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감사합니다~~♡

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[고3] 2024년 05월 – 18번: 영화 촬영 허가 요청서

① My name is Rohan Kaul, the producer of the upcoming film 'Upagrah.'

① 제 이름은 Rohan Kaul이고 곧 개봉할 영화 'Upagrah'의 제작자입니다.

② I am reaching out to you regarding a matter of importance concerning the shooting of some scenes for our film.

② 저희 영화를 위한 일부 장면의 촬영과 관련하여 중요한 사항에 관해 당신에게 연락을 드립니다.

③ We have identified Gulab Park, Mumbai, as an ideal location for these scenes.

③ 저희는 이 장면들을 위한 이상적인 장소로 Mumbai의 Gulab 공원을 찾았습니다.

④ We are hoping to conduct this shoot on 3rd June 2024, from 1 p.m. to 6 p.m.

④ 저희는 2024년 6월 3일 오후 1시부터 오후 6시까지 이 촬영을 수행하기를 희망하고 있습니다.

⑤ We have chosen Monday for the shooting day to minimize traffic issues and disruption to the public.

⑤ 저희는 교통 문제와 대중에게 끼칠 혼란을 최소화하기 위해 월요일을 촬영일로 선택했습니다.

⑥ During the shoot, our team promises to follow all rules and regulations, ensuring no inconvenience is caused to the public.

⑥ 촬영 동안에, 저희 팀은 대중에게 어떠한 불편도 야기되지 않을 것을 확실히 하면서 모든 규칙과 규정을 준수할 것을 약속드립니다.

⑦ We would be so grateful if you granted permission for the shoot so that we can put the beautiful scenery of the park in our film.

⑦ 저희 영화에 공원의 아름다운 배경을 담을 수 있도록 촬영을 위한 허가를 해 주신다면 우리는 매우 감사할 것입니다.

⑧ We look forward to your response.

⑧ 당신의 답변을 고대합니다.

[고3] 2024년 05월 – 19번: 잘못된 퀴즈로 인한 학생의 긴장 해소

① Charles was taking a quiz in his math class.

① Charles는 수학 시간에 퀴즈를 보고 있었다.

② He stared at the questions, but they looked completely unfamiliar.

② 그는 그 문제들을 유심히 살펴보았지만 그것들은 완전히 낯설게 보였다.

③ Charles flipped through the pages of the quiz for a while.

③ Charles는 한동안 퀴즈 문제지를 넘겨 보았다.

④ His palms grew sweaty as he realized that he didn't know a single answer.

④ 그가 하나의 정답도 알지 못한다는 것을 깨닫고 그의 손바닥에서 땀이 났다.

⑤ A moment later, a few other students began raising their hands.

⑤ 잠시 후 몇몇 다른 학생들이 손을 들기 시작했다.

⑥ One said, "I don't think we ever learned about the stuff on this quiz, Mrs. Smith."

⑥ 한 학생이 "Smith 선생님, 제 생각에 저희는 이 퀴즈에 나오는 것들을 한 번도 배운 적이 없는 것 같아요."라고 말했다.

⑦ The teacher quickly looked over a copy of the quiz and announced, "I'm sorry, class.

⑦ 선생님은 퀴즈 문제지를 빠르게 살펴보고 "미안해요, 여러분.

⑧ It appears that I have given you the wrong quiz by mistake.

⑧ 실수로 여러분에게 잘못된 문제지를 준 것 같아요.

⑨ We'll take the right quiz next class."

⑨ 우리는 다음 시간에 올바른 퀴즈를 보겠습니다."라고 알렸다.

⑩ As Charles heard what the teacher said, the tension in his shoulders began to melt away.

⑩ Charles는 선생님이 말씀하신 것을 듣자 어깨의 긴장이 차츰 사라지기 시작했다.

[고3] 2024년 05월 – 20번: 중년의 연결 조직 부상에 대한 근육 훈련 권장

① When you are middle-aged, the risk of connective tissue injuries peaks as decreased load tolerance combines with continued high activity levels.

① 여러분이 중년이 되면 하중을 견디는 힘이 감소되고 그것이 계속된 높은 활동 수준과 결합하면서 결합 조직 부상의 위험이 최고조에 달한다.

② The path of least resistance is to stop doing the things that hurt ― avoid uncomfortable movements and find easier forms of exercise.

② 가장 무난한 방법은 아프게 하는 일들을 그만두는 것인데 이를테면 불편한 움직임들을 피하며 더 쉬운 형태의 운동을 찾는 것이다.

③ However, that's the exact opposite of what you should do.

③ 그러나 그것은 여러분이 해야 하는 것의 정확한 반대다.

④ There is a path forward.

④ 앞으로 나아가는 길이 있다.

⑤ But it doesn't involve following the typical pain management advice of rest, ice, and medicine, which multiple reviews have shown is not effective for treating age-related joint pain and dysfunction.

⑤ 하지만 그것은 휴식, 얼음찜질 및 의약품의 전형적인 통증 관리 조언을 따르는 것을 포함하지 않는데, 다수의 비평은 이것이 나이와 관련된 관절 통증과 기능 장애를 치료하는 데 효과적이지 않다는것을 보여 주었다.

⑥ These methods do nothing more than treat superficial symptoms.

⑥ 이 방법들은 표면적인 증상을 치료하는 것에 지나지 않는다.

⑦ The only practical solution is to strengthen your body with muscle training.

⑦ 유일한 실질적인 해결책은 근육 훈련으로 여러분의 신체를 강화하는 것이다.

⑧ Whether you've been training for a few years or a few decades, or haven't ever stepped foot in the weight room, it's not too late to restore your body, build real strength, and achieve your physical potential.

⑧ 여러분이 몇 년이나 몇십 년 동안 운동을 해 왔든지 혹은 체력 단련실에 발을 디딘 적이 전혀 없든지 간에 여러분의 몸을 회복하고, 실질적인 힘을 기르고, 신체적인 잠재력을 실현하는 것은 너무 늦지않다.

[고3] 2024년 05월 – 21번: 눈을 통한 시각적 인식의 메커니즘 설명

① Turn the lights out and point the beam of a small flashlight up into one of your eyes.

① 조명을 끄고 작은 손전등의 빛줄기가 여러분의 한쪽 눈 안을 향하게 하라.

② Shake the beam around while moving your gaze up and down.

② 여러분의 시선을 위아래로 움직이면서 빛줄기를 이리저리 흔들어라.

③ You should catch glimpses of what look like delicate branches.

③ 여러분은 미세한 가지들처럼 보이는 것을 얼핏 보게 될 것이다.

④ These branches are shadows of the blood vessels that lie on top of your retina.

④ 이 가지들은 여러분의 망막 위에 있는 혈관의 그림자들이다.

⑤ The vessels constantly cast shadows as light streams into the eye, but because these shadows never move, the brain ceases responding to them.

⑤ 그 혈관들은 빛이 눈으로 흘러 들어오는 동안 끊임없이 그림자를 드리우지만, 이 그림자들은 절대 움직이지 않기 때문에 뇌가 이것들에 반응하는 것을 멈춘다.

⑥ Moving the flashlight beam around shifts the shadows just enough to make them momentarily visible.

⑥ 손전등 빛줄기를 이리저리 움직이는 것은 그림자가 잠깐 눈에 보이게 할 만큼만 그림자를 이동시킨다.

⑦ Now you might wonder if you could cause an image to fade just by staring at something unmoving.

⑦ 이제 여러분은 움직이지 않는 무언가를 단지 응시하는 것만으로도 이미지가 사라지도록 할 수 있는지 궁금해할지도 모른다.

⑧ But that is not possible because the visual system constantly jiggles the eye muscles, which prevents the perfect stabilization of images of the world.

⑧ 그러나 시각 체계가 끊임없이 눈의 근육을 가볍게 흔들고 있고 이것이 세상의 이미지들의 완벽한 안정화를 막기 때문에 그것은 불가능하다.

⑨ These muscle movements are unbelievably small, but their effect is huge.

⑨ 이 근육의 움직임들은 믿을 수 없을 정도로 작지만 그 효과는 엄청나다.

⑩ Without them, we would go blind by tuning out what we see shortly after fixating our gaze!

⑩ 그것들이 없으면 우리는 시선을 고정한 직후에 보고 있는 것을 무시함으로써 보지 못하게 될 것이다!

⑪ It's an interesting notion:

⑪ 이것은 흥미로운 개념이다.

⑫ Approximate perfection is better than perfect perfection.

⑫ 근사치의 완벽함이 완벽한 완벽함보다 더 낫다.

[고3] 2024년 05월 – 22번: 경제적 이익과 야생 보호 간의 대립

① Most opposition to wilderness preservation doesn't come from environmentalists but from corporate interests and developers.

① 야생 보호 구역 보존에 대한 대부분의 반대는 환경론자들로부터가 아니라 기업 관계자와 개발자들로부터 나온다.

② When wild places are designated as wilderness, they are closed to most commercial activities and residential or infrastructure development.

② 야생의 지역이 야생 보호 구역으로 지정되면 그 지역은 대부분의 상업 활동 및 주거 또는 기반 시설 개발이 금지된다.

③ There is thus frequently an economic cost to wilderness preservation.

③ 따라서 야생 보호 구역 보존에는 흔히 경제적인 비용이 존재한다.

④ Some critics claim that when wilderness and economic interests clash, economic interests should normally prevail.

④ 일부 비평가들은 야생 보호 구역과 경제적 이익이 충돌할 때 경제적 이익이 일반적으로 우세해야 한다고 주장한다.

⑤ This argument, even if it is sound, won't exclude all wilderness preservation efforts, because some wilderness areas have little economic value.

⑤ 이러한 주장은, 비록 타당할지라도, 일부 야생 보호 구역은 경제적인 가치가 거의 없기 때문에 모든 야생 보호 구역 보존 노력을 배제하지는 않을 것이다.

⑥ But a deeper problem with the argument is that it views nature from a human-focused and excessively economic point of view.

⑥ 그러나 이 주장의 더 심층적인 문제점은 그것이 자연을 인간 중심적이고 지나치게 경제적인 관점에서 본다는 것이다.

⑦ Allowing economic considerations to outweigh all other forms of value is inconsistent with the biocentric reasons that support wilderness preservation.

⑦ 경제적인 고려 사항이 모든 다른 형태의 가치를 능가하도록 두는 것은 야생 보호 구역 보존을 지지하는 생명 중심적인 이유들에 부합하지 않는다.

⑧ Thus, while it certainly makes sense to weigh the economic costs of wilderness protection, especially when such costs are high, the biocentric values underlying wilderness preservation exclude viewing economic considerations as the most important.

⑧ 따라서 특히 그러한 비용이 높을 때 야생 보호 구역 보호의 경제적 비용을 따져 보는 것이 분명히 타당하지만, 야생 보호 구역 보존의 근본이 되는 생명 중심적인 가치는 경제적인 고려를 가장 중요한것으로 여기는 것을 배제한다.

[고3] 2024년 05월 – 23번: 카페인 섭취가 뇌 화학에 미치는 영향

① During the day, a molecule called adenosine builds up in your brain.

① 낮 동안에 아데노신이라고 불리는 분자가 여러분의 뇌에 쌓인다.

② Adenosine binds with receptors on nerve cells, or neurons, slowing down their activity and making you feel drowsy.

② 아데노신은 신경 세포들, 다시 말해 뉴런들의 수용체들과 결합해 그것들의 활동을 늦추고 여러분이 나른함을 느끼게 한다.

③ But caffeine is also able to bind with these receptors, and by doing so it blocks adenosine's effect, making your neurons fire more and keeping you alert.

③ 그러나 카페인 역시 이 수용체들과 결합할 수 있고, 그렇게 함으로써 그것이 아데노신의 효과를 차단하여 뉴런을 더 활성화시키고 여러분이 깨어 있도록 유지시킨다.

④ Caffeine also activates a gland at the base of your brain.

④ 카페인은 또한 뇌 기저부의 분비선을 활성화시킨다.

⑤ This releases hormones that tell the adrenal glands on your kidneys to produce adrenaline, causing your heart to beat faster and your blood pressure to rise.

⑤ 이것은 신장에 있는 부신이 아드레날린을 생산하도록 하는 호르몬을 분비시켜 여러분의 심장을 더욱 빨리 뛰게 하고 혈압이 올라가게 한다.

⑥ If, however, your daily caffeine intake is consistent, your brain will adapt to it.

⑥ 하지만 여러분의 하루 카페인 섭취량이 일정하다면 뇌가 이에 적응할 것이다.

⑦ Your brain is like, 'Okay, every morning I'm getting this caffeine that's binding to these receptors and blocking adenosine from binding to them.'

⑦ 여러분의 뇌는 이와 같다. '그래, 매일 아침 나는 이 수용체들과 결합해서 아데노신이 그것들과 결합하는 것을 막는 이 카페인을 섭취하고 있군.'

⑧ So your brain creates extra receptors to give adenosine more of an opportunity to bind with them and have its usual effect.

⑧ 그래서 여러분의 뇌는 아데노신에게 그것들(수용체)과 결합하여 평소의 효과를 낼 더 많은 기회를 주기 위해 추가의 수용체들을 만들어 낸다.

⑨ And more adenosine is also produced to counteract the caffeine.

⑨ 그리고 카페인에 대응하기 위해 더 많은 아데노신이 또한 생성된다.

⑩ That's why it takes more and more caffeine to have the same effect.

⑩ 그것이 같은 효과를 내기 위해서 점점 더 많은 카페인이 필요한 이유다.

[고3] 2024년 05월 – 24번: 대양의 푸른색 발생 원인 설명

① When viewed from space, one of the Earth's most commanding features is the blueness of its vast oceans.

① 우주에서 보았을 때 지구의 가장 인상적인 특징들 중 하나는 드넓은 바다의 푸르름이다.

② Small amounts of water do not indicate the color of these large bodies of water; when pure drinking water is examined in a glass, it appears clear and colorless.

② 적은 양의 물은 이러한 많은 양의 물의 색을 나타내지 않고, 깨끗한 식수가 유리잔 속에서 검사될 때 그것은 맑고 무색인 것처럼 보인다.

③ Apparently a relatively large volume of water is required to reveal the blue color.

③ 파란색을 드러내기 위해서는 분명 비교적 많은 양의 물이 필요하다.

④ Why is this so?

④ 이것은 왜 그런 것일까?

⑤ When light penetrates water, it experiences both absorption and scattering.

⑤ 빛이 물을 관통할 때 그것은 흡수와 산란 둘 다를 겪는다.

⑥ Water molecules strongly absorb infrared and, to a lesser degree, red light.

⑥ 물 분자는 적외선을 강하게 흡수하고 더 적은 정도로 붉은빛을 흡수한다.

⑦ At the same time, water molecules are small enough to scatter shorter wavelengths, giving water its blue-green color.

⑦ 동시에 물 분자는 더 짧은 파장을 산란시키기에 충분히 작아서 물에 청록색을 부여한다.

⑧ The amount of long-wavelength absorption is a function of depth; the deeper the water, the more red light is absorbed.

⑧ 장파장 흡수의 양은 수심의 작용이다. 즉, 물이 더 깊을수록 더 많은 붉은빛이 흡수된다.

⑨ At a depth of 15m, the intensity of red light drops to 25% of its original value and falls to zero beyond a depth of 30m.

⑨ 15미터 수심에서는 붉은빛의 강도가 기존 값의 25%로 떨어지고 30미터 이상의 수심에서는 0으로 떨어진다.

⑩ Any object viewed at this depth is seen in a blue-green light.

⑩ 이 수심에서 보이는 모든 물체는 청록빛 내에서 보인다.

⑪ For this reason, red inhabitants of the sea, such as lobsters and crabs, appear black to divers not carrying a lamp.

⑪ 이러한 이유로 바닷가재와 게와 같은 바다의 붉은색 서식 동물들은 램프를 들고 있지 않은 잠수부들에게는 검게 보인다.

[고3] 2024년 05월 – 25번: 세대별 챗봇 플랫폼 선호도 차이

① The above graph shows the percentage of preferable chatbot platforms by age categorized by Generation Z, Millennials, and Generation X.

① 위 그래프는 Z세대, 밀레니얼 세대 그리고 X세대로 분류된 연령대별로 선호하는 챗봇 플랫폼의 비율을 보여 준다.

② Millennials and Generation X had the highest percentage of respondents who preferred Desktop Websites while Generation Z had the highest percentage for Messenger Apps.

② 밀레니얼 세대와 X세대는 데스크톱 웹사이트를 선호하는 응답자의 가장 높은 비율을 가진 반면 Z세대는 메신저 앱에 대해 가장 높은 비율을 가졌다.

③ In Generation Z, the percentage of respondents who preferred Mobile Apps was more than twice that of those who preferred Voice Assistant Devices.

③ Z세대 내에서, 모바일 앱을 선호하는 응답자의 비율은 음성 지원 장치를 선호하는 응답자 비율의 두 배보다 더 높았다.

④ Messenger Apps was the only platform where the percentage of respondents' preference for it sank lower and lower from Generation Z, to Millennials, to Generation X.

④ 메신저 앱은 Z세대, 밀레니얼 세대, X세대로 갈수록 그것에 대한 응답자의 선호 비율이 점점 더 낮아진 유일한 플랫폼이었다.

⑤ The percentage point gap between Millennial and Generation X respondents who preferred Mobile Apps was larger than the percentage point gap between the same two groups for Voice Assistant Devices.

⑤ 모바일 앱을 선호하는 밀레니얼 세대와 X세대의 응답자의 비율 수치 격차는 음성 지원 장치에 대한 동일한 두 집단 사이의 비율 수치 격차보다 더 컸다.

⑥ The percentage of respondents who preferred Mobile Websites was the lowest in all the age groups.

⑥ 모바일 웹사이트를 선호하는 응답자들의 비율은 모든 연령 집단에서 가장 낮았다.

[고3] 2024년 05월 – 26번: José Saramago의 문학적 경력과 영향

① José Saramago was born in 1922 to a family of farmers in a little village north of Lisbon.

① José Saramago는 1922년에 Lisbon 북쪽의 작은 마을에 있는 농부의 가정에서 태어났다.

② For financial reasons he abandoned his high-school studies and worked as a mechanic.

② 그는 재정적인 이유로 고등학교 공부를 그만두었고 정비공으로 일을 했다.

③ At this time, he acquired a taste for reading and started to frequent a public library in Lisbon in his free time.

③ 이때, 그는 독서에 흥미가 생겨 여가 시간에 Lisbon에 있는 공립 도서관을 자주 방문하기 시작했다.

④ After trying different jobs in the civil service, he worked for a publishing company for twelve years and then as an editor of the newspaper 'Diario de Noticias.'

④ 공직에서 여러 가지 일을 해 본 뒤에 그는 출판사에서 12년간 일한 후, 신문사 'Diario de Noticias'의 편집자로 일했다.

⑤ Between 1975 and 1980 Saramago supported himself as a translator, but after his literary successes in the 1980s he devoted himself to his own writing.

⑤ 1975년부터 1980년까지 Saramago는 번역가로 생계를 유지했지만 1980년대의 문학적인 성공 이후로는 자신의 글쓰기에 몰두했다.

⑥ He achieved worldwide recognition in 1982 with the humorous love story Baltasar and Blimunda, a novel set in 18th-century Portugal.

⑥ 그는 18세기 포르투갈을 배경으로 한 소설인 해학적인 사랑 이야기 'Baltasar and Blimunda'로 1982년에 세계적인 인정을 받았다.

⑦ Saramago's oeuvre totals 30 works, and comprises not only novels but also poetry, essays and drama.

⑦ Saramago의 전체 작품은 총 30편에 이르고 소설뿐만 아니라 시, 수필, 희곡 등도 포함한다.

[고3] 2024년 05월 – 29번: 새로운 병원균의 적응과 전파 과정

① When a new pathogen emerges, one way it transitions from wherever it has been living into a new host may be the acquisition of new traits.

① 새로운 병원균이 출현할 때, 어디였든지 간에 그것이 살고 있던 곳으로부터 새로운 숙주로 전이하는 한 가지 방법은 새로운 특성의 습득일 수 있다.

② Imagine that in its hourly struggle to survive over long periods of time and many generations, a fungus species might acquire a protective capsule ― a bit of coating ― that shields it or even masks it from other microbes or cells.

② 오랜 기간과 많은 세대를 거쳐 살아남기 위한 그것(균류종)의 매시간의 분투에서 균류종이 자신을 보호하거나 심지어 다른 미생물이나 세포로부터 자신을 숨기는 약간의 코팅인 보호용 피막을 얻을지도 모른다는 것을 상상해 보라.

③ Then it acquires some enzymes that enable it to survive whatever chemicals other microbes might throw at it.

③ 그다음에 그것은 다른 미생물들이 그것에게 던지는 그 어떤 화학 물질로부터도 그것이 살아남게 해 주는 어떤 효소들을 얻는다.

④ If it can overcome these chemicals, it may also overcome the same or similar chemicals used as antifungal drugs.

④ 만약 그것이 이러한 화학 물질들을 이겨낼 수 있다면, 그것은 항진균제로써 사용되는 똑같거나 비슷한 화학 물질들 또한 이겨낼 수 있다.

⑤ Maybe it also evolves to tolerate warmer temperatures.

⑤ 아마도 그것은 또한 더 따뜻한 온도를 견디도록 진화한다.

⑥ Now we've got a yeast that once made its home in an apple tree or in a wetland but that at this point can live quite happily in our body, hide from our immune system, and disarm our drugs.

⑥ 이제 우리는 한때 사과나무나 습지에 서식지를 만들었지만 이 시점에서는 우리의 몸속에서 꽤 행복하게 살고, 우리의 면역 체계로부터 숨고, 우리의 약을 무장 해제시킬 수 있는 효모를 갖게 되었다.

⑦ Then some of us carry it from one country to another and then another, and eventually it finds a host in a hospital patient who has recently received an organ transplant or is elderly with a weakened immune system.

⑦ 그러고 나서 우리 중 일부가 한 나라에서 다른 나라 그리고 또 다른 나라로 그것을 옮기고 결국 그것은 장기 이식을 최근에 받았거나 약해진 면역 체계를 가진 노인인 병원 환자에서 숙주를 찾는다.

[고3] 2024년 05월 – 30번: 감정이 기억 형성에 미치는 영향

① Memory is shaped by emotions connected to an experience.

① 기억은 경험과 연결된 감정에 의해 형성된다.

② For this reason, inaccuracies often hide the full picture of what happened.

② 이러한 이유로 부정확성은 일어났던 일의 전체적인 상황을 종종 숨긴다.

③ For example, a company might decide to hire a consultant to assist with a major project.

③ 예를 들어 한 회사가 중대한 프로젝트를 조력할 한 자문 위원을 고용하기로 결정했을 수 있다.

④ During this project, the consultant demonstrated some personality traits that clashed with a couple of the executives involved.

④ 이 프로젝트 동안 그 자문 위원은 몇 명의 관여된 경영진들과 부딪치는 몇몇 성격 특성들을 보여 주었다.

⑤ Through the course of the project, they were able to put aside the personality conflicts in order to see their vision become a reality.

⑤ 프로젝트의 과정 동안 그들은 자신들의 비전이 실현되는 것을 보기 위해 그 성격 갈등을 한쪽으로 제쳐둘 수 있었다.

⑥ Ultimately, the project was a success, enabling the company to move forward and profit.

⑥ 결국 프로젝트는 성공해서 회사가 진보하고 이익을 얻는 것을 가능하게 했다.

⑦ At a later date, the company, remembering the previous success, expressed an interest in hiring the same consultant for another large project.

⑦ 후일 그 회사는 이전의 성공을 기억하여 또 다른 큰 프로젝트를 위해 같은 자문 위원을 고용하는 데 관심을 표했다.

⑧ The executives who struggled with his personality last time may most vividly remember their difficulty in overcoming his personality and related emotions.

⑧ 지난번 그의 성격으로 고생했던 경영진들은 그의 성격을 극복하는 것에 대한 그들의 어려움 및 연관된 감정들을 가장 생생히 기억할지 모른다.

⑨ In this case, the success of the project fades into the background as they focus on their previous experience, colored by their feelings of discomfort.

⑨ 이런 경우에 그들이 불편이라는 감정에 의해 물든 이전의 경험에 집중하기 때문에 프로젝트의 성공에 대한 기억은 희미해진다.

⑩ As a result, they convince the company to exclude the consultant, making project completion more difficult.

⑩ 결과적으로 그들은 회사가 그 자문 위원을 배제하도록 설득하여 프로젝트 완성을 더욱 어렵게 만든다.

[고3] 2024년 05월 – 31번: 색상의 사회적 의미와 규제

① As colors came to take on meanings and cultural significance within societies, attempts were made to restrict their use.

① 색들이 사회 내에서 의미와 문화적인 의의를 갖게 됨에 따라 그것들의 사용을 제한하는 시도들이 이루어졌다.

② The most extreme example of this phenomenon was the sumptuary laws.

② 이 현상의 가장 극단적인 예시는 사치 금지법이었다.

③ While these were passed in ancient Greece and Rome, and examples can be found in ancient China and Japan, they found their fullest expressions in Europe from the mid-twelfth century, before slowly disappearing in the early modern period.

③ 이것은 고대 그리스와 로마에서 통과되었고 실례들이 고대 중국과 일본에서 발견될 수 있지만, 그것은 초기 근대에 서서히 사라지기 전에 12세기 중반부터 유럽에서 가장 완전하게 표출되었다.

④ Such laws could touch on anything from diet to dress and furnishings, and sought to enforce social boundaries by encoding the social classes into a clear visual system:

④ 그러한 법들은 식단에서 의복과 가구까지 어떤 것에도 관여할 수 있었고 사회적인 계층을 분명한 시각적 체계로 부호화함으로써 사회적인 경계선을 강요하는 것을 추구했다.

⑤ the peasants, in other words, should eat and dress like peasants; craftsmen should eat and dress like craftsmen.

⑤ 즉, 다시 말해서 농부는 농부처럼 먹고 입어야 하고 기술자는 기술자처럼 먹고 입어야 한다.

⑥ Color was a vital signifier in this social language ― dull, earthy colors like russet were explicitly confined to the poorest rural peasants, while bright ones like scarlet were the preserve of a select few.

⑥ 색은 이 사회적 언어에서 중대한 기표였는데, 황갈색과 같은 칙칙한 흙색은 가장 가난한 시골 농부들에게 명시적으로 국한된 반면 진홍색과 같은 밝은색들은 선택된 소수의 전유물이었다.

[고3] 2024년 05월 – 32번: 뇌가 외부 세계를 인식하는 방식

① John Douglas Pettigrew, a professor of psychology at the University of Queensland, found that the brain manages the external world by dividing it into separate regions, the peripersonal and the extrapersonal ― basically, near and far.

① Queensland 대학의 심리학 교수인 John Douglas Pettigrew는 뇌가 그것(외부 세계)을 '주변의'와 '외부의', 요컨대 '가깝다'와 '멀다'라는 별개의 부분들로 나눔으로써 외부 세계를 다룬다는 것을 알아냈다.

② Peripersonal space includes whatever is in arm's reach; things you can control right now by using your hands.

② 주변 공간은 팔이 닿는 범위 내에 있는 모든 것, 즉 여러분의 손을 사용함으로써 당장 여러분이 통제할 수 있는 것들을 포함한다.

③ This is the world of what's real, right now.

③ 이것은 지금 당장 실제의 세계이다.

④ Extrapersonal space refers to everything else ― whatever you can't touch unless you move beyond your arm's reach, whether it's three feet or three million miles away.

④ 외부 공간은 그 외 모든 것을 가리키는데, 즉 3피트든 3백만 마일 밖이든 여러분이 자신의 팔이 닿는 범위를 넘어서서 움직이지 않으면 만질 수 없는 모든 것이다.

⑤ This is the realm of possibility.

⑤ 이것은 가능성의 영역이다.

⑥ With those definitions in place, another fact follows, obvious but useful: any interaction in the extrapersonal space must occur in the future.

⑥ 그러한 정의들이 자리 잡힌 상태에서 뻔하지만 유용한 또 하나의 사실이 따라온다. 즉, 외부 공간에서의 모든 상호 작용은 미래에 일어나야만 한다는 것이다.

⑦ Or, to put it another way, distance is linked to time.

⑦ 또는, 달리 말하면, 거리는 시간과 연관되어 있다.

⑧ For instance, if you're in the mood for a peach, but the closest one is sitting in a bin at the corner market, you can't enjoy it now.

⑧ 예를 들어 만약 여러분이 복숭아를 원하지만 가장 가까운 것이 모퉁이 가게의 상자에 있다면, 여러분은 지금 그것을 즐길 수 없다.

⑨ You can only enjoy it in the future, after you go get it.

⑨ 여러분은 오직 미래에 즉 그것을 사러 간 후에 즐길 수 있다.

[고3] 2024년 05월 – 33번: 곤충을 잡는 식충식물의 독특한 메커니즘

① Insect-eating plants' unique strategies for catching live prey have long captured the public imagination.

① 식충 식물의 살아 있는 먹이를 잡기 위한 독특한 전략들은 오랫동안 대중의 상상력을 사로잡아 왔다.

② But even within this strange group, in which food-trapping mechanisms have evolved multiple times independently, some unusual ones stand out.

② 그러나 심지어 먹이를 가두는 기제가 여러 번 독립적으로 진화해 온 이 이상한 무리 안에서조차 몇몇 특이한 것들이 두드러진다.

③ According to Ulrike Bauer, an evolutionary biologist, the visually striking pitcher plant Nepenthes gracilis, for example, can exploit external energy for a purpose.

③ 진화 생물학자인 Ulrike Bauer에 따르면 예를 들어 시각적으로 인상적인 낭상엽 식물인 'Nepenthes gracilis'는 어떤 목적을 위해 외부의 에너지를 이용할 수 있다.

④ This species' pitcher has a rigid, horizontal lid with an exposed underside that produces nectar, luring insects to land on it.

④ 이 종의 주머니 모양의 잎은 꿀을 생산하는 노출된 아랫면을 지닌 단단하고 수평으로 된 뚜껑을 갖고 있는데, 그것은 곤충들이 그 면에 앉도록 유혹한다.

⑤ When a raindrop strikes the lid's top, the lid jolts downward and throws any unsuspecting visitor into digestive juices below.

⑤ 빗방울이 뚜껑의 윗면을 칠 때, 뚜껑은 아래쪽으로 흔들려서 의심하지 않고 있는 어떤 방문객도 아래의 소화액으로 떨구어 버린다.

⑥ Researchers used x-ray scans to analyze cross sections of the pitchers when the lid is raised, lowered, and in a neutral position.

⑥ 연구원들은 뚜껑이 올려질 때, 내려질 때 그리고 중립 위치에 있을 때의 주머니 모양의 잎의 단면을 분석하기 위해 엑스선 정밀 검사를 사용했다.

⑦ Their results revealed a structural weak point in the pitcher's neck: when a raindrop hits the lid, the weak spot folds in and forces the lid to quickly move downward, similar to a diving board.

⑦ 그것의 결과는 주머니 모양의 잎의 목 부분에서 구조상의 약한 부분을 밝혀냈다. 즉 빗방울이 뚜껑을 칠 때 그 약한 지점은 안으로 접히고, 뚜껑이 아래로 빠르게 움직이도록 만드는데, 그것은 다이빙보드와 비슷하다.

⑧ The weak point makes the pitcher's body bend and bounce back in a specific, consistent way, so the lid rises back up without bouncing too far ― unlike a typical leaf's chaotic vibration when struck by rain.

⑧ 그 약한 부분은 주머니 모양의 잎의 몸통을 휘었다가 특정하고 일관된 방식으로 튀어서 되돌아오도록 해서, 비에 맞을 때 보통의 잎의 무질서한 흔들림과 달리 그 뚜껑은 너무 멀리 튀지 않고 다시 올라온다.

[고3] 2024년 05월 – 34번: 어류의 자체 발광 기능과 생존 전략

① Many fish generate their own light in a biological firework display called bioluminescence.

① 많은 물고기들은 생체 발광이라고 불리는 생물학적인 불꽃놀이로 자체의 빛을 생성한다.

② The lanternfish creates beams that sweep the sea like headlamps.

② 랜턴피시는 헤드라이트처럼 바다를 싹 비추는 빛줄기를 만들어 낸다.

③ The dragonfish produces wavelengths that only it can see, leaving its victims unaware of the approaching threat.

③ 드래곤피시는 자신만이 볼 수 있는 파장을 생산해서 다가오는 위협을 먹잇감들이 인식하지 못하게 한다.

④ In contrast, the anglerfish hopes its prey will notice and be lured toward its rod-like bioluminescent barbel; its fierce jaws stay hidden in the shadows.

④ 대조적으로 앵글러피시는 먹이가 자신의 막대 모양의 생체 발광 수염을 알아채고 그것에 유인되기를 바라는데, 그것(앵글러피시)의 사나운 턱이 그림자에 감춰져 있다.

⑤ Bioluminescence is also used to frustrate predators.

⑤ 생체 발광은 또한 포식자들을 좌절시키는 데 사용된다.

⑥ A species from the spookfish family relies on a bellyful of symbiotic, glowing bacteria to save it from becoming a meal.

⑥ 스푸크피시과(科)의 한 종은 식사거리가 되는 것으로부터 그것을 지켜주는 배에 가득 찬 공생하는 빛나는 박테리아에 의존한다.

⑦ It uses the same concept developed by the US Navy during World War II to make bomber aircraft difficult to see.

⑦ 그것은 폭격기를 보기 어렵게 만들기 위해 제2차 세계 대전 중에 미국 해군에 의해 개발된 동일한 발상을 사용한다.

⑧ Just as Project Yehudi designed planes with under-wing spotlights, the fish's glowing belly conceals its silhouette against sunlight to hide it from watching eyes below.

⑧ Yehudi 프로젝트가 날개 아랫면에 환한 조명이 있는 비행기를 설계한 것처럼, 그 물고기의 빛나는 복부는 태양 빛에 대비되는 자신의 실루엣을 감춰서 아래에서 주시하는 눈들로부터 그것을 숨긴다.

⑨ In this fish-eat-fish world, survival is a game of hide-and-seek that prioritizes the sense of sight.

⑨ 물고기가 물고기를 잡아먹는 이 세상에서 생존은 시각을 우선시하는 숨바꼭질 게임이다.

[고3] 2024년 05월 – 35번: 인류의 공통 조상과 생존 경쟁

① The human race traces back to a surprisingly small number of common ancestors.

① 인류는 놀랄 만큼 적은 수의 공통 조상으로 거슬러 올라간다.

② It has been documented that the entire human race can be traced back to only seven different mothers, and one of these women is a common ancestor to roughly 40% of the human species.

② 전체 인류가 단 7명의 다른 어머니들로 거슬러 올라갈 수 있고 이 여성들 중 한 명은 대략 인간 종의 40%의 공통 조상이라고 밝혀졌다.

③ Why is this? The simple answer is that humans are extremely good at dying and at wiping each other out.

③ 이것은 왜일까? 간단한 답은 인간이 죽는 것과 서로를 몰살하는 것에 몹시 능숙하다는 것이다.

④ History has had many successful rulers and conquerors who have got rid of entire populations, and even beyond that, our species has wiped out plenty of similar humanoid lines that existed on this earth.

④ 역사적으로 전체 인구를 제거한 많은 성공적인 통치자들과 정복자들이 존재해 왔으며, 심지어 그것을 넘어 우리 종은 이 지구에 존재했던 수많은 비슷한 인간에 가까운 계통들을 몰살해 왔다.

⑤ Scientific finds have so far discovered a number of other humanoid species that once shared the earth with us, some of which include Neanderthals and Denisovans.

⑤ 과학적 발견들은 지금까지 한때 우리와 지구를 공유했던 많은 인간에 가까운 종들을 발견해 왔는데, 그들 중 몇몇은 네안데르탈인과 데니소바인을 포함한다.

⑥ Yet of these lines, only homo sapiens have survived, only the modern humans.

⑥ 그러나 이 계통들 중에서 오직 호모사피엔스, 즉 현대의 인간들만이 살아남았다.