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<EBS 올림포스 독해의 기본 2>의 한줄해석 (좌지문 우해석) 자료 올립니다.
설명문/실용문을 제외한 모든 지문을 포함했습니다. 
 
그리고 PDF와 워드 파일 모두 올립니다. 
필요에 따라 변형해서 사용하세요.
 
유용한 자료가 되길 바랍니다~♡

 

ps.

블로그 콘텐츠가 마음에 드신다면, '좋아요' 클릭과 광고 지원으로 응원해 주세요. 

여러분의 작은 도움이 큰 힘이 됩니다! 

감사합니다~~

 

 

 

 

파일 다운로드

EBS 올림포스 독해의 기본 2 - 한줄해석 (좌지문 우해석).pdf
1.41MB
EBS 올림포스 독해의 기본 2 - 한줄해석 (좌지문 우해석).docx
3.44MB

 

 

 

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EBS 올림포스 독해의 기본 1 - 한줄해석 (좌지문 우해석)

의 한줄해석 (좌지문 우해석) 자료 올립니다.설명문/실용문을 제외한 모든 지문을 포함했습니다.  그리고 PDF와 워드 파일 모두 올립니다. 필요에 따라 변형해서 사용하세요. 유용한 

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<EBS 올림포스 독해의 기본 1>의 한줄해석 (좌지문 우해석) 자료 올립니다.
설명문/실용문을 제외한 모든 지문을 포함했습니다. 

 

그리고 PDF와 워드 파일 모두 올립니다. 
필요에 따라 변형해서 사용하세요.
 
유용한 자료가 되길 바랍니다~♡
혹시 자료에 오류가 있으면 댓글 달아주세요. 

 

ps.

블로그 콘텐츠가 마음에 드신다면, '좋아요' 클릭과 광고 지원으로 응원해 주세요. 

여러분의 작은 도움이 큰 힘이 됩니다! 

감사합니다~~

 

 

 

 

파일 다운로드

EBS 올림포스 독해의 기본 1 - 한줄해석 (좌지문 우해석).pdf
1.33MB
EBS 올림포스 독해의 기본 1 - 한줄해석 (좌지문 우해석).docx
3.42MB

 

 

 

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EBS 올림포스 독해의 기본 2 - 한줄해석 (좌지문 우해석)

의 한줄해석 (좌지문 우해석) 자료 올립니다.설명문/실용문을 제외한 모든 지문을 포함했습니다.  그리고 PDF와 워드 파일 모두 올립니다. 필요에 따라 변형해서 사용하세요. 유용한 

flowedu.tistory.com

 

 

 

 

<고2 2023년도 6월 모의고사>의 기출문제 모음 두번째 자료를 올립니다.
[고2] 2023년 6월 기출모음 #2 - 163문항

과거 학교에서 출제됐던 기출 문제들을 문항별로 수집한 자료이며,
문항당 비슷한 유형의 문제가 중복되어 있을 수 있으니 감안해서 사용하세요.

혼공하는 학생들이나 자료 필요한 분들에게
유용한 자료가 될 수 있길 바랍니다 :)

 

ps.

블로그 콘텐츠가 마음에 드신다면, '좋아요' 클릭과 광고 지원으로 응원해 주세요. 

여러분의 작은 도움이 큰 힘이 됩니다! 

감사합니다~~

 

 

 

 

파일 다운로드

[Flow Edu] 23년 고2 6월 기출 #2_163문항.pdf
0.95MB

 

 

자료 이용시 주의사항

1) 빈칸이나 순서 등의 문제에 중복이 있을 수 있습니다. (학교마다 비슷한 문제가 출제될 수 있음)
2) 정답이 대체로 맞지만, 오답이 있을 수 있습니다. 감안해서 이용하세요. (오답이 있는 경우 댓글 남겨주시면, 확인 후 수정할게요.) 
3) 다양한 이유로 기출모음 자료는 별다른 공지 없이 내려갈 수 있습니다. 

 

 

 

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[고2] 2023년도 6월 모의고사 - 기출문제 모음 #1 (197문항)

오늘은 고2 2023년도 6월 모의고사>의 기출문제 모음 첫번째 자료를 올립니다.[고2] 2023년 6월 기출모음 #1 - 197문항과거 학교에서 출제됐던 기출 문제들을 문항별로 수집한 자료이며,문항당 

flowedu.tistory.com

 

 

 

 

오늘은 <고1 2023년도 6월 모의고사>의 기출문제 모음 두번째 자료를 올립니다.
[고1] 2023년 6월 기출모음 #2 - 177문항

과거 학교에서 출제됐던 기출 문제들을 문항별로 수집한 자료이며,

문항당 비슷한 유형의 문제가 중복되어 있을 수 있으니 감안해서 사용하세요.

혼공하는 학생들이나 자료 필요한 분들에게

유용한 자료가 될 수 있길 바랍니다 :)

 

ps.

블로그 콘텐츠가 마음에 드신다면, '좋아요' 클릭과 광고 지원으로 응원해 주세요. 

여러분의 작은 도움이 큰 힘이 됩니다! 

감사합니다~~

 

 

 

 

파일 다운로드

[Flow Edu] 23년 고1 6월 기출 #2_177문항.pdf
1.11MB

 

 

자료 이용시 주의사항

1) 빈칸이나 순서 등의 문제에 중복이 있을 수 있습니다. (학교마다 비슷한 문제가 출제될 수 있음)
2) 정답이 대체로 맞지만, 오답이 있을 수 있습니다. 감안해서 이용하세요. (오답이 있는 경우 댓글 남겨주시면, 확인 후 수정할게요.) 
3) 다양한 이유로 기출모음 자료는 별다른 공지 없이 내려갈 수 있습니다. 

 

 

 

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[고1] 2023년도 6월 모의고사 - 기출문제 모음 #1 (186문항)

오늘은 의 기출문제 모음 첫번째 자료를 올립니다.[고1] 2023년 6월 기출모음 #1 - 186문항과거 학교에서 출제됐던 기출 문제들을 문항별로 수집한 자료이며,문항당 비슷한 유형의 문제가 중복되어

flowedu.tistory.com

 

[고1] 2022년도 6월 모의고사 - 기출문제 모음 #1 (218문항)

오늘은 고1 2022년도 6월 모의고사>의 기출문제 모음 첫번째 자료를 올립니다.[고1] 2022년 6월 기출모음 #1 - 218문항과거 학교에서 출제됐던 기출 문제들을 문항별로 수집한 자료이며,문항당 

flowedu.tistory.com

 

 

 

 

 

오늘은 <고1 2022년도 6월 모의고사>의 기출문제 모음 첫번째 자료를 올립니다.
[고1] 2022년 6월 기출모음 #1 - 218문항

과거 학교에서 출제됐던 기출 문제들을 문항별로 수집한 자료이며,
문항당 비슷한 유형의 문제가 중복되어 있을 수 있으니 감안해서 사용하세요.

혼공하는 학생들이나 자료 필요한 분들에게
유용한 자료가 되길 바랍니다 :)

 

ps.

블로그 콘텐츠가 마음에 드신다면, '좋아요' 클릭과 광고 지원으로 응원해 주세요. 

여러분의 작은 도움이 큰 힘이 됩니다! 

감사합니다~~

 

 

 

 

파일 다운로드

[Flow 영어연구소] 22년 고1 6월 기출 #1_218문항.pdf
1.22MB

 

 

자료 이용시 주의사항

1) 빈칸이나 순서 등의 문제에 중복이 있을 수 있습니다. (학교마다 비슷한 문제가 출제될 수 있음)
2) 정답이 대체로 맞지만, 오답이 있을 수 있습니다. 감안해서 이용하세요. (오답이 있는 경우 댓글 남겨주시면, 확인 후 수정할게요.) 
3) 다양한 이유로 기출모음 자료는 별다른 공지 없이 내려갈 수 있습니다. 

 

 

 

파일 미리보기

 

 

관련 자료 바로가기

 

[고1] 2023년도 6월 모의고사 - 기출문제 모음 #1 (186문항)

오늘은 의 기출문제 모음 첫번째 자료를 올립니다.[고1] 2023년 6월 기출모음 #1 - 186문항과거 학교에서 출제됐던 기출 문제들을 문항별로 수집한 자료이며,문항당 비슷한 유형의 문제가 중복되어

flowedu.tistory.com

 

[고2] 2022년도 6월 모의고사 - 기출문제 모음 #1 (202문항)

오늘은 의 기출문제 모음 첫번째 자료를 올립니다.[고2] 2022년 6월 기출모음 #1 - 202문항과거 학교에서 출제됐던 기출 문제들을 문항별로 수집한 자료이며,문항당 비슷한 유형의 문제가 

flowedu.tistory.com

 

 

워드 마스터 Word Master 중등 고난도 (2023년도, 2022년도 발행)
어휘 시험지 및 답지 PDF 공유합니다.

시험지 제작에는 모두 표제어만 이용했습니다. 

첫번째 파일은 2강씩 60문제로 순서는 램덤으로 만들었고,
영한/한영 각각 50:50의 비율로 설정했습니다. 

 
두번째 파일은 4강씩 120문제로 순서는 램덤으로 만들었고,
영한/한영 각각 50:50의 비율로 설정했습니다.  

 

각각 전체모음 파일은 교재로 제작하기 쉽게 시험지와 답지를 모와서 만들었습니다. 

 

유용하게 사용하세요~♡

 

ps.

블로그 콘텐츠가 마음에 드신다면, '좋아요' 클릭과 광고 지원으로 응원해 주세요. 

여러분의 작은 도움이 큰 힘이 됩니다! 

감사합니다~~

 

 

 

 

파일 다운로드  (2강씩 60문제)

 

__[2강씩] 워드마스터 중등고난도_전체모음.pdf
2.79MB


[2강씩] 워드마스터 중등고난도_Day 1~2.pdf
0.10MB
[2강씩] 워드마스터 중등고난도_Day 3~4.pdf
0.10MB
[2강씩] 워드마스터 중등고난도_Day 5~6.pdf
0.11MB
[2강씩] 워드마스터 중등고난도_Day 7~8.pdf
0.10MB
[2강씩] 워드마스터 중등고난도_Day 9~10.pdf
0.10MB
[2강씩] 워드마스터 중등고난도_Day 11~12.pdf
0.11MB
[2강씩] 워드마스터 중등고난도_Day 13~14.pdf
0.10MB
[2강씩] 워드마스터 중등고난도_Day 15~16.pdf
0.10MB
[2강씩] 워드마스터 중등고난도_Day 17~18.pdf
0.10MB
[2강씩] 워드마스터 중등고난도_Day 19~20.pdf
0.10MB
[2강씩] 워드마스터 중등고난도_Day 21~22.pdf
0.10MB
[2강씩] 워드마스터 중등고난도_Day 23~24.pdf
0.09MB
[2강씩] 워드마스터 중등고난도_Day 25~26.pdf
0.10MB
[2강씩] 워드마스터 중등고난도_Day 27~28.pdf
0.10MB
[2강씩] 워드마스터 중등고난도_Day 29~30.pdf
0.11MB

 

 

 

파일 다운로드 (4강씩 120문제)

 

__[4강씩] 워드마스터 중등고난도_전체모음.pdf
3.62MB


[4강씩] 워드마스터 중등고난도_Day 1~4.pdf
0.14MB
[4강씩] 워드마스터 중등고난도_Day 3~6.pdf
0.15MB
[4강씩] 워드마스터 중등고난도_Day 5~8.pdf
0.15MB
[4강씩] 워드마스터 중등고난도_Day 7~10.pdf
0.14MB
[4강씩] 워드마스터 중등고난도_Day 9~12.pdf
0.15MB
[4강씩] 워드마스터 중등고난도_Day 11~14.pdf
0.15MB
[4강씩] 워드마스터 중등고난도_Day 13~16.pdf
0.14MB
[4강씩] 워드마스터 중등고난도_Day 15~18.pdf
0.14MB
[4강씩] 워드마스터 중등고난도_Day 17~20.pdf
0.14MB
[4강씩] 워드마스터 중등고난도_Day 19~22.pdf
0.13MB
[4강씩] 워드마스터 중등고난도_Day 21~24.pdf
0.13MB
[4강씩] 워드마스터 중등고난도_Day 23~26.pdf
0.13MB
[4강씩] 워드마스터 중등고난도_Day 25~28.pdf
0.14MB
[4강씩] 워드마스터 중등고난도_Day 27~30.pdf
0.15MB

 

 

파일 미리보기

 

 

관련 자료 바로가기

 

[무료 PDF] 워드마스터 중등고난도 (2022개정) - 어휘 시험지 및 답지

 

[무료 PDF] 워드마스터 중등고난도 (2022개정) - 어휘 시험지 및 답지

워드 마스터 Word Master 중등 고난도 (2023년도, 2022년도 발행) 어휘 시험지 및 답지 PDF 공유합니다. 첫번째 파일은 Vocab Test이고, 표제어만 사용해서 2강씩 50문제로 순서는 램덤으로 만들었고, 영한/

flowedu.tistory.com

 

[무료 PDF] 워드마스터 중등고난도 (2022개정) - 어휘 시험지 및 답지 (1강 묶음)

 

[무료 PDF] 워드마스터 중등고난도 (2022개정) - 어휘 시험지 및 답지 (1강 묶음)

워드마스터 중등고난도 (2022 개정) 어휘 시험지 및 답지 PDF 공유합니다. 표제어만 사용해서 1강씩 30문제로 순서는 램덤으로 만들었고, 영한/한영 각각 50:50의 비율로 설정했습니다. 전체모음 개

flowedu.tistory.com

 

 

[무료 PDF] 워드마스터 중등고난도 (2022개정) - 어휘 시험지 및 답지 (3강 묶음)

 

[무료 PDF] 워드마스터 중등고난도 (2022개정) - 어휘 시험지 및 답지 (3강 묶음)

워드마스터 중등고난도 (2022 개정) 어휘 시험지 및 답지 PDF 공유합니다. 표제어만 사용해서 3강씩 60문제로 순서는 램덤으로 만들었고, 영한/한영 각각 50:50의 비율로 설정했습니다. 전체모음 개

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오늘은 <EBS 수능특강 Light 영어 (2022)>의 지문 요약 자료를 올립니다.

이전 자료와 마찬가지로 OpenAI사의 ChatGPT 유료 버전(ChatGPT-4o)으로 작업했습니다.

OpenAI에서 어제(2024년 5월14일 오전2시) ChatGPT 4.0의 후속 모델을 발표했습니다.

ChatGPT-4o이고 마지막의 o는 'omni'(every)를 의미한다고 합니다.

 

ChatGPT-4o는 발표 이후 얼마 안되서 이용 가능했는데,

기존보다 더 좋은 성능에 속도가 비약적으로 빨라졌습니다.

 

지문 요약과 관련해 지문 하나당 기존에는 30초 이상 걸리던 것이, 

ChatGPT-4o로는 5초 내에 답변이 끝났습니다. 

 

또한 질문할 수 있는 갯수(cap limit)가 3시간 당 40개였던 것이 3시간당 80개로 늘어나서,

지문의 수가 많은 이런 작업을 하는데 큰 도움이 됐습니다. 

 

 

다시 원래 이야기로 돌아와서,

<EBS 수능특강 Light 영어 (2022)>의 지문 중에서

설명문/실용문을 제외한 전지문을 포함했습니다. 
(PDF 및 Word 파일 제공)
  
지문 분석하거나 자료 제작하실 때 참고하세요~♡

 

ps.

블로그 콘텐츠가 마음에 드신다면, '좋아요' 클릭과 광고 지원으로 응원해 주세요. 

여러분의 작은 도움이 큰 힘이 됩니다! 

감사합니다~~

 

 

 

 

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EBS 수능특강 Light 영어 (2022) – 한줄해석

이번에는 한줄해석 작업했습니다. 전지문 작업했고, 각 지문의 소재도 있는 경우 함께 제목에 정리했습니다. PDF와 워드 파일 모두 올립니다. 지문 분석하거나 자료 제작하실 때 참고하세요. PDF &

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EBS 수능특강 Light 영어 (2022) – 한줄해석 (좌지문 우해석)

오늘은 의 한줄해석 (좌지문 우해석) 자료 올립니다. 전지문 작업했고, 각 지문의 소재도 있는 경우 함께 제목에 정리했습니다. 그리고 PDF와 워드 파일 모두 올립니다. 필요에 따라 변형해서 사

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EBS 수능특강 Light 영어 (2022) - 기출문제 모음 (1~4강 185문항)

고등학교 영어 내신 부교재로 이용되는 교재들의 기출문제를 정리하고 있습니다. 오늘은 의 기출문제를 정리해서 PDF 파일로 올립니다. 이번 포스팅에서는 1~4강의 범위까지 작업했고, 정리한 문

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NE능률 Advanced Reading Expert Level 2 [2020 개정] 

한줄해석(좌지문 우해석) 자료입니다.

 

이번에는 일부 학교에서 부교재로 사용되는

NE능률의 Reading Expert 시리즈에 대해

한줄해석(좌지문 우해석) 작업했습니다.

 

PDF와 워드 파일 모두 올립니다. 

필요에 따라 변형해서 사용하세요.
지문 암기하거나 혼공하는 분들에게 

유용한 자료가 되길 바랍니다~♡

 

혹시 자료에 오류가 있으면 댓글 달아주세요. 

바로 수정해 놓겠습니다. 

 

ps.

블로그 콘텐츠가 마음에 드신다면, '좋아요' 클릭과 광고 지원으로 응원해 주세요. 

여러분의 작은 도움이 큰 힘이 됩니다! 

감사합니다~~

 

 

 

 

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NE능률 Advanced Reading Expert Level 1 [2020 개정]의 한줄해석(좌지문 우해석) 자료입니다. 이번에는 일부 학교에서 부교재로 사용되는NE능률의 Reading Expert 시리즈에 대해한줄해석(좌지문 우해석) 작업

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NE능률 Reading Expert 1 [2020 개정]의 한줄해석(좌지문 우해석) 자료입니다. 이번에는 일부 학교에서 부교재로 사용되는NE능률의 Reading Expert 시리즈에 대해한줄해석(좌지문 우해석) 작업했습니다. 

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전체 내용

 

Unit 01. Psychology - Reading 1: Aggression
① Aggression is a term used to describe behavior that is generally designed to cause physical or psychological damage. 공격성은 대체적으로 신체적 또는 심리적인 손상을야기하려고 만들어진 행동을 설명하기 위해 사용되는 용어이다.
② It can be aimed at oneself, at others or even at objects. 그것은 자신 및 타인을 향할 수도 있고, 심지어 사물을 대상으로 할 수도 있다.
③ Although some experts think a tendency toward aggression has primarily genetic causes, others believe that social influences play a larger role. 몇몇 전문가들은 공격적인 성향이 주로 유전적인 원인 때문이라고 생각하지만, 다른 전문가들은 사회적인 영향이 더 큰 역할을 한다고 믿는다.
④ In the 1960s, an American psychologist named Albert Bandura conducted an experiment to learn more about the causes of aggression. 1960년대에 미국인 심리학자 Albert Bandura는공격성의 원인에 대해 더 알아보고자 실험을 했다.
⑤ He started with a plastic clown filled with air, called a Bobo doll. 그는 보보 인형이라고 불리는 공기가 채워진 플라스틱 광대를 가지고 시작했다.
⑥ The experiment's subjects, children between the ages of three and six, were all shown a video of an adult attacking the Bobo doll, hitting it and yelling at it. 실험 대상인 3세에서 6세의 어린이들에게 보보 인형을 공격하고, 때리고, 소리를 지르는 어른이 나오는영상을 보여 줬다.
⑦ Afterwards, the children were divided into three groups. 이후에 어린이들은 세 조로 나뉘었다.
⑧ The first group was shown the adult in the video being punished, the second group was shown the same adult being rewarded, and the third group wasn't shown anything at all. 첫 번째 조에게는 영상에 나왔던 어른이 벌을 받는것을 보여줬고, 두 번째 조에게는 같은 어른이 보상을 받는 것을 보여줬으며, 세 번째 조에게는 아무것도 보여주지 않았다.
⑨ The second stage of the experiment involved leaving the children alone with the Bobo doll, one by one. 실험의 2 단계에서는 어린이들을 한 명씩 보보 인형하고만 남도록 했다.
⑩ Their behavior was then carefully observed. 그리고 아이들의 행동은 주의 깊게 관찰되었다.
⑪ Although all three groups displayed aggressive behavior, the children who saw the adult being rewarded displayed the most aggression toward the doll, while those who saw the adult being punished showed the least amount of aggression. 세 조의 아이들 모두 공격적인 행동을 보였지만, 보상을 받은 어른의 모습을 본 아이들이 인형을 향해가장 공격적인 모습을 보였고, 반면 벌을 받은 어른의 모습을 본 아이들은 가장 낮은 공격성을 보였다.
⑫ Based on this experiment, Bandura proposed a theory which basically states that children can indirectly learn from watching the actions of others. 이 실험을 바탕으로 Bandura는 아이들이 다른 사람들의 행동을 보면서 간접적으로 배운다는 것을 기본적으로 설명하는 이론을 제시했다.
⑬ Scientists had already known that the behavior of children can be easily influenced through a system of punishment and reward. 과학자들은 이미 처벌과 보상 체계를 통해 아이들의행동이 쉽게 영향을 받는다는 것을 알고 있었다.
⑭ But Bandura's experiment was the first to clearly show that their behavior could also be shaped simply by seeing someone else being punished or rewarded for certain behavior. 하지만 Bandura의 실험은 어떤 행동에 대해 처벌을받거나 보상을 받는 누군가를 보는 것만으로 아이들의 행동이 형성됨을 최초로 분명하게 보여준 것이었다.
⑮ This had a great impact on psychologists' views on how much of an influence media can have on kids. 이는 대중 매체가 아이들에게 얼마나 많은 영향을끼치는지에 관한 심리학자들의 관점에 큰 영향을 끼쳤다.
⑯ Today it is largely accepted that viewing large amounts of violence in movies and on television can cause children to become violent themselves. 오늘날 영화나 텔레비전에서 많은 양의 폭력을 보는것이 아이들 스스로를 폭력적으로 변하게 한다는 점이 폭넓게 받아들여지고 있다.
⑰ Thanks to Bandura and his Bobo doll, modern psychologists are now able to better understand some of the causes behind aggression in children. Bandura와 그의 보보 인형 덕분에 현대 심리학자들은 아이들의 폭력성 이면에 있는 몇 가지 원인들을더 잘 이해 할 수 있게 되었다.
⑱ And parents and teachers can use this information to help reduce youth violence. 부모와 선생님들도 어린이 폭력을 줄이는 데 이 정보를 활용할 수 있다.
⑲ Although it is difficult to prevent children from watching violent movies or playing violent games, it is important to explain to them that this violence is exaggerated, unrealistic, and immoral. 어린이들이 폭력적인 영화를 보거나 폭력적인 게임을 하는 것을 막기는 힘들지만, 그 폭력이 과장된 것이고, 비현실적이며, 부도덕하다는 것을 그들에게설명해 주는 것이 중요하다.
⑳ Furthermore, when children use violence to deal with problems, they should be taught that there are always non-violent solutions. 또한 문제를 해결하기 위해 아이들이 폭력을 사용할때 언제나 비폭력적인 해결책이 있다는 것을 그들에게 가르쳐줘야 한다.

 

 

Unit 01. Psychology - Reading 2: Trauma
① During World War I, doctors noticed that some soldiers exhibited peculiar behavior, including giddiness, irritability, and excessive tiredness. 1차 세계 대전 기간 동안, 의사들은 일부 군인들이현기증, 조급증, 과도한 피로를 포함한 이상 행동을보인다는 것을 알아냈다.
② The cause was not physical but psychological, and the phenomenon became known as "shell shock." 그 이유는 신체적인 것이 아니라 심리적인 것이었고, 이 현상은 '탄환 충격'이라고 알려지게 되었다.
③ The soldiers were mentally affected by the horrible conditions they experienced. 군인들은 그들이 경험한 끔찍한 상황에 정신적으로영향을 받은 것이었다.
④ Today we understand that all people, not only soldiers, are susceptible to this form of mental illness, which is now called psychological trauma. 오늘날 우리는 군인들뿐 아니라 모든 사람이 지금은심리적 외상성 장애라고 불리는 이러한 형태의 정신질환에 걸릴 수 있다는 사실을 알고 있다.
⑤ Anyone who experiences an event that psychologically overwhelms them - and is unable to take this experience as a part of their everyday life - will succumb to this mental illness. 누구든 심리적으로 그들을 압도하는 사건을 경험하고 이런 경험을 일상 생활의 일부로 받아들일 수 없는 사람은 이런 정신 질환에 굴복하게 된다.
⑥ What are some common causes of trauma? 이 외상성 장애의 몇 가지 공통된 원인은 무엇인가?
⑦ It can result from any of the following experiences: 그것은 다음의 어떤 경험으로부터도 발생할 수 있다.
⑧ surviving a natural disaster such as an earthquake or flood; falling victim to a physical assault; or witnessing, or being directly involved in, a serious accident such as a car or train crash. 지진이나 홍수와 같은 자연 재해로부터 살아 남는것, 신체적인 폭행의 피해자가 되는 것, 또는 자동차나 기차 충돌과 같은 심각한 사고를 목격하거나 그사고에 직접 연루되는 것이다.
⑨ A patient suffering from psychological trauma may display any of the following symptoms. 심리적 외상성 장애로 고통받는 환자는 다음과 같은증상들을 보일 수 있다.
⑩ Their eating habits are altered, so they eat more or less than usual, and they may sleep for longer or shorter periods of time than usual. 식습관이 바뀌어서 평소보다 더 많이 먹거나 더 적게 먹고, 평소보다 더 오래 자거나 더 짧게 잘 수도있다.
⑪ They also tend to exhibit lower energy levels and may also complain of chronic pain, the source of which cannot be identified. 그들은 또한 기운이 없는 경향이 있고 원인을 알 수없는 만성적인 통증을 호소할 수도 있다.
⑫ In addition, they may display unusual emotional traits such as spontaneous crying, panic attacks, emotional numbness, and a heightened degree of irritability. 또한 그들은 느닷없는 울음, 공황 발작, 심리적 마비상태, 조급증의 극대화 등 특이한 정서적 특징들을나타낼 수 있다.
⑬ You might also notice that they withdraw from those close to them, have trouble with decision making, and display lapses in memory. 당신은 그들이 자신과 가까운 사람들에게서 멀어지고, 의사결정에 어려움을 겪으며, 기억에 착오가 생기는 것을 알아채게 될지도 모른다.
⑭ The effects of psychological trauma are so devastating because they may make it impossible for the sufferer to function normally under any situation. 심리적 외상성 장애의 영향은 매우 파괴적인데, 이는 그것이 환자들로 하여금 어떤 상황에서도 정상적으로 활동할 수 없게 할 수 있기 때문이다.
⑮ This is not only hard on the patient but also for those loved ones around him or her. 이는 환자뿐 아니라 그들 주변의 사랑하는 사람들에게도 힘든 일이다.
⑯ In other cases, the consequences of psychological trauma may only become apparent during stressful situations. 또 다른 경우, 심리적 외상성 장애의 영향은 스트레스가 심한 상황에서만 뚜렷하게 나타날 수도 있다.
⑰ One puzzling aspect of this ailment is that symptoms may not first appear until years after the actual traumatic event. 이 질병의 한 가지 혼란스러운 면은 실질적인 외상성 사건이 발생한 지 몇 년이 지나서야 비로소 처음으로 증상이 나타날지도 모른다는 것이다.
⑱ How can psychological trauma be treated? 심리적 외상성 장애는 어떻게 치료될 수 있을까?
⑲ Professional treatment may be required depending upon the severity of the traumatic event as well as the individual's response to it. 외상성 사건의 심각성 뿐만 아니라 그것에 대한 개인의 반응에 기반한 전문적인 치료가 요구될 수 있다.
⑳ This could involve one-on-one counseling sessions with a trained psychologist or taking part in a local support group. 이것은 훈련된 심리학자와의 일대일 상담 치료나 지역의 치료 모임에 참여하는 일을 포함할 수도 있다.
㉑ It is important for sufferers to try to establish regular routines and maintain a healthy diet. 환자들이 규칙적인 일상생활을 영위하고 건강한 식생활을 유지하도록 노력하는 것이 중요하다.
㉒ Most importantly, perhaps, people suffering from psychological trauma need to realize that it will take time to heal from the event and allow themselves the necessary time to recover. 아마도 가장 중요한 것은, 심리적 외상성 장애로 고통받는 사람들이 그 사건으로부터 치유되는 데는 시간이 걸린다는 사실을 인정하고 스스로에게 회복하는 데 필요한 시간을 허락할 필요가 있다는 점일 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 02. Biology - Reading 1: Apoptosis
① Our bodies are made up of trillions of tiny cells, the building blocks of life as we know it. 우리 몸은 우리가 알고 있듯이 생명의 기반인 수조개의 작은 세포로 이루어져 있다.
② So the death of our cells would seem to be a harmful event. 따라서 세포의 죽음은 해로운 일로 보일지도 모른다.
③ However, scientists have discovered that as many as 100,000 cells die in the human body every second as the result of a natural, carefully controlled process known as "apoptosis." 그러나 과학자들은 'apoptosis' 라고 알려진 자연적이고 세밀하게 통제되는 과정의 결과로서 인체 내에서 초당 십만 개나 되는 세포가 죽는다는 것을 발견했다.
④ This term is taken from Greek words meaning "falling or dropping off," indicating that, just like the leaves that fall from trees every autumn, the controlled death, or suicide, of cells is an essential part of our life cycle. 이 용어는 '떨어지거나 쇠퇴하는 것'을 의미하는 그리스어에서 따온 것으로 가을마다 나무에서 잎들이떨어지는 것과 같이 세포의 통제된 죽음 혹은 자살이 우리 생애 주기의 필수적인 부분이라는 것을 나타낸다.
⑤ But how is apoptosis regulated? 그런데 어떻게 apoptosis는 통제되는 것일까?
⑥ It has been determined that cells are prompted to undergo apoptosis in response to signals originating both outside and within the cell itself. 세포는 세포 외부와 세포 자체 내 양쪽에서 생기는신호에 반응하여 apoptosis 과정을 거치도록 자극을 받는다는 것이 확실시되어 왔다.
⑦ For example, when a cell becomes damaged in some way, the body can send out substances to the cell that instruct it to begin apoptosis. 예를 들어, 세포가 어떤 방식으로 손상을 입으면 신체는 그 세포에게 apoptosis를 시작하라는 명령을하는 물질을 내보낼 수 있다.
⑧ Alternatively, if a cell experiences certain types of stress, such as those caused by viruses or radiation, it may initiate changes in itself that cause it to enter the death process. 또 다른 방법으로는 세포가 바이러스나 방사선에 의해 야기되는 것과 같은 특정 종류의 스트레스를 겪으면, 그것은 스스로 죽음의 과정에 들어가도록 변화를 일으킬 수도 있다.
⑨ However, a cell does not have to be damaged or stressed to be selectively eliminated. 그러나 세포가 선택적으로 제거되기 위해 꼭 손상이나 스트레스를 받아야 하는 것은 아니다.
⑩ Extraordinary numbers of cells must die simply to allow the human body to develop naturally. 놀랄만한 수의 세포들이 단지 인체의 자연스러운 발달을 위해 죽게끔 되어있다.
⑪ Consider the formation of your fingers. 당신 손가락이 생겨난 과정을 생각해 보라.
⑫ In the womb, they emerge connected to each other, much like a duck's webbed foot. 자궁 안에서 그것들은 오리의 물갈퀴 달린 발과 아주 흡사하게 서로 연결된 형태로 나타난다.
⑬ Then, it is the apoptosis of the cells contained in the webbing that allows the fingers to separate into individual digits. 그 후에, 손가락들이 개별적으로 떨어지게 되는 것은 바로 물갈퀴에 있던 세포의 apoptosis 때문이다.
⑭ With this information, we can see that the human body maintains a very delicate balance between cell creation and cell destruction. 이 사실로 우리는 인체가 세포의 생성과 파괴 사이에서 매우 섬세한 균형을 유지한다는 것을 알 수 있다.
⑮ When this balance is disrupted, the result can be a potentially fatal health condition. 이 균형이 깨졌을 때, 그 결과는 건강 상태에 잠재적으로 치명적일 수 있다.
⑯ Cancer is a disease in which too little apoptosis occurs because cells are corrupted in ways that make them resistant to the natural death process. 암은 apoptosis가 너무 적게 일어나는 병인데, 암세포가 자연사 과정에 저항하는 식으로 오염되기 때문이다.
⑰ These cancerous cells can continue multiplying until destructive tumors are created. 이러한 암세포는 치명적인 종양이 생길 때까지 계속증식할 수 있다.
⑱ On the other hand, degenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's can arise if cells are undergoing too much apoptosis. 반면에 세포가 apoptosis를 너무 많이 겪게 되면, 파킨슨병이나 알츠하이머병과 같은 퇴행성 질병이발생할 수 있다.
⑲ With the process of apoptosis playing such a vital role in human health, it is no surprise that researchers are continuously studying it. 인체에서 apoptosis 과정이 이처럼 중요한 역할을한다는 점을 고려할 때, 연구자들이 지속적으로 그것을 연구하는 것은 놀랄 일이 아니다.
⑳ If we can learn how to artificially control the apoptosis of cells in our bodies, it could lead to treatments for many life-threatening illnesses. 우리가 인체에서 인위적으로 세포의 apoptosis를조정하는 방법을 알 수 있다면, 생명을 위협하는 많은 병들을 치료할 수 있을 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 02. Biology - Reading 2: TOEFL (Natural Selection)
① Inspired by a curiosity concerning biological evolution and species change, many 19th century scientists developed theories of evolution. 생물학적인 진화와 종(種)의 변화에 관한 호기심에서 영감을 얻어, 많은 19세기의 과학자들은 진화론을 전개 했다.
② Among them, Charles Darwin formulated his theory of natural selection: 그들 중에서 찰스 다윈은 자신의 자연선택 이론을체계화했다.
③ A species passes on the traits that have allowed it to survive the threats of nature, and in doing so, it both propagates and transforms itself. 종(種)은 자연의 위협에서 자신의 생존을 가능케 한형질을 전하는데, 그렇게 해서 그 종은 번식하고 형질 변환을 일으킨다.
④ It has become one of the great intellectual revolutions of human history, drastically changing our perceptions of the world. 그 이론은 인류 역사의 가장 위대한 지적 혁명 중의하나가 되었으며, 세계에 대한 우리의 인식을 급격하게 변화시켰다.
⑤ Darwin's theory is based on research he conducted in the Galapagos Islands off the west coast of South America. 다윈의 이론은 남미의 서해안에 있는 갈라파고스 제도에서 그가 실행한 연구에 근거를 둔다.
⑥ While there, he observed 13 species of a bird called the finch. 거기 있는 동안 그는 핀치라는 새 13종을 관찰했다.
⑦ The beak in each species was a different size and shape, and Darwin inferred that the differences were relative to the available food sources in the islands' different environments. 각 종의 부리는 크기와 모양이 달랐는데, 다윈은 그차이가 섬의 각기 다른 환경에서 구할 수 있는 식량원과 관련되어 있을 것이라고 추측했다.
⑧ If the nectar from flowers was the main source of food on one island, finches with long beaks would thrive there. 꽃의 꿀이 섬에 있는 주 식량원이라면, 거기에서는부리가 긴 핀치가 번성할 것이다.
⑨ Similarly, those with beaks better suited for eating cactus could get more food on arid islands and so were more likely to survive there. 마찬가지로 선인장을 먹기에 적당한 부리를 가진 것들은 메마른 섬에서 식량을 더 많이 구할 수 있을 것이고, 그래서 거기에서 살아남을 가능성이 더 높다.
⑩ Darwin concluded that the 13 species had adapted to their different environments. 다윈은 13종이 각기 다른 환경에 적응해왔던 것이라고 결론내렸다.
⑪ Based on his observations, Darwin theorized that each species originates from a common ancestor but consists of individuals that are all slightly different from one another. 그의 관찰에 근거 하여, 다윈은 모든 종은 공통된 조상에서 생겨나지만, 한 종은 모두 조금씩 서로 다른개체로 이루어진다는 이론을 세웠다.
⑫ Over time, populations split into different species. 오랜 세월에 걸쳐 개체군은 여러 종으로 나누어졌다.
⑬ The ones that survive in a given environment have been naturally "selected" because of a beneficial trait, which the following generation inherits. 주어진 환경에서 살아남은 것들은 유리한 형질 때문에 자연스럽게 '선택'되었는데, 그 형질은 다음 세대로 유전된다.
⑭ In other words, nature chooses the varieties that are best adapted to survive and to reproduce. 다시 말해서, 자연은 가장 잘 적응하여 생존하고 번식한 변종들을 선택한다는 것이다.
⑮ Evolution is a slow process; it takes several generations for the species to fully adopt the trait. 진화는 느린 과정이며, 종이 완전히 형질을 받아들이기까지는 몇 세 기가 걸린다.
⑯ After Darwin formulated his theory, an actual example of evolution was documented in industrialized England. 다윈이 그의 이론을 체계적으로 나타낸 후에, 진화의 실제적인 예가 공업화된 영국에서 자세히 기록되었다.
⑰ In the first part of the 19th century near London, light-colored moths were much more abundant than dark moths. 19세기 전반 런던 부근에는 밝은 색 나방이 어두운색 나방보다 훨씬 많았다.
⑱ When industrial waste from coal-powered factories darkened tree trunks, the dark moths were better camouflaged against the tree bark, which hid them from birds. 석탄을 동력으로 하는 공장들에서 나온 산업 폐기물에 의해 나무 줄기의 색이 어둡게 되었을 때, 어두운색 나방은 그 나무 줄기에 더 잘 가려 졌고 새들의눈에 뜨이지 않게 되었다.
⑲ This trait allowed the moths to live longer and reproduce more and was inherited by their offspring until the dark-colored moth became the dominant species. 이런 형질 때문에 어두운 색 나방은 더 오래 살아 더많이 번식하게 되었고, 후손에게 유전되어 어두운색 나방이 우성 종이 되었다.
⑳ This whole evolutionary process took place within a century. 이 모든 진화 과정은 한 세기 안에 일어났다.
㉑ Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859 and included detailed descriptions supporting his ideas. 다윈은 1859년에 〈종의 기원 (On the Origin of Species)〉을 발표했고, 그 책에는 그의 생각을 뒷받침해주는 자세한 설명들이 포함되어 있었다.
㉒ The theory of evolution was contentious at first, but Darwin's concepts have become widely accepted and have changed the way people view biology, genetics, and history. 진화론은 처음에는 논쟁을 불러일으켰지만, 다윈의개념들은 광범위하게 받아들여져서 사람들이 생물학, 유전학, 그리고 역사를 보는 방식을 변화시켰다.
㉓ Now it is considered one of the cornerstones of modern science. 이제 그것은 현대 과학의 초석들 중 하나로 간주되고 있다.

 

Unit 03. Medical Science - Reading 1: Motion Sickness
① When an aircraft encounters turbulence, the bouncing and shaking that results can cause passengers to experience some unwelcome familiar feelings: 항공기가 난기류를 만나면 그 결과로 생기는 흔들림과 떨림 때문에 탑승객들은 약간의 반갑지 않은 익숙한 느낌을 받는다.
② dizziness and an upset stomach, followed by a wave of nausea. 메스꺼움의 고조에 이어지는 어지러움과 배탈이 그것이다.
③ Unpleasant as it may be, motion sickness is a normal bodily reaction experienced by millions of people. 불쾌할지는 몰라도 멀미는 수백만의 사람들이 겪는정상적인 신체 반응이다.
④ Common symptoms of motion sickness include pale skin, cold sweats, and dizziness, usually followed by drowsiness, a flooding of saliva into the mouth, nausea, and even vomiting. 멀미의 일반적인 증세에는 창백한 피부, 식은땀, 그리고 어지러움이 있는데, 대개 나른함, 구강 내 과도한 침 분비, 어지러움, 그리고 심지어는 구토 증세까지 수반한다.
⑤ It generally occurs in situations that involve movement - including traveling by car, boat, airplane, or train - and has even occurred among astronauts traveling through outer space, where it is known as microgravity nausea. 그것은 일반적으로 보트, 비행기, 그리고 기차로 여행하는 것을 포함하여 움직임이 있는 상황에서 일어나고, 심지어는 외계를 다니는 우주 비행사들 사이에서도 일어나는데, 이것은 극미중력 메스꺼움이라고 알려져 있다.
⑥ Motion sickness can also be caused by other factors, such as anxiety, unpleasant odors, or a lack of fresh air. 멀미는 불안, 불쾌한 냄새나 신선한 공기의 부족 같은 다른 요소들에 의해서도 일어날 수 있다.
⑦ Although no one is completely immune, some people can resist the symptoms better. 아무도 완전히 면역이 되지는 않지만, 어떤 사람들은 그 증세를 더 잘 견딜 수 있다.
⑧ The key to understanding motion sickness is the inner ear, a complex system of canals and cavities that is responsible for maintaining a sense of balance. 멀미를 이해하는 데 핵심이 되는 것은 균형감각을유지시켜 주는 도관(毋管)과 강(陸)의 복잡한 구조로 이루어진 내이(內耳)이다.
⑨ It compiles information gathered from other senses, including the eyes, skin, and joints, combining this with its own data, and ultimately sending a message to the central nervous system that allows people to keep their equilibrium. 그것은 눈, 피부, 관절을 포함한 다른 감각으로부터모은 정보들을 편집한 것을 그 자체의 정보와 종합하여 마지막으로 사람들이 균형을 유지하게 하는 중추 신경계로 보낸다.
⑩ Motion sickness occurs, however, when the sensory data the inner ear receives doesn't match its own information, and it ends up transmitting conflicting messages. 그러나 멀미는 내이가 받은 감각 정보가 자기 정보와 일치하지 않아 결국 모순되는 정보를 보낼 때 일어난다.
⑪ For example, the eyes of a person below deck on a boat in rough seas will visually conclude that nothing is moving. 예를 들면, 거친 바다에 떠 있는 보트의 갑판 아래있는 사람의 눈은 시각적으로는 아무것도 움직이지않는다고 결론을 내릴 것이다.
⑫ The inner ear, though, will clearly sense the motion, and it is this confusion that leads to feelings of illness. 그러나 내이는 그 움직임을 명확하게 감지할 것이고, 이 혼란 때문에 아픈 것 같은 느낌이 생기는 것이다.
⑬ Individuals strongly affected by motion sickness sometimes take *antihistamines before they travel, which seem to obstruct the confused signals the inner ear is trying to send to the brain. 멀미에 심하게 영향받는 사람들은 여행하기 전에 항히스타민제를 먹기도 하는데, 그것은 내이가 뇌에보내려고 하는 혼란스러운 신호를 차단하는 것으로보여진다.
⑭ Others rely on home remedies, such as chewing on ginger. 다른 사람들은 생강을 씹는 것 같은 민간요법에 의지하기도 한다.
⑮ Once motion sickness has begun, however, there is little that can be done to alleviate the symptoms. 하지만 일단 멀미가 시작되면 그 증세를 완화시키기위해 할 수 있는 일은 거의 없다.
⑯ The most effective measures seem to be keeping one's head still, staring at the horizon, and attempting to relax. 가장 효과적인 방법은 머리를 움직이지 않고, 수평선을 응시하며 긴장을 풀려고 노력하는 것인 듯하다.
⑰ Reducing the disparity of the sensory information the brain is receiving speeds the body's natural adjustments, effectively hastening the end of a bout of motion sickness. 뇌가 받고 있는 감각 정보의 불일치를 줄이면 신체의 자연 적응이 빨라지고 멀미 지속시간을 효과적으로 단축한다.

 

 

 

Unit 03. Medical Science - Reading 2: Medical Ethics
① During World War II, scientists in Nazi Germany performed a variety of brutal medical experiments on concentration camp prisoners. 제 2차 세계 대전 때, 나치 독일의 과학자들은 집단수용소의 포로들에게 수많은 잔인한 의학 실험을 했다.
② The full extent of these crimes against humanity was revealed after the war at the Doctors Trial held in Nuremberg, Germany. 인도(人道)에 어긋나는 이 범죄의 전모는 전쟁이 끝난 후에 독일의 뉘른베르크에서 열린 의사 재판에서밝혀졌다.
③ The shock and indignation of the world made clear the need for an international code of ethics for medical research. 세계의 충격과 분개 때문에 의학 연구에 대한 국제적인 윤리 강령의 필요성이 분명해졌다.
④ When the judgment of the Doctors Trial was rendered in 1947, it set forth ten standards for the ethical use of humans in medical experiments. 1947년에 의사 재판의 판결이 났을 때, 그 판결에서는 인간에게 행하는 의학 실험의 윤리에 대한 10가지 기준을 발표했다.
⑤ The Nuremberg Code, as these standards became known, allows for experimentation on humans in situations where the desired results cannot be obtained through other means and have the potential to benefit society, but it also outlines a strict set of protections. 뉘른베르크 강령으로 알려진 이 기준들은, 다른 수단을 통해서는 바라는 결과를 얻을 수 없고 사회에이익이 될 가능성이 있을 경우에 인간에 대한 실험을 허용하지만, 엄격한 보호 체계도 약술한다.
⑥ Its major principle is that of voluntary informed consent, meaning a subject must fully understand what is being proposed and consent to take part in the experiment under their own free will. 그것의 주된 원칙은 자발적이고 정보에 근거한 동의이며, 그것은 피실험자가 무엇을 제안 받았는지를완전히 이해해서 그들의 자유 의지로 그 실험에 참여할 것을 동의해야 한다는 것을 의미한다.
⑦ Furthermore, it gives subjects the right to end the experiment at any point and dictates that physicians must avoid causing undue pain, suffering, or injury to their patients. 게다가 그것은 피실험자에게 언제든지 실험을 끝낼권리를 주고 의사들은 환자들에게 과도한 아픔 고통이나 상해를 초래하는 일을 피해야 한다고 규정한다.
⑧ Although the Code wasn't legally binding, it served as a major step in ensuring ethical behavior within the medical profession and has since become the foundation of a general code of medical ethics. 비록 그 강령이 법적 구속력이 있는 것은 아니었지만 의학계에서 윤리적인 행동을 보장하는 중요한 수단이 되었고, 그 이후로 의학적 윤리에 대한 일반 강령의 토대가 되었다.
⑨ These principles were later reinforced by the Declaration of Helsinki, adopted by the World Medical Association in 1964. 이런 원칙들은 나중에 헬싱키 선언에서 강화되었는데, 그것은 1964년에 세계의학협회에서 채택되었다.
⑩ Like the Nuremberg Code, the Declaration placed the concept of informed consent as its centerpiece, although it did allow for surrogate consent when a research participant was mentally or physically unable to give their consent. 그 선언은 비록 연구 참가자가 정신적으로나 신체적으로 동의할 수 없을 때 대리인의 동의를 허용하기는 했지만, 뉘른베르크 강령처럼 정보에 근거한 동의의 개념을 가장 중요한 항목으로 삼았다.
⑪ The Declaration also states that research with these groups should be conducted only when it is necessary to promote the health of the disabled population and when it cannot be performed on legally competent people. 그 선언은 또한 이런 그룹에 대한 연구는 그런 장애가 있는 사람들의 건강을 증진할 필요가 있고 법적자격이 있는 사람에게는 행할 수 없는 것일 때만 할수 있다고 규정한다.
⑫ The Declaration of Helsinki marked the first time the medical community attempted to self-regulate; regulations had previously always been imposed on them from an outside source. 헬싱키 선언은 처음으로 의학계가 자기 자신의 행위를 스스로 규제하고자 한 시도였는데, 이전의 규제는 언제나 외부로부터 강요되어 왔다.
⑬ Since the Declaration was adopted, it has been revised several times to keep pace with new issues that have arisen in the rapidly changing medical field. 그 선언이 채택된 이후로 그 선언은 급속하게 변화하는 의학분야에서 일어나는 새로운 쟁점들에 발맞추고자 여러 차례 개정되어왔다.
⑭ These issues continue to crop up with each new scientific breakthrough and change in society's moral attitude, leaving the medical community to grapple with the ethical problems of euthanasia, stem cell research, and human cloning. 이런 쟁점들은 각각의 새로운 과학적 큰 발전과 사회의 윤리적 태도 변화에 따라 계속해서 제기되며, 의학계를 안락사, 줄기세포 연구, 인간 복제와 같은윤리적 문제들로 씨름하게 한다.
⑮ The Nuremberg Code and the Declaration of Helsinki created important precedents, but efforts must continue to ensure that ethical standards in medicine remain relevant and protect the rights of all involved. 뉘른베르크 강령과 헬싱키 선언은 중요한 전례가 되었지만, 의학계에서 윤리 기준이 적절성을 유지하면서 관련된 모든 사람들의 권리를 보호하는 것을 보장하려는 노력은 계속되어야 한다.

 

 

 

Unit 04. Business - Reading 1: Undercover Marketing
① Advertising is everywhere. 광고는 어디에나 있다.
② We are all familiar with television and radio commercials, billboards and product demonstrations. 우리 모두는 TV와 라디오 광고, 광고판, 제품 시연회에 익숙하다.
③ But some companies have discovered a fresher marketing option: undercover marketing. 하지만 일부 회사들은 좀 더 신선한 마케팅 방법을찾아냈는데, 바로 언더커버 마케팅이다.
④ In undercover marketing, consumers learn about the strengths of a product without knowing they are observing an advertisement. 언더커버 마케팅에서 소비자들은 그들이 광고를 보고 있다는 사실을 알지도 못한 채 제품의 강점에 대해 알게 된다.
⑤ The goal is to create "buzz," or "word of mouth" - to get large numbers of people talking about a product. 목표는 '소문', 또는 '구전광고'를 일으키는 것, 즉 많은 사람들이 제품에 대해 이야기하도록 하는 것이다.
⑥ Why is undercover marketing such an attractive option for advertisers? 왜 언더커버 마케팅은 광고인들에게 그렇게 매력적인 선택일까?
⑦ First of all, buzz is free, so if the ad campaign is successful in generating positive buzz, the potential rewards far outweigh the initiative's low cost. 무엇보다, 소문은 공짜이므로 광고 캠페인이 긍정적인 소문을 생성하는 데 성공한다면, 그 잠재적인 효과는 캠페인의 저비용을 훨씬 능가한다.
⑧ Also, consumers tend to trust word-of-mouth advertising more than traditional marketing techniques such as commercials. 또한 소비자들은 구전광고를 광고방송과 같은 전통적인 마케팅 기법보다 더 신뢰하는 경향이 있다.
⑨ One example of undercover marketing was carried out by an electronics company. 언더커버 마케팅의 예는 한 전자 제품 회사에 의해수행되었다.
⑩ Actors were paid to walk around busy cities with the company's latest camera-equipped cell phone, asking pedestrians to take their picture. 연기자들은 카메라가 장착된 그 회사의 최신 휴대전화기를 들고서 분주한 미국의 도시들을 걸어 다니며보행자들에게 자신의 사진을 찍어달라고 부탁하도록 보수를 받았다.
⑪ Everyone who did so received automatic exposure to the product's features, and the actor reinforced the experience by talking about how great the phone was. 사진을 찍어준 모든 사람들이 제품의 특징을 자동적으로 접하게 되며, 연기자가 그 전화기가 얼마나 대단한지 이야기함으로써 그 경험을 강화한다.
⑫ The company hoped that the people who used the camera phone would tell their friends about it, and that their friends would tell other people. 그 회사는 그 카메라 전화기를 사용한 사람들이 친구들에게 그것에 대해 이야기하고, 또 그들의 친구들이 다른 사람들에게 이야기하기를 바랐다.
⑬ This is how buzz is created. 이런 식으로 소문이 생겨난다.
⑭ Undercover marketing takes place over the Internet as well. 언더커버 마케팅은 인터넷 상에서도 일어난다.
⑮ To promote its newest milk product, a beverage company recruited six teenage bloggers to mix positive references to the drink into their everyday blog topics. 최신 유제품의 판매를 촉진하기 위해, 어떤 음료 회사는 여섯 명의 십대 블로거를 채용해서 그 음료에대한 긍정적인 언급들을 날마다 그들의 블로그 이야기 속에 섞어 넣도록 했다.
⑯ The idea was that blog readers would more readily believe these endorsements because they appeared to be the bloggers' personal opinions. 이 발상은 이러한 지지가 블로거의 개인적 의견처럼보이기 때문에 블로그 독자들이 더 기꺼이 그것을믿을 것이라는 것이었다.
⑰ Though many companies see undercover marketing as a powerful way of creating demand for their products, other groups claim the practice is immoral. 많은 기업들이 언더커버 마케팅을 자신들의 제품에대한 수요를 창출하는 강력한 방법으로 보고 있지만, 다른 이들은 이러한 수법이 비도덕적이라고 주장한다.
⑱ They say the camera phone campaign, for instance, manipulated the kindness of strangers into an advertising tool. 예를 들어 그들은 카메라가 장착된 휴대전화기 캠페인이 낯선 사람들의 친절을 광고의 수단으로 교묘하계 이용했다고 말한다.
⑲ The blogs promoting the beverage company's milk product also deceived people by leading them to believe they were hearing honest opinions from unbiased individuals. 음료 회사의 유제품 판매 촉진을 도왔던 블로그들또한 사람들로 하여금 편견이 없는 개인으로부터 정직한 의견을 듣고 있다고 믿게 만듦으로써 그들을속였다.
⑳ Opponents of undercover marketing believe that consumers have the right to understand the origins of any product information they receive. 언더커버 마케팅을 반대하는 사람들은, 소비자들에게는 자신들이 받는 어떤 제품에 대한 정보건 간에그 출처를 알 권리가 있다고 믿는다.
㉑ The unethical aspect of tricking people in this way is a serious problem of undercover marketing. 이런 식으로 사람들을 속이는 비윤리적인 측면은 언더커버 마케팅이 가진 심각한 문제이다.
㉒ Such issues will require further discussion as more and more companies try to find alternative marketing methods. 점점 더 많은 기업들이 대안적인 마케팅 수단을 찾으려고 시도함에 따라 이런 논점들은 더 깊은 논의들을 필요로 하게 될 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 04. Business - Reading 2: TOEFL (The Pareto Principle vs. The Long Tail Theory)
① Long considered a mainstay of traditional business models, the theory known as the Pareto principle dictates that profits can be maximized by focusing on a small number of high-profit items. 오랫동안 전통적인 사업 모델의 근간으로 여겨져 왔으며, 파레토 법칙이라고 알려진 이론은 소수의 고수익 제품에 집중함으로써 이익이 극대화될 수 있다고 말한다.
② With the advent of e-commerce, however, there has been a trend toward a different approach. 그러나 전자 상거래의 등장과 함께 다른 접근법에대한 추세도 있다.
③ The Long Tail theory encourages businesses to shift their focus away from a limited number of popular items and toward a wider variety of less profitable items. 롱테일 이론은 기업들이 제한된 인기 제품에서 벗어나, 이익이 더 적지만 범위가 더 넓은 다양한 제품에주목할 것을 권한다.
④ The Pareto principle was named after Vilfredo Pareto, an Italian economist who observed that the distribution of wealth in his country was unequal. 파레토 법칙은 자신의 국가에서 부의 분배가 불공평하다는 것을 관찰한 이탈리아의 경제학자 Vilfredo Pareto의 이름을 딴 것이다.
⑤ Twenty percent of the population, he concluded, owned eighty percent of the wealth. 그는 인구의 20%가 부의 80%를 소유한다고 결론을 내렸다.
⑥ This principle was later found to apply to a variety of business situations. 후에 이 원칙은 다양한 사업의 경우에도 적용된다는사실이 발견되었다.
⑦ For example, an automobile manufacturer might find that twenty percent of their models account for eighty percent of their profits. 예를 들어 자동차 제조회사는 자신들의 자동차 모델중 20%가 이익의 80%를 차지한다는 사실을 발견할 수도 있다.
⑧ Companies that choose to follow the Pareto principle focus on identifying this vital twenty percent and supplying these items to their customers. 파레토 법칙을 따를 것을 선택한 회사들은 이 결정적인 20%를 찾아내어 이 제품들을 고객들에게 공급하는 데 중점을 둔다.
⑨ The Long Tail theory, which gets its name from a feature of the statistical graphs used to illustrate the Pareto principle, is a more recent concept. 파레토 법칙을 설명하기 위해 사용되는 통계 그래프의 모양에서 이름을 얻은 롱테일 이론은 보다 최근의 개념이다.
⑩ On the graph, a few popular items appear as a tall peak, while a variety of less popular items make up a long tail at the end. 그래프 상에서 몇몇의 인기제품들은 높은 정점으로나타나는 반면, 인기가 덜한 다양한 제품들은 끝 부분의 긴 꼬리 부분을 차지한다.
⑪ The Long Tail theory argues that these unpopular items can add up to exceed the profits generated by the best-selling items, so focusing on them can yield large profits. 롱테일 이론은 이러한 비인기 제품들을 모두 합치면가장 잘 팔리는 제품들에 의해 생긴 이익을 뛰어넘을 수 있으며, 그런 제품에 주력하는 것이 큰 이익을낼 수 있다고 주장한다.
⑫ In order to succeed with the Long Tail model, a business must have the means to store a large amount of inventory and distribute it to a large portion of the population. 롱테일 모델로 성공을 거두기 위해서 사업체는 많은양의 재고를 저장하고 그것을 많은 사람들에게 퍼뜨릴 수 있는 수단을 갖춰야 한다.
⑬ The business model of Amazon.com offers a clear illustration of the Long Tail approach. 아마존 닷 컴의 사업 모델은 롱테일 접근법의 명확한 실례를 보여준다.
⑭ Rather than focusing on best-sellers, Amazon's website makes available virtually every published book. 베스트셀러에 주력하기보다, 아마존의 웹사이트는실질적으로 출판되는 모든 책들을 제공한다.
⑮ Amazon can keep its various books in centralized warehouses and ship them to Internet customers all around the world while most brick-and-mortar bookstores are limited by storage space. 대부분의 전통적인 서점들이 저장 공간의 제약을 받지만, 아마존은 자신의 많은 책들을 집중화된 창고에 보관해서 전세계의 인터넷 고객들에게 배송할 수있다.
⑯ Traditional bookstores, on the other hand, are more likely to follow the Pareto principle, focusing on providing a few popular items to a smaller number of loyal customers. 반면에, 전통적인 서점들은 소수의 우수고객에게 인기 있는 아이템을 제공하는 데 주력하는 파레토 법칙을 따르는 것 같다.
⑰ There is no simple litmus test to discern which of these concepts will provide a greater edge in today's business market. 이러한 개념들 중 어느 것이 오늘날 시장에서 더 큰유리함을 가져다 줄지를 분별하는 간단한 리트머스시험 같은 것은 존재하지 않는다.
⑱ Successful companies, however, will recognize their value as important tools for analyzing and developing effective business strategies. 그러나 성공적인 기업들은 효과적인 사업 전략을 분석하고 개발하기 위한 중요한 도구로서 이러한 개념들의 가치를 인식할 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 05. History - Reading 1: Zenobia
① When asked to identify the most extraordinary woman in history, different individuals will come up with different answers. 역사상 가장 비범한 여성을 선택하라는 질문을 받으면, 사람에 따라 다른 대답을 떠올릴 것이다.
② There have been countless women who valiantly engaged in wars and governed countries with more fortitude than the most competent of men, and Zenobia, the Queen of Palmyra, was one of them. 가장 능력있는 남성들보다 더 큰 용기를 가지고 용감하게 전쟁에 참여하며 나라를 다스렸던 수많은 여성들이 있었으며, 팔미라의 여왕 Zenobia는 그들중 한 명이었다.
③ Zenobia, whose father was a chieftain of Syria and whose mother's ancestry was Egyptian, was born and raised in Palmyra, Syria. 아버지가 시리아의 한 족장이었고 어머니의 조상이이집트인이었던 Zenobia는 시리아의 팔미라에서 태어나서 자랐다.
④ Since her early days, Zenobia was so exceptional in her beauty and intelligence that she attracted the love of Odenathus, the King of Palmyra. Zenobia는 어린 시절부터 미모와 지성이 너무나 출중해 팔미라의 왕 Odenathus의 사랑을 받았다.
⑤ In 258, Zenobia wedded Odenathus and became his second wife. 258년에 Zenobia는 Odenathus와 결혼했고 그의두 번째 부인이 되었다.
⑥ Yet, although she possessed more beauty, intellect, passion, and love than others could ever dream of, Zenobia's life resembled a rollercoaster ride more than it did a beautiful fairytale. 그러나 비록 그녀가 다른 사람들이 상상할 수 있는것보다 더 뛰어난 미모, 지성, 열정, 그리고 사랑을소유하였지만, Zenobia의 삶은 아름다운 동화라기보다는 마치 롤러코스터를 타는 것과 같았다.
⑦ Immediately upon marrying Odenathus, Zenobia began utilizing her valor and warrior spirit to help Odenathus in his quest to free Palmyra from Rome's domination. Odenathus와 결혼하자마자 Zenobia는 로마의 지배로부터 팔미라를 해방시키려는 Odenathus의 투쟁을 돕기 위해 자신의 용맹함과 전사 정신을 발휘하기 시작했다.
⑧ But soon after their marriage, Odenathus was assassinated by a vengeful nephew who was angry at being punished. 하지만 결혼 후 얼마 되지 않아 Odenathus는 처벌을 받은 것에 화가 나 앙심을 품은 조카에 의해 암살당했다.
⑨ In spite of this unexpected tragedy, Zenobia wasted no time in mourning. 이러한 예기치 못한 비극에도 불구하고, Zenobia는슬퍼하는 데 시간을 허비하지 않았다.
⑩ She quickly assumed the role of the king on behalf of her son, who was still too young to rule Palmyra. 팔미라를 통치하기에는 아직 너무 어린 그녀의 아들을 대신해 곧바로 왕의 역할을 수행했다.
⑪ With plans to seize vital trade routes from the Romans, Zenobia decided to attack the civilized and fertile land of Egypt. 로마인들로부터 중요한 무역 경로를 탈취할 계획으로 Zenobia는 문명화되고 비옥한 이집트의 땅을 공격하기로 결심했다.
⑫ It only took one battle for her 70,000-strong army to conquer all of Egypt. 그녀의 강인한 7만 명의 군대가 이집트 전역을 정복하는 데는 단 한 번의 전투가 필요했을 뿐이었다.
⑬ With her fortitude and endurance, Zenobia went on to conquer Ankara, Chalcedon, Palestine, and even Lebanon. Zenobia는 투지와 인내심을 가지고 앙카라, 칼케돈, 팔레스타인, 심지어 레바논까지 정복해 나갔다.
⑭ She subsequently became known as the "Queen of the East." 그 후에 그녀는 '동방의 여왕'으로 알려지게 되었다.
⑮ There seemed to be no one who could rival Zenobia on the battlefield until the Roman Emperor Aurelian led his veteran legions against her troops. 로마의 황제 Aurelian이 그녀의 군대에 맞서 그의노련한 대군을 지휘할 때까지 전쟁터에서 Zenobia에 대항할 수 있는 사람은 아무도 없는 것 같았다.
⑯ After a crushing defeat, Zenobia fled behind the strong walls of her capital Palmyra. 결정적인 패배 이후 Zenobia는 수도 팔미라의 튼튼한 성벽 뒤로 도주하였다.
⑰ She then snuck past the army line in an attempt to reach her ally Persia to seek help. 그런 후 그녀는 도움을 청하려고 그녀의 동맹국 페르시아에 당도하고자 전선을 몰래 빠져나가기도 했다.
⑱ Unfortunately, however, she was captured by Aurelian, and her short-lived empire surrendered to Rome. 하지만 안타깝게도 그녀는 Aurelian에게 붙잡혔으며 짧은 기간 동안 존재했던 그녀의 제국은 로마에게 굴복하고 말았다.
⑲ There are several rumors regarding Zenobia's fate after her defeat. 패배 이후 Zenobia의 운명에 관해서는 몇 가지 설이 있다.
⑳ While some historians claim that Zenobia killed herself on hunger strike, others claim that she later married a Roman governor and lived in comfort. 어떤 역사학자들은 Zenobia가 단식 투쟁 끝에 죽었다고 주장하는 한편, 다른 이들은 그녀가 나중에 로마의 통치자와 결혼해 편안하게 살았다고 주장한다.
㉑ Although her life as a queen was short-lived, Zenobia is still revered as a woman who valiantly triumphed in conquering and ruling over such a vast empire. 여왕으로서 그녀의 삶은 비록 짧았지만, Zenobia는그처럼 거대한 제국의 정복과 통치에 용감하게 승리한 여성으로서 여전히 존경을 받고 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 05. History - Reading 2: Witch-hunt
① In many cultures, there have been superstitious fears about witchcraft. 많은 문화권에서 마법에 대한 미신적인 공포가 존재해왔다.
② People thought witches could inflict harm and death by causing natural disasters and illnesses with Satan's help. 사람들은 마녀들이 사탄의 도움을 받아 자연 재해나병을 초래함으로써 해로운 일이나 죽음을 일으킬 수있다고 믿었다.
③ In medieval Europe, this fear materialized in the form of the "witch-hunt," resulting in tens of thousands of executions. 중세 유럽에서는 이러한 공포가 '마녀사냥'이라는 형태로 구체화되었고 그 결과 수만 멍의 처형을 초래했다.
④ The first witch trials in Europe took place in the 13th century, and at the end of the Middle Ages, the fear became a craze. 유럽에서 최초의 마녀 재판은 13세기에 일어났으며,중세 말기에는 그 공포가 열풍이 되어버렸다.
⑤ As the notion that all magic involved a pact with the Devil spread, legal sanctions against witchcraft grew harsher. 모든 마술이 악마와의 계약과 관련이 있다는 관념이퍼져감에 따라, 마법에 대한 법률적인 제재는 더욱가혹해져 갔다.
⑥ In 1486, the publication of the Malleus Maleficarum (The Hammer of Witches), a guide for identifying and prosecuting witches, inflamed the manic nature of the witch-hunts. 1486년, 마녀를 식별하고 기소하는 것에 대한 안내서인 〈마녀의 망치(Malleus Maleficarum)〉의 출판은 마녀 사냥의 광적인 본성을 자극했다.
⑦ Numerous innocent people were tortured and killed during the "witch craze" between 1450 and 1700. 수 없이 많은 무고한 사람들이 1450년에서 1700년사이의 '마녀 열풍' 기간 동안 고문당하고 목숨을 잃었다.
⑧ People accused of witchcraft were often minorities, the poor, the homeless, and those with unconventional lifestyles. 마녀 혐의를 받은 사람들은 보통 소수 민족 가난한사람들 노숙자들 그리고 자유로운 생활양식을 가진사람들이었다.
⑨ Overall, most of the victims were women, in part because they were considered weaker than men and more susceptible to the temptations of the devil. 대체로 희생자의 대부분은 여성들이었는데, 이는 부분적으로는 그들이 남자보다 약하고 악령의 유혹에더 빠지기 쉬운 것으로 여겨졌기 때문이었다.
⑩ How did this craze happen? 어떻게 이런 열풍이 일어났을까?
⑪ There have been a variety of theories explaining its cause, and they show that there were many changes and events that facilitated witch-hunts at that time. 그것의 원인을 설명하는 데에는 다양한 이론들이 존재해 왔으며, 그 이론들은 당시에 마녀사냥을 조장했던 많은 변화와 사건들이 있었음을 보여준다.
⑫ First, some theories have pointed out that legal changes allowed for the outbreak of witch trials. 첫째로, 일부 이론들은 법적인 변화가 마녀 재판의발발을 허용했다고 지적했다.
⑬ The Inquisition, which was enacted by the papacy, made it legal to torture and execute people who challenged Christian doctrine. 로마 교황에 의해 법제화된 종교 재판은 기독교의 교리에 도전하는 사람들을 고문하고 처형하는 것을 합법화시켰다.
⑭ Through the use of leading questions and a variety of coercive measures, the accused would almost inevitably admit to some form of devilry. 유도 심문의 사용과 다양한 강압적 수단을 통해, 용의자는 어떤 형태의 악마론을 불가피하게 인정하지않을 수 없었다.
⑮ Another assumption is that the Black Death that reoccurred across Europe, mysteriously killing thousands of people in its path, influenced this socially turbulent period. 또 하나의 가정은 유럽 전역에 걸쳐 다시 발발하여그 과정에서 수천 명의 사람들을 의문스럽게 죽게 만들었던 흑사병이 사회적으로 불안한 이 시기에 영향을 끼쳤다는 것이다.
⑯ It made people panic, and neighbors and friends began informing on each other in an attempt to appear innocent of witchcraft. 그것은 사람들을 공포에 질리게 만들었고, 마법에 대해 결백하게 보이기 위한 시도의 일환으로 이웃과 친구들은 서로를 고발하기 시작했다.
⑰ The conflict between religious ideologies also aided the witch-hunts. 종교적 이데올로기 사이의 갈등 또한 마녀사냥을 촉진했다.
⑱ After the Reformation movement started in the 16th century, clerics vigorously sermonized on the danger of witchcraft among the people, and both Catholics and Protestants were burnt as witches in each other's territories. 16세기에 시작된 종교개혁 운동 이후로 성직자들은사람들에게 마법의 위험성에 대해 적극적으로 설교했으며, 가톨릭과 프로테스탄트 모두 각각 상대방의영역에서 마녀로 화형에 처해졌다.
⑲ The witch-hunts started to decline when Europe attained social stability following the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648. 1648년에 30년 전쟁이 종결된 이후, 유럽이 사회적인 안정을 이루게 됨에 따라 마녀사냥은 감소하기 시작했다.
⑳ Superstition was slowly replaced by rational thought as a means to explain society's hardships in what would become the Age of Enlightenment. 한 사회의 역경을 설명하는 수단이었던 미신은 계몽의 시대가 되자 점차 이성적인 사고로 대체되었다.
㉑ Today, although most superstitions seem to have disappeared, we can't say that there is no possibility of another witch-hunt as long as a fear of the unknown still remains in the form of social intolerance or discrimination. 오늘날 대부분의 미신이 사라진 것처럼 보이기는 하지만, 미지의 것에 대한 공포가 사회적인 편협함이나차별의 형태로 여전히 남아있는 한, 또 다른 마녀사냥의 가능성이 전혀 없다고 말할 수는 없다.
Unit 06. Sociology - Reading 1: Xenophobia
① As more and more people cross borders these days, a growing threat is emerging. 최근 점점 더 많은 사람들이 국경을 넘나듦에 따라점점 자라나는 위협이 나타나고 있다.
② The danger, however, isn't from immigrants who come to new lands seeking better lives. 하지만 그런 위협은 더 나은 삶을 찾아 새로운 땅으로 건너온 이민자들로부터 비롯되는 것아 아니다.
③ Instead, it is derived from a surge of intolerance, called xenophobia. 대신 그것은 외국인 혐오증이라고 불리는 편협한 감정이 고조되는 것에서 비롯된다.
④ This refers to intense dislike or fear of strangers, especially people from other countries. 이것은 낯선 사람, 특히 다른 나라에서 온 사람들에대한 극도의 혐오나 공포를 말한다.
⑤ It's a problem facing not just one particular country, but the entire world. 그것은 특정한 한 나라뿐만 아니라 전 세계가 직면하고 있는 문제이다.
⑥ Globalization has brought disparate cultures closer together than ever before and has led to a sharp increase in immigration. 세계화는 이질적인 문화들을 이전 어느 때보다 가깝게 만들었으며, 이민의 급격한 증가를 불러왔다.
⑦ This intermingling often has positive results, but it also serves to fuel feelings of xenophobia. 이러한 혼합은 종종 긍정적인 결과를 가져오지만 외국인 혐오 감정을 자극하는 역할을 하기도 한다.
⑧ Also, international violent events such as 9/11 and subsequent terrorist attacks have led to an increase in xenophobia. 또한 9/11 테러와 뒤이어 일어난 테러 공격과 같은국제적인 폭력 사건들도 외국인 혐오증의 증대로 이어졌다.
⑨ Xenophobic behavior and racism against immigrant groups has gained legitimacy in certain circles. 이민자 집단에 대한 외국인 혐오증적 행동과 인종차별주의는 특정 집단 내에서 정당성을 얻어가고 있다.
⑩ For example, rightwing political parties in several countries in Europe have won seats in parliament, giving them the ability to affect national policies and bring their extreme views into the mainstream. 예를 들어, 유럽 몇몇 국가의 우익 정당들은 의석을차지해서 국가 정책에 영향을 끼치고 그들의 극단적인 견해를 주류에 편입시킬 수 있는 능력을 가지게되었다.
⑪ There have been several causes of racism and xenophobia throughout history. 역사적으로 인종차별주의와 외국인 혐오증의 몇 가지 원인이 존재해왔다.
⑫ There have been situations where one group mistreated another for monetary gain, such as slavery. 노예제와 같이 금전적 이득을 위해 한 집단이 다른집단을 박해하는 상황이 있었다.
⑬ At other times, a belief in racial superiority has been coupled with exploitative political ideology to create an environment in which the hatred of a minority group becomes socially acceptable. 또 다른 시대에는, 인종적 우월감에 대한 믿음이 착취적 정치 이데올로기와 더불어 소수자 집단에 대한증오가 사회적으로 용인되는 환경을 조성했다.
⑭ And nowadays, there is a socio-economic factor that arises when issues such as rising unemployment, high crime rates, and low educational standards end up being blamed on immigrants. 그리고 오늘날에는 실업의 증가와 높은 범죄율, 그리고 낮은 교육 수준과 같은 문제들을 이민자의 책임으로 둘리게 될 때 나타나는 사회 경제적 요인이 있다.
⑮ To figure out the problem of xenophobia, proper awareness and active approaches from all walks of life are needed. 외국인 혐오증 문제를 해결하기 위해서는, 각계의 사람들의 적절한 인식과 적극적인 접근이 필요하다.
⑯ First, politicians must ensure that legislation to protect all minority races is passed, and they must introduce harsh penalties for hate crimes. 우선 정치인들은 모든 소수 인종을 보호하기 위한 법안이 통과되도록 해야 하며, 증오 법죄에 대한 엄격한 처벌을 도입해야 한다.
⑰ The media also has a responsibility to avoid the negative stereotyping of minorities in news reporting. 언론 또한 뉴스를 보도할 때 소수자들에 대한 부정적인 고정관념화를 피해야 할 책임이 있다.
⑱ And, perhaps most importantly, schools and NGOs need to educate the youth on the benefits of tolerance and goodwill, extinguishing any sparks of hatred before they can fully ignite. 그리고 아마도 가장 중요한 것은, 학교와 비정부 기구들이 그 어떤 증오의 불씨도 완전히 점화되기 전에소멸시키며 젊은이들에게 관용과 선의의 이익에 대한 교육을 실시해야 한다는 것이다.
⑲ The economic and political realities of the modern world dictate that nations must accept the fact that they will experience more immigrants, visitors, and refugees from all corners of the globe. 오늘날 세계의 경제적, 정치적 현실은 국가들이 전세계의 모든 지역으로부터 더 많은 이민자와 방문객, 난민들을 수용하게 될 것이라는 사실을 받아들여야만 한다고 말한다.
⑳ Only by accepting the differences of others will these societies be able to remain cohesive, peaceful, and productive. 다른 사람들의 차이를 수용해야만 이러한 사회들이단결되고, 평화롭고, 생산적인 상태로 남을 수 있을것이다.

 

 

 

 

Unit 06. Sociology - Reading 2: TOEFL (Criminal Profiling)
① A serial murderer has killed four people and remains at large. 연쇄 살인범이 4명을 살해하고, 아직 체포되지 않고있다.
② Police are working around the clock to apprehend the criminal, but there is a lack of physical clues left at the crime scenes. 경찰은 범인을 체포하려고 밤낮으로 일했지만, 범죄현장에 남은 물질적 단서가 부족하다.
③ In this situation, the only hope lies in criminal profiling. 이런 상황에서 유일한 희망은 범죄자 프로파일링에있다.
④ Using this technique, investigators analyze in detail how a crime was committed in order to identify likely suspects. 이 기술을 이용하여, 수사관들은 유력한 용의자를가려내기 위해서 어떻게 범죄가 일어났는지를 자세하게 분석한다.
⑤ The basic premise of criminal profiling is that a criminal's behavior reveals information about his or her personality. 범죄자 프로파일링의 기본 전제는 범죄자의 행동이그들 자신의 성격에 대한 정보를 드러낸다는 것이다.
⑥ It is used mostly by psychologists and the police to narrow down an investigation to those suspects who possess the certain behavioral and personality traits that are suggested by the way a crime was committed. 그것은 주로 심리학자와 경찰이 범죄가 행해진 방식에 의해 암시된 어떤 행동적, 성격적 특징을 가진 용의자들로 수사의 범위를 좁혀나가는 데 사용된다.
⑦ A typical profile includes the perpetrator's race, sex, age, marital status, living arrangements, psychological characteristics, beliefs, values, probable reactions to the police investigation, likelihood of having a past criminal record, and the possibility of similar offenses having been committed in the past. 전형적인 프로파일은 범인의 인종, 성(性), 나이, 결혼 여부, 거주지, 심리학적 특징, 신앙, 가치관, 경찰조사에 대한 예상 반응, 과거 전과 기록을 가지고 있을 가능성, 그리고 과거에 비슷한 범죄를 저질렀을가능성을 포함한다.
⑧ While profiling cannot automatically identify the specific perpetrator, it helps investigators find the right type of person. 프로파일링에 의해 자동적으로 특정한 범인이 가려질 수는 없겠지만, 이는 수사관들이 적절한 유형의사람을 찾는 데는 도움이 된다.
⑨ The first stage of profiling involves collecting all information available about the crime, such as physical evidence, photographs of the crime scene, autopsy reports and pictures, witness testimony, etc. 프로파일링의 첫 단계는 물증, 범죄 현장 사진, 부검결과와 사진, 목격자 증언 등과 같은 범죄에 관해 구할 수 있는 모든 정보를 수집하는 것을 포함한다.
⑩ Then, the profiler organizes the input into meaningful lines of inquiry regarding different dimensions of criminal activity. 그 후에 범죄 심리 분석가는 그 정보를 범죄 행위의다양한 측면들에 관한 의미 있는 일련의 질문들로정리한다.
⑪ They usually raise questions like: "What type of homicide has been committed?" 그들은 주로 다음과 같은 의문을 제기한다. ''어떤유형의 살인이 저질러졌는가?"
⑫ "What is the primary motive for the crime?" ''범죄의 주된 동기는 무엇인가?"
⑬ "What was the sequence of acts before and after the killing?" ''살해 전후의 행동 순서는 어떠한가?"
⑭ Based on the information found during these stages, the profiler attempts to reconstruct the behavior of the offender and formulate an initial description of the most likely suspects. 이러한 단계들에서 찾은 정보에 근거하여, 범죄 심리 분석가는 범죄자의 행동을 재구성하고 가장 유력한 용의자의 최초의 인상서(人相書)를 작성한다.
⑮ Until recently, much of the criminal profiling field has developed within the law enforcement community, and its approach has been guided mostly by agents' personal investigative experience. 최근에 이르기까지 범죄자 프로파일링 분야의 많은부분은 법 집행 기관들에서 개발되었고, 그 접근은주로 수사관의 개인적 조사 경험에 의해 좌우되었다.
⑯ This subjectivity has made the technique vulnerable to various types of criticism. 이런 주관성 때문에 이 기법은 다양한 유형의 비판에 대해 취약점을 드러내 왔다.
⑰ Some psychologists have questioned the scientific reliability of criminal profiling because of insufficient research data. 몇몇 심리학자들은 불충분한 조사 자료 때문에 범죄자 프로파일링의 과학적 신뢰성을 문제 삼아왔다.
⑱ They believe that research, which uses the statistical techniques of psychology, is the only way to develop more accurate and scientifically defensible descriptions of offenders. 그들은 심리학의 통계 기법을 사용하는 조사가 보다정확하고 과학적으로 정당성을 인정받을 수 있는 범죄자 인상서를 작성하는 유일한 방법이라고 믿는다.
⑲ Although criminal profiling requires improvements as a scientific method, it is obvious that it will continue to play a key role in investigations as modern crimes become more sophisticated and well-calculated. 비록 범죄자 프로파일링이 과학적 방법으로서의 개선을 필요로 하지만 현대 범죄가 점점 더 복잡하고주도 면밀해짐에 따라 그것이 계속적으로 수사에 중요한 역할을 할 것이라는 점은 분명하다.

 

 

 

Unit 07. Social Issues - Reading 1: Minimum Wage
① Most countries have a legally established minimum wage, which is the lowest hourly wage businesses can pay their employees. 대부분의 국가에서는 기업이 직원들에게 지불할 수있는 가장 적은 시간 수당인 최저 임금을 법으로 정해놓고 있다.
② The primary goal of these laws is to reduce poverty by protecting unskilled workers. 이 법의 주요한 목적은 미숙련 노동자들을 보호하면서 빈곤 문제를 줄이려는 것이다.
③ While an appropriate minimum wage generally achieves this, it can potentially lead to higher unemployment rates, harming the very workers it seeks to protect. 적절한 최저 임금이 일반적으로 이 목표를 달성하고는 있지만, 잠정적으로는 보호하고자 했던 바로 그노동자들에게 피해를 끼치며 더 높은 실업률을 야기할 수도 있다.
④ New Zealand became the first nation to pass a minimum wage law in 1894, with many other countries soon following its example. 뉴질랜드는 1894년 최저 임금법을 통과시킨 최초의 국가였고, 이후 많은 국가들이 곧 그 전례를 따랐다.
⑤ Each nation sets its own minimum wage based on a number of financial factors, including standard of living, labor supply and demand, and inflation rates. 각 나라는 생활 수준, 노동 수급, 물가 상승률을 포함한 여러 경제적인 요인에 기초하여 최저 임금을책정한다.
⑥ However, the established minimum wage is often subject to adjustment due to changes in the country's economic situation. 하지만 책정된 최저 임금은 나라의 경제 상황에 따른 변화 때문에 종종 변경된다.
⑦ Supporters of these laws believe they are effective in assuring a fair wage not only to unskilled workers, but also to women, youths and other groups that have historically been underpaid in the workplace. 이 법을 지지하는 사람들은 이 법이 미숙련 노동자들뿐만 아니라 오랫동안 근무지에서 제대로 보수를받지 못했던 여성, 청소년 및 다른 집단에게 타당한임금을 보장해주는 데 효력을 발휘하고 있다고 믿고있다.
⑧ They also point to additional societal benefits of a minimum wage, such as a healthy economy, thanks to low-income workers' ability to spend more, and an improved morale and work ethic of employees. 또한 그들은 최저 임금의 부가적인 사회적 혜택을이유로 들기도 하는데, 저소득 근로자들이 소비를더 많아 하게 되어 경제가 탄탄해지고 직원들의 사기와 직업 의식이 향상된다는 것이다.
⑨ Those who oppose minimum wage laws, on the other hand, argue that they fail to achieve the goals they were designed to meet. 반면 최저 임금법에 반대하는 사람들은 법이 충족시키려고 했던 목적을 달성하는 데 실패했다고 주장한다.
⑩ In some nations, the establishment of a minimum wage has increased unemployment, and this has led to the country's overall earnings actually going down instead of going up. 몇몇 국가에서는 최저 임금 확립이 실업률을 증가시키고, 아는 결국 나라의 전체적인 소득이 증가하는대신 낮아졌다는 것을 의미한다.
⑪ This is due primarily to small businesses being forced to reduce their staff in order to comply with the new laws. 이것은 주로 이 새로운 법을 따르려고 직원 수를 줄일 수 밖에 없었던 작은 기업들 때문이다.
⑫ Other businesses seek to regain profits lost to increased wages by raising the prices of their goods and services, a response that can lead to inflation. 어떤 기업들은 상승된 임금으로 인해 줄어든 이익을찾기 위해 상품 및 서비스 가격을 올리는데, 이는 물가 상승으로 이어질 수 있다.
⑬ These critics also point to statistics that show that the majority of workers directly affected by minimum wage laws don't actually come from families living in poverty. 이러한 비판은 최저 임금법에 직접적으로 영향을 받은 대다수의 근로자들이 실제로 빈곤하게 살아가는가족이 아니라는 것을 보여주는 통계도 지적한다.
⑭ In most countries, a heated debate continues over this issue. 대부분의 나라에서 이 문제에 관한 격론이 계속되고있다.
⑮ Some people think the minimum wage should be increased, and others think it should be decreased, while still others believe it is best to eliminate it entirely. 어떤 사람들은 최저 임금이 인상되어야 한다고 생각하고, 어떤 사람들은 인하되어야 한다고 생각하는오층에, 그것을 완전히 없애는 것이 최선이라고 믿는 사람들도 여전히 있다.
⑯ Ultimately, it is the overall impact of minimum wage laws that must be carefully analyzed in order to determine the worth of such legislation. 궁극적으로 이러한 법 제정의 가치를 확립하기 위해신중히 분석해야 하는 것은 최저 임금법의 전반적인영향이다.

 

 

 

Unit 07. Social Issues - Reading 2: Copyright vs. Copyleft
① Copyright protects the intellectual property of individuals and corporations from what would essentially amount to theft: the purposeful duplication and redistribution of their creations. 저작권은 개인과 기업의 지적 재산을 실질적인 절도에 해당하는 것, 즉 창작물에 대한 의도적인 복제와재배포로부터 보호해준다.
② But there's a segment of the computer programming community that encourages the public to modify and redistribute its software. 그러나 대중들이 그것의 소프트웨어를 변경하여 이를 재배포하는 것을 장려하는 컴퓨터 프로그래밍의한 분파가 있다.
③ To make their intentions clear, they're supplementing their copyright with something known as copyleft. 자신들의 목적을 분명히 하기 위해, 그들은 그들의저작권(copyright)을 카피레프트(copyleft)라고 알려진 말로 보완하고 있다.
④ Legal ownership of a creation is established by a copyright. 창작물에 대한 법적 소유권은 저작권에 의해 설정된다.
⑤ Copyright protects software developers from having their programs copied, modified, or resold. 저작권은 소프트웨어 개발자들을 그들의 프로그램이 복제, 변경, 또는 재판매되는 것으로부터 보호해준다.
⑥ By granting them exclusive rights to their own creations, copyright allows programmers to work without fear of theft. 그들에게 창작물에 대한 독점권을 부여함으로써, 저작권은 프로그래머들이 도용에 대한 두려움 없이 일하도록 해준다.
⑦ Copyright is effective because it is easy to obtain, there aren't any prohibitive costs, and it can be enforced in a court of law. 저작권은 획득하기 쉽고, 과도한 비용이 들지 않으며, 법원에 의해 집행될 수 있기 때문에 효과적이다.
⑧ There are weaknesses, however. 하지만 단점들도 있다.
⑨ According to proponents of the open source software movement, it can hinder the improvement of software, as it blocks opportunities for sharing any source codes or functions. 오픈 소스 소프트웨어 운동의 지지자들에 따르면,저작권은 소스 코드나 기능들을 공유할 수 있는 기회를 막기 때문에 소프트웨어의 개선에 걸림돌이 될수 있다고 한다.
⑩ Copyleft, a play on the term copyright, demonstrates the idea of open source software, which is also known as free software. 저작권이란 단어를 재미있게 바꾼 말인 카피레프트는, 자유로운 소프트웨어로도 알려진 오픈소스 소프트웨어의 개념을 설명해준다.
⑪ The word "free" doesn't refer to the cost of the programs, although many are distributed without charge. 많은 프로그램들이 무료로 배포되긴 하지만, 'free' 라는 단어는 프로그램의 비용에 대해 얘기하는 것이아니다.
⑫ Instead, it's the freedom of users to access the programing code of the software. 대신 이는 사용자들이 소프트웨어의 프로그래밍 코드에 접근할 수 있는 자유를 가리킨다.
⑬ Copyleft basically incorporates the copyright's assertion of ownership but goes on to grant the public the right to access, modify, and freely redistribute the program. 카피레프트는 기본적으로 저작권의 소유권에 대한주장을 포함하지만, 나아가 대중들에게 프로그램에접근하고, 그것을 변경하며, 자유롭게 재배포할 수있는 권한을 부여한다.
⑭ Modified versions of the software are also covered by the conditions of the copyleft, thereby deterring dishonest individuals seeking to profit from someone else's work. 변경된 버전의 소프트웨어에 대해서도 카피레프트의조건들이 적용되며, 따라서 이는 부도덕한 개인들이다른 사람의 작업물로 이득을 추구하려는 것을 방지한다.
⑮ By keeping programs free, the entire software community is able to contribute to the improvement and evolution of products, modifying them to meet specialized needs and sharing them appropriately. 프로그램들을 자유롭게 열어둠으로써, 전체 소프트웨어 집단은 제품의 개선과 발전에 기여할 수 있으며, 그 프로그램들을 변경하여 특수한 요구들에 부응하고, 또 그것을 적절히 공유한다.
⑯ However, the details of what is and isn't permitted under a copyleft can be a bit of a gray zone. 하지만 카피레프트에서 어떤 부분이 허용되고 어떤부분이 허용되지 않는지에 관한 세부사항은 다소 애매할 수 있다.
⑰ And the potential confusion could discourage creativity. 그리고 그런 혼동의 가능성은 창의성을 저해할 수도있다.
⑱ Therefore, copyleft should be considered as an enhancement to the concept of copyright, rather than an alternative. 따라서 카피레프트는 하나의 대안이라기 보다는 저작권의 개념을 한 단계 끌어올린 것으로 간주되어야한다.
⑲ Both of these protections are needed to keep the software industry healthy and productive. 이 두 가지 보호는 소프트웨어 산업을 건강하고 생산적으로 만드는 데 필요하다.
⑳ Copyright establishes clear ownership, and copyleft attracts users and allows products to evolve. 저작권은 명확한 소유권을 설정해주며, 카피레프트는 사용자들을 유인하며 제품이 발달하도록 한다.
㉑ Together, they create an environment that benefits both those who create computer programs and those who wish to use them. 이 두 가지는 함께 컴퓨터 프로그램을 만들어 내는사람과 그것들을 사용하고자 하는 사람들 모두에게이익을 주는 환경을 만들어낸다.

 

 

 

Unit 08. Theater - Reading 1: Broadway Musicals
① Since the mid-1800s, Broadway in New York City has staged the best of live theater and drama, attracting tourists from around the world. 1800년대 중반 이래로 뉴욕시의 브로드웨이는 최고수준의 공연과 극을 무대에 올려 왔고, 전 세계로부터 관광객들을 끌어들이고 있다.
② It's a district where actors and singers live out their dreams, and where an art form has transformed itself to fit the changing demands of each era. 그곳은 배우와 가수들이 그들의 꿈을 이뤄가는 장소이며 예술의 형태가 각 시대의 변화하는 요구에 부응하고자 그 자체를 변화시켜온 곳이다.
③ Broadway is also the birthplace of musical theater as we know it today. 브로드웨이는 또한 우리가 오늘날 알고 있는 것과 같은 뮤지컬 공연장의 발상지이기도 하다.
④ The first production considered to be a modern musical was staged on Broadway in 1866. 현대 뮤지컬로 간주되는 첫 번째 작품은 1866년에브로드웨이에서 상연되었다.
⑤ The Black Crook introduced what became hallmarks of Broadway theater: elaborate costumes, complex dance numbers, and lines of chorus girls. 〈흉악한 사기꾼(The Black Crook)〉은 정교한 의상, 복잡한 댄스곡들 그리고 코러스 걸의 대열과 같은 브로드웨이극의 특징이 된 것들을 도입하였다.
⑥ The quality of the productions improved, the audiences got bigger, and shows started running for longer periods, so in the 1890s and early 1900s, hundreds of musicals were being performed in some 80 theaters. 작품의 수준은 향상되었고 관객의 규모도 커져갔으며, 쇼는 장기간 상연되기 시작해서 1890년대와1900년대 초반경에는 80여 개의 극장에서 수백 개의 뮤지컬이 공연되었다.
⑦ Huge billboards advertising the numerous shows lit up the street, giving Broadway the nickname "The Great White Way." 수많은 공연을 광고하는 거대한 광고판이 거리에 불을 밝혔고, 브로드웨이에는 '백색대로(The Great White Way)'라는 애칭이 붙게 되었다.
⑧ With the end of the Depression in the 1930s and the onset of World War II, the nature of Broadway theater began to reflect a new social consciousness. 1930년대의 경제 대공황의 종말과 제2차 세계 대전의 발발과 함께 브로드웨이 극장계의 성향은 새로운사회적 인식을 반영하기 시작했다.
⑨ People went to the theater to allay their anxieties about the war, while the shows themselves expressed views on the changing social values. 사람들은 전쟁에 대한 그들의 불안감을 가라앉히기위해서 극장에 갔던 반면에, 쇼들 자체는 변화하는사회적인 가치관에 대한 견해를 표현했다.
⑩ Referred to as The Golden Age, this period redefined the genre, with plays like 1943's Oklahoma! exploring social and historical issues. 황금기라고 일컬어지는 이 시기는 사회적이고 역사적인 주제를 탐구했던 1943년의 〈오클라호마!〉와 같은 연극들을 통해 그 장르를 재정의했다.
⑪ Theater used song and dance to help develop the plot of the story instead of using musical numbers simply for entertainment value. 연극작품은 단순히 오락적인 가치를 위해서 뮤지컬곡을 사용하는 대신에 이야기의 줄거리를 발전시키는 것을 돕기 위해 노래와 춤을 이용했다.
⑫ Some musicals, such as South Pacific, by Rodgers and Hammerstein, contained controversial themes like racism and interracial marriage. Rodgers와 Hammerstein의 작품인 〈남태평양〉과같은 일부 뮤지컬들은 인종차별이나 다른 인종 간의결혼과 같은 쟁점이 되는 주제를 담고 있었다.
⑬ When the area around Times Square became overrun with crime in the 1960s, some believed the good times on Broadway were over. 1960년대, 타임스 스퀘어 주변에 범죄가 들끓게 되었을 때, 일부는 브로드웨이의 좋은 시절은 끝났다고생각했다.
⑭ But the district was cleaned up, and by the 1980s it was undergoing a revival thanks to its staging of large-scale pop operas such as Les Miserables and Cats. 하지만 그 지역은 재정비되었고 1980년대에 그곳은〈레 미제라블〉이나 〈캣츠〉와 같은 대규모의 팝 오페라들의 상연 덕분에 부흥기를 거쳤었다.
⑮ By the 1990s, Broadway theater was in a renaissance, with musicals like Moulin Rouge and Chicago reinterpreting the styles of the past. 1990년대에 브로드웨이 극장계는 〈물랑 루즈〉나 〈시카고〉와 같이 과거의 스타일을 재해석하는 뮤저컬들로 인해 부흥기를 맞았다.
⑯ Musical theater on Broadway has evolved over the years, with each era reflecting a change in American society. 긴 세월에 걸쳐 브로드웨이의 뮤지컬 극장은 미국 사회 내의 변화를 반영하는 각 시대와 더불어 진화해왔다.
⑰ Although only half the theaters remain from the original boom of the early 20th century, the district continues to stage performances that live up to its reputation of delivering top-notch live theater, and it is crowded with tourists who inject millions of dollars into the local economy. 20세기 초반의 원래의 전성기에 비해 겨우 절반 가량의 극장만이 남아있다고는 해도, 그 지역은 최고의라이브 공연을 전달한다는 명성에 걸맞게 공연들을계속해서 무대에 올리고 있으며, 그곳은 그 지역 경제에 수백만 달러의 돈을 쏟아 붓고 있는 관광객들로넘쳐나고 있다.
⑱ There will be much attention paid to the further development of Broadway as a symbol of live theater and musicals throughout the world. 라이브 공연과 뮤지컬의 상징으로서 브로드웨이의더 많은 발전에 대해 전 세계적으로 많은 관심이 계속 기울여질 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 08. Theater - Reading 2: TOEFL (Elizabethan Theatre)
① Seated within the larger context of English Renaissance theatre, Elizabethan theatre refers to English plays appearing during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, from 1558 to 1603. 영국 르네상스 시대의 극이라는 더 큰 맥락에서 보면, 엘리자베스 시대의 극은 엘리자베스 1세 여왕의통치 기인 1558년부터 1603년까지 나타난 영국 연극을 가리 킨다.
② However, because so many theatrical precedents were established during this period, the label of Elizabethan theatre often applies to all English drama up until the country's theatres were closed in 1642. 그러나 이 시기에 너무 많은 극의 전례들이 확립되었기 때문에 엘리자베스 시대 극이라는 명칭은 종종1642년에 영국의 극장들이 폐쇄될 때까지의 모든영국 희곡에 적용된다.
③ Before 1558, mobile acting troupes performed mainly in inns and public spaces, as there were no buildings specially designated as theatres in England. 1558년 이전에는, 유랑 극단이 주로 여인숙과 공공장소에서 공연을 했는데, 이는 영국에 특별히 극장으로 지정된 건물이 없었기 때문이었다.
④ Laws passed by the queen gradually phased out these traveling companies in favor of larger, settled groups based in newly constructed theatres around London. 여왕이 통과시킨 법률은 런던 주위에 새로 세워진극장들에 기반을 둔 규모가 더 큰 정착 집단들을 위해 이 유랑 극단들을 점차 단계적으로 줄여나갔다.
⑤ Elizabethan theatres, best represented by The Globe, shared a similar design. 글로브 극장으로 가장 잘 대표되는 엘리자베스 시대의 극장들은 유사한 디자인을 공유했다.
⑥ They were rounded, three stories high, and open air. 원형에 3층 높이였고, 노천 극장이었다.
⑦ Wealthier patrons enjoyed seats in the covered galleries that surrounded the stage on three sides, while others paid a minimal price to stand in the central yard. 더 부유한 고객들은 무대를 삼면에서 둘러싸는 덮개있는 관람석에 앉는 한편, 다른 사람들은 최소 가격을 지불하고 중앙의 마당에 서 있었다.
⑧ Around the turn of the 17th century, smaller, enclosed performance spaces were also built. 17세기에 들어서면서, 더 작고 사방이 막힌 공연장들도 지어졌다.
⑨ Playwrights during this period were of various backgrounds. 이 시기 극작가들의 출신 배경은 다양했다.
⑩ Some received their educations at England's prestigious universities, but many did not. 어떤 사람들은 영국의 명문대학에서 교육받았지만, 많은 사람들은 그렇지 않았다.
⑪ It was not a very lucrative occupation, as acting companies bought plays and owned all the rights to them. 극작가는 그다지 돈벌이가 되는 직업이 아니었는데,극단이 희곡을 사서 그것에 관한 모든 권리를 소유했기 때문이었다.
⑫ The most well-known playwright, William Shakespeare, was financially successful only because he owned a share in the company he wrote plays for, many of which debuted at The Globe. 가장 많이 알려진 극작가인 윌리엄 셰익스피어도 그가 희곡을 써 준 극단의 지분을 가지고 있었기 때문에 재정적으로 성공한 것이었으며, 그의 많은 희곡작품이 글로브 극장에서 처음으로 공연되었다.
⑬ His sizable collection of dramas, comedies, and histories is seen as the definitive example of Elizabethan theatre. 상당히 많은 그의 정극, 희극, 그리고 사극 작품들은엘리자베스 시대극의 확실한 표본으로 간주된다.
⑭ The lack of elaborate scenery and special effects meant that Elizabethan theatre relied heavily on the actors and the versatility of the theatre space to convey the complex content of a play. 정교한 무대 배경과 특수 효과가 부족했다는 점은엘리자베스 시대의 극이 연극의 복잡한 내용을 전달하기 위해 주로 배우와 극장 공간의 다용성에 크게의존했음을 의미한다.
⑮ Often the costume of an actor could signify that character's gender, social class, mental state, and the time of day in which the scene was taking place. 배우의 의상은 종종 등장인물의 성(性), 사회 계층, 정신 상태 그리고 그 장면이 벌어지는 시간을 나타낼 수도 있었다.
⑯ Likewise, ample use was made of such physical features as the balcony above the stage, which allowed for the expression of concepts like time, distance, and supernatural events. 마찬가지로 무대 위의 발코니 같은 물리적인 특징들도 충분히 활용되었는데, 이는 시간, 거리 그리고 초자연적인 사건과 같은 개념들을 표현할 수 있도록해주었다
⑰ In 1642, the English Civil War resulted in the closure of London's theatres. 1642년에 영국 내란으로 런던의 극장들이 폐쇄되었다.
⑱ Once the monarchy regained power, they were reopened, but by this time a more Puritanical outlook was in fashion, and the subject and nature of drama changed accordingly. 군주제가 다시 복원되자 극장들이 다시 개장했지만,이 무렵엔 더 청교도적인 견해가 유행하였으며 극의주제와 성격이 그에 따라 변화했다.
⑲ Yet, many principles from Elizabethan theatre remained, and early English Renaissance plays are still some of the most recognized in the Western world. 그러나 엘리자베스 시대극의 많은 원칙들아 남아있었으며, 초기의 영국 르네상스 희곡들은 여전히 서구 세계에서 가장 인정받고 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 09. Philosophy - Reading 1: Panopticism
① Have you ever been walking down an empty street and suddenly felt like someone was watching you? 텅 빈 거리를 걸어가다 갑자기 누군가 당신을 쳐다보고 있다는 느낌을 받은 적이 있는가?
② You may have been right. 당신이 옳았을 수도 있다.
③ In cities and towns across the world, it's become common practice to use surveillance cameras to monitor public places. 전 세계의 도시나 마을에서, 공공 장소를 감시하는감시 카메라를 사용하는 것은 일반적인 관행이 되었다.
④ Large department stores, for example, employ CCTV systems to deter shoplifters from stealing merchandise. 예를 들면, 대형 백화점에서는 좀도둑들이 상품을 훔치는 것을 방지하기 위해 CCTV 시스템을 사용한다.
⑤ Mounted in plain view on walls and ceilings, these cameras seemingly watch our every move. 벽과 천장에 잘 보이게 설치된 이 카메라들은 우리의모든 움직임을 지켜보는 것 같다.
⑥ There is no way to know whether or not this video feed is being actively monitored, but this uncertainty is usually enough to prevent people from behaving badly. 이 영상 자료가 적극적으로 확인되는지의 여부는 알수 없지만, 보통 이러한 불확실성만으로도 사람들이나쁘게 행동하는 것을 충분히 막을 수 있다.
⑦ The idea of keeping order through the threat of constant surveillance can be traced back to the early 19th century. 지속적인 감시의 위협을 통해 질서를 유지한다는 발상은 19세기 초까지 거슬러 올라갈 수 있다.
⑧ Jeremy Bentham, an English philosopher, created plans for something he called the Panopticon, a structure designed to efficiently facilitate the control of a large population of prisoners. 영국의 철학자인 Jeremy Bentham은 그가 팬옵티콘(Panopticon)이라고 부른 것에 대한 계획을 세웠는데, 그것은 많은 수감자들을 효율적으로 관리하는것을 용이하게 하기 위해 고안된 건물이었다.
⑨ The Panopticon was a ring-shaped building with a tower in the center. 팬옵티콘은 가운데 탑이 있는 링 모양의 건물이었다.
⑩ A small number of guards in the tower would have the ability to watch a large number of prisoners in their cells, but the prisoners would not be able to see the guards. 탑 안에 있는 소수의 간수들은 감방에 있는 많은 수감자들을 볼 수 있었겠지만, 수감자들은 간수들을 볼수가 없었을 것이다.
⑪ Since the prisoners would never be sure if they were being observed, Bentham believed they would behave at all times as if they were. 수감자들은 자신들이 감시당하고 있는지를 확신할수 없었기 때문에 항상 감시당하고 있는 것처럼 행동할 것이라고 Bentham은 생각했다.
⑫ Though Bentham's exact design never materialized, it has affected the way we maintain order in our society. Bentham의 계획이 비록 실현되지는 않았지만 우리사회의 질서를 유지하는 방법에 영향을 끼쳤다.
⑬ In his book Discipline and Punish, the French philosopher Michel Foucault used Bentham's idea of the Panopticon to symbolize modern society's attempts to preserve order and discipline through more sophisticated control of individuals. 프랑스의 철학자 Michel Foucault는 자신의 저서〈감시와 처벌(Discipline and Punish)〉에서Bentham의 팬옵티콘이라는 개념을 개인에 대한 좀더 정교한 통제를 통해 질서와 규율을 유지하려는 현대사회의 시도들을 상징화하는 데 사용했다.
⑭ He points out that the panoptic model can be found in the designs of not just modern prisons, but also schools, hospitals, and factories; and it effectively penetrates an entire society with disciplinary functions. 그는 팬옵티콘의 모델은 현대의 교도소뿐만 아니라학교, 병원, 공장의 디자인에서도 발견될 수 있으며, 규율적인 기능을 지닌 채 전 사회를 효과적으로 관통하고 있다고 지적한다.
⑮ Through these panoptic institutions, any abnormal behavior that could be detrimental to society is easily spotted, which encourages individuals to conform to the accepted norms. 이런 팬옵티콘 같은 시설들을 통해, 사회에 해가 될수 있는 어떤 비정상적인 행동도 쉽게 발견되며, 이는 개인이 용인된 규범을 따르도록 유도한다.
⑯ Foucault calls this disciplinary mechanism of modern society "Panopticism" and argues that it enables the few in power to control individuals efficiently through constant observation and examination. Foucault는 현대 사회의 이러한 규율의 기제를 팬옵티 시즘(Panopticism)'이라 불렀으며, 지속적인 감시와 조사를 통해 권력을 가진 적은 수의 사람들이개인을 효율적으로 관리할 수 있게 해 준다고 주장한다.
⑰ Modern citizens not only spend much of their time in panoptic institutions but also live with the possibility of constant surveillance in their daily routines. 현대 시민들은 대부분의 시간을 팬옵티콘 같은 시설들에서 보낼 뿐 아니라 일상생활에서도 지속적인 감시의 가능성과 함께 살아간다.
⑱ Perhaps, even at this moment, your life is being captured and stored by CCTV cameras. 아마, 지금 이 순간에도 당신의 삶아 CCTV 카메라에포착되어 저장되고 있을 것이다.
⑲ But the use of monitoring tools to maintain law and order remains a controversial practice. 하지만 법과 질서를 유지하기 위해 감시 수단을 사용하는 것은 여전히 논란의 소지가 있는 관행으로 남아있다.
⑳ Although it may increase our safety and security, some people feel it does so at the expense of our privacy. 비록 그것이 우리의 안전과 보안을 증대시킬 수 있을지는 몰라도, 어떤 사람들은 그것이 우리의 사생활을희생함으로써 얻어지는 것이라고 느낀다.

 

 

 

Unit 09. Philosophy - Reading 2: The Liar Paradox
① Logic is the means through which humans use reason to systematically solve problems and understand truths. 논리란 인간이 체계적으로 문제를 해결하고 진리를이해하기 위해 이성을 사용할 수 있게 해 주는 수단이 다.
② Sometimes, however, we encounter situations, either real or imagined, in which logic ceases to function as we believe it should and no firm conclusion can be reached. 그러나 때때로 우리는 실제든 상상이든 우리는 그래야 한다고 믿지만 논리가 작동하기를 멈추고, 확고한 결론에도 도달하지 못하는 상황과 마주치기도 한다.
③ We call this type of situation a paradox, and one of the simplest, yet most baffling examples is known as the Liar Paradox. 우리는 이런 유형의 상황을 역설이라고 부르며, 이중 가장 단순하면서도 가장 이해할 수 없다고 알려진 예의 하나가 거짓말쟁이의 역설이다.
④ The Liar Paradox can be most easily summarized by the following sentence: This statement is false. 거짓말쟁이의 역설은 다음 문장에 의해 가장 쉽게요약될 수 있다. '이 진술은 거짓이다.'
⑤ When attempts are made to understand this sentence through logic, they invariably fail to arrive at a single truth. 논리를 통해 이 문장을 이해하기 위한 시도들이 이루어질 때 그 시도들은 한 가지 진리에 이르는 것에항상 실패하게 되어 있다.
⑥ The problem stems from the fact that we must decide if this statement is true or false. 그 문제는 우리가 이 진술이 참인지 거짓인지를 결정해야만 한다는 사실에 기인한다.
⑦ If this statement is false, then the opposite of what it asserts must be true, but if the statement is true, then we must accept that it is false. 만약 이 진술이 거짓이라면 그것이 가정하는 바의반대가 참이어야만 하지만, 그 진술이 참이라면 우리는 그것이 거짓이라는 점을 인정해야만 한다.
⑧ The Liar Paradox, in effect, causes logic to run in circles. 사실상 거짓말쟁이의 역설은 논리를 순환하게끔 만든다.
⑨ The roots of the Liar Paradox can be traced back to a Cretan philosopher named Epimenides, who stated in the 6th century B.C. that "All Cretans are liars." 거짓말쟁이의 역설의 유래는 기원전 6세가에 "모든크레타인들은 거짓말쟁이이다.''라고 말했던Epimenides 라는 이름의 크레타의 철학자로 거슬러 올라간다.
⑩ It has been proven, however, that this is not a true paradox, because a logical conclusion can be reached if we accept the fact that this statement is neither an absolute truth nor an absolute falsity. 그러나 만일 우리가 이 진술은 절대적인 참도 아니고 절대적인 거짓도 아니라는 사실을 인정한다면 논리적인 결론에 도달할 수 있기 때문에, 이것은 진정한 역설이 아닌 것으로 판명되었다.
⑪ If the statement that all Cretans are liars is false, that does not necessarily mean that no Cretans are liars. 만일 모든 크레타인들이 거짓말쟁이라는 진술이 거짓이라면 그것은 크레타인들은 누구도 거짓말쟁이가아니라는 것을 반드시 의미하는 것은 아니다.
⑫ It is possible that some Cretans, apparently including Epimenides, are liars and others are not. 분명히 Epimenides를 포함해서, 일부 크레타인들은 거짓말쟁이이며 다른 사람들은 거짓말쟁이가 아니라고 하는 것이 가능하다.
⑬ However, in the 4th century B.C., a Greek philosopher named Eubulides of Miletus refined the idea of the Liar Paradox into the form we know today by presenting the statement "A man says that he is lying. Is what he says true or false?" 그러나 기원전 4세기에 Miletus의 EubuIides라는이름의 그리스 철학자는 ''한 남자가 자신이 거짓말하고 있다고 말한다. 그가 말하는 것은 참인가 거짓인가?"라는 진술을 제시함으로써, 거짓말쟁이의 역설의 개념을 우리가 오늘날 알고 있는 형태로 세련되게 만들었다.
⑭ Philosophers and logicians have been debating a solution to this problem ever since, without clear resolution. 그 이후로 철학자들과 논리학자들은 이 문제의 해결책을 논해왔으나, 뚜렷한 해답은 없었다.
⑮ Other more complicated versions have been formulated over the years, but they all boil down to the same logical contradiction. 세월이 흐르면서 또 다른 좀 더 복잡한 형태들이 만들어져 왔으나, 그것들 모두 같은 논리적인 모순으로 요약된다.
⑯ It is possible that a clear solution will never be reached, but in the meantime the Liar Paradox continues to present an interesting starting point for philosophers and other serious thinkers who seek to understand the nature of truth and its relation to logic. 이에 대한 명확한 해결책이 절대 얻어지지 않을 수도 있겠지만, 한편으로 거짓말쟁이의 역설은 진실의본질과 함께 진실과 논리 간의 관계를 이해하는 것을 추구하는 철학자들과 다른 진지한 사색가들에게흥미로운 시작점을 계속해서 제공하고 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 10. Architecture - Reading 1: Organic Architecture
① The famous American architect Frank Lloyd Wright is best known for his "organic" philosophy of design. 유명한 미국인 건축가 Frank Lloyd Wright는 그의'유기적' 디자인 철학으로 잘 알려져 있다.
② He extended the slogan of his mentor Louis Sullivan, "form follows function," into the idea that "form and function are one," and he saw nature as the greatest example of this. 그의 스승인 Louis Sullivan의 '형태는 기능을 따른다'라는 슬로건을 '형태와 기능은 하나이다'라는 개념으로 확장시켰고, 자연을 이것의 가장 훌륭한 본보기로 생각했다.
③ But rather than trying to imitate or represent nature, Wright wanted to reinterpret nature's principles in a way that would allow for the creation of structures more natural than nature itself. 하지만 Wright는 자연을 모방하고 나타내려고 하기보다는 자연 그 자체보다 더 자연스러운 구조를 창조해내는 방식으로 자연의 원리를 재해석하려고 했다.
④ Organic architecture relies on respect for the properties of building materials as well as for the close relationship between a building's form and its function. 유기적 건축은 건물의 형태와 기능 사이의 긴밀한 관계뿐만 아니라 건물 자재의 특징을 존중하는 것에 의존한다.
⑤ It is also important to integrate the structure and its surroundings into a harmonious whole. 또한 구조물과 그 주변의 것들을 조화로운 완전체로통합하는 것도 중요하다.
⑥ One of the best examples of this is Fallingwater, a home in rural Pennsylvania designed by Wright in 1935. 가장 좋은 예 중 하나는 1935년에 Wright가 디자인한 펜실베니아 외곽에 있는 집인 Fallingwater아다.
⑦ It was built over a small waterfall, and it sits perfectly within the landscape that surrounds it. 이 건물은 작은 폭포 위로 지어졌고, 이를 둘러싸고있는 풍경 속에 완벽하게 자리 잡고 있다.
⑧ A large rock even penetrates the home's floor to form the living room fireplace, merging the natural rock foundation with the house's interior. 심지어 큰 바위는 집의 마루를 관통하는데, 천연 바위의 토대가 집 내부와 합쳐지면서 거실에 벽난로를만들었다.
⑨ Another great example of organic architecture is the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York City. 유기적 건축의 또 다른 좋은 예는 뉴욕시에 있는 솔로몬 R. 구겐하임 미술관이다.
⑩ In traditional museum designs, visitors pass through a series of interconnected rooms and retrace their steps when exiting. 전통적인 박물관 디자인에서는 방문객들이 안에서연결된 방들을 지나다니고 나갈 때에는 그들이 온 길을 되돌아간다.
⑪ But Wright designed something completely different - a spiral-shaped building resembling a shell with an open interior. 하지만 Wright는 완전히 다르게 내부가 보이는 조개껍데기와 유사한 나선형의 건물로 디자인했다.
⑫ After riding an elevator to the top, visitors can walk leisurely downward along a gently sloping incline. 맨 위층까지 엘리베이터를 탄 후 방문객들은 여유롭게 완만한 경사를 따라 걸어 내려가면 된다.
⑬ They are also able to see several different levels of the museum at the same time. 그들은 동시에 박물관의 여러 다른 층을 볼 수도 있다.
⑭ In other words, the design itself facilitates the experience of viewing artwork, exemplifying the idea that "form and function are one." 즉, '그 디자인 자체가 형태와 기능은 하나다'라는 개념의 본보기가 되면서 예술작품을 보는 경험을 가능하게 하는 것이다.
⑮ Wright's use of organic concepts in these buildings led to designs that were unlike anything that people had ever seen before. Wright가 이 건물들에 유기적 개념을 사용한 것은사람들이 이전에 보았던 어떤 것과도 다른 디자인을만들어냈다.
⑯ He even once claimed that, when it came to organic architecture, bad design was impossible. 그는 한번은 유기적 건축이라면 나쁜 디자인은 불가능하다고 주장하기도 했다.
⑰ That's because rather than resulting from an imposed style, his buildings were simply products of their place and time. 주입된 스타일의 결과라기보다 그의 건물들은 그저그것의 공간과 시간에서 온 결과물이기 때문이다.
⑱ Although the word "organic" is used in many different contexts today, it was much less common in Frank Lloyd Wright's time. 오늘날에는 여러 다른 맥락에서 '유기적'이라는 단어가 쓰이고 있지만, Frank Lloyd Wright의 시대에서는 그리 흔하지 않은 것이었다.
⑲ His use of the concept in the world of architecture was revolutionary, though, and it has since influenced architects all over the world. 하지만 그가 건축 분야에서 그 개념을 사용한 것은혁신적이었고, 이후 전 세계에 걸쳐 건축가들에게영향을 끼치고 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 10. Architecture - Reading 2: TOEFL (Antoni Gaudi)
① In the late 19th and early 20th century, a new architectural style called Art Nouveau was sweeping through Europe. 19세가 말과 20세기 초에 아르누보라 불리는 새로운 건축양식이 유럽을 휩쓸고 있었다.
② It was a reaction to the harshness of the Industrial Age, and it influenced many artistic disciplines. 이것은 산업화 시대의 가혹함에 대한 반작용으로,많은 예술 분야에 영향을 끼쳤다.
③ Rigid lines were replaced with flowing curves and explosive forms that simulated organic growth. 딱딱한 선들은 생물의 성장을 본뜬 흐르는 듯한 곡선과 변화가 심한 모양들로 대체되었다.
④ Among the artists whose works embodied Art Nouveau philosophy, there was one who used its principles to create a style all his own. 그들의 작품에서 아르누보 철학을 구현했던 예술가들 가운데 자신만의 스타일을 창조해내기 위해 그원리들을 이용한 한 예술가가 있었다.
⑤ The Spanish architect Antoni Gaudi's structures were so innovative and daring that he earned the reputation of being either a genius or a madman. 스페인의 건축가였던 Antoni Gaudi의 건축물들은매우 혁신적이고 과감해서 그는 천재 또는 미치광이라는 평판을 얻었다.
⑥ Numerous influences shaped Gaudi's unique vision. Gaudi의 독특한 시각은 여러 가지 영향을 받아 형성되었다.
⑦ He found inspiration in texts on medieval architecture, as well as in contemporary theoretical writings. 그는 당시의 이론적인 저작물들로부터 뿐 아니라 중세 건축물에 관한 자료들로부터도 영감을 발견했다.
⑧ Gothic-style art, popular during his youth, also contributed to his artistic formation. 그가 젊었을 당시 유행했던 고딕 양식 예술 또한 그의 예술성을 형성하는 데 기여했다.
⑨ Some of Gaudi's early works mirrored gothic architecture, Art Nouveau, and traditional Spanish designs. Gaudi의 일부 초기작품들에는 고딕 건축 아르누보그리고 전통적인 스페인 디자인이 반영되었다.
⑩ It did not take long, though, for his structures to exhibit a truly original style. 하지만 오래지 않아 그의 건축물들은 진정으로 독창적인 스타일을 드러냈다.
⑪ In addition to traditional elements, he was also greatly influenced by shapes he observed in nature. 그는 전통적인 요소들 외에도 그가 자연에서 관찰한모양들에 의해서도 많은 영향을 받았다.
⑫ His imitation of flowing water and other natural concepts, his incorporation of fantastic arches, and the decorative placement of broken tiles on his buildings' surfaces became distinctive elements of Gaudi's architecture. 흐르는 물과 다른 자연의 개념에 대한 모방, 환상적인 아치들의 융합, 그리고 깨진 타일들을 건물의 표면에 장식적으로 배치하는 것은 Gaudi의 건축의 특징적인 요소들이 되었다.
⑬ And works which were done in his later years show themes central to Catholicism as well. 그리고 그의 말년 작품들은 가톨릭의 핵심 주제들또한 보여준다.
⑭ Of his many renowned works, the Casa Batllo is one of the most expressive. 그의 많은 유명 작품들 가운데 Casa Batllo는 가장표현력이 풍부한 작품 중 하나이다.
⑮ Originally a grand 19th century house in a fashionable Barcelona neighborhood, it was completely remodeled by Gaudi between 1904 and 1906. 원래는 상류 인사가 사는 바르셀로나 인근 지역에있는 19세기 대저택이었던 그것은 1904년과 1906년 사이 Gaudi에 의해 완전히 리모델링되었다.
⑯ Both inside and out, straight lines were avoided whenever possible. 될 수 있는 한 안과 밖 모두에 직선이 배제되었다.
⑰ From the bone-like pillars on the balconies to the irregular arches dominating the interior, the Casa Batllo is truly a unique creation. 뼈처럼 보이는 발코니 기둥에서부터 내부의 주조를이루고 있는 불규칙한 아치에 이르기까지, Casa Batllo는 정말로 독특한 창작물이다.
⑱ However, the work most often associated with Gaudi is the magnificent but still unfinished Barcelona church, the Sagrada Familia. 그러나 가장 흔히 Gaudi와 관련지어지는 작품은 웅장하지만 아직 미완성안 바르셀로나에 있는 교회Sagrada Familia이다.
⑲ Gaudi took over the project in 1883, and he continued working on it until his death in 1926. Gaudi가 1883년에 작업을 이어 받아, 1926년 사망할 때까지 그 작업을 계속했다.
⑳ The basis of the church's design is gothic in style, but Gaudi added countless touches to transform the structure into an unforgettable religious monument. 그 교회 디자인의 기본은 고딕 양식이지만, Gaudi는 그 건축물을 잊을 수 없는 종교 기념물로 변모시키기 위해 셀 수 없이 많은 손질을 가했다.
㉑ When completed, the Sagrada Familia will feature 18 highly ornamental towers, numerous leaning columns, and fluctuating outlines that make the entire church appear to be melting. 완성되었을 때, Sagrada Familia는 18개의 장식탑수많은 기울어진 기둥들 그리고 교회 전체가 녹아내리는 것처럼 보이게 만드는 변화무쌍한 윤곽을 특징으로 하게 될 것이다.
㉒ It is already Barcelona's most famous tourist attraction and a striking artistic achievement. 그것은 이미 바르셀로나에서 가장 유명한 관광 명소이며 두드러진 예술적 업적이다.
㉓ Due to the originality and audacity of his technical solutions and his use of creative ornamentation, Gaudi is the most prestigious figure in the history of Spanish architecture. 기술적인 해법들과 창조적인 장식의 사용에 있어서의 독창성과 과감함 때문에 Gaudi는 스페인 건축계의 역사에서 가장 저명한 인물이다.
㉔ Today, his fame worldwide is an unquestioned fact both in the architectural field and among the general public.' 오늘날 전세계적인 그의 명성은 건축계와 일반 대중들 사이에서 모두 의심할 여지없는 사실이다.

 

 

 

Unit 11. Astronomy - Reading 1: The Big Bang Theory
① What is approximately 14,000,000,000 years old and was once smaller than a grape? 약 140억 년이나 되었으면서 한때는 포도알갱이보다도 더 작았던 것은 무엇일까?
② The answer is, surprisingly, the universe at the time of creation. 그 답은 놀랍게도 생성 당시의 우주이다.
③ This idea is at the very heart of a scientific theory called the Big Bang, which postulates that the universe emerged suddenly out of a tremendously hot, volatile, and dense state roughly 13.7 billion years ago. 이 생각은 바로 빅뱅이라고 불리는 과학적 이론의핵심적인 부분인데, 그 이론은 우주가 약 137억년전에 엄청나게 뜨거운 휘발성의 높은 밀도 상태에서갑자기 나타났다고 간주한다.
④ The Big Bang is based upon the theories and observations of many 20th century scientists. 빅뱅은 많은 20세기 과학자들의 이론과 관찰에 근거를 두고 있다.
⑤ Edwin Hubble constructed the foundation of the Big Bang theory with the discovery that the universe is continually expanding outwards and that a galaxy's velocity is proportional to its distance from Earth. Edwin Hubble은 우주가 계속해서 외부로 팽창하고있으며 은하의 속도는 지구로부터의 거리에 비례한다는 발견을 가지고 빅뱅 이론의 기초를 구성했다.
⑥ What this means is that galaxies twice as far from Earth are moving twice as fast as those at half the distance. 이것이 의미하는 바는 지구로부터 2배 멀리 떨어져있는 은하는 그 반만큼의 거리에 있는 은하보다 2배로 빨리 움직이고 있다는 것이다.
⑦ It has taken every galaxy the same amount of time to move from a common starting point in the universe, and that point would be where the Big Bang occurred. 모든 은하가 우주 안의 공통된 시작점으로부터 이동하는 데에는 똑같은 시간이 걸렸으므로, 그 시작점이 바로 빅뱅이 발생한 곳이 될 수 있다.
⑧ This fact remains the cornerstone of the Big Bang theory, which was sarcastically termed by one of Hubble's detractors, Fred Hoyle. 이 사실은 빅뱅 이론의 토대가 되었는데, 이러한 명칭은 Hubble을 비방했던 사람 중 한 명인 Fred Hoyle에 의해 비꼬는 투로 붙여진 것이었다.
⑨ Four decades after Hubble's observations and analysis, two astronomers, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson first detected the sound of cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation, which is the form that had been expected as a result of a Big Bang creation of the universe. Hubble의 관찰과 분석이 있은 지 40년 후에, 두 명의 천문학자 Arno Penzias와 Robert Wilson이 최초로 우주 초단파 배경 방사선(CMB)의 음파를 감지했는데, 그것은 빅뱅에 의해 창조된 우주의 결과물일 것이라고 기대되어왔던 형태였다.
⑩ They had built sophisticated antennae to listen for sounds in space and picked up a noise that seemed to be arriving from all directions simultaneously. 그들은 우주에서의 소리를 듣기 위해 정교한 안테나를 설치했으며 모든 방향으로부터 동시에 도착하는것처럼 보이는 잡음을 감지해냈다.
⑪ The sound was radiation from the outer regions of the universe left over from the Big Bang. 그 음파는 빅뱅으로부터 남겨진 우주의 바깥쪽 지역에서 방사되는 것이었다.
⑫ This discovery helped subsequent astronomers to find more evidence in support of the Big Bang theory. 이 발견은 이후의 천문학자들이 빅뱅 이론을 뒷받침할 수 있게 하는 더 많은 증거를 찾는 것을 도왔다.
⑬ The next major piece of evidence emerged from data gathered from NASA's COBE satellite in the 1990s. 그 다음의 주된 증거는 1990년대에 NASA의 COBE 위성에 의해 수집된 자료로부터 드러났다.
⑭ Scientists composed a series of maps after investigating hundreds of millions of precision measurements in the data they had collected. 과학자들은 그들이 수집한 자료 속에서 수억개의 정밀 측정을 조사한 후에 일련의 지도를 구성해냈다.
⑮ These maps demonstrated temperature fluctuations across the universe. 이들 지도는 우주 전역에 걸친 기온의 변동을 보여주었다.
⑯ The temperature variation was consistent with Big Bang predictions, so these maps became crucial evidence in support of the Big Bang theory. 그 기온 변화는 빅뱅 이론의 예측과 일치했으며, 따라서 이 지도들은 빅뱅 이론을 뒷받침하는 중요한증거가 되었다.
⑰ The studies and efforts of many scientists have altered our perspective of the universe. 많은 과학자들의 연구와 노력은 우주에 대한 우리의관점을 바꾸어 놓았다.
⑱ While it was once thought to be a constant space, it is now seen as a changing space. 한때는 이것이 불변하는 공간이라고 생각되었지만, 지금은 변화하는 공간이라고 보여진다.
⑲ Thanks to the Big Bang theory, we have been able to somewhat answer the fundamental question about the origins of the universe. 빅뱅 이론 덕분에 우리는 우주의 기원이라는 근본적인 문제에 대해 어느 정도 대답할 수 있었다.
⑳ But we will need continuous questioning and reevaluation in order to understand the universe more clearly. 하지만 우리는 우주를 좀 더 명확히 이해하기 위해서 지속적인 의문과 재평가를 필요로 할 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 11. Astronomy - Reading 2: SETI
① Science fiction films and novels have long focused on the search for intelligent life elsewhere in the universe. 공상 과학 영화나 소설에서는 우주 어딘가에 있을 지능이 있는 생명체를 찾는 것에 오랫동안 초점을 맞춰왔다.
② That search has moved beyond science fiction, as real-life scientists strive to make this dream a reality through a series of projects dubbed SETI. 실제 과학자들이 SETI 라고 불리는 일련의 프로젝트를 통해 이 꿈을 실현하려 노력함에 따라, 그러한 탐색은 공상과학의 차원을 넘어서 왔다
③ SETI is an acronym for Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence. SETI는 Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence(지구밖 문명 탐사)의 두문자어(頭文字語)이다.
④ It began in 1959, when Giuseppe Cocconi and Phillip Morrison published a paper exploring methods of detecting alien messages from outer space. 그것은 Giuseppe Cocconi와 Phillip Morrison이우주 공간에서 외계인의 메시지를 탐지하는 방법을연구한 논문을 발표했던 1959년에 시작되었다.
⑤ They concluded that the best method was radio waves. 그들은 가장 좋은 방법이 전자파라고 결론지었다.
⑥ Radio waves have the capability to travel across space and can be generated with a moderate amount of energy. 전자파는 우주를 횡단할 수 있고 적당한 양의 에너지로 생성될 수 있다.
⑦ Human civilization has been beaming radio waves into space for many years, so it seemed logical that an alien civilization would do likewise. 인류 문명이 오랜 시간 동안 전자파를 우주로 발산해왔기 때문에, 외계 문명도 똑같이 그래왔을 것임은당연한 듯 보여졌다.
⑧ Around the same time that Cocconi and Morrison were publishing their paper, an astronomer named Frank Drake was launching an actual search. Cocconi와 Morrison이 그들의 논문을 발표한 것과비슷한 시기에 Frank Drake라는 천문학자는 실제탐색에 착수하고 있었다.
⑨ Project Ozma, the first modern SETI experiment, used radio telescopes to scan a few distant stars for radio signals. 최초의 현대 SETI 실험인 Ozma 프로젝트는 전파신호를 찾기 위해 몇몇의 멀리 있는 별들을 전파망원경을 사용해서 조사했다.
⑩ The stars were chosen because of their similarity to our sun, in the hope that they might be orbited by a planet capable of supporting life. 그 별들은 우리의 태양과 유사해서 선택되었는데, 생명체가 살 수 있는 행성이 그것들의 주위를 돌고 있을지도 모른다는 희망에서였다.
⑪ Drake was later appointed president of the SETI Institute, where he coordinated Project Phoenix. Drake는 나중에 SETI 연구소의 소장으로 임명되었고, 거기에서 Phoenix 프로젝트를 조직했다.
⑫ Project Phoenix scanned the skies from 1995 until 2004 using an assortment of radio telescopes located around the world. Phoenix 프로젝트에서는 1995년부터 2004년까지전 세계의 다양한 전파 망원경들을 사용하여 하늘을조사했다.
⑬ It scrutinized 800 stars across a range of radio frequencies, employing technology with detection capabilities far more sensitive than Project Ozma, but like all the preceding searches, it failed to produce any tangible results. 그것은 다양한 무선 주파수의 800개의 별을 세밀히조사했는데, Ozma 프로젝트보다 훨씬 더 민감한 감지 능력이 있는 기술을 이용했지만, 모든 다른 앞선탐색이 그랬듯이 어떤 확실한 결과를 내지는 못했다.
⑭ Despite these setbacks, the quest continues with SETI@home, an ongoing project established in 1999 that allows anyone to participate in the search from their own home. 이런 좌절에도 불구하고 SETI@home 프로젝트와함께 탐색은 계속되었는데, 이것은 누구든 자신의 집에서 탐색에 참여할 수 있게 하는 것으로 1999년에설립되어 현재까지 진행중이다.
⑮ Individuals can download software from the SETI@home website, enabling their personal computers to become components of an assembled supercomputer. 개개인은 SETl@home 웹사이트에서 소프트웨어를다운받아서 자신의 개인 컴퓨터를 집합체인 슈퍼컴퓨터의 구성요소가 되게 할 수 있다.
⑯ Data is transmitted to each computer in the system, where it is processed and returned. 정보는 그 시스템에 있는 각 컴퓨터에 전송되고, 거기에서 처리되어 다시 보내진다.
⑰ All of this computing power is applied to analyzing the vast amount of data gathered by SETI telescopes. 이 모든 연산력은 SETI 망원경으로 모은 방대한 양의 정보를 분석하는 데 사용된다.
⑱ Currently, more than 5 million people are volunteering their home computers to SETI@home. 현재 500만이 넘는 사람들이 자신의 가정용 컴퓨터를 자발적으로 SETl@home에 제공하고 있다.
⑲ The scientific legitimacy of the SETI projects has been questioned by some who point to a lack of results as proof that the search is a fruitless waste of money. 결실이 부족한 것은 곧 그 탐색이 헛된 돈 낭비라는증거라고 지적하는 일부 사람들에 의해 SETI 프로젝트의 과학적 타당성에 대한 의문이 제기되어 왔다.
⑳ But SETI participants still hold out hope for the detection of an advanced extraterrestrial civilization that can transform our understanding of the universe and help us resolve some of the crises faced by our planet. 그러나 SETI 참가자들은 여전히 우주에 대한 우리의이해를 바꿔줄 수 있고 우리 행성이 직면한 위기를해결하는 것을 도와줄 수 있는 고도화된 외계 문명의발견을 기대하고 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 12. Politics - Reading 1: Lobbying
① The term "lobbying" originated in the United States almost two centuries ago, when representatives of interest groups would gather in the lobbies of state legislatures and the Congress to persuade politicians to support their causes. '로비'라는 용어는 거의 두 세기 전 미국에서 이익집단의 대표들이 자신들의 목표를 정치인이 지지하도록 설득하기 위해 주의회와 연방의회의 로비에 모이곤 했던 것에서 유래되었다.
② Today, the term is used more widely to include any effort that individuals or groups make in an attempt to influence government policy. 오늘날 이 용어는 좀 더 광범위하게 사용되어 개인이나 그룹이 정부정책에 영향을 끼치려고 시도하는모든 노력을 포함한다.
③ Lobbying has become an important feature of the democratic process, as it provides citizens with the opportunity to have an impact on public policy. 로비는 국민들에게 공공정책에 영향을 끼칠 기회를제공해 준다는 점 때문에 민주주의 과정에서 중요한한 특징이 되었다.
④ Through exerting pressure on politicians who are constantly involved in decision-making processes, citizens can intervene in those processes to have their demands satisfied. 의사결정 과정에 지속적으로 관여하는 정치인들에게 압력을 가함으로써 국민들은 자신들의 요구사항을 충족시키기 위해 그 과정들에 개입할 수 있다.
⑤ Their efforts often lead to improvements for the social good, like the positive changes Mothers Against Drunk Driving have been able to help implement in the U.S. to combat drunk driving. 그들의 노력은 Mothers Against Drunk Driving 이란 단체가 음주운전을 없애가 위해 미국 내에서실시하도록 한 긍정적인 변화와 같은 사회적인 이익의 증대로 종종 이어지기도 한다.
⑥ A lot of changes - such as child labor laws and public school improvement - have been achieved through the active involvement of people who felt something needed to change. 아동 노동법과 공립학교 개선과 같은 많은 변화들은뭔가 변화가 필요하다고 느낀 사람들의 적극적인 개입을 통해 이루어졌다.
⑦ We are more likely, however, to hear reports in the media about the negative effects of lobbying. 하지만 우리는 로비의 부정적인 결과들에 대한 언론보도를 듣게 되는 경우가 더 많다.
⑧ We have all heard or read reports of the cozy relationships some lobbyists have with elected officials. 우리 모두는 일부 로비스트들이 선출직 정부 관리들과 맺고 있는 유착 관계에 대한 보도를 듣거나 읽어본 적이 있다.
⑨ The most obvious example is politicians who sell their support on an issue for cash, and it usually happens in the form of trading votes for campaign funds from lobbyists. 가장 분명한 예는 어떤 사안에 대한 본인의 지지를돈을 받고 파는 정치인들이며, 이는 보통 표를 로비스트로부터의 선거운동자금과 맞바꾸는 형식으로이루어진다.
⑩ These clear cases of bribery and corruption aside, people tend to think that some of the major interest groups may have an unfair advantage in gaining access to elected officials precisely because of their size and power. 이러한 뇌물수수나 부패와 같은 명백한 사례들을 제쳐둔다 하더라도, 사람들은 일부 주요 이해집단이정확히 말하면 그들의 규모와 힘 때문에, 선출직 정부관리들에게 접근하는 데 있어 불공정한 이점을 가질 수도 있다고 생각하는 경향이 있다.
⑪ Besides, sometimes the views of powerful lobbying groups, which represent a particular side of an issue, may not serve the common good. 게다가 어떤 사안에 대해 특정한 입장만을 대변하는강력한 로비집단의 견해는 공공선에 부합하지 않을수도 있다.
⑫ Despite these problems, there is no denying that lobbyists already perform a crucial role in the democratic system. 이런 문제들에도 불구하고, 로비스트들이 민주적인제도에서 이미 중요한 역할을 수행하고 있다는 것은부인할 수 없다.
⑬ Therefore, the argument that it would be better to reform their practices than to outlaw them completely has been raised. 따라서 그들을 법적으로 금지하는 것보다는 그들의관행을 개혁하는 것이 더 나을 것이라는 주장이 제기되어왔다.
⑭ This can be brought about by making the entire process of lobbying more transparent and open to public scrutiny. 이는 로비의 전 과정을 보다 투영하고 대중들이 상세히 볼 수 있도록 공개함으로써 실행될 수 있다.
⑮ For example, in the U.S., lobbyists are required to register and file reports following meetings with lawmakers. 예를 들어 미국에서는, 로비스트들이 입법자들과 만남을 가진 후 보고서를 작성, 보고하도록 되어 있다.
⑯ And politicians, for their part, could be forced to provide public access to their appointment books so that their meetings and agendas would become part of the public record. 그리고 정치인들에 대해서는 그들의 모임과 일정이공적인 기록의 일부가 되도록 그들의 일정표를 일반대중에게 공개하는 것을 의무화할 수도 있을 것이다.
⑰ With these complementary measures, lobbying could be expected to operate as an effective tool in the process of democracy. 이러한 보완책들이 마련된다면, 로비는 민주주의 과정에 있어 효과적인 도구로 작용할 것으로 기대될수 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 12. Politics - Reading 2: TOEFL (Manifesto)
① In modern politics, the manifesto has often been employed by political parties to outline their policy plans to the public. 현대 정치에서 매니페스토는 정당들이 자신들의 정책 계획을 대중에게 개괄적으로 설명할 목적으로 종종 사용되곤 했다.
② The typical manifesto includes the intended results of the proposed policies, the method by which they will be carried out, and a timetable for doing so. 전형적인 매니페스토는 제안된 정책들이 의도했던결과, 그 정책들이 수행되어질 방법, 그리고 그렇게실행할 계획표를 포함한다.
③ Theoretically, a party's manifesto acts as a contract between it and its constituents. 이론적으로는 한 정당의 매니페스토는 그 정당과 선거인들 간의 계약으로 작용한다.
④ The first political manifesto was delivered in England in 1834. 최초의 정치적인 매니페스토는 1834년 영국에서 선포되었다.
⑤ It was actually a transcription of a speech given by Sir Robert Peel in the town of Tamworth; it was then distributed throughout the country. 그것은 실제로는 Robert Peel경이 Tamworth 의시내에서 했던 연설의 필사본이었고, 그 후에 전국으로 배포되었다.
⑥ It summarized the principles of the Conservatives and became known as the Tamworth Manifesto. 그것은 보수당원들의 원칙을 요약한 것으로, Tamworth 매니페스토라고 알려지게 되었다.
⑦ British politics still relies heavily on manifestos released by the country's various parties, and sometimes they are so pivotal that they can be the decisive factor in a party's failure or success in an election. 영국의 정치는 여전히 그 나라의 다양한 정당들에의해 발표되는 매니페스토에 크게 의존하고 있으며, 때로는 그것이 너무나도 중추적인 역할을 해서 선거에서 한 정당의 실패나 성공에 있어 결정적인 요소가 될 수도 있다.
⑧ For example, in 1983, the ruling Conservative Party was faced with the disappointment of voters and an almost sure defeat at the hands of the Labour Party, yet the radical and unpopular policies put forward in Labour's manifesto of that year caused voters to reelect the Conservatives. 예를 들어 1983년 집권 보수당은 유권자들의 실망에 직면하여 노동당에게 패배할 것이 거의 확실시되었지만, 그해 노동당의 매니페스토에 제안되었던 급진적이고 평판이 좋지 못한 정책들이 유권자들로 하여금 다시 보수당을 뽑도록 만들었다.
⑨ Then, fourteen years later, the Labour Party reversed its fortunes with its manifesto of 1997, which described the ideals of a "New Labour" and laid out ten policy pledges that led the Party to victory. 그리고 14년 후, 노동당은 1997년의 매니페스토로그 운명을 뒤바꾸었는데, 그것은 새로운 노동당'의이상을 묘사하고, 당을 승리로 이끌어 준 10가지의정책 공약을 제시했다.
⑩ Use of the manifesto is not limited to England, however, and it has been introduced to Japan and Korea. 하지만 매니페스토의 사용은 영국에만 국한되는 것이 아니며, 그것은 일본과 한국에도 도입되었다.
⑪ The year 2003 saw numerous Japanese non-governmental organizations lobby for the introduction of manifestos to the country's political system, and Japanese politicians have responded eagerly to this movement. 2003년에 많은 일본의 비정부 조직들이 국가의 정치 시스템에 매니페스토를 도입하기 위해 로비했으며, 일본 정치가들도 이 운동에 대해 열렬한 반응을보였다.
⑫ Korea witnessed a similar push for political manifestos in 2006, and candidates in local elections fully embraced them. 한국에서는 2006년에 정치적인 매니페스토에 대한유사한 추진 노력이 있었고 그것은 지방 선거의 후보자들에 의해 받아들여졌다.
⑬ Proponents of manifestos in these two countries hope the changes will focus elections more closely on concrete policies rather than on issues such as personal relationships and vague party ideology. 이들 두 국가에서 매니페스토를 지지하는 사람들은그 변화를 통해 선거가 개인적인 관계나 모호한 당의 이데올로기와 같은 사안들보다는 구체적인 정책에 좀 더 집중되기를 희망한다.
⑭ They also believe manifestos can eliminate some of the ambiguity over policies both within individual parties and among the different parties involved in forming a government. 또한 그들은 매니페스토가 개별 정당과 정부 구성에관여된 각기 다른 정당 모두에게 있는 정책에 대한모호함을 없앨 수 있을 것이라고 믿는다.
⑮ Many other countries in addition to Japan and Korea are expected to benefit from such political modifications. 일본과 한국 외에도 다른 많은 국가들이 이러한 정치적인 변화로 인해 이익을 얻을 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.
⑯ However, for manifestos to truly be capable of bringing positive change, political parties must follow through with the plans they advance. 그러나 매니페스토가 진정한 의미에서 긍정적인 변화를 가져올 수 있기 위해서는 정당들이 그들아 제출한 계획들을 충실히 수행해야만 한다.
⑰ Not only must they enact their promised policies, but they must also effectively evaluate the success of those policies. 그들은 공약한 정책을 법률로 제정해야 할 뿐만 아니라 그 정책들의 성공 여부를 효과적으로 평가해야만 한다.
⑱ Nor should it be forgotten that the public has an essential role in monitoring the elected party to ensure it upholds the principles of its manifesto. 선출된 정당이 그들의 매니페스토 원칙을 확실히 유지하고 있는지를 감시하는 데에 있어 대중들이 필수불가결한 역할을 맡고 있다는 점도 간과해서는 안된다.

 

 

 

Unit 13. Mysteries - Reading 1: Hypnosis
① Perhaps you've seen it on a television program or in a movie: the doctor stands before a patient and magically guides him or her into a hypnotic state. 아마도 당신은 TV 프로그램이나 영화 속에서 의사가 환자 앞에 서서 마술처럼 그 환자를 최면 상태로인도하는 것을 본 적이 있을 것이다.
② In reality, hypnosis is a technique by which one can cause another to enter a state in which he or she is highly susceptible to suggestion. 실제로 최면은 한 사람이 다른 사람으로 하여금 어떤 제안을 매우 쉽게 받아들이는 상태로 들어가도록유도할 수 있는 기법이다.
③ Although its roots date back to ancient Greece, hypnosis remains somewhat of a mystery even today. 최면의 기원이 고대 그리스까지 거슬러 올라감에도불구하고, 그것은 오늘날까지도 신비스러운 것으로남아있다.
④ There are various methods of inducing hypnosis, but generally the hypnotist leads the subject into a progressively deeper state of relaxation. 최면을 유도하는 데에는 다양한 방법이 있지만, 일반적으로 최면술사는 최면의 대상자가 점차 더 깊은긴장 완화 상태가 되도록 이끈다.
⑤ The subject may appear to be asleep but is, in actuality, so acutely focused on the hypnotist that he or she will likely follow the hypnotist's suggestions without a second thought. 대상자는 잠든 것처럼 보일지도 모르지만, 실제로는최면술사에게 예민하게 집중되어 있어서 망설임 없이 최면술사의 제안에 따르게 되기 쉽다.
⑥ It has been proven, however, that the subjects cannot be coerced into committing acts while hypnotized that they would strongly object to under normal conditions, such as harming themselves or others. 그러나 어떤 사람이 최면에 빠진 동안에 자신이나남을 해치는 것과 같이, 정상적인 상태에서라면 완강히 거부할 만한 행동들을 하도록 강요당할 수는없다는 사실이 입증된 바 있다.
⑦ In order to understand a hypnotic state, it is important to note that brain activity under hypnosis closely resembles the patterns of someone who is asleep. 최면의 상태를 이해하기 위해서는 최면 상태에서의두뇌 활동이 잠들어 있는 사람의 두뇌 활동 패턴과거의 유사하다는 사실에 주목하는 것이 중요하다.
⑧ Our brains are divided into two primary sections: the right hemisphere controls imaginative actions, while the left hemisphere is in charge of logic. 우리의 두뇌는 두 개의 주된 영역으로 나뉘어져 있는데, 우뇌는 창의적인 행동을 관장하는 한편 좌뇌는 논리를 담당하고 있다.
⑨ In both a state of hypnosis and sleep, activity in the right hemisphere has been shown to increase, while activity in the left decreases. 최면과 수면 상태 양쪽 모두에서 우뇌의 활동은 증가하는 것으로 보이는 반면에, 좌뇌의 활동은 감소한다.
⑩ Some scientists have speculated that this is because hypnosis causes the subconscious mind, which handles background tasks that require no thought, to step to the forefront, allowing the subjects to follow suggestions without filtering them through the formalities of logic. 일부 과학자들은 이와 같은 현상이 일어나는 것은, 최면이 사고를 요하지 않는 배경적 정보 처리 업무를 담당하는 잠재의식의 정신을 전면에 나서게 하고, (최면의) 대상자로 하여금 논리적 절차를 통해제안들을 선별하지 않고 그것들을 따르게끔 하기 때문이라고 추측해 왔다.
⑪ Hypnosis has been used as a psychological treatment in a variety of ways. 최면은 다양한 방법으로 심리학적인 치료 수단으로서 사용되어 왔다.
⑫ It can be particularly effective in helping people deal with breaking bad habits, such as smoking or overeating, by reforming behavioral patterns in the subconscious mind. 그것은 잠재의식의 사고 속에서 행동 유형을 교정함으로써, 사람들이 흡연이나 과식과 같은 나쁜 습관을 고치는 것을 돕는 데에 특히 효과적일 수 있다.
⑬ Some also look at hypnosis as a means of overcoming phobias; hypnosis can clarify difficult issues and bring resolution to persistent problems by accessing fears, memories, and repressed emotions related to a specific object or situation. 어떤 사람들은 최면을 공포증을 극복하는 수단으로보가도 하는데, 이 경우 최면은 특정한 대상이나 상황과 관련된 공포와 기억, 억압된 감정에 접근함으로써 어려운 쟁점들을 명확하게 해주고 지속적인 문제들에 대한 해결책을 가져다준다.
⑭ It has even been suggested that hypnosis may assist patients with asthma by helping them relax and control their breathing. 최면이 천식 환자들의 긴장 완화와 호흡 조절을 도움으로써 그들을 도울 수 있다는 설이 제기되기도했다.
⑮ But, while the use of hypnosis may be associated with positive therapeutic results, there is as yet no definitive clinical proof to support the effects observed. 그렇지만 최면의 사용이 긍정적인 치료 결과와 관련지어질 수도 있는 반면, 관찰된 효과들을 뒷받침해주는 명확한 의학적 근거는 아직 없다.
⑯ Modern science has uncovered many facts about the inner workings of hypnosis, but much remains unknown. 현대 과학은 최면의 내부 작용에 대해 많은 사실들을 발견해왔지만, 여전히 많은 부분이 알려지지 않은 채로 남아 있다.
⑰ Further in-depth studies of hypnosis may help us understand the secrets of the unconscious mind and develop truly beneficial therapeutic applications. 최면에 대한 더 면밀한 연구는 우리가 무의식적인사고의 비밀을 이해하고, 정말로 유익한 치료 적용법을 발전시키는 데 도움을 줄지도 모른다.

 

 

 

Unit 13. Mysteries - Reading 2: Near-death Experience
① A critically ill patient lies on a hospital bed, his condition taking a turn for the worse. 중태인 한 환자가 병원 침대에 누워있는데, 그의 상태는 더 악화되고 있다.
② Suddenly, he feels himself rising up out of his body and floating toward a bright light. 갑자기 그는 자신이 자기의 육신으로부터 일어나서는 밝은 빛을 향해 떠올라가는 것을 느낀다.
③ But he panics and returns to his body. 하지만 그는 공포에 질려, 자기 육신으로 돌아온다.
④ Later, his doctors inform him he was clinically dead for two minutes. 후에, 의사들이 그가 2분간 의학적으로 죽은 상태였다고 그에게 알려준다.
⑤ What happened to this man? 이 남자에게는 무슨 일이 일어났던 걸까?
⑥ Like millions of other people, he has undergone a near-death experience. 다른 수백만 명의 사람들과 마찬가지로 그는 임사(臨死) 체험을 한 것이다.
⑦ Accounts of this type of incident date back thousands of years, and they all have common traits to link them together. 이런 유형의 사건에 대한 설명들은 수천 년을 거슬러 올라가고 그것들 모두는 서로 연결되는 공통된특징을 가지고 있다.
⑧ The experience begins with some sort of injury or illness bringing them to the brink of death, followed by a feeling of great peace and the sensation of rising out of their bodies. 그 체험은 그들을 죽음의 문턱으로 데려가는 일종의부상이나 질병으로 시작되며, 아주 평화로운 느낌과자신의 육신을 벗어나 떠오르는 느낌이 이어진다.
⑨ They proceed to move through a tunnel toward a bright light until they enter into another realm where they encounter intelligent beings that communicate with them. 그들은 그들과 의사소통할 지적인 존재들과 우연히만나는 또 다른 영역으로 들어갈 때까지 밝은 빛을항해 터널 속을 통과한다.
⑩ At this point, they are either commanded to return to their bodies, or they choose to move away from the light, and the experience ends. 이 시점에서 그들은 자신의 육신으로 되돌아갈 것을명령 받거나, 혹은 자신이 그 빛으로부터 멀리 떠날것을 선택하게 되고, 그 체험은 끝이 난다.
⑪ Supernatural interpretations of these experiences differ based on prevailing cultural beliefs of life after death. 이러한 체험에 관한 초자연적인 해석들은 사후의 삶에 대한 지배적인 문화적 신념에 기반하여 차이가있다.
⑫ A basic view on the experience might regard the voices in the light as departed loved ones or creatures from another dimension trying to communicate with us. 그 체험에 대한 기본적인 견해는 빛 속의 목소리를이미 세상을 떠난 사랑하는 사람들 또는 다른 차원에서 온 생명체가 우리와 의사소통을 시도하는 것이라고 간주하기도 한다.
⑬ But from a religious point of view, it might appear that the person's soul briefly departs their body to journey through the border between the known world and the afterlife, encountering God, angels or some other form of deity, before returning. 그러나 종교적인 관점에서 본다면, 그러한 경험은한 사람의 영혼이 알려져 있는 세계와 사후세계 사이의 경계를 거쳐 여행을 하기 위해 잠시 자신의 육체를 떠났다가, 돌아오기 전에 신, 천사들 혹은 다른형태의 신적 존재를 만나는 것이라고 여겨진다.
⑭ A more scientific explanation centers on the way our brain deals with the information it receives from our senses. 좀 더 과학적인 설명은 우리의 두뇌가 감각으로부터전달받은 정보를 처리하는 방식에 주목한다.
⑮ When a person is near death, the brain can malfunction and misread the data it receives. 어떤 사람아 죽음에 임박해 있을 때, 두뇌는 오작동하거나, 전달받은 정보를 잘못 해독할 수 있다.
⑯ A lack of oxygen can be misinterpreted as a floating sensation, while an overload of visual information is seen as a bright, white light. 산소의 부족은 떠오르는 듯한 느낌으로 잘못 해석될수 있는 한편, 시각적 정보의 과부하는 밝고 흰 빛으로 보일 수도 있다.
⑰ The feeling of calmness has been attributed to an increase in endorphin levels triggered by the brain during traumatic events. 고요한 느낌은 정신적인 쇼크 동안 두뇌에 의해 유발되는 엔도르핀 수치의 상승 탓으로 여겨진다.
⑱ Later, as patients try to understand what has happened, they filter the experience through their belief systems and come up with startlingly similar tales. 그 후에 환자들이 무슨 일이 일어났는지 이해하려고애쓸 때, 그들은 자신의 신념 체계를 통해 그 경험을여과해 내어 놀랍도록 비슷한 이야기들을 내놓는다.
⑲ There is no way to know for certain whether a near-death experience is really a glimpse into the afterlife or just a trauma-induced hallucination. 임사 체험이 정말로 사후세계에 대한 짧은 목격인지아니면 그저 정신적 쇼크에 의해 유발되는 환상인지는 확실하게 알 방법이 없다.
⑳ But it is possible that this curious phenomenon can be helpful for human beings to understand more about the mysteries of death. 하지만 이 기이한 현상이 안간으로 하여금 죽음의신비에 대해 더 많은 것을 이해하도록 도울 수는 있을 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 14. Anthropology - Reading 1: Food Taboos
① One man's meat is another man's poison: 한 사람의 고기가 다른 사람에게는 독이 될 수도 있다.
② What one group of people views as a delicious meal might inspire shudders of repulsion in another. 한 무리의 사람들이 맛있는 식사로 간주하는 것이다른 사람들에게는 혐오감으로 몸서리쳐지는 감정을 불러일으킬 수도 있다.
③ Few Westerners would consider dining on insects, yet in many places they're considered to be a perfectly acceptable source of food. 서양인들은 곤충을 먹는 것을 고려해보는 일이 거의없지만, 많은 지역에서 곤충은 완벽하게 용인되어지는 음식재료로 여겨진다.
④ Two well-known examples of a food being considered unacceptable are the Hindu prohibition against eating cow flesh and the Muslim custom of avoiding swine, and there are scores of lesser-known examples around the world. 받아들여질 수 없는 것으로 간주되는 음식의 잘 알려진 두 가지 예는 힌두교도들이 소고기를 먹는 것을 금지하는 것과 돼지고기를 피하는 이슬람교의 관습이며, 전 세계에 걸쳐 그보다 덜 알려진 사례들이많이 있다.
⑤ So why are certain foods banned or considered unacceptable in some cultures? 그러면 왜 특정한 음식이 어떤 문화권에서 금지되거나 받아들여질 수 없는 것으로 간주되는 것일까?
⑥ Are there any special meanings or ideas in these taboos? 이러한 금기에는 특별한 의미나 사상이 있는 것일까?
⑦ Sometimes, food taboos fulfill a symbolic role. 때때로 음식의 금기는 상징적인 역할을 수행한다.
⑧ For example, the Hebrew Bible prohibits the consumption of certain animals, such as pigs and shellfish. 예를 들어, 히브리 성서에는 그들이 돼지나 조개와같은 특정한 동물의 섭취를 금하고 있다.
⑨ It's not clear what led to these taboos, but it is obvious that they serve to define the line between "us" and "them." 무엇이 이러한 금기를 낳았는지는 분명하지 않지만,그것이 '우리'와 '그들' 간의 경계를 명확하게 하는역할을 한다는 것은 명백하다.
⑩ This type of taboo can create vital cohesion within a culture that exists side by side with rival cultures. 이러한 유형의 금기는 경쟁 관계인 문화들과 나란히존재하는 문화 내에서 필수 불가결한 응집력을 만들어 낼 수 있다.
⑪ In the past, the Catholic Church banned the eating of meat on Fridays, even though it was acceptable the rest of the week. 과거 카톨릭 교회는 고기 먹는 것을 일주일 중 나머지 기간에는 허용하였음에도 불구하고, 금요일에는금했다.
⑫ The ritual of eating fish one day a week allowed Catholics to differentiate between themselves and their Protestant neighbors, and subsequently drew them closer together. 일주일에 한 번씩 생선을 먹는 의식은 카톨릭 교도들로 하여금 그들 자신을 신교도 이웃들과 구별되도록 해주었으며, 결과적으로 그들은 더 친밀감을 느끼게 되었다.
⑬ There can also be some very practical reasons for prohibiting a particular type of food. 특정한 유형의 음식을 금지하는 데에는 매우 실용적인 이유가 있을 수도 있다.
⑭ Some scholars believe that the ban on eating cows in India has its roots in economic pragmatism. 일부 학자들은 인도에서 소고기를 먹는 것을 금지하는 것은 경제적인 실용주의에 기반을 두고 있다고믿는다.
⑮ A cow offered more value to a village alive than it could as someone's meal. 소는 그것이 누군가의 식사거리로 사용되는 것보다살아있는 것이 한 마을에 더 많은 가치를 제공할 수있었다.
⑯ Because its dung was used as fuel for fires, its milk provided children with nutrition, and its strength made it a tireless laborer in the fields, the taboo was in place to prevent the whims of one hungry person from damaging the whole community. 소의 배설물은 불을 위한 연료로 사용되었고 소의젖은 아이들에게 영양을 제공했으며, 소의 힘은 들판에서 지치지 않는 노동력을 제공했기 때문에, 그금기는 한 배고픈 사람의 일시적인 기분으로 인해전체 공동체가 피해를 입는 것을 방지하기에 적절한것이었다.
⑰ There have also been cases that seem to stem from environmental concerns, such as the taboo the Achuara tribe of the Amazon rainforest has against eating tapirs, possibly to protect the animals from extinction. 또한 아마존 열대우림의 Achuara족이 아마도 맥이멸종되는 것을 막기 위해 그것을 먹지 않는 금기와같이 환경적인 우려에 기인한 것으로 보여 지는 사례들도 있다.
⑱ When seeking to understand a foreign culture, although we tend to focus on rituals and practices, there is also much to be learned from observing what people don't do. 외국의 문화를 이해하고자 노력할 때 우리는 의식이나 풍습에 집중하는 경향이 있기는 하지만, 사람들이 하지 않는 것을 관찰하는 것에서도 많은 것을 배울 수 있다.
⑲ In this sense, knowing what people don't eat can be an integral part of a balanced comprehension of their society. 이런 의미에서 사람들이 무엇을 먹지 않는지를 아는것은 그들 사회를 균형 있게 이해하는 데 있어 없어서는 안 될 부분이 될 수 있다.
⑳ Examining the motivations behind food taboos can provide us with an illuminating perspective on the feelings and beliefs of people we may otherwise find strange. 음식 금기의 이면에 있는 동기들을 자세히 살펴보는것은 우리가 이상하다고 생각할지도 모르는 다른 사람들의 감정이나 신념에 대해 해명하는 관점을 제공해준다.
㉑ Who we are is reflected in what we won't eat, as well as in what we will. 우리가 어떤 사람들인지는 우리가 먹는 것뿐만 아니라 우리가 먹지 않는 것에도 반영되어 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 14. Anthropology - Reading 2: TOEFL (Machu Picchu)
① High in the Andes Mountains of Peru is the city of Machu Picchu, the most significant historical and archaeological site in South America. 페루의 안데스 산맥의 높은 곳에는 남미에서 역사적, 고고학적으로 가장 중요한 장소인 마추픽추라는 도시가 있다.
② It is the largest remaining vestige of a civilization that stretched from Ecuador to Chile in the 15th and 16th centuries but was wiped out after the Spanish conquered the continent in 1532. 그것은 15세기와 16세기에는 에콰도르로부터 칠레까지 뻗어나갔지만 1532년에 스페인 사람들이 그대륙을 점령한 이후에 소멸된, 문명의 가장 크게 남아있는 자취이다.
③ Also called the "Lost City of the Incas," Machu Picchu remained unnoticed by outsiders because of its position on a 2,400-meter-high ridge that is surrounded by mountains and steep cliffs. '잉카의 잃어버린 도시' 라고 불리기도 하는 마추픽추는 산맥과 가파른 낭떠러지에 둘러싸인 2,400미터나 되는 산등성이에 위치한 덕분에 외부인들의 눈에 띄지 않고 남아있었다.
④ Guided by a local resident, an American archaeologist came upon it in 1911 and reintroduced it to the world. 원주민에게 안내를 받아서, 한 미국인 고고학자가1911년 그곳에 다다랐으며 그곳을 세계에 다시 소개했다.
⑤ Machu Picchu's 140 stone buildings are well preserved, which gives scientists the opportunity to study in detail the architecture and culture of the Inca. 마추픽추의 140개 석조 건물들은 잘 보존되어 있어서, 과학자들에게 잉카의 건축과 문화를 상세히 연구할 수 있는 기회를 준다.
⑥ What archaeologists and visitors find most impressive is the technique the Inca employed to construct the city. 고고학자들이나 관광객들이 가장 인상적으로 생각하는 것은 그 도시를 건축하기 위해 잉카인들이 사용했던 기술이다.
⑦ It is just amazing how they cut huge stones into even pieces to build walls and houses on steep inclines. 그들이 가파른 경사면 위에 벽이나 집을 짓기 위해거대한 석재를 동일한 조각으로 잘라낸 방법은 그저놀라울 따름이다.
⑧ Using a method called "drystone" or "ashlar," huge stones were cut so precisely that they fit together and stay in place without the use of mortar or any other binding material. 'drystone(회반죽 없이 돌 쌓기)' 또는 'ashlar(마름돌 쌓기)'라고 불리는 방법을 통해 거대한 석재가 너무도 정밀하게 잘려져서 회반죽이나 다른 어떤 결합제의 사용 없이도 한데 맞추어져 그 자리에 유지될수 있었다.
⑨ Scientists consider such precision highly sophisticated for a 15th century society. 과학자들은 이러한 정밀성은 15세기의 사회에서는매우 정교한 기술이라고 기술이라고 여긴다.
⑩ Another notable aspect of Machu Picchu is its irrigation system, which allows water to circulate throughout the city. 마추픽추에서 또 다른 주목할 만한 점은 관개수로 시스템으로, 그것은 물이 시내 전체를 순환하게 한다.
⑪ Water was redirected from a nearby river so that it flowed along a path carved into the rock to fill fountains, ponds, and agricultural terraces. 근처의 강에서 흘러나온 물은 방향을 틀어 돌에 새겨진 길을 따라 흘러 분수, 연못 계단식 경작지를 가득채웠다.
⑫ These multi-tiered terraces were established on the sides of the mountains because there was no flat land for traditional fields. 이러한 다층 구조의 계단식 경작지는 산기슭에 만들어졌는데, 왜냐하면 전통적인 밭에 적합한 평지가 없었기 때문이다.
⑬ What is ingenious about this method is that the inhabitants did not have to worry about the amount of rainfall needed to keep their crops growing, as the aqueduct system drew on water from the rivers. 이러한 방법에 있어서 기발했던 것은 수로 시스템이강으로부터 물을 끌어오기 때문에 주민들이 농작물의 성장을 위해 필요한 강수량에 대해 걱정할 필요가없었다는 것이다.
⑭ The system was constructed so well that certain parts of it are reported to be still working today. 이 시스템은 너무 잘 지어져서 그중의 일부는 지금도여전히 작동하는 것으로 보고된 바 있다.
⑮ Machu Picchu is a valuable symbol of Inca culture and is recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. 마추픽추는 잉카 문화의 소중한 상징이며 유네스코에 의해 세계문화유산으로 인정받는다.
⑯ Its remarkable architecture and irrigation system give us a glimpse into a unique civilization and draw hundreds of thousands of tourists each year. 그곳의 훌륭한 건축과 관개수로 시스템은 우리로 하여금 독특한 문명을 잠시나마 엿볼 수 있게 하며, 해마다 수십만 명의 관광객들을 유치하고 있다.
⑰ Visiting Machu Picchu can be a fascinating trip back into the past that infuses one with the mystery and beauty of this ancient Incan city. 마추픽추를 방문하는 것은 우리에게 이 고대 잉카 도시의 신비와 아름다움을 불어 넣어 주는, 과거로의매혹적인 여행이 될 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 15. Environment - Reading 1: Tourism
① Tourism, one of the world's fastest growing industries, can often appear to be a winning business opportunity for all involved. 세계에서 가장 빨리 성장하는 산업 중 하나인 관광산업은 종종 관여된 모든 사람들에게 이익이 되는사업 기회인 것처럼 보일 수 있다.
② Tourists are rewarded with the experience of new cultures and the natural beauty of exotic places. 관광객들은 새로운 문화 경험과 이국적 장소의 자연미라는 혜택을 누린다.
③ And developing nations benefit from tourism because of the infusion of money into their economies. 그리고 개발도상국들은 관광 산업을 통해 그들의 경제에 자금이 유입되기 때문에 혜택을 입는다.
④ But there is a serious downside that is often overlooked: the impact of tourism on the environment. 그러나 심각한 부정적 측면이 종종 간과되는데, 바로 관광 산업이 자연 환경에 미치는 영향이다.
⑤ In Asia, for example, tourists flock to Nepal for an opportunity to trek through clean and unspoiled mountainsides, but they have left the region trampled, damaged, and strewn with litter in their wake. 아시아의 예를 들면 관광객들은 깨끗하고 훼손되지않은 산허리를 도보로 여행할 기회를 찾아 네팔로모여들지만, 그들이 지나가면서 그곳은 짓밟히고,손상되고, 쓰레기로 뒤덮이게 되었다.
⑥ In the Mexican resort city of Cancun, the natural beauty of the coastal region has been drawing sun-loving tourists for decades, which in turn has led to a damaging spree of uncontrolled development. 멕시코의 휴양 도시 Cancun에서는 해안 지역의 자연미가 태양을 사랑하는 관광객들을 수십 년째 끌어오고 있지만 그것이 이제는 무절제한 개발로 인한과도한 손상으로 이어지고 있다.
⑦ In these cases and many others, governments eager for tourist dollars have put the desires of visitors before the needs of the environment. 이런 경우들과 다른 많은 경우에 있어서, 관광객들의 돈을 간절히 원하는 정부들은 환경의 필요성보다는 관광객들의 욕구를 우선에 둔다.
⑧ Hotels, restaurants, and other tourist facilities are hastily built to meet growing demand, often without regard for the damage they might cause. 호텔 음식점, 그리고 다른 관광객 편의 시설들은 종종 그것들이 야기할 수 있는 피해에 대한 고려 없이증가하는 수요에 맞추고자 서둘러 지어지고 있다.
⑨ Furthermore, the temporary surge in population caused by tourism often strains the local infrastructure beyond capacity, increasing sewage and litter to unmanageable levels. 게다가 관광 산업으로 인한 일시적인 인구 증가는지역의 기반 시설을 종종 수용력 이상으로 무리하게사용하게 해서 하수 오물과 쓰레기를 관리할 수 없는 정도까지 증가하게 한다.
⑩ As attention to this issue has increased, tourists and elements of the tourism industry have begun to embrace the concept of ecotourism. 이런 문제에 대한 관심이 증가함에 따라, 관광객들과 관광 산업의 구성원들은 친환경 관광의 개념을받아들이기 시작했다.
⑪ Ecotourism is a form of tourism that provides visitors with access to natural attractions in a manner that is respectful of the indigenous culture, beneficial to the local economy, and minimal in its environmental impact. 친환경 관광은 지역 고유문화를 존중하고, 지역 경제에 이익이 되며, 그 자연 환경에는 최소한의 영향만 미치는 방식으로 관광객들에게 자연 그대로의 명소를 제공하는 형태의 관광 산업 이다.
⑫ In Costa Rica, for example, an aerial tram has been built to allow tourists to experience the rainforest without actually walking through it. 예를 들어, Costa Rica에서는 공중 케이블카를 만들어서 관광객들이 실제로 걷지 않고 열대 우림을경험할 수 있도록 했다.
⑬ Optimally, ecotourism educates visitors on environmental issues while encouraging the local government to fund conservation efforts to preserve their valuable natural resources. 가장 좋은 점은, 친환경 관광이 관광객들에게는 환경 문제에 대해 교육을 시키는 한편, 지역 정부로 하여금 그들의 귀중한 천연 자원을 보존하기 위한 보호 활동을 재정적으로 지원하도록 장려한다는 점이다.
⑭ This type of "green-thinking" has made some inroads toward curbing the destructive course of unchecked tourism, but it is too early to tell if ecotourism is the solution to the problem. 이런 유형의 '생태계를 중시하는 사고'가 무절제한관광 산업의 파괴적인 진행을 억제하는 데 영향을미치기 시작하기는 했지만, 친환경 관광이 그 문제에 대한 해결책이라고 말하기에는 너무 이르다.
⑮ Many tourist sites with ecotourism are relatively new and the long-term impacts have yet to be measured, so there are questions as to whether these efforts actually represent sustainable development. 친환경 관광을 채택한 많은 관광 명소들은 비교적최근에 만들어진 것이며 장기간의 영향은 아직 측정되지 않았으므로, 이 노력들이 실제로 환경 파괴 없이 지속 가능한 개발을 의미하는 것인지의 여부에대한 의문이 있다.
⑯ If the global community is truly committed to saving some of the world's most beautiful places, there must be a serious, coordinated effort between conservationists, developers, governments, and the tourism industry. 만약 국제사회가 정말로 세계에서 가장 아름다운 장소들을 보존하고자 한다면, 보호주의자들 개발자들정부들 그리고 관광 산업 간의 진지하고 조화된 노력이 있어야만 한다.

 

 

 

Unit 15. Environment - Reading 2: Biomass
① Over 80% of the energy used worldwide comes from burning fossil fuels, like coal, oil, and natural gas. 전 세계에서 사용되는 에너지의 80% 이상이 석탄석유, 천연가스와 같은 화석 연료를 연소시켜서 얻어진다.
② This emits carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes pollution and contributes to global warming. 이것은 오염을 일으키고 지구 온난화의 원인이 되는이산화탄소, 즉 온실 가스를 방출한다.
③ Fossil fuels are also unsustainable - the supply of oil is estimated to last only a few more decades. 화석 연료는 또한 지속적으로 사용될 수 없고 석유공급은 앞으로 몇십 년 밖에 지속되지 않을 것으로추정된다.
④ Therefore, it is crucial to develop alternatives. 그러므로 대체 에너지를 개발하는 것은 매우 중요하다.
⑤ Wind, solar power, and hydroelectricity are environmentally friendly and renewable, but there may be another reliable source of energy: biomass. 풍력, 태양력 수력은 환경 친화적이며 재생 가능하지만 또 다른 안정적인 에너지원이 있을지도 모르는데, 그것은 바로 바이오매스이다.
⑥ Biomass is abundantly available on Earth in the form of agricultural residue, like straw and plant husks. 바이오매스는 짚이나 식물 껍질 같은 농작물의 잔류물 형태로 지구상에서 풍부하게 이용할 수 있다.
⑦ Food sources, including soybeans, corn, sugar cane, and palm oil, and other organic wastes like cattle dung, are all examples of biomass. 콩, 옥수수, 사탕수수, 야자수 기름을 포함한 식량원과 소똥과 같은 다른 유기물 쓰레기는 모두 바이오매스의 예가 될 수 있다.
⑧ The traditional uses of biomass have been greatly improved upon, and in their modern application, they can be used conveniently and in diverse ways. 바이오매스의 전통적인 이용법은 크게 발전되어 왔으며 현대적 응용을 통해 편리하고 다양한 방법으로사용될 수 있다.
⑨ Through a bio-refinery, biomass is converted into gaseous or liquid fuels that can be efficiently burnt in order to generate electricity. 생물학적 정제소를 거쳐, 바이오매스는 전기를 생산하는 데 효과적으로 연소될 수 있는 기체 혹은 액체형태의 연료로 전환된다.
⑩ For example, cattle dung can produce a gas that serves as fuel for cooking or heating, and corn can be converted into a liquid transportation fuel, such as biodiesel or ethanol. 예를 들어 소똥은 요리나 난방용 연료로 쓰이는 가스를 생산해 낼 수 있으며, 옥수수는 바이오디젤이나 에탄올과 같은 액화 수송 연료로 전환될 수 있다.
⑪ Biomass is popular not only because it supports agricultural industries, but also because it can be easily stored and used when needed. 바이오메스는 농업을 지원해 줄 뿐만 아니라 저장하기가 편하고 필요할 때 쉽게 사용할 수 있기 때문에인기가 있다.
⑫ Furthermore, it has several advantages over fossil fuel energy sources. 더구나 그것은 화석 연료 에너지원에 비해 여러 가지 장점들을 가지고 있다.
⑬ Biomass is more eco-friendly, as it produces less carbon dioxide. 바이오매스는 더 적은 이산화탄소를 생산하기 때문에 더 환경 친화적이다.
⑭ Also, it is capable of being broken down by living organisms like bacteria. 또한 박테리아와 같은 살아있는 유기체에 의해 분해될 수 있다.
⑮ Therefore, it will not damage the environment. 따라서 그것은 환경에 해를 입히지 않는다.
⑯ Despite the advantages, some scientists point out the negative effects of biomass production. 이런 장점들에도 불구하고 일부 과학자들은 바이오매스 생산의 부정적인 결과들을 지적한다.
⑰ On the island of Borneo in Indonesia, for example, the increase in palm tree plantations is having an adverse effect on land. 인도네시아 보르네오 섬에서는 야자수 재배지의 증가가 토양에 악영향을 끼치고 있다.
⑱ The island is suffering from massive deforestation, as more and more land is being cleared for planting palm trees. 야자수를 심기 위해 점점 더 많은 토지가 개간됨에따라 섬은 대규모의 삼림파괴로 고통을 받고 있다.
⑲ It has also led to water shortages because more cropland requires more water. 더 많은 농지는 더 많은 물을 필요로 하기 때문에,이는 물 부족 또한 야기시키고 있다.
⑳ Clearly, the balance between renewable energy sources and environmentally friendly production is a delicate one. 분명히, 재생가능한 에너지원과 친환경적인 생산 사이의 균형은 미묘한 문제이다.
㉑ Alternative fuel sources like biomass are cleaner to burn than fossil fuels, and using them may help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. 바이오매스와 같은 대체 연료원은 화석 연료를 연소시키는 것보다 더 깨끗하고 그것들(바이오매스와 같은 대체 연료원)을 사용하는 것은 온실 가스 방출을줄이는 데 도움이 될 수 있다.
㉒ But because of the other environmental consequences, biomass is not yet the perfect solution to the world's energy problems. 하지만 다른 환경적인 결과들 때문에 바이오매스는아직 세계 에너지 문제의 완벽한 해결책은 아니다.
㉓ It's crucial that scientists continue to research more techniques for the effective use of biomass. 과학자들이 바이오매스를 효과적으로 사용할 수 있는 더 많은 기술들을 계속 연구하는 것이 매우 중요하다.
㉔ Hopefully, continuing the search for eco-friendly energy will allow us to salvage our environment. 바라건대, 환경 친화적인 에너지에 대한 연구를 지속하는 것이 우리가 환경을 구하도록 할 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 16. Technology - Reading 1: Robotic Surgery
① Whether you realize it or not, robots have become part of our lives. 당신이 그 사실을 인식하고 있건 아니건 간에, 로봇은 우리 생활의 일부가 되었다.
② They work in automobile manufacturing plants and other factories that make use of automated assembly lines. 로봇은 자동차 제조 공장과 자동화된 조립 라인을이용하는 다른 공장들에서 일한다.
③ They have been launched into space, sent to explore distant planets beyond the reach of humans. 로봇은 우주로 발사되어 인간이 닿을 수 있는 곳 너머에 있는 행성들을 탐사하도록 보내지기도 한다.
④ And as the science of robotics grows more advanced, the technology is being applied to the medical field in the form of robotic surgical systems. 그리고 로봇공학의 과학이 점점 더 발전함에 따라그 기술은 로봇 수술 시스템의 형태로 의학 분야에도 적용되고 있다.
⑤ The robotics industry has developed several systems for the operating room. 로봇 산업은 수술실에 필요한 여러 가지 시스템을발전시켰다.
⑥ The Da Vinci surgical system was the first to be approved for use in the United States, featuring robotic arms with flexible wrists that are controlled by a surgeon using foot pedals and hand motions. Da Vinci 수술 시스템은 미국에서 최초로 사용이 허가된 것으로 외과 의사가 페달과 손의 움직임을 이용해서 조종하는 유연한 손목을 가진 로봇 팔이 특징이다.
⑦ It is also equipped with a three-dimensional lens system that can magnify surgical sight up to 15 times. 그것은 또 수술 부위를 15배까지 확대할 수 있는 3차원 렌즈 시스템이 장착되어 있다.
⑧ The ZEUS system has a similar setup to that of the Da Vinci, but it has a computer workstation and a video display. ZEUS 시스템은 Da Vinci와 유사한 설비를 갖추고있지만, 컴퓨터 워크스테이션과 비디오 표시 장치를갖췄다.
⑨ ZEUS uses another robotic system named AESOP for assistance in holding and positioning a tiny camera - known as an endoscope - that films the surgery in progress from inside the patient's body and responds to voice commands. ZEUS는 환자의 신체 내에서 진행 중인 수술과정을촬영하고 음성 명령에 반응할 수 있는, 내시경이라고 알려진 아주 작은 카메라를 붙잡고 위치를 잡는데 AESOP이라고 불리는 또 다른 로봇 시스템을 보조로 이용한다.
⑩ Robotic surgery boasts some advantages over conventional surgical methods. 로봇 수술은 전통적인 수술 방법에 비해 몇 가지 이점을 자랑한다.
⑪ It improves precision and accuracy by decreasing surgeon fatigue and eliminates the danger of shaky hands. 외과의사의 피로를 감소시키고 손떨림의 위험을 제거함으로써 정밀도와 정확도를 높인다.
⑫ It also offers improved depth perception by providing a three-dimensional view of the surgery. 또한 수술에 대한 3차원적 시야를 갖춤으로써 향상된 거리 감각을 제공하기도 한다.
⑬ There are hopes that in the future it will allow skilled surgeons to perform remote operations on patients hundreds of miles away, eliminating the need to transport patients to doctors. 미래에는 환자들이 의사에게 이송될 필요 없이 로봇수술을 통해 숙련된 외과의사가 수백 마일 떨어져있는 환자를 대상으로 원격 수술을 하는 것이 가능해질 것이라는 기대도 있다.
⑭ It also has the potential to drastically cut down on the number of people required to perform an operation, which would be a step toward lowering the cost of health care. 로봇 수술은 또한 수술을 수행하는 데 필요한 인원수를 과감히 감축시킬 가능성이 있으며, 이는 의료비를 낮추는 한 걸음이 될 수 있을 것이다
⑮ Robotic systems are greatly beneficial to doctors, but they are not without their drawbacks. 로봇 시스템은 의사들에게 매우 이롭긴 하지만, 결점이 없는 것은 아니다.
⑯ They are expensive and, as with all machines, there is always the possibility of technical failure, which could be extremely dangerous if it were to occur in the middle of an operation. 로봇 시스템은 비싸며, 다른 모든 기계와 마찬가지로 기술적인 결함의 가능성이 항상 있는데, 이것이만약 수술 도중에 일어나기라도 한다면 매우 위험할수 있다.
⑰ Furthermore, surgeons need to go through intensive training before they can use these systems on patients. 게다가 외과의사들은 환자들을 대상으로 이러한 시스템을 사용할 수 있게 되기까지 집중적인 훈련을거쳐야 할 필요가 있다.
⑱ Although robotic systems have become essential tools at many hospitals, it will be some time before we can seriously talk about a fully robotic operating room. 로봇 시스템이 많은 병원에서 필수적인 도구가 되었음에도 불구하고, 우리가 전적으로 로봇만을 이용하는 수술실에 대해 진지하게 얘기하기까지는 어느 정도 시간이 걸릴 것이다.
⑲ However, efforts to utilize these robots as useful additions will continue to improve medical care. 하지만 이들 로봇을 유용한 추가 수단으로 사용하려는 노력은 계속해서 의료 관리를 개선해 나갈 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 16. Technology - Reading 2: TOEFL (Infrasound)
① Our sense of hearing is limited - the average human can only detect sounds with a frequency between about 20 and 20,000 *hertz. 우리의 청각에는 한계가 있다. 평범한 인간이라면20에서 2만 헤르츠 사이의 주파수를 가진 소리만인지할 수 있다.
② Sounds with lower frequencies, beyond the detection capacity of the human ear, are called infrasound. 인간 귀의 감지능력을 벗어난 더 낮은 주파수를 가진 소리를 초저주파라고 한다.
③ The scientific study of infrasound is relatively new, but among the interesting discoveries about it is the fact that low-frequency sounds can travel longer distances without dissipating than sounds with higher frequencies. 초저주파에 대한 과학적 연구는 상대적으로 최근의것인데, 그것에 관한 흥미로운 발견 중에는, 주파수가 낮은 소리들은 더 높은 주파수를 가진 소리들보다 흩어져 없어지는 일 없이 더 먼 곳까지 전달될 수있다는 사실이 있다.
④ Researchers continue to be surprised by the number of natural sources of infrasound. 과학자들은 초저주파의 자연적인 원천의 수에 계속해서 놀라고 있다.
⑤ Animals such as whales, alligators, giraffes, and elephants have been found to use infrasound to communicate with each other over substantial distances. 고래, 악어, 기린 그리고 코끼리와 같은 동물이 상당히 먼 거리에 떨어져서 서로 의사소통을 하기 위해초저주파를 이용한다는 사실이 밝혀졌다.
⑥ Natural occurrences can also produce powerful low-frequency sounds. 자연 현상들 또한 강력한 저주파수 소리를 만들어낼수 있다.
⑦ Ocean waves, earthquakes, tornados, and even the northern lights have all been identified as sources of infrasound. 바다의 파도, 지진, 토네이도 심지어는 북극광까지도 초저주파의 출처임이 밝혀졌다.
⑧ However, nature is not alone in creating this phenomenon, as human-caused chemical and nuclear explosions can also produce infrasound. 그러나 자연만이 이런 현상을 일으키는 것은 아닌데, 왜냐하면 인간에 의한 화학적인 폭발과 핵폭발또한 초저주파를 발생시킬 수 있기 때문이다.
⑨ Even though infrasound cannot be consciously heard by humans, it does provoke discernible reactions, such as inexplicable feelings of uneasiness, awe, or fear. 사람들이 의식적으로 초저주파를 들을 수는 없지만,그것은 불안함, 두려움, 또는 공포처럼 설명하기 힘든 감정과 같은 인식 가능한 반응들을 불러일으킨다.
⑩ In fact, it has been suggested that infrasound is one of the causes of ghost sightings and other supernatural events. 실제로 초저주파가 유령을 목격하는 것과 다른 초자연적인 현상들의 원인이라고 제시된 바도 있다.
⑪ Beyond psychological effects, infrasound also has the ability to physically impact humans. 초저주파는 심리적인 효과를 넘어서서 물리적으로인간에게 영향을 미치는 능력도 가지고 있다.
⑫ It can disrupt the function of the inner ear, leading to disorientation and nausea. 그것은 내이(內耳)의 기능을 혼란시켜서 방향감각상실과 멀미를 유발한다.
⑬ In fact, if exposure to infrasound is extreme enough, it can be fatal. 실제로 만약 초저주파에 심하게 노출된다면 그것은치명적일 수도 있다.
⑭ This discovery of the power of infrasound has caught the attention of weapons designers. 초저주파의 이러한 힘에 대한 발견은 무기 설계자들의 주의를 끌었다.
⑮ The concept of using sound as a weapon is certainly not a human innovation; it can be observed in tigers and sperm whales, both of which emit pulses of infrasound before they attack in order to stun their prey. 소리를 무기로 사용한다는 개념은 분명 인간이 처음만들어 낸 것은 아니다. 그것은 호랑이와 향유고래에게서 목격되는데, 이 둘 모두 그들의 먹이를 기절시키기 위해 공격하기 전에 초저주파를 방출한다.
⑯ Suggested human applications of such technologies range from crowd control to military operations, as varying frequencies can produce effects from simple incapacitation to organ failure and death. 이러한 기술을 인간이 응용하는 것에 대해 제안된바로는 군중 통제부터 군사 작전에 이르기까지 다양한데, 다양한 주파수가 사람을 단순히 무능력하게만드는 것에서부터 장기 기능 감퇴나 사망에까지 이르는 효과들을 낼 수 있기 때문이다.
⑰ More beneficial uses of infrasound are also under study. 초저주파의 좀 더 유익한 사용법 또한 연구 중에 있다.
⑱ Because many destructive natural disasters produce intense low-frequency sounds, being able to detect these emanations as quickly as possible will help create early warning systems. 많은 파괴적인 자연 재해가 강렬한 저주파음을 만들어 내기 때문에 이런 발산을 가능한 한 빨리 감지하는 것은 조기 경보 시스템을 만드는 데 도움이 될 것이다.
⑲ Faster detection of infrasound caused by avalanches and earthquakes, for example, could save lives. 예를 들어 눈사태나 지진에 의해 발생된 초저주파의보다 빠른 감지는 많은 생명을 구할 수 있다.
⑳ In addition, similar technology is being used to enforce the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty by monitoring worldwide low-frequency sounds for any unauthorized nuclear explosions. 이외에도, 승인받지 않은 핵폭발을 찾기 위해 전 세계에 걸친 저주파음을 감시함으로써 포괄적 핵실험금지조약(CNTBT)을 강화하는 데에도 유사한 기술이 사용되고 있다.
㉑ Just like many other modern discoveries, infrasound is a double-edged sword; it can be used to harm as well as to help people. 다른 많은 현대적인 발견들과 마찬가지로, 초저주파는 인간을 돕기 위해서뿐만 아니라 인간에게 해를미치는데도 사용될 수 있는 양날의 칼이다.
㉒ However, it seems certain that infrasound will continue to be an important area of scientific study. 그러나 초저주파가 과학 연구 분야의 중요한 영역으로 계속 남아 있게 될 것이라는 사실은 분명해 보인다.

 

 

 

 

 

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Unit 01. Food - Reading 1: Food Additives
① Much of the food that is available today is full of chemicals and processed substances. 오늘날 구입할 수 있는 식품 대부분은 화학 약품 및가공 물질로 가득하다.
② Called "additives," they are used to give food more flavor and better texture and to increase its shelf life. '첨가물'이라고 불리는 그것은 식품에 풍미를 더하고식감을 좋게 하거나, 유통기한을 늘리기 위해 사용되고 있다.
③ However, some of the most common additives have been shown to cause serious health problems. 하지만 가장 흔히 쓰이고 있는 첨가제 중 일부는 심각한 건강 문제를 야기하는 것으로 드러나고 있다.
④ Aspartame, one of the most common food additives, is an artificial sweetener used in foods that are labeled "diet" and "sugar free." 가장 흔한 식품 첨가물 중 하나인 아스파르템은 '다이어트'와 '무설탕'이라고 붙여진 식품에 사용되는인공 감미료이다.
⑤ Studies have linked it to various types of cancer, diabetes, anxiety, and many other diseases and conditions. 연구들이 이 물질과 다양한 유형의 암, 당뇨, 불안감및 여러 다른 질병 및 상태를 연관지어왔다.
⑥ It is found in a wide variety of foods: diet and sugar-free soft drinks, sugar-free gum and breath mints, various desserts, toothpaste, and even chewable vitamins! 이 물질은 아주 다양한 음식에서 찾아볼 수 있는데, 다이어트 및 무설탕 탄산음료, 무설탕 껌, 구취 제거민트, 다양한 후식, 치약, 그리고 심지어 씹어 먹는비타민에도 들어있다!
⑦ Another dangerous artificial sweetener is high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). 또 다른 위험한 인공 감미료는 액상과당이다.
⑧ It increases levels of LDL, or "bad" cholesterol, damages bodily tissues, and causes people to gain weight. 이것은 '나쁜' 콜레스테롤인 LDL 수치를 증가시키고, 신체 조직을 손상시키며, 사람들의 체중을 증가시킨다.
⑨ Amazingly, because it is used in nearly all processed foods, it has become one of the main sources of calories for many people. 놀랍게도, 이 물질이 거의 모든 가공 식품에 사용되고 있기 때문에 이것은 많은 사람들의 주요 열량 공급원 중 하나가 되었다.
⑩ Monosodium glutamate, or MSG, is used to enhance the flavor of soups, salad dressings, snacks, frozen foods, and more. 글루탐산소다. 즉 MSG는 수프, 샐러드 드레싱, 과자, 냉동식품 등의 맛을 증진시키기 위해 사용된다.
⑪ Because it turns off the brain's neurological pathways that make you feel full, it leads many people to overeat. 이 물질이 포만감을 느끼게 하는 뇌의 신경 통로를차단하기 때문에, 이로 인해 많은 사람들이 과식을하게 된다.
⑫ MSG also seriously damages cells, and studies have linked regular consumption of the additive to depression, eye damage, fatigue, and headaches. MSG는 또한 심각하게 세포를 손상시키며, 정기적으로 이 첨가제를 섭취하는 것이 우울증, 시력 손상, 피로감 및 두통과 연관이 있다는 연구가 나오고 있다.
⑬ Finally, trans fat, which is found in fast food, margarine, and other processed foods, also enhances food's natural flavor. 마지막으로 패스트푸드, 마가린 및 다른 가공 식품에 들어있는 트랜스 지방 또한 음식 천연의 맛을 증진시켜준다.
⑭ However, not only does it increase levels of LDL cholesterol, but it also decreases levels of HDL, or "good" cholesterol. 하지만 이것은 LDL 콜레스테롤 수치를 높일 뿐만아니라, '좋은' 콜레스테롤인 HDL 수치를 낮춘다.
⑮ It has been linked to all kinds of health problems, from diabetes to heart disease. 이 물질은 당뇨병에서부터 심장병까지 모든 종류의건강 문제와 연관되어지고 있다.
⑯ In fact, it is considered so dangerous that it is now either highly restricted or banned in countries such as Denmark, Iceland, and Sweden. 이 물질은 실제로 너무 위험하다고 여겨져 덴마크, 아이슬란드, 스웨덴 같은 나라에서는 요즘 엄격히제한되거나 금지되고 있다.
⑰ Unfortunately, food additives have become so common that they can be hard to avoid. 유감스럽게도 식품 첨가물은 너무 흔해졌기 때문에피하기가 어렵다.
⑱ However, there are things you can do to start eating healthier. 하지만 더 건강하게 먹기 위해 할 수 있는 일이 몇가지 있다.
⑲ Instead of eating fast food and processed foods, eat home cooked meals as often as you can. 패스트푸드나 가공 식품을 먹기 보다는 가능한 자주집에서 요리한 음식을 먹어라.
⑳ And when you buy groceries, remember to read the food labels, which list the ingredients and any additives that the food contains. 그리고 식료품을 살 때, 그 식품에 포함된 성분과 첨가물이 나열된 식품 라벨을 읽는 것을 기억하라.
㉑ Finally, buy as many organic products as you can. 마지막으로 가능한 한 많이 유기농 제품을 구입해라.
㉒ The more often you eat natural, whole foods, the healthier you will be! 더 자주 천연의 무첨가 식품을 먹을수록 더 건강해질 것이다!

 

 

 

Unit 01. Food - Reading 2: Energy Drink
① Why do people drink soda? 사람들은 왜 탄산음료를 마시는가?
② It's probably because they think it tastes good. 아마도 탄산음료가 맛이 좋다고 생각하기 때문일 것이다.
③ But lately the soft drink market has been flooded with products that claim to have an effect beyond taste. 하지만 최근 탄산음료 시장은 맛을 넘어 효능이 있다고 주장하는 제품들로 넘쳐나고 있다.
④ Energy drinks are one of these newcomers on the soft drink scene. 에너지 음료는 이렇게 탄산음료 시장에 새롭게 등장한 것들 중 하나이다.
⑤ As their name implies, they claim to supply an energy boost. 이름에서 알 수 있듯이, 에너지 음료는 에너지를 증강시켜 준다고 주장한다.
⑥ They're designed for students, athletes, and anyone else who wants an extra energy kick. 에너지 음료는 학생, 운동 선수 및 에너지 증강을 원하는 그 밖의 모든 사람들을 위해 고안되었다.
⑦ But there are worries about the true effect they can have on the body. 그러나 그것들이 신체에 미치는 진정한 효과에 대한우려들이 있다.
⑧ Energy drinks provide physical and mental stimulation over a short period of time. 에너지 음료는 단기간에 신체적 및 정신적 자극을유발한다.
⑨ But this is not because energy drinks contain a variety of vitamins and health additives. 하지만 이것은 에너지 음료에 각종 비타민과 건강첨가물이 함유되어 있기 때문이 아니다.
⑩ The real effect drinkers feel comes from the simple combination of sugar and caffeine. 마시는 사람이 느끼는 실제 효능은 순전히 설탕과카페인의 혼합에서 기인하는 것이다.
⑪ A single energy drink typically contains more than twice as much caffeine as a can of soda. 에너지 음료 한 개에는 일반적으로 탄산음료 캔 한개보다 두 배 이상의 카페인이 함유되어 있다.
⑫ Caffeine inhibits the production of adenosine, which promotes sleep, and increases adrenaline and dopamine, which can make a person feel alert. 카페인은 잠을 유발하는 아데노신의 생성을 억제하고, 사람의 정신을 맑게 할 수 있는 아드레날린과 도파민을 증가시킨다.
⑬ The risks of consuming energy drinks are, therefore, roughly the same as those of drinking coffee. 그러므로 에너지 음료를 마시는 것의 위험성은 커피를 마시는 것의 위험성과 거의 같다.
⑭ Some people complain of an increase in their heart rate, feelings of anxiety, and trouble sleeping. 어떤 사람들은 심장 박동수 증가, 불안감, 수면 장애를 호소한다.
⑮ And as caffeine has an addictive quality, energy drink consumers may find it difficult to limit themselves to the recommended maximum of 500 ml per day as indicated on the product labels of many of the large energy drink manufacturers. 그리고 카페인은 중독성이 있기 때문에 에너지 음료소비자들은 많은 대형 에너지 음료 제조업체들의 제품 라벨에 표시되어 있는 대로 하루 최대 500ml의권장량을 지키는 게 어렵다는 것을 알게 될 수도 있다.
⑯ Unlike sports drinks, which assist in rehydrating the body during physical exercise, energy drinks actually act as a diuretic, thereby decreasing the amount of water retained in one's body. 신체 운동 중 몸에 수분을 보충하는 데 도움을 주는스포츠 음료와는 달리, 에너지 음료는 실제로 이뇨제 역할을 하며, 그렇게 함으로써 몸이 보유하고 있는 물의 양을 감소시킨다.
⑰ It is easy to see, therefore, that consuming energy drinks during prolonged periods of exercise can be dangerous. 따라서 장기간의 운동 중에 에너지 음료를 마시면위험할 수 있음은 알기 쉽다.
⑱ The potential hazards, however, go beyond the risk of dehydration. 그러나 잠재된 위험은 탈수의 위험을 넘어선다.
⑲ Some energy drinks also contain ephedrine, a stimulant often used in diet pills that has been linked to heart problems, along with other ingredients whose effects are not yet fully understood. 일부 에너지 음료에는 효능이 아직 충분히 검증되지않은 다른 성분들과 더불어 심장 질환과 연관있고살 빼는 약들에 흔히 사용되는 흥분제인 에페드린도함유되어 있다.
⑳ When used in moderation, energy drinks can be a safe source of stimulation for people who are feeling listless. 적당히 사용되면 에너지 음료는 활기없는 사람들에게 안전한 자극원이 될 수 있다.
㉑ It is important, however, to understand exactly what we are putting into our bodies and the effects it may have. 그러나 우리가 몸 속에 무엇을 집어넣고 있는지 그리고 그것이 끼칠 수 있는 영향을 정확하게 이해하는 것이 중요하다.

 

 

 

Unit 02. Economy - Reading 1: Economic Decision Making
① Individuals ought to focus on what they're good at. 개개인은 그들이 잘하는 무언가에 집중해야 한다.
② For example, great actors should dedicate their time to filming movies; it would be a waste of their talent not to. 예를 들어, 훌륭한 배우들은 그들의 시간을 영화를촬영하는 데 헌신해야 한다. 그렇지 않는 것은 그들의 재능을 낭비하는 것이다.
③ But people can be skilled at other things as well. 하지만 사람들은 다른 일에도 능숙할 수 있다.
④ For instance, let's say that an actor is particularly good at mowing lawns. 예를 들어 배우가 특히 잔디를 잘 깎는다고 하자.
⑤ Does that mean that he should mow the huge lawn around his mansion by himself? 그렇다고 그가 자신의 저택 주변의 엄청난 잔디를스스로 깎아야 하는 것일까?
⑥ Looking at the economic concepts of absolute advantage, opportunity cost and comparative advantage may help us answer this question. 절대우위, 기회비용과 비교우위라는 경제 용어를 살펴보는 것이 이 질문에 대한 답을 하는 데 도움을 줄수도 있다.
⑦ Suppose the actor can mow his lawn in four hours and that it would take a teenage boy from his neighborhood eight hours to do the same job. 그 배우가 4시간 안에 잔디를 깎을 수 있고, 같은 일을 하는 데 이웃의 10대 남자아이는 8시간이 걸릴것이라고 가정해 보자.
⑧ If we compare their productivity, economists would say that the actor has an absolute advantage over the teenager because he would invest half the input to get the same result. 그들의 생산성을 비교하면 같은 결과를 내기 위해절반만 투입하면 되기 때문에 그 배우가 10대 남자아이보다 절대우위에 있다고 경제학자들은 말할 것이다.
⑨ In other words, the actor is more efficient when considering the quantity of time required to do the job. 즉, 일을 하기 위해 필요한 시간의 양을 고려했을 때그 배우가 더 효율적인 것이다.
⑩ However, the value of his time should also be taken into account. 하지만 그의 시간의 가치도 또한 참작되어야 한다.
⑪ During those four hours, the actor could film a television commercial and make $50,000. 그 4시간 동안 배우는 TV 광고를 찍고 50,000달러를 벌 수 있다.
⑫ These potential earnings are the actor's opportunity cost of choosing to mow his lawn instead of filming the commercial. 이 잠재적인 수입은 광고를 찍는 대신 잔디를 깎기로 선택한 것에 대한 배우의 기회비용이다.
⑬ The concept of opportunity cost refers to what we lose when we decide on a certain action. 기회비용의 개념은 어떤 행위를 하겠다고 결정했을때 잃게 되는 것을 말한다.
⑭ It should be considered when determining whether doing something is worth the loss associated with the action. 어떤 일을 하는 것이 그 행동과 연관된 손실을 감수할 만한지를 결정할 때 기회비용은 고려되어야 한다.
⑮ If the teenager would only earn $80 working for eight hours at a fast-food restaurant instead, he would lose much less than the actor would. 그 10대 아이가 패스트푸드 점에서 8시간 일해서80 달러밖에 벌지 못한다면 배우가 잃게 되는 것보다 훨씬 적게 잃는 것이다.
⑯ This comparison of opportunity cost is the key to determining who should mow the lawn. 이러한 기회비용의 비교가 누가 잔디를 깎아야 하는지를 결정하는 열쇠이다.
⑰ This is how comparative advantage is calculated. 이렇게 비교우위가 계산되는 것이다.
⑱ According to this concept, whoever has the lower opportunity cost has a comparative advantage and should perform the action. 이 개념에 따르면 기회비용이 적은 사람이 비교우위를 가지게 되고 그 행위를 해야 하는 것이다.
⑲ In this case, that would be the teenager, as long as he makes more than $80 and it costs the actor less than $50,000. 이 경우에는 10대 아이가 80달러 이상을 벌고 그 배우가 50,000달러 이하의 비용이 드는 한 10대 아이에게 비교우위가 있는 것이다.
⑳ Both the teenager and actor would be better off if the actor hired the boy to mow his lawn while he filmed the commercial. 그 배우가 광고를 찍는 동안 남자아이가 잔디를 깎도록 고용한다면 10대 아이와 배우 모두에게 이익이 될 것이다.
㉑ Similarly, governments consider opportunity cost and comparative advantage when looking at the production of various countries to determine optimal gains from trade. 마찬가지로 정부는 무역에서 오는 최적의 이익을 결정하기 위해 여러 나라의 제품을 살펴볼 때 기회비용과 비교우위를 고려한다.
㉒ By doing this, they ensure that every country benefits from trading goods with other countries. 이렇게 함으로써 모든 국가가 다른 나라와 상품을무역하면서 이익을 얻을 수 있도록 보장하는 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 02. Economy - Reading 2: TOEFL (Demarketing)
① Marketing can be defined as the act of creating, maintaining and expanding a demand for a specific product or service. 마케팅은 특정 제품이나 서비스에 대한 수요를 창출하고 유지하며 늘리는 행위로 정의될 수 있다.
② Certain scenarios exist, however, in which organizations seek to discourage this same demand. 그러나 기업들이 이와 같은 수요를 억제하려고 하는특정 시나리오들이 존재한다.
③ In these cases, a process known as "demarketing" is employed. 이런 경우 '디마케팅'이라고 알려져 있는 방법이 사용된다.
④ Generally speaking, demarketing can be broken down into three categories, the first of which is known as general demarketing. 일반적으로 말하면 디마케팅은 세 가지 범주로 나뉠수 있는데, 그 첫번째는 일반적 디마케팅이라고 알려져 있다.
⑤ This occurs when a product is demarketed to all users, often in times of shortage, when governments seek to persuade citizens to limit their consumption of a resource such as gasoline or electricity. 이것은 모든 사용자들을 대상으로 제품의 수요가 억제될 때 발생하는데, 이때는 정부가 국민들에게 휘발유나 전기와 같은 자원의 소비를 제한하도록 설득하려고 하는 때인 주로 부족현상의 시기이다.
⑥ It is also implemented when a product is deemed to be a risk to public health. 이것은 또한 제품이 대중의 건강에 위협이 될 것으로 여겨질 때도 시행된다.
⑦ Selective demarketing, on the other hand, is aimed at a specific segment of the population. 반면에 선택적 디마케팅은 특정 고객층을 대상으로한다.
⑧ Businesses will generally use selective demarketing on a group of customers that has proven to be less profitable. 가업들은 일반적으로 이익이 덜 나는 것으로 판명된 고객층에게 선택적 디마케팅을 사용할 것이다.
⑨ These fringe users are discouraged, and marketing resources are focused on a more profitable core. 이러한 비우량 고객들의 수요는 제한되고, 마케팅자원은 보다 이익이 되는 핵심층에 집중된다.
⑩ Some banks, for example, offer specialized services for customers with large balances, while low profit customers must queue up for a turn at the ATM. 예를 들어, 일부 은행들은 잔고가 많은 고객들에게는 특화된 서비스를 제공하는 반면에 이익이 덜 되는 고객들에게는 자동입출금기에 줄을 서서 순서를기다리게 한다.
⑪ The third category, ostensible demarketing, is exemplified by situations in which a business withholds the availability of a product in order to heighten its appeal. 세 번째 범주인 표면적 디마케팅은 기업이 제품의매력을 강화하기 위해 제품의 입수 가능성을 억제하는 상황들이 좋은 예가 된다.
⑫ This type of demarketing is often applied to high-end toys during the Christmas season, as the difficulties consumers face in purchasing the item increase its value in their eyes. 이 유형의 디마케팅은 흔히 크리스마스 시즌 동안에최고급 장난감에 적용되는데, 제품을 구매하는 데소비자가 직면하는 어려움은 그들의 눈에 그 제품의가치를 증가시킨다.
⑬ Therefore, demand is actually raised, rather than lowered. 그러므로, 실제로 수요는 적어지기 보다는 많아진다.
⑭ Some companies that are seeking to create an upscale image demarket their products by limiting the scope of their advertising. 고급 이미지 창출을 위해 노력하는 일부 기업들은광고의 범위를 제한함으로써 제품을 디마케팅한다.
⑮ A jewelry company might advertise only in a handful of magazines, giving their products the illusion of exclusivity. 귀금속 기업은 소수의 잡지에만 광고하면서 자사 제품에 한정성이라는 환상을 심어줄지도 모른다.
⑯ Similarly, other companies demarket by limiting the scope of their distribution, such as a liquor manufacturer that only sells their whiskey in expensive bars. 이와 유사하게 다른 기업들은 자사 위스키를 비싼술집에서만 판매하는 주류 제조업체와 같이 배급의범위를 제한함으로써 디마케팅한다.
⑰ Another approach is the use of warning labels outlining health risks associated with a product. 또 다른 방법은 제품과 관련된 건강상의 위험성들을약술하는 경고 라벨을 사용하는 것이다.
⑱ Tobacco companies use such labels to educate current users while making themselves seem more compassionate. 담배 회사들은 그런 라벨을 사용하여 현 사용자들을일깨우는 동시에 자사가 보다 인정이 많아 보이도록만든다.
⑲ Through these methods, companies can create a luxurious brand image or improve their corporate image. 이런 방법들을 통해 기업들은 고급스러운 브랜드 이미지를 창출하거나 기업의 이미지를 향상시킬 수 있다.
⑳ To look at demarketing as nothing more than the opposite of marketing would be a gross oversimplification. 디마케팅을 단지 마케팅의 반대말 정도로 보는 것은굉장히 지나친 단순화일 것이다.
㉑ It is a nuanced business strategy that can be employed in a variety of situations to help control the tides of public demand. 이것은 대중 수요의 흐름을 통제하는 데 도움이 되도록 여러 상황에서 사용될 수 있는 미묘한 경영 전략이다.

 

 

 

Unit 03. Technology - Reading 1: Biometrics
① You might forget your password, you could misplace your keys, but you'll never leave home without yourself. 당신은 비밀번호를 잊어버릴 수도 있고, 열쇠를 엉뚱한 곳에 둘 수도 있지만, 절대 당신 자신을 두고집을 나가지는 않을 것이다.
② Hailed as a safer alternative to passcodes, high-tech biometric authentication systems are beginning to replace traditional security measures. 암호의 보다 안전한 대안으로 환영 받고 있는 첨단기술의 생체 인증 시스템이 종래의 보안 장치들을대체하기 시작하고 있다.
③ Biometric systems authenticate the identity of individuals by recognizing their unique physical or behavioral traits. 생체 시스템은 독특한 신체적 및 행동적 특징들을인식함으로써 개인의 신분을 인증한다.
④ These systems are automated, highly accurate, and don't take a lot of time or training to use. 이 시스템은 자동화되어 있고, 아주 정밀하며, 사용하는 데 있어 오랜 시간이나 많은 훈련을 필요로 하지 않는다.
⑤ Their advantage over traditional security systems is that they don't rely on components that can be lost or easily stolen. 종래의 보안 시스템에 비해 이것의 이점은 분실되거나 쉽게 도난당할 수 있는 요소에 의존하지 않는다는 것이다.
⑥ The first step in utilizing a biometric authentication system is enrollment. 생체 인증 시스템을 이용하기 위한 첫 번째 단계는등록이다.
⑦ This involves the use of a sensor to detect and compile basic biometric information on each individual who will use the system. 이 단계에서는 이 시스템을 이용할 각 개인에 대한기초적인 생체 정보를 탐지하고 수집하는 센서가 사용된다.
⑧ Storage occurs next as the information is converted into mathematical algorithms and entered into a computer database. 다음으로 이 정보가 수학적 알고리즘으로 전환되어컴퓨터 데이터베이스에 입력되면서 저장이 이루어진다.
⑨ The final step is comparison. 마지막 단계는 비교이다.
⑩ Relevant biometric traits are scanned, and the results are compared using a software program, with the information stored in the database. 관련된 생체 특징들이 검색되고, 그 결과들이 소프트웨어 프로그램을 사용하여 데이터베이스에 저장된 정보와 비교된다.
⑪ If they match, the subject's identity has been authenticated and access is granted. 만일 그것들이 일치하면 그 대상의 신분이 인증되고접근이 허용된다.
⑫ There are a variety of biometric analyses that can confirm an individual's identity. 개인의 신분을 확인할 수 있는 다양한 생체 분석들이 있다.
⑬ Handwriting is one such option. 필체가 그 중 하나이다.
⑭ Subjects write a word on a touch pad, and the system analyzes such diverse factors as speed, rhythm, pressure of writing, and the angle of the pen. 대상이 터치패드에 단어를 쓰면 시스템이 필기의 속도, 리듬, 압력 펜의 각도와 같은 다양한 요소들을분석한다.
⑮ Iris scanning is another popular form of biometric analysis. 홍채 검사는 또 다른 인기 있는 생체 분석 형태이다.
⑯ After the system's camera takes a picture of the eye, it authenticates the individual by measuring and analyzing the pupil, iris, eyelid, and eyelashes using near-infrared light. 시스템의 카메라가 눈 사진을 찍은 후 그것이 근적외선을 사용하여 동공, 홍채, 눈꺼풀, 속눈썹을 측정하고 분석함으로써 개인을 인증한다.
⑰ Another unique physical attribute utilized in biometrics is vein geometry. 생체 측정에 사용되는 또 하나의 독특한 신체적 특성은 정맥 구조이다.
⑱ This system analyzes the shape and location of the vein structure using a camera with infrared light. 이 시스템은 적외선이 나오는 카메라를 사용하여 정맥 구조의 형태와 위치를 분석한다.
⑲ Biometrics offers a more reliable means of identification than traditional security systems. 생체 측정법은 종래의 보안 시스템보다 더욱 믿을만한 신분 증명 수단을 제공한다.
⑳ There are, however, some privacy concerns. 그러나 약간의 사생활과 관련된 문제들이 있다.
㉑ Once the biometric data has been captured by a system, it can potentially be forwarded to other locations and put to many different uses without the owner's consent. 일단 생체 정보가 시스템에 등록되었다면, 그것은다른 곳에 전송되어 본인의 허락도 없이 여러 다른용도로 사용될 수가 있다.
㉒ If tech-savvy thieves can reproduce users' biometric IDs, the users may be faced with a lifelong problem, since personal traits can't be changed or reset. 만약 기술에 정통한 도둑들이 사용자의 생체 ID를복사할 수 있다면, 개인의 특징은 변경되거나 다시고쳐질 수 없기 때문에 사용자는 평생토록 문제를안고 살아야 할지도 모른다.
㉓ These issues will have to be addressed if biometrics is to become an everyday fixture in our lives. 생체 측정법아 우리 삶의 일상적인 요소가 되려면이 문제들이 처리되어야 할 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 03. Technology - Reading 2: Bluetooth
① King Harald Bluetooth of Denmark made history by uniting his kingdom with Norway in the tenth century. 덴마크의 Harald Bluetooth 왕은 10세기에 자신의왕국을 노르웨이와 통일시킴으로써 역사에 이름을남겼다.
② Hundreds of years later, a new Bluetooth is making its own reputation by bringing together electronic devices through wireless technology. 수백 년이 지난 후 새로운 블루투스(Bluetooth)가무선 기술을 통해 전자 장치를 통합함으로써 자신의명성을 쌓고 있다.
③ Named in honor of King Harald, Bluetooth technology was developed by Ericsson, a Swedish telecommunications company, as a means of eliminating cumbersome cable connections between portable electronic devices, such as laptops, mobile phones, and digital cameras. Harald 왕을 기념하여 이름 지어진 블루투스 기술은스웨덴 통신사인 Ericsson에 의해 휴대용 컴퓨터,휴대전화, 디지털 카메라와 같은 휴대용 전자 장치들 간에 성가신 케이블 연결을 제거하기 위한 수단으로 개발되었다.
④ Data normally shared through these cables is instead communicated through the medium of radio waves. 주로 이런 케이블을 통해 공유되던 데이터는 대신전파라는 매체를 통해 전달된다.
⑤ These waves can be transmitted up to distances of 10 m, seeking out and connecting with other wireless devices. 이 전파는 다른 무선 장치들을 찾아 그에 접속할 때10m의 거리에까지 전달될 수 있다.
⑥ Bluetooth isn't a heavy power consumer, it doesn't require any expensive hardware, and it sets up networks quickly and easily. 블루투스는 전력을 많아 소비하는 장치가 아니며,값비싼 하드웨어를 필요로 하지도 않고, 빠르고 쉽게 네트워크를 구성한다.
⑦ There are a myriad of conveniences we can enjoy thanks to Bluetooth: 블루투스 덕분에 우리가 누릴 수 있는 편리함은 무수히 많다.
⑧ We can talk on our mobile phones through wireless headsets while walking or driving; keyboards and mouses can be connected to our computers without wires, allowing for more flexibility and freedom of movement while we're confined to our desks; and we can transfer music files to our iPods with ease or effortlessly download photos from our digital cameras. 걸어다니거나 운전을 하면서 무선 헤드셋을 통해 휴대전화로 통화를 할 수 있게 해주고, 키보드와 마우스를 전선 없이 컴퓨터에 연결할 수 있어서 책상 앞에 앉아 있는 동안 움직임이 보다 유연하고 자유롭도록 해주며, 음악 파일을 아이팟에 쉽게 전송하거나 디지털 카메라에 담긴 사진을 어려움 없이 다운로드할 수 있게 해준다.
⑨ Bluetooth technology is also a factor in the facilitation of social networking, allowing strangers to exchange personal profiles, messages, or business cards by sensing all other Bluetooth-enabled devices in range and automatically establishing temporary networks. 블루투스 기술은 또한 사회적 네트워크를 용이하게해주는 요소이기도 하여, 모르는 사람들이 사정거리내에서 블루투스가 가능한 모든 다른 장치들을 감지하고 자동적으로 일시적인 네트워크를 형성함으로써개인 프로필, 메시지, 명함을 주고 받을 수 있게 해준다.
⑩ However, the ease with which Bluetooth creates connections can also be the source of some security concerns. 그러나 블루투스가 가능케 해주는 네트워크 형성의용이 함은 또한 일부 보안 문제의 원인이 될 수 있다.
⑪ Bluejacking is the practice of sending anonymous text messages that resemble system-generated warnings. 블루재킹(Bluejacking)은 시스템에서 발생하는 경고와 유사한 익명의 문자 메시지를 보내는 행위이다.
⑫ It's a harmless prank but can be distressing to inexperienced users. 그것은 해로운 장난은 아니지만 경험이 없는 사용자들을 괴롭게 할 수 있다.
⑬ Bluesnarling is a more critical security threat. 블루스날링(Bluesnarling)은 보다 심각한 보안 위협이다.
⑭ If hackers manage to covertly create a connection through Bluetooth, they can take control of your wireless device and use it as a vehicle for transmitting viruses. 만일 해커들이 블루투스를 통해 몰래 네트워크를 형성한다면, 그둘은 당신의 무선 장치를 통제할 수 있으며 그것을 바이러스를 유포하는 전달 수단으로 사용할 수 있다.
⑮ Practices that can prevent this type of threat include turning off Bluetooth when your device is not in use and hiding your device from unknown Bluetooth users by switching off the discovery mode. 이런 종류의 위협을 예방할 수 있는 조치들에는 장치를 사용하고 있지 않을 때는 블루투스를 꺼놓는것과 발견 모드를 꺼놓아서 모르는 블루투스 사용자들로부터 당신의 장치를 숨기는 것이 포함된다.
⑯ Firewalls and anti-virus software can also be installed for enhanced safety. 보안 강화를 위해 방화벽과 안티바이러스 소프트웨어를 설치할 수도 있다.
⑰ Despite these security challenges, Bluetooth continues to reign as the industry standard for wireless technology, making it easier than ever to bring together all our portable electronic devices. 이러한 보안문제들에도 불구하고, 블루투스는 무선기술 분야의 산업 표준으로서 계속해서 널리 퍼져가고 있으며, 우리의 모든 휴대용 전자 장치들을 연결하는 것을 그 어느 때보다 더 쉽게 만들어주고 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 04. Art - Reading 1: Minimalism
① Minimalism is a style of art that exists free of outside influences and deeper meanings. 미니멀리즘(최소한 표현주의)은 외부의 영향과 보다심오한 의미에서 벗어나서 존재하는 예술 양식이다.
② It is unconcerned with social issues or the artist's emotions, focusing instead on the creation of beauty by using a minimum of components. 이것은 사회 문제나 예술가의 감정과는 관계가 없고, 대신 최소한의 요소를 사용함으로써 미를 창조하는 데 초점을 둔다.
③ The term minimalism was first used in the United States in 1929 to describe an exhibit by the artist John Graham. 미니멀리즘이라는 용어는 1929년에 화가 John Graham의 전시회를 묘사하기 위해 미국에서 처음사용되었다.
④ Minimalism became a household word in the 1960s when it was resurrected to describe what would eventually become known as the minimalist movement. 미니멀리즘은 결국 미니멀리즘 운동으로 알려지게된 것을 설명하기 위해 부활되었던 1960년대에 자주 쓰이는 용어가 되었다.
⑤ The movement was focused on precision, with roots in mathematics and geometry. 이 운동은 수학과 기하학에 뿌리를 두면서 정확성에초점을 두었다.
⑥ The artwork featured repetitive patterns of simple colors, with no hidden themes or meanings. 그 예술 작품은 숨겨진 주제나 의미 없이 단순한 색상의 반복적 패턴을 특징으로 했다.
⑦ The minimalists felt complex compositions, deep symbolism, and social themes diminished the experience of appreciating the object itself. 미니멀리즘 작가들은 복잡한 구성, 심오한 상징, 사회적 주제들이 대상 자체에 대한 감상 경험을 감소시킨다고 생각했다.
⑧ It was this appreciation that minimalists focused on. 미니멀리즘 작가들이 중점을 둔 것은 바로 이러한감상이었다.
⑨ Their art was not self-expression; it was pure visual effect. 그들의 예술은 자기표현이 아니라 순수한 시각적 결과였다.
⑩ They didn't want viewers to be distracted by the need to figure it out. 그들은 관람객들이 예술을 이해하고자 하는 요구에의해 산만해지는 것을 원하지 않았다.
⑪ The term minimalism can be used to describe anything that is created with a similar raw aesthetic, and it has been applied to a wide range of mediums, including music, design, architecture, and literature. 미니멀리즘이라는 용어는 이와 유사한 가공하지 않은 미의식으로 만들어진 것이면 어떤 것이든지 그것을 묘사하는 데 사용될 수 있어서, 음악, 디자인, 건축 문학을 포함한 다양한 범주의 매체에 적용되어왔다.
⑫ In music, minimalism features repetitive sounds and a steady beat. 음악에서의 미니멀리즘은 반복적인 소리와 일정한박자를 특징으로 한다.
⑬ Minimalist design relies on basic shapes and clean lines. 미니멀리즘 디자인은 기본적인 형태와 깔끔한 선에의존한다.
⑭ Minimalist architecture also makes the most of little decoration, stressing the importance of empty spaces and subscribing to the credo of "less is more." 미니멀리즘 건축은 또한 빈 공간의 중요성을 강조하고 '적을수록 더 가치가 있다.'는 신조에 동의하면서극히 적은 장식을 최대한 활용한다.
⑮ And literary minimalism uses words economically, describing only the basic outlines of a situation and featuring characters who are ordinary people living ordinary lives. 그리고 문학에서의 미니멀리즘은 단어를 경제적으로 사용하여, 상황의 기초적인 개요만을 묘사하고평범한 삶을 살아가는 평범한 사람들인 등장 인물들을 특징으로 한다.
⑯ Not surprisingly, minimalism has been subjected to a flood of criticism. 놀랄 일도 아니겠지만, 미니멀리즘은 엄청난 비판의대상이 되어 왔다.
⑰ It has been dismissed as being less than true art or as being heartless and mechanical. 그것은 진정한 예술이라고 보기에는 부족한 것으로혹은 감정 없고 기계적인 것으로 치부되어 왔다.
⑱ Minimalists essentially forced the art world to confront a fundamental question: When meaning and motives are removed from art, what is left behind? 미니멀리즘 작가들은 본질적으로 예술계로 하여금'예술에 의미와 동기가 빠지면 무엇이 남는가?'라는근본적인 질문에 봉착하도록 했다.
⑲ Critics would likely say it was "a soulless collection of colors and lines." 비판론자들은 그것이 "색과 선으로 이루어진 영혼없는 집합체''라고 말할 것이다.
⑳ Proponents of minimalism, on the other hand, might claim that the answer is "pure beauty." 반대로 미니멀리즘 옹호론자들은 그에 대한 답은"순수미"라고 주장할 것이다.
㉑ Regardless of personal opinions about its artistic merit, there is little doubt that minimalism has had a significant impact on the postmodern art scene. 그것의 예술적 가치에 대한 개인적인 의견에 관계없이, 미니멀리즘이 후기모더니즘 예술계에 중대한 영향을 미쳤다는 것에는 의심의 여지가 거의 없다.

 

 

 

Unit 04. Art - Reading 2: TOEFL (Op Art)
① The twentieth century witnessed the creation of many innovative and experimental disciplines in the visual arts. 20세기에는 시각예술에서 혁신적이고 실험적인 분야가 많이 만들어졌다.
② Among them was what came to be known as "op art," or "optical art." 그것들 중에 '옵아트,' 즉 '옵티컬 아트'라고 알려지게 된 것아 있었다.
③ Found primarily in paintings, op art utilizes certain abstract geometric patterns and color contrasts to create a sense of movement in the mind of the observer. 주로 그림에서 발견되는 옵아트는 보는 이가 움직이는 듯한 느낌을 받을 수 있도록 일정한 추상적인 기하학 패턴과 색채대비를 활용한다.
④ By tricking the eye with such optical illusions, op art explores the relationship between the act of seeing and the act of perceiving what is seen. 옵아트는 그러한 착시 현상으로 눈속임을 일으키는것을 통해 보는 행위와 보여지는 것을 인지하는 행위 간의 관계를 탐구한다.
⑤ Though its foundations were laid as far back as the 1920s and artists have been experimenting with it ever since then, op art did not gain much recognition until the mid-1960s. 비록 옵아트의 시작이 1920년대까지 거슬러 올라가고, 그 이후로 예술가들이 그것에 대한 실험을 해왔지만, 옵아트는 1960년대 중반이 되어서야 비로소많은 인정을 받기 시작했다.
⑥ An exhibition of international op artists in New York City in 1965 called The Responsive Eye was much celebrated by the public. 1965년 뉴욕에서 〈반응하는 눈〉이라는 국제적인 옵아트 작가들의 전시회는 대중에게 좋은 반응을 얻었다.
⑦ Art critics were less impressed, but the popularity of op art continued to grow during the remainder of the decade. 예술 비평가들은 감명을 덜 받았지만 1960년대 후반 동안 옵아트의 인기는 꾸준히 증가했다.
⑧ The dominant quality of op-art paintings is that the images appear to be moving or vibrating. 옵아트 그림의 두드러진 특징은 이미지가 움직이거나 진동하는 것처럼 보인다는 것이다.
⑨ Many early op-art works were done primarily in black and white, and they relied on geometric patterns and the repetition of lines to give a two-dimensional picture a sense of depth, shape, and movement. 초기의 많은 옵아트 작품들은 주로 흑백으로 이루어졌고, 2차원적인 그림에 깊이감, 형태감, 운동감을주기 위해 기하학적인 패턴과 선의 반복에 의존했다.
⑩ Such techniques could even create the illusion of color. 그러한 기법들은 심지어 색깔의 착시 현상을 일으키기도 했다.
⑪ Later paintings that were done in color seemed to flicker or vibrate in the viewer's eye as a result of the contrast generated when opposing colors were placed close together. 칼라로 이루어진 후기 그림들은 보색들이 서로 가까이 놓일 때 생기는 대비 현상의 결과로 보는 이의 눈에 깜박거리거나 진동하는 것 같이 보였다.
⑫ Even though op-art paintings could create the illusion of a third dimension, it was often difficult to ascertain which aspects of the picture were in the background and which occupied the foreground. 비록 옵아트 그림이 3차원 같은 착각을 일으킬 수있기는 했지만, 그림의 어느 부분이 배경(背景)이고어느 부분이 전경(前景)인지를 규명하는 것은 종종어려웠다.
⑬ In fact, as another type of simulated movement, the foreground and background might appear to be continuously switching places. 사실 또 다른 유형의 가상의 움직임처럼, 전경과 배경이 계속 자리를 바꾸는 것처럼 보일지도 모른다.
⑭ The op-art movement was truly an international one. 옵아트 운동은 실로 국제적인 운동이다.
⑮ Two of the most recognized artists in the discipline were Bridget Riley of England, whose pieces were mostly black and white, and the Hungarian Victor Vasarely, who often painted in color. 이 분야에서 가장 많은 인정을 받은 예술가들 중 두명은 주로 흑백 작품을 그린 영국의 Bridget Riley와 종종 칼라로 작품을 그린 헝가리의 Victor Vasarely였다.
⑯ Thanks to the recognition received by these artists, op art's popularity skyrocketed in the 1960s, and it began to appear in graphic designs and fabrics. 이 예술가들이 얻은 인정 덕분에 1960년대에 옵아트의 인기가 치솟았고, 그래픽 디자인과 직물 분야에서 옵아트가 등장하기 시작했다.
⑰ For example, the women's fashion industry incorporated the black-and-white style made famous by Riley. 예를 들어, 여성패션 산업계는 RiIey에 의해 유명해진 흑백 스타일을 도입했다.
⑱ Demand for op art faded with the start of a new decade, but artists continue to experiment with it today, and exhibitions are held regularly. 옵아트에 대한 수요는 1970년대에 접어들면서 줄어들었지만, 예술가들은 오늘날에도 그에 대한 실험을계속하고 있으며 전시회도 정기적으로 열리고 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 05. Health - Reading 1: Macrobiotic Diet
① Most of us have heard the expression "you are what you eat." 우리들 중 대부분이 '당신의 현재 모습은 당신이 먹은 것의 결과이다.'라는 말을 들어보았을 것이다.
② According to the creator of the macrobiotic diet, however, food influences our lives to a much greater degree than the wisdom of that saying suggests. 하지만 매크로바이오틱 식이요법(장수식(長壽食))의 창시자에 따르면, 음식은 앞서 언급한 경구가 암시하는 것보다 훨씬 더 많이 우리의 삶에 영향을 미친다.
③ Although its name stems from the Greek words "macro" (long) and "bios" (life), the macrobiotic diet isn't simply designed to extend lifespans. 이 이름이 그리스어 'macro'(긴)와 'bios'(생명)에서 유래하지만, 매크로바이오틱 식이요법이 단순히수명 연장을 위해 고안된 것은 아니다.
④ It also aims to make people happier and give them a greater sense of well-being. 그것은 사람들을 더 행복하게 만들고 그들이 더 넓은 의미의 웰빙을 누리게 하는 것 또한 목표로 한다.
⑤ The diet is the creation of Japanese philosopher George Ohsawa, who borrowed the twin principles of Yin and Yang from Taoism to formulate his macrobiotic diet. 이 식이요법은 일본인 철학자인 George Ohsawa가창안한 것으로, 그는 매크로바이오틱 식이요법을 체계화하기 위하여 도교의 음양(陰陽)이 원론을 차용했다.
⑥ Yin foods are usually water-based, lighter, refreshing, and high in potassium. 음에 해당하는 음식은 주로 묽고 보다 가벼우며 신선하고 칼륨이 풍부하다.
⑦ Yang foods are more solid, and although they are easy to digest, they provide robust energy. 양에 해당하는 음식은 보다 단단하며 소화시키기는쉬우면서도 강한 에너지를 제공해 준다.
⑧ Just as Taoism encourages practitioners to balance their lives between the forces of Yin and Yang, the macrobiotic diet proposes consuming foods in a manner that strikes a similar balance. 도교가 실천가들에게 음과 양의 힘 사이에서 삶의균형을 장려하는 것처럼, 매크로바이오틱 식이요법도 유사한 균형을 찾아가는 방식으로 음식을 먹을것을 제안한다.
⑨ Owing to the cycles of nature, different foods are recommended at different times of the year and even different times of the day. 자연의 주기 덕분에 각 계절마다 그리고 심지어는각 끼니마다 추천되는 음식이 서로 다르다.
⑩ Preferred foods include whole grains, brown rice, cereals, vegetables, fruits, and fish. 선호하는 음식에는 통곡식(껍질을 깎아내지 않은 곡물), 현미, 시리얼, 야채, 과일, 그리고 생선이 포함된다.
⑪ The macrobiotic diet recommends that its followers consume locally grown organic foods rather than processed or imported items. 매크로바이오틱 식이요법은 실천가들이 가공되었거나 수입된 식품보다는 현지에서 재배된 유기농 식품을 먹도록 권한다.
⑫ It even suggests that meals be prepared by traditional methods rather than modern ones using electric stoves or microwaves. 그것은 심지어 식사를 전기스토브나 전자레인지를사용하는 현대적 방식보다는 전통적 방식으로 준비하라고 제안한다.
⑬ Finally, the macrobiotic diet teaches us not to waste any of the ingredients during the preparation of meals. 마지막으로 매크로바이오틱 식이요법은 우리에게 식사 준비 과정에서 어떤 재료도 버리지 않도록 가르친다.
⑭ Research into the macrobiotic diet indicates that because of its low-fat and high-fiber content, it benefits people by reducing cholesterol, working toward the prevention of heart disease, reducing the risk of cancer, assisting with weight management, and strengthening the immune system. 매크로바이오틱 식이요법에 대한 연구 결과 낮은 지방 함유량과 높은 섬유질 함유량이 사람들로 하여금콜레스테롤을 줄여 주고, 심장병의 예방에 효과가있으며, 암 발병률을 줄여 주고, 체중 조절에 도움을주며, 면역체계를 강화시켜 주는 이로움이 있다고한다.
⑮ Critics, on the other hand, point out that there is no convincing scientific proof to the extravagant claims that the macrobiotic diet can help cure those stricken with serious diseases like cancer. 반면에 비판자들은 매크로바이오틱 식이요법이 암과같은 중환에 걸린 사람들의 치료에 도움을 줄 수 있다는 터무니없는 주장에 대해 납득이 가는 과학적증거가 없음을 지적 한다.
⑯ They also voice concerns that the diet is too restrictive, lacking protein, iron, calcium, and vitamin B12. 그들은 또한 이 식이요법은 너무 제한적이어서 단백질, 철분, 칼슘, 비타민 B12가 부족하다는 우려의목소리를 내고 있다.
⑰ The macrobiotic diet does, however, remind us of the important link between living well and eating well. 그러나 매크로바이오틱 식이요법은 우리에게 잘 사는 것과 잘 먹는 것 사이의 중요한 연관성을 상기시켜 준다.
⑱ As our lives become busier and more stressful, we might all benefit from rediscovering traditional approaches to what we eat and how we eat it. 우리의 생활이 보다 분주해지고 스트레스가 많아짐에 따라, 우리가 먹는 것과 그것을 먹는 방법에 대한전통적인 접근법을 재발견함으로써 우리 모두가 혜택을 볼지도 모른다.

 

 

 

Unit 05. Health - Reading 2: Biofeedback
① What if we could live in a world without medicine? 의술이 없는 세상에서 살 수 있다면 어떻게 될까?
② What if human beings had the ability to heal themselves with the power of their own minds? 사람에게 자신의 정신력으로 스스로를 치료할 수 있는 능력이 있다면 어떻게 될까?
③ It may sound like science fiction, but a real life therapy method called "biofeedback" is training people to use their brains to control what ails their bodies. 공상 과학처럼 들리겠지만, '바이오피드백(생체자기제어)'이 라고 일컬어지는 실재의 치료 방법이 신체를 고통스럽게 하는 것을 조절하기 위해 뇌를 사용하도록 사람들을 훈련시키고 있다.
④ Biofeedback therapists train patients to control bodily responses, such as changes in their blood pressure and brain activity that are usually considered to be involuntary. 바이오피드백 치료사들은 환자들을 흔히 무의식적인 것으로 여겨지는 혈압 및 뇌 활동에서의 변화와같은 신체 반응을 조절할 수 있도록 훈련시킨다.
⑤ Sometimes it is used to treat specific problems. 때로는 특정 질병을 치료하는 데 사용되기도 한다.
⑥ A physical therapist might train stroke victims to regain proper use of their muscles, a psychologist can help people learn how to relax, and a medical specialist might teach patients how to deal with pain through biofeedback. 바이오피드백을 통해 물리치료사는 뇌졸중 환자들이 그들의 근육을 적절히 다시 사용할 수 있도록 훈련시킬 수 있고, 심리학자는 사람들이 느긋한 마음을 갖는 법을 배우도록 도울 수 있으며, 전문의는 환자들에게 고통에 대처하는 방법을 가르칠 수 있다.
⑦ At other times it is used simply to promote general good health. 또 어떤 때에는 단순히 전반적인 건강을 증진시키기위해 사용되기도 한다.
⑧ Biofeedback works by providing tangible feedback on how the body reacts to stressful situations. 바이오피드백은 신체가 스트레스 상황들에 반응하는 방법에 대해 눈에 보이는 결과를 제공함으로써작용한다.
⑨ During a typical session, electrical sensors are attached to the body as a measuring device. 전형적인 치료 과정 시 측정 장치인 전기 센서가 몸에 부착된다.
⑩ These sensors can record the body's various reactions to stress, such as sweat or muscle contractions. 이 센서들은 발한 혹은 근육 수축과 같이 스트레스에 대한 신체의 다양한 반응들을 기록할 수 있다.
⑪ The therapist then uses an indicator, perhaps a light or a sound, to create a visual or aural association for the patient. 그런 다음 치료사는 환자에게 시각적 혹은 청각적연상을 형성시키려고 빛이나 소리 같은 지표를 사용한다.
⑫ Every time the body reacts in a certain way, the indicator goes off. 신체가 특정 방식으로 반응할 때마다 지표가 나타난다.
⑬ The patient is then instructed to try to control the sound or light, and in doing so learns to control his or her body. 그러면 환자는 소리나 빛을 조절하기 위해 애쓰도록지시를 받으며, 그렇게 하는 동안에 신체를 조절하는 법을 배운다.
⑭ Different forms of biofeedback therapy deal with different disorders. 바아오피드백 치료는 다양한 형태로 여러 가지 질환들을 다룬다.
⑮ Electromyograms, for example, measure muscle tension and can be helpful in treating backaches and headaches. 예를 들어 근전도는 근육의 긴장도를 측정하며, 요통이나 두통 치료에 도움이 될 수 있다.
⑯ Patients with circulatory problems and migraines benefit from temperature biofeedback, which records the temperature of the skin. 순환기 장애나 편두통을 앓는 환자들은 피부의 체온을 기록하는 체온 바이오피드백으로 효과를 얻는다.
⑰ Galvanic skin response training measures perspiration, and is helpful in dealing with anxiety-related disorders. 전기 피부반응훈련은 땀을 측정하며 불안 관련 질환치료에 도움이 된다.
⑱ And brainwaves can be charted and then used to treat insomnia; they also have the potential to be applied to a variety of neurological disorders. 그리고 뇌파는 도표화되어 불면증 치료에 사용될 수있으며, 그것은 또한 여러 신경 질환에도 적용될 수있는 가능성이 있다.
⑲ Biofeedback seems effective in reducing patients' dependency on medicine and raising their awareness of how their bodies work. 바이오피드백은 의술에 대한 환자의 의존도를 줄이고 신체의 작용 방법에 대한 환자의 의식을 고취시키는 데 효과적인 것으로 보인다.
⑳ It also has the potential to significantly reduce medical costs. 그것은 또한 의료비를 상당히 줄여줄 가능성도 있다.
㉑ But the true medical value of biofeedback is still in question. 그러나 바이오피드백의 진정한 의학적 가치는 여전히 의문스럽다.
㉒ Until scientists can accurately explain how the therapy works and the exact means by which patients can control their bodily responses, a shadow of doubt will remain. 과학자들이 이 치료법이 어떻게 작용하는지와 환자들이 자신의 신체 반응을 조절할 수 있는 정확한 수단에 대해 정확하게 설명할 수 있을 때까지 의심의그림자는 남아있을 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 06. Language - Reading 1: Code-switching
① In linguistics, the type of speech a person uses is referred to as a code. 언어학에서 개인이 사용하는 화법의 유형은 코드(말하는 방식)라고 불린다.
② A code can be a language, a dialect, or even an intonation or style. 코드는 언어, 방언, 혹은 심지어 억양이나 말씨가 될수도 있다.
③ Code-switching occurs when a person changes his or her code during a conversation. 코드변환은 개인이 대화 중에 코드를 변경할 때 이루어진다.
④ Sometimes there is a very practical reason for this change. 때때로 이러한 변환에는 아주 실용적인 이유가 있다.
⑤ If a person is unable to express a thought in one code, he or she will switch to another. 만일 개인이 하나의 코드로 생각을 표현할 수 없다면 그 사람은 다른 코드로 변환할 것이다.
⑥ Other times, however, the motivations behind code-switching can have more complex social implications. 그러나 또 어떤 때는 코드 변환 이면에 있는 동기들이 보다 복잡한 사회적 의미들을 내포할 수 있다.
⑦ It can be a way of identifying a reassuring similarity with someone from the same geographic or socioeconomic background, such as with people who have immigrated to a new country. 그것은 새로운 나라로 이민을 간 사람과 같이 동일한 지리적 또는 사회 경제적 배경을 가진 어떤 사람과의 위안을 주는 유사성을 확인하는 방법이 될 수있다.
⑧ During the day, they'll speak their adopted language, but at home they mix it together with their native tongue. 그들은 주간에는 차용어로 말하지만 집에서는 모국어를 섞어 말할 것이다.
⑨ Code-switching can also be used to express perceived intellectual superiority. 코드 변환은 또한 인지된 지적 우월성을 표현하기위해 사용될 수도 있다.
⑩ For instance, educated English speakers may add Latin or French phrases to flaunt their language skills. 예를 들어, 교육을 받은 영어 화자들은 그들의 언어능력을 과시하기 위해 라틴어나 프랑스어 어구를 덧붙일 수 있다.
⑪ Depending on the motivation behind the change, code-switching can be categorized as one of two types. 변환 이면에 있는 동기에 따라 코드 변환은 두 개 유형 중 하나의 범주에 속할 수 있다.
⑫ Situational code-switching, as the name implies, occurs because of a change in situation. 상황적 코드 변환은 그 명칭이 암시하듯이 상황의변화로 인해 발생한다.
⑬ For example, a child at school might speak a dialect of urban slang in the playground but switch to standard English when entering the classroom. 예를 들어 학교에 있는 학생은 운동장에서는 도시속어가 들어간 말씨를 쓰다가 교실에 들어가서는 표준 영어로 변환할 것이다.
⑭ The motivation behind metaphorical code-switching, on the other hand, is a change in the topic of conversation. 반면에 은유적 코드 변환 이면의 동기는 대화 주제의 변화이다.
⑮ In Norway, official business is usually conducted in the Bokmal dialect. 노르웨이에서 공식적 업무는 주로 북몰어로 이루어진다.
⑯ But when the topic changes to more casual subjects, the speakers will switch to the Nynorsk dialect. 그러나 보다 일상적인 내용으로 주제가 바뀔 경우화자는 니노르스크어로 변환할 것이다.
⑰ Another qualification of code-switching is whether it is internal or external. 코드 변환의 또 다른 요건은 그것이 내적이냐 외적이냐이다.
⑱ Internal code-switching occurs within a single language, with a change in tone or dialect. 내적 코드 변환은 하나의 언어 속에서 어조나 말씨의 변화로 발생한다.
⑲ External code-switching occurs between two different languages. 외적 코드 변환은 두 개의 다른 언어 사이에서 발생한다.
⑳ In multilingual countries, such as India, external code-switching often happens in everyday conversation without even being noticed. 인도와 같이 여러 언어를 사용하는 나라에서는 외적코드 변환이 일상 대화 속에서 무심결에 종종 발생한다.
㉑ Both internal and external code-switching can occur with either situational or metaphorical code-switching and vice versa. 내적 코드 변환과 외적 코드 변환 모두 상황적 코드변환이나 은유적 코드 변환 중 하나와 함께 발생할수 있으며, 그 반대도 마찬가지이다.
㉒ Not everyone is bilingual, but most people have the ability to use more than one code. 모든 사람이 2개 국어를 하는 것은 아니지만, 대부분의 사람들은 한가지 코드 이상을 사용할 수 있는능력을 가지고 있다.
㉓ The ability to know when to switch from one to another is an integral part of the set of conversational skills that humans rely on to effectively express their feelings. 하나의 코드에서 다른 코드로 언제 변환해야 하는지를 아는 능력은 사람이 자신의 느낌을 효과적으로표현하기 위해 의존하는 일련의 대화 기술에서 없어서는 안 될 부분이다.

 

 

 

Unit 06. Language - Reading 2: TOEFL (Globish)
① Globalization brings people of different cultures into contact with each other, often highlighting language barriers. 세계화는 다른 문화권의 사람들을 서로 접촉하게 하면서 종종 언어 장벽을 드러나게 한다.
② Some believe that the best way to deal with language barriers is to create a completely artificial language for all the world's inhabitants to learn. 어떤 이들은 언어장벽을 해결할 최선의 방법이 전세계 주민들이 배울 수 있는 전혀 새로운 언어를 만들어 내는 것이라고 생각한다.
③ Others, however, insist that this is impractical, proposing instead the simplification or alteration of a language that is already in widespread use. 그러나 또 어떤 이들은 이것은 비실용적이라고 주장하면서 대신 이미 통용되고 있는 언어의 단순화 혹은 변경을 제안한다.
④ The creation of Globish, a condensed version of English, was inspired by this idea. 영어의 간결판인 글로비쉬의 창안은 이러한 생각으로부터 고무된 것이었다.
⑤ Former vice president of IBM Jean-Paul Nerriere invented Globish after observing an interesting phenomenon in his professional travels. IBM의 전 부회장인 Jean-Paul Nerriere는 출장 중에 흥미로운 현상을 관찰한 후 글로비쉬를 고안했다.
⑥ As a non-native English speaker, he experienced more success in communicating with other non-native speakers than his native-speaking associates did. 비(非)영어 원어민인 그는 영어 원어민인 동료들보다 다른 비영어 원어민들과 의사소통을 더 잘했다.
⑦ He concluded that non-native speakers do not actually speak standard English, but rather a simplified version of it. 그는 비영어 원어민들이 사실 표준 영어가 아니라그것을 약간 간결화한 것을 말하는 것이라고 결론지었다.
⑧ Combining the words "global" and "English," Nerriere termed this language system Globish; he then created an official list of its vocabulary and began promoting it as a tool for increasing the efficiency of international communication. Nerriere는 'global'과 'English' 단어를 합쳐 이 언어 체계를 글로비쉬라고 칭한 후, 공식적인 어휘 목록을 만들어 국제적 의사 소통의 효율성 증대를 위한 도구로서 이를 홍보하기 시작했다.
⑨ Central to Nerriere's creation are its differences from such wholly artificial languages as Esperanto and Interlingua. Nerriere의 (글로비쉬) 창안에 있어서의 핵심은 에스페란토나 인터링구아와 같은 완전한 인공 언어들과의 차이점들이다.
⑩ Because it is based on the English language, Globish builds on linguistic knowledge that people already possess instead of requiring them to learn a completely new language. 글로비쉬는 영어를 기초로 하고 있기 때문에 사람들에게 완전히 새로운 언어 학습을 요구하는 대신 사람들이 이미 가지고 있는 언어적 지식을 토대로 한다.
⑪ In fact, Nerriere maintains that Globish is not a separate language at all since it does not represent a unique culture or history. 사실 Nerriere는 글로비쉬가 독자적인 문화나 역사를 나타내지 않기 때문에 전혀 별개의 언어가 아니라고 주장한다.
⑫ Its aim is simply to take the basic and most essential elements of English and disregard its more complex aspects. 그것의 목표는 단순히 영어의 기본적이고 가장 필수적인 요소는 취하고 보다 복잡한 측면은 무시하는것이다.
⑬ Speakers of Globish can communicate using only 1,500 words. 글로비쉬 사용자는 1,500 단어만을 사용하여 의사소통할 수 있다.
⑭ For example, instead of learning the word "nephew," a speaker relies on the simpler phrase "the son of my brother" to communicate the same idea. 예를 들어 'nephew'라는 단어를 학습하는 대신 화자는 같은 의미를 전달하기 위해 보다 간단한 어구인 '내 남자 형제의 아들'을 사용한다.
⑮ Also, Globish employs only the most elementary of English's grammatical structures, and it holds that our assessment of pronunciation should be based on intelligibility, not perfection. 또한 글로비쉬는 가장 기본적인 영어 문법 구조만을사용하며, 발음에 대한 우리의 평가가 완벽성이 아니라 이해에 토대를 두어야 한다고 주장한다.
⑯ Not all linguistic experts agree on the usefulness of Globish, however. 그러나 모든 언어학 전문가들이 글로비쉬의 유용성에 동의하는 것은 아니다.
⑰ One of the most frequent criticisms is with the selection of Globish's vocabulary. 가장 흔한 비판 중 하나는 글로비쉬의 어휘 선택에관한 것이다.
⑱ It is not clear how the 1,500 words were chosen, and certain additions and omissions are seen as arbitrary. 1,500 단어가 어떻게 선정되었는지가 분명하지 않으며, 특정 어휘의 가감은 임의적으로 보인다.
⑲ Furthermore, Nerriere's book explaining the pronunciation and grammar of Globish contains various inconsistencies, causing confusion among learners of the system. 더욱이 글로비쉬의 발음과 문법을 설명하는Nerriere의 책에는 여러 가지 모순되는 내용이 들어있어서 이 체계를 배우고자 하는 학습자들 간에 혼란을 야기시키고 있다.
⑳ Considering these issues, Globish will probably require further development before it can be accepted on a larger scale. 이러한 문제점들을 생각해 볼 때, 글로비쉬가 보다널리 인정받을 수 있기 전에 더 심도 있게 개발될 필요가 있을 것 같다.

 

 

 

Unit 07. Environment - Reading 1: Eco Fashion
① Environmentalism has become a hot topic in recent years. 최근 몇 년간 환경 보호 문제가 뜨거운 주제로 떠올랐다.
② We are starting to take a long look at the way we do things and then trying to find eco-friendly alternatives. 우리는 우리의 행동 방식에 대해 심사숙고하기 시작했고, 그리고는 환경친화적인 대안을 찾아내려고 노력하고 있다.
③ When we think about protecting the planet, however, we don't usually think too much about the clothes we wear. 그러나 지구 보호에 대해 생각할 때, 우리는 대개 우리가 입는 옷에 대해서는 그다지 많이 생각하지 않는다.
④ But consider this: 그러나 이것을 생각해 보라.
⑤ Clothing manufacturers have been rapidly producing cheap garments in an effort to keep up with ever-changing fashion trends. 의류 제조업자들이 늘 변화하는 유행 추세에 발맞추기 위한 노력으로 값싼 의류를 신속하게 생산해 오고 있다.
⑥ The clothes may look good, but they are not made to last. 그 옷이 좋아 보일지는 모르겠지만 오래 입도록 만들어지지는 않았다.
⑦ They call it "fast fashion," and it's taking a toll on the environment. 그것은 '패스트패션(fast fashion)' 이라고 일컬어지는데, 환경에 해를 끼치고 있다.
⑧ The textiles that companies elect to make their clothing from, cheap, nonbiodegradable synthetic materials such as nylon and polyester, are a big part of the problem. 기업들이 옷을 만들기 위해 선택하는 직물 원료인나일론이나 폴리에스테르와 같이 값싸고 자연 분해가 되지 않는 합성 물질들이 문제의 커다란 부분을차지한다.
⑨ These fabrics are created through a manufacturing process that pollutes the atmosphere, and when they are thrown away they can end up in landfills that pollute our ground water for years and years. 이 직물들은 대기를 오염시키는 제조 과정을 통해만들어지고, 버려질 경우 매립지에서 수년간 지하수를 오염시키는 결과를 낳을 수 있다.
⑩ Not only synthetic textiles but also the natural materials used in fast fashion, such as cotton, can damage the environment. 합성 직물뿐만 아니라 면처럼 패스트패션에 사용되는 천연 물질도 환경을 훼손시킬 수 있다.
⑪ There are more pesticides used in the commercial farming of cotton than with most other crops, and many of these textiles are later bleached or colored with artificial dyes, which adds to the ever-growing number of chemicals poisoning our world. 면을 상업적으로 재배할 때는 대부분의 다른 농작물들의 경우보다 살충제가 더 많이 사용되며, 이 직물의 대부분은 나중에 인공 색소로 표백되거나 염색되는데, 이는 지구를 오염시키는 끊임없이 늘어나는화학물질들의 수를 증가시킨다.
⑫ Eco fashion was born as an environmentally friendly response to these unsound practices. 이러한 불건전한 관행에 대한 환경친화적 대응으로에코패션(eco fashion)이 탄생했다.
⑬ Instead of manufacturing clothes from harmful materials, eco fashion makes use of ecofriendly fibers, such as hemp, linen, and cotton that is grown organically. 해로운 물질로 옷을 제조하는 대신에 에코패션은삼, 리넨, 유기농법으로 재배한 면과 같은 환경친화적 섬유를 사용한다.
⑭ By coloring these fabrics with natural dyes made from plants and roots, companies can drastically reduce the amount of chemicals that goes into making each garment. 이 섬유들을 식물이나 뿌리로 만든 천연염료로 염색함으로써 기업에서 각 의류를 만드는 데 들어가는화학물질의 양을 대폭 감소시킬 수 있다.
⑮ Eco fashion also utilizes old or discarded clothing and other recyclable materials to make new clothes and accessories, creating fashionable garments from items as diverse and unlikely as plastic bottles and bicycle tires. 에코패션은 또한 새로운 옷과 액세서리를 만들기 위해 오래되었거나 버려진 의류 및 기타 재활용 물질을 사용하며, 플라스틱병과 자전거 타이어와 같이다양하고 어울릴 것 같지 않은 물품들로 최신 유행의 옷을 만든다.
⑯ By recycling existing materials, the amount of waste that ends up in landfills is minimized and energy expenditure is reduced by cutting back on the amount of textiles shipped from abroad. 기존 재료를 재활용함으로써 매립지로 전락하는 쓰레기 양이 최소화되고, 해외에서 운송되는 직물의양을 줄임으로써 에너지 비용이 감소한다.
⑰ Although the eco fashion industry is still in its infancy, it represents a growing understanding of the importance of the decisions we make as consumers. 아직 에코패션 산업이 걸음마 단계에 있지만, 그것은 소비자로서 우리가 내리는 결정의 중요성에 대한점진적 이해를 나타낸다.
⑱ What we choose to buy really can make a difference. 우리가 구매하기로 결정하는 것아 실로 큰 변화를가져올 수 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 07. Environment - Reading 2: Endocrine Disruptors
① Technological advances over the past century have allowed human civilization to flourish. 지난 세기 동안 과학기술의 진보는 인간 문명이 번영할 수 있도록 해주었다.
② We live at a level of comfort and convenience that previous generations could scarcely have imagined. 우리는 이전 세대들이 좀처럼 상상할 수 없었던 안락과 편리의 수준에서 살고 있다.
③ Unfortunately, some of these advances have come at a troubling cost - endocrine disruptors. 유감스럽게도 이러한 진보의 일부 결과들은 고통스러운 대가를 가져왔는데, 바로 환경 호르몬이다.
④ The hormones our bodies produce are essential to our well-being since they play a role in a wide variety of vital life processes, including growth and reproduction. 우리 몸이 생산해 내는 호르몬은 성장과 생식을 포함한 다양한 필수 생존 과정에서 일익을 담당하기때문에 우리가 제대로 살아가는 데 없어서는 안 된다.
⑤ Endocrine disruptors are synthetic chemicals that adversely affect the production, distribution, and behavior of these hormones, a disruption that can have catastrophic effects. 환경호르몬은 이러한 호르몬의 생성, 분배 기능에악영향을 미치는 합성화학물질이며, 심각한 폐해를가져올 수 있는 파괴 물질이다.
⑥ Animals have long suffered from exposure to these contaminants, and there is reason to believe that humans are being directly affected as well. 동물들은 이러한 오염물질들에 노출되면서 오랫동안 고통을 당해 왔고, 사람 역시 직접적으로 영향을받고 있다고 생각하는 데는 근거가 있다.
⑦ Endocrine disruptors are found in a variety of man-made materials. 환경호르몬은 다양한 인공 물질에서 발견된다.
⑧ When such materials are dumped into the environment, these harmful chemicals accumulate in the fat of fish and animals that live nearby. 이런 물질들이 환경 속으로 버려질 때 이 해로운 화학물질들은 근처에 사는 어류와 동물들의 지방에 축적된다.
⑨ If people eat these contaminated fish or animals, the endocrine disruptors can enter their systems. 만일 사람이 이렇게 오염된 어류나 동물을 섭취하면환경호르몬이 사람의 몸 속으로 들어갈 수 있다.
⑩ These chemicals can also become airborne during the manufacture or disposal of products that contain them, leading to the possibility of contamination through inhalation. 이 화학물질들은 또한 그것들을 함유한 제품의 제조및 처분 과정 중에 공기로도 운반될 수 있어서 호흡을 통해 오염될 가능성이 있다.
⑪ They can also be absorbed through the skin by direct contact with pesticides, detergents, and other substances. 그것들은 또한 살충제, 세제 및 기타 물질들과 직접접촉함으로써 피부를 통해 흡수될 수도 있다.
⑫ So what happens to living organisms which have been exposed? 그렇다면 (환경호르몬에) 노출된 생명체에게는 어떤 일이 일어나는가?
⑬ Scientists have observed severe consequences in a variety of animal species, from alligators to eagles, including birth defects, malformed reproductive systems, and immune problems. 과학자들은 악어에서 독수리까지의 여러 종의 동물에서 선천적 결함 기형의 생식 기관, 면역력 문제 등을 포함한 심각한 결과들을 관찰했다.
⑭ Endocrine disruptors affect growth and development, and because of this there is a fear that unborn children are at the greatest risk. 환경호르몬은 성장과 발육에 영향을 미치며, 이런이유로 인해 태아들이 커다란 위험에 처해 있다는우려가 있다.
⑮ There is also evidence tying endocrine disruptors to an increase in the incidence of reproductive cancer in young men. 환경호르몬이 젊은 남성들의 생식기와 관련된 암 발병률을 증가시키는 것과 관련이 있다는 증거도 있다.
⑯ The risk of exposure to endocrine disruptors can be reduced by eating organic food and avoiding the use of pesticides in your home. 유기농 음식을 먹고 가정 내 살충제 사용을 피함으로써 환경호르몬에의 노출 위험을 줄일 수 있다.
⑰ Fatty foods, such as cheese and meat, are best eaten in moderation and should not be stored in plastic containers or plastic wrap. 치즈와 육류 같은 지방질 음식은 적당량을 먹는 것이 가장 좋으며 플라스틱 용기나 식품 포장용 랩에저장해서는 안 된다.
⑱ No foods should be heated in any form of plastic. 어떤 음식도 플라스틱 형태의 제품에 담아 가열해서는 안 된다.
⑲ These steps may help you avoid contamination, but they won't solve the problem faced by our society. 이러한 조치들은 당신이 오염을 피하도록 하는 데도움이 될 수는 있겠지만 우리 사회가 직면한 문제를 해결하지는 못할 것이다.
⑳ Science and technology must come up with an effective way to clean up the mess they have made. 과학과 기술은 스스로가 만든 곤란한 상황을 해결하기 위해 효과적인 방법을 마련해야 한다.

 

 

 

Unit 08. Archaeology - Reading 1: Moray
① In Peru, approximately 50 km northwest of the former Incan capital city of Cuzco and about 3,500 meters above sea level, there is a stunning and mysterious series of Inca ruins. 페루에 있는 예전 잉카의 수도인 쿠스코에서 북서쪽으로 약 50km, 해발 약 3,500m 위에 놀랍고 신비스러운 잉카 문명의 유적이 연속해서 존재한다.
② Called Moray, this archaeological site is composed of several enormous, bowl-like depressions, each formed by a series of circular terraces. 모라이라고 불리는 이 고고학적 유적지는 여러 개의거대하고, 그릇처럼 움푹 패인 부분들로 이루어져있는데, 각각 연속적인 원형 계단식 논을 형성하고있다.
③ Although the purpose that these depressions served is uncertain, most archaeologists agree that they were used to carry out agricultural research. 비록 이 움푹 패인 곳이 어떤 목적을 위한 것이었는지는 불확실하지만, 대부분의 고고학자들은 농업 연구를 시행하기 위해 사용되었다는 데에 의견을 일치하고 있다.
④ Moray has several amazing characteristics that would make it an ideal place for conducting agricultural research. 모라이가 가지고 있는 여러 놀라운 특징들이 이곳을농업 연구를 행하기 위한 이상적인 장소로 만들었을것이다.
⑤ First, there is a remarkable difference in temperature, as much as 15 'C, from the tops of the depressions to their lowest points. 첫째로, 움푹 패인 곳의 가장 윗 부분에서 가장 낮은지점까지 15도 만큼의 상당한 온도 차가 존재한다.
⑥ The result is that, much like a modern day greenhouse, each depression contains several microclimate zones, small areas with their own unique climates. 그 결과, 오늘날 온실과 흡사하게 각 움푹 패인 곳은, 특정 기후를 가지고 있는 좁은 지역인 여러 미기후 지역을 포함하게 된다.
⑦ Even more incredibly, these different temperatures correspond to the natural climates of surrounding areas, from coastal farmland to high-elevation terraces. 이보다 더 믿기 힘든 것은, 이러한 다른 온도 차가해안가 농지에서부터 고지대 계단식 논에 이르는 주변 지역의 자연 기후와 일치한다는 것이다.
⑧ This would have allowed the Inca to study how different climatic conditions affected crops all in one place. 이것은 잉카 사람들이 상이한 온도 조건이 농작물에어떤 영향을 끼치는지에 대하여 한 곳에서 모두 연구할 수 있도록 만들었을 것이다.
⑨ Pollen studies have even shown that soils from different regions of the Inca Empire were imported to Moray. 심지어 꽃가루 연구에서도 잉카 제국의 여러 지역에서 온 흙이 모라이로 유입되었음을 보여주고 있다.
⑩ This would have made it possible to recreate the growing conditions in these different regions almost exactly. 이는 다른 지역의 재배 조건을 거의 완벽하게 다시만드는 것을 가능케 했었을 것이다.
⑪ The second remarkable feature of Moray is its drainage system. 모라이의 두 번째 놀라운 특징은 배수 장치이다.
⑫ Because of the depressions' bowl-shaped design, it seems like the lower parts of the depressions would easily fill up with water during heavy rain. 움푹 패인 곳의 그릇 형태의 모양 때문에 폭우 기간에 움푹 패인 곳의 낮은 부분들은 쉽게 물로 가득 찰것 같아 보인다.
⑬ Even in heavy downpours, though, the structures never flood. 하지만 폭우 속에서도 그 구조물은 절대 범람하지않는다.
⑭ How the depressions drain remains a mystery, but it has been suggested that underground channels at the bottom may carry the water away. 그 움푹 패인 곳에서 어떻게 물이 빠지는지는 미스터리로 남아있지만, 바닥에 있는 지하 수로가 아마물을 뺀다는 설이 있다.
⑮ Another theory suggests that the depressions are located over a natural rock formation that is highly porous, which would enable water to steadily filter out. 또 다른 이론은 움푹 패인 곳이 아주 투과성이 높은천연 암석 위에 위치해 있어 물이 끊임없이 여과될수 있다고 제시하고 있다.
⑯ Amazingly, about 60 percent of the world's food crops, including hundreds of varieties of maize and thousands of varieties of potato, originated in the Andes Mountains. 놀랍게도 수백 가지 종류의 다양한 옥수수와 수천가지의 다양한 감자를 포함한 세계 식용 작물의 약60퍼센트가 안데스 산맥에서 비롯되었다.
⑰ This shows how good the indigenous population was at developing crops that were well suited to the region's different climates. 이것은 지역 토착민들이 그 지역의 각기 다른 기후에 잘 맞는 작물을 재배하는 데 얼마나 능숙했는지를 보여준다.
⑱ Although we may never know conclusively why Moray was constructed, it is highly likely that the site was used to learn how to make the best use of the Inca Empire's diverse lands. 비록 모라이가 왜 만들어졌는지 결코 확실히 알 수는 없겠지만, 그 장소가 잉카 제국의 다양한 토지를최대한 활용하기 위한 방법을 배우기 위해 사용됐을가능성은 아주 높다.

 

 

 

Unit 08. Archaeology - Reading 2: TOEFL (Decoding Egyptian Hieroglyphs)
① In 1799, French troops reconstructing a fort near an Egyptian town once known as Rosetta discovered an interesting object. 1799년에 한때 Rosetta라고 알려졌던 이집트 마을근처에 요새를 재건하던 프랑스 군대가 흥미로운 물체를 발견했다.
② Named the "Rosetta Stone," it turned out to be the key to deciphering ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic script. '로제타석(Rosetta Stone)'이라고 이름 지어진 이것은 고대 이집트의 상형문자 해독의 열쇠임이 드러났다.
③ The Rosetta Stone was created in 196 B.C., the first anniversary of the coronation of Ptolemy V Epiphanes, ruler of Egypt. 로제타석은 이집트의 통치자 Ptolemy V Epiphanes의 대관식 1주년이던 기원전 196년에 만들어졌다.
④ Its inscriptions declare Egyptian priests' support of Ptolemy and list the ways the country had benefited under his rule. 비문은 이집트 성직자들이 Ptolemy를 지지한다는내용을 말하고 있고 그의 통치하에 국가가 입은 혜택의 내용을 나열하고 있다.
⑤ They also mention various honors and privileges granted to the ruler by the priests. 그것은 또한 성직자들이 그 통치자에게 수여한 여러가지 영예와 특권을 언급하고 있다.
⑥ Scholars believe the stone was one of many such official acts designed to increase loyalty to Ptolemy among all Egyptians. 학자들은 그 돌이 모든 이집트인들 사이에서Ptolemy에 대한 충성을 강화하기 위해 계획된 그런여러 공식적 행위 중 하나였다고 믿는다.
⑦ A smooth, dark gray slab that is about 112 centimeters tall and 75 centimeters wide, the Rosetta Stone bears inscriptions of the exact same text in three different writing styles. 세로 약 112cm, 가로 약 75cm 크기인 매끄럽고 짙은 회색의 석판인 로제타석에는 정확하게 똑같은 내용의 비문이 세 개의 서로 다른 문자로 기록되어 있다.
⑧ First is Egyptian hieroglyphics, an ancient script used primarily for important religious documents of the time. 첫째는 주로 당시의 중요한 종교 문서에 사용되었던고대 활자인 이집트 상형문자이다.
⑨ Second is Demotic, a cursive-like script utilized by commoners during Ptolemy's reign. 둘째는 Ptolemy의 통치 기간 동안 평민들이 사용한초서체 유형의 활자인 데모틱 문자이다.
⑩ The final script is Greek, as the administrative heads of Egypt in this era, and indeed Ptolemy himself, were of Greek origin. 마지막 활자는 그리스어인데, 이는 이 시대의 이집트관리 수뇌들과 실제로 Ptolemy 자신도, 그리스 출신이었기 때문이다.
⑪ The Rosetta Stone's importance to *Egyptology is immense. 이집트학에 있어서 로제타석의 중요성은 엄청나다.
⑫ Almost all ancient Egyptian texts were written in hieroglyphics, yet knowledge of this writing system had disappeared around A.D. 400 when it ceased to be used. 거의 모든 고대 이집트 문서는 상형문자로 쓰였는데이 글자 체계에 대한 지식은 그것이 쓰이지 않게 된서기 400년경에 사라졌다.
⑬ For this reason, Egyptologists before 1800 had no way of accessing the information contained in such texts. 이런 이유로 1800년 이전의 이집트학자들은 그런문서에 담긴 정보를 알아낼 방법이 없었다.
⑭ The significance of the Rosetta Stone was that it provided a point of comparison between hieroglyphic writing and the Greek language, allowing scholars to use the Greek inscription as a key to the translation of the hieroglyphs. 로제타석의 중요성은 그것이 상형문자와 그리스어간의 비교점을 제공해 주어 학자들이 상형문자 해독의 열쇠로 그리스어 비문을 사용할 수 있게 하였다는점이다.
⑮ In the course of studying the stone, French Egyptologist Jean-Francois Champollion made a momentous discovery. 로제타석 연구 과정 중에 프랑스의 이집트학자Jean-Francois Champollion은 중대한 발견을 했다.
⑯ Previously, it had been assumed that the hieroglyphic script was only intended to be read, not spoken. 이전에는 상형문자가 말하기 위해서가 아니라 오로지 읽혀지기 위한 것이라고 여겨졌었다.
⑰ In other words, Egyptologists did not think the hieroglyphs corresponded to specific spoken sounds. 다시 말해, 이집트 학자들은 상형문자가 특정 구어의음과 대응하지 않는다고 생각했다.
⑱ Champollion's conclusion to the contrary proved to be an enormous breakthrough, allowing researchers to translate countless hieroglyphic texts and gain invaluable information about ancient Egyption civilization. 이와 반대되는 Champollion의 결론은 획기적인 전환이 되어 연구원들로 하여금 수많은 상형문자 문서를 해독하고 고대 이집트 문명에 대해 아주 귀중한정보를 얻을 수 있게 하였다.
⑲ Because of his work and that of many others, this chance discovery by French troops in 1799 is responsible for much of what we now know about ancient Egypt. 그와 그 외 많은 이들의 작업 덕분에, 1799년에 프랑스 군대에 의한 이 우연한 발견이 우리가 현재 고대 이집트에 대해 알고 있는 많은 것들을 얻는 계기가 되었다.

 

 

 

Unit 09. Film - Reading 1: Performance Capture
① You've seen them come to life on the movie screen. 당신은 그들이 영화 속 화면에서 살아나는 것을 보았다.
② They're not really alive, but their movements seem real and their faces show emotion. 그들은 실제로 살아 있지는 않지만 그들의 움직임은실제처럼 보이고 그들의 얼굴은 감정을 드러낸다.
③ So what makes the characters in movies like Polar Express and Avatar seem so life like? 그렇다면 무엇이 〈폴라 익스프레스〉와 〈아바타〉와 같은 영화 속에 나오는 등장인물들을 그렇게 살아 있는 것처럼 보이게 하는 걸까?
④ It's the fact that they were all created with a combination of acting and digital effects called "performance capture." 그것은 그것들이 모두 연기와 '퍼포먼스 캡처'라고불리는 디지털 효과의 결합으로 만들어졌기 때문이다.
⑤ Performance capture is a refinement of a special effects technique called motion capture. 퍼포먼스 캡처는 모션 캡처라고 불리는 특수 효과기술의 진보된 형태이다.
⑥ Motion capture is what makes artificial figures move so realistically in animation movies and video games. 모션 캡처는 애니메이션 영화와 비디오게임에서 가상 인물이 매우 사실적으로 움직이게 해주는 것이다.
⑦ It's created by capturing the motions of an actual person and applying them to a computer-generated character. 그것은 실제 인물의 움직임들을 포착해서 그것들을컴퓨터로 만들어 낸 등장인물에 적용함으로써 창조된다.
⑧ But performance capture takes this one step further, recording not only general body movements but also subtle facial expressions. 그러나 퍼포먼스 캡처는 이것을 한 단계 더 진보시켜 일반적인 신체의 움직임뿐만 아니라 미세한 얼굴표정까지도 포착해 낸다.
⑨ To bring a character to life through performance capture, an actor's face and body are first covered in small sensors. 퍼포먼스 캡처로 하나의 등장인물이 살아나게 하가위해, 우선 배우의 얼굴과 신체를 작은 감지기들로뒤덮는다.
⑩ The actor then enters a special black box and performs while infrared cameras record the action from four angles, creating a three-dimensional effect. 그런 다음 배우가 검정색 특수 상자 안으로 들어가서 연기를 하는 동안 적외선 카메라는 3차원의 효과가 나도록 네 군데 각도에서 그 움직임을 기록한다.
⑪ Using these recordings, software digitally transfers the actor's performance onto computer-generated characters. 이렇게 기록한 것들을 이용해 소프트웨어가 배우의연기를 디지털화하여 컴퓨터로 만들어 낸 등장 인물들에게 전이시킨다.
⑫ The characters are then projected onto a highly detailed virtual set, complete with virtual props and virtual costumes, and the illusion of reality is complete. 그런 다음 이 등장인물들이 가상의 소품과 가상의의상이 완비된 아주 섬세한 가상 세트에 투영되면서실제와 같은 환상이 이루어진다.
⑬ For a filmmaker, performance capture offers a faster alternative to traditional time-consuming animation methods; it also creates movements and facial expressions that are more natural. 퍼포먼스 캡처는 영화 제작자에게 시간이 많이 걸리는 종래의 애니메이션 방법에 대해 보다 신속한 대안을 제공하며, 보다 자연스러운 움직임과 얼굴 표정을 만들어 주기도 한다.
⑭ And, compared to scenes using live actors, there is more control over the editing process. 그리고 실제 배우를 사용하는 장면들과 비교해볼때, 편집 과정이 보다 통제 가능하다.
⑮ If something goes wrong with the shot, it doesn't need to be re-filmed. 만일 장면에서 원가가 잘못되었을 경우, 그것을 다시 찍을 필요가 없다.
⑯ It can just be retouched on the computer. 그냥 컴퓨터로 수정하면 그만이다.
⑰ And from an actor's point of view, performance capture is advantageous because it lets him or her act using complex facial expressions that in the past would have been lost beneath latex masks or special effects. 또한 배우 입장에서도 퍼포먼스 캡처는 과거에 라텍스 마스크나 특수 효과로 가려졌을 복잡한 얼굴 표정을 사용하면서 연기를 할 수 있게 하기 때문에 이득이 된다.
⑱ It can even allow a single actor to play multiple roles, such as in Polar Express, where Tom Hanks portrayed five different characters, including Santa Claus and a young boy. 그것은 심지어 Tom Hanks가 산타클로스와 어린소년을 포함한 5명의 다른 등장인물들을 연기한 〈풀라 익스프레스〉에서와 같이 한 사람의 배우가 다수의 역할을 할 수 있게 한다.
⑲ Performance capture brings filmmakers the best of both worlds, affording a workable balance between the skills of actors and the abilities of special effects technicians. 퍼포먼스 캡처는 영화 제작자들에게 배우의 능력과특수 효과 전문가들의 역량 사이에서 작업 균형을이루게 하면서 두 분야에서 최선의 능력을 발휘하게한다.
⑳ As a result, millions of viewers are rewarded with dazzling scenes of movie magic. 그 결과 수백만 관객들은 마술과 같은 눈부신 영화장면들을 접하게 된다.

 

 

 

Unit 09. Film - Reading 2: Method Acting
① The famous actor Marlon Brando is known for his powerhouse performances in some of Hollywood's biggest blockbusters. 유명 배우인 Marlon Brando는 몇 편의 할리우드 최고 흥행작에서의 명연기로 이름이 알려져 있다.
② Marilyn Monroe and James Dean are both movie legends, admired even after death for the film personas they created. Marilyn Monroe와 James Dean은 둘 다 사망 이후에조차 그들이 만들어 낸 영화 속 인물들로 칭송되고 있는 영화계의 전설들이다.
③ And all three of them cast their on-screen spells using a technique known as "method acting." 그리고 이들 셋은 모두 '메소드 연기'로 알려진 기법을 사용하여 영화에 마술을 부렸다.
④ Method actors seek to create realistic performances by analyzing and understanding the psychological motivations behind the actions of the characters they portray. 메소드 배우들은 자신이 배역을 맡은 등장 인물들의행동 이면에 있는 심리적 동기를 분석하고 이해함으로써 사실적인 연기를 하려고 노력한다.
⑤ The technique was initially developed by Konstantin Stanislavski in Russia around the turn of the 20th century. 이 기법은 20세기 전환기 즈음에 러시아의Konstantin Stanislavski에 의해 처음 개발되었다.
⑥ And it enjoyed a resurgence in the United States in the 1950s when it was popularized by Lee Strasberg, an American director, producer, and acting teacher. 그리고 그것은 미국의 감독이자 프로듀서이고 연기교사였던 Lee Strasberg에 의해 인기를 얻게 된1950년대에 미국에서 다시 부활되었다.
⑦ Method acting places great demands upon the actors who use it, requiring them to create complex emotions for people that don't exist outside of a script. 메소드 연기는 대본 밖에서는 존재하지 않는 사람들에 대해 복잡한 감정을 부여할 것을 요구하기 때문에그것을 사용하는 배우들에게 많은 부담을 준다.
⑧ They construct entire histories for the characters they are playing, using imaginary experiences and events in order to better understand why the characters act and feel the way they do. 배우들은 왜 등장인물들이 그러한 방법으로 행동하고 느끼는지를 더 잘 이해하기 위해 가상의 경험과사건을 이용하면서 그들이 연기하고 있는 등장인물의 전체적인 이력을 세워 놓는다.
⑨ The actors then attempt to recreate these feelings within themselves, delving into their personal memories for experiences that generate similar emotions. 그런 다음 배우들은 유사한 감정을 만들어 주는 경험에 대한 자신의 개인적인 기억들을 깊이 더듬어 보면서 이러한 감정들을 자신들 속에서 재창조하려고 노력한다.
⑩ If method acting is done correctly, the actors become completely immersed, and it can result in frighteningly realistic performances, the kind that movie-goers don't easily forget. 만일 메소드 연기가 제대로 되면 배우들은 완전히 몰입하여, 그 결과 영화 관객들이 쉽게 잊지 못할 아주사실적인 연기를 이끌어 낼 수 있게 된다.
⑪ But method acting requires a great deal of discipline and can take a severe mental and physical toll on performers. 그러나 메소드 연기는 많은 훈련을 필요로 하며 연기자에게 정신적, 신체적 손해를 많이 끼칠 수 있다.
⑫ Some actors immerse themselves so deeply that they place themselves in danger. 어떤 배우들은 너무 깊이 몰입한 나머지 위험에 처하기도 한다.
⑬ This has manifested itself in such things as experimental drug use, which in the case of River Phoenix actually led to death from a drug overdose. 이는 실험적 마약 복용과 같은 것으로 나타났었는데, River Phoenix의 경우 이것이 마약 과다 복용으로 인한 사망을 초래했다.
⑭ A more common and less serious negative result is simply bad acting. 보다 일반적이고 덜 심각한 부정적인 결과는 바로 서툰 연기이다.
⑮ Poorly executed method acting has resulted in some of the least impressive performances in movie history. 제대로 구현되지 못한 메소드 연기는 영화 역사에 있어 일부 가장 볼품없는 연기를 초래했다.
⑯ But along with unskilled performers who are unable to pull off the demanding requirements of method acting, there have been some modern Hollywood stars who have successfully applied it to their roles, including Al Pacino, Robert De Niro, and Dustin Hoffman. 메소드 연기의 힘든 요구 조건들을 훌륭히 해내지 못하는 재능 없는 연기자들도 있지만, Al Pacino, Robert De Niro, 그리고 Dustin Hoffman 등 자신의 역할에 그것을 성공적으로 적용시킨 몇몇 현대 할리우드 배우들이 있다.
⑰ The power of their performances proves that there is potential for exceptional results from this unique approach to acting. 그들의 연기력은 연기에 대한 이 독특한 점근으로부터 빼어난 결과를 얻어낼 수 있는 가능성이 있음을증명한다.

 

 

 

Unit 10. Psychology - Reading 1: Freud's Categorization of the Human Mind
① Describing Sigmund Freud's ideas about the mind, someone once said that the human personality is "basically a battlefield ... a dark cellar in which a well-bred spinster and a pleasure-seeking monkey are forever engaged in mortal combat, the struggle being refereed by a rather nervous bank clerk." 혹자가 한번은 정신에 대한 Sigmund Freud의 견해를 묘사하면서 인간의 인성은 '근본적으로 전쟁터, 즉 예의 바른 미혼 여성과 쾌락을 추구하는 원숭이가 상당히 신경질적인 은행 직원이 심판을 보는가운데 끊임없이 사투를 벌이는 어두운 지하실'이라고 말한 적이 있다.
② To understand what these odd characters have to do with personality, one must analyze the makeup of the mind as Freud imagined it. 이 기이한 등장 인물들이 성격과 어떤 관계가 있는지를 이해하기 위해서는 Freud가 생각한 정신의 구조를 분석해야 한다.
③ Think of the mind as an iceberg. 정신을 빙산이라고 생각해 보라.
④ The visible tip of the iceberg is comparable to our conscious, the small portion of the mind that we are aware of. 눈에 보이는 빙산의 꼭대기 부분은 우리가 인식하고있는 정신의 작은 영역인 의식에 견주어진다.
⑤ The vast majority of the mind is our unconscious, lying below our awareness like the mass of an iceberg immersed in water. 정신의 대부분을 차지하는 영역은 무의식으로서, 물속에 잠긴 거대한 빙산처럼 우리의 의식 밑에 깔려있다.
⑥ Freud's partitioning of the mind into these two sectors was later incorporated into a more comprehensive conception, the structural theory, which attempted to better describe the mind's complexity by dividing it into three parts: the id, the superego, and the ego. Freud가 정신을 이 두 영역으로 나눈 것은 추후에보다 포괄적인 개념인 구조이론으로 통합되었는데, 이 이론은 정신을 이드, 초자아, 자아라는 세 가지영역으로 나눔으로써 정신의 복잡함을 보다 정확히묘사하려 했다.
⑦ According to Freud's theory, the id is the part of the mind that is completely buried in the unconscious. Freud의 이론에 따르면 이드는 무의식 속에 완전히묻혀 있는 정신의 한 영역이다.
⑧ The instinctive drives that motivate humans to pursue pleasure and avoid pain originate there. 사람으로 하여금 쾌락을 추구하고 고통을 회피하게하는 본능적인 충동은 이곳에서 기인한다.
⑨ The next partition of the human mind is termed the superego. 인간 정신의 또 다른 영역은 초자아로 불린다.
⑩ Partly conscious, the superego acts as a moral conscience, regulating the desires of the id with its concepts of right and wrong. 부분적으로 의식 영역을 차지하고 있는 초자아는 도덕적 양심역할을 하여, 그것이 정하는 선악의 기준으로 이드의 욕구를 조절한다.
⑪ Finally, Freud's third division of the mind, the ego, operates mostly at the level of conscious thought. 마지막으로 Freud의 세 번째 정신 영역인 자아는 주로 의식적 사고 수준에서 활동한다.
⑫ Concerned with external reality, the ego is aware of others' needs and perceives that the tendencies of the id and the superego need to be tempered. 외부 현실에 신경을 쓰는 자아는 타인의 욕구를 의식하며 이드와 초자아의 습성이 조절되어야 한다는것을 인식하고 있다.
⑬ It is obvious that the interplay of the three parts of the mind is quite essential, for they mesh together to form a personality that interacts smoothly with the world. 이 세 가지 정신 영역의 상호 작용이 아주 필수적이라는 사실은 분명한데 이것들이 서로 맞물려 세상과원활히 상호 작용하는 인격을 형성하기 때문이다.
⑭ With overpowering ids, people would only care about the fulfillment of their desires and have no concern for others. 이드가 지나치게 지배하게 되면 사람이 오직 자신의욕구 충족에만 신경을 쓰고 타인에게 전혀 무관심할것이다.
⑮ With dominating superegos, people would be extremely narrow-minded and would likely lead lonely lives due to their inability to accept moral faults in others. 초자아가 지배하면 사람이 아주 편협해져서 타인의도덕적 결점을 수용하는 능력 부족으로 외로운 삶을영위할 것이다.
⑯ And finally, the ego is indispensable to a balanced personality, because without it people would be unable to harmonize the contrasting desires of the id and the superego. 결국 균형 잡힌 인격에는 자아가 필수불가결한데,이것이 없으면 사람이 이드와 초자아의 서로 다른욕구를 조화롭게 할 수 없을 것이기 때문이다.

 

 

 

Unit 10. Psychology - Reading 2: TOEFL (Cognitive Dissonance)
① A person's worldview is made up of countless cognitions, pieces of information including facts, beliefs, values, and feelings. 사람의 세계관은 수많은 인지, 즉 사실, 믿음, 가치관, 감정 등의 정보 조각으로 이루어져 있다.
② Throughout life, a person continually takes on new cognitions as new information is encountered. 전 생애에 걸쳐 사람은 새로운 정보에 직면할 때 계속해서 새로운 인지를 하게 된다.
③ If, during the process, a new cognition conflicts with a previously held cognition, the result is called "cognitive dissonance." 그 과정에서 새로운 인지가 이전에 지니고 있던 인지와 마찰을 일으키면 '인지 부조화'라는 결과를 가져온다.
④ Cognitive dissonance creates a sense of discomfort. 인지 부조화는 불안감을 조성한다.
⑤ For example, a man buys an expensive car because he thinks it gets good gas mileage. 예를 들어, 한 남자가 비싼 자동차는 연비가 좋다고생각하여 비싼 자동차를 산다.
⑥ He then sees a commercial for a cheaper car that gets even better mileage. 그 후 그는 연비가 훨씬 좋은 좀 더 저렴한 자동차에대한 광고를 본다.
⑦ The man naturally feels upset because his initial cognition is in conflict with the new cognition. 자신이 처음 지니고 있던 인지가 새로운 인지와 충돌하기 때문에 남자는 당연히 속이 상한다.
⑧ People have a natural urge to avoid cognitive dissonance, and this can be done in many ways. 사람에게는 원래 인지 부조화를 회피하고 싶은 욕구가 있고, 이것은 여러 가지 방법으로 해결될 수 있다.
⑨ The man in the previous example could simply choose to ignore the commercial. 앞의 예에서 남자는 그저 광고를 무시하는 쪽을 택할 수 있다.
⑩ Then, in the future, he might attempt to avoid watching television commercials. 그런 다음 그 후로 그 TV 광고를 보지 않으려고 할지도 모른다.
⑪ Another method of eliminating the dissonance would be to introduce new cognitions to the situation. 인지 부조화를 제거하는 또 하나의 방법은 그 상황에 새로운 인지를 도입하는 것이다.
⑫ The man could begin to emphasize other positive features of his car, thereby lessening the importance of gas mileage and price. 남자는 자신이 소유하고 있는 자동차의 다른 긍정적인 특징들을 강조하기 시작하여 연비와 가격의 중요도를 축소시킬 수 있다.
⑬ And, if the feeling of dissonance became extreme enough, the man might trade in his car for the second one. 그리고 만일 인지 부조화 정도가 극도로 심해지면남자는 자신의 자동차를 그 저가의 자동차로 바꿀지도 모른다.
⑭ It is easy to discount the power of cognitive dissonance, but it has been proven in various experiments. 인지 부조화의 영향력을 경시하기 쉬운데, 이것은여러 실험에서 입증되어 왔다.
⑮ In the 1950s, researcher Leon Festinger studied the members of a cult who had been told by their leader that aliens would destroy Earth on a certain date. 1950년대에 연구원 Leon Festinger는 교주로부터외계인들이 특정 날짜에 지구를 파괴할 것이라는 말을 들은 어느 신흥 종교 신자들을 연구했다.
⑯ After the day came and nothing happened, cult members became even more loyal to their leader. 그 날이 왔고 아무 일도 일어나지 않은 이후 이 종교신자들은 자신들의 교주에 대한 믿음이 훨씬 더 커졌다.
⑰ Festinger explained that, instead of accepting the cognition that they had been fooled, members chose to believe the leader's new message - the aliens had spared the planet to save the cult. Festinger의 설명에 의하면 신자들은 자신들이 속았다는 인지를 받아들이기보다는 외계인들이 자신들의종교를 구하기 위해 지구를 그대로 둔 것이라는 교주의 새로운 메시지를 믿는 쪽을 택한 것이라고 한다.
⑱ Obviously, cognitive dissonance can lead people to act in nonsensical ways. 확실히 인지 부조화는 사람들로 하여금 비이성적인방법으로 행동하게끔 할 수 있다.
⑲ However, it also has the potential for positive uses, such as conflict resolution. 그러나 그것은 또한 분쟁 해결과 같이 긍정적으로사용될 가능성도 있다.
⑳ Cognitive dissonance challenges previously held beliefs and values and can force people to revise them. 인지 부조화는 이전에 지니고 있던 믿음과 가치관에제동을 걸어 사람들로 하여금 그것들을 바꾸게 할수 있다.
㉑ In a war, each side may view the other as inhuman or even evil. 전쟁에서 각 진영은 상대를 비인간적이나 심지어 사악하다고 여길 수 있다.
㉒ A tactic to counter this cognition might be to discuss or give examples of the enemy's family life and emphasize similarities between the two groups. 이러한 인지에 맞설 수 있는 한 가지 방법으로 적군의 가정생활에 대해 얘기하거나 그 예를 들어 주며두 진영의 유사점을 강조하는 것이 될지도 모른다.
㉓ By showing each side aspects of the other's humanity, the initial stereotype can be challenged and possibly overcome by the power of cognitive dissonance. 각 진영에게 상대의 인간적인 측면을 보여 줌으로써처음 가졌던 고정관념이 인지 부조화의 영향에 도전을 받게 되어 극복될 수도 있는 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 11. Social Issues - Reading 1: Twixters
① The word "twixter" was coined to refer to a new social group that exists somewhere between adolescence and adulthood, a group that is rapidly growing all around the world. 단어 '트윅스터(twixter)'는 전 세계적으로 급속히늘어나고 있는 집단인 청소년기와 성인기 사이 어딘가에 존재하는 새로운 사회 집단을 칭하기 위해 만들어졌다.
② It was derived from the word "betwixt," which has the same meaning as "between." 그것은 'between'과 같은 의미를 지니는 단어'betwixt'에서 유래했다.
③ Twixters are "twentysomethings" who are no longer adolescents, but are not yet behaving like typical adults. 트윅스터는 더 이상 청소년이 아니면서 아직 전형적인 어른처럼 행동하지 않고 있는 '20대'이다.
④ They're more concerned with enjoying their lives than saving up money, changing jobs often as they expect a lot more from a job than a paycheck. 그들은 돈을 모으는 것보다 삶을 즐기는 것에 더 관심이 많고, 직장으로부터 급여 외에 훨씬 더 많은 것을 기대하기 때문에 직장을 자주 바꾼다.
⑤ Many of them still live at home, relying on their parents for financial support. 그들 중 많은 이들은 재정적 지원을 받기 위해 부모에게 의지하면서 여전히 본가에 산다.
⑥ Without a proper income, twixters are reluctant to pursue two of the basic elements by which our society defines adulthood: marriage and a home. 적정 수입이 없이 트윅스터들은 우리 사회가 성인기를 규정하는 두 가지 기초 요소인 결혼과 집을 추구할 마음이 없다.
⑦ No one cause can be singled out as being responsible for the twixter lifestyle. 트윅스터식 생활양식에 대해 책임이 있는 것으로 꼽을 수 있는 한 가지 원인은 없다.
⑧ Instead, it appears to be a combination of various factors. 대신 여러 요인들이 결합되어 있는 것 같다.
⑨ Rising unemployment rates and slow economic growth have made it more difficult than ever to start a career. 늘어나는 실업률과 느린 경제 성장은 일자리를 구하는 것을 그 어느 때보다도 힘들게 하고 있다.
⑩ It has also been suggested that the college experience isn't properly preparing students for real-world jobs. 대학 경험이 학생들에게 실제 직업에 대한 대비를적절히 해주지 못하고 있다는 말도 나오고 있다.
⑪ Furthermore, the rising costs of higher education mean that many twixters graduate under the burden of heavy debt, extending the time it takes to achieve financial independence. 게다가 계속 오르는 고등 교육비는 많은 트윅스터들이 과중한 부채 부담을 안고 졸업하여 경제적 독립을 이루는 데 걸리는 시간이 늘어남을 의미한다.
⑫ As twixters continue to increase in numbers, they are beginning to reveal themselves as a serious burden on society. 트윅스터들의 수가 계속 증가함에 따라 그들은 사회에 심각한 부담으로 드러나기 시작하고 있다.
⑬ Some economists see them as a bleak omen of a future in which succeeding generations become caught in the same destructive economic cycle. 일부 경제학자들은 그들을 이후 세대들이 동일한 경제적 악순환에 빠지게 되는 미래에 대한 어두운 징조로 본다.
⑭ If twixters never fully accept their adulthood, the world may be faced with a generation devoid of economic and political leaders. 만일 트윅스터들이 자신의 성인기를 제대로 받아들이지 못한다면, 세상은 경제 및 정치 지도자가 없는세대를 맞이하게 될지도 모른다.
⑮ Views on twixters differ. 트윅스터를 보는 시각들은 다르다.
⑯ Some sociologists and psychologists focus on the positive aspects. 일부 사회학자 및 심리학자들은 긍정적인 측면에 초점을 둔다.
⑰ They feel the twixters are simply taking advantage of the benefits that an affluent society offers. 그들은 트윅스터들이 그저 풍족한 사회가 제공하는혜택들을 이용하고 있는 것일 뿐이라고 생각한다.
⑱ They're extending the relatively carefree years of adolescence in order to prepare for the rigors of adulthood, trying out different career paths and lifestyles before committing to one. 그들은 성인기의 어려움을 준비하기 위해 상대적으로 걱정이 없는 청소년기를 연장하면서 한가지 진로나 생활양식에 전념하기 전에 여러 가지 경우를 경험하고 있다는 것이다.
⑲ But others see them in a more negative light, as failed adults who are not equipped with the necessary tools to survive on their own. 그러나 어떤 이들은 그들을 스스로 생존하는 데 필요한 도구를 갖추고 있지 못한 실패한 어른과 같이보다 부정적인 시각으로 바라본다.
⑳ So for some, twixters represent a generation of idealists, while for others they are nothing more than an unwanted social group who never outgrow their laziness. 그래서 어떤 이들에게는 트윅스터가 이상주의 세대를 대표하는 반면, 어떤 이들에게는 게으름에서 벗어나지 못한 사람들의 불필요한 사회 집단에 불과하다.

 

 

 

Unit 11. Social Issues - Reading 2: Terrorism
① Terrorism seeks to bring about social or political changes through the generation of fear. 테러는 공포를 불러일으켜 사회적 혹은 정치적 변화를 일으키고자 한다.
② This fear is usually used to weaken the power and influence of the status quo. 이러한 공포는 주로 현 상태의 지배력과 영향력을약화시키기 위해 사용된다.
③ Although the modern concept of terrorism has been around since the late 19th century, the sheer scale of the September 11th, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States sent shock waves of fear across the entire world. 비록 테러에 대한 현대적 개념이 19세기 후반 이래로 존재해오긴 했지만, 2001년 미국의 9.11테러 공격의 엄청난 규모는 전 세계에 공포의 충격을 안겨주었다.
④ Terrorism has existed throughout history. 테러는 역사와 같이 공존해 왔다.
⑤ Groups that have been alienated because of religious persecution, political oppression, economic exploitation, cultural domination, ethnic discrimination, or any combination of these usually perpetrate it. 종교적 박해, 정치적 억압, 경제적 착취, 문화적 지배, 인종 차별 혹은 이런 것들이 결합된 형태의 이유로 인해 소외되어 왔던 단체들이 주로 테러를 저질렀다.
⑥ In some cases, extremists who believe that their faith is the one true religion have turned to terrorism. 어떤 경우에는 자신의 신앙이 유일한 진짜 종교라고믿는 극단주의자들이 테러에 가담해 왔다.
⑦ Sometimes, terrorist acts are committed by people who feel that their rights are being denied or that they have no legal outlets. 때때로 테러 행위는 자신들의 권리가 묵인되거나 자신들에게 아무런 법적 출구가 없다고 생각하는 사람들에 의해 자행된다.
⑧ Modern terrorism is often incited by the wide disparities in wealth we see throughout the world. 현대적 테러는 흔히 우리가 전 세계적으로 보게 되는 만연한 부의 불균형에 의해 유발된다.
⑨ The September 11th terrorist attacks were extreme, but they serve as a prime example of the increasing deadliness of modern terrorism. 9.11테러 공격은 극단적이었으나 현대적 테러가 점점 더 치명적으로 되어감을 보여 주는 중요한 예에해당한다.
⑩ Terrorism is not made up of random acts of violence. 테러는 임의대로 이루어지는 폭력 행위들로 이루어지지 않는다.
⑪ Each attack is planned carefully as a means to a specific end. 각각의 공격은 특정 목적을 이루기 위한 수단으로치밀하게 계획되어진다.
⑫ Targets are meticulously chosen, often selected to maximize fear by taking the lives of innocent civilians. 대상들은 세심하게 선정되는데, 흔히 무고한 시민들의 목숨을 희생시킴으로써 공포를 극대화할 수 있도록 선정된다.
⑬ These efforts are coordinated with great precision, all in the interest of creating fear and gaining media attention. 이러한 노력들은 모두 공포를 불러일으키고 매체의관심을 끌기 위해서 아주 정확하게 조율된다.
⑭ And as terrorist groups seek international attention in today's globalized society, they've been progressively escalating their attacks in order to achieve this aim. 그리고 테러 단체들은 오늘날의 세계화된 사회에서국제적인 관심을 얻으려고 하기 때문에 이 목적을달성하기 위해 점점 공격을 확대해 나가고 있다.
⑮ Although the most obvious effect of terrorism is the loss of human life, it also has the potential to strike an economic blow. 비록 테러의 가장 명백한 결과가 인명의 피해이기는하지만 그것은 또한 경제적 타격을 입힐 가능성도있다.
⑯ Property damage and subsequent insurance claims after an attack often add up to enormous amounts. 재산 손실액 및 공격 이후 잇따르는 보험 청구액의총계는 종종 엄청난 액수에 이른다.
⑰ The financial world can be disrupted by fear, which sometimes even causes stock markets to crash. 금융업계는 공포에 의해 혼란에 빠져, 때로는 주식시장의 붕괴까지 초래된다.
⑱ Because of this, terrorism has the potential to stunt economic growth, or perhaps even to collapse a national economy. 이런 이유로 테러는 경제 성장을 저해하거나 혹은심지어 국가 경제를 무너뜨릴 가능성도 있다.
⑲ And as terrorism steps up to a global scale, it is the global economy that is affected. 그리고 테러가 국제적인 규모로 커짐에 따라 영향을받는 것도 국제경제가 되고 있다.
⑳ If modern terrorism is to be prevented, its causes must be understood. 현대적 테러가 예방되려면 그 원인들이 이해되어야한다.
㉑ Whatever the underlying motivations of terrorist groups are, there is no excuse for vicious actions that affect innocent civilians. 테러 단체의 저번 동기가 무엇이든지 간에 무고한시민들에게 영향을 미치는 악의적인 행위에 대해서는 변명의 여지가 없다.

 

 

 

Unit 12. Education - Reading 1: Temperament
① It has long been recognized that both biological and environmental factors are involved in shaping personalities. 생물학적 요인 및 환경적 요인 둘 다 인격 형성에 관련이 있다고 오랫동안 여겨져 왔다.
② Those traits that are genetically determined are referred to as an individual's "temperament." 유전적으로 결정되는 특징들은 개인의 '기질'이라고일컬어진다.
③ Researchers have identified nine temperament traits that characterize young children during their early years of development. 연구자들은 초기 발달 단계에 있는 어린 아동들을특징짓는 아홉 가지 기질적 특징들을 밝혀냈다.
④ None of these traits are absolute; rather, every child exhibits each of these traits to a greater or lesser extent. 이 특징들은 절대적인 것이라기보다는 아동에 따라각각의 특징을 더 많이 혹은 더 적게 보인다고 할 수있다.
⑤ Specifically, the behaviors relate to physical energy, the regularity of biological functions, initial response to an unfamiliar environment or new people, adaptability to long-term change, the intensity of a child's reaction to a situation, a predisposition to being distracted by external events, persistence in task-solving, general sensitivity to the environment, and overall mood or demeanor. 구체적으로 말하자면 각 행동은 신체 에너지, 생리적 기능의 규칙성, 낯선 환경이나 새로운 사람들에대한 초기 반응, 장기적 변화 때의 순응성, 어떤 상황에 대한 아동의 반응 강도, 외부 환경에 의한 주의산만도, 문제 해결에 대한 끈기, 환경에의 일반적 민감성, 전반적인 기분 및 행실과 연관이 있다.
⑥ Based upon which of these traits are manifest, a child's personality can be categorized as belonging to one of three types. 이 특징들 중 어느 것이 명백히 드러나는가를 토대로 아동의 인성은 세 가지 유형 중 하나에 속하는 것으로 분류될 수 있다.
⑦ The "easy" child tends to adapt easily to new environments, has smooth biological functions, and is usually cheerful and in a good mood. '순한' 아이 (easy child)는 새로운 환경에 쉽게 적응하는 경향을 보이고, 생리적 기능이 고르며, 대체로 성격이 밝고 좋은 기분 상태에 있다.
⑧ The "difficult" child, on the other hand, has irregular biological functions, shows a negative response to new situations, and is slow to adapt to new environments or people. 반면에 '까다로운' 아이(difficult child)는 생리적 기능이 불규칙적이고, 새로운 상황에 부정적인 반응을보이며, 새로운 환경이나 사람에게 적응하는 것이느리다.
⑨ Somewhere in-between is the "slow-to-warm-up" child who has a slightly negative response to new situations but can adapt more easily than the latter type. 둘의 중간쯤에 있는 '더디게 반응하는' 아이(slow-to-warm-up child)는 새로운 상황에 약간 부정적인 반응을 보이기는 하지만 후자의 유형(까다로운아이)보다 좀 더 쉽게 적응할 수 있다.
⑩ In addition, their bodily functions are not as regular as the "easy" child. 또 이들의 신체 기능은 '순한' 아이만큼 규칙적이지는 않다.
⑪ The inborn temperament of children will obviously have an impact on family life. 아동의 선천적 기질은 분명 가정생활에 영향을 미칠것이다.
⑫ An "easy" child will adapt more readily to family life and routines, thereby lessening the likelihood of adding additional stress to the family network. '순한' 아이는 가정생활과 일상생활에 보다 쉽게 적응할 것이며, 이 때문에 가족 구성원들에게 부가적인 스트레스를 줄 가능성을 줄여 준다.
⑬ More intense children will likely generate greater tension between themselves, parents, and siblings by upsetting family dynamics that may already be quite volatile, particularly if the other family members are also of a difficult nature. 보다 까다로운 아이들은 특히 다른 가족 구성원들도까다로운 성격일 경우, 이미 상당히 불안정할지도모르는 가족간의 역학관계를 망쳐 그들 자신과 부모및 형제들간에 보다 심한 긴장 상태를 유발할 가능성이 있다.
⑭ Parents should analyze the temperament of their children, not simply as an academic exercise, but as a means for better understanding them both as individuals and members of the family unit. 부모는 자녀들의 기질을 단순히 이론적인 사용으로서가 아니라 개인 및 가족 구성원 모두로서 그들을보다 잘 이해하기 위한 수단으로서 분석해야 한다.
⑮ By recognizing the inborn traits of their children, parents can respond to them in a positive way and try to influence their personal growth rather than simply compel them to change. 자녀들의 타고난 특징을 인식함으로써 부모는 긍정적인 방향으로 그들에게 대응할 수 있고, 그저 그들에게 변하기를 강요하기보다는 그들의 개인적인 성장에 영향을 미치려고 노력할 수 있다.
⑯ This will help children learn how to deal with others in socially acceptable ways and lead to less friction within the home. 이것은 자녀들이 사회적으로 용인되는 방법으로 남을 대하는 법을 배우고 가정 내에서 마찰을 덜 일으키도록 도울 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 12. Education - Reading 2: TOEFL (The Montessori Teaching Method)
① The Montessori Teaching Method Dr. Maria Montessori (1870 - 1952), the first woman in Italy to qualify as a physician, became interested in child development through her work on childhood diseases. 이탈리아에서 의사 자격을 취득한 최초의 여성인Maria Montessori 박사(1870-1952)는 아동 질병에 대한 연구를 통해 아동 발달에 관심을 갖게 되였다.
② Over time, she cultivated a particular interest in children deemed unable to be educated. 시간이 흐르면서 그녀는 교육이 불가능한 것으로 여겨지는 아동들에 대해 특별한 관심을 쏟았다.
③ From her observations of such children, she went on to create the Montessori method for the education of low-income students. 그런 아동들에 대한 관찰에서 더 나아가 그녀는 저소득층 학생들의 교육을 위해 몬테소리 방법을 창안했다.
④ Montessori's notions were strongly influenced by the 18th century philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who set out his views on education in the classic work Emile. 몬테소리의 견해는 18세기 철학자 Jean-Jacques Rousseau의 영향을 강하게 받았는데, 그는 대작인〈에밀〉에서 교육에 대한 자신의 견해를 제시했다.
⑤ The Montessori method later became a well-known alternative to conventional educational techniques. 몬테소리 방법은 나중에 전통적인 교육 기법에 대한유명한 대안이 되었다.
⑥ The goal of the Montessori teaching method is to provide students with a stimulating environment. 몬테소리 교수법의 목표는 학생들에게 자극적인 환경을 제공하는 것이다.
⑦ One of Dr. Montessori's learning principles was "first the education of the senses, then the education of the intellect." Montessori 박사의 학습 원칙 중 하나는 '감각 교육의 선행, 지능 교육의 후행'이었다.
⑧ As such, Montessori classrooms reflect a truly "hands-on" approach to learning, as activities and learning objects are designed to engage all the senses during the learning process. 그런 만큼 몬테소리 교실은 활동들과 교구들이 학습과정에서 모든 감각을 사용하게끔 고안되어 있기 때문에 '개인이 적극 참여하는' 학습 방법을 정확하게반영한다.
⑨ At the primary level, students are divided into two age groups: from birth to age six, and from six through twelve. 초기 단계에서 학생들은 출생부터 6세까지와 6세부터 12세까지의 두 나이 집단으로 나뉜다.
⑩ Montessori schools for students older than this are not as widespread, but they do exist. 이보다 더 나이가 많은 학생들을 위한 몬테소리 학교는 그렇게 널리 퍼져 있지는 않지만 존재하기는한다.
⑪ The initial level is called the "children's house" and focuses on individual learning and self-paced development. 첫 번째 단계는 '어린이들의 집'이라고 불리며 개별학습과 학습자의 속도에 맞춘 발달에 초점을 둔다.
⑫ At the second level, students undergo "cosmic education," in which collaboration with others is encouraged as part of their development. 두 번째 단계에서 학생들은 '우주 교육'을 받는데, 이때는 타인과의 협력이 발달의 일부분으로 장려된다.
⑬ Rather than teacher-centered approaches that tend to dominate in the traditional school system, Montessori classrooms are student-centered, encouraging each student to develop uniquely. 몬테소리 교실은 전통적인 학교 제도에서 대세인 교사 중심의 방법이라기보다 학생 중심이기 때문에 각학생들이 개성있게 성장하도록 장려한다.
⑭ Every activity that students undertake is self-contained and leads to a new level of understanding upon completion. 학생들이 하는 모든 활동에는 필요한 것이 다 갖추어져 있어서, 마치고나면 새로운 이해 단계에 이르게 된다.
⑮ Although activities are sequenced, there is no prescribed timetable as to when tasks should be finished. 비록 활동들이 차례대로 진행되기는 하지만 언제 과제가 끝나야 하는지에 관한 규정된 시간표가 없다.
⑯ A Montessori instructor, much like the teacher in Emile, observes rather than instructs students, providing them with appropriate lessons at appropriate times. 〈에밀〉의 교사와 아주 흡사한 몬테소리 교사는 학생들을 가르치기보다는 관찰을 하며 적절한 때에 그들에게 적절한 수업을 제공한다.
⑰ There have been a number of criticisms brought against the Montessori method. 몬테소리 방법에 반대하는 많은 비판들이 제기되어왔다.
⑱ Some believe that the sequenced learning activities stifle, rather than foster, a child's creativity. 일부는 차례대로 진행되는 학습 활동들이 아동의 창의성을 북돋아 주기보다는 저해한다고 믿는다.
⑲ Others find fault with the fact that Montessori pupils are rarely assigned homework as it would be troublesome because of the teaching methodology and the learning materials used in class. 또 다른 일부는 몬테소리 교실에서 사용되는 교수방법론과 학습 자료들로 인해 곤란할 것이라는 이유로 몬테소리 학생들에게 숙제가 거의 주어지지 않는다는 사실을 비난한다.
⑳ Yet despite its critics, Montessori schools continue to be popular with a certain segment of the population a half century after their founder's death. 그러나 그렇게 비판하는 사람들이 있음에도 불구하고 창안자의 사망 후 반세기가 지났지만 몬테소리학교는 여전히 특정 집단에게 인기가 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 13. Chemistry - Reading 1: Luminol
① Its chemical name is C8H7N3O2. 이것의 화학명은 C8H7N3O2이다.
② In its natural state, it is a yellowish crystal that is quite unremarkable. 자연 상태일 때, 이것은 특별할 것 없는 노르스름한결정체이다.
③ However, when mixed with an appropriate oxidant such as hydrogen peroxide, it becomes anything but ordinary. 그러나 과산화수소와 같은 적절한 산화제와 혼합되면 이것은 아주 특별해진다.
④ It can bring evidence to light at crime scenes that would otherwise be invisible to the naked eye. 아것은 범죄 현장에서 빛을 내어 그렇지 않으면 육안으로는 보이지 않을 증거를 드러나게 한다.
⑤ Known as "luminol," this compound will glow a certain color when activated by a catalyst. '루미놀'이라고 알려진 이 화합물은 촉매에 의해 활성화될 경우 특정 색깔로 빛을 낼 것이다.
⑥ Luminol takes on a bright blue-green glow in the presence of certain paints, chemical products, plants, and most importantly, iron. 루미놀은 특정 페인트, 화학제품, 식물, 그리고 가장중요하게는 철분이 있을 때 밝은 청록색 빛을 띤다.
⑦ Since blood contains some iron, luminol allows investigators to detect blood, even when it has been cleaned away or has remained at the crime scene for years. 혈액에는 약간의 철분이 들어 있기 때문에 루미놀은수사관들이 심지어 혈흔이 깨끗이 씻기었거나 범죄현장에 수년간 그대로 남아 있을 때라도 혈흔을 찾아낼 수 있게 해준다.
⑧ When luminol is sprayed on a suspicious area in a darkened room, it will glow blue-green if there are any traces of blood. 어두운 방에서 의심스런 부분에 루미놀을 뿌리면,혈혼이 있을 경우 그것은 청록색 빛을 낼 것이다.
⑨ The chemistry behind this is rather straightforward. 이 현상 이면에 있는 화학적 작용은 꽤 간단하다.
⑩ The iron acts to accelerate an oxidized chemical reaction between the hydrogen peroxide and luminol. 철분은 과산화수소와 루미놀 간의 화학적 산화 반응을 가속화시키는 역할을 한다.
⑪ During this reaction, the luminol loses hydrogen and nitrogen atoms while gaining oxygen atoms, resulting in a new chemical compound in a highly energized state. 이 반응 과정에서 루미놀은 수소와 질소 원자를 잃는 반면 산소 원자를 얻어 아주 높은 에너지 상태의새로운 화학적 화합물이 된다.
⑫ Most atoms that have this boosted energy, however, return almost immediately back to their previous states, releasing excess energy along the way. 그러나 이렇게 높은 에너지 상태의 원자 대부분은도중에 여분의 에너지를 방출하면서 거의 즉각적으로 이 전의 상태로 되돌아간다.
⑬ Therefore, in the case of luminol, the electrons in the oxygen atoms return to a lower energy level and release their extra energy as a bluish green glow. 따라서, 루미놀의 경우 산소 원자 속의 전자는 보다낮은 에너지 수준으로 되돌아가며 청록색 빛으로 여분의 에너지를 방출한다.
⑭ One would think that luminol would routinely be used during violent crime investigations. 사람들은 루미놀이 폭력 범죄 수사 시 일상적으로사용될 것이라고 생각할 것이다.
⑮ However, the fact is that it is usually resorted to when other methods of investigation have been exhausted. 그러나 실제로 그것은 주로 다른 수사 방법들이 고갈되었을 때 사용된다.
⑯ The reason for this is that luminol breaks down genetic material that it comes into contact with. 그 이유는 루미놀이 그것이 닿은 유전자 물질을 파괴하기 때문이다.
⑰ Its greatest asset - being able to detect even minute traces of blood - is, ironically, its greatest risk to investigators. 미세한 혈흔조차 탐지할 수 있는 그것의 가장 커다란 강점이 모순되게도 수사관들에게 가장 커다란 위험이 되고 있다.
⑱ Because these blood samples are so small originally, spraying luminol on them can render them useless as *forensic evidence. 이러한 혈액 샘플들은 애초에 너무 소량이기 때문에거기에 루미놀을 뿌리는 것은 그것들을 법의학적 증거로서 무용지물이 되게 할 수 있다.
⑲ Yet, when investigators are unable to find evidence of blood on their own, they hope that the luminol gamble will pay off by providing them with usable samples. 그러나 수사관들이 스스로 혈흔의 증거를 발견하지못할 경우, 그들은 루미놀 도박이 유용한 샘플을 제공해줌으로써 성과를 거두기를 바란다.

 

 

 

Unit 13. Chemistry - Reading 2: Aerogel
① If you were to put on a white glove and plunge your hand into a tub of black ink, you'd naturally expect the result to be a wet, black glove. 만일 당신이 흰색 장갑을 끼고 손을 검정색 잉크통에 집어넣으면, 당신은 당연히 그 결과가 젖은 검정색 장갑이 될 것이라고 예상할 것이다.
② But what if you first covered your hand with a strange man-made material known as frozen smoke? 그러나 냉동 연기로 알려진 색다른 인공 물질로 먼저 손을 감싸면 어떻게 될까?
③ You'd end up with a dry hand and a white glove. 물기 없는 손과 흰색 장갑 그대로일 것이다.
④ Frozen smoke's proper name is "aerogel," and it was created by Steven Kistler in 1931 in an attempt to win a bet that he could replace the liquid inside of a jar with gas without causing any shrinkage. 냉동 연기의 정식 명칭은 '에어로젤'로 1931년 병에든 액체를 양의 감소 없이 기체로 대체시키겠다는내기에서 이기려는 시도 중에 Steven Kistler에 의해 만들어졌다.
⑤ Kistler won the bet and, in the process, discovered aerogel. Kistler는 내기에서 이겼고, 그 과정에서 에어로젤을발견했다.
⑥ However, the fragility of the material, along with the costly and difficult manufacturing process it required, hampered widespread production until recently. 그러나 이 물질이 필요로 하는 값비싸고 어려운 제조 과정과 더불어 이 물질의 부서지기 쉬운 성질은최근까지 광범위한 생산을 어렵게 했다.
⑦ Aerogel is semi-transparent, bluish-white and dry to the touch, with a texture similar to that of foam. 에어로젤은 반투명의 푸르스름한 백색을 띄며 만지면 물기가 없고 거품과 비슷한 감촉이 난다.
⑧ Structurally, it is extremely porous, which means it is full of small holes. 그것은 구조적으로 극도의 다공성을 띠는데, 이는에어로젤이 작은 구멍들로 가득 차 있다는 것을 의미한다.
⑨ Because of this, it's incredibly lightweight: If you were to try to lift a chunk of aerogel the size of a person, you'd find that it weighs less than a pound. 이런 이유로 그것은 믿을 수 없을 정도로 가벼워서, 사람 크기 정도의 에어로젤 뭉치를 들어 올리려고할 경우 그것의 무게가 1파운드도 안된다는 것을 알게 될 것이다.
⑩ Despite this, it is strong enough to hold more than 2,000 times its own weight, although if enough pressure is applied, it will shatter like glass. 이러한 사실에도 불구하고, 그것은 충분한 압력이가해지면 유리처럼 산산 조각이 나기는 하지만 자신의 무게의 2,000배 이상을 지탱할 만큼 충분히 강하다.
⑪ Although aerogel is a solid material, it is made up of up to 99.8 percent air. 에어로젤은 고체 물질이기는 하지만 최대 99.8%가공기로 이루어져 있다.
⑫ It can be produced from a variety of chemicals by removing the liquid from a gel and replacing it with gas. 그것은 겔에서 액체를 제거하고 이를 기체로 대체함으로써 다양한 화학물질들로부터 생산될 수 있다.
⑬ Commercially speaking, the most significant characteristic of aerogel is its insulating ability. 상업적으로 말하자면, 에어로젤의 가장 두드러진 특징은 절연 능력이다.
⑭ Aerogel is effective at blocking sound and electricity, but its thermal insulation properties have the most promising applications. 에어로젤은 소리와 전기를 차단하는 데 효과적이지만, 그것의 단열성이 가장 응용 가능성이 크다.
⑮ It has already been used to insulate the Rover, a robotic probe that was sent to Mars. 그것은 화성으로 보내진 로봇 탐사선인 Rover의 단열재로 이미 사용되었다.
⑯ During the mission, the temperature on Mars dropped as low as -67 degrees Celsius, but aerogel kept the sensitive electronic components inside of Rover warm and functioning. 그 임무 기간 동안 화성의 기온은 최저 섭씨 영하67도까지 내려갔었지만, 에어로젤은 Rover의 내부에 있는 민감한 전자 부품들이 얼지 않고 제 기능을수행하도록 유지시켜 주었다.
⑰ Another potential usage of aerogel is as a substitute for glass in windows. 에어로젤의 또 다른 잠재 용도는 창문의 유리 대체물로서이다.
⑱ Because it has 20 times the insulating ability of standard glass, aerogel windows could save homeowners money by minimizing heat loss. 일반 유리 단열 능력의 20배를 가지고 있기 때문에, 에어로젤 창은 열 손실을 최소화하여 집주인들이 돈을 절약할 수 있도록 한다.
⑲ It can be employed in various other ways, too, making aerogel a truly versatile material. 에어로젤은 또한 다양한 다른 방법들로도 사용될 수있어서 진정한 다용도 물질이 되고 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 14. Biology - Reading 1: Animal Camouflage
① Survival in the wild can hinge on the ability to remain unseen. 야생에서의 생존은 눈에 보이지 않게 존재하는 능력여하에 달려 있을 수 있다.
② Many species of animals accomplish this through camouflage, whether the purpose is to conceal themselves from predators or to sneak up on prey. 많은 종류의 동물들은 그 목적이 포식동물로부터 스스로를 숨기는 것이든, 먹이에게 몰래 다가가는 것이든 위장을 통해 이를 달성한다.
③ In either case, the effectiveness of this concealment is often based on an animal's ability to blend into its natural habitat. 어떤 경우이든 간에 이러한 장복의 효과는 흔히 자연 서식지에 동화될 수 있는 동물의 능력에 기반한것이다.
④ Blending in can be accomplished through adopting a color that resembles the surrounding environment. 동화는 주변 환경을 닮은 색을 취함으로써 이루어질수 있다.
⑤ For example, deer are the reddish-brown color of the earth around them, whereas sharks are a bluish- gray color, matching the hue of the sea. 예를 들어, 사슴은 주변 땅 색깔인 적갈색인 반면 상어는 바다 빛깔과 일치하는 청회색이다.
⑥ Other animals utilize pattern or texture to disguise themselves either within their environment or among large same-species groups. 또 어떤 동물들은 환경 속이나 동일 종의 거대한 무리 사이에 스스로를 숨기기 위해 무늬나 문양을 이용한다.
⑦ Tigers, for example, are striped so as to blend into the tall grasslands they roam in search of food. 예를 들어, 호랑이는 먹이를 찾아 돌아다니는 높은풀숲에 동화되도록 줄무늬가 나 있다.
⑧ The stripes of zebras, however, work quite differently. 그러나 얼룩말의 줄무늬는 아주 다르게 작용한다.
⑨ When zebras herd together, their black and white stripes serve as a visual disruption; that is, they make it very difficult for a predator to single out one animal among many. 얼룩말이 떼를 지어 모여 있을 때 그들의 흑백 줄무늬는 시각적 혼란을 일으키는 역할을 한다. 즉, 흑백줄무늬는 많은 얼룩말 중에서 포식동물이 하나를 골라내는 일을 아주 어렵게 만든다.
⑩ The method by which animals adapt their colors to their environment depends on physiology. 동물들이 자신의 색깔을 환경에 맞게 변화시키는 방법은 생리 기능에 따라 다르다.
⑪ Birds and mammals are generally covered in fur or feathers, which cannot change color; thus there's the need to grow a new coat. 조류와 포유동물들은 일반적으로 털이나 깃털로 뒤덮여 있어서, 색깔을 변화시킬 수 없으므로 새로운외피를 자라게 할 필요가 있다.
⑫ Some species, on the other hand, are able to change the appearance of their skin through cells that determine coloration, known as chromatophores. 반면, 어떤 종들은 색소 세포로 알려진 천연색을 결정하는 세포를 통해 자신의 피부 외양을 바꿀 수 있다.
⑬ Cuttlefish, for example, manipulate skin cells to change colors and patterns, and marine snails alter their color to match their environment by changing their diet. 예를 들어, 갑오징어는 색과 무늬를 바꾸기 위해 피부 세포를 조작하며, 바다 달팽이는 먹이를 바꿈으로써 환경과 일치하도록 색을 바꾼다.
⑭ Another type of camouflage is known as mimicry. 또 다른 유형의 위장은 모방으로 알려져 있다.
⑮ Some species of insects use mimicry to appear to be an inanimate object or even a different kind of animal. 일부 곤충의 종은 생명이 없는 물체나 심지어 다른종류의 동물인 것처럼 보이기 위해서 모방을 이용한다.
⑯ When predators approach stick insects, for example, they stand still and are often mistaken for twigs. 예를 들어, 포식동물이 접근해 오면 대벌레는 움직이지 않고 가만히 있어서 종종 나뭇가지로 오인된다.
⑰ And, hawk moth caterpillars scare away predators with a pattern on their back that resembles a snake's head. 그리고 박각시나방 애벌레는 뱀의 머리를 닮은 등의무늬로 포식동물들을 쫓아버린다.
⑱ A predator that might want to eat a caterpillar probably wouldn't choose to attack a snake. 애벌레를 먹고 싶어할지도 모르는 포식동물은 아마도 뱀을 공격하지는 않을 것이다.
⑲ Each of these camouflaging devices was developed gradually through the process of natural selection. 이러한 각각의 위장 장치는 자연 선택의 과정을 통해 서서히 발달되었다.
⑳ An animal that is more difficult to see than other members of its species has a better chance of surviving, and therefore has the opportunity to reproduce and ensure that its genes are passed on to the next generation. 그 종의 다른 구성원들보다 찾아내기가 더 어려운동물은 생존 가능성이 더 많으며, 따라서 번식을 하고 자신의 유전자를 확실히 다음 세대에게 물려줄수 있는 기회를 갖게 된다.

 

 

 

Unit 14. Biology - Reading 2: TOEFL (The Venus Flytrap)
① The Venus flytrap is a small, carnivorous plant that grows only in the wetlands of the southeastern United States. 파리지옥은 미국 남동부의 습지에서만 자라는 작은식충 식물이다.
② The plant's odd name, thought to be a reference to the Roman goddess of love, was chosen by botanists who compared the plant's ability to trap insects to a beautiful woman's ability to ensnare men. 로마의 사랑의 여신을 가리키는 것으로 여겨지는 이식물의 기이 한 이름은 곤충을 잡는 이 식물의 능력을 남자를 유혹하는 아름다운 여인의 능력에 비유했던 식물학자들에 의해 선정되었다.
③ It is, in fact, the Venus flytrap's predatory nature that makes it stand out in the world of botany. 사실 식물학계에서 파리지옥을 눈에 띄게 하는 것은바로 그것의 포식성이다.
④ Although the plants are able to synthesize glucose through photosynthesis, the marshy soil in which they grow lacks other essential nutrients, such as nitrogen. 비록 이 식물이 광합성을 통해 포도당을 합성할 수있기는 하지만, 이것이 자라나는 습지 토양에는 질소와 같은 다른 필수 영양소들이 부족하다.
⑤ Venus flytraps make up for this deficiency by consuming live prey, such as insects and spiders. 파리지옥은 이러한 결핍을 곤충과 거미 같은 살아있는 먹이를 섭취함으로써 보충한다.
⑥ Because Venus flytraps don't have brains and muscles like most carnivores, they rely on a series of mechanical and chemical processes. 파리지옥은 대부분의 육식동물들처럼 뇌와 근육을갖고 있지 않기 때문에 기계적이고 화학적인 일련의과정에 의존한다.
⑦ The plants attract their prey into their traps - specially formed leaves that resemble an open mouth - with sweet-smelling nectar. 이 식물은 달콤한 향기가 나는 과즙을 사용하여 벌린 입처럼 생긴 특별한 형태의 잎인 그들의 덫으로먹이를 유인한다.
⑧ These leaves are covered in sensitive "trigger hairs." 이 잎은 민감한 '감각모(感짬毛)'로 덮여 있다.
⑨ When an insect touches one of them, the plant is alerted to its presence. 곤충이 감각모 중 하나를 건드리면 이 식물은 곤충의 존재에 경계 태세를 취한다.
⑩ If a trigger hair is touched for a second time in quick succession, the leaf responds by closing partly shut, trapping the insect with stiff *protuberances that interlock to form a cage. 만일 감각모를 연달아 두 번째로 건드리면, 잎이 일부분 닫히면서 반응을 하는데, 서로 맞물려 우리를형성하는 뻣뻣한 돌기들로 그 곤충을 가둔다.
⑪ The trap, however, will not completely close unless the trigger hairs are activated again. 그러나 덫은 감각모가 다시 반응하지 않는다면 완전히 닫히지 않을 것이다.
⑫ This is how the plant differentiates between live prey and other objects that may fall onto its leaves. 이런 방식으로 이 식물은 살아 있는 먹이와 잎에 우연히 떨어질지도 모르는 기타 물체들을 구별한다.
⑬ An inanimate twig or leaf, for example, will not reactivate the hairs. 예를 들어, 생명이 없는 나뭇가지나 잎은 감각모를다시 움직이게 하지 않을 것이다.
⑭ If the trigger hairs are not reactivated, the leaves slowly open again, an effort that takes about 12 hours, allowing the unwanted object to fall free. 만일 감각모가 다시 반응하지 않으면 잎은 다시 서서히 열리는데, 약 12시간이 걸리는 작용이며, 불필요한 물체가 자유롭게 떨어져 나가게 해준다.
⑮ This process is designed to allow the plant to avoid wasting precious energy attempting to digest something inedible. 이 과정은 그 식물이 먹을 수 없는 것을 소화시키려고 하면서 귀중한 에너지를 낭비하는 일을 피하기위한 것이다.
⑯ Once the leaves have sealed completely shut, trapping the insect inside, the plant begins to feed by producing acidic liquids that act like the digestive fluids in an animal's stomach. 일단 잎이 완전히 닫혀 곤충을 내부에 가두면, 이 식물은 동물 위 속의 소화액처럼 작용을 하는 산성액을 만들어 먹이를 먹기 시작한다.
⑰ The prey is slowly dissolved over the course of the next several days, and its nutrients are absorbed by the plant. 먹이는 다음 며칠 간의 기간에 걸쳐 서서히 용해되고 영양소는 식물에 의해 흡수된다.
⑱ Once the nutrients are gone, the trap reopens and the remains are allowed to fall away. 영양소가 다 섭취되면 덫이 다시 열리고 찌꺼기가떨어져 나간다.
⑲ When the next unsuspecting creature stumbles into the trap, the process will begin again. 그 다음에 의심을 하지 않는 생물이 우연히 덫에 걸리면 이 과정은 다시 시작될 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 15. Politics - Reading 1: Ombudsman
① An ombudsman is an official who serves as a liaison between the public and an organization by receiving and investigating complaints. 옴부즈맨은 불만 사항을 받고 조사함으로써 대중과조직 사이에서 연락자 역할을 하는 관리이다.
② The odd-sounding title comes from the Swedish language but has been adopted into standard English. 이상하게 들리는 이 명칭은 스웨덴어에서 유래하지만 표준 영어로 사용되어 왔다.
③ The first modern official ombudsmen were appointed by the Swedish government early in the 19th century, although similar positions existed in a variety of cultures around the world. 비록 전 세계 여러 문화권에서 유사한 직책들이 존재하기는 했지만 근대 최초의 공식적 옴부즈맨은19세기 초 스웨덴 정부에 의해 임명되었다.
④ Ombudsmen traditionally serve a political role, acting as representatives of common citizens who have complaints against their elected officials. 옴부즈맨은 선출된 관리들에 대해 불만이 있는 일반시민들의 대표자 역할을 하면서 전통적으로 정치적역할을 수행한다.
⑤ Although ombudsmen are appointed by the government as opposed to being elected by the people, they maintain their impartiality by operating independently outside of the system. 비록 옴부즈맨은 국민들에 의해 선출되는 것과 반대로 정부에 의해 임명될지라도 그들은 조직 외부에서독자적으로 활동함으로써 그들의 공정성을 유지한다.
⑥ They generally don't have the power to take legal action against the government if evidence of wrongdoing is found, but they can bring the situation under investigation by publishing a report on their findings. 그들은 일반적으로 부정 행위의 증거가 발견될지라도 정부에 대해 법적 조치를 취할 권한은 없지만, 그들의 발견에 대한 보고를 공포함으로써 그 상황을조사에 착수시킬 수 있다.
⑦ Whenever possible, they seek to resolve situations before they go to the courts. 가능한 한 그들은 법정으로까지 가기 전에 상황을해결하려고 노력한다.
⑧ These days, however, the position of ombudsman is also being utilized in a variety of non-governmental institutions, such as universities, private businesses, hospitals, and nonprofit organizations. 그러나 오늘날 옴부즈맨의 지위는 대학, 사기업, 병원, 비영리단체와 같은 다양한 비정부 기관에서도활용되고 있다.
⑨ It is critical that organizational ombudsmen remain impartial. 기관 옴부즈맨은 공정함을 유지하는 것이 중요하다.
⑩ They are charged primarily with safeguarding the legal and ethical interests of company employees. 그들은 주로 회사 직원의 법적, 윤리적 이익을 보호할 책임이 있다.
⑪ They also monitor new issues that may affect their employers, addressing them before they can cause problems. 그들은 또한 그들의 고용주에게 영향을 미칠 수도있는 새로운 문제들을 감시하여, 문제를 일으키기전에 이를 처리한다.
⑫ Organizational ombudsmen are high-ranking officials but are not part of the company's management, often reporting to a board of directors. 기관 옴부즈맨은 고위 관리이지만 회사 경영진의 일부는 아니며, 종종 이사진에게 보고를 한다.
⑬ The news ombudsman is another non-governmental variation of the position, usually employed by media outlets. 뉴스 옴부즈맨은 또 다른 형태의 비정부 지위로 주로 매체에 의해 고용된다.
⑭ The position provides the public with an avenue for their complaints and keeps journalists in touch with the public's views. 이 지위는 대중들에게 그들의 불만을 토로하는 통로를 제공해 주며 언론인들이 대중의 의견을 계속 접할 수 있게 해준다.
⑮ News ombudsmen listen to complaints about the accuracy and balance of news stories and then present suggestions to the journalists and editors involved. 뉴스 옴부즈맨은 보도 기사들의 정확성과 공정성에대한 불만을 경청하고 나서 관련된 언론인과 편집자에게 제안을 한다.
⑯ By doing so, they ensure that future news coverage will be fair and balanced, while encouraging readers or viewers by allowing them to have their say. 그렇게 함으로써, 그들은 독자들이나 시청자들이 발언권을 가질 수 있게 그들을 장려하는 한편 앞으로의 뉴스 보도가 공정하고 균형을 유지할 수 있도록보장한다.
⑰ It has become increasingly apparent that ombudsmen can play an important role in any sort of organization that deals with the public, providing citizens with not only an ear for their complaints but also a voice. 국민들에게 그들의 불만을 들어주는 귀뿐만이 아니라 목소리도 제공하면서, 옴부즈맨이 대중을 다루는어떤 종류의 기관에서든지 중요한 역할을 할 수 있다는 사실은 점점 더 분명해지고 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 15. Politics - Reading 2: Populism
① Populism generally refers to political activities or ideals that claim to promote the interests of the public. 대중주의(populism)는 일반적으로 대중의 이익을향상시키는 것을 주장하는 정치적 활동이나 이상을말한다.
② Often, populism is understood to be a political party's strategy of utilizing the public's interests to its advantage as a means to gain or maintain power. 종종 대중주의는 권력을 얻거나 유지하기 위한 수단으로서, 대중의 이익을 유리하게 이용하는 정당의전략으로 이해된다.
③ The term populism originated from the Populist Party, or the People's Party, which was first organized in the U.S. in 1891. 대중주의라는 용어는 1891년에 미국에서 처음 조직된 파퓰리스트당 혹은 인민당에서 유래했다.
④ It came up with mass appeal policies to compete against other parties. 그것온 다른 정당들과 경쟁하기 위해서 대중에게 호소하는 정책을 내놓았다.
⑤ This strategy later came to be known as a typical characteristic of populism. 이 전략은 후에 대중주의의 전형적인 특징으로 알려지게 되었다.
⑥ Argentina's former presidential couple, Juan and Eva Peron, are well-known examples of populists. 아르헨티나의 전 대통령 부부인 Juan Peron과 Eva Peron은 대중주의정치가의 잘 알려진 예이다.
⑦ Juan Peron, who was elected president on a wave of public support after World War II, adopted pro-labor policies to maintain his power. 2차 세계 대전 후 대중의 지지에 힘입어 대통령에선출된 Juan Peron은 자신의 권력을 유지하기 위해친노동 정책을 채택했다.
⑧ He also provided unlimited material support to the public, justifying his policies as being reformative. 그는 또한 대중에게 무제한의 물질적 지원을 제공하여 자신의 정책을 개혁적인 것으로 정당화했다.
⑨ Meanwhile, his wife, Eva Peron, was revered as the "mother of Argentina." 한편 그의 아내 Eva Peron은 '아르헨티나의 어머니'로 존경받았다.
⑩ She acted cold-heartedly toward the rich and was kind and charitable to the poor. 그녀는 부자들에게는 냉담하게 대했고 가난한 사람들에게는 친절하고 관대했다.
⑪ But as a result of their radical reforms, Argentina fell deep into debt and faced abrupt economic ruin. 그러나 그들의 급진적인 개혁의 결과로 아르헨티나는 심한 부채에 빠졌고 갑작스런 경제 위기에 직면했다.
⑫ Having been a top five world economic power until the 1940s, Argentina is still struggling today from the consequences of populism. 1940년대까지 세계 5대 경제 강국의 하나였던 아르헨티나는 오늘날에도 여전히 대중주의의 결과로 어려움을 겪고 있다.
⑬ Behind the policies of populism always lies the intention to acquire public support. 대중주의 정책들 이면에는 항상 대중의 지지를 얻으려는 의도가 있다.
⑭ Populists often adopt paternalistic attitudes by having direct dialogues with the public and presenting their ideas through writing. 대중주의정치인들은 종종 대중과 직접적인 대화를갖고 그들의 생각을 글로 표현함으로써 온정적인 태도를 취한다.
⑮ They also attack the privileges of the rich and the powerful while appealing to the middle and lower classes with their anti-elitist ideals. 그들은 또한 부자들과 권력자들의 특권을 비난하며,한편으로는 그들의 반엘리트 사상으로 중산층과 하류층에게 호소한다.
⑯ That is why they often employ policies that prioritize the distribution of wealth. 그것이 바로 그들이 종종 부의 분배를 우선하는 정책을 쓰는 이유이다.
⑰ At first glance, there seems to be nothing wrong with populist policies, since they appear to benefit the public. 얼핏 보면 대중들에게 이익이 되는 것처럼 보이기때문에 대중주의 정책에는 잘못된 것이 없는 것처럼보인다.
⑱ However, policies that call for extreme distribution of wealth can cause tremendous financial loss and inflation. 그러나 지나친 부의 분배를 요구하는 정책은 엄청난재정적 손실과 인플레이션을 일으킬 수 있다.
⑲ This leads to a vicious cycle of low growth, causing lower wages for the public and ultimately threatening the national economy. 이는 저성장이라는 악순환에 이르게 하여, 대중에게저임금을 안겨주고 궁극적으로는 국가 경제를 위협한다.
⑳ All around the globe, many politicians are still relying on populist sentiment to gain support. 전 세계적으로 많은 정치인들은 지지를 얻기 위해여전히 대중주의 정서에 의존하고 있다.
㉑ Hopefully, behind the rhetoric lies the wisdom to turn popular support for policies into a foundation for national growth, instead of allowing it to be utilized as a means to seize political power. 바라건대, 그런 언변 이면에 정책에 대한 대중의 지지를 정치적 권력을 잡기 위한 수단으로 사용되게하는 것이 아니라, 국가 성장을 위한 초석이 되도록하는 지혜가 있었으면 한다.

 

 

 

Unit 16. Law - Reading 1: The Statue of Limitations
① In an ideal legal system, all criminals would be immediately brought to court and punished for their offenses. 이상적인 법치 체제에서는 모든 범죄자들은 재판에즉시 회부되어 범죄에 대해 처벌을 받을 것이다.
② But in reality, there are laws that actually free criminals from the burden of being brought to court for their crimes once a certain amount of time has passed. 그러나 실제로는 일단 특정 기간이 경과되면 범죄자들을 범죄로 인해 재판에 회부되는 부담에서 벗어나게 하는 법이 있다.
③ Tracing their roots back to Roman times, these laws are known as "statutes of limitations." 그 기원이 로마 시대로 거슬러 올라가는 이 법은 '공소시효(출소기한법)'로 알려져 있다.
④ The expiration periods set by statutes of limitations vary depending on the types of cases, and there are certain case types that are not covered by such statutes. 공소시효에 의해 정해진 만료기간은 소송 사건의 유형에 따라 다르며 그러한 법령이 적용되지 않는 일부 소송 사건의 유형들도 있다.
⑤ In most states in the U.S., there is no statute of limitations for murder cases, and the right to file lawsuits against murder suspects never expires. 미국 대부분의 주에서는 살인 사건에 대한 공소시효가 없으며, 살인 용의자에 대해 소송을 제기할 수 있는 권리에 대한 공소 시한도 전혀 없다.
⑥ However, in many countries, statutes of limitations apply even to murder cases. 그러나 많은 국가에서 공소시효는 심지어 살인 사건에도 적용된다.
⑦ Each country sets different expiration periods for murder; for example, it is 25 years in Korea and 30 years in Taiwan. 나라마다 살인에 대한 만료기간을 서로 다르게 정해놓고 있는데, 예를 들어 한국은 25년이고 대만은30년이다.
⑧ Advocates of statutes of limitations claim there are valid reasons why lawmakers enacted these laws. 공소시효를 지지하는 사람들은 입법자들이 이 법을제정한 데에는 타당한 이유가 있다고 주장한다.
⑨ One purpose of statutes of limitations is to maintain fairness. 공소시효의 한 가지 목적은 공정성을 유지하는 것이다.
⑩ In other words, memories fade, evidence can be damaged, and witnesses disappear with the passing of time, making circumstances unsuitable for court trials. 다시 말해서, 시간이 경과함에 따라 기억들은 사라지고 증거는 손상될 수 있으며 목격자가 사라져서정황들이 법정 재판에 부적합해 질 수 있다.
⑪ Another reason for statutes of limitations is closure or certainty, meaning society and law enforcement agencies will eventually stop investing effort and public resources in trying to investigate old cases that are unlikely to be resolved, and instead turn their attention to recent crimes. 공소시효를 지지하는 또 다른 이유는 종결 혹은 확실성으로, 사회와 법 집행기관들이 결국 해결될 것같지 않은 오래된 사건들을 조사하는 데 노력과 공공 자원을 들이는 것을 멈추고, 대신 그들의 관심을최근 범죄로 들리는 것을 의미한다.
⑫ Opponents of statutes of limitations see them as an irrelevance and call for the legal system to be updated accordingly. 공소시효를 반대하는 사람들은 그것을 부적절한 것으로 보며, 법제도가 시대에 맞게 갱신되어야 한다고 주장한다.
⑬ They point, first, to advances in scientific investigation. 그들은 첫째로 과학 수사에서의 진보를 지적한다.
⑭ Modern techniques used in evidence recovery and analysis mean that a crime can be proven long after it was committed. 증거 복원과 분석에 사용되는 현대 기술들은 범죄가행해진지 한참 뒤에도 증명될 수 있다는 것을 의미한다.
⑮ Secondly, they believe that certain crimes should never be sent to the unsolved file and that criminals should be made to pay for their crimes no matter what the circumstances are. 둘째로 그들은 특정 범죄들이 절대로 미결사건 파일로 분류되어서는 안 되며, 범인들은 반드시 자신의죄에 대한 대가를 치러야 한다고 믿는다.
⑯ Allowing the perpetrators of murder or child rape to escape unpunished, they argue, may even encourage such criminal behavior. 그들은 살인범이나 아동 성폭행범들이 처벌받지 않고 달아나게 두는 것은 그런 범죄 행위를 조장하는것일 수도 있다고 주장한다.
⑰ Whether legally or morally justifiable, statutes of limitations must at the very least reflect social interest. 법적으로 정당하든 도덕적으로 정당하든 간에 공소시효는 적어도 사회적 관심을 반영해야만 한다.
⑱ Lawmakers must remain mindful of the fact that punishment is a tool of social order, but that so too is faith in the law. 입법자들은 처벌이 사회 질서의 도구이기도 하지만법에 대한 신뢰 역시 그렇다는 사실을 반드시 유념해야 한다.

 

 

 

Unit 16. Law - Reading 2: TOEFL (Trial by Jury)
① In the U.S., as in many countries around the world, accused criminals are tried under a jury system. 전 세계의 여러 국가에서처럼 미국에서도 기소된 범죄자들은 배심원제도 하에서 재판을 받는다.
② A panel of ordinary citizens is charged with hearing the facts in a case and delivering a verdict. 일반인으로 구성된 배심원단은 소송 사건에서 사실들을 심리하고 평결을 내리는 일을 부여받는다.
③ A judge presides over the trial to ensure that all appropriate laws and rules of conduct are followed, but he or she does not interfere with the jury's decision. 판사가 모든 적법한 법률들과 행동 지침들이 잘 준수되도록 하기 위해 재판을 주재하지만 배심원의 결정에는 간섭하지 않는다.
④ Variations of this concept have been implemented since ancient times, but an early version of the modern jury system was introduced by the Magna Carta, an English document granting certain people the right to be tried before a group of their peers. 이러한 개념의 여러 가지 형태가 고대 이후로 실행되어 왔지만, 현대 배심원 제도의 초기 형태는 일부국민들에게 동료 집단 앞에서 재판을 받을 수 있는권리를 허용하는 영국 문서인 〈마그나카르타〉에 의해 도입되었다.
⑤ A jury is made up of individual jurors, in most instances numbering 12. 배심원단은 대부분의 경우 12명에 이르는 각각의배심원들로 구성된다.
⑥ The jurors listen to the testimonies and arguments presented by both the defense and prosecution, consider these facts, and agree on a verdict of either guilty or not guilty. 배심원들은 피고측과 기소자측 모두에 의해 제시되는 증언과 주장을 듣고 이러한 사실들을 고려해서유죄 또는 무죄 평결을 내린다.
⑦ Different situations dictate different requirements for reaching a verdict, ranging from a simple majority to a unanimous decision by the jury. 단순한 과반수에서부터 배심원단의 만장일치에 이르기까지, 상황에 따라 평결을 내리는데 요구되는조건들이 다르다.
⑧ American jurors are chosen at random from lists of registered voters and licensed drivers. 미국의 배심원들은 등록된 유권자와 면허가 있는 운전자 목록에서 무작위로 선발된다.
⑨ However, many people are excluded from jury duty - those whose jobs do not allow them to take the time to serve on a jury and people with medical conditions, criminal records, or conflicting religious beliefs. 그러나 많은 사람들이 배심원 자격에서 제외되는데,배심원단으로 봉사할 시간을 낼 수 없는 직업의 사람들과 질병 범죄 기록, 상충되는 종교적 믿음을 가진 사람들이다.
⑩ Potential jurors must also be examined to verify their lack of bias and outside interest in the case before they are accepted by the defense and prosecution. 예비 배심원들은 또한 피고측과 기소자 측에 의해인정되기에 앞서 소송 사건에 있어서 편견이나 외부적 이해관계가 없음을 증명하기 위해 조사를 받아야한다.
⑪ During the trial, jurors are forbidden from obtaining any information about the case outside of the trial setting. 재판 기간 동안 배심원들은 재판 장소 밖에서 소송사건에 대한 어떤 정보의 입수도 금지되어 있다.
⑫ This allows them to focus solely on the facts that are presented by the defense and prosecution. 이것은 그들로 하여금 피고측과 기소자측에 의해 제시된 사실들에만 집중하게 한다.
⑬ Once the trial is concluded, the jury assembles to deliberate on a verdict in the case. 일단 재판이 끝나면 배심원단은 소송 사건에 대한평결을 심의하기 위해 모인다.
⑭ There is no set time limit for deliberations, and American criminal trials require a unanimous decision, so juries have been known to take days to reach a verdict. 심의에 대해 정해진 기한은 없으며, 미국의 형사 재판은 만장일치의 판결을 요구해서 배심원단이 평결을 내리는 데 며칠이 걸리는 것으로 알려져 있다.
⑮ The jury system is seen as a vital part of democratic government, as it allows ordinary people to take part in the administration of justice. 배심원 제도는 일반인이 법의 집행에 참여할 수 있도록 허용하기 때문에 민주주의 정부의 필수 요소로보인다.
⑯ Because the selection process is random, juries represent a diverse and accurate sampling of local populations. 선발 과정이 무작위이기 때문에 배심원들은 지역 인구의 다양하고 정확한 표본을 나타낸다.
⑰ In this way, the criminal justice system is integrally connected to the community, not above or at odds with it. 이런 식으로 하여 형사 재판 제도는 지역사회의 우위에 있거나 지역사회와 대립하지 않고 긴밀하게 연계되어 있다.

 

 

 

 

 

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Unit 01. Culture - Reading 1: Colombian Carnival
① The Carnival of Blacks and Whites may not sound like a colorful event, but it actually is! 혹과 백의 축제는 다채로운 행사처럼 들리지 않을수도 있지만, 사실은 다채롭다!
② This annual festival is held in Pasto, Colombia, from January 4th through 6th and includes parades with elaborately designed floats and costumes. 이 연례행사는 1월 4일부터 6일까지 콜롬비아의 파스토에서 열리고, 공들여 디자인된 장식 차량 및 의상으로 이루어진 행진을 포함한다.
③ It is also one of the oldest carnival celebrations in South America and was officially declared part of Colombia's cultural heritage in 2002. 이것은 남미에서 가장 오래된 축제 행사 중 하나이기도 하며, 2002년에 콜롬비아 문화유산의 일부로공식 선언되었다.
④ The festival's earliest origins can be traced back to the 17th century. 축제의 초창기 기원은 17세기로 거슬러 올라간다.
⑤ After a slave rebellion in the city of Remedios in 1607, the region's slaves began to demand a special day off. 1607년에 레메디 오스라는 도시에서 노예 반란이있었던 이후, 그 지역의 노예들은 하루의 특별 휴일을 요구하기 시작했다.
⑥ In response, the king of Spain, who ruled Colombia at that time, declared January 5th a day on which all slaves could enjoy temporary freedom. 이에 대해, 그 당시 콜롬비아를 지배하던 스페인 왕은 1월 5일을 모든 노예들이 일시적인 자유를 즐길수 있는 날로 선언하였다.
⑦ Upon hearing the news, the region's slaves celebrated with music and dancing, blackening the city's white walls with coal. 그 소식을 듣자마자, 그 지역의 노예들은 석탄으로도시의 하얀 벽을 검게 만들며 음악과 춤으로 축하했다.
⑧ Their masters even painted their own faces black to take part in the fun. 그들의 주인들은 즐거움에 동참하기 위해 심지어 자신의 얼굴을 까맣게 칠하기까지 했다.
⑨ The next day, the slaves responded by painting their faces white. 다음 날에는 노예들이 자신의 얼굴을 하얗게 칠하는것으로 응답했다.
⑩ In this way, a great tradition began. 이러한 방식으로, 한 위대한 전통이 시작되었다.
⑪ Sometime around the mid-19th century, this tradition was brought to Pasto, and the modern Carnival of Blacks and Whites was born. 19세기 중반 언젠가, 이 전통이 파스토에 들어오게됐고, 현대의 혹과 백의 축제가 탄생했다.
⑫ Today, it begins with a big parade on January 4th. 요즘에는 1월 4일에 큰 행렬로 축제가 시작된다.
⑬ People dress up in colorful, old-fashioned clothes and walk through the city's streets. 사람들은 형형색색의 복고풍 옷으로 차려입고 도시의 거리를 걷는다.
⑭ The two main events of the carnival are held on January 5th and 6th. 축제의 두 가지 주요 행사는 1월 5일과 6일에 열린다.
⑮ First is the Day of the Blacks. 첫 번째는 흑의 날이다.
⑯ People of all races and ethnicities cover themselves with black paint, and orchestras give free concerts in the street. 모든 인종과 민족적 배경의 사람들이 검은색 페인트로 자신을 칠하고, 관현악단은 거리에서 무료 공연을 한다.
⑰ On the next day, the Day of the Whites, people throw white powder on one another. 다음 날인 '백의 날'에는 사람들이 서로에게 하얀 가루를 던진다.
⑱ These two events symbolize equality and integrate all of Colombia's citizens, regardless of race or ethnicity. 이 두 가지 행사는 평등을 상징하며 인종이나 민족성에 상관없이 모든 콜롬비아 시민들을 통합시킨다.
⑲ The Carnival of Blacks and Whites is considered to be one of the liveliest festivals in South America, full of friendly people who welcome visitors from all across the globe. 흑과 백의 축제는 남미에서 가장 활기가 넘치는 축제 중 하나로 여겨지며, 전 세계에서 온 방문객들을환영하는 상냥한 사람들로 가득하다.
⑳ It is a time when everyone can come together to have fun. 이 축제는 모든 사람이 즐거운 시간을 보내기 위해다 같이 모일 수 있는 시간이다.
㉑ But more importantly, it is a celebration of Colombia's racial diversity and unity. 하지만 더 중요한 것은 이것이 콜롬비아의 인종적다양성과 통합을 기념한다는 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 01. Culture - Reading 2: Aish Baladi
① The ancient Egyptians are remembered for their impressive tombs and monuments. 고대 이집트인들은 인상적인 무덤과 기념물로 기억된다.
② There is, however, a less famous piece of ancient Egyptian life that is a part of every Egyptian home today. 그러나 오늘날 모든 이집트 가정의 일부인, 고대 이집트인의 삶에서 덜 유영한 것이 있다.
③ It is aish baladi, a flatbread made from wheat. 그것은 밀로 만든 플랫브레드(납작한 빵)인 아이시발라디(aish baladi) 이다.
④ In ancient Egypt, wheat was one of the main sources of food and was considered a sacred plant of the gods. 고대 이집트에서 밀은 주요 식량원 중의 하나였고신의 신성한 식물로 여겨졌다.
⑤ The wheat-growing tradition brought about aish baladi, which has remained a unique part of Egyptian culture. 밀을 재배하는 전통은 아이시 발라디를 만들어 냈는데, 그것은 이집트 문화의 독특한 부분으로 남아 있다.
⑥ Aish baladi can be found everywhere in Egypt. 아이시 발라디는 이집트 어디에서나 볼 수 있다.
⑦ In Cairo, you are never far from someone selling freshly baked aish baladi. 카이로에서 여러분은 갓 구워진 아이시 발라디를 파는 사람에게서 절대로 멀리 떨어져 있지 않다.
⑧ The pieces of flatbread are round and puffed up with air in the middle. 플랫브레드는 둥글고 가운데는 공기로 불룩하다.
⑨ They have cracked wheat on top and come in different textures, from soft and fluffy to dry. 그것들은 위에 빻은 밀이 있으며 부드럽고 폭신한것부터 마른 것까지 여러 질감으로 나온다.
⑩ Because they are made from whole wheat, they have the nutritional benefits of this grain's high fiber, vitamin, and mineral content. 통일로 만들어지기 때문에, 그것들은 이 곡물이 지닌 높은 섬유질, 비타민, 그리고 미네랄 함량에 대한영양상의 이점을 가지고 있다.
⑪ At mealtime, aish baladi is perfect for making sandwiches or scooping up soft food and sauces. 식사 때에, 아이시 발라디는 샌드위치를 만들거나부드러운 음식과 소스를 퍼내는 데 안성맞춤이다.
⑫ Archaeology has shown that aish baladi has been around for a very long time. 고고학은 아이시 발라디가 아주 오랫동안 존재해 왔다는 것을 보여주었다.
⑬ Artwork in ancient tombs includes pictures of food that looks just like the round flatbread made today, and even preserved pieces of bread have been found. 고대 무덤의 예술 작풍은 오늘날 만들어지는 둥근플랫브레드와 똑같아 보이는 음식의 그림을 담고 있으며, 심지어 보존된 빵 조각들도 발견되었다.
⑭ The ancient Egyptians made bread by adding wild yeast to their dough and baking the dough in ovens made from the Nile's red mud. 고대 이집트인들은 반죽에 야생 효모를 넣고, 그 반죽을 나일강의 붉은 진흙으로 만든 화덕에 넣고 구워서 빵을 만들었다.
⑮ The recipe for aish baladi and the method of baking it have stayed the same for thousands of years. 아이시 발라디의 조리법과 그것을 굽는 방법은 수천년 동안 그대로 유지되어 오고 있다.
⑯ The importance of bread since ancient times has influenced the Egyptian language and culture. 고대부터 빵의 중요성은 이집트의 언어와 문화에 영향을 주었다.
⑰ Even the name aish baladi reflects this. 아이시 발라디라는 이름도 이 점을 반영한다.
⑱ It is much different from the typical Arabic word for "bread." 그것은 '빵을 나타내는 대표적인 아랍어와 매우 다르다.
⑲ It is formed from words meaning "traditional"(baladi) and "life" (aish). 그것은 '전통적인'(baladi)과 '삶'(aish猶} 의미하는단어들로부터 형성되었다.
⑳ During the Egyptian revolution of 2011, the slogan "bread, freedom, and social justice" was used because bread stands for all the basic needs of life. 2011년 이집트 혁명 도중 '빵, 자유, 사회적 정의 라는 구호가 사용되었는데, 빵이 삶의 모든 기본적인욕구를 나타내기 때문이다.
㉑ Like many foods, aish baladi is more than just a meal. 많은 음식들처럼, 아이시 발라디는 단순한 식사 이상의 것이다.
㉒ It represents generations of tradition and thousands of years of history. 그것은 세대에 걸친 전통과 수천 년의 역사를 나타낸다.
㉓ And as it still plays a large role in modern life, its story continues to grow. 아이시 발라디가 여전히 현대의 삶에서 큰 역할을하기 때문에 그것의 이야기는 계속해서 늘어나고 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 02. Health - Reading 1: Digital Dementia
① Dementia is a well-known disorder that affects memory and concentration. 치매는 기억력과 집중력에 영향을 끼치는 잘 알려진장애이다.
② Dementia patients often find it hard to remember simple things, such as phone numbers and people's names. 치매 환자들은 전화번호나 사람들의 이름처럼 간단한 것들을 기억하는 데 자주 어려움을 느낀다.
③ While it is typically diagnosed in the elderly, there has been a recent and troubling increase in dementia-like symptoms in teenagers and adults in their 20s and 30s. 치매가 일반적으로 노인들에게 진단이 되기는 하지만, 최근에 10대 및 20대와 30대 성인에게도 치매와 비슷한 증상이 늘고 있어 문제가 되고 있다.
④ This new type of dementia has been called "digital dementia." 이런 새로운 유형의 치매는 '디지털 치매'라고 불려오고 있다.
⑤ Why do we call it "digital"? 왜 '디지털'이라고 부르는가?
⑥ It has been blamed on the excessive use of smartphones and long hours spent in front of television and computer screens. 그것은 스마트폰의 과도한 사용과 TV와 컴퓨터 화면 앞에서 긴 시간을 보내는 것 때문으로 여겨지고있다.
⑦ When these devices are overused, the left side of the brain, which is responsible for logic and reasoning, tends to get overworked. 이러한 기기들이 지나치게 사용되면, 논리 및 추론을 담당하는 좌뇌가 과도하게 사용되는 경향이 있다.
⑧ Meanwhile, the right side of the brain, which supports cogmt1ve functions like memory, attention, and the processing of ideas, is hardly utilized. 그동안, 기억, 집중, 사고 처리와 같은 인지 기능을돕는 우뇌는 거의 활용되지 않는다.
⑨ This imbalance in how the brain is used leads to memory problems. 뇌가 사용되는 방법에 있어서 이러한 불균형은 기억력 문제를 야기한다.
⑩ Because of this, experts in some countries have recommended banning smartphones and other electronic devices from classrooms. 이 때문에 몇몇 국가의 전문가들은 교실에서 스마트폰과 다른 전자 기기를 금지할 것을 권고하고 있다.
⑪ In addition, people these days tend to store phone numbers and other bits of information on their smartphones instead of in their minds. 또한, 사람들은 요즘에 전화번호와 다른 단편적인정보들을 머릿속 대신 스마트폰에 저장하는 경향이있다.
⑫ It has been suggested that the resulting lack of mental stimulation hinders memory and brain development. 그 결과로 발생한 정신적 자극의 결핍이 기억력과두뇌 발달을 저해한다는 것이 제기되어 왔다.
⑬ This idea is supported by the fact that in South Korea, where over 90% of teenagers own a smartphone, there has been an alarming increase in cases of digital dementia. 이 견해는 10대의 90% 이상이 스마트폰을 소유하고 있는 한국에서 디지털 치매 발생이 걱정스러울정도로 증가하고 있다는 사실에 의해 뒷받침된다.
⑭ So what can you do to fight digital dementia? 그러면 디지털 치매에 맞서 싸우기 위해 여러분은무엇을 할 수 있을까?
⑮ First, try to use digital devices only when you need to. 우선, 필요할 때만 디지털 기기를 사용하도록 노력하라.
⑯ Also, memorizing phone numbers of family members and friends is a good way to keep your memory sharp. 또, 가족과 친구들의 전화번호를 외우는 것도 기억력을 예리하게 유지하는 좋은 방법이다.
⑰ Reading books and keeping a diary are great activities for keeping the brain stimulated, too. 책을 읽는 것과 일기를 쓰는 것도 두뇌를 지속적으로 자극하는 좋은 활동이다.
⑱ Finally, aerobic exercise enhances blood circulation in the brain and is good for your mental health. 마지막으로, 유산소 운동은 두뇌의 혈액 순환을 강화하고 정신 건강에도 줄다.
⑲ These activities can help you lead a healthy life and avoid becoming a victim of digital dementia. 이러한 활동들은 여러분이 건강한 생활을 하고 디지털 치매의 희생자가 되는 것을 막도록 도와줄 수 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 02. Health - Reading 2: Western and Chinese Medicine
① Sometimes, two people can look at the same problem and come up with two very different methods for solving it. 때로는 두 사람이 같은 문제를 보고 두 개의 매우 다른 해결 방법을 생각해 낼 수 있습니다.
② Such is the case with practitioners of Western medicine and those of Chinese, or Oriental, medicine. 서양 의료진과 중국, 즉 동양 의료진의 경우가 바로그러하죠.
③ Our reporter sat down with two physicians to learn more about what sets them apart. 우리 기자가 무엇이 그들을 구분 짓는지 더 알아보기 위해 두 명의 의사와 좌담을 했습니다.
④ Reporter: Dr. Smith, explain for us the general approach that Western physicians take toward medicine. 기자: 스미스 박사님, 서양의 의사들이 의학에 대해갖는 일반적인 접근법에 대해 설명해주세요.
⑤ Dr. Smith: Modern medicine evolved around the same time as the other physical sciences. 스미스 박사: 현대 의학은 다른 자연 과학과 같은시기에 발달했습니다.
⑥ Because we view it as a science, our medical understanding is guided by carefully designed laboratory experiments. 우리는 의학을 과학으로 생각하기 때문에, 의학에대한 우리의 이해는 신중하게 계획된 실험실 실험에좌우됩니다.
⑦ Likewise, the treatments we develop often come from the laboratory in the form of chemically synthesized drugs. 마찬가지로, 우리가 개발하는 치료약은 대개 실험실에서 화학적으로 합성된 약품의 형태로 옵니다
⑧ Reporter: Dr. Wu, how does Chinese medicine differ from what Dr. Smith just described? 기자: 우 박사님, 동양 의학은 방금 스미스 박사님이 설명하신 것과 어떤 차이가 있습니까?
⑨ Dr. Wu: If Western medicine is a science, Chinese medicine can be thought of as an art. 우 박사: 서양 의학이 과학이라면, 동양 의학은 예술이라고 생각할 수 있습니다.
⑩ Just as art is based on cultural tradition and evolves through the centuries, so does our practice of medicine. 예술이 문화적 전통에 기반을 두고 여러 세기를 거쳐 발전하는 것과 마찬가지로, 우리의 의료술도 그러합니다.
⑪ Moreover, Chinese treatments typically utilize the careful administration of pure, natural herbs rather than synthesized drugs. 또한, 동양의 치료약은 보통 합성된 약품보다는 순수한 자연의 약초를 주의해서 투여하는 것을 이용합니다.
⑫ Reporter: Dr. Smith, what is one drawback of the Western approach to medicine? 기자: 스미스 박사님, 서양식 의학 접근법의 한 가지 단점이라면 뭐가 있을까요?
⑬ Dr. Smith: Unfortunately, we view the human body as a machine, and it follows that each illness is seen as a defect in the machine. 스미스 박사: 안타깝게도, 우리는 인체를 하나의 기계로 간주하고, 그래서 각 각의 질병을 기계의 결함으로 보게 됩니다.
⑭ Repair or replace the defective part, and the machine should function normally. 결함이 있는 부분을 수리하거나 교체하면, 기계는정상적으로 기능하게 됩니다.
⑮ However, because the human body is a complex set of systems linked with one another, the true nature of how it works as a whole is not fully understood yet. 하지만, 인체는 서로 연결된 복잡한 조직망이기 때문에, 인체가 전체로서 어떻게 작용하는지 그 실체를 아직 완전히 이해할 수는 없습니다.
⑯ Reporter: Dr. Wu, what about a weakness in the Chinese approach? 기자: 우 박사님, 동양식 접근법의 단점은 어떻습니까?
⑰ Dr. Wu: I don't think we put enough emphasis on studying and investigating the causes of specific illnesses. 우 박사: 특정 질병의 원안에 대한 연구 및 조사에충분한 주의를 기울이지 않는 것이라고 생각합니다.
⑱ Western doctors have powerful diagnostic tools at their disposal, something that many Chinese doctors either lack or simply aren't interested in. 서양 의사들은 효과적인 진단 도구를 재량껏 사용하는데, 이건 많은 동양 의사들에게 부족하거나 그들이 관심을 갖지 않는 점이죠.
⑲ Reporter: What are your predictions for the future of medicine? 기자: 여러분은 앞으로의 의학에 대해 어떻게 예측하십니까?
⑳ Dr. Wu: I believe both traditions will work together more closely in the future. 우 박사: 미래에는 두 전통이 좀 더 긴밀히 협력할것으로 생각합니다.
㉑ Both have important innovations to offer, and in so combination they could be quite effective. 둘 다 중요한 혁신을 일궈낼 것이고, 이 둘이 협력한다면 상당히 효과적일 수 있습니다.
㉒ Dr. Smith: Yes, I agree. 스미스 박사: 네, 저도 그렇게 생각합니다.

 

 

 

Unit 03. Media - Reading 1: Meaningful Social Media
① You probably use a Facebook or Twitter account to keep in touch with your friends and share pictures and information from your daily life. 여러분은 친구들과 연락하거나 일상 사진과 정보를공유하기 위해 아마 페이스북이나 트워터 계정을 사용할지도 모른다.
② But social media has the potential to do much more. 하지만 소셜 미디어는 훨씬 많은 것을 할 수 있는 잠재력이 있다.
③ For example, some people have started using social media to give a voice to those who are less fortunate. 예를 들면, 어떤 사람들은 불우한 사람들에게 발언권을 주려고 소셜 미디어를 사용하기 시작했다.
④ In this way, it can be more than just a fun way to share information; it can also make a real difference in people's lives. 이렇게 소셜 미디어는 단지 정보를 공유하는 재미있는 방법 그 이상이 될 수 있고, 사람들의 삶에 실제변화를 가져올 수도 있다.
⑤ Internationally recognized activist Mark Horvath has been doing just that. 세계적으로 인정받는 사회 운동가 마크 호바스가 바로 그것을 해 오고 있다.
⑥ Since starting a website in 2008, he has been sharing the stories of homeless men and women across the United States and Canada. 2008년에 웹 사이트를 개설한 이후 그는 미국과 캐나다 전역에 걸쳐 집 없이 살아가는 사람들의 이야기를 공유해 왔다.
⑦ He started out by interviewing homeless people in Seattle and posting the conversations on YouTube. 그는 시애틀에서 노숙자들을 인터뷰하고, 그 대화를유튜브에 게시하면서 시작했다.
⑧ He was encouraged by the large number of views the videos got, and once he realized he had supporters, he went on a road trip and interviewed people across the United States. 그는 영상의 높은 조회수에 용기를 얻었고, 지지자들이 있다는 것을 깨닫자 자동차 여행을 하며 미국전역에 있는 사람들을 인터뷰했다.
⑨ Then in 2010, he created another website to help homeless people get involved with social media, tell their stories, and contact support services. 그리고 그는 2010년에 노숙자들이 소셜 미디어에참여하고, 그들의 이야기를 전하고, 지원 서비스와접촉할 수 있도록 돕기 위해 또 다른 웹 사이트를 개설했다.
⑩ Horvath has said that when homeless people have a problem, no one wants to listen to them. 호바스는 노숙자들에게 문제가 있을 때 아무도 그들에게 귀 기울이고 싶어 하지 않는다고 말했다.
⑪ He knows this because he was once homeless himself. 그 역시 한때 노숙자였기 때문에 이 점을 알고 있다.
⑫ He has said that, at that time, he felt more powerless than anyone could ever imagine. 그 당시 그는 상상하는 것 이상으로 더 무기력함을느꼈다고 말했다.
⑬ But now, thanks to his activism, people are listening. 하지만 지금은 그의 활동 덕분에 사람들이 귀를 기울이고 있다.
⑭ Many have even started to take action. 많은 사람 둘이 심지어 행동으로 옮기기 시작했다.
⑮ When people in Calgary saw his interview with a man named Donny, who had lived on the street for 21 years, they helped him find housing. 캘거리에 있는 사람들은 거리에서 21년간 생활했던도니라는 남자와 그의 인터뷰를 보고 그 남자가 집을 찾을 수 있게 도와주었다.
⑯ Then after watching the videos on Horvath's website, a farmer in Arkansas donated 40 acres of land to be used to produce food for low-income families. 또, 호바스의 웹 사이트에서 영상을 보고 난 뒤 아칸소 주에 있는 한 농부는 저소득층 가정을 위한 식량을 생산하는 데 사용되도록 40에이커의 땅을 기부했다.
⑰ While social media is most often used to simply share one's opinions and ideas about daily life, its possibilities are endless. 소셜 미디어가 일상생활에 대한 개인의 의견이나 생각을 단순히 공유하는 데 가장 흔히 사용되기는 하지만, 그 가능성은 무한하다.
⑱ Most people just think of the homeless as street people begging for money. 대부분의 사람들은 노숙자들을 그저 돈을 구걸하는거리의 사람으로 생각한다.
⑲ They rarely hear or think about those people's struggles or their attempts to rebuild their lives. 그들 온 고 사람들의 분투나 삶을 재건하려는 그들의 노력에 대해서는 거의 듣지도, 생각하지도 않는다.
⑳ Horvath's work is a great example of how social media can shatter stereotypes and give a voice to those in need. 호바스의 일은 소셜 미디어가 고정 관념을 깨부수고도움이 필요한 사람들에게 발언권을 줄 수 있는 방법을 보여주는 아주 종은 예이다.

 

 

 

Unit 03. Media - Reading 2: Audience Research for TV
① When discussing the success or failure of television programs, people generally refer to the number of viewers. 텔레비전 프로그램의 성공이나 실패에 대해 논할때, 사람들은 대개 시청자의 수를 언급한다.
② This is an important statistic, as companies use it to make advertising decisions. 이것은 기업들이 광고 결정을 하는 데 사용하므로중요한 통계치이다.
③ But have you ever wondered how this number is determined? 그런데 여러분은 이 숫자가 어떻게 정해지는지 궁금하게 여긴 적이 있는가?
④ There is actually an entire field dedicated to doing so, and it is known as audience research. 실제로 그렇게 하는 것을 다루는 온전한 분야가 있는데, 그것은 시청자층 조사라고 알려져 있다.
⑤ Of course, it is impossible to find out what every person in the world is watching at any particular time. 물론, 전 세계 모든 사람이 어떤 특정한 시간에 무엇을 시청하는지 알아내는 것은 불가능하다.
⑥ Instead, a sample audience is surveyed. 그 대신에, 표본 시청자가 조사된다.
⑦ In America, this sample consists of 25,000 households. 미국에서, 이러한 표본은 25,000세대로 구성된다.
⑧ In the past, these families were asked to keep a diary of their viewing habits and submit it once a week. 과거에는 이 가족들에게 시청 습관에 대한 일지를적어 일주일에 한 번 제출하도록 요구하였다.
⑨ Then in the 1990s, this method was abandoned in favor of TV meters. 그리고 1990년대에는, TV 미터 덕분에 이 방식이폐기되었다.
⑩ These were devices that were attached to each household's televisions in order to record exactly what the family watched. 이것은 가족이 무엇을 시청하는지를 정확히 기록하기 위해 각 세대의 텔레비전에 부착된 장치였다.
⑪ Nowadays, however, most TV meters have been replaced with "people meters." 그러나 요즘 대부분의 TV 미터는 '피플 미터'로 대체되었다.
⑫ These devices can gather more detailed information. 이 장치는 좀 더 자세한 정보 수집이 가능하다.
⑬ For example, they can track what each individual member of a household watches. 예를 들어, 그것들은 각 세대의 개별 구성원이 시청하는 것을 추적할 수 있다.
⑭ When you sit down to watch TV, you push a personalized button that activates the people meter. TV를 보기 위해 앉을 때, 여러분은 피플 미터를 작동시키는 개인 전용 버튼을 누르는 것이다.
⑮ You push it again when you are finished viewing. 여러분은 시청이 끝나면 다시 버튼을 누른다.
⑯ This lets advertisers know important things, such as which shows are popular with women or which age groups like a certain show best. 이렇게 함으로써 광고주들은 중요한 사실을 알게 되는데, 가령 어떤 프로그램이 여성들에게 인기 있는지, 또는 어떤 연령대가 특정 프로그램을 가장 좋아하는지와 같은 것이다.
⑰ Unfortunately, there are some doubts that these rating figures are reliable. 유감스럽게도, 이 시청률 수치들이 신뢰할 만한지에관한 약간의 의구심이 있다.
⑱ Part of the problem is the sample size. 일부 문제가 되는 것은 표본의 크기이다.
⑲ Collectively, the 25,000 American households used in audience research represent only about 0.02% of the total population. 종합해서, 시청자층 조사에 이용되는 미국의25,000세대는 전체 인구의 겨우 0.02%에 해당한다.
⑳ Therefore, the viewing habits of 99.9% of America are being ignored. 따라서 미국인 99.9%의 시청 습관은 무시되고 있는 것이다.
㉑ There is also some specific criticism of people meters. 피플 미터에 관한 몇몇 특정 비판들도 있다.
㉒ They rely on people consistently pressing their buttons when they enter or exit the room. 피플 미터는 방을 출입할 때 일관성 있게 버튼을 누르는 사람들에게 의존한다.
㉓ Special cameras have been created to fix this problem, but their high cost has prevented them from being installed in most households. 이 문제를 해결하기 위해 특별 카메라가 생겨났지만, 가격이 비싸 대부분의 세대에 설치되지 못했다.
㉔ Furthermore, people increasingly watch TV in places other than their own home, such as restaurants or other public locations. 게다가 사람들은 점점 자기 집이 아닌 곳, 가령 식당이나 기타 공공장소에서 TV를 시청한다.
㉕ And, of course, the growing popularity of watching shows on the Internet and smartphones creates a whole new problem for accurate audience research. 그리고 물론, 인터넷과 스마트폰으로 프로그램을 시청하는 것아 점점 인기가 많아지는 것도 정확한 시청자층 조사에 전적으로 새로운 문제를 만들어 낸다.

 

 

 

Unit 04. Biology - Reading 1: Symbiosis
① No one can live life alone, but some creatures share their lives more than others. 아무도 삶을 혼자 살 수 없지만, 어떤 생물들은 다른생물들보다 더 많이 삶을 함께한다.
② Nature's closest relationships between different species are called symbiosis. 자연에서 다른 종둘 사이의 가장 가까운 관계는 공생이라 불린다.
③ It is a name formed from the Greek words meaning "together" and "life." 그것은 '함께와 삶'을 의미하는 그리스어에서 형성된 이름이다.
④ In the past, the term "symbiosis" was used only for relationships in which both creatures benefit. 과거에 '공생'이라는 용어는 두 생물 모두가 이득을보는 관계에만 사용되었다.
⑤ Today, however, it refers to a wider variety of interactions. 하지만 오늘날 그것은 더 다양한 상호 작용을 나타낸다.
⑥ The first type of symbiosis is called mutualism, and it describes the original meaning of the word. 공생의 첫 번째 유형은 상리 공생이라 불리며, 그것은 그 단어의 원래 의미를 말한다.
⑦ In mutualism, both species gain something from their interaction. 상리 공생에서는 두 종 모두 그들의 상호 작용에서무언가를 얻는다.
⑧ Clownfish and sea anemones are a good example. 흰동가리와 말미잘이 좋은 예이다.
⑨ Clownfish live within the stinging tentacles of sea anemones. 흰동가리는 말미잘의 쏘는 촉수 안에 산다.
⑩ They are immune to the stings, and the tentacles give them protection from predators. 그것들은 독침에 면역이 되어 있으며, 촉수는 그것들을 포식자로부터 보호해 준다.
⑪ In return, the clownfish eat parasites off of the anemones and lure other fish into the anemones' grasp. 보답으로, 흰동가리는 말미잘의 기생 동물을 잡아먹고, 다른 물고기를 말미잘의 사정권 안으로 유인한다.
⑫ The second type of symbiosis is called commensalism. 공생의 두 번째 유형은 편리 공생이라 불린다.
⑬ In this type of interaction, one organism benefits while the other is hardly affected at all. 이 상호 작용의 유형에 서는 한 유기체가 득을 보는데 반해 다른 유기체는 거의 영향을 받지 않는다.
⑭ Remoras are fish with an organ on their heads that works like a suction cup. 빨판상어는 자신의 머리 위에 흡착기 같은 역할을하는 기관이 달린 물고기이다.
⑮ They use this organ to attach themselves to larger sea creatures, including sharks. 그것들은 자신들을 상어를 포함한 더 큰 바다 생물에 달라붙게 하는 데 이 기관을 사용한다.
⑯ This is not harmful to the larger animal. 이것은 더 큰 동물에게 해가 되지 않는다.
⑰ Fish have to swim or move their gills constantly to get oxygen out of the water, but thanks to their hosts, remoras can move quickly through the water without using up their own energy. 물고기는 물에서 산소를 얻을 수 있도록 끊임없이헤엄치거나 아가미를 움직여야 하지만, 빨판상어는그것의 숙주 덕분에 자신의 힘을 소모하지 않고 물속을 빠르게 이동할 수 있다.
⑱ The third type of symbiosis is called parasitism. 공생의 세 번째 유형은 기생이라 불린다.
⑲ In this case, one of the living things in the relationship benefits by harming the other. 이러한 경우에는 관계에 있는 생물들 중 하나가 다른 생물에게 해를 끼침으로써 이득을 본다.
⑳ Fleas and ticks are all-too-familiar examples. 벼룩과 진드기가 너무나도 친숙한 예이다.
㉑ Fleas live on the body of an animal and suck its blood when they get hungry. 벼룩은 동물의 몸에 살면서 배가 고파지면 그것의피를 빨아먹는다.
㉒ Ticks bury their head in an animal's skin, also to suck its blood. 진드기도 동물의 피를 빨아먹기 위해 그것의 피부에자신의 머리를 묻는다.
㉓ The parasites benefit by getting a constant supply of food, but their hosts suffer. 기생 동물은 끊임없이 먹이를 공급받음으로써 이익을 얻지만, 그것의 숙주는 고통받는다.
㉔ Besides taking nutrients away from the host, these parasites also carry many diseases that can be deadly. 숙주에게서 영양분을 빼앗아가는 것 외에도, 이 기생 동물들은 치명적일 수 있는 많은 질병도 옮긴다.
㉕ Symbiotic relationships are a fascinating example of how creatures are connected. 공생 관계는 생물이 관계를 맺는 방식에 관한 대단히 흥미로운 예이다.
㉖ It would be nice if mutualism and commensalism were the only forms, but parasitism is unavoidable, and it shows that organisms will find any way possible to survive. 상리 공생과 편리 공생이 유일한 형태라면 좋겠지만, 기생은 불가피하며, 그것은 유기체가 살아남을수 있는 어떤 방법이라도 찾을 것이라는 것을 보여준다.

 

 

 

Unit 04. Biology - Reading 2: Fire Adaptation Strategies of Plants
① Wildfires sweep through forests and plains, burning everything in their path. 들불은 지나는 길에 있는 모든 것을 태우면서 숲과평야를 휩쓸고 지나간다.
② Unlike animals, plants have no way of running from the flames. 동물과는 달리 식물에게는 불길로부터 달아날 방법이 없다.
③ However, they have developed several survival strategies to protect themselves from fire. 하지만 그것들은 화재로부터 자신을 보호하기 위해몇 가지 생존 전략을 개발해 왔다.
④ In some cases, fire is even a necessary part of their life cycles. 몇 가지 경우에 불은 심지어 그들의 생명 주기에 필요한 부분이다.
⑤ Some plants have seeds that will only sprout after a fire. 어떤 식물들은 불이 난 이후에만 싹이 트는 씨앗을가지고 있다.
⑥ Certain pine trees grow their seeds inside of protective cones sealed up with a glue-like substance called resin. 어떤 소나무는 송진이라 불리는, 접착제와 같은 물질로 봉해진 보호용 솔방울 안에서 씨앗을 키운다.
⑦ When a fast-moving fire sweeps through, the resin melts and the seeds eventually fall to the ground and grow. 빠르게 번지는 불이 휩쓸고 지나가면, 송진이 녹고결국 씨앗이 땅에 떨어져서 자라난다.
⑧ Other plants have seeds that stay unchanged in the soil for years. 다른 식물들은 수년간 흙 속에서 변하지 않는 씨앗을 가지고 있다.
⑨ The seeds have tough coatings that don't allow them to grow until they have been exposed to extreme heat or the chemical changes that a fire produces in the soil. 그 씨앗은 불이 흙 속에서 만들어 내는 극심한 열기나 화학 변화에 그것이 노출되고 나서야 자라게 해주는 단단한 막을 가지고 있다.
⑩ A second survival strategy involves protecting the living tissues of adult plants from fire. 두 번째 생존 전략은 불로부터 성체 식물의 살아있는 조직을 보호하는 것과 관련이 있다.
⑪ It keeps the tree safe from intense heat even when it is surrounded by flames. 어떤 나무는 매우 타기 힘든 두꺼운 나무껍질을 가지고 있다.
⑫ Some trees have thick bark that is very difficult to burn. 그것은 나무가 불길에 둘러싸였을 때조차도 나무를극심한 열기에서 안전하게 지켜준다.
⑬ Another variation of this strategy is found in plants that grow moist tissues for protection. 이 전략의 다른 변형은 보호를 위해 촉촉한 조직을자라게 하는 식물에서 찾을 수 있다.
⑭ During a fire, the moisture prevents them from burning or becoming dehydrated. 화재 시에 그 습기가 식물들이 불에 타거나 건조해지는 것을 막아준다.
⑮ In other cases, the fire survival strategy is focused on keeping vulnerable parts of the plant out of the reach of flames. 다른 경우에서, 화재 생존 전략은 식물의 취약한 부분이 불길에 닿지 않도록 하는 데 주력한다.
⑯ Several types of trees accomplish this by growing tall trunks with branches only near the top. 몇 종류의 나무가 가지가 꼭대기 근처에만 달린 높은 몸통을 자라게 함으로써 이것을 해낸다.
⑰ Some of them drop their dead lower branches as they grow, which ensures that living branches at the top will stay safe from fire. 그것들 중 일부는 자라면서 더 낮은 곳에 있는 죽은나뭇가지들을 떨어뜨리는데, 이는 꼭대기의 살아 있는 가지들이 불로부터 안전할 수 있게 해 준다.
⑱ This is important since dead branches provide fuel that could keep flames burning dangerously close to the living flowers, leaves, and other important structures at the top of the tree. 이것은 중요한데, 죽은 나뭇가지가 나무 꼭대기의살아 있는 꽃, 잎, 그리고 다른 중요한 조직 가까이에서 불길이 위험하게 타게 할 수 있는 연료를 제공하기 때문이다.
⑲ Other fire protection strategies exist in the plant kingdom. 식물계에는 다른 화재 방어 전략들도 존재한다.
⑳ Some eucalyptus species, for example, have buds under their bark that form new branches only after a fire, while fire lilies remain flowerless until fire causes them to quickly bloom. 예를 들어, 어떤 유칼립투스 종은 나무껍질 아래에, 불이 난 후에만 새로운 가지를 형성하는 새싹을 지닌 반면, 글로리오사는 불이 그것들로 하여금 빠르게 꽃을 피우게 할 때까지 꽃이 없는 상태로 있다.
㉑ Fire is a part of nature, and plants have a multitude of ways to live with it. 불은 자연의 일부이며, 식물들은 불과 함께 살아갈다수의 방법을 가지고 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 05. History - Reading 1: The Treaty of Waitangi
① The indigenous people of New Zealand, the Maori, have lived there since the 13th century. 뉴질랜드의 토착민인 마오리족은 13세기부터 그곳에 살았다.
② A Dutch explorer discovered the islands in 1642, and European settlers began arriving in the 18th century. 1642년에 네덜란드인 탐험가가 그 섬들을 발견했고, 18세기에 유럽 이주민들이 도착하기 시작했다.
③ By 1840, there were about 2,000 settlers and 125,000 Maori living on the islands. 1840년쯤에는 그 섬에 약 2,000명의 이주민과125,000명의 마오리족이 살고 있었다.
④ As more and more settlers arrived, Maori leaders began to worry. 점점 더 많은 이주민들이 도착하자, 마오리족의 지도자들은 걱정하기 시작했다.
⑤ They asked Britain for protection from aggressive countries, such as France, as well as from British settlers who tried to steal their land. 그들은 영국에게 자신들의 땅을 빼앗으려 하는 영국이주민들뿐만 아니라 프랑스와 같은 공격적인 나라들로부터의 보호를 요청했다.
⑥ The British government agreed to sign an official treaty with the Maori chiefs―it was written in English and then translated into the Maori language. 영국 정부는 마오리족의 족장과 공식적인 조약을 체결하는 데 동의했는데, 그것은 영어로 쓰인 다음 마오리어로 번역되었다.
⑦ The treaty was signed by the British and 43 chiefs in 1840 and was then transported across the country over the next eight months, where it was signed by more than 500 Maori chiefs. 1840년에 그 조약은 영국과 43명의 족장에 의해 서명되었고 그다음 8개월에 걸쳐 전국으로 수송되었는데, 그곳에서 그것은 500명이 넘는 마오리 족장들에 의해 서명되었다.
⑧ The Treaty of Waitangi consisted of three main articles. 와이탕이 조약은 세 개의 주요 조항으로 구성되어있었다.
⑨ The first gave the British monarchy sovereignty over all of New Zealand. 첫 번째는 영국 왕가에 뉴질랜드 전체의 주권을 이양했다.
⑩ The second allowed the chiefs to keep their land, stating that they could sell it only to the British government. 두 번째는 족장들이 토지를 오직 영국 정부에게만팔 수 있다는 것을 명시하면서, 그들이 그것을 계속소유하는 것을 허용했다.
⑪ Finally, the treaty gave all Maori the same rights as British citizens. 마지막으로, 그 조약은 모든 마오리족에게 영국 시민과 같은 권리를 주었다.
⑫ Unfortunately, translation problems soon caused controversy. 안타깝게도 곧 번역 문제가 논란을 일으켰다.
⑬ The main problem was with the word "sovereignty," which means "having complete power over a group." 주된 문제는 '주권'이라는 단어에 관한 것이었는데, 그것은 '한 집단에 대해 완전한 권력을 가지는 것'을의미한다.
⑭ However, it was translated into a Maori word meaning "the right to govern an independent group." 하지만 그것은 '하나의 독립된 집단을 다스릴 권리'를 의미하는 마오리어로 번역되었다.
⑮ Because of this, the British believed the treaty gave them complete authority over the Maori and their land. 이 때문에, 영국은 그 조약이 그들에게 마오리족과그들의 땅에 대한 완전한 권한을 주었다고 생각했다.
⑯ The Maori, however, believed it simply allowed the British to use their land. 하지만 마오리족은 그 조약은 단순히 영국이 자신들의 땅을 사용하게 해 주는 것이라고 생각했다.
⑰ These disagreements led to the New Zealand Land Wars, which were fought from 1845 to 1872. 이러한 의견 차이는 뉴질랜드 토지 전쟁으로 이어졌는데, 그것은 1845년부터 1872년까지 치러졌다.
⑱ Hundreds were killed on both sides, but the British were eventually victorious. 양측에서 수백 명이 사망했으나, 결국 영국이 승리했다.
⑲ This led to the *confiscation of Maori land, a practice which continued into the 20th century, until nearly all the land in New Zealand belonged to the British. 이것은 뉴질랜드의 거의 모든 토지가 영국에 귀속될때까지 20세기에도 계속된 행위인 마오리족 토지의몰수로 이어졌다.
⑳ To help Maori tribes that had been mistreated, the Waitangi Tribunal was established in 1975. 부당한 대우를 받았던 마오리 부족을 돕기 위해1975년에 와이탕이 재판소가 설립되었다.
㉑ When the tribunal finds that the terms of the treaty were broken, the tribe receives compensation. 재판소가 조약의 조항들이 위배되었다는 판결을 내리면, 그 부족은 보상을 받는다.
㉒ Although debates regarding the Treaty of Waitangi continue today, it is considered one of the most important documents in New Zealand's history. 비록 와이탕이 조약에 관한 논쟁이 오늘날 계속되고있지만, 그것은 뉴질랜드 역사상 가장 중요한 문서중 하나로 여겨진다.

 

 

 

Unit 05. History - Reading 2: TOEFL (The American Civil War)
① By 1860, the Northern states and Southern states of the U.S. had developed into two different regions with opposing economic and political views. 1860년쯤에는 미국 북부와 남부의 주들이 대립된경제적, 정치적 견해를 가진 두 개의 다른 지역으로발전했다.
② Politically, the South believed that the rights of the states were more important than a national government, while the North needed a central government to integrate the states into a union. 정치적으로, 북부는 주들을 하나의 연합으로 통합시키는 중앙 정부를 필요로 한 반면, 남부는 주의 권한이 중앙 정부보다 더 중요하다고 여겼다.
③ The North and South were most sharply divided over the issue of slavery, in particular, and the reason was that they had different economic interests; 북부와 남부는 특히 노예 제도 문제를 놓고 가장 첨예하게 갈라져 있었는데, 그 이유는 그들이 서로 다른 경제적 이해관계를 가지고 있었기 때문이었다.
④ the North strongly opposed slavery, while the South was firm in its position on the necessity of slavery. 즉, 남부는 노예 제도의 필요성에 대해 확고한 태도를 보인 반면, 북부는 강하게 노예 제도를 반대했다.
⑤ These disagreements became the main reason for the American Civil War, which lasted from 1861 to 1865. 이런 의견의 불일치는 미국 남북 전쟁의 주된 이유가 되었는데, 그것은 1861년부터 1865년까지 지속되었다.
⑥ In the South, landowners, who only accounted for 5% of the population, operated plantations to cultivate cotton, tobacco, and sugar cane, and more than 4 million slaves were essential for their sustainability. 남부에서는 인구의 겨우 5%를 차지하는 지주들이면화, 담배, 사탕수수를 재배하기 위해 대농장을 경영했고, 농장을 유지하는 데 4백만 명이 넘는 노예들이 필수적이었다.
⑦ Cotton agriculture burgeoned in the South during the industrial revolution with the development of the *cotton gin and other machines. 남부에서는 산업 혁명 기간 중 조면기(綾綿機)와 기타 기계들의 개발로 면화 농업이 급성장했다.
⑧ The Southern states accumulated their wealth by growing agricultural goods. 남부의 주들은 농작물을 재배해서 부를 축적했다.
⑨ To do so, they relied on the low-cost labor of slaves and therefore resisted efforts to end the practice of slavery. 그렇게 하기 위해서 그들은 노예들의 값싼 노동력에의존했고, 따라서 노예제를 폐지하고자 하는 노력에반대하였다.
⑩ Meanwhile, the North had developed into an industrial capitalist society. 한편, 북부는 산업 자본주의 사회로 발전했다.
⑪ With the growth in the production of industrial products such as textiles, paper, and metal, there was no longer a reliance on agriculture. 섬유, 종이, 그리고 금속과 같은 공산품 생산이 증가함에 따라, 더는 농업에 의존하지 않게 되었다.
⑫ Therefore, Northerners saw little need for slavery and were more likely to oppose it. 따라서, 북부 사람들은 노예제의 필요성을 거의 느끼지 못했고 그것에 반대할 가능성이 더 컸다.
⑬ Against this backdrop, Abraham Lincoln, who was against slavery, became president in 1861. 이러한 배경에서 노예 제도를 반대하던 에이브러햄링컨이 1861년에 대통령에 당선되었다.
⑭ Seven Southern states broke away and attacked Fort Sumter at the end of the same year, signaling the beginning of the American Civil War. 남부의 일곱 개 주가 독립하고 그해 말에 섬터 요새를 공격하며 미국 남북 전쟁의 시작을 알렸다.
⑮ By July 1864, the war was going favorably for the North with its victory at Gettysburg. 1864년 7월까지 전쟁은 게티즈버그에서 승리를 거둔 북부에 유리하게 돌아가고 있었다.
⑯ The war finally ended when the Southern army surrendered in 1865. 전쟁은 결국 남군이 1865년에 항복하면서 종결되었다.
⑰ The drawn-out war forced social and economic structures of the South to change. 오랫동안 이어진 전쟁은 남부의 사회적, 경제적 구조를 바꾸어 놓았다.
⑱ Plantations disappeared and capitalists from the North flocked to invest in the South, driving the rapid growth of industries such as textiles, tobacco, and iron, as well as resources such as oil and coal. 대규모 농장은 사라지고, 남부에 투자하기 위해 북부에서 자본가들이 떼 지어 몰려오면서 석유, 석탄과 같은 자원뿐 아니라 섬유, 담배, 철 같은 산업의급속한 성장을 가져왔다.
⑲ Between 1869 and 1870, American capitalism bloomed, with industrial production as a whole doubling. 1869년과 1870년 사이 산업 생산 전체가 두 배로증가하면서 미국 자본주의는 꽃을 피웠다.

 

 

 

Unit 06. People - Reading 1: Beatrix Potter
① Author Beatrix Potter is best remembered for writing the children's book The Tale of Peter Rabbit in 1902, although she was also a skilled and important amateur biologist, sheep farmer, and conservationist. 작가 베아트릭스 포터는 숙련되고 영향력 있는 아마추어 생물학자이자 양을 치는 농부였으며, 자연 보호론자이기도 했지만, 1902년에 〈피터 래빗 이야기〉라는 아동용 책을 쓴 것으로 가장 유명하다.
② The characters she created, like Benjamin Bunny and Squirrel Nutkin, touched children all over the world and sold millions of books, and the legacy of her other works can still be appreciated today. 벤자민 버니와 스쿼럴 너트킨처럼 그녀가 만들어낸캐릭터들은 전 세계의 어린이들을 감동시켰고, (사람들이) 수백만 권의 책을 사게끔 했으며, 그녀의 다른 활동들이 남긴 유산은 오늘날에도 여전히 높이평가될 만하다.
③ As a child, Beatrix was home schooled by governesses while her brother was sent away to be educated. 어린 시절, 그녀의 남동생이 교육을 받기 위해 외지로 보내진 반면, 베아트릭스는 집에서 여자 가정교사에 의해 교육을 받았다.
④ She was often alone and spent a lot of time in nature. 그녀는 자주 혼자 남겨졌고 자연 속에서 많은 시간을 보냈다.
⑤ This made her develop a strong attachment to animals, and whenever she got the chance, she secretly brought them home as companions. 이는 그녀가 동물들에 대해 강한 애착을 갖도록 만들었고, 그녀는 기회가 있을 때마다 그것들을 벗 삼아 집으로 몰래 데려왔다.
⑥ Studying their behavior, she practiced drawing them and created stories about them. 동물들의 행동을 연구하면서 그녀는 그것들을 그리는 연습을 했고, 그것들에 대한 이야기를 만들어 냈다.
⑦ The Tale of Peter Rabbit was based on letters she wrote to the son of her former governess, and it was inspired by the actions of a real-life rabbit. 〈피터 래빗 이야기〉는 그녀의 예전 가정교사의 아들에게 쓴 편지에 기반을 두었고, 실제 토끼의 행동에서 영감을 받았다.
⑧ Sales of The Tale of Peter Rabbit had exceeded 50,000 copies within a year and Potter started to use the earnings to purchase real estate. 〈피터 래빗 이야기〉의 판매가 1년도 안 되어 5만 부를 넘자, 포터는 판매 수익을 부동산을 구입하는 데쓰기 시작했다.
⑨ Her purpose in acquiring land was to preserve the British countryside for the National Trust, an organization set up to protect and preserve land and buildings of beauty or historical importance. 땅을 사들이는 데 있어 그녀의 목적은 아름답거나역사적으로 중요한 땅과 건물을 보호하고 보존하기위해서 설립된 기관인 내셔널 트러스트에 기증할 영국의 전원을 보존하기 위함이었다.
⑩ She not only bought land but also worked it as well. 그녀는 땅을 샀을 뿐만 아니라 그것을 경작하기도했다.
⑪ She learned how to farm, making a business out of raising sheep. 그녀는 경작하는 법을 배우면서 양을 키우는 일을직업으로 삼기도 했다.
⑫ In her work as a farmer, Beatrix aimed to make sure that traditional lifestyles and farming methods would not be forgotten. 농부로 일하면서 베아트릭스는 전통적인 생활 방식과 농법이 잊혀지지 않게 하는 것을 목표로 했다.
⑬ When she died in 1943, Beatrix Potter left 4,000 acres of land to the National Trust to ensure that its beauty could remain unspoiled. 1943년에 그녀가 삶을 마감했을 때, 베아트릭스 포터는 4,000에이커의 땅이 그 아름다움을 잃지 않고유지하도록 하기 위해 그것을 내셔널 트러스트에 남겼다.
⑭ Her legacy is now part of the Lake District National Park, thus helping to preserve for future generations not only the images of natural beauty in the works she penned but also the actual places that inspired her books. 그녀의 유산은 현재 레이크 디스트릭트 국립 공원의일부가 되어, 다음 세대들을 위해 그녀가 쓴 작품들속에 묘사된 자연의 아름다움에 대한 이미지뿐만 아니라 그녀의 책에 영감을 준 실제 장소들을 보존하는 데도 일조하고 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 06. People - Reading 2: Terry Fox
① If you were to listen to his mother, you would think that Terry Fox was "a very ordinary young man." 그의 어머니 말씀을 듣는다면, 당신은 테리 폭스가'매우 평범한 젊은이'였다고 생각할 것이다.
② Yet the legacy of his short life has been anything but ordinary. 그러나 그의 짧은 인생이 남긴 유산은 결코 평범하지 않다.
③ He has been the subject of two movies and two songs, has had a mountain named after him, and has appeared on the face of a coin. 그는 두 편의 영화와 두 곡의 노래의 소재가 되었고,그의 이름을 따서 이름이 지어진 산도 있으며, 한 동전의 앞면에도 그의 모습이 새겨져 있다.
④ At the age of 18, Terry, a long distance runner and basketball player, was diagnosed with bone cancer. 장거리 육상 선수이자 농구 선수였던 테리는 18세의나이에 골수암 진단을 받았다.
⑤ After he had his leg amputated above the knee, the suffering of other cancer patients he had seen convinced him that he should do something. 한쪽 다리를 무릎 위까지 절단하고 난 후에, 그가 목격한 다른 암 환자들의 고통은 그로 하여금 무엇인가를 해야 한다는 확신을 주었다.
⑥ So, he decided to attempt to raise funds for cancer research by, incredibly, running across Canada and showing that he was no less of a person just because cancer had claimed one of his legs. 그래서 그는 암 연구를 위한 기금을 모금해 보기로했는데, 그 방법은 놀랍게도 캐나다를 횡단해서 달림으로써 단지 암이 다리 하나를 앗아갔다는 이유로그가 더 열등한 사람인 것은 아니라는 것을 보여주는 것이었다.
⑦ On 12 April 1980, Terry Fox set out on his journey. 1980년 4월 12일에 테리 폭스는 긴 여정을 시작했다.
⑧ Beginning at St. John's, his goals were to run to Vancouver, a distance of more than 8,000 km, and to raise $24 million in donations, one dollar for each Canadian. 세인트 존스에서 시작해 그의 목표는 8,000km 이상 떨어진 밴쿠버까지 달려서, 캐나다 사람 1인당 1달러씩 해서 2천4백만 달러의 기부금을 모으는 것이었다.
⑨ Setting off on his journey with one natural and one artificial leg, Fox somehow managed to cover a distance of42 km a day, approximately the length of a marathon. 원래 다리 한쪽과 의족 한쪽으로 여정을 시작한 폭스는 어떻게 해서든 하루에 42km, 즉 대략 마라톤거리만큼을 달렸다.
⑩ After 143 days he was well over halfway to achieving his goal of crossing Canada, but that was to be his last day of running. 143일 후 그는 캐나다 횡단이라는 목표를 달성하는데 있어 절반 이상을 훨씬 넘겼지만, 그날이 그가 마지막으로 달리는 날이 되고 말았다.
⑪ Terry's cancer had spread to his lungs, and he, along with his dream of finishing his "Marathon of Hope," was dying. 테리의 암은 폐까지 퍼져있었고, 그는 '희망의 마라톤'을 완주하겠다는 꿈과 함께 죽어가고 있었다.
⑫ Before passing away, he helped set up the Terry Fox Run to commemorate his Marathon of Hope. 죽기 전에 그는 자신의 희망의 마라톤을 기념하기위해 테리 폭스 달리기(Terry Fox Run)를 창설하는 것을 도왔다.
⑬ Each year, people help raise funds for cancer research by collecting donations and running a short marathon in his memory. 해마다 사람들은 기부금을 모으고 그를 기리는 단거리 마라톤을 뛰면서 암 연구를 위한 기금 모금에 도움을 주고 있다.
⑭ Upon Terry's insistence, the run is not competitive. 테리의 주장에 따라, 테리 폭스 달리기는 경쟁을 하지 않는다.
⑮ There are no winners, no ribbons, and no prizes. 우승자도 없고 리본도 없으며 상도 없다.
⑯ Today, his run is held annually in over 60 countries and has raised more than $750 million for cancer research. 오늘날 테리 폭스 달리기는 해마다 60개국이 넘는곳에서 개최되고 있으며 암 연구를 위해 7억 5천만달러 이상을 모금했다.
⑰ His hope for a cure for cancer lives on in those people his remarkable achievements continue to inspire. 암 치료법에 대한 그의 희망은 그가 이룬 놀라운 업적에 끊임없이 영감을 받는 사람들 안에 계속 살아있다.

 

 

 

Unit 07. Places - Reading 1: Antarctica
① Many of our planet's most beautiful natural environments have been affected by the presence of humans. 지구의 가장 아름다운 자연환경들 중 많은 곳이 인간의 존재로 영향을 받아왔다.
② But Antarctica, which is about twice the size of Australia, remains a mystical land that is relatively untouched. 하지만 호주 규모의 약 2배에 해당하는 남극 대륙은상대적으로 본래 그대로의 신비한 땅으로 남아 있다.
③ This southernmost continent is valuable for several reasons. 이 최남단의 대륙은 여러 이유로 가치가 있다.
④ It is a place of unspoiled natural wilderness, great beauty, and important scientific research. 그곳은 훼손되지 않은 자연 그대로의 황무지, 대단한 아름다움, 그리고 중요한 과학 연구의 장소이다.
⑤ The wilderness of Antarctica is unlike that of a forest or jungle. 남극 대륙의 황무지는 숲이나 밀림의 것과는 다르다.
⑥ You won't find any plants there, and there are very few animals. 여러분은 그곳에서 어떤 식물도 찾을 수 없을 것이고, 동물도 거의 없다.
⑦ Also, it is a land of extremes: it is the coldest and driest of the continents, and it has the highest average elevation. 또한, 그곳은 극한의 땅으로 대륙 중에서 가장 춥고건조하며, 평균 고도가 가장 높다.
⑧ About 98% of the continent is covered with a vast ice sheet that is larger than all of Europe. 대륙의 약 98%가 유럽 전체보다 더 큰 거대한 빙상으로 덮여 있다.
⑨ And because there are only a few thousand scientists living on the continent, it has been left almost entirely in its natural state. 그리고 대륙에 겨우 몇천 명의 과학자들만 살고 있기 때문에, 남극 대륙은 거의 전적으로 자연 상태로남아 있다.
⑩ In addition, the continent is treasured for its stunning beauty. 게다가, 남극 대륙은 경이로운 아름다움으로도 소중히 여겨지고 있다.
⑪ Its pure white land expands endlessly toward the horizon, and at night, streamers of colored light, called an aurora, dance across the sky. 그곳의 순백색의 땅은 지평선을 항해 끝없이 펼쳐져있고, 밤에는 오로라라고 불리는 색이 있는 빛의 띠가 하늘에서 춤을 춘다.
⑫ There are also "polar nights," in which the night lasts for more than 24 hours. '극야'도 있는데, 그때에는 밤이 24시간 넘게 지속된다.
⑬ Before and after these long nights, the sun rises just barely above the horizon. 이 긴 밤 전후에, 태양은 지평선 위로 아주 조금 떠오른다.
⑭ It then moves as if it were rolling slowly along the ground, creating a beautiful and mysterious spectacle. 그러고는 그것은 마치 땅을 따라서 천천히 굴러가는것처럼 움직이며 아름답고 신비로운 장관을 연출한다.
⑮ Antarctica is also extremely valuable as a scientific research site. 남극은 또한 과학 연구 장소로 매우 가치가 있다.
⑯ In 1958, the Antarctic Treaty established the continent as a peaceful and cooperative international research zone. 1958년에 남극 조약이 남극 대륙을 평화적, 협조적인 국제 연구 지역으로 설정하였다.
⑰ Each year between 1,000 and 4,000 scientists from over 27 countries live and work on research stations there. 매년 27개국이 넘는 곳에서 온 1,000명에서 4,000명에 이르는 과학자들이 그곳의 연구소에서 생활하며 일한다.
⑱ The experiments they perform help us to better understand our planet by providing important information on everything from the earth's ancient geological history to climate change. 그들이 행하는 실험은 지구의 고대 지질학적 역사에서부터 기후 변화에 이르는 모든 것에 대한 중요한정보를 제공해 줌으로써, 우리가 지구를 더 잘 이해할 수 있도록 돕는다.
⑲ Because of these intrinsic, unique qualities, all nations must cooperate to ensure that Antarctica is protected and preserved. 이러한 고유하고 독특한 특징들 때문에 모든 국가는남극 대륙이 반드시 보호되고 보존될 수 있도록 협력해야 한다.
⑳ It is essential that all activities that take place on the continent have a minimal environmental impact. 남극 대륙에서 일어나는 모든 활동은 환경에 최소한의 영향을 미쳐야 한다.
㉑ That way, it can remain a valuable treasure for years to come. 그렇게 함으로써, 남극 대륙은 앞으로 수년간 소중한 보물로 남을 수 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 07. Places - Reading 2: The Danakil Depression
① In a place sometimes referred to as the "gateway to hell," pools of lava glow in the night and mirages dance above a blinding white layer of dried salt during the day. 때때로 '지옥으로 가는 관문'이라 불리기도 하는 장소에서, 밤에는 용암 웅덩이가 빛나고 낮 동안에는건조된 소금의 눈부신 하얀 막 위에서 신기루가 춤을 춘다.
② This is the Danakil Depression, one of the hottest places on earth. 이곳은 지구상에서 가장 뜨거운 곳 중 하나인 다나킬 함몰지이다.
③ It covers around 100,000 square kilometers of land in northeastern Ethiopia. 그곳은 에티오피아 북동부 지역의 약 100,000 평방킬로미터에 걸쳐져 있다.
④ The Danakil Depression is part of a rift valley, a place where the earth's tectonic plates are moving apart and new crust is forming, which means the area is highly active geologically. 다나킬 함몰지는 지구의 지질 구조 판이 떨어져 이동하고 새로운 지각이 형성되는 장소인 열곡의 일부인데, 그것은 그 지역이 지질학적으로 매우 활발하다는 것을 의미한다.
⑤ It has volcanoes, hot springs, and colorful pools full of sulfur and other minerals. 그곳에는 화산, 온천, 그리고 유황과 다른 광물로 가득한 형형색색의 웅덩이가 있다.
⑥ The heat from within the earth contributes to the extreme temperatures, which reach 55 degrees Celsius in summer. 지구 내부로부터 나오는 열은 극한 기온의 원인이되는데, 여름에 그것은 섭씨 55도에 이른다.
⑦ Once, the entire area was part of the Red Sea, but buildups of lava separated it into an inland sea; 예전에는 전 지역이 홍해의 일부였지만, 용암의 축적이 그것을 내륙해로 분리시켰다.
⑧ later, the water evaporated in the dry climate, leaving vast deposits of salt. 후에, 그 물은 건조한 기후에 증발하여 광대한 소금퇴적물을 남겼다.
⑨ In spite of its inhospitable climate, the Danakil Depression has been useful in studying the evolution of life. 살기 힘든 기후임에도 불구하고, 다나킬 함몰지는생명체의 진화를 연구하는 데 도움이 되어 왔다.
⑩ Lucy, one of the oldest known early human ancestor fossils, was discovered here in 1974, confirming that humans originated in Africa. 가장 오래된 것으로 알려진 초기 인류 조상의 화석중 하나인 루시가 1974년에 이곳에서 발견되어 인류가 아프리카에서 기원했음을 확인해 주었다.
⑪ Moreover, the hot springs in the area are home to ancient species of microbes that live in extreme conditions that may be similar to those from earth's past or on other planets. 게다가, 그 지역의 온천들은 지구의 과거나 다른 행성의 극한의 환경과 유사할지도 모르는 환경에서 사는 고대 미생물 종의 서식지이다.
⑫ Modern humans have found a way to survive in the Danakil Depression. 현대 인류는 다나킬 함몰지에서 생존할 방법을 찾아냈다.
⑬ The Afar people move around the region, staying in portable wooden huts and herding animals. 아파르인들은 이동식 목조 오두막에서 지내고 동물들을 몰면서 그 지역을 돌아다닌다.
⑭ The Awash River gives them water and a little fertile land on which their animals can graze. 아와시 강은 그들에게 물과, 그들의 동물들이 풀을뜯을 수 있는 약간의 비옥한 땅을 제공해 준다.
⑮ Their livelihood is based on salt trading-they cut out blocks of salt, load up their camels and donkeys, and walk for a week to sell them in town. 그들의 생계는 소금 장사에 기반한다. 그들은 도시에서 소금 덩어리를 팔기 위해 그것들을 잘라내고, 낙타와 당나귀에 실어 일주일 동안 걷는다.
⑯ Because their bodies are adapted to the heat, they can survive this journey with only a little bread and water. 그들의 몸이 열에 적응했기 때문에, 그들은 약간의빵과 물만을 가지고 이 여정에서 살아남을 수 있다.
⑰ Eventually, the Red Sea will likely cover the Danakil Depression again, but not for a few million years. 결국 홍해가 아마 다나킬 함몰지를 다시 덮겠지만, 수백만 년 동안은 그러지 않을 것이다.
⑱ For now, it remains accessible to scientists who are fascinated by the life forms that could give clues about life on other planets-and to the people who make their homes and livings there. 지금 그곳은 다른 행성의 생명체에 대한 단서를 줄수도 있는 생물 형태에 매료된 과학자들과 그곳에살며 생계를 유지하는 사람들이 이용할 수 있는 곳으로 남아 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 08. Economy - Reading 1: The Longevity Economy
① In 2015, the world's population included over 1.6 billion people who were 50 or older. 2015년에, 세계 인구는 50세 이상의 16억 명이 넘는 사람을 포함했다.
② This age group already makes up a larger percentage of the population than it did in the past, and experts predict that it will double in number by 2050. 이 연령대는 과거에 그랬던 것보다 이마 더 많은 인구 비율을 차지하고 있으며, 전문가들은 2050년까지 그 수가 두 배가 될 것이라고 예측한다.
③ This shift is transforming economies everywhere. 이 변화가 모든 곳의 경제를 바꾸고 있다.
④ Some see this change as a negative development. 어떤 이들은 이 변화를 부정적인 전개로 본다.
⑤ As the ratio of young people to old people goes down, taxes intended to support the elderly could become more burdensome to young workers. 노인에 대한 청년의 비율이 낮아지면서 노인들을 부양하기 위한 세금이 젊은 노동자들에게 더 부담이될 수도 있다.
⑥ More people are taking money out of social security systems, while fewer are paying into them. 더 많은 사람들이 사회 보장 제도에서 돈을 가져가는 데 반해, 더 적은 사람들이 그것에 돈을 불입하고있다.
⑦ In Europe, many nations now tax wages at 20 percent or more to make up for this. 유럽에서는 현재 많은 국가들이 이것을 보완하기 위해 임금에 20% 이상의 세금을 부과한다.
⑧ To meet the medical needs of an older population, more government resources must go towards health care, which could mean fewer resources are available elsewhere. 노년 인구의 의료 수요를 충족시키기 위해 더 많은정부의 재원이 의료 서비스에 쓰여야 하는데, 그것은 다른 곳에 더 적은 재원을 이용할 수 있다는 것을의미할 수도 있다.
⑨ In addition, as the number of elderly people grows, there will be a shortage of skilled workers trained to care for them. 게다가, 노인의 수가 증가하면서 그들을 돌볼 수 있도록 교육받은 능숙한 근로자들이 부족하게 될 것이다.
⑩ These difficulties make many people uneasy about the world's economic future. 이러한 어려움들은 많은 사람들이 세계 경제의 미래에 대해 불안감을 느끼게 한다.
⑪ Others, however, have a brighter view of the economic impact of the aging population. 하지만 다른 이들은 인구 고령화의 경제적인 영향을보다 긍정적으로 보고 있다.
⑫ In general, this age group makes large contributions to the financial growth of countries. 일반적으로, 이 연령대는 국가의 재정 성장에 크게기여한다.
⑬ The economic activities of senior citizens are called the longevity economy, and they could compensate for the rise in public spending on health care. 노인들의 경제 활동은 장수 경제라고 불리며, 그것은 의료 서비스에 대한 공공 지출의 증가를 벌충할수 있을 것이다.
⑭ For example, Oxford Economics found that people over SO make up 35 percent of the US population but produce 43 percent of the country's GDP and contribute 55 percent of the money spent on consumer goods. 예를 들어, 옥스포드 이코노믹스는 50세 이상의 사람들이 미국 인구의 35%를 차지하지만, 국가 GDP의 43%를 생산하며 소비재에 지출되는 비용의55%를 제공한다는 것을 밝혀냈다.
⑮ Seniors volunteer and donate to charities at higher rates than younger people, and many of them run small businesses, creating job opportunities for others. 노인은 젊은 사람들보다 더 높은 비율로 자원봉사를하고 자선 단체에 기부하며, 그들 중 많은 수가 작은사업을 운영하여 다른 사람들을 위한 일자리를 창출한다.
⑯ Because the longevity economy drives economic growth that benefits everyone, an aging population could actually pay for itself. 장수 경제가 모두에게 득이 되는 경제 성장을 추진하기 때문에 인구 고령화는 실제로 수지가 맞을 수도 있다.
⑰ Longer life spans have created the need for more medical care, placing a burden on younger taxpayers, but they also mean that people can work productively for longer, which boosts the economy. 길어진 수명은 더 많은 의료 서비스의 필요성을 만들어 내어 젊은 납세자에게 부담을 지우지만, 그것은 또한 사람들이 더 오랫동안 생산적으로 일할 수있다는 것을 의미하는데, 이는 경기를 부양한다.
⑱ Disagreements over the outcome persist, and the world waits to see whether the positives or negatives will win out. 결과에 대한 의견 차이는 계속되고, 세계는 긍정적인 것이 승리할지 부정적인 것이 승리할지 지켜본다.

 

 

 

Unit 08. Economy - Reading 2: Freeconomics
① Everyone loves getting something for free, and these days it is easier than ever to receive a variety of free items. 모든 사람이 공짜로 원가를 얻는 것을 좋아하며, 요즘은 갖가지 공짜 물건을 받는 것이 어느 때보다 쉽다.
② Companies give away free food, free T-shirts, even free cell phones. 기업들은 공짜 음식, 공짜 티셔츠, 심지어 공짜 휴대전화까지 나누어 준다.
③ This might not seem like a smart thing for businesses to do, but it's actually a well-planned strategy based on something called "freeconomics." 기업이 이런 일을 하는 것은 현명한 일이 아닌 것처럼 보일지도 모르지만, 실은 이것은 '프리코노믹스' 라고 불리는 것에 기반한 잘 계획된 전략이다.
④ One basic practice of freeconomics is letting people try something once in order to make them become regular customers. 프리코노믹스의 기본적인 한 가지 전략은 사람들을단골 고객으로 만들기 위해 뭔가를 한 번 써 보게 하는 것이다.
⑤ For example, if you are given a free coffee at a cafe one morning, you might come back day after day to buy the same drink. 예를 들어, 당신이 어느 날 아침 카페에서 공짜 커피를 받는다면 당신은 똑같은 음료를 사기 위해 날마다 올지도 모른다.
⑥ This is the same reason a company might send you a small container of shampoo in the mail― 아는 기업에서 당신에게 우편으로 작은 샴푸 용기를보내는 것과 같은 이유이다.
⑦ they hope you will buy a full bottle the next time you go shopping. 그들은 당신이 다음번에 쇼핑을 갈 때는 큰 병을 구입 하기를 바라는 것이다.
⑧ Another strategy of freeconomics is to give consumers something for free, knowing they will then need to purchase something to accompany it. 프리코노믹스의 또 다른 전략은 소비자들이 그 후에그것에 수반되는 뭔가를 구매해야 할 것이라는 것을알면서, 그들에게 무언가를 공짜로 주는 것이다.
⑨ A phone company, for example, may give you a free cell phone, but you then need to pay for an annual plan. 예를 들어, 전화 회사에서 당신에게 공짜 휴대 전화를 줄지도 모르지만, 그러고 나면 당신은 연간 요금제를 지불해야 한다.
⑩ The concept offreeconomics has been around for a while, but the Internet has made it more popular than ever. 프리코노믹스라는 개념은 한동안 존재해 왔지만, 인터넷이 그것을 그 어느 때보다 더 대중화시켰다.
⑪ Because the cost of running an online business is so low, websites are constantly offering free benefits in the hope of attracting more visitors. 인터넷 업체를 운영하는 비용이 매우 적기 때문에, 웹 사이트들은 더 많은 방문객을 끌어들이기를 바라고 끊임없이 무료 혜택을 제공하고 있다.
⑫ Although some people will simply take advantage of the free offerings, the business may be able to convince them to upgrade to more attractive paid services. 일부 사람들은 단지 무료 제공품을 이용할 것임에도불구하고, 업체는 그들에게 좀 더 매력적인 유료 서비스로 상향 조정하라고 설득할 수 있을지도 모른다.
⑬ This is known as the "freemium" strategy, a combination of the words "free" and "premium." 이것은 'freemium' 전략이라고 알려진 것으로'free(공짜의)'와 'premium(고급의)'이란 단어가 결합한 것이다.
⑭ Some experts believe freeconomics will eventually change the way business takes place. 일부 전문가들은 프리코노믹스가 결국은 사업이 이루어지는 방식을 바꿀 것이라고 생각한다.
⑮ Already, any company with a superior product can benefit by giving potential consumers a free taste. 이미, 뛰어난 제품을 보유한 어떤 기업이든 잠재 고객에게 무료 체험을 하게 해주어 이득을 얻을 수 있다.
⑯ And online, there are plenty of businesses, such as YouTube and Google, that don't need to sell anything to consumers at all. 그리고 인터넷상에는 유튜브나 구글처럼 소비자들에게 어떤 것도 전혀 판매할 필요가 없는 사업체들이많다.
⑰ They simply attract millions of people to their websites with free services, and then they make their profits from charging other companies to advertise on their site. 그들은 단지 무료 서비스로 자신들의 웹 사이트에수백만 명을 끌어들이고, 다른 업체가 그들의 사이트에서 광고를 하는 것에 대해 요금을 청구하는 것으로 이윤을 얻는다.
⑱ These businesses make money, and we get to enjoy something for free. 이러한 업체들은 수익을 얻고, 우리는 뭔가를 공짜로 즐길 수 있게 된다.

 

 

 

Unit 09. Language - Reading 1: Whistled Languages
① Whistling is often thought of as a simple action done without thinking, but some people use whistling to have entire conversations. 휘파람을 부는 것은 흔히 생각 없이 하는 단순한 행동으로 여겨지지만, 어떤 사람들은 모든 대화를 하는 데 휘파람을 사용한다.
② Today, as many as 70 whistled languages are used around the world. 오늘날 70개나 되는 휘파람 언어가 전 세계적으로사용된다.
③ Some are based on widespread spoken languages, like Spanish, while others are based on languages with few speakers. 어떤 것들은 스페인어와 같이 널리 사용되는 구어를기반으로 하는 데 반해, 다른 것들은 사용자가 거의없는 언어를 기반으로 한다.
④ What they usually have in common is that they are used in mountainous areas or thick forests. 보통 휘파람 언어들이 가지고 있는 공통점은 그것들이 산악 지대나 울창한 숲에서 사용된다는 것이다.
⑤ In these surroundings, whistling can be heard more clearly and from farther away than shouting can. 이러한 환경에서 휘파람은 소리를 지르는 것보다 더분명하게, 더 멀리서도 들릴 수 있다.
⑥ Whistled languages are in danger of extinction because they tend to be used in isolated places. 휘파람 언어는 고립된 장소에서 사용되는 경향이 있어서 소멸될 위기에 처해 있다.
⑦ Take Sfyria, a whistled language from Antia, Greece, as an example. 그리스 안티아의 휘파람 언어인 스피리아를 예로 들어 보자.
⑧ Its whistled sounds are based on the spoken sounds of Greek. 그것의 휘파람 소리는 그리스어의 구어음을 기반으로 한다.
⑨ Different combinations of whistled tones represent vowels, and consonants are reproduced by changing the tones of vowels. 휘파람 음조의 다양한 조합은 모음을 나타내고, 자음은 모음의 음조를 바꿈으로써 다시 만들어진다.
⑩ In the village where Sfyria originated, the population has declined to 37 people. 스피리아가 생겨난 마을에서는 인구가 37명으로 줄어들었다.
⑪ Some residents have lost their teeth in their old age, so only six people able to whistle the language remain. 어떤 주민들은 노년기에 이가 빠져서, 그 (휘파람) 언어를 불 수 있는 사람은 단 6명만 남아 있다.
⑫ In an attempt to save Sfyria, the people of Antia agreed to teach it to outsiders, something that was not done historically, and in 2012, they held a festival that attracted attention from around Greece and internationally. 스피리아를 보존하기 위해 안티아 사람들은 외부인들에게 그것을 가르치는 데 동의했는데, 그것은 역사적으로 행해지지 않은 것이었으며, 2012년에 그들은 그리스로부터, 그리고 국제적으로 이목을 끈축제를 열었다.
⑬ Some groups have been fairly successful in preserving their whistled languages. 어떤 집단은 자신들의 휘파람 언어를 보존하는 데꽤 성공했다.
⑭ On the island of La Gomera, near northern Africa, a whistled language called Silbo Gomero allows people to communicate in Spanish over long distances. 북아프리카 부근에 있는 라고메라 섬에서, 실보 고메로라고 불리는 휘파람 언어는 사람들이 먼 거리에서도 스페인어로 소통할 수 있게 해 준다.
⑮ It works by simplifying the sounds of Spanish into two whistled vowels and four whistled consonants. 그것은 스페인어 소리를 두 개의 휘파람 모음과 네개의 휘파람 자음으로 단순화함으로써 행해진다.
⑯ In the 1950s, the use of Silbo Gomero declined because of new communication technology, but in the 1980s, people began to realize what they were losing and took steps to protect it. 1950년대에는 새로운 통신 기술로 인해 실보 고메로의 사용이 감소했지만, 1980년대에 사람들은 그들이 잃어가던 것을 깨닫기 시작했고, 그것을 지키기 위한 조치를 취했다.
⑰ They revived classes in schools and introduced programs for adults, and people of all ages on the island can use Silbo Gomero today. 그들은 학교 수업을 부활시켰고 성인을 위한 프로그램을 도입해서, 오늘날 그 섬에 사는 남녀노소의 사람들이 실보 고메로를 사용할 수 있다.
⑱ So why fight to preserve a whistled language when we have long-distance communication tools? 우리에게는 장거리 통신 수단이 있는데 왜 (그들은) 휘파람 언어를 보존하기 위해 노력할까?
⑲ Each language carries information about the culture and history of the people who use it. 각각의 언어는 그것을 사용하는 사람들의 문화와 역사에 대한 정보를 전달한다.
⑳ As people everywhere begin to communicate in similar ways, will we remember the unique stories of people who saw, and talked about, the world in their own distinctive ways? 모든 곳에 있는 사람들이 비슷한 방식으로 소통하기시작한다면, 우리는 자신들만의 독특한 방식으로 세계를 보고 그것에 대해 말했던 사람들의 특별한 이야기들을 기억하게 될까?

 

 

 

Unit 09. Language - Reading 2: Esperanto
① What would the world be like if everyone could communicate in one language? 만일 모든 사람이 한 가지 언어로 의사소통할 수 있다면 세상은 어떤 모습일까?
② There was a man who tried to put this idea into practice-Poland's Dr. Ludovic Lazarus Zamenhof. 이 생각을 실행에 옮기려고 했던 한 사람이 있다. 바로 폴란드의 루도빅 라자루스 자멘호프 박사이다.
③ His language, which was developed in the late 1870s and early 1880s, is known as Esperanto. 1870년대 후반에서 1880년대 초반에 걸쳐 개발된그의 언어는 에스페란토라고 알려져 있다.
④ It is a constructed language intended for use among people who speak different native languages. 그것은 서로 다른 모국어를 구사하는 사람들 간에사용하도록 만들어진 인공어이다.
⑤ The word "Esperanto" means "a person who is hoping." '에스페란토'라는 단어는 '희망하는 사람'이라는 뜻이다.
⑥ Zamenhof's goal was to create an easy and flexible language to foster peace and international understanding and to resolve many of the problems that lead to strife and conflict. 자멘호프의 목표는 평화와 국제적 이해를 증진하고,분쟁과 갈등으로 이어지는 많은 문제를 해결하기 위해 쉽고도 융통성 있는 언어를 만들어 내는 것이었다.
⑦ It was to serve as an international auxiliary language-that is, as a universal second tongue―not to replace ethnic languages. 그것은 민족어들을 대체하기 위함이 아니라 국제적보조 언어, 즉 전 세계적인 제2 언어의 역할을 하기위함이었다.
⑧ The number of speakers grew rapidly over the next few decades, at first primarily in the Russian Empire and Eastern Europe, and then in Western Europe and East Asia. 이 언어를 사용하는 사람의 수는 이후 몇십 년 동안급속도로 증가했는데, 처음에는 러시아 제국과 동유럽에서 주로 쓰이다가, 그다음에는 서유럽과 동아시아에서 쓰였다.
⑨ There are three particular features that make Esperanto easy to learn compared to other languages. 다른 언어들에 비해 에스페란토를 배우기 쉽게 만드는 세 가지 특별한 특징들이 있다.
⑩ First, its system uses one letter for one sound, which means the spoken and written language can be learned and applied very quickly. 우선, 이 언어의 체계가 한 가지 소리에 한 글자를사용한다는 점인데, 그것은 구어와 문어를 아주 빨리 배우고 적용할 수 있다는 것을 의미한다.
⑪ Furthermore, just 16 grammatical rules need to be learned to understand nearly all the grammar of Esperanto. 게다가 에스페란토의 거의 모든 문법을 이해하기 위해서는 단 16개의 문법 규칙만 배우면 된다.
⑫ Finally, it is easy to form words from the most basic roots, and it is considered acceptable to create your own words. 마지막으로, 가장 기본이 되는 어근으로부터 단어들을 만드는 것이 쉽고, 자신만의 단어를 만들어 내는것도 허용된다.
⑬ It is estimated that around two million people are currently able to speak Esperanto. 약 2백만 명이 현재 에스페란토를 사용할 수 있는것으로 추정된다.
⑭ However, despite its easy-to-learn system, it was never made an official language of any country. 하지만 배우기 쉬운 체계에도 불구하고 에스페란토는 어떤 나라의 공식 언어도 되지 못했다.
⑮ This could be because Esperanto is frequently criticized for having vocabulary and grammar that are too closely related to Western European languages. 이는 에스페란토가 서유럽의 언어들과 너무 밀접하게 연관된 어휘와 문법을 가지고 있다는 비판을 자주 받는 것 때문일 수 있다.
⑯ Another common criticism of the language is that it has no culture. 이 언어에 대한 또 하나의 일반적인 비판은 이 언어에 문화가 없다는 것이다.
⑰ However, Esperanto is intentionally culturally neutral. 그렇지만 에스페란토는 의도적으로 문화적 중립성을 지키고 있다.
⑱ It was intended to be a facilitator between cultures, not the carrier of any one culture. 이 언어는 문화 간의 조력자 역할을 하게끔 의도된것이지, 어떤 한 문화의 운반자 역할을 하도록 의도된 것은 아니었다.
⑲ Perhaps the future of the language depends on the outcome of the dispute between two sides within the Esperanto-speaking community: 어쩌면 이 언어의 미래는 에스페란토를 사용하는 집단 내에 존재하는 양측 논쟁의 결과에 달려있다고볼 수 있다.
⑳ those who retain the original goal that Esperanto must become the universal second language and those who instead treat Esperanto as a kind of alternative lifestyle with no grand ambitions. 즉, 에스페란토가 세계 제2 언어가 되어야 한다는원래의 목표를 지닌 측과, 큰 야심 없이 에스페란토를 일종의 대안적인 생활 양식으로 여기는 또 다른측을 말한다.

 

 

 

Unit 10. Art - Reading 1: Rembrandt
① Rembrandt, a baroque artist, ranks as one of the greatest painters in Western history. 바로크 시대의 화가인 렘브란트는 서양사에서 가장위대한 화가 중 한 사람으로 손꼽힌다.
② Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn was born on July 15, 1606, in Leiden, Netherlands. 렘브란트 하르먼스존 판 레인은 1606년 7월 15일네덜란드의 레이던에서 태어났다.
③ Combining a deep understanding of human nature with brilliant technique, he produced nearly 600 paintings. 그는 인간 본성에 대한 깊은 이해와 뛰어난 기교를결합하며 거의 600점에 이르는 그림을 그렸다.
④ Rembrandt's work is famous for his command of light and dark, often using contrast to draw the viewer into the painting. 렘브란트의 작품은 명암 표현 능력으로 유명한데,보는 사람을 그림 속으로 끌어들이는 (명암) 대비를자주 사용하였다.
⑤ This feature is best shown in Night Watch, his largest painting. 이러한 특징은 그의 가장 큰 그림인 〈야간 순찰〉에서가장 잘 나타난다.
⑥ It was completed in 1642, at the peak of the Dutch Golden Age. 그것은 네덜란드 황금시대의 절정이었던 1642년에완성되었다.
⑦ Viewing the painting in person, one is struck by the extreme contrast between light and dark, which adds to the feeling of movement and depth. 그 그림을 직접 보면 명암의 극단적인 대비에 탄복하게 되는데, 그것은 동적 효과와 깊이감을 더한다.
⑧ There is a man in the foreground of the painting carrying a spear that almost appears to be three-dimensional. 그림의 전경에 거의 삼차원처럼 보이는 투창을 들고있는 한 남자가 있다.
⑨ This illusory depth shows what a genius Rembrandt was. 이러한 착각을 일으키는 깊이감은 렘브란트가 얼마나 천재였는지를 보여준다.
⑩ His ability to use light and color, along with linear perspective, brings his paintings to life. 직선 원근법과 함께, 빛과 색을 사용하는 그의 능력은 그의 그림에 활기를 불어넣는다.
⑪ However, if you were to look at a reproduction of Night Watch in a book, you would not be able to appreciate this. 하지만, 여러분이 책에서 〈야간 순찰〉의 복제본을 본다면 이를 감상할 수 없을 것이다.
⑫ The spear, which seems so real in person, looks completely unremarkable in a photograph. 직접 보면 정말 실제 같은 투창이 사진에서는 전혀두드러져 보이지 않는다.
⑬ From the late 1630s, Rembrandt began to paint landscapes. 1630년대 후반부터 렘브란트는 풍경화를 그리기시작했다.
⑭ These works focused on the darker side of nature, showing mysterious scenes such as huge fallen trees in a storm or threatening skies. 이 작품들은 폭풍을 맞고 쓰러진 거대한 나무나 위협적인 하늘과 같이 신비로운 장면들을 보여주면서, 자연의 더 어두운 면에 중점을 두었다.
⑮ Such characteristics can be found in his painting Stormy Landscape(l638). 이러한 특징들은 그의 그림인 〈폭풍우 몰아치는 풍경〉에서 찾아볼 수 있다.
⑯ Toward the end of his life, Rembrandt painted some of his finest self-portraits, highlighting the effect that grief and sorrow had had on his face. 그의 인생 막바지에 이르러, 렘브란트는 자신의 얼굴에 서려 있던 고뇌와 슬픔의 느낌을 강조하여 그의 가장 훌륭한 자화상들 중 일부를 그렸다.
⑰ They reflected his painful family life as opposed to his successful public career. 그것들은 대중에게 알려진 그의 성공적인 이력과는대조되는 그의 가슴 아픈 가정사를 반영한 것이었다.
⑱ The numerous self-portraits he produced give us a remarkable record of the aging process of his own facial features in addition to the changes of his own character. 렘브란트가 그린 수많은 자화상들은 그 자신의 성격변화와 더불어 자신의 얼굴 이목구비가 노화되어 가는 과정의 두드러진 기록을 우리에게 보여준다.
⑲ Compared to other artists of his time, Rembrandt studied the world surrounding him more clearly and with greater insight. 당대의 다른 화가에 비해 렘브란트는 더 명료하게, 더 깊은 통찰력으로 그를 둘러싼 세계를 연구했다.
⑳ The consistently high standard throughout his work has earned Rembrandt the reputation of being a central figure in the golden age of Dutch art. 그의 작품들을 통틀어 한결같이 지킨 높은 기준은그가 네덜란드 미술의 황금시대의 한 중심인물이 되는 명성을 얻도록 해 주었다.

 

 

 

Unit 10. Art - Reading 2: TOEFL (Baroque Art)
① After the Renaissance period had come to a close, European art was transformed with the dawn of the Baroque period around 1600. 르네상스 시대가 끝난 뒤, 유럽의 미술은 1600년경바로크 시대의 도래와 함께 변화를 겪었다.
② Baroque style originated in Rome and spread to most of Europe. 바로크 양식은 로마에서 시작되어 유럽 대부분의 지역으로 퍼져 나갔다.
③ The popularity and success of the Baroque movement was encouraged by the Catholic Church's populist movement. 바로크 운동의 인기와 성공은 가톨릭교회의 대중주의 운동에 의해 장려되었다.
④ In response to the challenge of the Protestant Reformation in the 17th century, the Catholic Church promoted traditional values of spirituality. 17세기에 있었던 종교 개혁의 도전에 대응하여 가톨릭교회는 영성의 전통적인 가치를 장려했다.
⑤ The Church intended to use art as a tool of communicating its teachings to the illiterate as well as the educated. 가톨릭교회는 교육을 받은 사람들뿐만 아니라 글을모르는 사람들에게도 그 가르침을 전하기 위한 수단으로 미술을 이용하려 했다.
⑥ Many Baroque artists drew religious themes with direct, emotional involvement. 다수의 바로크 미술가들은 직접적이고 감정적으로개입해서 종교적인 주제를 그렸다.
⑦ While the classical art of the Renaissance promoted human reason, Baroque art focused on feelings and human sensitivity. 르네상스 시대의 고전 미술이 인간의 이성을 장려한데 반해, 바로크 미술은 감정과 인간의 감성에 초점을 맞췄다.
⑧ In an attempt to appeal to the senses, Baroque artists tried to show emotion, variety, and movement in their artwork. 감각에 호소하기 위한 하나의 시도로, 바로크 미술가들은 그들의 작품 속에서 감정과 다양성, 그리고움직임을 보여주려고 했다.
⑨ They did this by using strong contrasts in value. 그들은 명암의 강한 대비를 사용해서 이를 해냈다.
⑩ Employing different colors, they highlighted the power of brightness and darkness to show paintings in a more emotional way. 다양한 색을 사용하여 그들은 그림을 보다 더 감성적인 방식으로 보여주기 위해 명암의 힘을 강조했다.
⑪ They also dealt with real life and common people as subjects rather than idealized, perfectly formed models like those used in the Renaissance period. 그들은 또한 르네상스 시대에 쓰였던 것과 같이 이상화 되고 완벽한 체형을 가진 모델 대신 실생활과보통 사람들을 소재로 다루었다.
⑫ Caravaggio and Annibale Carracci are two great figures of the Baroque tradition, bringing a new richness to Italian painting. 카라바조와 안니발레 카라치는 바로크 전통의 위대한 두 인물로, 이탈리아 미술에 새로운 풍부함을 가져왔다.
⑬ The peak point of Baroque art was the work of Gian Lorenzo Bernini, who dominated the High Baroque period with his energetic and spectacular art forms. 바로크 미술의 정점은 지안 로렌조 베르니니의 작품이었는데, 그는 힘이 넘치고 웅장한 예술 형식으로바로크 시대 전성기를 주도했다.
⑭ Although the Baroque movement actually started in Rome, it eventually influenced the artists of the Netherlands, France, Germany, and Spain, undergoing some change in each of the countries to which it migrated. 바로크 운동은 사실상 로마에서 시작되었지만, 그것이 전파된 각 나라에서 어느 정도의 변화를 겪으면서, 결국 네덜란드, 프랑스, 독일, 그리고 스페인의미술가들에게 영향을 미쳤다.
⑮ Dutch Baroque was based more on everyday life and led to the dominance of portraiture, landscape, and still life, as illustrated by the works of Vermeer and Rembrandt. 네덜란드의 바로크 양식은 일상생활에 좀 더 기반을두었고, 베르메르와 렘브란트의 작품에서 나타나듯이 초상화, 풍경화, 그리고 정물화의 우세로 이어졌다.
⑯ In France, the Baroque style was used in the major art forms and promoted by the monarchy. 프랑스에서는 바로크 양식이 주된 예술 형식으로 쓰였으며 군주제에 의해 장려되었다.
⑰ By the beginning of the 18th century, the Baroque style had been largely replaced by the lighter Rococo movement that developed in the art world of Paris. 18세기가 시작될 즈음에, 바로크 양식은 파리의 미술계에서 발달한 좀 더 경쾌한 로코코 운동에 의해대부분 대체 되었다.
⑱ Nevertheless, Baroque art and its influence continued to spread around the world. 그럼에도 불구하고, 바로크 미술과 그 영향력은 계속해서 전 세계로 퍼져 나갔다.

 

 

 

Unit 11. Biotechnology - Reading 1: Biomimetics
① Human beings are endlessly innovative. 인간은 끝없이 혁신적이다.
② Over the centuries, we have created many amazing ideas and inventions in order to solve some of the most difficult problems in history. 수 세기에 걸쳐 우리는 역사상 가장 어려운 문제들중 일부를 해결하기 위해 많은 놀라운 생각과 발명품을 창조해 왔다.
③ However, the inspiration for many of these ideas and inventions came from nature. 하지만 이런 생각과 발명품 중 많은 것들의 영감은자연으로부터 온 것이다.
④ There is even a name for this field: biomimetics. 심지어 이 분야를 나타내는 생체 모방 기술이라는이름도 존재한다.
⑤ Biomimetics takes advantage of the fact that nature has been undergoing a process of trial and error for billions of years. 생체 모방 기술은 자연이 수십억 년 동안 시행착오과정을 거쳐오고 있다는 사실을 이용한다.
⑥ Over that time, it has perfected many systems and processes that allow plants and animals to survive in challenging circumstances and harsh environments. 그 시간 동안 자연은 식물과 동물이 어려운 상황과거친 환경 속에서 살아남을 수 있게 하는 여러 체계와 과정을 완벽하게 만들었다.
⑦ Therefore, throughout history, humans have been looking to nature for solutions to problems and ideas for inventions. 따라서 역사를 통틀어 인간은 문제에 대한 해결책과발명품을 위한 아이디어를 얻기 위해 자연을 관찰하고 있다.
⑧ The bodies of birds, for example, inspired the design of airplanes, while the water-resistant qualities of lotus flowers have been copied to make waterproof paint. 예를 들어, 새의 몸은 비행기 디자인에 영감을 준 반면, 연꽃의 방수 특성은 방수 페인트를 제작하기 위해 모방되었다.
⑨ Today, many new and exciting applications of biomimetics re being considered by scientists. 오늘날, 여러 새롭고 흥미로운 생체 모방 기술의 적용이 과학자들에 의해 고려되고 있다.
⑩ For example, the strong silk used by spiders to make their webs may lead engineers to a flexible material that could be used to make bridge cables. 예를 들어, 거미가 거미줄을 만드는 데 사용되는 강한 실은 다리의 케이블을 만들기 위해 사용될 수 있는 탄력적인 물질로 공학자들을 이끌 수 있을 것이다.
⑪ Scientists have also been carefully studying animals that dive deep into the water to learn how they lower their brain temperatures and slow their metabolisms. 과학자들은 물속 깊이 잠수하는 동물들이 뇌의 온도를 어떻게 낮추고, 신진대사를 어떻게 늦추는지를알기 위해 그 동물들도 면밀히 연구해 오고 있다.
⑫ It is hoped that this can help doctors find a way to treat seriously injured patients by putting their bodies into a similar state. 이는 의사들이 심각한 부상을 입은 환자의 몸을 비슷한 상태에 둠으로써 그들을 치료하는 방법을 찾는데 도움이 될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.
⑬ Biomimetic research is also being done on a wide variety of other ideas. 또한, 생체 모방 기술 연구는 매우 다양한 아이디어로도 행해지고 있다.
⑭ A strong illustration is research on how plant leaves could be used as the model for a new kind of solar panel. 한 가지 설득력 있는 예는 식물의 잎이 새로운 종류의 태양 전지판 모델로 사용될 수 있는 방법에 관한연구이다.
⑮ A substance mussels use to attach themselves to rocks is similarly being studied and copied in order to create a non-toxic glue for surgeons. 홍합이 자신을 바위에 부착시키기 위해 사용하는 물질은 외과 전문의들을 위한 무독성 접착제를 고안할수 있도록 마찬가지로 연구되고 모방되고 있다.
⑯ Ultimately, biomimetics creates a new kind of relationship between humans and nature. 궁극적으로, 생체 모방 기술은 인간과 자연 간의 새로운 종류의 관계를 만드는 것이다.
⑰ Instead of treating animals, plants, and microbes as resources to be controlled or harvested, we are now looking at them as teachers with valuable information to share. 동물, 식물 및 미생물을 통제하고 채취하는 자원으로 다루는 대신, 이제 우리는 그것들을 소중한 정보를 공유하는 스승으로 보고 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 11. Biotechnology - Reading 2: Bioluminescence
① Nearly 200 years ago, Charles Darwin described the first time that he observed ocean water full of tiny bioluminescent organisms. 거의 200년 전에, 찰스 다윈은 아주 작은 생물 발광의 유기체로 가득 한 바닷물을 처음으로 관찰했던때를 묘사했다.
② He wrote that the sea was glowing with flickers of light. 그는 바다가 깜빡이는 빛으로 빛나고 있다고 적었다.
③ He also noted that the water still flashed with sparks of light after it was collected in a bottle. 그는 또한 그 물이 병 속에 들어간 후에도 여전히 섬광을 내며 번쩍였다고 써두었다.
④ At the time, no one knew what caused the glow, but bioluminescence has been the subject of much research since then. 그 당시에는 무엇이 그 불빛을 생겨나게 했는지 아무도 몰랐지만, 그때부터 생물 발광은 많은 연구의주제가 되어 왔다.
⑤ Bioluminescence simply means light made by living things. 생물 발광은 단순히 생명체에 의해 만들어진 빛을의미한다.
⑥ Fireflies are a common example, but the phenomenon is found in some fish, mushrooms, bacteria, and other creatures as well. 반딧불이가 흔한 예이지만, 그 현상은 일부 어류, 버섯, 박테리아, 그리고 다른 생물에서도 발견된다.
⑦ We now know that the light is made by chemicals called luciferins. 이제 우리는 그 빛이 루시페린이라 불리는 화학 물질에 의해 만들어진다는 것을 안다.
⑧ The organisms light up when enzymes called luciferases interact with luciferin, and the varieties of luciferin in different creatures produce different colors of light. 유기체들은 루시페라아제라고 불리는 효소가 루시페린과 상호 작용할 때 빛이 나고, 여러 생물 속의다양한 루시페린은 다른 색의 빛을 만들어 낸다.
⑨ Humans have occasionally made use of bioluminescence in the past. 과거에 인간은 가끔 생물 발광을 이용했다.
⑩ Glowing fungus growing on wood may have been used to mark trails through forests, and miners have used jars of fireflies to light their work underground. 나무에서 자라는 발광 곰팡이는 숲을 가로지르는 길을 표시하는 데 사용되었을지도 모르며, 광부들은지하에 있는 그들의 작업장을 밝히는 데 반딧불이가든 병을 사용해 왔다.
⑪ Unlike common light sources, bioluminescence produces almost no heat, so it is an attractive tool under many c1rcumstances. 흔한 광원과는 달리, 생물 발광은 열을 거의 내지 않으므로 많은 상황에서 매력적인 도구이다.
⑫ Today, even more applications of bioluminescence are possible. 오늘날에는, 생물 발광을 훨씬 더 많이 적용할 수 있다.
⑬ For example, it is used to warn of toxic substances in water. 예를 들어, 그것은 물속의 독성 물질을 경고하는 데사용된다.
⑭ Bioluminescent bacteria in water grow dimmer when toxic substances are present, alerting people to test for contamination from pesticides or heavy metals. 물속의 생물 발광 박테리아는 독성 물질이 있으면더 흐릿해져서 살충제나 중금속으로부터의 오염이있는지 검사하도록 사람들에게 경고한다.
⑮ In addition, inventors are trying to create eco-friendly lamps from algae that glow when the water they live in moves. 또한, 발명가들은 자신들이 서식하는 물이 움직일때 빛을 내는 조류를 이용해 친환경적인 램프를 만들기 위해 노력하고 있다.
⑯ These lamps are expected to reduce energy usage and light pollution. 이러한 램프는 에너지 사용량과 광공해를 줄여줄 것으로 기대된다.
⑰ In medical research, firefly luciferase is mixed with a dye that causes it to emit near-infrared light, which can be detected through relatively thick layers of tissue. 의학 연구에서 반딧불이의 루시페라아제는 그것이근적외선을 방출하게 하는 염료와 혼합되는데, 그근적외선은 비교적 두꺼운 조직층을 통해 감지될 수있다.
⑱ This mixture is used to mark blood clotting proteins, making it easier to monitor the effectiveness of blood thinners. 이 혼합물은 혈액 응고 단백질을 표시하는 데 사용되어 혈액 희석제의 효과를 추적 관찰하는 것을 더용이하게 해 준다.
⑲ Bioluminescence is older than the human species, but modern technology is giving it brand new uses. 생물 발광은 인류보다 더 오래되었지만, 현대 기술은 그것에 완전히 새로운 용도를 제공하고 있다.
⑳ What was once a mysterious phenomenon is now helping us understand more about our bodies and the world around us, and hopefully allowing us to find ways to generate light with minimal environmental impact. 한때는 불가사의한 현상이었던 것이 이제는 우리가우리의 신체와 우리를 둘러싼 세계를 더 잘 이해하게 도와주고, 바라건대 우리가 최소한의 환경적인영향을 주는 빛을 만들어 내는 방법들을 찾도록 해주고 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 12. Social Issues - Reading 1: Coltan and Conflict
① You may have never heard of coltan, a kind of mineral found mostly in Africa. 여러분은 주로 아프리카에서 발견되는 광물의 한 종류인 콜탄에 대해 한 번도 들어본 적이 없을지도 모른다.
② However, it contains tantalum, a rare metal that is probably a big part of your life. 하지만 이것은 아마 여러분의 인생에서 큰 부분을차지하고 있을 희귀한 금속인 탄탈럼을 포함하고 있다.
③ Tantalum is used to make tantalum capacitors, which are an essential component of cameras, laptops, and cell phones. 탄탈럼은 카메라, 노트북, 휴대 전화의 필수 구성 요소인 탄탈럼 축전기를 만드는 테 사용된다.
④ Not surprisingly, this makes tantalum highly valuable-so valuable, in fact, that a terrible conflict is being fought over it. 이 점이 탄탈럼을 매우 가치 있게 만드는 것은 당연한 것이고, 사실 너무 귀하기 때문에 그것을 두고 심한 갈등이 빚어지고 있다.
⑤ About 80% of the world's coltan is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 전 세계 콜탄의 약 80%는 콩고 민주 공화국에서 발견된다.
⑥ Currently, the country is in the middle of a violent armed conflict, and most of its coltan mines are controlled by military groups. 현재 이 국가는 폭력적인 무력 분쟁을 겪고 있고, 대부분의 콜탄 광산은 군사 세력에 의해 통제된다.
⑦ They extract the coltan and sell it to neighboring countries, using the money to buy more weapons. 그들은 콜탄을 추출하고 이웃 국가에 판매하여 그돈을 더 많은 무기를 사는 데 사용한다.
⑧ More and more people are buying electronic devices containing tantalum each year. 점점 더 많은 사람들이 매년 탄탈럼을 함유한 전자기기를 구매하고 있다.
⑨ To meet this demand, large amounts of coltan must be dug out of the earth. 이러한 수요를 충족시키기 위해서는 많은 양의 콜탄이 땅에서 채굴되어야 한다.
⑩ In many cases, small children are forced to work in the mines. 많은 경우에 어린아이들이 광산에서 일하도록 강요당한다.
⑪ Many farmers, whose fields have been destroyed in the fighting, are also employed by these mines. 이 분쟁으로 농경지가 훼손된 많은 농부들도 이러한광산에 고용된다.
⑫ Although they receive a fair wage, they are often robbed of their pay by armed soldiers. 비록 적정한 임금을 받고 있지만, 그들은 종종 무장군인들에게 급료를 강탈당한다.
⑬ But humans aren't the only ones being negatively affected. 하지만 인간들만 부정적인 영향을 받고 있는 것은아니다.
⑭ Wildlife in the area is also suffering. 그 지역의 야생 동물들 또한 고통받고 있다.
⑮ Endangered gorillas live in the area where coltan is mined, and they are often killed in the process of mining. 멸종 위기에 처한 고릴라들이 콜탄이 채굴되는 지역에 서식하고 있고, 그들은 채굴 과정에서 자주 죽임을 당한다.
⑯ The eastern region of the Congo was once home to thousands of eastern lowland gorillas; 콩고의 동쪽 지역은 한때 동부 저지대 고릴라 수천마리의 서식지였다.
⑰ although the current population is unknown, it is believed to have been reduced by more than 50%. 현재 개체 수는 알려져 있지 않지만, 50% 이상 감소한 것으로 여겨진다.
⑱ The conflict in the Congo is a complicated situation without an easy solution. 콩고의 이 분쟁은 쉬운 해결책이 없는 복잡한 상황이다.
⑲ However, businesses can improve the situation by refusing to buy any coltan coming from military groups. 하지만 기업들이 군사 세력이 제공하는 콜탄을 구입하는 것을 거부함으로써 이 상황을 개선할 수 있다.
⑳ Moreover, within the Congo, they can work to support legitimate coltan mines, making sure the profits are used to benefit communities. 게다가, 콩고 내에서는 (콜탄 채굴로부터의) 수익이반드시 지역 사회에 이득이 되는 데 쓰이도록 하면서 기업들은 적법한 콜탄 광산을 지원하기 위해 노력할 수 있다.
㉑ Individuals can also help. 개개인도 도움을 줄 수 있다.
㉒ By keeping our old electronic devices rather than buying new ones each year, we can reduce the demand for coltan. 매년 새로운 것을 사는 대신, 가지고 있던 전자 기기를 유지하며 콜탄의 수요를 줄일 수 있다.
㉓ Then when we do upgrade to a newer model, we can recycle the old one or give it to charity instead of throwing it in the trash. 그리고 새로운 모델로 업그레이드를 할 때 오래된물건을 쓰레기통에 버리는 대신 재활용하거나 자선단체에 기증할 수도 있다.
㉔ Even the smallest efforts, when made by millions of consumers, can make a difference. 아주 작은 노력이라도 수백만 명의 소비자들에 의해행해지면 변화를 일으킬 수 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 12. Social Issues - Reading 2: Multicultural Society
① Decades ago, foreigners were a rare sight in Korea, and many Koreans were actually proud of the fact that their country had very little ethnic diversity. 수십 년 전에는 한국에서 외국인을 거의 보기 힘들었고, 많은 한국인들은 자신의 나라가 인종적 다양성이 거의 없다는 사실에 실제로 자부심을 느꼈다.
② But things have certainly changed. 하지만 상황이 확실히 변했다.
③ As Korea globalizes, the country's population is starting to become more ethnically and racially diverse. 한국이 세계화함에 따라, 한국의 인구도 민족적, 인종적으로 더 다양해지기 시작하고 있다.
④ These changes came after the Korean War, when Korea began rebuilding and accepting foreign influences. 이 변화는 한국 전쟁 후에 일어났는데, 그때는 한국이 재건하고 외세를 받아들이기 시작한 때였다.
⑤ The country grew rapidly over several decades and established itself as a global power in business and technology. 한국은 몇십 년간 급격히 성장했고 사업과 기술 분야에서 강대국으로서의 입지를 다졌다.
⑥ Many foreigners started to move to Korea for work, which gradually broadened the country's demographics. 많은 외국인들이 일하기 위해 한국에 오기 시작했는데, 그것은 점차적으로 한국의 인구 통계를 넓혔다.
⑦ Meanwhile, many Korean families opened their arms to people from different backgrounds through transnational marriages. 그러는 동안, 많은 한국 가구들은 다국적 결혼을 통해 다른 배경 출신의 사람들을 맞이했다.
⑧ Unfortunately, members of these multiracial families, along with many of the people who have immigrated to Korea, do not always find it easy to feel accepted. 안타깝게도, 이러한 다인종 가구의 구성원들은 한국에 이민 온 사람들 중 다수와 마찬가지로 (한국에) 받아들여졌다고 느끼기가 항상 쉽지는 않다.
⑨ Some Koreans still have a hard time thinking of people from other cultures as being Korean. 일부 한국인은 아직도 다른 문화권 출신의 사람들을한국인으로 여기는 것을 어려워한다.
⑩ There is a need to change these old attitudes and find a way for everyone to live in harmony. 이런 낡은 태도를 바꾸고 모두가 조화를 이루며 살방법을 찾을 필요가 있다.
⑪ One country that can serve as a model for Korea is Canada. 한국에 모범을 보여줄 수 있는 한 나라가 캐나다이다.
⑫ Canada has the highest immigration rate in the world and was the first country to make multiculturalism an official national policy. 캐나다는 세계에서 이민자 비율이 가장 높으며, 다문화주의를 국가의 공식 정책으로 삼은 최초의 나라였다.
⑬ Rather than expecting immigrants to adopt Canadian culture, the Canadian government encourages them to hold on to their own culture and identity. 이민자들이 캐나다의 문화를 받아들이기를 기대하기보다, 캐나다 정부는 이민자들이 자신의 고유한문화와 정체성을 유지하도록 장려한다.
⑭ At the same time, they expect the immigrants to embrace Canada as their new home and respect Canadian society. 동시에 그들은 이민자들이 캐나다를 새로운 조국으로 받아들이고 캐나다 사회를 존중할 것을 기대한다.
⑮ A country does not automatically become multicultural by allowing a large number of immigrants through its borders. 국경을 통해 다수의 이민자를 허용한다고 해서 자동으로 다문화 국가가 되는 것은 아니다.
⑯ It requires truly understanding and accepting the cultures and beliefs of newcomers. 새로 온 사람들의 문화와 신념을 진정으로 이해하고받아들이는 것이 필요하다.
⑰ This process can take many years, as it is often quite difficult to change the attitudes of the older generation. 이 과정은 수년이 걸릴 수도 있는데, 기성세대의 태도를 바꾸는 것은 대개 꽤 어렵기 때문이다.
⑱ Yet this is where Korea now finds itself, taking the first few steps on the road to multiculturalism. 그러나 이곳이 현재 한국이 서 있는 자리이며, 다문화주의로 가는 여정의 첫발을 내딛고 있는 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 13. Psychology - Reading 1: Hierarchy of Needs
① What are the basic requirements of life and what do we need next after those? 삶의 기본적인 필요조건은 무엇이고 그다음에는 무엇이 필요할까?
② When you answer these questions, you're doing the same kind of work that American psychologist Abraham Maslow did in his "hierarchy of needs" theory. 여러분이 이 질문들에 답을 한다면 미국의 심리학자에이브러햄 애슬로가 그의 '욕구 단계설'에서 행한것과 같은 작업을 하고 있는 것이다.
③ The theory states that we must progress through various levels, satisfying the needs of each before being able to move on to the next. 그 이론에서 말하는 바는 우리가 여러 단계를 거쳐나아가야 하는데, 각 단계의 욕구를 충족시키고 난다음에야 다음 단계로 옮겨갈 수 있다는 것이다.
④ He thought individuals could eventually fulfill their potential if they could just satisfy several fundamental needs. 매슬로는 개개인이 몇몇 기본적인 욕구들을 충족시킬 수 있다면 결국에는 자신이 지닌 잠재력을 실현시킬 수 있을 것이라고 생각했다.
⑤ The most basic needs form the bottom of Maslow's hierarchy and are referred to as physiological needs. 가장 기본적인 욕구들은 매슬로의 단계설의 최하부를 형성하며 생리적 욕구라고 불린다.
⑥ Physiological needs include our needs for food and shelter. 생리적 욕구는 음식과 주거지에 대한 우리의 욕구를포함한다.
⑦ Unless these are satisfied, we cannot move to the next level, safety needs. 이런 것들이 충족되지 않으면, 우리는 다음 단계인안전에 대한 욕구로 옮겨가지 못한다.
⑧ We need to feel secure in our environment, and this feeling of security usually means protection and freedom from fear. 우리는 처한 환경에서 안전함을 느끼고자 하는데,이런 안전함은 대개 보호와 두려움으로부터의 자유를 의미한다.
⑨ The third level is the need for love and belonging. 제3단계는 애정과 소속에 대한 욕구이다.
⑩ People satisfy this need through their families and homes, as well as by joining and forming groups, making friends, and being part of a team. 사람들은 단체에 가입하거나 그것을 만들고, 친구를사귀고, 팀의 일원이 됨으로써 뿐만 아니라 가족과가정을 통해서도 이 욕구를 충족시킨다.
⑪ In the fourth level, the need for esteem refers to people's need to be recognized. 제4단계인 존중에 대한 욕구는 인정받고자 하는 사람의 욕구를 말한다.
⑫ Here, they want to feel that others think highly of them; 이 단계에서 사람들은 다른 사람들이 자신을 높이평가한다고 여기고 싶어 한다.
⑬ they may need praise and want to feel good about themselves. 그들은 칭찬을 필요로 하고 자기 자신에 대해 만족하고 싶어 하기도 한다.
⑭ They may try to accomplish this by achieving set goals. 사람들은 정해진 목표를 달성함으로써 이를 얻기 위해 노력하기도 한다.
⑮ Self-actualization, the fifth level, is the summit of Maslow's hierarchy of needs. 제5단계인 자아실현 욕구는 매슬로의 욕구 단계설의 정점에 해당한다.
⑯ It is the quest to reach one's full human potential. 이는 인간의 최대 잠재력에 도달하려는 추구이다.
⑰ In this process people tend to have needs such as truth, justice, wisdom, and spiritual fulfillment. 이 과정에서 사람들은 진실, 정의, 지혜, 정신적인충만함과 같은 욕구를 갖게 되는 경향이 있다.
⑱ Despite the appealing logic of Maslow's hierarchy, it seems to have some limits. 매슬로의 단계설이 지닌 흥미로운 논리에도 불구하고, 거기에는 몇 가지 한계가 있는 것으로 보인다.
⑲ Extensive research has suggested that there is little evidence for the ranking of levels and the argument of a definite hierarchy. 단계를 서열화하는 것과 분명한 단계가 있다는 주장에 대한 증거가 미비하다는 것이 광범위한 연구를통해 제기되어 왔다.
⑳ Moreover, the concept of self-actualization is vague, and there's no evidence to show that every individual can reach it. 게다가 자아실현 욕구라는 개념이 모호하며, 개개인모두가 그것에 도달할 수 있다는 것을 보여주는 증거도 전혀 없다.
㉑ Maslow was the first psychologist to carry out academic research on human needs. 매슬로는 인간의 욕구에 대한 학문적 연구를 수행한최초의 심리학자였다.
㉒ He believed everybody should be encouraged to discover their vocations in life and endeavor to make life better. 그는 모든 사람이 삶에서 자신의 천직을 발견하고더 나은 삶을 위해 노력하도록 장려되어야 한다고생각했다.
㉓ These are still important lessons today. 이는 오늘날에도 여전히 귀중한 교훈이다.

 

 

 

Unit 13. Psychology - Reading 2: Synesthesia
① Richard Feynman, winner of the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physics, said that he saw letters in particular colors. 1965년도의 노벨 물리학상 수상자인 리처드 파인만은 자신이 글자들을 특정한 색으로 본다고 말했다.
② For example, he saw the letter J in light tan, N in violet-blue, and X in dark brown. 예를 들어, 그는 J라는 글자를 연한 황갈색으로, N이라는 글자를 남보라색으로, 그리고 X라는 글자를짙은 갈색으로 보았다.
③ The experience he described is known as synesthesia, a consistent association between two different types of sensory perception. 그가 묘사한 그 경험은 두 가지 다른 유형의 감각적인식 사이의 일관적인 연결인 공감각으로 알려져 있다.
④ The word "synesthesia" is formed from Greek roots meaning "together" and "feeling." '공감각'이라는 단어는 '함께'와 '느낌'을 의미하는그리스어 어근으로부터 형성되었다.
⑤ In general, the five senses are isolated from each other, but synesthesia results when input from one sense or a specific type of perception stimulates another one as well. 일반적으로 오감은 서로 분리되어 있지만, 공감각은한 감각이나, 특정한 유형의 지각으로부터의 입력이또 다른 것도 자극할 때 생긴다.
⑥ It can involve any combination of experiences of sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell. 그것은 시각, 청각, 촉각, 미각, 후각에 관한 경험들의 어떤 결합도 포함할 수 있다.
⑦ One of the most common types is the association of colors with letters, numbers, or shapes, like the experiences described by Richard Feynman. 가장 흔한 유형 중 하나는 리처드 파인만이 서술한경험과 같이 색을 글자, 숫자, 혹은 모양과 연관시키는 것이다.
⑧ Another is the association of colors with sounds. 또 다른 유형은 색을 소리와 연관시키는 것이다.
⑨ A famous example of this comes from the composer Franz Liszt, who would tell his orchestra to play "a little bluer" or "not so rose!" 이것의 유명한 예는 작곡가인 프란츠 리스트에게서비롯되는데, 그는 자신의 관현악단에게 '조금 더 파랗게'나 '너무 장미 같지 않도록!' 연주하라고 말하곤했다.
⑩ Studies have shown that people who have synesthesia are usually born with it or develop it in early childhood and that it can be inherited genetically. 연구는 공감각을 지닌 사람들이 보통 그것을 가지고태어나거나 유아기에 그것을 발달시킨다는 것과 그것이 유전적으로 전해질 수 있다는 것을 보여주었다.
⑪ Researchers have also asked people to describe their synesthetic associations at points separated by long periods of time and found that they remain very similar. 연구자들은 또한 사람들에게 오랜 기간을 두고 떨어져 있는 시점에서 그들의 공감각적 연상을 말해 달라고 요청했고, 그것들이 매우 유사하다는 것을 알아냈다.
⑫ For instance, a woman was asked to list the colors that she associated with 100 different words. 예를 들어, 한 여성은 그녀가 100개의 다른 단어들과 연관시킨 색을 나열해 달라는 요청을 받았다.
⑬ A year later, without warning, she was asked the same thing and gave the same answers for more than 90 of them. 일 년 후에, 예고 없이 그녀는 동일한 것을 요청받았는데 그 단어들 중 90개가 넘는 것에 같은 대답을했다.
⑭ Various theories exist about exactly what is happening in the brain when people experience synesthesia. 사람들이 공감각을 경험할 때 뇌에서 정확히 무슨일이 일어나는지에 관한 다양한 이론이 있다.
⑮ Some researchers think that areas of the brain that deal with the senses simply have more connections between them than usual. 어떤 연구자들은 감각을 다루는 뇌의 영역들이 단순히 평소보다 그것들 사이에 더 많은 연결망을 가진다고 생각한다.
⑯ Others point out that information usually flows along neural connections in certain directions. 다른 연구자들은 정보는 보통 신경 연결망을 따라특정 방향으로 흘러간다고 지적한다.
⑰ Perhaps synesthesia results when this flow is regulated less than usual and some information moves "backwards." 공감각은 아마 이 흐름이 평소보다 덜 통제되어 일부 정보가 '뒤로' 이동할 때 발생하는 것일지도 모른다.
⑱ Even with all our advances in studying the brain, we still have a lot to learn about synesthesia. 뇌 연구에 있어서의 우리의 모든 진보에도, 우리는아직 공감각에 대해 연구할 것이 많다.
⑲ Through genetic studies and imaging techniques that show the brain in action, researchers hope to understand more. 유전학 연구와 활동 중인 뇌를 보여주는 영상 기술을 통해, 연구자들은 더 많이 알게 되기를 바란다.
⑳ For now, its mystery is simply part of what makes it fascinating. 현재로서는, 공감각의 수수께끼는 그저 그것을 흥미롭게 만들어주는 것의 일부이다.

 

 

 

Unit 14. Environment - Reading 1: Elephants
① Elephants are facing an increasing threat as human behavior continues to influence their natural environment. 인간의 행동이 계속해서 코끼리들의 자연환경에 영향을 끼치게 되면서 코끼리들은 점점 더 위협에 직면하고 있다.
② The number of people living in Asia and Africa has increased fourfold since 1900, which means that elephants have lost some of their habitat to human settlements. 1900년 이후 아시아와 아프리카에 거주하는 사람들의 수가 4배 증가하였는데, 이것은 코끼리들이 그들의 서식지 중 일부를 인간의 정착지에 빼앗겨왔음을 의미한다.
③ Although the sale of ivory was banned in 1990, the demand for it continues even today― 1990년에 상아의 판매가 금지되긴 했지만, 그것에대한 수요는 오늘날까지도 계속된다.
④ this has led to a dramatic decline in elephant populations over the past few decades. 이것은 지난 몇십 년에 걸쳐 코끼리의 개체 수를 급격하게 감소시켜 왔다.
⑤ The figures show a decrease in African elephant numbers of more than 90% since 1930, from more than 6 million to fewer than half a million today. 수치들은 1930년 이후로 아프리카코끼리의 개체수가 90% 넘게 감소하여, 6백만 마리가 넘었던 것이 현재는 5십만 마리도 채 되지 않음을 보여준다.
⑥ There are even fewer Asian elephants left; only 35,000 to 40,000 still exist. 아시아코끼리는 그보다도 훨씬 더 적게 남아서 겨우3만 5천에서 4만 마리만이 여전히 존재한다.
⑦ The threat of elephant extinction is worrisome in view of the vital role they play in the ecosystem. 코끼리가 생태계에서 수행하는 중대한 역할을 고려할 때, 코끼리 멸종의 위협은 걱정스러운 일이다.
⑧ As huge and powerful consumers, elephants are a keystone species in their environment, affecting biodiversity in their regional habitats. 거대하고 막강한 소비자로서, 코끼리들은 그들의 환경에서 중추가 되는 종(種)이며 그들의 지역 서식지에 있는 생물의 다양성에 영향을 미친다.
⑨ They eat large quantities of woody vegetation and are thus responsible for clearing much of the land, contributing to the creation and maintenance of grasslands. 그들은 대량의 목초를 먹어 치워서 많은 토지를 개간하는 것의 원인이 되고, 초원의 생성과 보존에 기여하게 된다.
⑩ These grasslands provide a habitat for other animals, such as antelopes. 이 초원은 영양과 같은 다른 동물들에게 서식지를제공한다.
⑪ Furthermore, elephant dung is important to the environment. 게다가 코끼리의 배설물도 자연환경에 중요한 역할을 한다.
⑫ Baboons and birds pick through elephant dung for undigested seeds and nuts, and dung beetles reproduce in these deposits. 개코원숭이와 새들은 코끼리 배설물을 들춰 소화되지 않은 씨앗과 나무 열매를 찾고, 쇠똥구리는 이 퇴적물 안에서 번식 활동을 한다.
⑬ The nutrient-rich dung also helps damaged soil to recover. 영양가가 풍부한 그 배설물은 또한 손상된 토양이회복되는 데 도움을 주기도 한다.
⑭ Finally, it is a vehicle for spreading seeds over a wide area. 마지막으로, 이 배설물은 광대한 지역에 걸쳐 씨앗들을 퍼뜨리는 매개체가 된다.
⑮ It's important to note that some seeds will not grow unless they have passed through an elephant's digestive system. 몇몇 씨앗들이 코끼리의 소화계를 통과하지 않고서는 자라지 못할 것이라는 사실을 아는 것은 중요하다.
⑯ In an attempt to save elephants, environmental groups have declared them an endangered species and have been using drones and GPS technology to protect them from hunters. 코끼리를 구하고자 하는 노력의 일환으로, 환경보호단체들은 코끼리들을 멸종 위기에 처한 종(種)으로공표했으며, 그들을 사냥꾼들로부터 보호하기 위해드론과 GPS 기술을 이용해오고 있다.
⑰ Moreover, many elephant habitats have been conserved as national parks. 또한, 많은 코끼리 서식지가 국립 공원으로 보존되어 왔다.
⑱ Most environmentalists believe, however, that the parks are too small and too isolated from each other to allow elephant populations to recover. 그러나 대부분의 환경 운동가들은 이 공원들이 코끼리의 개체 수를 회복시키기에는 너무나 작고 서로너무 떨어져 있다고 생각한다.
⑲ What most people do agree on is that without serious international cooperation, elephants face the threat of extinction in the near future. 대부분의 사람들이 확실히 동의하는 부분은 진지한국제 협력이 없다면 코끼리들은 가까운 미래에 멸종될 위험에 직면한다는 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 14. Environment - Reading 2: The Great Barrier Reef
① Over the centuries, people have built some impressive structures, but did you know that the largest known thing built by any group of living creatures is the Great Barrier Reef off the coast of Australia? 수 세기 동안 사람들은 몇몇 인상적인 구조물들을만들어 왔지만, 여러분은 어떤 생물군에 의해 만들어진, 가장 커다란 알려진 구조물이 호주 연안의 그레이트 배리어 리프라는 것을 알았는가?
② This giant reef system covers 344,400 square kilometers and can be divided into 2,900 individual reefs, all made by tiny coral polyps building hard shells around themselves. 이 거대한 암초 체계는 344,400 평방 킬로미터에걸쳐져 있고 2,900개의 개별 암초로 나뉠 수 있는데, 모두 자신의 주변에 딱딱한 껍질을 형성하고 있는 작은 산호충에 의해 만들어진 것이다.
③ The reef was designated a World Heritage Site in 1981, and it both supports a diverse community of wildlife and serves as an important indicator of the health of our planet. 그 암초는 19810년에 세계 문화유산으로 지정되었으며, 그것은 다양한 야생 생물 군집을 서식하게 해주고 지구의 건강을 나타내는 중요한 지표 역할을한다.
④ The Great Barrier Reef is home to vast numbers of species, including 400 types of coral and 1,500 species of fish, and gives shelter to endangered species such as dugongs and sea turtles. 그레이트 배리어 리프는 400종류의 산호와 1,500종의 어류를 포함하는 엄청나게 많은 종의 서식지이며, 듀공과 바다거북 같은 멸종 위기에 처한 종에게살 곳을 제공해 준다.
⑤ The reef system helps regulate the global climate because coral polyps absorb carbon dioxide as they build their shells. 산호충은 껍질을 형성할 때 이산화탄소를 흡수하기때문에, 그 암초 체계는 세계의 기후를 조절하는 데도움이 된다.
⑥ It also keeps large waves and rough weather away from the coast of Australia, making it a safer place for people to live. 암초 체계는 또한 큰 파도와 거친 날씨를 호주 해안으로부터 몰아내어 그곳을 사람들이 살기에 더 안전한 곳으로 만들어 준다.
⑦ Currently, the reef faces several dangers to its health and even survival. 현재, 그 암초는 자신의 건강과 심지어 생존에 있어서도 몇 가지 위험에 직면해 있다.
⑧ It is a popular tourist destination, and careless visitors are harming it. 그곳은 인기 있는 관광지인데, 부주의한 방문객들이그곳을 훼손하고 있다.
⑨ Human activity on the land is also threatening the reef, as fertilizers and pesticides wash into the water, making it toxic for some organisms. 육지에서의 사람들의 행위도 그 암초를 위협하고 있는데, 비료와 농약이 물에 씻겨 들어가서 그곳을 일부 생물에게 유독하게 만들기 때문이다.
⑩ But most serious is the danger posed by climate change. 그러나 가장 심각한 것은 기후 변화로 인해 초래되는 위험이다.
⑪ Since coral stays healthiest within a specific range of temperatures, warmer water puts it at risk of disease and death, which in turn endangers the entire ecosystem that depends on it. 산호는 특정 수온 범위 내에서 가장 건강하기 때문에 더 따뜻한 물은 그것을 질병과 죽음의 위험에 처하게 하는데, 이는 결국 산호에 의존하는 전체 생태계를 위태롭게 한다.
⑫ To protect the reef, people in Australia have established conservation programs and guidelines for tourists. 암초를 보호하기 위해, 호주인들은 보호 프로그램과관광객을 위한 지침서를 만들었다.
⑬ Both government and private funds are being used to improve water quality around the reef and address specific threats to its health. 정부와 민간 자금 모두가 암초 주변의 수질을 향상하고, 그것의 건강에 대한 특정 위협에 대처하는 데사용되고 있다.
⑭ Tourists visiting the reef can contribute to conservation efforts by choosing tour options certified by Ecotourism Australia to avoid causing damage to the area. 암초를 방문하는 관광객들은 그 지역을 훼손하지 않도록 호주 에코투어리즘 협회에 의해 인증된 여행옵션을 선택함으로써 보호 노력에 기여할 수 있다.
⑮ For years, people have thought of the Great Barrier Reef primarily as a tourism site. 수년간, 사람들은 그레이트 배리어 리프를 주로 관광지로 생각해 왔다.
⑯ It is also a wonderland for biologists and nature lovers. 그곳은 또한 생물학자와 자연을 사랑하는 사람들에게 아주 멋진 곳이기도 하다.
⑰ However, before we view it as anything else, we need to remember that it is a collection of delicate living things that can easily be injured and must be protected. 하지만 우리가 그곳을 그밖에 다른 곳으로 보기 전에, 우리는 그곳이 쉽게 다칠 수 있으며 보호받아야하는 연약한 생물들이 모여있는 곳이라는 것을 기억해야 한다.

 

 

 

Unit 15. Politics - Reading 1: Athens and Sparta
① The 6th century B.C. witnessed the development of rapid changes in ancient Greece as rival city-states competed with each other for power. 기원전 6세기에는 고대 그리스에서 경쟁 관계의 도시 국가들이 서로 권력 쟁탈을 벌임에 따라 급속한변화가 전개되었다.
② The two most powerful of these city-states, Athens and Sparta, developed different systems of government, each with unique characteristics that would have profound effects on the future of ancient Greece. 이 도시 국가들 중 가장 강력한 두 국가였던 아테네와 스파르타는 각각 고대 그리스의 미래에 깊은 영향을 끼칠 독특한 특성을 가진 서로 다른 정부 체제를 발전시켰다.
③ Athens entered its golden age with the introduction of democracy ruled by the "common people." 아테네는 '시민'에 의해 통치되는 민주주의의 도입으로 황금기를 맞았다.
④ A council, known as the Boule, had both executive and administrative control. 불레(Boule)라고 알려져 있는 평의회가 집행권과행정권 모두를 가졌다.
⑤ Members of this council were chosen by lot, rather than by election, and served for one year. 이 평의회의 의원들은 선거가 아니라 추첨으로 선정되었으며, 재임 기간은 1년이었다.
⑥ Any citizen over the age of 30 was eligible, but only men born in Athens were considered citizens. 30세 이상의 어떤 시민도 자격이 있었지만, 아테네에서 태어난 남자들만이 시민으로 간주되었다.
⑦ An assembly, open to all citizens, passed laws and made policy decisions. 모든 시민들에게 개방이 된 의회는 법을 통과시키고정책을 결정했다.
⑧ Meanwhile, an oligarchy had developed in Sparta, which was ruled by two kings from two great aristocratic houses and a group of five powerful leaders known as Ephors, who had full administrative and executive authority with the privilege to control the kings of Sparta. 한편, 스파르타에서는 과두 정치가 발달했는데, 그곳은 두 최고 귀족 집안 출신의 두 명의 왕과 에포르(Ephor)라고 알려져 있는 5명의 유력한 지도자들에의해 통치되었으며, 이 지도자들은 스파르타의 왕들을 통제할 특권과 함께 행정과 집행에 대한 전권을가졌다.
⑨ These Ephors were, in turn, chosen by the Spartiates, native male Spartans over the age of 30 who formed the top level of society and were the only inhabitants to receive full legal and political rights. 이 에포르들은 차례로 스파르티아트에 의해 선출되었는데, 그들은 사회의 최상위층을 형성하며 전적인법적, 정치적 권리를 부여받은 유일한 주민들인 30세 이상의 남성 스파르타 토착민이었다.
⑩ Despite their apparent positive attributes, the systems of these two city-states had their own limitations. 그것들의 뚜렷한 긍정적인 특성에도 불구하고, 이두 도시 국가들은 그들의 체제에 한계점이 있었다.
⑪ In Sparta, slaves outnumbered their masters by seven to one, and the city could not function without the work of enslaved people. 스파르타에서는 노예가 그들의 주인에 비해 7대 1 정도로 많았으며, 그 도시는 노예가 된 사람들의 노동 없이는 기능할 수 없었다.
⑫ Accordingly, Spartan society suffered from a fear of a slave rebellion and developed a military state in order to retain stability. 따라서 스파르타 사회는 노예 반란에 대한 두려움으로 고통받았고, 안정을 유지하기 위해 군사 국가를발전시켰다.
⑬ In contrast to Sparta, democracy was able to be established in Athens. 스파르타와 대조적으로, 아테네에서는 민주주의가수립될 수 있었다.
⑭ But it was a limited democracy, where only a small percentage of men had influence, women could not vote, and slaves did most of the work. 하지만 그것은 제한된 민주주의였는데, 그 안에서는소수의 남자들만 영향력을 가졌고, 여자들은 투표하지 못했으며, 노예들이 대부분의 노동을 했다.

 

 

 

Unit 15. Politics - Reading 2: TOEFL (Plato’s Republic)
① Ancient Athens was home to the first democracy, and it produced some great thinkers. 고대 아테네는 최초의 민주주의의 발원지였으며, 몇몇의 위대한 사상가들을 배출했다.
② As democracy started to fail, the philosophers of the time tried to figure out why and to think of ways to fix it. 민주주의가 실패하기 시작하자, 그 당시의 철학자들은 그 이유를 알아내고 그것을 고칠 방법을 생각해내려고 노력했다.
③ One of these philosophers was Plato(427-347 B.C.), a student of Socrates(469-399 B.C.). 이러한 철학자들 중 한 사람이 소크라테스(기원전469-399)의 제자인 플라톤(기원전 427-347)이었다.
④ Plato began to doubt the democracy of his time and tried to think of a better option. 플라톤은 그 시대의 민주주의에 의구심을 갖기 시작했고, 더 나은 대안을 생각해 내려고 했다.
⑤ In one of his most famous works, The Republic, Plato proposed his ideal society. 그의 가장 유명한 저서 중 하나인 〈국가론〉에서 플라톤은 그의 이상 사회를 제안했다.
⑥ It was based on what he saw as the four virtues of the state: wisdom, courage, self-discipline, and justice. 그것은 그가 국가가 지녀야 할 네 가지 덕목으로 본것들, 즉 지혜, 용기, 절제, 그리고 정의에 기초를 두었다.
⑦ He designated a different class of people to fulfill three of these virtues. 그는 이 덕목 중 세 개를 실현할 각기 다른 계급의사람들을 지명했다.
⑧ The wise would rule as "philosopher kings," the brave would act as "guardians," the self-disciplined would do "manual work," and the whole of society would work together toward justice. 지혜로운 사람들은 '철인 왕'으로서 통치하고, 용감한 사람들은 '수호자'로서 활동하고, 절제력이 있는사람들은 '육체노동'을 하여, 사회 전체가 정의를 향해 함께 협력해 나갈 것이라는 생각이었다.
⑨ Plato saw people as being naturally inclined to serve one of these roles because of their soul. 플라톤은 인간의 영혼 때문에 그들이 천성적으로 이역할들 중 한 가지를 수행하는 경향이 있다고 보았다.
⑩ The soul, according to Plato, is divided into three parts: the rational, the will, and the appetite. 플라톤에 의하면, 이 영혼은 세 개의 부분, 즉 이성,의지, 그리고 욕구로 나뉜다.
⑪ If the individual is governed more by the rational element, he or she is suited to rule. 만약 개인이 이성적인 요소에 의해 더 많이 지배를받으면, 그 사람은 통치하는 데 적합하다.
⑫ Someone who is governed by the will would make a good guardian, and a person governed by the appetite would make a good worker. 의지에 의해 지배받는 사람은 좋은 수호자가 될 것이고, 욕구에 의해 지배받는 사람은 좋은 노동자가될 것이다.
⑬ The ultimate goals of society, for Plato, were fulfillment of needs and happiness. 플라톤에게 있어서 사회의 궁극적인 목적은 욕구와행복의 실현이었다.
⑭ Everyone has needs, and everyone has abilities. 모든 사람은 욕구를 가지며, 모든 사람은 능력을 가지고 있다.
⑮ But people don't have the range of abilities required to meet all of their individual needs. 하지만 사람들은 그들 개개인의 모든 욕구를 충족시키는 데 필요한 범위의 능력은 가지고 있지 않다.
⑯ Therefore, he felt, society must work together to satisfy the needs of all people. 따라서 그는 사회가 모든 사람들의 욕구를 만족시키기 위해서 함께 협력해야 한다고 생각했다.
⑰ When everyone specializes in their occupation and then exchanges the fruits of their labor with others, all people can meet their needs and be happy. 모든 사람이 그들이 맡은 일을 전문으로 하고, 그들의 노동의 결실을 다른 사람들과 교환할 때, 모든 사람들은 그들의 욕구를 충족시키고 행복해질 수 있다.
⑱ Crucially, Plato believed that the perfect society would occur only when kings became philosophers or philosophers were made kings, as it is the wisdom of their decision-making that is the key to the success of a social unit. 결정적으로, 플라톤은 사회 구성단위의 성공의 핵심요소는 바로 왕들이 의사 결정을 하는 데 필요한 지혜이기 때문에, 완벽한 사회는 오직 왕이 철학자가되거나 철학자가 왕이 될 때만 가능하다고 생각했다.
⑲ Plato's Republic was designed to put in place a system that addressed the innate characteristics of the people. 플라톤의 〈국가론〉은 사람들 속에 내재한 특질을 다루는 체제를 실행하기 위해 쓰여졌다.
⑳ Although its aim seems too impractical to become reality, his thoughts laid the foundations of Western philosophy. 이 책의 목표가 너무 비현실적이라서 실현될 수 없을 것 같긴 하지만, 그의 사상은 서양 철학의 토대를마련했다. 

 

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