이 집에 가까운 더 작은 상점을 운영할 수 있게 하고 그 결과 주민들은 식료품을 사기 위해 운전하기보다는 걸어갈 수 있다.
[고1] 2024년09월–31번:유명작곡가들의초기작품이받아들여지기어려웠던이유
①You hear again and again that some of the greatest composers were misunderstood in their own day.
①여러분은 몇몇 가장 위대한 작곡가들이 그들의 시대에 진가를 인정받지 못했다고 몇 번이고 듣는다.
②Not everyone could understand the compositions of Beethoven, Brahms, or Stravinsky in their day.
②그들의 시대에 베토벤,브람스,스트라빈스키의 곡들을 모든 사람이 이해할 수 있었던 것은 아니었다.
③The reason for this initial lack of acceptance is unfamiliarity.
③이러한 초기의 수용 부족의 이유는 낯섦이다.
④The musical forms, or ideas expressed within them, were completely new.
④음악적 형식,또는 그 안에 표현된 생각은 완전히 새로운 것이었다.
⑤And yet, this is exactly one of the things that makes them so great.
⑤그럼에도 불구하고 이것이 바로 그들을 그토록 위대하게 만드는 것들 중 하나이다.
⑥Effective composers have their own ideas.
⑥유능한 작곡가는 그들 자신만의 생각을 갖는다.
⑦Have you ever seen the classic movie Amadeus?
⑦당신은 고전 영화Amadeus를 본 적이 있는가?
⑧The composer Antonio Salieri is the "host" of this movie; he's depicted as one of the most famous non-great composers ― he lived at the time of Mozart and was completely overshadowed by him.
⑧작곡가Antonio Salieri가 이 영화의'주인공'이다.그는 가장 유명한 위대하지 않은 작곡가 중 한 명으로 묘사된다.그는 모차르트 시대에 살았고 그에 의해 완전히 가려졌다.
⑨Now, Salieri wasn't a bad composer; in fact, he was a very good one.
⑨인제 보니Salieri는 형편없는 작곡가가 아니었다.사실,그는 매우 훌륭한 작곡가였다.
⑩But he wasn't one of the world's great composers because his work wasn't original.
⑩하지만 그의 작품이 독창적이지 않았기 때문에 그는 세계의 위대한 작곡가들 중 한 명은 아니었다.
⑪What he wrote sounded just like what everyone else was composing at the time.
⑪그가 쓴 곡은 마치 그 당시 모든 다른 사람들이 작곡했던 것처럼 들렸다.
[고1] 2024년09월–32번:새로운매체가인간의사고방식을변화시키는과정
①Every time a new medium comes along─whether it's the invention of the printed book, or TV, or SNS─and you start to use it, it's like you are putting on a new kind of goggles, with their own special colors and lenses.
①인쇄된 책의 발명이든 텔레비전의 발명이든SNS의 발명이든,새로운 매체가 나타나 여러분이 그것을 쓰기 시작할 때마다 여러분은 고유의 색깔과 렌즈를 가진 새 고글을 쓰는 것과 같다.
②Each set of goggles you put on makes you see things differently.
②여러분이 쓰는 각각의 고글은 세상을 다른 방식으로 바라보게 한다.
③So when you start to watch television, before you absorb the message of any particular TV show─whether it's Wheel of Fortune or The Wire─you start to see the world as being shaped like television itself.
③그러므로 여러분이 텔레비전을 보기 시작하면,그것이Wheel of Fortune이든The Wire든,특정 텔레비전 프로그램의 메시지를 흡수하기 이전에 이미 세상을 텔레비전 그 자체처럼 형성된 것으로 바라보게 된다.
④That's why Marshall McLuhan said that every time a new medium comes along─a new way for humans to communicate─it has buried in it a message.
④이러한 이유로Marshall McLuhan이 새로운 매체,즉,인간이 의사소통하는 새로운 방식이 나타날 때마다 그 안에 메시지가 담겨 있다고 말한 것이다.
⑤It is gently guiding us to see the world according to a new set of codes.
⑤새로운 매체는 자연스럽게 우리가 새로운 일련의 방식에 따라 세상을 바라보게 한다.
⑥The way information gets to you, McLuhan argued, is more important than the information itself.
⑥McLuhan은 정보가 여러분에게 도달하는 방식이 정보 자체보다 더 중요하다고 주장했다.
⑦TV teaches you that the world is fast; that it's about surfaces and appearances.
⑦텔레비전은 우리에게 세상은 빠르고,중요한 것은 표면과 겉모습이라고 가르친다.
[고1] 2024년09월–33번:개념의중요성과잘못된개념이과학적오류를초래할수있는위험성
①Concepts are vital to human survival, but we must also be careful with them because concepts open the door to essentialism.
①개념은 인간의 생존에 필수적이지만,개념이 본질주의로 향하는 문을 열기 때문에 우리는 또한 그것들을 주의해야 한다.
②They encourage us to see things that aren't present.
②그것들은 존재하지 않는 것들을 보도록 우리를 부추긴다.
③Stuart Firestein opens his book, Ignorance, with an old proverb, "It is very difficult to find a black cat in a dark room, especially when there is no cat."
③Stuart Firestein은"어두운 방에서 검은 고양이를 찾는 것은 특히 고양이가 없을 때 매우 어렵다."라는 옛 속담으로 그의 책Ignorance를 시작한다.
④This statement beautifully sums up the search for essences.
④이 말은 본질에 대한 탐구를 훌륭하게 요약한다.
⑤History has many examples of scientists who searched fruitlessly for an essence because they used the wrong concept to guide their hypotheses.
⑤역사는 가설을 이끄는 잘못된 개념을 사용했기 때문에 헛되이 본질을 탐색했던 과학자들의 많은 예를 가지고 있다.
⑥Firestein gives the example of luminiferous ether, a mysterious substance that was thought to fill the universe so that light would have a medium to move through.
⑥Firestein은 빛이 통과할 수 있는 매개체를 갖도록 우주를 가득 채워줄 것이라 여겨진 신비한 물질인 발광 에테르의 예를 제시한다.
⑦The ether was a black cat, writes Firestein, and physicists had been theorizing in a dark room, and then experimenting in it, looking for evidence of a cat that did not exist.
⑦Firestein이 쓰기를,에테르는 검은 고양이였고,물리학자들은 어두운 방에서 이론을 세우고,그러고 나서 존재하지 않았던 고양이라는 증거를 찾으며,그 안에서 실험을 하고 있었던 것이었다.
[고1] 2024년09월–34번:소셜미디어에서의'일반적유명인'과전통적유명인의차이
①While social media attention is potentially an instrument to achieve ends like elite celebrity, some content creators desire ordinary fame as a social end in itself.
①소셜 미디어 관심은 잠재적으로 엘리트 명성과 같은 목적을 달성하기 위한 도구인 반면,일부 콘텐츠 제작자들은 사회적 목적 그 자체로서 평범한 명성을 원한다.
②Not unlike reality television stars, social media celebrities are often criticized for not having skills and talents associated with traditional, elite celebrity, such as acting or singing ability.
②리얼리티 텔레비전 스타들과 다르지 않게,소셜 미디어 유명인들은 연기나 가창력과 같은 전통적인 엘리트 명성과 관련된 기술과 재능을 가지고 있지 않다는 이유로 종종 비판을 받는다.
③This criticism highlights the fact that digital content creators face real barriers to crossing over to the sphere of elite celebrity.
③이러한 비판은 디지털 콘텐츠 제작자들이 엘리트 명성의 영역으로 넘어가는 데 있어 실질적인 장벽에 직면하고 있다는 사실을 강조한다.
④However, the criticism also misses the point that the phenomenon of ordinary celebrity reconstructs the meaning of fame.
④그러나 이 비판은 또한 평범한 명성 현상이 명성의 의미를 재구성한다는 점을 놓친다.
⑤The elite celebrity is symbolized by the metaphor of the star, characterized by mystery and hierarchical distance and associated with naturalized qualities of talent and class.
⑤엘리트 유명인은 스타라는 은유로 상징되고,신비로움과 계층적 거리로 특징지어지며,타고난 자질의 재능과 계층에 연관되어 있다.
⑥The ordinary celebrity attracts attention through regular and frequent interactions with other ordinary people.
⑥평범한 유명인은 다른 평범한 사람들과의 정기적이고 빈번한 상호작용을 통해 관심을 끈다.
⑦Achieving ordinary fame as a social media celebrity is like doing well at a game, because in this sphere, fame is nothing more nor less than relatively high scores on attention scales, the metrics of subscribers, followers, Likes, or clicks built into social media applications.
⑦소셜 미디어 유명인으로서 평범한 명성을 얻는 것은 게임에서 잘하는 것과 같은데,왜냐하면 이 영역에서 명성은 관심 척도,즉,소셜 미디어 애플리케이션에 내장된 구독자,팔로워,좋아요 또는 클릭의 측정 기준에서 상대적으로 높은 점수 그 이상도 그 이하도 아니기 때문이다.
[고1] 2024년09월–35번:시험준비에서벼락치기가효과적이지않은이유
①Why do we have the illusion that cramming for an exam is the best learning strategy?
①왜 우리는 시험을 위해 벼락 공부를 하는 것이 최고의 학습 전략이라는 착각을 하는 것일까?
②Because we are unable to differentiate between the various sections of our memory.
②우리가 우리의 기억의 다양한 구획을 구별할 수 없기 때문이다.
③Immediately after reading our textbook or our class notes, information is fully present in our mind.
③우리의 교과서나 수업 노트를 읽은 직후에는 정보가 우리 머릿속에 완전히 존재한다.
④It sits in our conscious working memory, in an active form.
④그것은 우리의 의식적인 작업 기억에 활동적인 형태로 자리한다.
⑤We feel as if we know it, because it is present in our short-term storage space ... but this short-term section has nothing to do with the long-term memory that we will need in order to recall the same information a few days later.
⑤그것은 우리의 단기 저장 공간에 존재하기 때문에 우리는 마치 우리가 그것을 알고 있는 것처럼 느끼지만,이 단기 구획은 며칠 후 같은 정보를 기억하기 위해 우리가 필요로 할 장기 기억과는 아무런 관련이 없다.
⑥After a few seconds or minutes, working memory already starts disappearing, and after a few days, the effect becomes enormous: unless you retest your knowledge, memory vanishes.
⑥몇 초 또는 몇 분 후,작업 기억은 이미 사라지기 시작하고,며칠 후 그 영향은 엄청나게 되어,여러분이 자신의 지식을 다시 테스트하지 않으면 기억은 사라진다.
⑦To get information into long-term memory, it is essential to study the material, then test yourself, rather than spend all your time studying.
⑦정보를 장기 기억에 넣으려면,여러분의 모든 시간을 공부하는 데에 쓰기보다는 자료를 공부하고 나서 스스로를 테스트하는 것이 필수적이다.
[고1] 2024년09월–36번:거울뉴런이관찰학습에미치는영향
①The discovery of mirror neurons has profoundly changed the way we think of a fundamental human capacity, learning by observation.
①거울 뉴런의 발견은 관찰에 의한 학습이라는 근본적인 인간의 능력에 대해 우리가 생각하는 방식을 완전히 바꾸어 놓았다.
②As children we learn a lot by observing what our parents and friends do.
②어린이일 때 우리는 우리의 부모와 친구들이 하는 것을 관찰하면서 많이 배운다.
③Newborns, in the first week of life, have an inborn tendency to stick out their tongue if their parents stick out theirs.
③갓난아기들은 생의 첫 주에 그들의 부모가 그들의 것(혀)을 내밀면 자신의 혀를 내미는 선천적인 성향을 갖고 있다.
④Such imitation is not perfect.
④그러한 모방은 완벽하지 않다.
⑤You may not see the tongue stick out each time you stick yours out at your newborn, but if you do it many times, the tongue will come out more often than if you do something different.
⑤당신은 당신의 갓난아기에게 당신의 것(혀)을 내밀 때마다(아기의)혀가 내밀어 나오는 것을 보지 못할 수도 있지만,만약 당신이 그것을 여러 번 한다면 당신이 다른 것을 할 때보다(아기의)혀가 더 자주 나올 것이다.
⑥Babies babble and later start to imitate the sounds their parents produce.
⑥아기들은 옹알이하고 이후에 그들의 부모가 내는 소리를 모방하기 시작한다.
⑦Later still, they play with vacuum cleaners and hammers in imitation of their parents.
⑦이후에도 여전히,그들은 부모들을 흉내 내어 진공청소기와 망치를 갖고 논다.
⑧Our modern cultures, in which we write, speak, read, build spaceships and go to school, can work only because we are not restricted to the behavior we are born with or learn by trial and error.
⑧쓰고 말하고 읽고 우주선을 만들고 학교에 가는 우리의 현대 문화는 단지 우리가 가지고 태어나는 또는 시행착오를 통해 배우는 행동에 국한되지 않기 때문에 작동할 수 있다.
⑨We can learn a lot by simply watching others.
⑨우리는 그저 다른 사람들을 관찰하는 것을 통해 많이 배울 수 있다.
[고1] 2024년09월–37번:자신의목소리를다르게인식하는이유
①Have you ever been surprised to hear a recording of your own voice?
①당신은 당신의 음성 녹음을 듣고 놀랐던 적이 있는가?
②You might have thought, "Is that really what my voice sounds like?"
②당신은'내 목소리가 정말 이렇게 들리는가?'라고 생각했을지도 모른다.
③Maybe your accent is more pronounced in the recording than you realized, or your voice is higher than it seems to your own ears.
③어쩌면 녹음에서는 당신이 인식한 것보다 당신의 억양이 더 강조되거나,당신의 목소리가 당신의 귀에 들리는 것 같은 것보다 더 높다.
④This is of course quite a common experience.
④이것은 당연히 꽤 흔한 경험이다.
⑤The explanation is actually fairly simple.
⑤이 설명은 사실 꽤 간단하다.
⑥There are two pathways through which we perceive our own voice when we speak.
⑥우리가 말할 때 우리 자신의 목소리를 인지하는 데는 두 가지 경로가 있다.
⑦One is the route through which we perceive most external sounds, like waves that travel from the air through the outer, middle and inner ear.
⑦하나는 외이,중이,내이를 통하는 공기로부터 이동하는 파동처럼 우리가 대부분의 외부의 소리를 인지하는 경로이다.
⑧But because our vocal cords vibrate when we speak, there is a second internal path.
⑧그러나 우리가 말할 때 우리의 성대가 진동하기 때문에 두 번째 내부의 경로가 있다.
⑨Vibrations are conducted through our bones and stimulate our inner ears directly.
⑨진동은 뼈를 통해 전해지고,우리의 내이를 직접 자극한다.
⑩Lower frequencies are emphasized along this pathway.
⑩낮은 주파수는 이 경로를 따라 두드러진다.
⑪That makes your voice sound deeper and richer to yourself than it may sound to other people.
⑪그것은 당신의 목소리가 다른 사람에게 들릴 수 있는 것보다 당신 자신에게 더 깊고 풍부하게 들리게 한다.
[고1] 2024년09월–38번:생물의유사성에서아날로그와호몰로그의차이
①Biologists distinguish two kinds of similarity.
①생물학자들은 두 종류의 유사성을 구별한다.
②"Analogous" traits are ones that have a common function but arose on different branches of the evolutionary tree and are in an important sense not "the same" organ.
②'상사'형질은 공통된 기능을 가지는 것들이지만,진화 계보의 다른 가지에서 생겨났고 중요한 면에서'동일한'기관이 아닌 형질이다.
③The wings of birds and the wings of bees are both used for flight and are similar in some ways because anything used for flight has to be built in those ways, but they arose independently in evolution and have nothing in common beyond their use in flight.
③새의 날개들과 벌의 날개들은 둘 다 비행에 쓰이고 비행에 쓰이는 것은 어떤 것이든 그러한 방식으로 만들어져야 하기 때문에 일부 방식에서 유사하지만,그것들은 진화상에 별개로 생겨났고,비행에서 그것들의 쓰임 외에는 공통점이 없다.
④"Homologous" traits, in contrast, may or may not have a common function, but they descended from a common ancestor and hence have some common structure that indicates their being "the same" organ.
④대조적으로, '상동'형질은 공통된 기능이 있을 수도 없을 수도 있으나 그것들은 공통의 조상으로부터 내려왔으므로 그들이'동일한'기관임을 보여주는 어떠한 공통된 구조를 가진다.
⑤The wing of a bat and the front leg of a horse have very different functions, but they are all modifications of the forelimb of the ancestor of all mammals.
⑤박쥐의 날개와 말의 앞다리는 매우 다른 기능들을 가지나,그것들은 모든 포유류의 조상의 앞다리가 모두 변형된 것들이다.
⑥As a result, they share nonfunctional traits like the number of bones and the ways they are connected.
⑥그 결과,그들은 뼈의 개수와 그것들이 연결된 방식과 같은 비기능적 형질을 공유한다.
⑦To distinguish analogy from homology, biologists usually look at the overall architecture of the organs and focus on their most useless properties.
⑦상사성과 상동성을 구별하기 위해,생물학자들은 주로 그 기관의 전체적인 구성을 살펴보고 그들의 가장 쓰임이 없는 특성에 집중한다.
[고1] 2024년09월–39번:기후변화로인한해양산소감소의위험성
①Seawater contains an abundance of dissolved oxygen that all marine animals breathe to stay alive.
①해수는 모든 해양 동물이 살아있기 위해 호흡하는 다량의 용존 산소를 포함한다.
②It has long been established in physics that cold water holds more dissolved oxygen than warm water does ― this is one reason that cold polar seas are full of life while tropical oceans are blue, clear, and relatively poorly populated with living creatures.
②따뜻한 물이 보유하고 있는 것보다 차가운 물이 더 많은 용존 산소를 보유하고 있다는 사실은 물리학에서 오랫동안 확립되어 왔으며,이는 열대 해양은 푸르고 맑고 생물이 상대적으로 적게 서식하는 반면 차가운 극지의 바다는 생명으로 가득한 하나의 이유이다.
③Thus, as global warming raises the temperature of marine waters, it is self-evident that the amount of dissolved oxygen will decrease.
③따라서 지구 온난화가 해양 수온을 높임에 따라 용존 산소의 양이 감소할 것은 자명하다.
④This is a worrisome and potentially disastrous consequence if allowed to continue to an ecosystem-threatening level.
⑤Now scientists have analyzed data indicating that the amount of dissolved oxygen in the oceans has been declining for more than a half century.
⑤현재 과학자들은 해양에서 용존 산소의 양이 반세기가 넘는 기간 동안 감소해 왔다는 것을 보여 주는 데이터를 분석해 왔다.
⑥The data show that the ocean oxygen level has been falling more rapidly than the corresponding rise in water temperature.
⑥이 데이터는 해양 산소 농도가 상응하는 수온 상승보다 더 빠르게 감소해 오고 있음을 보여 준다.
⑦Falling oxygen levels in water have the potential to impact the habitat of marine organisms worldwide and in recent years this has led to more frequent anoxic events that killed or displaced populations of fish, crabs, and many other organisms.
⑦감소하는 수중 산소 농도는 세계적으로 해양 생물의 서식지에 영향을 끼칠 가능성을 갖고 있으며 최근에 이것은 물고기,게,그리고 많은 다른 생물의 개체군을 죽이거나 쫓아낸 더 빈번한 산소 결핍 사건을 초래해 왔다.
[고1] 2024년09월–40번:원숭이실험에서불공정한대우에대한반응
①Capuchins ― New World Monkeys that live in large social groups ― will, in captivity, trade with people all day long, especially if food is involved.
①대규모의 사회 집단으로 서식하는New World Monkey인Capuchin은 갇힌 상태에서 온종일 사람들과 거래를 할 것인데 특히 먹이가 연관된다면 그러할 것이다.
②I give you this rock and you give me a treat to eat.
②'내가 너에게 이 돌을 주고 너는 나에게 먹을 간식을 준다.'
③If you put two monkeys in cages next to each other, and offer them both slices of cucumber for the rocks they already have, they will happily eat the cucumbers.
③만약 당신이 두 마리의 원숭이들을 나란히 있는 우리에 넣고 그들이 이미 가지고 있는 돌의 대가로 오이 조각을 둘 모두에게 주었을 때 그들은 그 오이를 기쁘게 먹을 것이다.
④If, however, you give one monkey grapes instead ― grapes being universally preferred to cucumbers ― the monkey that is still receiving cucumbers will begin to throw them back at the experimenter.
④하지만 만약 당신이 한 원숭이에게는 포도를 대신 준다면,일반적으로 포도는 오이보다 더 선호되는데,여전히 오이를 받은 원숭이는 그것들을 실험자에게 던지기 시작할 것이다.
⑤Even though she is still getting "paid" the same amount for her effort of sourcing rocks, and so her particular situation has not changed, the comparison to another makes the situation unfair.
⑤비록 그녀가 돌을 모은 그녀의 수고에 대한 대가로 같은 양을 여전히'받고',그래서 그녀의 특정한 상황이 변화가 없더라도,다른 원숭이와의 비교는 그 상황을 부당하게 만든다.
⑥Furthermore, she is now willing to abandon all gains ― the cucumbers themselves ― to communicate her displeasure to the experimenter.
⑥게다가,그녀는 실험자에게 그녀의 불쾌함을 전달하기 위해 모든 얻은 것들,즉,오이 자체를 이제 기꺼이 포기한다.
⑦[요약문] According to the passage, if the Capuchin monkey realizes the inequality in rewards compared to another monkey, she will reject her rewards to express her feelings about the treatment, despite getting exactly the same rewards as before.
⑦[요약문]이 글에 따르면,만약Capuchin원숭이가 다른 원숭이와 비교하여 보상에서의 불평등을 알아차린다면,그녀는 이전과 정확히 똑같은 보상을 받더라도 대우에 대한 그녀의 감정을 표현하기 위해 그녀의 보상을 거부할 것이다.
[고1] 2024년09월–41~42번:고등교육의확산과그로인한평가시스템의모순
①Higher education has grown from an elite to a mass system across the world.
①고등 교육은 전 세계에 걸쳐 엘리트에서 대중 체제로 성장해 왔다.
②In Europe and the USA, increased rates of participation occurred in the decades after the Second World War.
②유럽과 미국에서는2차 세계 대전 이후 수십 년 동안 증가된 참여율이 나타났다.
③Between 2000 and 2014, rates of participation in higher education almost doubled from 19% to 34% across the world among the members of the population in the school-leaving age category (typically 18-23).
③2000년과2014년 사이에 졸업 연령 범주 내 집단 구성원 사이에서의 고등 교육 참여율은 전 세계에 걸쳐19%에서34%로 거의 두 배가 되었다.
④The dramatic expansion of higher education has been marked by a wider range of institutions of higher learning and a more diverse demographic of students.
④고등 교육의 극적인 확대는 더 광범위한 고등 학습 기관과 더 다양한 학생 인구 집단으로 특징지어져 왔다.
⑤Changes from an elite system to a mass higher education system are associated with political needs to build a specialized workforce for the economy.
⑤엘리트 체제에서 대중 고등 교육 체제로의 변화는 경제를 위한 전문화된 노동력을 구축하려는 정치적 필요성과 관련이 있다.
⑥In theory, the expansion of higher education to develop a highly skilled workforce should diminish the role of examinations in the selection and control of students, initiating approaches to assessment which enable lifelong learning: assessment for learning and a focus on feedback for development.
⑥이론적으로,고도로 숙련된 노동력을 개발하기 위한 고등 교육의 확대는 평생학습을 가능하게 하는 평가로의 접근 방법,즉,학습을'위한'평가와 발달을 위한 피드백에 집중을 시작하면서,학생의 선발과 통제에 있어 시험의 역할을 감소시킬 것이다.
⑦In reality, socio-political changes to expand higher education have set up a 'field of contradictions' for assessment in higher education.
⑦실제로는 고등 교육을 확대하기 위한 사회 정치적 변화는 고등 교육에서의 평가에 있어'모순의 장'을 조성해 왔다.
⑧Mass higher education requires efficient approaches to assessment, such as examinations and multiple-choice quizzes, with minimalist, impersonal, or standardised feedback, often causing students to focus more on grades than feedback.
⑧대중 고등 교육은 최소한이거나 비개인적이거나 표준화된 피드백을 갖춘,시험과 선다형 퀴즈와 같은,평가로의 효율적인 접근 방법을 필요로 하며,이는 종종 학생이 피드백보다 성적에 더 집중하게 만든다.
⑨In contrast, the relatively small numbers of students in elite systems in the past allowed for closer relationships between students and their teachers, with formative feedback shaping the minds, academic skills, and even the characters of students.
⑨대조적으로,과거에 엘리트 체제의 상대적으로 적은 학생의 수는 형성적 피드백이 학생의 마음,학업 기술,그리고 심지어 학생의 성격을 형성하면서,학생과 그들의 선생님 사이의 더 긴밀한 관계를 허용했다.
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