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[고2] 2024년 10월 모의고사 - 한줄해석
안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다. 2024년도 10월 고2 영어 모의고사>의 한줄해석 자료 올립니다.설명문/실용문을 제외한 모든 지문을 포함했습니다. 자료는 PDF와 워드 파일 모두 올립니
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[고2] 2024년 10월 모의고사 - 한줄해석 (좌지문 우해석)
안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다. 오늘은 2024년도 10월 고2 영어 모의고사>의 한줄해석(좌지문 우해석) 자료 올립니다.설명문/실용문을 제외한 전지문 작업했습니다. 자료는 PDF와 워드
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전체 내용
[고2] 2024년 10월 – 18번: 추가 예산이 필요한 이유와 해결을 요청하는 이메일
Dear Executive Manager Schulz, It is a week before the internship program starts. I am writing to bring your attention to a matter that requires immediate consideration regarding the issue my department has. As the coordinator, it is becoming apparent to me that the budget, previously approved by your department, needs some adjustments in order to meet the emerging modifications. Since my department has hired three more interns than planned initially, the most expensive need is for additional funding to cover their wages, training costs, and materials. I kindly request an additional budget allocation for these expenses. Please refer to the attachment for details. Thank you for your attention. Best regards, Matt Perry
Possible Titles:
1. Request for Additional Budget Allocation for Internship Program
2. Budget Adjustment Needed Due to Increase in Intern Hires
3. Urgent Request for Budget Revisions for Upcoming Interns
4. Additional Funding Required for Expanded Internship Program
Main Idea #1:
The coordinator is requesting a budget adjustment for the internship program due to an increase in the number of interns.
Main Idea #2:
With three more interns hired than originally planned, additional funds are needed to cover their wages, training, and materials, prompting the coordinator to seek extra budget allocation from the executive manager.
Summary:
The coordinator requests additional budget allocation to accommodate three extra interns hired for the upcoming program. More funds are needed to cover their wages, training, and materials, and details are provided in the attachment.
Key Points:
1. The budget needs adjustment due to increased intern hires.
2. Three additional interns have been recruited.
3. Extra funds are required for wages, training, and materials.
4. The coordinator has attached details for the manager's consideration.
[고2] 2024년 10월 – 19번: 이름 철자 실수로 인해 예약 확인이 지연된 경험
Katie approached the hotel front desk to check-in but an unexpected event unfolded. The receptionist couldn't find her reservation under the name 'Katie'. I'm sorry, but I can't seem to locate a reservation under that name, the receptionist said. No way, I definitely made a reservation on the phone, Katie said, puzzled. The receptionist asked, "Can you tell me your phone number?" and Katie told it to him, thinking 'What happened? Did I make a mistake?' Just a moment, the receptionist said, typing deliberately on the keyboard. I found it! It seems there was a small misspelling. Your reservation is under 'K-A-T-Y', the receptionist explained. With a sense of ease, Katie watched her reservation appearing on the screen. With her heart slowing to a gentle rhythm, she proceeded with her check-in, thinking that a simple misspelling might have ruined her plans.
Possible Titles:
1. A Minor Spelling Error Causes Confusion at Hotel Check-In
2. How a Simple Misspelling Almost Ruined Katie's Reservation
3. The Unexpected Check-In Mix-Up: A Story of a Name Error
4. Resolving a Hotel Reservation Error Due to a Misspelled Name
Main Idea #1:
Katie encountered an issue at the hotel check-in when the receptionist couldn’t find her reservation due to a misspelling.
Main Idea #2:
After providing her phone number, the receptionist discovered that Katie’s reservation was listed under a misspelled name, resolving the issue and allowing her to check-in without further problems.
Summary:
Katie’s hotel check-in was delayed because the receptionist couldn’t find her reservation due to a name misspelling. After verifying her phone number, the receptionist located the booking, and Katie checked in, relieved that the issue was resolved.
Key Points:
1. Katie’s reservation was not found under the expected name.
2. She confirmed her phone number to help locate the booking.
3. The issue was due to a simple misspelling of her name.
4. The reservation was found, allowing Katie to proceed with check-in.
[고2] 2024년 10월 – 20번: 수학적 비판적 사고를 교육과 의사결정 과정에서 강조해야 함
To be mathematically literate means to be able to think critically about societal issues on which mathematics has bearing so as to make informed decisions about how to solve these problems. Dealing with such complex problems through interdisciplinary approaches, mirroring real-world problems requires innovative ways of planning and organizing mathematical teaching methods. Navigating our world means being able to quantify, measure, estimate, classify, compare, find patterns, conjecture, justify, prove, and generalize within critical thinking and when using critical thinking. Therefore, making decisions, even qualitatively, is not possible without using mathematics and critical thinking. Thus, teaching mathematics should be done in interaction with critical thinking along with a decision-making process. They can be developed into the mathematical context, so that there is no excuse to not explicitly support students to develop them.
Possible Titles:
1. The Importance of Critical Thinking in Mathematical Literacy
2. Integrating Mathematics and Critical Thinking for Real-World Problem Solving
3. Why Teaching Math Requires More Than Just Numbers: A Critical Approach
4. Developing Decision-Making Skills Through Mathematical and Critical Thinking
Main Idea #1:
Mathematical literacy involves the ability to use critical thinking to address real-world problems and make informed decisions.
Main Idea #2:
Teaching mathematics should incorporate critical thinking and decision-making processes, reflecting real-world interdisciplinary challenges and encouraging students to develop these skills within a mathematical context.
Summary:
Mathematical literacy means applying critical thinking to real-world problems for informed decision-making. Effective math teaching should integrate critical thinking and decision-making skills, helping students navigate complex problems by quantifying, analyzing, and generalizing within a mathematical framework.
Key Points:
1. Mathematical literacy requires critical thinking for problem-solving.
2. Real-world issues demand an interdisciplinary approach to math.
3. Teaching math should involve planning that integrates decision-making.
4. Students should develop critical thinking skills within mathematical contexts.
[고2] 2024년 10월 – 21번: 덕목은 일시적 충동이 아니라 지속적인 도덕적 습관에서 형성됨
Imagine that your usually stingy friend delights in buying you a Christmas present after taking a generosity booster. How would you feel? Undoubtedly, there is something praiseworthy about the action. You'd be pleased to receive the gift. You'd say 'thank you', and mean it. But his change of heart is not entirely satisfying. According to Zagzebski, an American philosopher, he is not really generous. When we praise someone's character, we use words for various virtues: 'generous', 'kind', 'courageous', etc. A person who gives one gift isn't generous. Instead, generosity is a stable part of a person's 'moral identity', an emotional habit that is part of who you are. Thus virtues, as opposed to nontypical impulse, are the result of your personal history. They are part of who you are, as they are part of how your character was formed. Instant virtue is therefore impossible. Popping a pill cannot make you a better person.
Possible Titles:
1. Why Instant Virtue Cannot Replace True Generosity
2. The Difference Between Genuine Virtue and Momentary Acts of Kindness
3. Understanding Virtue: Why Character Cannot Be Changed Instantly
4. The Impossibility of Instant Moral Transformation Through Quick Fixes
Main Idea #1:
Genuine virtues like generosity are stable parts of one's character, not the result of temporary actions or impulses.
Main Idea #2:
According to philosopher Zagzebski, virtues are formed through one's personal history and emotional habits, making instant transformations impossible; actions influenced by quick solutions, like a 'generosity booster,' do not reflect true moral character.
Summary:
Virtue, such as generosity, is a stable trait developed through a person's history and habits, not a fleeting impulse. Zagzebski argues that instant changes, like taking a 'generosity booster,' cannot produce true moral transformation, as genuine virtues are part of one's established character.
Key Points:
1. Genuine virtues are consistent traits, not occasional actions.
2. Temporary impulses do not reflect a person's true character.
3. Virtues are formed through personal history and emotional habits.
4. Instant solutions, like pills, cannot create real moral virtues.
[고2] 2024년 10월 – 22번: 이중성 시스템을 활용해 별의 질량을 계산하는 방법 설명
To determine the mass of my bowling ball, I might put it onto a balance and compare it with a known mass, such as a number of metal cubes each weighing 1, 10, or 100 grams. Things get much more complicated if I want to know the mass of a distant star. How do I measure it? We can roughly say that measuring the mass of a star involves various theories. If we want to measure the mass of a binary star, we first determine a center of mass between the two stars, then their distance from that center which we can then use, together with a value for the period and a certain instance of Kepler's Third Law, to calculate the mass. In other words, in order to "measure" the star mass, we measure other quantities and use those values, together with certain equations, to calculate the mass. Measurement is not a simple and unmediated estimation of independently existing properties, but a determination of certain magnitudes before the background of a number of accepted theories.
Possible Titles:
1. How to Measure Star Masses: Beyond Simple Weight Comparisons
2. Understanding the Complex Process of Determining Star Mass
3. The Role of Theories in Measuring the Mass of Distant Stars
4. From Bowling Balls to Stars: Different Approaches to Mass Measurement
Main Idea #1:
Measuring the mass of a distant star requires indirect methods, relying on various theories and calculations.
Main Idea #2:
Unlike simple weight measurements, determining star mass involves calculating other values, such as distance and orbital period, and applying theoretical models, demonstrating that measurements are guided by accepted scientific principles rather than direct estimations.
Summary:
Measuring the mass of a star, unlike that of everyday objects, involves indirect calculations using theories like Kepler's laws. Scientists determine other quantities, such as distance and period, and use equations to estimate the mass, showing that scientific measurement depends on established models and not direct comparisons.
Key Points:
1. Measuring star mass differs from weighing common objects.
2. Binary star mass estimation uses distance, period, and theoretical models.
3. Kepler's Third Law helps calculate mass from other observed quantities.
4. Measurements rely on accepted theories, not direct, simple estimations.
[고2] 2024년 10월 – 23번: 쾌락과 고통의 균형이 신체의 항상성을 유지하는 방식
Based on discoveries in neuroscience, pain and pleasure are formed and processed in the same area of the brain. Our bodies constantly strive for homeostasis, which is defined as the balance of bodily functions. Without the body's effective compensatory mechanisms, which may cushion potential highs and lows, we would not be capable of surviving. Pleasure and pain are like two sides of the same coin; they seem to work together and are heavily reliant on one another and keep balance. If you imagine pleasure and pain as the two opposite points on a scale, you can easily understand that as one of the two points rises, the other must correspondingly fall. We've all heard the expression, "No pain, no gain." Well, according to psychiatrist Dr. Anna Lembke, there may be some truth to these words. She says that our attempts to escape being miserable are in fact making us even more miserable. This is because pain is actually an essential component of our ability to maintain a neutral state, and allowing it will in turn reset our internal scale back to balance.
Possible Titles:
1. The Interconnected Relationship Between Pain and Pleasure in the Brain
2. How Pain and Pleasure Work Together to Maintain Balance
3. Understanding Homeostasis: Why Pain is Essential for Emotional Balance
4. Dr. Anna Lembke on the Necessity of Pain for Mental Well-Being
Main Idea #1:
Pain and pleasure are processed in the same brain area, working together to maintain bodily balance or homeostasis.
Main Idea #2:
According to Dr. Anna Lembke, avoiding pain can disrupt our internal balance, as pain is a necessary part of resetting the body's equilibrium; attempts to escape discomfort may lead to greater misery by preventing this essential recalibration.
Summary:
Pain and pleasure are interconnected, processed in the same brain region, and essential for maintaining homeostasis. Dr. Anna Lembke explains that pain helps reset our internal balance, suggesting that avoiding discomfort can lead to more significant imbalance and misery.
Key Points:
1. Pain and pleasure are processed in the same area of the brain.
2. They function together to maintain homeostasis.
3. Avoiding pain can disrupt internal balance and lead to greater discomfort.
4. Experiencing pain may be necessary to reset and restore equilibrium.
[고2] 2024년 10월 – 24번: 지속적인 제품 업그레이드 주기로 소비자의 욕구를 형성하는 방식
Manufacturers masterfully sow seeds of doubt about the adequacy of our current devices. Suddenly, the phone that was your lifeline a year ago is now a museum piece, unable to keep pace with your digital demands. And thus, the itch to upgrade begins, often before there's a genuine need. This cycle isn't just confined to our digital companions. It spills over into almost every aspect of consumer electronics, from the self-driving car to the smart fridge. Every product seems to be on an unstoppable march towards the next version, the next generation that promises to revolutionize your life. What's fascinating, or perhaps disturbing, is the utter efficacy of this cycle in shaping our desires. It's not so much that we want the newest device; we're led to believe we need it. The distinction between want and need blurs, shifting our financial priorities in favor of staying current with trends. For all the logical arguments against this ceaseless upgrading, the temptation remains compelling.
Possible Titles:
1. The Never-Ending Upgrade Cycle: How Manufacturers Shape Consumer Desires
2. Blurring the Line Between Want and Need in Consumer Electronics
3. The Psychology Behind Constant Upgrades: Why We Feel the Need to Update
4. How Manufacturers Manipulate Consumer Demand Through Perpetual Innovation
Main Idea #1:
Manufacturers create a cycle of constant upgrades, making consumers feel their current devices are inadequate and leading to unnecessary purchases.
Main Idea #2:
This cycle effectively blurs the distinction between wants and needs, compelling consumers to prioritize staying up-to-date with the latest trends despite logical reasons to resist, ultimately shifting financial priorities towards continuous upgrading.
Summary:
Manufacturers drive a cycle of upgrades by making consumers doubt the adequacy of their current devices, leading to a blurred line between wants and needs. This effective strategy pushes consumers to prioritize staying current, even if the upgrades are unnecessary.
Key Points:
1. Manufacturers create doubt about the adequacy of existing devices.
2. The upgrade cycle extends to various consumer electronics.
3. The distinction between want and need becomes blurred.
4. This cycle compels consumers to prioritize staying current with trends.
[고2] 2024년 10월 – 25번: 2023년과 2027년 제품 카테고리별 온라인 판매 비율 예측
The graph above shows the shares of online sales out of total sales by each of five product categories in 2023 and the estimated ones in 2027. The shares of all five categories are expected to increase by 2027 respectively, while not surpassing 50%. Based on the selected categories, consumer electronics is anticipated to show the biggest gap in the share of online sales between 2023 and 2027. DIY and furniture showed the same share of online sales with 29% in 2023 but the share of DIY online sales is estimated to exceed that of furniture online sales by 2027. The share of beauty care online sales was lower than 20% by 2 percentage points in 2023, but is estimated to be higher than 20% in 2027. In 2023, food showed the lowest share of online sales among the categories, but that share is projected to more than double by 2027.
Possible Titles:
1. Projected Growth in Online Sales Across Key Product Categories by 2027
2. Increasing Trends in Online Sales for Consumer Goods: 2023 vs. 2027
3. Rising Shares of Online Sales: Consumer Electronics Leads the Growth
4. Future of Online Sales: Anticipated Increases Across Various Categories
Main Idea #1:
Online sales shares for all five product categories are expected to grow by 2027, with none surpassing the 50% mark.
Main Idea #2:
Consumer electronics is projected to have the largest increase in online sales share, while DIY sales are set to surpass furniture sales by 2027. Beauty care is expected to rise above 20%, and food, initially the lowest in 2023, is projected to more than double its share.
Summary:
The shares of online sales for all five categories are expected to increase by 2027, with consumer electronics showing the largest rise. DIY sales are projected to surpass furniture, while beauty care is estimated to exceed 20%. Food sales, initially the lowest, are set to more than double by 2027.
Key Points:
1. Online sales shares are projected to grow across all categories by 2027.
2. Consumer electronics will have the largest increase in share.
3. DIY sales are expected to surpass those of furniture by 2027.
4. Food, with the lowest share in 2023, is anticipated to more than double.
[고2] 2024년 10월 – 26번: Helen Suzman의 인종차별 반대 운동과 평생에 걸친 업적
Helen Suzman was an activist against apartheid, a racist political and social system in the Republic of South Africa. Suzman was born to Jewish immigrant parents in Germiston in the Union of South Africa in 1917. While working as a lecturer on economic history at Witwatersrand University, she joined the South African Institute of Race Relations. In 1953, she joined the United Party and was elected to Parliament, but when the United Party adopted a more moderate stance on apartheid, Suzman and other progressive members left it and formed the Progressive Party in 1959. Suzman tirelessly fought against apartheid, exposing the government's abuses and challenging its laws for a total of 36 years in Parliament. Even after her retirement in 1989, she continued to advocate for a multi-racial democracy in the Republic of South Africa and influenced the drafting of the country's new constitution after the end of apartheid. She remained an active voice for human rights and democracy until her death in 2009.
Possible Titles:
1. Helen Suzman: A Tireless Fighter Against Apartheid in South Africa
2. From Parliament to Advocacy: Helen Suzman’s Legacy of Human Rights
3. The Life and Legacy of Helen Suzman: Champion of Democracy
4. How Helen Suzman Challenged Apartheid and Advocated for Equality
Main Idea #1:
Helen Suzman was a prominent activist who opposed apartheid and fought for democracy in South Africa throughout her political career.
Main Idea #2:
After leaving the United Party, Suzman dedicated 36 years in Parliament to challenging apartheid laws, exposing abuses, and advocating for a multi-racial democracy, continuing her efforts even after retirement, influencing South Africa’s new constitution and remaining a voice for human rights until her death.
Summary:
Helen Suzman, born in 1917, was a key figure in the fight against apartheid in South Africa. She served 36 years in Parliament, opposing discriminatory laws and advocating for a multi-racial democracy. Even after retiring in 1989, she continued to promote human rights and influenced the new constitution, remaining active until her death in 2009.
Key Points:
1. Suzman was a strong opponent of apartheid in South Africa.
2. She left the United Party to form the Progressive Party in 1959.
3. Suzman served 36 years in Parliament, challenging apartheid laws.
4. She continued advocating for democracy and human rights after retirement.
[고2] 2024년 10월 – 29번: 동물이 특정 경험을 선호하거나 회피하는지 확인하는 방법
Conditioned Place Preference is a way of finding out what animals want. Researchers train them to associate one place with an experience such as food or a loud noise and another place with something completely different, usually where nothing happens. The two places are made obviously different to make it as easy as possible for the animal to associate each place with what happened to it there. The animal's preference for being in one place or another is measured both before and after its experiences in the two places. If there is a shift in where the animal chooses to spend its time for the reward, this suggests that it liked the experience and is trying to repeat it. Conversely, if it now avoids the place the stimulus appeared and starts to prefer the place it did not experience it, then this suggests that it found the stimulus unpleasant. For example, mice with cancer show a preference for the place where they have been given morphine, a drug used to relieve pain, rather than where they have received saline whereas healthy mice developed no such preference. This suggests that the mice with cancer wanted the morphine.
Possible Titles:
1. Understanding Animal Preferences Through Conditioned Place Preference Experiments
2. How Conditioned Place Preference Reveals Animals' Desires and Aversions
3. Measuring Animal Behavior: Using Conditioned Place Preference to Assess Preferences
4. The Role of Conditioned Place Preference in Studying Pain and Reward in Animals
Main Idea #1:
Conditioned Place Preference is a method used to determine animals' preferences by associating different environments with specific experiences.
Main Idea #2:
By training animals to associate one place with a positive or negative stimulus, researchers can measure changes in the animals' location preferences, revealing whether they seek or avoid certain experiences, such as mice with cancer preferring a place associated with pain-relief from morphine.
Summary:
Conditioned Place Preference helps researchers determine animals' likes and dislikes by associating different environments with experiences. If animals shift their location preference, it indicates their reaction to the stimuli. For instance, cancer-afflicted mice prefer places where they receive morphine, showing their desire for pain relief.
Key Points:
1. Conditioned Place Preference associates environments with experiences to study animal behavior.
2. Animals' preference changes can indicate whether they found the experience pleasant or unpleasant.
3. The method measures shifts in location preference before and after the experiences.
4. Mice with cancer show preference for morphine-associated places, suggesting pain relief seeking.
[고2] 2024년 10월 – 30번: 새들의 번식 계절이 환경에 따라 어떻게 달라지는지 설명
Near the equator, many species of bird breed all year round. But in temperate and polar regions, the breeding seasons of birds are often sharply defined. They are triggered mainly by changes in day length. If all goes well, the outcome is that birds raise their young when the food supply is at its peak. Most birds are not simply reluctant to breed at other times but they are also physically incapable of doing so. This is because their reproductive system shrinks, which helps flying birds save weight. The main exception to this rule are nomadic desert species. These can initiate their breeding cycle within days of rain. It's for making the most of the sudden breeding opportunity. Also, different species divide the breeding season up in different ways. Most seabirds raise a single brood. In warm regions, however, songbirds may raise several families in a few months. In an exceptionally good year, a pair of House Sparrows, a kind of songbird, can raise successive broods through a marathon reproductive effort.
Possible Titles:
1. The Seasonal Breeding Patterns of Birds Across Different Climates
2. How Birds Adapt Their Breeding Cycles to Environmental Conditions
3. From Polar Regions to Deserts: Variations in Bird Breeding Seasons
4. Understanding the Impact of Environment on Bird Reproduction
Main Idea #1:
Birds' breeding seasons vary based on climate, with many temperate and polar species breeding during specific seasons, triggered by changes in day length.
Main Idea #2:
While most birds are physically incapable of breeding outside their usual season due to their shrinking reproductive systems, exceptions like nomadic desert species can breed quickly after rain. Breeding patterns also differ among species, with seabirds raising one brood, while songbirds in warmer climates may raise multiple families in a season.
Summary:
Birds' breeding seasons are influenced by climate, with many species in temperate and polar regions breeding at specific times of the year. Some birds, like nomadic desert species, can breed opportunistically after rain. Different species have varied breeding patterns, from single broods to multiple families in a season.
Key Points:
1. Birds in temperate and polar regions breed based on changes in day length.
2. Reproductive systems shrink outside the breeding season to reduce weight.
3. Nomadic desert birds can breed soon after rainfall.
4. Breeding patterns vary: seabirds raise one brood, while songbirds may have several.
[고2] 2024년 10월 – 31번: 학습 자원 인식 부족이 학생들의 창의성에 미치는 영향
One factor that may hinder creativity is unawareness of the resources required in each activity in students' learning. Often students are unable to identify the resources they need to perform the task required of them. Different resources may be compulsory for specific learning tasks, and recognizing them may simplify the activity's performance. For example, it may be that students desire to conduct some experiments in their projects. There must be a prior investigation of whether the students will have access to the laboratory, equipment, and chemicals required for the experiment. It means preparation is vital for the students to succeed, and it may be about human and financial resources such as laboratory technicians, money to purchase chemicals, and equipment for their learning where applicable. Even if some of the resources required for a task may not be available, identifying them in advance may help students' creativity. It may even lead to changing the topic, finding alternative resources, and other means.
Possible Titles:
1. The Importance of Resource Awareness in Enhancing Student Creativity
2. How Identifying Learning Resources Can Boost Creativity in Students
3. Overcoming Barriers to Creativity Through Proper Resource Management
4. The Role of Preparation and Resource Awareness in Student Projects
Main Idea #1:
Lack of awareness about necessary resources can hinder students' creativity and performance in learning tasks.
Main Idea #2:
Proper preparation, including identifying and securing required resources, is essential for successful task completion. Recognizing resources in advance can enhance creativity by allowing students to plan, find alternatives, or modify their approach if needed.
Summary:
Unawareness of necessary resources can limit students' creativity. Identifying and preparing required resources in advance, such as equipment and funding, helps students plan effectively and explore alternatives, boosting creativity and success in learning tasks.
Key Points:
1. Unawareness of resources can hinder students' learning and creativity.
2. Identifying essential resources simplifies task performance.
3. Preparation may involve securing equipment, funding, and personnel.
4. Early identification allows for alternative solutions, enhancing creativity.
[고2] 2024년 10월 – 32번: 번역 작업이 다양한 출처와 독자의 기대에 의존하는 방식
All translators feel some pressure from the community of readers for whom they are doing their work. And all translators arrive at their interpretations in dialogue with other people. The English poet Alexander Pope had pretty good Greek, but when he set about translating Homer's Iliad in the early 18th century he was not on his own. He had Greek commentaries to refer to, and translations that had already been done in English, Latin, and French ─ and of course he had dictionaries. Translators always draw on more than one source text. Even when the scene of translation consists of just one person with a pen, paper, and the book that is being translated, or even when it is just one person translating orally for another, that person's linguistic knowledge arises from lots of other texts and other conversations. And then his or her idea of the translation's purpose will be influenced by the expectations of the person or people it is for. In both these senses every translation is a crowd translation.
Possible Titles:
1. The Collaborative Nature of Translation: More Than a Solo Effort
2. How Every Translation Is Influenced by Multiple Voices and Sources
3. Translation as a Collective Process: Insights From Alexander Pope's Work
4. Understanding Translation: A Dialogue Between Texts, Knowledge, and Readers
Main Idea #1:
Translators draw on multiple sources and influences, making translation a collaborative process, even if it seems like a solo task.
Main Idea #2:
Alexander Pope's translation of Homer's Iliad illustrates how translators rely on various texts, commentaries, and linguistic knowledge. Additionally, translators' choices are shaped by the expectations of the readers, making every translation a product of collective input and interpretation.
Summary:
Translation is inherently collaborative, as translators rely on multiple sources, past translations, and linguistic knowledge. Alexander Pope's Iliad translation shows this process, and the expectations of readers further shape the final outcome, making every translation a collective effort.
Key Points:
1. Translators use multiple sources, including dictionaries and past translations.
2. Alexander Pope’s translation work exemplifies this collaborative approach.
3. Translators’ linguistic knowledge is built on many texts and conversations.
4. Reader expectations influence the final translation, making it a collective process.
[고2] 2024년 10월 – 33번: 읽기 행위를 단일 개념으로 정의하기 어려운 이유
Some people argue that there is a single, logically consistent concept known as reading that can be neatly set apart from everything else people do with books. Is reading really that simple? The most productive way to think about reading is as a loosely related set of behaviors that belong together owing to family resemblances, as Ludwig Wittgenstein used the phrase, without having in common a single defining trait. Consequently, efforts to distinguish reading from nonreading are destined to fail because there is no agreement on what qualifies as reading in the first place. The more one tries to figure out where the border lies between reading and not-reading, the more edge cases will be found to stretch the term's flexible boundaries. Thus, it is worth attempting to collect together these exceptional forms of reading into a single forum, one highlighting the challenges faced by anyone wishing to establish the boundaries where reading begins and ends. The attempt moves toward an understanding of reading as a spectrum that is expansive enough to accommodate the distinct reading activities.
Possible Titles:
1. Redefining Reading: Understanding It as a Spectrum of Behaviors
2. The Complexity of Reading: Beyond a Single, Fixed Definition
3. Why Reading Cannot Be Neatly Separated From Other Book Interactions
4. Exploring the Flexible Boundaries and Spectrum of Reading
Main Idea #1:
Reading is not a single, easily defined concept but a set of related behaviors with overlapping characteristics, making it difficult to separate from other activities involving books.
Main Idea #2:
Efforts to clearly define reading are challenging due to its flexible boundaries, which encompass a spectrum of activities. Instead of trying to set rigid borders, it is more productive to acknowledge the diverse and interconnected forms of reading, as Wittgenstein's idea of family resemblances suggests.
Summary:
Reading cannot be narrowly defined as a single activity but is better understood as a spectrum of related behaviors. Attempts to draw clear distinctions between reading and nonreading often fail, highlighting the need to view reading as a set of diverse practices with overlapping traits.
Key Points:
1. Reading is not a single, clearly defined behavior.
2. Wittgenstein’s concept of family resemblances explains the flexible nature of reading.
3. Efforts to define strict boundaries of reading are often unsuccessful.
4. Understanding reading as a spectrum accommodates its diverse activities.
[고2] 2024년 10월 – 34번: Weber의 법칙으로 자극의 강도에 따른 차이 인식 설명
Weber's law concerns the perception of difference between two stimuli. It suggests that we might not be able to detect a 1-mm difference when we are looking at lines 466 mm and 467 mm in length, but we may be able to detect a 1-mm difference when we are comparing a line 2 mm long with one 3 mm long. Another example of this principle is that we can detect 1 candle when it is lit in an otherwise dark room. But when 1 candle is lit in a room in which 100 candles are already burning, we may not notice the light from this candle. Therefore, the Just-noticeable difference (JND) varies as a function of the strength of the signals. For example, the JND is greater for very loud noises than it is for much more quiet sounds. When a sound is very weak, we can tell that another sound is louder, even if it is barely louder. When a sound is very loud, to tell that another sound is even louder, it has to be much louder. Thus, Weber's law means that it is harder to distinguish between two samples when those samples are larger or stronger levels of the stimuli.
Possible Titles:
1. Understanding Weber's Law: Perception of Differences in Stimuli
2. How Weber's Law Explains the Just-Noticeable Difference in Senses
3. Why Detecting Differences Becomes Harder With Stronger Stimuli: Weber's Law
4. The Principle Behind Perceiving Changes in Sound, Light, and Size: Weber's Law
Main Idea #1:
Weber's law explains how the ability to detect differences between stimuli depends on the strength of those stimuli, with larger or stronger stimuli making it harder to perceive small differences.
Main Idea #2:
The concept of the Just-noticeable difference (JND) illustrates that the perception of changes is more sensitive when the initial stimulus is weak. As the strength of the stimulus increases, the difference between two samples must be larger for the change to be noticeable, as seen in examples of line lengths, light intensity, and sound levels.
Summary:
Weber's law states that the perception of differences between stimuli varies with their strength; detecting small changes is easier when the stimuli are weak, but harder as they grow stronger. This principle is evident in the Just-noticeable difference (JND), where larger or louder stimuli require greater changes to be perceived as different.
Key Points:
1. Weber's law concerns detecting differences between two stimuli.
2. The Just-noticeable difference (JND) depends on the strength of the signals.
3. Smaller or weaker stimuli allow for easier detection of slight changes.
4. As stimuli become larger or stronger, the differences must be greater to be noticed.
[고2] 2024년 10월 – 35번: 공공 자원의 과잉 사용으로 인한 '공유지의 비극' 설명
Any new resource (e.g., a new airport, a new mall) always opens with people benefiting individually by sharing a common resource (e.g., the city or state budget). Soon, at some point, the amount of traffic grows too large for the "commons" to support. Traffic jams, overcrowding, and overuse lessen the benefits of the common resource for everyone ─ the tragedy of the commons! If the new resource cannot be expanded or provided with additional space, it becomes a problem, and you cannot solve the problem on your own, in isolation from your fellow drivers or walkers or competing users. The total activity on this new resource keeps increasing, and so does individual activity; but if the dynamic of common use and overuse continues too long, both begin to fall after a peak, leading to a crash. What makes the "tragedy of commons" tragic is the crash dynamic ─ the destruction or degeneration of the common resource's ability to regenerate itself.
Possible Titles:
1. The Tragedy of the Commons: Overuse and Its Consequences
2. Understanding How Shared Resources Lead to Overcrowding and Decline
3. From Growth to Collapse: The Dynamics of Common Resource Overuse
4. Why Unchecked Use of Shared Resources Leads to the Tragedy of the Commons
Main Idea #1:
The tragedy of the commons occurs when shared resources are overused, leading to congestion and reduced benefits for everyone.
Main Idea #2:
As more people use a common resource, individual and total activities increase, but if overuse continues without managing expansion or additional space, the resource's ability to regenerate declines, eventually causing a crash. This dynamic makes the situation tragic because it leads to the degradation or destruction of the resource.
Summary:
The tragedy of the commons describes how the overuse of shared resources leads to overcrowding and decreased benefits. If overuse continues unchecked, the resource's ability to regenerate diminishes, causing a decline and eventual crash, highlighting the need for sustainable management.
Key Points:
1. Shared resources benefit individuals but can suffer from overuse.
2. Overcrowding and congestion reduce the resource's effectiveness.
3. Continued overuse without expansion can lead to a crash.
4. The tragedy lies in the resource's inability to sustain itself under heavy use.
[고2] 2024년 10월 – 36번: 뇌가 시각 정보를 단순화하고 일반화하는 방식으로 에너지를 절약
Theoretically, our brain would have the capacity to store all experiences throughout life, reaching the quality of a DVD. However, this theoretical capacity is offset by the energy demand associated with the process of storing and retrieving information in memory. As a result, the brain develops efficient strategies, becoming dependent on shortcuts. When we observe a face, the visual image captured by the eyes is highly variable, depending on the point of view, lighting conditions and other contextual factors. Nevertheless, we are able to recognize the face as the same, maintaining the underlying identity. The brain, rather than focusing on the details of visualization, creates and stores general patterns that allow for consistent recognition across diverse circumstances. This ability to match what we see with general visual memory patterns serves as an effective mechanism for optimizing brain performance and saving energy. The brain, being naturally against unnecessary effort, constantly seeks to simplify and generalize information to facilitate the cognitive process.
Possible Titles:
1. How the Brain Optimizes Memory Through Generalization and Efficiency
2. The Brain’s Energy-Saving Strategies: Simplifying Visual Memory
3. Recognizing Faces: Efficient Memory Use in the Human Brain
4. From Detail to Pattern: How the Brain Simplifies Memory Storage
Main Idea #1:
The brain optimizes its memory storage by creating general patterns, which allows it to recognize information consistently across varying conditions while conserving energy.
Main Idea #2:
Due to the high energy demand of storing detailed visual information, the brain simplifies the process by focusing on general patterns. This enables consistent recognition, such as identifying faces, despite changes in context, lighting, or perspective, highlighting the brain's efficiency in minimizing cognitive effort.
Summary:
The brain conserves energy by storing general patterns instead of detailed information, enabling consistent recognition across diverse conditions. This efficient strategy allows for reliable face recognition and other memory tasks, simplifying cognitive processes and minimizing effort.
Key Points:
1. The brain’s theoretical memory capacity is offset by energy demands.
2. It develops strategies to conserve energy, relying on general patterns.
3. Generalization helps recognize faces despite varying conditions.
4. Simplification allows the brain to minimize cognitive effort efficiently.
[고2] 2024년 10월 – 37번: 과학 연구에서 창의적 해석이 이론 형성에 미치는 영향
Where scientific research is concerned, explanatory tales are expected to adhere closely to experimental data and to illuminate the regular and predictable features of experience. However, this paradigm sometimes conceals the fact that theories are deeply loaded with creative elements that shape the construction of research projects and the interpretations of evidence. Scientific explanations do not just relate a chronology of facts. They construct frameworks for systematically chosen data in order to provide a consistent and meaningful explanation of what is observed. Such constructions lead us to imagine specific kinds of subject matter in particular sorts of relations, and the storylines they inspire will prove more effective for analyzing some features of experience over others. When we neglect the creative contributions of such scientific imagination and treat models and interpretive explanations as straightforward facts ─ even worse, as facts including all of reality ─ we can blind ourselves to the limitations of a given model and fail to note its potential for misunderstanding a situation to which it ill applies.
Possible Titles:
1. The Role of Creativity in Shaping Scientific Theories and Explanations
2. Beyond Data: How Imagination Influences Scientific Research
3. Understanding the Creative Elements Behind Scientific Models and Theories
4. The Limits of Scientific Models: Recognizing the Role of Imagination
Main Idea #1:
Scientific explanations are not just straightforward reports of facts but are shaped by creative frameworks that organize data into meaningful narratives.
Main Idea #2:
While scientific models provide structured interpretations, they rely on imaginative elements that influence how data is organized and understood. Overlooking this creativity can lead to misconceptions, as treating models as absolute facts risks missing their limitations and misapplying them to situations they may not accurately describe.
Summary:
Scientific explanations involve creative frameworks that shape how data is organized and understood. Ignoring this creativity can lead to misinterpretations, as models are not absolute facts but structured narratives with limitations that must be acknowledged.
Key Points:
1. Scientific explanations rely on creative frameworks, not just data.
2. Models are constructed to give consistent and meaningful interpretations.
3. Overlooking the imaginative aspect risks misapplying scientific models.
4. Recognizing the limitations of models prevents misconceptions.
[고2] 2024년 10월 – 38번: 문학이 사회적 변화를 촉진하거나 방해할 수 있는 방식
We encounter contrary claims about the relation of literature to action. Theorists have maintained that literature encourages solitary reading and reflection as the way to engage with the world and thus counters the social and political activities that might produce social change. At best it encourages detachment or appreciation of complexity, and at worst passivity and acceptance of what is. But on the other hand, literature has historically been seen as dangerous: it promotes the questioning of authority and social arrangements. Plato banned poets from his ideal republic because they could only do harm, and novels have long been credited with making people dissatisfied with their lives and eager for something new. By promoting identification across divisions of class, gender, and race, books may promote a fellowship that discourages struggle; but they may also produce a keen sense of injustice that makes progressive struggles possible. Historically, works of literature are credited with producing change: Uncle Tom's Cabin, a best-seller in its day, helped create a revulsion against slavery that made possible the American Civil War.
Possible Titles:
1. The Dual Role of Literature in Social Change and Reflection
2. Literature’s Influence: A Source of Both Detachment and Activism
3. The Contradictory Impact of Literature on Social Engagement
4. How Literature Encourages Both Reflection and Revolutionary Change
Main Idea #1:
Literature can promote solitary reflection, detachment, and passive acceptance.
Main Idea #2:
Literature can also provoke social change by challenging authority and inspiring action against injustices.
Summary:
Literature has been viewed both as a force for passive contemplation and as a catalyst for social change. While it may encourage detachment, it also has the power to question authority and inspire action. Historical examples, such as Uncle Tom's Cabin, demonstrate its role in sparking significant societal shifts.
Key Points:
1. Literature is seen as encouraging solitary reading and reflection, which can lead to detachment.
2. Some believe literature discourages political action by fostering acceptance of the status quo.
3. Historically, literature has been viewed as dangerous for its ability to question authority and inspire change.
4. Works like Uncle Tom's Cabin show how literature can provoke social movements and bring about progressive struggles.
[고2] 2024년 10월 – 39번: Hobbes의 자연 상태에서 인간의 본성과 도덕적 자유의 한계
According to Hobbes, man is not a being who can act morally in spite of his instinct to protect his existence in the state of nature. Hence, the only place where morality and moral liberty will begin to find an application begins in a place where a sovereign power, namely the state, emerges. Hobbes thus describes the state of nature as a circumstance in which man's life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short". It means when people live without a general power to control them all, they are indeed in a state of war. In other words, Hobbes, who accepted that human beings are not social and political beings in the state of nature, believes that without the power human beings in the state of nature are "antisocial and rational based on their selfishness". Moreover, since society is not a natural phenomenon and there is no natural force bringing people together, what will bring them together as a society is not mutual affection according to Hobbes. It is, rather, mutual fear of men's present and future that assembles them, since the cause of fear is a common drive among people in the state of nature.
Possible Titles:
1. Hobbes' View on Morality and the Role of the State in Society
2. The Role of Fear and Sovereign Power in Hobbesian Society
3. Hobbes' Theory: From Antisocial Instincts to State-Imposed Order
4. Understanding the Necessity of Sovereign Authority in Hobbes' Philosophy
Main Idea #1:
Hobbes argues that humans in their natural state are driven by selfishness and antisocial instincts.
Main Idea #2:
According to Hobbes, a sovereign power is essential to impose order, as fear and self-preservation drive people to form societies rather than natural affection.
Summary:
Hobbes believes that in the state of nature, humans act based on selfishness and lack natural social inclinations. Without a sovereign power, they exist in a state of war, driven by mutual fear. Society, according to Hobbes, emerges not from mutual affection but from the necessity of order imposed by a central authority to ensure survival.
Key Points:
1. In the state of nature, humans are not moral and act to protect their own survival.
2. Hobbes describes life in the natural state as "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short."
3. Human beings are antisocial and rationally selfish in the state of nature.
4. Society forms due to mutual fear and the need for order, not natural social tendencies.
[고2] 2024년 10월 – 40번: 인지적 요소가 색 인식에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구
There is research that supports the idea that cognitive factors influence the phenomenology of the perceived world. Delk and Fillenbaum asked participants to match the color of figures with the color of their background. Some of the figures depicted objects associated with a particular color. These included typically red objects such as an apple, lips, and a symbolic heart. Other objects were presented that are not usually associated with red, such as a mushroom or a bell. However, all the figures were made out of the same red-orange cardboard. Participants then had to match the figure to a background varying from dark to light red. They had to make the background color match the color of the figures. The researchers found that red-associated objects required more red in the background to be judged a match than did the objects that are not associated with the color red. This implies that the cognitive association of objects to color influences how we perceive that color.
Possible Titles:
1. The Influence of Cognitive Associations on Color Perception
2. How Knowledge of Object Colors Affects Perceptual Judgment
3. Cognitive Factors and Their Role in Perceiving Colors
4. The Effect of Prior Knowledge on Color Matching Tasks
Main Idea #1:
Cognitive associations with certain colors affect how individuals perceive and judge those colors.
Main Idea #2:
Research by Delk and Fillenbaum showed that participants required more red in the background to match typically red objects, indicating that prior knowledge influences perceptual judgments.
Summary:
Research indicates that cognitive associations affect color perception. Participants in a study matched colors by adding more red to the background when viewing objects typically associated with red. This finding suggests that knowledge about object colors can influence perceptual judgment.
Key Points:
1. Cognitive factors can alter the way people perceive colors.
2. Delk and Fillenbaum's study involved matching figure colors with background colors.
3. Objects typically associated with red required more red to be perceived as matching.
4. The findings suggest that prior knowledge about an object's usual color affects perceptual decisions.
[고2] 2024년 10월 – 41~42번: 유전체 복제 과정에서 발생하는 돌연변이의 누적 원리 설명
In each round of genome copying in our body, there is still about a 70 percent chance that at least one pair of chromosomes will have an error. With each round of genome copying, errors accumulate. This is similar to alterations in medieval books. Each time a copy was made by hand, some changes were introduced accidentally; as changes stacked up, the copies may have acquired meanings at variance with the original. Similarly, genomes that have undergone more copying processes will have gathered more mistakes. To make things worse, mutations may damage genes responsible for error checking and repair of genomes, further accelerating the introduction of mutations. Most genome mutations do not have any noticeable effects. It is just like changing the i for a y in "kingdom" would not distort the word's readability. But sometimes a mutation to a human gene results in, for example, an eye whose iris is of two different colors. Similarly, almost everyone has birthmarks, which are due to mutations that occurred as our body's cells multiplied to form skin. If mutations are changes to the genome of one particular cell, how can a patch of cells in an iris or a whole patch of skin, consisting of many individual cells, be affected simultaneously? The answer lies in the cell lineage, the developmental history of a tissue from particular cells through to their fully differentiated state. If the mutation occurred early on in the lineage of the developing iris, then all cells in that patch have inherited that change.
Possible Titles:
1. The Accumulation of Errors in Genome Copying and Its Effects
2. How Genome Copying Errors Lead to Mutations and Variations
3. Understanding the Role of Cell Lineage in Genetic Mutations
4. The Similarities Between Medieval Text Alterations and Genome Mutations
Main Idea #1:
Errors accumulate in genomes during the copying process, similar to changes in handwritten medieval books.
Main Idea #2:
Mutations may disrupt error-checking genes, accelerating changes, and the effects can manifest in tissues if mutations occur early in cell lineage development.
Summary:
Genome copying errors accumulate over time, akin to changes introduced in hand-copied medieval texts. Most mutations are harmless, but some can lead to visible changes, like birthmarks or iris color differences. If mutations happen early in cell development, the resulting traits can appear across patches of cells due to shared cell lineage.
Key Points:
1. Genome copying introduces errors, which accumulate over time.
2. Mutations may disrupt genes responsible for error correction, increasing the rate of new mutations.
3. Most mutations have no noticeable effects, but some can lead to visible changes.
4. Mutations early in cell lineage development can affect patches of cells, explaining traits like birthmarks.
[고2] 2024년 10월 – 43~45번: 완벽주의에 대한 부담과 문제 해결 능력을 배운 이야기
Max awoke to the gentle sunlight of an autumn day. Right on schedule, he swung his legs off the bed and took a deep, satisfying breath. He began his morning the same way he usually did, getting dressed and going to school. Today was going to be another perfect day until he ran into Mr. Kapoor, his science teacher. Just to remind you. Science fair projects are due next Wednesday. Don't forget to submit your final draft on time," Mr. Kapoor said. Max froze. What? It can't be! It was due next Friday! After school, he came home worrying that his whole perfectly planned week was going to be ruined. Without his usual greeting, Max headed to his room in haste. What's wrong Max?, Jeremy, his dad, followed Max, worrying about him. Max furiously browsed through his planner without answering him, only to find the wrong date written in it. Fighting through tears, Max finally managed to explain the unending pressure to be perfect to his dad. To his surprise, Jeremy laughed. Max, guess what? Perfect is a great goal, but nobody gets there all the time. What matters is what we do when things get messy." That made him feel a little better. You are saying I can fix this? Absolutely, try to deal with problems in a logical way, Jeremy said. Max thought for a moment. I guess.... I can do that by rescheduling tonight's baseball lesson. Jeremy beamed. See? That's you finding a solution. Max felt a genuine smile spreading. The next Wednesday, he successfully handed in the final draft on time with satisfaction. From then on, he still loved order and routines, but also embraced the messy, unpredictable bits of life too.
Possible Titles:
1. Learning to Embrace Imperfection: Max’s Lesson on Flexibility
2. How Max Overcame His Fear of Imperfection and Found Balance
3. The Importance of Adaptability: Max’s Journey Beyond Perfection
4. Finding Solutions in Chaos: Max Learns to Cope with Unexpected Challenges
Main Idea #1:
Max struggles with the pressure to be perfect when he realizes he made a mistake with his science project deadline.
Main Idea #2:
With his dad's support, Max learns that perfection isn’t always achievable and discovers the value of adapting to unexpected situations.
Summary:
Max panicked upon realizing he misjudged the deadline for his science project, fearing it would disrupt his perfect plans. With his dad's guidance, he learned that it's okay to make mistakes and focused on finding a solution. This experience helped Max appreciate the importance of adaptability while still valuing order.
Key Points:
1. Max’s usual routine was disrupted by an unexpected mistake in his planner.
2. He felt immense pressure to maintain perfection but found comfort in his dad’s advice.
3. Jeremy encouraged Max to focus on solving the problem rather than dwelling on the mistake.
4. Max successfully adjusted his plans, learning to balance order with flexibility.
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