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전체 내용

Unit 01. Places - Reading 1: The Equator in Ecuador
① Here is an interesting fact: 여기 흥미로운 사실이 있다.
② Despite circling the entire globe, the equator runs through just 13 countries. 지구 전체를 돌지만, 적도는 단 13개 국가 만을 통과한다.
③ One of these nations takes its name from the Spanish word for equator: the Republic of Ecuador. 이 국가들 중 하나는 적도를 의미하는 스페인어에서이름을 땄는데, 바로 에콰도르 공화국이다.
④ Ecuador is located on the northwest coast of South America, sandwiched between Colombia to the north and Peru to the south. 에콰도르는 남미의 북서 해안에 위치해 있고, 북쪽으로는 콜롬비아, 남 쪽으로는 페루 사이에 끼어있다.
⑤ In 1736, a French mathematician named Charles-Marie de La Condamine traveled to the area that is now Ecuador and conducted a series of measurements. 1736년에 샤를마리 드 라 콩다민이라는 이름의 프랑스 수학자는 현재 에콰도르인 이 지역으로 여행을떠나 일련의 측정을 했다.
⑥ His work showed that our planet, once considered to be a perfect sphere, is actually flatter at the poles and bulges at the equator. 그의 연구는 한때 완벽한 구로 여겨졌던 우리 행성이 사실 극 에서는 좀 더 평평하고 적도에서는 볼록하다는 것을 보여줬다.
⑦ Today, La Condamine's work is remembered with a 30-meter-tall tower in a park named Mitad del Mundo, which means "middle of the world." 오늘날 라 콩다민의 연구는 제상의 중심이라는 뜻의미타드 델 문도라는 이름의 공원에 있는 30미터 높이의 탑과 함께 기억된다.
⑧ The park even has a yellow line running through it, which is said to mark the location of the equator. 이 공원에는 십지어 그 탑을 지나는 노란색 선이 있는데, 그것이 적도의 위치를 표시해 뜬 것으로 전해진다.
⑨ However, GPS technology shows that the actual equator is located 240 meters to the north. 하지만 GPS 가술은 실제 적도가 북쪽으로 240미터지점에 위치해 있음을 보여준다.
⑩ Despite this, thousands of visitors each year photograph one another standing with one foot on either side of the line. 이 점에도 불구하고 매년 수천 명의 관 광객들이 선양쪽에 발 하나씩을 놓고 선 채로 서로 사진을 찍는다.
⑪ They don't care whether the line is accurate or not-they just want a fun memory of their trip to the equator. 그들은 그 선이 정확한지 아닌지에 신경을 쓰지 않는다. 그저 적도로 온 여행의 즐거운 추억을 원하는것이다.
⑫ For those interested in geographical accuracy, a visit to the lntifian Solar Museum is recommended. 지리학적 정확성에 관심이 있는 사람들에게는, 적도박물관에 가볼 것을 추천한다.
⑬ Just a two-minute drive from Mitad del Mundo, the museum claims that GPS calculations have proved it to be located exactly at O degrees latitude. 미타드 델 문도에서 차로 겨우 2분 거리에 있는 이박물관은 GPS 계산이 이곳이 정확히 위도 0도 지점에 위치해 있음을 증명한다고 주장한다.
⑭ At the museum, guides demonstrate special scientific "experiments." 박물관에서는 안내원둘이 특별한 과학 '실험들'을보여준다.
⑮ For example, a sink is placed right on the equator to show that water goes straight down the drain. 예를 들어, 물이 바로 배수구로 내려가는 것을 보여주기 위해 개수대 하나가 정확히 적도에 놓여 있다.
⑯ It doesn't spin to the left or right as it is supposed to! 물이 원래 그래야 하는 것처럼 왼쪽이나 오른쪽으로회전하지 않는다!
⑰ And visitors are encouraged to try to balance an egg on top of a nail. 그리고 방문객들은 못 위에 달걀을 세워 보도록 권유 받는다.
⑱ The guides claim this is only possible at the equator. 안내원들은 이것이 적도에서만 가능하다고 말한다.
⑲ Although these experiments are not scientifically true, they are still a lot of fun! 이 실험들은 과 학적으로 사실이 아니지만, 그것들은 여전히 아주 재미있다!
⑳ With or without scientific facts, a visit to the equator is a memorable experience. 과학적 사실 여부와 상관없이 적도 방문은 기억에남을만한 경험이다.
㉑ Besides being a fun place to take photos, the equator reminds us that we live on a big, (almost) round planet 30 traveling through space! 사진을 찍을만한 즐거운 장소가 된다는 점 외에도적도는 우주를 여행하는 커다란 (거의) 원 형태의행성에 우리가 살고 있다는 것을 상기시켜 준다!

 

 

 

Unit 01. Places - Reading 2: Robben Island
① Seven kilometers from the coast of Cape Town, South Africa, is a UNESCO world heritage site called Robben Island. 남아프리카 공화군 케이프타운의 해안에서 7킬로미터 떨어진 곳에는 로벤섬이라고 불리는 유네스코 세계 문화유산이 있다.
② When the Dutch came to settle in South Africa in 1652, the largest animals living on the island were seals. 1652년에 네덜란드인들이이 남아프리카 공화국에정착하기 위해 왔을 때 그 섬에 살고 있던 가장 큰생물체는 물개였다.
③ In fact, the name "Robben" is derived from the Dutch word meaning "seal." 실제로 '로벤'이라는 아름은 '물개'를 의미하는 네덜란드어에서 유래되었다.
④ What makes this island valuable, however, is its history during the colonial period. 그러나 이 섬을 가치 있게 만드는 것은 그것의 식민지 시대의 역사이다.
⑤ As more colonists moved into Africa, conflicts with the people already living there sprang up everywhere. 더 많은 식민지 개척자들이 아프리카로 이주함에 따라, 이미 그곳에 살고 있던 사람들과의 갈등이 곳곳에서 생겨났다.
⑥ Therefore, the Dutch needed a place to imprison whoever fought against them, and they chose Robben Island. 그러므로 네덜란드인들은 자신들에게 대항하는 사람들은 누구든지 투옥할 곳이 필요했고, 그들은 로벤섬을 골랐다.
⑦ Soldiers, civilians, and leaders of various tribes were imprisoned on the island. 군인들, 민간인들 고리고, 여러 부족의 지도자들이그 섬에 투옥되었다.
⑧ Even kings and princes who defied Dutch rule in faraway colonies were brought there to be prisoners. 심지어 멀리 떨어진 식민지에서 네덜란드의 통치에저항하는 왕과 왕자들도 그곳으로 연행되어 죄수가되었다.
⑨ During the 1800s, Robben Island became a prison for people with serious illnesses as well. 1800년대에 로벤섬은 또한 중병을 앓는 사람들의수용소가 되었다.
⑩ People who were mentally ill or had leprosy were sent to the island to keep them far from others. 정신병이 있거나 나병을 앓는 사람들은 다른 사람들로부터 멀리 떼어놓기 위해 그 섬으로 보내졌다.
⑪ At first, some of them were allowed to leave if they wanted, but later they were forced to stay. 처음에, 그둘 중 일부는 그들이 원하면 떠나도록 허용되었으나 나중에는 강제로 머물러야 했다.
⑫ This practice remained in place until 1931. 이 관행은 1931 년까지 계속되었다.
⑬ Under the government-approved system of racial discrimination known as apartheid, Robben Island was used as a maximum security prison for political leaders who wanted racial equality. 아파르트헤이트로 알려진 정부가 승인한 인종 차별제도 하에서, 로벤 섬은 인종 평등을 원하는 정치 지도자들을 수감하기 위한 최고 보안 수용소로 사용되었다.
⑭ The most famous of these was Nelson Mandela, who was imprisoned there for 18 years, from 1964 to 1982. 이들 중 가장 유명한 사람은 넬슨 만델라였는데, 그는 1964 년부터 1982년까지 18년 동안 그곳에 수감되어 있었다.
⑮ Nelson Mandela's imprisonment drew international attention to South Africa, which increased the pressure to end apartheid. 넬슨 만델라의 수감은 남아프리카 공화국에 국제적인 관심을 끌어모았으며, 이는 아파르트헤이트를 철폐하기 위한 압력을 강화했다.
⑯ Robben Island's time as a prison ended in 1991 due to South Africans' efforts to undo apartheid policies. 로벤섬의 수용소로서의 시기는 아파르트헤이트 정책을 폐지하기 위한 남아프리카 공화국 사람들의 노력 덕분에 1991년에 막을 내렸다.
⑰ Because of Mandela and others who faced hardship for the cause of equality, Robben Island became a symbol of overcoming oppression. 평등이라는 대의를 위해 고난을 겪은 만델라와 다른이들로 인해, 로벤섬은 억압을 극복하는 것의 상징이 되었다.
⑱ In 1997, the many historical sites on Robben Island were turned into a museum. 1997년에 로벤섬의 많은 유적지들이 박물관으로 바뀌었다.
⑲ Since then, the Robben Island Museum has run school programs and tours to educate people about the island's history. 그때부터 로벤섬 박물관은 사람들에게 섬의 역사를교육하기 위해 학교 프로그램과 투어를 운영해오고있다.
⑳ By remembering the injustice of the past, people can be motivated to create a better future. 과거의 불평등을 기억함으로써, 사람들은 더 나은미래를 만들도록 동기를 부여받을 수 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 02. Jobs - Reading 1: Water Sommelier
① When you hear the word "sommelier," you probably think of wine. '소물리에'라는 단어를 들으면, 당신은 아마도 와인율 생각할 것이다.
② Traditionally, sommeliers are experts in wine who help diners choose an appropriate wine to go with their meal. 전통적으로 소믈리에는 식사하는 사람들이 자신들의음식과 잘 어울리는 적절한 와인을 고르도록 도와주는 와인 전문가이다.
③ But there is also another kind of sommelier-one who is an expert in water. 하지만 또 다른 종류의 소믈리에도 있는데, 바로 물전문가이다.
④ Water sommeliers can detect the smallest differences in how different types of water taste. 워터 소믈리에는 각기 다른 종류의 물이 어떤 맛을내는지에 대해 정말 작은 차이도 감지할 수 있다.
⑤ On a daily basis, you probably don't think about the taste of water, but if you travel to a new place, you might notice that the water tastes different than the water you are used to. 당신은 일상생활을 하면서 아마 물의 맛에 대 하여생각하지는 않겠지만, 새로운 곳으로 여행을 간다면아마 익숙했던 물과는 다른 물맛이 난다는 것을 알아차릴 것이다.
⑥ That's because the water we drink contains all kinds of different salts and minerals that give it a unique taste. 우리가 마시는 물은 고유한 맛을 주는 모든 종류의각기 다른 염분과 미네랄을 포함하고 있기 때문이다.
⑦ For this reason, some high-class restaurants offer water selections for their diners to choose from. 이러한 이유로 어떤 고급 식당은 손님이 고를 수 있게 선택 가능한 (다양한) 물들을 제공한다.
⑧ A water sommelier helps the restaurant build this list and also recommends which kind of water will pair best with which dishes. 워터 소믈리에는 식당이 이러한 목록을 만드는 것을돕고 어떤 종류의 물이 어떤 음식과 가장 잘 맞을지를 추천한다.
⑨ So how do water sommeliers taste water? 그럼 워터 소믈리에는 어떻게 물맛을 보는 걸까?
⑩ First, they raise the glass to their nose and breathe in deeply to enjoy any faint aromas. 우선, 코에 잔을 갖다 대고 희미한 향을 음미하기 위해 깊이 숨을 들이쉰다.
⑪ Next, they take a smaller sip, move the water around their tongue, and swallow it. 그다음, 소량의 물을 마시고 혀 주위로 물을 움직여보고 삼킨다.
⑫ This process allows the sommelier to detect all of the water's delicate flavors. 이러한 과정은 소믈리에 가 울의 모든 섬세한 맛을감지할 수 있게 해준다.
⑬ Particular words are used to describe the taste of the water, such as "acidity," "effervescence," and "structure." 물의 맛을 설명하기 위해 'acidity(산성)', 'effervescence(비등)', 'structure(구조)'와 같은특정 한 단어들이 사용된다.
⑭ Respectively, these refer to the water's freshness, its bubbles, and how rich and complex its taste is. 이 단어들 각각은 물의 신선함, 거품, 맛이 얼마나 깊고 복합적인지를 나타낸다.
⑮ Restaurants are focusing more and more on the water that they serve. 식당에서는 그들이 제공하는 물에 점점 더 중점을 두고 있다.
⑯ One restaurant in Los Angeles, for example, offers a selection of 20 different kinds of water from all over the world. 예를 들면, 로스앤젤레스의 한 식당에서는 전 세계의20가지 다른 종류의 물을 제공하고 있다.
⑰ Their most expensive water costs 20 dollars per bottle! 가장 비싼 물은 한 병에 20달러나 한다!
⑱ So next time you take a drink of water, don't just swallow it. 그러니 다음에 물을 마시게 되면, 그냥 삼키지 마라.
⑲ Take a moment to think about how it tastes! 맛이 어떤지 생각하는 시간을 가져보라!

 

 

 

Unit 02. Jobs - Reading 2: Future Jobs
① We live in a rapidly changing world. 우리는 급격히 변화하는 세계 속에서 살고 있다.
② And as our world changes, so do our jobs. 그리고 우리 세계가 변 하면서 우리의 직업도 바뀌고 있다.
③ There are many issues that are currently affecting the job market. 현재 일자리 시장에 영향을 미치고 있는 여러 이슈가 있다.
④ They include efforts to reduce environmental damage, the aging of populations, and the rapid advancement of technology. 이는 환경 훼손을 줄이려는 노력, 인구의 노령화, 기술의 급격한 발전을 포함한다.
⑤ With these in mind, here are some jobs that haven't been created yet but probably will be soon. 이러한 점들을 염두에 두고 아직은 생겨나지 않았지만 아마 곧 생기게 될 직업들이 여기 몇 가지가 있다.
⑥ You may have heard of website designers and fashion designers, but what about garbage designers? 아마 웹 디자이너나 패션 디자이너는 들어봤겠지만,쓰레기 디자이너는 어떤가?
⑦ Although this job title might sound strange, the primary task of garbage designers is to find new uses for old products that would otherwise be thrown away. 이 직업 이름이 이상하게 들리겠지만 쓰레기 디자이너의 주요 업무는 달리 쓰임이 없다면 버려지게 될오래된 제품의 새로운 사용법을 찾아내는 것이다.
⑧ This process, known as upcycling, helps reduce the amount of trash sent to landfills. 업사이클링이라고 알려진 이 과정은 매립지로 보내지는 쓰레기의 양을 줄이는 데 도움을 준다.
⑨ Some garbage designers also modify manufacturing processes to reduce the amount of waste produced by factories. 몇몇 쓰레기 디자이너는 공장에서 만 들어지는 쓰레기의 양을 줄이기 위해 제조 과정을 바꾸기도 한다.
⑩ Over time, they may completely redesign the way companies make things! 시간이 흐르면 그들은 회사가 물건을 제조하는 방법을 완전히 재설계할지도 모른다!
⑪ Nostalgists are another new kind of designer. 노스탤지스트는 또 다른 새로운 형태의 디자이너이다.
⑫ They design special homes for wealthy senior citizens who would like to be reminded of the happiest times of their lives. 그들은 자신들의 삶에서 가장 행복했던 시절을 떠올리고 싶어 하는 부유한 노인들을 위해 특별한 집을설계한다.
⑬ Rather than living in a typical modern apartment, they can have a living space that looks like a home from the 1970s or 80s. 노인들은 전형적인 현대식 아파트에서 살기보다는, 1970년대 혹은 1980년대의 집처럼 보이는 주거 공간을 갖게 된다.
⑭ People are living longer lives these days, and the populations of many countries are aging rapidly. 요즘 사람들은 더 오래 살고 있고, 많은 나라의 인구가 빠른 속도로 고령화되고 있다.
⑮ Nostalgists, along with many other specialists, will aim to meet the needs of this growing age group. 여러 다른 전문가들과 함께 노스탤지스트는 증가하는 노령 인구 집단의 욕구를 충족시키는 것을 목표로 할 것이다.
⑯ Robots are expected to eliminate jobs rather than create them. 로봇은 직업을 창출하기보다는 제거할 것으로 예상된다.
⑰ But robot counselors are an exception! 하지만 로봇 상담 전문가는 예외이다!
⑱ Soon there will be robots that can drive cars, cook meals, and clean homes. 머지않아 운전을 할 수 있고, 요리도 하고, 집을 청소하는 로봇이 존재할 것이다.
⑲ The role of robot counselors will be to meet with families and assist them in choosing the robots that best fit their needs. 로봇 상담 전문가의 역할은 가족들을 만나 그들의필요에 가장 잘 맞는 로봇을 선택하도록 도와주는것이 될 것이다.
⑳ They will also help family members adjust to having robots in their lives by providing ongoing customer service. 또 한 그들은 가족 구성원들에게 지속적인 고객 서비스를 제공함으로써 그들 삶에 로봇이 있다는 것에적응하도록 도와줄 것이다.
㉑ If a robot doesn't work out, they can work with families to pick a new one. 로봇이 제대로 효과가 없을 경우에는 가족들이 새로운 로봇을 고르게 해줄 수 있다.
㉒ Of course, no one knows exactly what the future holds. 물론 미래에 무슨 일이 일어날지는 그 누구도 정확히 알 수 없다.
㉓ But it is highly likely that some of today's familiar jobs will disappear and be replaced by new and unusual occupations. 하지만 오늘날의 친숙한 직업 중 일부가 사라지고새롭고 특이한 직업으로 교체될 가능성은 크다.

 

 

 

Unit 03. Language - Reading 1: English as a Global Language
① I'm Eric Smith, and I've been teaching English to non-native speakers for nearly 20 years. 나는 에릭 스미스이고 거의 20년간 원어민이 아닌사람들에게 영어를 가르쳐오고 있다.
② One common problem I've seen is students not speaking because they're afraid of making a mistake. 내가 지켜본 가장 흔한 문제점은 학생들이 실수하는것이 두려워서 말하지 않는다는 것이다.
③ Whenever I see a student "handcuffed" by his or her inability to speak Standard English, I ask myself, "Is speaking Standard English really that important?" 나는 학생들이 표준 영어를 말하지 못하는 것에 '구속당하는 것을 볼 때마다, ''표준 영어를 말하는 것이정말 그렇게 중요한가?"라고 자문한다.
④ These days, English functions as a tool for global communication. 요즘에 영어는 세계적인 의사소통의 도구로 기능한다.
⑤ Traveling through airports, I'm always struck by how many conversations between strangers are taking place in English, even though it's not the first language of either of the speakers. 공항을 거쳐 여행할 때, 나는 낯선 사람들 간에 얼마나 많은 대화가 영어로 이루어지고 있는가에 항상깊은 인상을 받는다. 심지어 대화를 나누는 쌍방의어느 쪽도 영어가 모국어가 아닌데도 말이다.
⑥ A Korean airline worker might be answering the questions of a French passenger in English. 한국 항공사 직원이 프랑스 승객의 질문에 영어로대답하고 있을 수도 있다.
⑦ Or a Vietnamese man might be using English to discuss the local food with a woman from Egypt. 아니면 베트남 남자가 그 지역 음식에 대해서 이야기하기 위해 이집트 여성과 영어를 사용할 수도 있다.
⑧ As a native speaker, I sometimes have a hard time figuring out what they're talking about, but they usually seem to understand each other just fine. 원어민으로서, 나는 가끔 그들이 무슨 말을 하고 있는지 이해하는 데 어려움을 겪기도 하지만, 그들은대체로 서로 아주 잘 이해하는 것처럼 보인다.
⑨ More interestingly, English is being changed in some countries. 더 흥미로운 것은, 일부 국가에서는 영어가 바뀌고있다는 것이다.
⑩ People in different countries modify it to make it fit their native culture. 각기 다른 나라의 사람들은 자기 나라의 문화에 적합하게 영어를 변형시킨다.
⑪ In Malaysia, for example, people speak a dialect they call Manglish, which is English combined with bits of Chinese and Malay. 예를 들어, 말레이시아에서는 사람들이 Manglish라고 부르는 방언을 말하는데, 이는 약간의 중국어와말레이시아어가 결합된 영어이다.
⑫ In particular, the word "lah" is often used. 특히, 'lah' 라는 말이 흔히 사용된다.
⑬ Its usage is varied, but it can be used to change a verb into an imperative. 이것의 용법은 다양하지만, 동사를 명령어로 바꾸는데 사용되기도 한다.
⑭ For instance, the verb "drink" in English can be made a command by saying "Drink, lah!" 예를 들어, 영어의 동사 'drink'는 "Drink, lah!" 라고 말함으로써 명령이 될 수 있다.
⑮ All of the examples above are evidence of how English is being used practically. 위에서 말한 예들은 모두 영어가 어떻게 실용적으로쓰이고 있는지를 보여주는 증거이다.
⑯ Don't get me wrong: 내 말을 오해하지는 말기를 바란다.
⑰ I still think it's very important for students to learn how to read and write Standard English. 나도 여전히 학생들이 표준 영어를 읽고 쓰는 법을배우는 것이 매우 중요하다고 생각한다.
⑱ But it's also important to understand that there is more than one way to speak the language, especially when your main desire is to communicate. 그러나 언어를 말하는 데는 한 가지 방법만 있는 것이 아님을 이해하는 것 또한 중요하다. 특히 주된 목적이 의사소통하는 것일 경우는 말이다.
⑲ Students who learn to switch back and forth between Standard English and practical English will be best prepared to succeed in our global future. 표준 영어와 실용 영어를 오가며 전환하는 법을 배운 학생들이 세계화된 미래에 성공할 준비가 가장잘 되어 있을 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 03. Language - Reading 2: Aphasia
① Aphasia is a language disorder that makes it very difficult to communicate. 실어증은 의사소통을 매우 어렵게 만드는 언어 장애이다.
② It is caused by brain damage, often resulting from a stroke or head injury. 이것은 주로 뇌졸중이나 머리 부상으로 인한 뇌 손상에 의해 초래된다.
③ Aphasia is classified according to the location of the brain injury, as damage to different parts of the brain causes different problems. 실어증은 뇌 손상 위치에 따라 나뉘는데, 손상이 가해지는 뇌의 부위에 따라 다른 문제를 야기하기 때문이다.
④ Two of the most common types are Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia. 가장 흔한 두 가지 유형은 브로카 실어증과 베르니케 실어증이다.
⑤ The following examples may help you imagine what it is like to suffer from these conditions. 다음 예들은 이런 증상을 겪는다는 것이 어떠한 것인지를 생각해보는 데 도움을 줄 것이다.
⑥ Someone with Broca's aphasia is very likely to come out with a sentence such as "Walk dog." 브로카 실어증이 있는 사람은 "Walk dog."와 같은문장을 말하는 경우가 아주 흔하다.
⑦ But what does this mean? 그런데 이 말은 무슨 뜻인가?
⑧ The dog wants to go for a walk? 개가 산책하기를 원한다는 말인가?
⑨ Let's walk the dog? 개를 산책시키자는 말인가?
⑩ There are many possible ways to interpret this sentence because there are no pronouns, prepositions, or conjunctions to tell us "who" is doing "what." '누가', '무엇을 하고 있는지에 대해 말 해 줄 대명사나 전치사, 접속사가 없기 때문에 이 문장을 해석하는 데는 여러 가지 방법이 있을 수 있다.
⑪ People with Broca's aphasia have difficulty making grammatically correct sentences. 브로카 실어증이 있는 사람들은 문법적으로 옳은 문장을 만드는 데 어려움을 겪는다.
⑫ For these people, getting others to understand them is difficult and frustrating. 이 사람들에게는, 다른 사람들에게 자신을 이해시키는 것이 힘들고 절망적이다.
⑬ In contrast, Wernicke's aphasia causes problems with comprehension. 이와 대조적으로, 베르니케 실어증은 이해력에 문제를 초래한다.
⑭ People suffering from this condition can speak easily but have trouble understanding others. 이 증상으로 고통받는 사람들은 말은 쉽게 하지만다른 사람의 말을 이해하는 데 어려움을 겪는다.
⑮ This means their conversations often don't make sense. 이는 그들의 대화가 말이 안 되는 경우가 종종 있음을 의미한다.
⑯ For example, you might ask a person with Wernicke's aphasia, "Did you have lunch?" 예를 들어, 베르니케 실어증이 있는 사람에게 "점심먹었어요?"라고 묻는다고 하자.
⑰ He or she may respond with something like this: "You know that I want him to visit." 그 사람은 "그가 오기를 내가 바란다는 걸 당신도 알잖아요"와 같은 대답을 할 것이다.
⑱ As you can imagine, conversations are just as difficult for these people. 짐작할 수 있듯이 이 사람들에게도 대화는 역시 힘들다.
⑲ Normally, speech therapy is recommended as treatment for aphasia. 보통 실어증의 치료법으로 언어 치료가 권장된다.
⑳ It helps some patients learn to overcome their difficulties and communicate more effectively with their limited abilities. 그것은 일부 환자들이 장애를 극복하고 제한된 능력으로 보다 효과적으로 의사소통하는 법을 배우는 데도움을 준다.
㉑ Aphasia patients also need help from others. 실어증 환자들에게는 또한 다른 사람들의 도움이 필요하다.
㉒ Family members can play an important role in aiding aphasia patients with their communication, emotional, and psychological problems. 가족들은 실어증 환자들이 의사소통이나 정서적, 심리적 문제를 다루는 것을 돕는 데 중요한 역할을 할수 있다

 

 

 

Unit 04. Social Issues - Reading 1: Ageism
① Discrimination is the act of treating people unfairly because of a certain characteristic that they possess. 차별이란 사람들이 가지고 있는 어떤 특징 때문에그들을 불공평하게 대하는 행동이다.
② You probably know all about racism and sexism, but you may not realize that people can also be treated unfairly due to their age. 당신은 인종 차별 성차별주의에 관하여는 아마 잘알고 있겠지만, 사람들이 나이 때문에 불평등하게대우받을 수도 있다는 것은 모를 수도 있다.
③ This is known as ageism. 이것은 연령차별주의라고 알려져 있다.
④ The term "ageism" was first used in 1969 by Robert Butler, an American doctor and author who was interested in protecting the rights of the elderly. '연령차별주의 라는 용어는 노인들의 권리를 보호하는 데 관심이 있었던 미국인 의사이자 작가인 로버트 버틀러에 의해 1969년에 처음 사용되었다.
⑤ He created it to help bring attention to the social problems older people sometimes face. 그는 노인들이 때때로 마주하게 되는 사회문제에 이목을 집중시키고자 그 용어를 만들었다.
⑥ Although it is often said that we must respect the elderly, many of us believe the stereotypes that they are slow, have bad memories, or are unable to learn how to use modern technology. 자주 우리는 노인을 공경해야 한다고 하지만, 많은사람들이 그들은 느리고, 기억력이 좋지 않거나, 현대 기술을 사용하는 방법을 배우지 못한다는 고정관념을 믿는다.
⑦ The elderly are also sometimes stereotyped as being poor decision-makers who are uncreative and resistant to change. 또한, 노인들은 창의적이지 않고 변화를 거부하여결정을 잘 내리지 못하는 사람들로 정형화되어 있기도 하다.
⑧ This kind of image can be quite harmful to senior citizens, especially when they are in the workplace or trying to find a new job. 이런 이미지는 특히 노인들이 일터에 있거나 새로운직업을 구하려고 할 때 상당히 해로울 수 있다.
⑨ However, the elderly aren't the only ones who can experience ageism. 하지만 노인들만 연령차별주의를 경험하는 것은 아니다.
⑩ Teenagers and young adults sometimes face similar problems. 10대들과 젊은 청년들도 가끔 비슷한 문제를 겪는다.
⑪ Some companies refuse to hire younger workers, or they pay them a lower wage than older employees. 어떤 회사는 나이가 어린 근로자들의 고용을 거부하거나, 나이가 많은 직원들보다 더 낮은 임금을 지급한다.
⑫ There is also the issue of unpaid internships. 무보수 인턴십의 문제도 있다.
⑬ Although they are designed to provide work experience, they are sometimes used to take advantage of youthful jobseekers, manipulating them into providing free labor. 그것은 업무 경험을 제공하려고 만들어졌지만, 종종젊은 구직자들이 무급 인력을 제공하도록 교묘히 조종하여 그 둘을 이용하는 데 쓰인다.
⑭ Like the elderly, young people also have to deal with certain negative stereotypes. 노인들처럼 젊은 사람들도 특정한 부정적인 고정관념에 대처해야 한다.
⑮ Some are denied promotions at work because their managers have the opinion that young people are lazy and unreliable; 관리자가 젊은 사람들은 게으르고 믿을 수 없다는의견을 가지고 있어서 몇몇은 회사에서 승진하지 못한다.
⑯ others are turned away from apartment buildings because the landlords feel that young people are irresponsible and noisy. 또 어떤 젊은이들은 집주인이 젊은 사람들은 무책임하고 시끄럽다고 생각해서 아파트 건물에 (입주하지못하게) 들려 보내지기도 한다.
⑰ These days more and more people are becoming aware of the issues caused by ageism. 요즘 점점 더 많은 사람들이 연령차별주의에 의해야기되는 문제들을 인지하고 있다.
⑱ However, it can be a difficult problem to eliminate. 하지만 이것은 뿌리 뽑기에는 어려운 문제일 수 있다.
⑲ Many of the stereotypes related to age have become an accepted part of society. 나이에 관련된 많은 고정관념들이 사회의 한 부분으로 용인되어 왔다.
⑳ But we can all do our part by remembering to treat every person like a unique individual, no matter how old or how young they are. 하지만 나이가 많든 적든지 간에 우리는 모든 사람들을 특별한 개개인으로 대할 것을 명심함으로써 우리의 역할을 다할 수 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 04. Social Issues - Reading 2: Factory Farms
① The traditional image of a farm is a quiet place in the countryside run by a farmer who takes good care of his or her animals. 농장의 전통적인 모습은 동물을 잘 돌보는 농부가운영하는 도시 외곽의 한적한 곳이다.
② But in reality, about two thirds of the world's farm animals are currently being raised in factory farms. 하지만 실제로는 세계의 농장 동물 중 약 3분의 2가량이 현재 공장식 농장에서 길러지고 있다.
③ And these factory farms are very different from our peaceful image of farm life. 그리고 이러한 공장식 농장은 농촌 생활의 평화로운모습과는 아주 다르다.
④ Factory farms are large, crowded places that put corporate profits before the health and safety of their animals. 공장식 농장은 동물의 건강과 안전보다 기업의 이윤을 먼저 생각하는 규모가 크고, 복잡한 장소이다.
⑤ These animals are packed together so tightly that they can barely move, often spending their entire lives indoors. 이 동물들은 빽빽이 한데 모여 거의 움직일 수도 없고, 실내에서 평생을 보내야 하는 경우가 다반사이다.
⑥ In order to make the animals grow faster, factory farms give them growth hormones. 동물들을 더 빨리 자라게 하기 위해, 공장식 농장에서는 동물들에게 성장 호르몬을 투여한다.
⑦ This unnatural growth causes many physical problems, including chronic pain and heart issues. 이러한 부자연스러운 성장은 만성 통증과 심장 질병등 동물의 몸에 많은 문제를 야기한다.
⑧ When these animals grow too sick, they are not even treated. 이 동물들이 너무 아플 때에는 치료조차 받지 못한다.
⑨ Instead, they are simply killed to cut costs. 대신 비용을 절감하기 위해 도살을 당할 뿐이다.
⑩ Moreover, factory farms damage the environment and have adverse effects on the health of humans. 게다가, 공장식 농장은 환경에 피해를 주고 사람들의 건강에 악영향을 끼친다.
⑪ Keeping so many animals in one place means that a lot of waste is generated. 한 장소에 그렇게 많은 동물을 두는 것은 많은 양의쓰레기가 배출 된다는 것을 의미한다.
⑫ This waste can pollute the air, land, and water of the surrounding community. 이 쓰레기는 주변 지역의 공기, 땅, 물을 오염시킬수 있다.
⑬ Factory farms also require large amounts of water and energy to operate. 또한 공장식 농장은 운영에 많은 양의 물과 에너지를 필요로 한다.
⑭ They can be a threat to consumers as well. 공장식 농장은 소비자들에게 위협이 될 수도 있다.
⑮ Bacteria such as salmonella can thrive in unsanitary conditions, contaminating the meat, milk, and eggs that come from factory farms. 살모넬라와 같은 박테리아는 비위생적인 환경에서잘 자랄 수 있어 공장식 농장에서 생산되는 육류, 우유, 달걀을 오염시킨다.
⑯ Animals are given large doses of antibiotics to combat such bacteria, but this causes a bigger problem. 그런 박테리아를 없애기 위해 동물들은 많은 양의항생제를 투여받게 되는데, 이것은 더 큰 문제를 일으킨다.
⑰ The bacteria simply evolve and become stronger, creating a serious health risk to humans. 박테리아는 그야말로 진화하고 더 강해지면서 인간에게 심각한 건강상의 위험을 준다.
⑱ So how can we help end the harmful practices of factory farms? 그럼 우리가 어떻게 이 해로운 공장식 농장의 관행을 없애도록 도울 수 있을까?
⑲ First of all, we can start by purchasing only meat and dairy products that come from farms that meet high animal welfare and environmental standards. 일단 까다로운 동물 복지 및 환경 기준을 충족하는농장에서 생산 된 육류 및 유제품만 구매하는 것으로 시작할 수 있다.
⑳ These products are generally indicated by special labels, such as ''Animal Welfare Approved." 이런 제품들은 일반적으로 '동물 복지 인증'과 같이특별한 라벨로 표시되어 있다.
㉑ We can also encourage politicians to pass strict laws banning cruelty to animals. 우리는 또한 정치인들이 동물 학대를 금지하는 엄격한 법을 통과시키도록 촉구할 수도 있다.
㉒ Although it may be impossible to completely eliminate factory farming, efforts such as these will help ensure that farms treat their animals better. 비록 공장식 농장을 완전히 없애는 것이 불가능할지도 모르지만, 이러한 노력들이 농장에서 동물들을더 잘 다룰 수 있도록 반드시 도울 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 05. History - Reading 1: Independence of Ireland
① Did you know that the island of Ireland and the country of lreland are not the same? 아일랜드 섬과 아일랜드 국가가 같지 않다는 것을알고 있었는가?
② Part of the island is designated as Northern Ireland and belongs to the United Kingdom. 그 섬의 일부는 북아일랜드로 불리며 영국에 속한다.
③ In fact, for 120 years, the entire island was under the UK's rule. 사실, 120년 동안 그 섬 전체는 영국의 지배를 받았다.
④ How did this happen, and how did Ireland become its own country? 이 일은 어떻게 일어났으며, 아일랜드는 어떻게 자치 국가가 되었을까?
⑤ Ever since several invasions in the 1100s, England had some political influence over Ireland. 1100년대의 수차례의 침략 이후로 영국은 아일랜드에 어느 정도 정치적 영향력이 있었다.
⑥ At first both countries were Catholic, but in the 1500s, King Henry VIII of England adopted Protestantism as the state religion, which applied to Ireland, as well. 처음에는 두 국가 모두 가톨릭교였지만, 1500년대에 잉글랜드의 헨리 8세가 개신교를 국교로 채택했고, 이는 아일랜드에도 적용되었다.
⑦ Unhappy with the change, the Irish leaders rebelled against England. 그 변화에 불만을 가진 아일랜드 지도자들은 잉글랜드에 대항했다.
⑧ English rulers restricted the political and economic activities of any Irish who refused to convert to Protestantism. 잉글랜드 통치자들은 개신교로 바꾸기를 거부한 아일랜드인들의 정치적 그리고 경제적 활동을 제한했다.
⑨ Furthermore, they encouraged Protestants to move to Ireland and gave them land confiscated from Irish owners. 게다가 개신교도들을 아일랜드로 이주하도록 장려했고 그들에게 아일랜드 지주들로부터 빼앗은 땅을주었다.
⑩ In 1800, the English introduced a bill that would remove restrictions that prohibited Catholics from holding political office if Ireland agreed to join the UK. 1800년대에 영국인들은 아일랜드가 연합 왕국에 합류하기로 합의하면 가톨릭교도들의 공직 진출을 금지했던 제한을 없애기로 하는 법안을 도입했다.
⑪ Although the act became official on January 1, 1801, discrimination against Catholics continued. 그 법령은 1801년 1월 1일에 공인되었으나, 가톨릭교도들에 대한 차별은 계속되었다.
⑫ Tired of unfair treatment, many Irish wanted complete separation from the UK. 부당한 대우에 지친 많은 아일랜드 사람들이 영국으로부터의 완전한 독립을 원했다.
⑬ Finally, in 1916, a small group began a rebellion against the English in order to establish the Irish Republic. 마침내 1916년에 한 작은 집단이 아일랜드 공화국을 세우기 위해 영국인들에게 대항하는 반란을 일으켰다.
⑭ They were quickly defeated, but the movement they started was not. 그들은 빠르게 패배했지만, 그들이 일으킨 운동은그렇지 않았다.
⑮ Many Irish politicians promised to separate from the UK if they were elected, and in 1918, their party was voted into power. 많은 아일랜드 정치인들이 자신들이 당선되면 영국에서 독립하겠다고 공약했고, 1918년에 그들의 당이 선출되어 권력을 갖게 되었다.
⑯ They supported a group called the Irish Republican Army. 그들은 아일랜드 공화국군(IRA)이라고 불리는 집단을 지원했다.
⑰ The IRA began another rebellion against the English a year later. 1년 후 IRA는 영국에 대항하는 또 다른 반란을 일으켰다.
⑱ After two years of war, the two countries signed a peace treaty in 1921. 2년간의 전쟁 후 1921년에 두 나라는 평화 조약에서명했다.
⑲ Protestants in the north did not want to leave the UK, and Northern Ireland was created as a result. 북쪽의 개신교도들은 영국을 떠나고 싶어 하 지 않았고 그 결과로 북아일랜드가 만들어졌다.
⑳ The rest of Ireland began a journey towards independence. 아일랜드의 나머지는 독립을 향한 여정을 시작했다.
㉑ The situation remained complicated until 1949, when the Republic of Ireland Act finally ended all political connections between Ireland and the UK. 1949년까지 복잡한 상황이 지속되었고, 그때 아일랜드 공화국 법령이 마침내 아일랜드와 영국 사이의모든 정치적 관계를 단절시켰다.
㉒ Although conflicts continued to exist for years, both Ireland and Northern Ireland are now enjoying a period of peace and stability. 갈등이 몇 해 동안 계속해서 있었지만, 지금은 아일랜드와 북아일랜드 모두 평화와 안정의 시대를 누리고 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 05. History - Reading 2: TOEFL (The Tea Act)
① During the British colonial period, Britain's Parliament imposed many taxes on the American colonies. 영국 식민지 시대에 영국 국회는 미국 식민지에 많은 세금을 부과했다.
② The colonies had no elected representatives in British Parliament, which meant the colonists weren't treated like British citizens. 식민지들은 영국 국회에 선출된 대표가 없었는데,이는 식민지 주민들이 영국 시민처럼 대우받지 못했음을 의미했다.
③ Many Americans believed it was illegal to tax people without any political rights. 많은 미국인들은 어떤 정치적 권리도 없는 사람들에게 세금을 부과하는 것은 불법이라고 생각했다.
④ The situation grew even worse with the passing of the Tea Act of 1773. 상황은 1773년 차 조례의 통과로 훨씬 더 악화되었다.
⑤ This event triggered the beginning of the American Revolution. 이 사건은 미국 독립 혁명의 기폭제가 되었다.
⑥ Members of Parliament did not realize how angry the Tea Act would make the colonists. 국회의원들은 차 조례가 식민지 주민들을 얼마나 분노하게 할지 알지 못했다.
⑦ The purpose of the Tea Act was to help the East India Company by allowing it to export half a million pounds of tea to the American colonies tax-free. 차 조례의 목적은 동인도 회사가 50만 파운드의 차를 면세로 미국 식민지에 수출하도록 허용하여 그회사를 돕는 것이었다.
⑧ But colonists had been buying tea smuggled from Holland because they didn't like the idea of a British company having a monopoly on tea. 그러나 식민지 주민들은 영국 회사가 차 독점권을갖는다는 방안이 마음에 들지 않았기 때문에 네덜란드에서 밀수입한 차를 사들여오고 있었다.
⑨ Regardless of the cheaper price, they angrily resisted Parliament's Tea Act. 보다 싼 가격과 관계없이 식민지 주민들은 국회의차 조례에 격렬하게 저항했다.
⑩ As a form of protest, the colonists decided to boycott tea. 저항의 한 가지 형태로 식민지 주민들은 차 불매 운동을 하기로 했다.
⑪ Some colonial ports stopped ships carrying British East India Company tea from docking. 일부 식민지 항구에서는 영국 동인도 회사의 차를실은 배의 정박을 금했다.
⑫ When ships docked in Boston, patriots wanted to come up with a plan to prevent the tea from being unloaded. 배가 보스턴에 정박하게 되었을 때 애국지사들은 차를 내리지 못 하게 할 방도를 생각해내기를 원했다.
⑬ Members of a patriotic group named the Sons of Liberty met to decide what action should be taken to send a clear message to Britain. 자유의 아들들이라는 이름의 한 애국 단체 단원들은모여서 영국에 분명한 메시지를 전달하기 위해 어떤행동을 취해야 할지를 정했다.
⑭ On the night of December 16, 1773, some members of the Sons of Liberty dressed as Mohawks, a native American tribe, and boarded the ships. 1773년 12월 16일 밤에, 자유의 아들들의 일부 단원아 미국 원주민 부족의 하나인 모호크족 복장을하고 배에 올랐다.
⑮ They dumped 342 boxes of tea into Boston Harbor. 그들은 342개의 차 상자를 보스턴 항에 버렸다.
⑯ The colonists demonstrated that they were no longer willing to sit by and allow their rights to be ignored. 식민지 주민들은 더 이상 가만히 앉아서 자신 들의권리가 무시당하는 걸 보고 있지 않겠다는 것을 보여 주었던 것이다.
⑰ The British response was to pass a set of regulations that became known as the "Intolerable Acts." 영국의 대응은 '불용의 법령으로 알려진 일련의 법조항을 통과시키는 것이었다.
⑱ One of these laws closed Boston Harbor. 이 법 조항의 하나가 보스턴 항을 폐쇄하는 것이었다.
⑲ Americans were told that the harbor would open as soon as they paid for the tea they had destroyed. 미국인들은 그들이 없앤 찻값을 지불하는 대로 보스턴 항이 바로 재개될 것이라는 통보를 받았다.
⑳ They were angered by the acts and decided that it was time to fight back. 그들은 이 법에 분노했고 이제 맞서 싸워야 할 때라고 판단했다.
㉑ A convention was called and the First Continental Congress was formed. 집회가 소집되었고 1차 대륙 회의가 구성되었다.
㉒ The revolution was about to begin. 혁명이 막 시작되려 하고 있었다.

 

 

 

Unit 06. IT - Reading 1: AI Therapy
① Thanks to the recent, rapid developments in artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, AI is now successfully being used to provide mental health assistance and therapy. 최근 인공지능(AI) 기술의 빠른 발달 덕분에, AI는이제 정신 건강 도움과 치료를 제공하기 위해 성공적으로 이용되고 있다.
② There are many ways in which AI can be used for patients of all ages. AI가 모든 연령의 환자들을 위해 사용될 수 있는 많은 방법이 있다.
③ Let's look at a few examples. 몇 가지 예를 살펴보자.
④ Milo is a robot that looks and acts like a real human. 마일로는 실제 인간처럼 생기고 행동하는 로봇이다.
⑤ It was designed to help children with autism. 그것은 자폐증이 있는 아이들에게 도움을 주기 위해고안되었다.
⑥ Milo helps them understand other people's emotions, express empathy, and develop their social skills. 마일로는 그들이 다른 사람의 감정을 이해하고, 공감을 표현하고, 그들의 사회적 기술이 발달하도록도와준다.
⑦ By interacting with Milo, they can become more confident in real social situations. 마일로와 상호 작용을 함으로써 그들은 실제 사회적상황에서 더욱 자신감을 가질 수 있다.
⑧ Best of all, this robot therapist never expresses frustration, no matter how many times it repeats the same task! 무엇보다도, 이 로봇 치료사는 똑같은 일을 몇 번을반복하든 절대 불만을 표현하지 않는다!
⑨ Woebot, a chatbot therapist that operates on computers and mobile devices, is another example. 컴퓨터와 모바일 기기에서 작동하는 챗봇 치료사인워봇이 또 다른 예다.
⑩ It helps people recognize what triggers negative thoughts in them and keep such thoughts under control. 그것은 무엇이 사람들에게 부정적인 사고를 유발하는지 인식하고 그러한 생각을 통제할 수 있도록 도움을 준다.
⑪ Every day, Woebot sends messages to its users. 매일 워봇은 사용자들에게 메시지를 보낸다.
⑫ It asks simple questions like, "How do you feel today?" 그것은 "오늘 기분은 어때요?''와 같은 단순한 질문을 한다.
⑬ The AI behind Woebot allows it to remember users' responses and recognize mood changes. 워봇 이면의 AI는 그것이 사용자의 응답을 기억하고기분 변화를 인지하게 해 준다.
⑭ Woebot can give suggestions just like a real therapist. 워봇은 마치 실제 치료사처럼 제안을 할 수 있다.
⑮ In addition, users can feel more comfortable knowing that it will never judge them, since it is just an application. 게다가 사용자들은 그것이 그저 애플리케이션이므로 자신을 절대로 판단하지 않을 것을 알기 때문에편안함을 느낄 수 있다.
⑯ Similarly, a virtual therapist called Ellie was designed to help gather behavioral evidence from patients who are suffering from depression or post-traumatic stress disorder. 유사하게 엘리라고 불리는 가상 치료사는 우울증이나 외상 후 스트레스 장애를 앓고 있는 환자들로부터 행동 징후를 수집하는 것을 돕기 위해 고안되었다.
⑰ Like Woebot, Ellie isn't judgmental at all, so people can easily open up and share sensitive information with it. 워봇처럼 엘리는 전혀 비판을 하지 않아서, 사람들은 쉽게 마음을 열고 민감한 정보를 그것과 공유할수 있다.
⑱ While a patient interacts with Ellie, it analyzes things like their facial expressions, gestures, and tone of voice. 환자가 엘리와 소통하는 동안 그것은 그들의 표정, 손짓, 그리고 목소리 톤과 같은 것들을 분석한다.
⑲ This data is then transferred to a human doctor who uses it to recommend further treatment or therapy. 그다음, 이 데이터는 추가적인 치료 및 요법을 권하는 데 그것을 이용하는 인간 의사에게 전송된다.
⑳ Although AI cannot fully replace human therapists, it is a great help to doctors when it comes to collecting and analyzing patient data. AI가 인간 치료사를 완전히 대신할 수는 없지만, 그것은 환자의 데이터를 수집하고 분석하는 데 있어서의사들에게 큰 도움이 된다.
㉑ Also, patients who struggle to interact socially with others can benefit from therapy provided by AI. 또한 다른 사람들과 사회적으로 소통하는 데 어려움을 겪는 환자들은 AI에 의해 제공되는 치료가 도움이 될 수 있다.
㉒ As artificial intelligence technology continues to develop, AI therapy is likely to become more and more common. 인공 지능 기술이 계속해서 발달함에 따라 AI치료는점점 더 보편화될 것 같다.

 

 

 

Unit 06. IT - Reading 2: Big Data
① A middle school student wants to buy a new pair of jeans and has been comparing prices online. 한 중학생이 새 청바지 한 벌을 사고 싶어 온라인상에서 가격을 비교 해오고 있었다.
② To her surprise, she receives an email advertising a special sale on jeans from one of the websites that she visited. 놀랍게도 그녀는 방문했던 웹사이트 중 한 곳으로부터 청바지 특별 할인을 광고하는 이메일을 받게 된다.
③ Soon after, she sees a banner advertisement for that same website while surfing the Internet. 그녀는 인터넷을 검색하면서 이내 같은 웹사이트의배너 광고를 보게 된다.
④ How could this be? 어떻게 이럴 수 있는 것일까?
⑤ It is all because of "big data-a revolution in the way that customer data is being collected and utilized. 바로 '빅 데이터'라는 것 때문인데, 이는 고객의 자료가 수집되고 활용되는 방법에서의 혁명이다.
⑥ These days, it is not hard for companies to gather huge amounts of customer data. 요즘은 기업들이 거대한 양의 고객 자료를 수집하는것이 어렵지 않다.
⑦ What's difficult is putting it all to good use. 어려운 것은 그것을 잘 활용하는 것이다.
⑧ When properly analyzed, big data can show patterns and trends that can be useful in predicting what a shopper will be interested in. 적절하게 분석되면 빅 데이터는 구매자가 무엇에 관심을 가질지를 예측하는 데 유용한 유형과 추세를보여줄 수 있다.
⑨ In other words, big data is less about huge increases in storage capacity and more about improved statistical and computational methods that actually make all of this data useful. 다시 말해 빅 데이터는 저장 용량의 큰 증가라기보다, 실제로 이 모든 자료를 유용하게 해주는 통계에근거하고 계산을 요구하는 발전된 방법에 관한 것이다.
⑩ One example of a company making the best use of big data is Amazon.com. 기업이 빅 데이터를 가장 잘 활용하는 한 가지 예는Amazon.com이다.
⑪ Amazon keeps track of what items people purchase on their website, which items are in a shopper's virtual shopping cart, and even which items they have only viewed. Amazon은 사람들이 웹사이트에서 어떤 물건을 구입하는지, 어떤 물건이 구매자의 가상 쇼핑 카트에담겨 있는지, 심지어 그들이 보기만 했던 상품들조차 파악한다.
⑫ Then, they use this data to provide customers with a personalized shopping experience. 그다음, 고객들에게 개인 맞춤형 쇼핑 경험을 제공하기 위해 이 자료를 활용한다.
⑬ As soon as shoppers return to the website, they are shown both items that they have already considered purchasing and items that Amazon predicts that they will be interested in. 구매자들은 그 웹사이트로 들어오자마자 그들이 이미 구입하려고 했던 상품과 고객이 관심을 가질 것이라고 Amazon에서 예측한 상품을 보게 된다.
⑭ In fact, 29% of Amazon's sales now come through these recommendations. 사실 현재 Amazon 판매량의 29%가 이러한 추천으로 발생한다.
⑮ But there are also concerns about big data, both for the customers whose data is being collected and for the companies trying to use it. 하지만 자료가 수집되는 고객들과 그것을 사용하려는 기업 모두에게 빅 데이터에 관한 우려가 존재한다.
⑯ One of the biggest issues is privacy because data is often sold to third parties without the customers knowing. 가장 큰 문제 중 하나는 개인정보로, 고객들이 인지하지 못한 채 제 3자에게 자료가 종종 팔리기 때문이다.
⑰ Also, companies like Amazon depend on Internet search terms, but these can be misleading because the words that people search are not always related to what they would like to purchase. 또 한 Amazon과 같은 기업들은 인터넷 검색어에의존하는데, 사람들이 검색하는 단어들이 항상 그들이 사고 싶어 하는 것은 아니기 때문에, 이는 잘못된판단으로 이어질 소지가 있다.
⑱ In spite of these problems, it is clear that big data has revolutionized the way that individuals interact with the online world. 이러한 문제점들에도 불구하고 빅 데이터가 개인이온라인 세계와 상호작용하는 방법에 혁신을 일으켰다는 것은 분명하다.

 

 

 

Unit 07. Psychology - Reading 1: Imposter Syndrome
① Do you feel as though you don't deserve your success? 당신은 성공을 누릴 자격이 없는 것 같은 느낌이 드는가?
② If so, you could be experiencing the imposter syndrome. 만약 그렇다면, 당신은 가면 증후군을 겪고 있을 수도 있다.
③ It's a strong feeling that you aren't really as competent as others think you are. 그것은 당신이 실제로는 다른 사람들이 생각하는 것만큼 유능하지 않다는 확고한 생각이다.
④ Instead, you feel like an imposter. 대신에 당신은 사기꾼처럼 느껴질 뿐이다.
⑤ It's not an uncommon feeling-even Albert Einstein worried that his work was getting more attention than it deserved. 그것은 드문 생각이 아닌데, 알베르트 아인슈타인조차 그의 성과가 과분한 관심을 받고 있다고 걱정했다.
⑥ However, it can lead to negative consequences. 그러나, 그것은 부정적인 결과로 이어질 수 있다.
⑦ People with this syndrome have difficulty sharing their ideas or pursuing challenging goals. 이 증후군을 겪는 사람들은 그들의 생각을 공유하거나 도전적인 목표를 추구하는 데 어려움을 겪는다.
⑧ The imposter syndrome was first noticed in the 1970s, by psychologists Pauline Clance and Suzanne Imes. 가면 증후군은 1970년대에 폴린 클랜스와 수잔 임스라는 심리학자들에 의해 처음 주목받았다.
⑨ They found that many of their female students felt they didn't deserve to be enrolled at their college. 그들은 자신들의 여학생들 중 다수가 자신의 학교에등록할 자격이 없다고 느낀다는 것을 발견했다.
⑩ Based on a hypothesis that only high-achieving women are affected by this syndrome, they conducted more research. 높은 성취를 이룬 여성들만이 이 증후군의 영향을받는다는 가설을 바탕으로 그들은 더 많은 연구를수행했다.
⑪ They realized that it was a widespread issue regardless of age, race, and gender. 그들은 그것이 연령, 인종, 성별과 상관없이 일어나는 널리 퍼진 문제라는 것을 깨달았다.
⑫ There isn't a single cause of the imposter syndrome. 가면 증후군에는 한 가지 원인이 있는 것이 아니다.
⑬ However, many people who suffer from it share the same personality trait perfectionism. 그러나, 그것을 겪는 많은 사람들이 같은 성향을 가지는데, 바로 완벽주의다.
⑭ In their minds, only people without flaws deserve success. 그들의 마음에는 결점이 없는 사람만이 성공을 누릴자격이 있다.
⑮ It is actually natural to focus on one's own flaws because the human brain is hardwired to pay closer attention to negative things, which it considers a threat. 사실 자신의 결점에 집중하는 것은 자연스러운 일인데, 인간의 뇌가 위협 요소로 간주하는 부정적인 것들에 더 깊은 주의를 기울이도록 만들어졌기 때문이다.
⑯ The best way to deal with the imposter syndrome is simply by talking. 가면 증후군에 대처하는 가장 좋은 방법은 그저 이야기하는 것이다.
⑰ People struggling with it are usually afraid to ask others about their performance. 그것을 겪는 사람들은 대개 다른 사람들에게 자신들의 성과에 관해 묻는 것을 두려워한다.
⑱ They worry that they will find out that they really are a fraud. 그들은 자신이 실제로는 사기꾼이라는 것을 그들(다른 사람들)이 알게 될까 봐 걱정한다.
⑲ But the opposite is actually true. 그러나 실제로는 정 반대가 사실이다.
⑳ When they open up and discuss their fears and doubts, they are likely to find out that they really do deserve their success. 그들이 마음을 열고 자신들의 두려움과 의혹에 관해상의할 때, 자신이 정말로 성공을 누릴 자격이 있다는 것을 깨달을 가능성이 있다.
㉑ What's more, they will realize that they are not the only ones who feel like imposters. 게다가, 그들은 사기꾼처럼 느끼는 것은 자신뿐만이아니라는 것을 알게 될 것이다.
㉒ There is no way to make the imposter syndrome go away forever. 가면 증후군을 영영 사라지게 만들 방법은 없다.
㉓ However, communicating openly and honestly can control these negative feelings and prevent them from becoming overwhelming. 그렇지만, 터놓고 솔직하게 소통하는 것은 부정적인생각을 통제하고 그것들이 감당할 수 없게 되는 것을 예방할 수 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 07. Psychology - Reading 2: The Primacy and Recency Effects
① Many people think that they make purchasing decisions on their own. 많은 사람들은 자신이 스스로 구매 결정을 내린다고생각한다.
② But in fact, there are several psychological factors that influence one's opinion of a product. 하지만 사실은 제품에 관한 의견에 영향을 주는 여러 가지 심리적 요인이 있다.
③ The two strongest of these factors are called the "primacy effect" and the "recency effect." 이 요인들 중 가장 영향력이 큰 두 가지는 '초두성효과'와 '최신 효과'라고 불리는 것들이다.
④ The primacy effect is the strong impression left on a consumer by the first information that he or she receives about a certain product. 초두성 효과는 어떤 제품에 관해서 소비자가 받은첫 번째 정보에 의해 만들어진 강렬한 인상이다.
⑤ Imagine that you first find out about a product in a commercial that presents the product as being exciting and revolutionary. 광고에서 흥미롭고 혁신적이라고 보여주는 한 제품을 처음 봤다고 가정해보라.
⑥ This information is more likely to stick in your mind than other information that comes immediately after. 이 정보는 뒤이어 나오는 정보보다 머릿속에 더 오래 남을 가능성이 있다.
⑦ The recency effect, though, is considered to be even stronger. 하지만 최신 효과는 훨씬 더 강렬하다고 여겨진다.
⑧ It is the impression made by the last information received about an item. 이것은 상품에 관해 마지막으로 받은 정보에 의해만들어진 인상이다.
⑨ So, if you hear some negative reviews after having a positive first impression, the recency effect takes over, and your impression becomes negative. 따라서 긍정적인 첫인상을 가진 뒤에 부정적인 평가를 듣게 되면 최신 효과가 커지게 되고, (제품에 대한) 느낌도 부정적으로 변하게 된다.
⑩ These two powerful effects overshadow what you learn between your first and last impressions. 영향력이 큰 이 두 가지 효과가 당신이 첫인상과 마지막 인상 사이에서 얻게 된 것을 무색하게 만든다.
⑪ As a result, large amounts of information have little effect on the opinion you form. 그 결과 다량의 정보가 당신이 형성하는 의견에 거의 영향을 미치지 않게 된다.
⑫ Marketers are very aware of this. 마케팅 담당자들은 이것에 관해 아주 잘 알고 있다.
⑬ To assure a good first impression, they try to promote products through print, radio, television, and Internet advertising before there is any chance of them being reviewed negatively. 좋은 첫인상을 보장하기 위해서 그들은 부정적으로평가될 가능성이 있기 전에 인쇄물, 라디오, 텔레비전 및 인터넷 광고를 통해 제품을 홍보하려고 노력한다.
⑭ They also try to control the recency effect by designing packaging that makes their product look sophisticated and appealing. 또한 제품이 세련되고 매력적으로 보이도록 포장을디자인하면서 최신 효과를 통제하려고 한다.
⑮ They hope that this final positive impression erases any previous negative opinion a consumer might have had. 그들은 이 마지막의 긍정적인 느낌이 소비자가 가지고 있을 수 있는 이전의 부정적인 의견을 모두 지우기를 바란다.
⑯ This means that much of the research you do about a product ends up being wiped away by marketing. 이것은 어떤 제품에 관해 당신이 조사하는 많은 것이 결국에는 마케팅에 의해 지워진다는 것을 의미한다.
⑰ So what can you do? 그럼 당신은 무엇을 할 수 있을까?
⑱ If there is something you want, search for reliable sources like customer reviews without looking at any advertisements. 가지고 싶은 물건이 있다면 어떤 광고도 보지 않고소비자 평가와 같은 신뢰 할 수 있는 자료를 찾아보라.
⑲ This will allow you to form educated opinions before being controlled by advertising tactics. 이것은 광고 전략에 통제를 받기 전에 당신이 지식에 근거한 의견을 갖추도록 할 것이다.
⑳ As a result, you can be sure to make good purchasing decisions. 그로 인해, 당신은 분명히 좋은 구매 결정을 내릴 수있을 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 08. Education - Reading 1: Malala Yousafzai
① One day, a fifteen-year-old Pakistani girl named Malala Yousafzai was riding a bus home from school. 어느 날, 말랄라 유사프자이라는 이름을 가진 15살의 파키스탄 소녀가 학교에서 집으로 버스를 타고가고 있었다.
② Suddenly, a man from a group called the Taliban got on the bus and attacked her, nearly killing her. 갑자기 탈레반이라는 단체에서 온 한 남자가 버스를타더니, 그 소녀를 공격하여 그녀는 거의 죽을 뻔했다.
③ People all over the world were shocked and wondered why a young girl would be the target of such an attack. 전 세계에 있는 사람들이 충격을 받았고, 왜 어린 소녀가 그런 공격의 표적이 됐는지를 궁금해했다.
④ Malala's town in Pakistan had been under constant threat from Taliban soldiers, who had forbidden girls from going to school. 파키스탄에 있는 말랄라의 동네는 탈레반 군인들로부터 끊임없이 위협을 받고 있었는데, 고들은 여자아이들이 학교에 가는 것을 금지했다.
⑤ Malala had written for a BBC News blog, describing what daily life was like under such conditions. 말라라는 BBC 뉴스 블로그에 그런 상황 속에서의일상이 어떤지를 설명하는 글을 썼다.
⑥ She had also written about what a great loss it was for Pakistan to have so many young girls not attending school. 또, 그녀는 많은 어린 여자아이들이 학교에 가지 못하는 것이 파키스탄에 얼마나 큰 손해인지에 대해서도 썼다.
⑦ The Taliban were very angry at her for this. 탈레반은 이것 때문에 그 소녀에게 몹시 화가 났던것이다.
⑧ Miraculously, Malala survived the attack. 기적적으로 말랄라는 공격에서 살아남았다.
⑨ Since then, her voice has only become stronger as she has continued fighting to improve education for girls in Pakistan. 그 이후부터 파키스탄의 소녀들을 위해 교육을 개선하고자 계속 맞서 싸우면서 그녀의 목소리는 더욱강해졌다.
⑩ Unfortunately, almost half of the girls in Pakistan have never been to school or have dropped out. 안타깝게도 파키스탄의 여자아이들 중 거의 절반이학교에 한 번도 가본 적이 없거나 중퇴했다.
⑪ Without proper education and training, these girls will never have an equal opportunity to achieve great things in their lives. 적절한 교육과 훈련 없이 이 소녀들은 인생에서 많은 것을 이룰 수 있는 동등한 기회를 절대 갖지 못할것이다.
⑫ But thanks to Malala's brave actions, people's attitudes in Pakistan are changing. 하지만 말랄라의 용감한 행동 덕분에 파키스탄 사람들의 태도가 변하고 있다.
⑬ They are now realizing the importance of education for girls, and the government has started to make efforts to increase the participation of girls in primary schools. 이제 그들은 여자아이들에게 있어서 교육의 중요성을 깨닫고 있고, 정부도 여자아이들의 초등학교 참여를 높이고자 노력을 기울이기 시작했다.
⑭ But a lack of education is not just a problem in Pakistan. 하지만 교육의 부족은 파키스탄의 문제만은 아니다.
⑮ Around the globe, there are millions of girls who are prevented from going to school. 전 세계적으로 학교에 가지 못하는 수백만 명의 여자아이들이 있다.
⑯ That is why Malala started the Malala Fund, a charity whose goal is to make it possible for girls all over the world to access education. 그것이 말랄라가 전 세계의 여자아이들이 교육을 받는 것을 가능하게 하는 것을 목표로 하는 자선 단체인 말라라 펀드를 시작한 이유이다.
⑰ The Malala Fund supports educators and activists in order to raise awareness and provide opportunities to girls worldwide. 말라라 펀드는 의식을 고취시키고 전 세계의 여자아이들에게 기회를 제공하기 위해 교육자들과 활동가들을 지원한다.
⑱ Now, thanks to Malala's bravery and passion, people all over the world are acknowledging the importance of education. 현재, 말랄라의 용기와 열정 덕분에 전 세계에 있는사람들이 교육의 중요성을 인정하고 있다.
⑲ We should all follow Malala's lead and unite to make sure that every child in the world gets the education that he or she deserves. 우리는 세계에 있는 모든 아이들이 마땅히 누려야할 교육을 받을 수 있도록 말랄라의 선례를 따라 단결해야 한다.

 

 

 

Unit 08. Education - Reading 2: The German Education System
① Tonight, 14-year-old Wolfgang is getting his tools ready. 오늘 저녁 14살의 볼프강은 그의 장비를 준비하고있다.
② Tomorrow is his first day of training at a computer company. 내일은 그가 컴퓨터 회사에서 훈련을 받는 첫날이다.
③ For the next three weeks, Wolfgang will not attend classes at his vocational high school. 앞으로 3주 동안 볼프강은 자신이 다니고 있는 직업고등학교 수업을 듣지 않는다.
④ Instead, he will get work experience that will help him become a meister, or "master," computer technician. 대신 그는 마이스터 (meister), 즉 '전문적인' 컴퓨터 기술자가 되는 데 도움이 될 업무 경험을 얻게 된다.
⑤ Anna, his ten-year-old sister, is busy studying in the next room. 10살 된 그의 여동생 안나는 옆방에서 공부하느라바쁘다.
⑥ She goes to a different school than her brother. 그녀는 오빠와 다른 학교에 다닌다.
⑦ At her school, all of the students are planning to eventually attend university. 그녀가 다니는 학교에서는 모든 학생들이 나중에 대학에 갈 계획이다.
⑧ Wolfgang and Anna live in Germany. 볼프강과 안나는 독일에 살고 있다.
⑨ When children enter elementary school there, they stay with the same group of students and the same teacher for four years. 그곳에서는 아동이 초등학교에 입학하면 같은 학생들과 같은 선생님 밑에서 4년간 같이 지낸다.
⑩ At the end of the fourth year, students are evaluated based upon their school records and natural abilities. 4학년 말 이 되면 학생들은 학교 성적과 타고난 재능을 토대로 평가를 받는다.
⑪ They can then attend either an academic school to prepare for university or a vocational school to learn a trade. 그 후 그들은 대학을 준비하는 인문 학교나 직업 교육을 받는 직업 학교에 들어 갈 수 있다.
⑫ This system of education is quite different from those of Asian countries. 이러한 교육 제도는 아시아 국가들과 상당히 다르다.
⑬ In Japan, for example, students take competitive examinations throughout their school years. 예를 들어 일본의 학생들은 학창 시절 내내 경쟁적인 시험을 치른다.
⑭ These examinations determine which junior high school, high school, and college they can attend. 이 시험이 그들이 어떤 중학교, 고등학교, 대학교에입학할 수 있는지를 결정한다.
⑮ In Germany, on the other hand, students' futures are largely decided by the time they finish the fourth grade of elementary school. 반면에 독일 학생들의 미래는 대체로 초등학교 4학년을 마칠 때쯤이면 결정된다.
⑯ Students in Germany seem happy with the system. 독일 학생들은 이 제도에 만족해하는 것 같다.
⑰ Many feel that the lack of competitive tests creates a less stressful environment. 많은 학생들이 경쟁적인 시험이 적으면 스트레스가더 적은 환경이 된다고 느낀다.
⑱ ''I'd rather focus on something I love, like computers, than other subjects, like history and biology," says Wolfgang. ''전 역사나 생물 같은 다른 과목들보다 컴퓨터같이제가 좋아하는 분야에 집중하고 싶어요."라고 볼프강은 말한다.
⑲ The work experience he'll get at a company before he finishes high school will allow him to get a good job in the future. 그가 고등학교를 졸업하기 전에 회사에서 얻게 될업무 경험은 그로 하여금 미래에 좋은 직업을 얻을수 있게 해 줄 것이다.
⑳ The German education system benefits both the individual and the country. 독일의 교육 제도는 개인과 국가 모두에게 유익하다.
㉑ Students are able to focus on their particular interests and natural abilities. 학생들은 자신만의 특별한 흥미와 재능에 집중할 수있다.
㉒ After they graduate, they can then apply these skills in ways that earn them money while making the national economy stronger. 졸업 후, 그들은 이러한 기술들을 돈을 벌 수 있는여러 방면에 적용하는 동시에 나라 경제를 더욱 튼튼하게 만들 수 있게 된다.

 

 

 

Unit 09. Environment - Reading 1: Cork
① When people hear the word "cork," they usually think about wine. 사람들은 '코르크'라는 단어를 들으면, 보통 와인을생각한다.
② This is because 70% of cork is used to make bottle stoppers. 이것은 코르크의 70%가 병마개를 만드는 데 사용되기 때문이다.
③ But cork can be used to make many things, including musical instruments and floor tiles. 하지만 코르크는 악기와 바닥 타일을 포함하여 많은것을 만드는 데 사용될 수 있다.
④ What's more, using cork has a minimal impact on the environment. 게다가 코르크를 사용하는 것은 환경에 최소한의 영향을 끼친다.
⑤ Cork trees grow in many Mediterranean countries, such as Spain, Italy, and Algeria. 코르크나무는 스페인, 이탈리아, 알제리와 같은 여러 지중해 국가에서 재배된다.
⑥ Portugal, the world's top cork producer, closely regulates the harvesting of cork. 세계 제1의 코르크 생산지인 포르투갈은 엄격하게코르크의 수확을 규제한다.
⑦ Cork trees cannot be harvested until they are at least 25 years old. 코르크나무는 적어도 25년 산이 될 때까지는 수확할 수 없다.
⑧ After that, harvesting can only take place once every nine years. 그 이후에도 수확은 오직 9년에 한 번씩 이루어진다.
⑨ Cork trees are not cut down when they are harvested. 수확할 때는 코르크나무를 베지 않는다.
⑩ Instead, the outer layer of their bark is peeled away. 대신, 나무껍질의 바깥층을 벗겨낸다.
⑪ This does not kill the trees. 이 작업은 나무를 죽이지 않는다.
⑫ In fact, they can keep living for another 170 years or more. 사실, 나무는 170년 이상 더 살 수 있게 된다.
⑬ There is also another benefit to this method. 이 방법에는 또 다른 이점이 있다.
⑭ When trees are regrowing their bark, they absorb five times more carbon dioxide than they usually do. 나무가 껍질을 재생시킬 때, 평상시보다 5배 더 많은 이산화탄소를 흡수한다.
⑮ Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases that is causing the earth to heat up. 이산화탄소는 지구의 온도를 높이는 온실가스 중 하나이다.
⑯ Therefore, removing it from the atmosphere can help slow down climate change. 따라서 대기로부터 그것을 제거하는 것은 기후 변화를 늦추도록 도와줄 수 있다.
⑰ After the cork is harvested, it is transported to a factory. 코르크는 수확된 후, 공장으로 옮겨진다.
⑱ There, it is dried and boiled, and then turned into various products. 그곳에서 건조되고, 끓여진 뒤 다양한 제품으로 변하게 된다.
⑲ These cork factories are also environmentally friendly. 이러한 코르크 공장들 또한 환경친화적이다.
⑳ Manufacturing cork products leaves behind lots of cork dust. 코르크 제품을 생산하는 것은 많은 양의 코르크 가루를 남긴다.
㉑ The factories burn this dust to create up to 90% of the energy they use. 공장에서는 이 가루를 태워 그들이 사용하는 에너지의 90%까지 만들어낸다.
㉒ Of all the cork that is removed from trees, almost none is wasted. 나무에서 벗겨낸 코르크의 거의 모든 것이 버려지지않는다.
㉓ The cork used to make bottle stoppers can even be recycled into a variety of products, from sports balls to engine parts. 병마개를 만드는 데 사용되는 코르크는 운동용 공에서 엔진 부품까지 다양한 제품으로 재활용될 수도있다.
㉔ Therefore, we can say that growing cork trees helps protect our planet. 그러므로 코르크나무를 재배하는 것이 우리의 행성(지구)을 보호하는 데 도움이 된다고 말할 수 있다.
㉕ For these reasons, many people consider cork to be a nearly perfect material. 이러한 이유들로 많은 사람들이 코르크를 거의 완벽한 물질로 여긴다.

 

 

 

Unit 09. Environment - Reading 2: Curitiba
① Cities are not the problem, they are the solution." ''도시는 문제가 아니다, 그것은 해결책이다.''
② This sentence was spoken by Jaime Lerner, the former mayor of a Brazilian city named Curitiba. 이 문장은 쿠리치바라는 이름의 브라질 도시의 전시장인 자이메 레르네르가 한 말이다.
③ Since the 1950s, Curitiba has been a model city for urban planning, which is the science of designing cities to make them more convenient and practical. 1950년대 이후로 쿠리치바는 도시 계획의 본보기도시가 되고 있는데, 도시 계획은 도시를 더 편리하고 실용적으로 만들어 주는 도시 설계의 과학이다.
④ When Lerner became mayor in the 1970s, he took this concept further, making Curitiba a green city by taking environmentally friendly steps. 레르네 르가 1970년대에 시장이 됐을 때, 그는 이개념에서 더 나아가 환경친화적인 조치를 취하면서쿠리치바를 녹색 도시로 만들었다.
⑤ One of the most notable features of Curitiba is its large amount of green space. 쿠리치바의 가장 인상적인 특징 중 하나는 대규모의녹지 공간이다.
⑥ Despite the fact that the city's population has tripled in the past 20 years, there are more than 1,000 public green spaces including man-made parks and forests. 지난 20년간 도시 인구가 세 배로 증가했다는 사실에도 불구하고, 인공의 공원과 숲을 포함하여1,000개가 넘는 공공녹지 공간이 있다.
⑦ This is because the city has strict laws protecting local vegetation from development. 이것은 이 도시에 지역 식물들을 개발로부터 보호하는 엄격한 법이 있기 때문이다.
⑧ But perhaps Curitiba's most effective project is its Green Exchange program, introduced in 1991. 하지만 아마도 쿠리치바의 가장 효과적인 프로젝트는 1991 년에 도입된 녹색 교환 프로그램이다.
⑨ Under the program, low-income families can exchange bags of trash for useful items, such as bus tickets and food. 이 프로그램에서 저소득층 가정은 쓰레기가 든 봉투를 버스표, 음식과 같이 유용한 물건으로 바꿀 수 있다.
⑩ When children bring in recyclable goods, they receive school supplies, chocolate and toys in return. 아이들이 재활용할 수 있는 제품을 가져오면 그들은보상으로 학용품, 초콜릿, 장난감을 받게 된다.
⑪ Because of this program and other similar ones, approximately 70% of the city's trash is recycled, which reduces the impact on landfills and keeps the streets clean. 이 프로그램 및 그 밖의 유사 프로그램 때문에 도시쓰레기의 약 70%가 재활용되고 있고, 이것은 매립지에 끼치는 영향을 줄이고 거리를 깨끗하게 유지한다.
⑫ Finally, Curitiba's bus system has played a large role in making the city a better place to live. 마지막으로 쿠리치바의 버스 체계는 도시를 더 살기좋은 곳으로 만드는 데 큰 역할을 하고 있다.
⑬ Some of the buses are long and split into three sections like a train. 버스 중 일부는 기차처럼 길고 세 부분으로 나뉜다.
⑭ This allows each vehicle to carry more people, reducing both traffic and carbon emissions. 이것은 각 차량이 더 많은 사람들을 수용할 수 있게해주는데, 이는 교통량과 탄소 배출량 모두를 줄인다.
⑮ What's more, there's only one price for a bus ticket no matter how far you travel. 게다가 얼마나 멀리 이동하든지 간에 버스표 값은동일하다.
⑯ This attracts more riders, greatly reducing the number of private automobiles on the road and thereby lowering fuel consumption. 이것은 더 많은 승객을 유치해서 도로의 개인 차량의 수를 크게 줄이고, 그렇게 함으로써 연료 소비를줄이고 있다.
⑰ Curitiba is often called one of the most sustainable cities on Earth but it didn't get this title just by luck. 쿠리치바는 종종 지구상에서 가장 지속 가능한 도시중 하나로 불리는 데, 이 타이틀은 단지 운으로 얻은것이 아니다.
⑱ It was earned through the careful planning and innovative programs of the city's government, along with the hard work and cooperation of Curitiba's citizens. 그것은 쿠리치바 시민의 노고와 협력과 더불어 도시정부의 신중한 계획과 획기적인 프로그램을 통해 얻어진 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 10. Geology - Reading 1: Volcano
① Watching a volcano erupt can be amazing, but it is also very dangerous. 화산이 폭발하는 것을 보는 것은 멋지지만 그것은또한 매우 위험할 수 있다.
② Although other natural disasters, such as floods and earthquakes, kill far more people each year, volcanoes remain a serious threat in many parts of the world. 홍수나 지진 같은 다른 자연재해들로 해마다 훨씬더 많은 사람이 사망하지만, 화산은 여전히 세계 많은 지역에서 심각한 위협이다.
③ There are two basic kinds of eruptions. 기본적으로 두 가지 종류의 화산 폭발이 있다.
④ The key difference between the two is how sticky the magma is. 둘의 결정적인 차이점은 마그마가 얼마나 끈적거리느냐이다.
⑤ If the magma is thin, like water, it is easy for gas to escape from it. 마그마가 물처럼 붉으면, 가스가 새어 나오기 쉽다.
⑥ Therefore, an explosive eruption is unlikely to occur. 따라서 폭발성 분출이 일어날 가능성이 거의 없다.
⑦ This is the situation in Hawaii. 이것은 하와이의 경우에 해당한다.
⑧ Hot lava sometimes flows over the edges of Hawaii's famous volcanoes, but it rarely does much damage and is easy to predict. 뜨거운 용암이 가끔 하와이의 유명한 화산들의 가장자리로 흘러넘치지만, 큰 해를 끼치는 경우가 거의없고 예측하기도 쉽다.
⑨ Some volcanoes, on the other hand, contain magma that is very thick. 반면에 어떤 화산들은 매우 걸쭉한 마그마 담고 있다.
⑩ The gas bubbles that form within it are unable to escape, so pressure builds up over time. 마그마 내부에서 형성된 가스 거품이 새어 나올 수없어, 시간이 지나면서 압력이 상승한다.
⑪ Eventually, the magma explodes in a violent eruption. 결국, 마그마가 격렬한 분출로 폭발한다.
⑫ These eruptions are quite dangerous and difficult to predict. 이러한 화산 폭발은 매우 위험하고 예측하기 어렵다.
⑬ Most famous eruptions, such as the one that destroyed ancient Pompeii and the one that occurred at Mount St. Helens in 1980, were of this type. 대부분의 유명한 화산 폭발, 예를 들어 고 대 폼페이를 멸망시킨 것과 1980년에 세인트헬렌스 산에서발생한 것이 이 종류였다.
⑭ In recent years, however, scientists have been experimenting with different ways to predict when eruptions will occur and how strong they will be. 그러나 최근에 과학자들은 화산 폭발이 언제 발생할것이고 얼마나 강력할지를 예측하는 다양한 방법을실험해오고 있다.
⑮ One of their most reliable methods is to measure the shaking of the volcano. 가장 믿을 만한 방법 중 하나는 화산의 흔들림을 측정하는 것이다.
⑯ When magma travels upward from deep in the earth, it causes thousands of tiny earthquakes. 마그마는 지면 깊은 곳으로부터 위로 이동할 때, 수천 번의 작은 지진을 유발한다.
⑰ When the number of these earthquakes increases, scientists know an eruption is drawing closer. 이 지진들의 수가 증가할 때 과학자들은 화산 폭발이 가까워져 오고 있음을 알게 된다.
⑱ There are other methods as well, including analyzing the gases rising from the volcano, measuring the angle of its slopes, and even observing the behavior of animals in the area. 다른 방법들도 있는데, 화산에서 나오는 가스를 분석하는 것, 화산의 경사면 각도를 측정하는 것, 나아가 그 지역에 사는 동물들의 행동을 관찰하는 것 등이 있다.
⑲ Predicting eruptions is important work, but it can also be extremely dangerous. 화산 폭발을 예측하는 것은 중요한 작업이지만, 또한 극도로 위험할 수 있다.
⑳ Ten scientists were killed in 1993 when a Colombian volcano they were investigating erupted unexpectedly. 1993년에 10명의 과학자가 그들이 조사하던 콜롬비아 화산이 예기치 않게 폭발하면서 사망했다.
㉑ To prevent such tragedies, most of the activities used to predict eruptions are now done from a safe distance. 그러한 비극을 막기 위해서, 폭발을 예측하기 위해취해지는 대부분의 활동은 현재 안전한 거리에서 이루어진다.
㉒ Although it remains difficult to predict exactly when an eruption will occur, scientists hope that continuous research will someday make this possible. 폭발이 언제 일어날지 정확히 예측하는 것은 여전히어렵지만, 과학자들은 계속된 연구로 언젠가 이를가능하게 만들 것을 희망한다.

 

 

 

Unit 10. Geology - Reading 2: TOEFL (Lunar Sample 14321)
① In 1971, NASA's Apollo 14 mission landed on the surface of the moon. 1971년에 나사의 아폴로 14호는 달 표면에 착륙했다.
② After taking photos and conducting some research, the astronauts collected moon rocks to bring back to Earth. 사진을 찍고 약간의 조사를 한 뒤에, 우주 비행사들은 지구로 가지고 돌아올 월석을 수집했다.
③ One of these rocks is now getting a lot of attention. 이 암석들 중 하나가 현재 많은 주목을 받고 있다.
④ It is a nine-kilogram rock about the size of a basketball, officially known as sample 14321. 그것은 크기가 농구공쯤 되는 9킬로그램의 암석이며, 공식적으로 표본 14321로 알려져 있다.
⑤ This rock may have formed on Earth about 4 billion years ago. 이 암석은 약 40억 년 전 지구에서 형성되었을지도모른다.
⑥ If so, it would be the oldest Earth rock ever found. 만약 그렇다면 그것은 이제껏 발견된 것 중 가장 오래된 지구의 암석이 된다.
⑦ The rock is made up of many small pieces stuck together. 그 암석은 하나로 합쳐진 많은 작은 조각들로 구성된다.
⑧ Most of them are dark and seem to be typical lunar material. 그중 대부분은 어두우며, 전형적인 달의 물질로 보인다.
⑨ One piece, however, is brighter than the rest and contains zircon, a mineral that is more commonly found on Earth than on the moon. 그러나, 한 조각은 나머지 다른것 들 보다 더 밝고달보다 지구에서 더 흔하게 발견되는 광물인 지르콘을 포함하고 있다.
⑩ Scientists analyzed the chemistry of the zircon and concluded that the piece found in sample 14321 formed in relatively cool, oxygen-rich magma that had been subjected to high pressure. 과학자들은 지르콘의 화학성분을 분석했고, 표본14321에서 발견된 한 조각이 강한 압력을 받은 비교적 시원하며 산소가 풍부한 마그마에서 형성되었다고 결론지었다.
⑪ These conditions are extremely rare on the moon. 이러한 환경은 달에서는 극히 드물다.
⑫ It's more likely that it formed about 20 kilometers beneath Earth's surface approximately 4 billion years ago. 그것은 대략 40억 년 전에 지구 표면의 약 20킬로미터 아래서 형성되었을 가능성이 더 크다.
⑬ At that time, Earth's conditions would have closely matched the ones in which the piece is thought to have formed. 그 당시 지구의 환경은 그 조각이 형성되었을 것으로 여겨지는 환경과 근접하게 맞아떨어졌을 것이다.
⑭ But how did it end up on the moon? 그러나 그것이 어떻게 달로 가게 되었을까?
⑮ Billions of years ago, Earth was constantly being hit by asteroids and meteorites. 수십 억 년 전 지구는 지속적으로 소행성과 운석에부딪히고 있었다.
⑯ Over time, these impacts may have driven the rock closer and closer to Earth's surface. 시간이 흐르며 이러한 충돌들은 그 암석을 지구 표면에 점점 더 가까이 오도록 했을지도 모른다.
⑰ Finally, a huge collision could have sent it flying through space until it crashed into the moon and was buried there. 마침내, 엄청난 충돌이 그것이 달과 부딪쳐 파묻힐때까지 그것을 우주로 날려 보냈을 수도 있다.
⑱ This assumption is plausible because the moon was three times closer to Earth than it is today. 이 추정은 달이 지금보다 지구에 세 배 더 가까웠기때문에 설득력이 있다.
⑲ Later, another impact may have brought it up onto the moon's surface, where it remained until an astronaut picked it up. 이후에 또 다른 충돌이 그것을 달 표면 위에 오도록했을지도 모르는데, 그곳에서 우주 비행사가 그것을집어 들 때까지 남아 있던 것이다.
⑳ Sample 14321 could provide scientists with vital information about the geologic conditions on early Earth. 표본 14321은 과학자들에게 초창기 지구의 지질학적 환경에 관한 중요한 정보를 제공해 줄지도 모른다.
㉑ It is also possible that there are rocks from other planets, such as Mars and Venus, on the moon's surface. 또한, 달 표면에는 화성과 금성 같은 다른 행성에서온 암석들이 있을 가능성도 있다.
㉒ These too would likely provide scientists with valuable data about the early solar system. 이것들 또한 과학자들에게 초창기 태양계에 관한 귀중한 자료를 제공해 줄 가능성이 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 11. Culture - Reading 1: Kazakh Eagle Hunting
① Imagine an eagle that has a wingspan of two meters and can fly at speeds of more than 300 kilometers per hour. 날개폭이 2미터이고 시속 300킬로미터가 넘는 속도로 날 수 있는 독수리를 상상해 보아라.
② Now imagine hunting with it. 이제 그 독수리와 함께 사냥하는 것을 상상해 보아라.
③ This is what the Kazakhs, the largest minority in Mongolia, have been doing for centuries. 이것은 몽골에서 가장 큰 소수민족인 카자흐족이 수세기 동안 해온 일이다.
④ Hunting with golden eagles is a way of life for them. 검독수리로 사냥을 하는 것은 그들에게 하나의 삶의방식이다.
⑤ It starts with an important ritual-capturing and training golden eagles. 그것은 검독수리들을 포획해 훈련시키는 중요한 의식으로 시작한다.
⑥ The birds are caught when they are still young, and females are preferred over males, as they are larger and more aggressive. 그 새들은 아직 새끼일 때 포획되고, 암컷들이 더 크고 공격적이기 때문에 수컷보다 선호된다.
⑦ As a part of the training, hoods are placed over their heads, and their owners spend hours singing to them. 훈련의 일환으로 독수리들의 머리 위에 가리개를 씌우고 독수리 주인은 독수리들에게 몇 시간 동안 노래를 불러준다.
⑧ This helps the birds learn to recognize their master's voice. 이것은 그 새들이 주인의 목소리를 인식하는 것을배우는 데 도움이 된다.
⑨ Golden eagles can live up to 40 years, but they are only kept by hunters for about 10. 검독수리는 40년까지 살 수 있지만, 약 10년 동안만 사냥꾼들에게 길러진다.
⑩ After that, they are released back into the wild. 그 후에는 다시 야생으로 돌려보내 진다.
⑪ The Kazakhs normally hunt in winter, despite temperatures as low as -40 'C. 카자흐족은 섭씨 영하 40도까지 떨어지는 기온에도불구하고 보통 겨울에 사냥한다.
⑫ The white snow makes it easier for the eagles to spot their prey, such as rabbits and foxes. 흰 눈은 독수리들이 토끼와 여우 같은 사냥감을 발견하기 더 쉽게 해준다.
⑬ The fur of these animals, important material for the Kazakhs' winter clothing, is also thickest at this time of year. 카자흐족의 겨울옷의 중요한 재료인 이 동물들의 털은 연중 이 시기에 가장 두텁기도 하다.
⑭ Along with fur, eagle hunting traditionally provided meat for the nomadic Kazakhs. 털 외에도, 독수리 사냥은 유목 생활을 하는 카자흐족에게 전통적으로 고기를 제공했다.
⑮ In the past, this skill was passed down from fathers to sons. 과거에 이 (사냥) 기술은 아버지로부터 아들에게 전해졌다.
⑯ Today, however, some young Kazakh women learn it as well. 그러나 오늘날에는 일부 젊은 카자흐족 여성들도 그것을 배운다.
⑰ In order to promote Kazakh culture to the next generation and around the world, the Golden Eagle Festival has been held since 1999. 카자흐족 문화를 다음 세대와 전 세계에 홍보하기위해 1999년 이후로 검독수리 축제가 개최되어 왔다.
⑱ About 100 hunters participate each year, making it one of the Kazakh's largest annual gatherings. 약 100명의 사냥꾼이 매년 참가하는 0| 축제는 카자흐족의 가장 큰 연례 모임 중 하나다.
⑲ There is a parade, followed by competitions in which hunters show off the skills of their eagles. 행진 후에 사냥꾼들이 그들의 독수리의 기술을 뽐내는 경합이 이어진다.
⑳ More importantly, the festival is a symbol of Kazakh pride and helps preserve their traditions. 더 중요한 것은 그 축제가 카자흐족 자긍심의 상징이며 그들의 전통을 보존하도록 돕는다는 점이다.
㉑ Sadly, overgrazing has reduced local wildlife populations, meaning there is far less prey to hunt. 안타깝게도, 지나친 방목으로 인해 지역의 야생 동물의 개체 수가 줄어들었는데, 이는 사냥감이 훨씬적어졌다는 것을 의미한다.
㉒ What's more, many younger Kazakhs are moving to the city to earn a living. 게다가, 많은 젊은 카자흐족들이 생계를 유지하기위해 도시로 이주하고 있다.
㉓ However, it is unlikely that the Kazakhs will ever let their traditional lifestyle die. 그러나, 카자흐족은 결코 그들의 전통적인 생활 방식이 없어지도록 두지는 않을 것 같다.
㉔ As an old Kazakh proverb explains, "Fast horses and fierce eagles are the wings of the Kazakh people." 오래된 카자흐족 속담이 설명하듯, '빠른 말과 맹렬한 독수리는 카자흐족 사람들의 날개다.'

 

 

 

Unit 11. Culture - Reading 2: Tan-Tan Moussem
① The Sahara desert, which stretches for more than three million square miles across the northern part of Africa, might seem like a harsh and empty place. 아프리카 북부에 걸쳐 삼백만 제곱마일 넘게 펼쳐진사하라 사막은 황량하고 텅 빈 곳처럼 보일지도 모른다.
② But in Tan-Tan, a town in southwestern Morocco, there is a great gathering where the desert comes to life. 그러나 모로코 남서부 지역의 한 마을인 탄탄에서는그 사막에 활기를 띠게 해주는 큰 모임이 있다.
③ In May or June each year, thousands of people from more than 30 nomadic tribes attend this festival, called the Tan-Tan Moussem. 매년 5월이나 6월에 30개가 넘는 유목 민족의 수천명이 탄탄 무셈이라고 불리는 이 행사에 참가한다.
④ The Tan-Tan Moussem was first organized in 1963 as a way for different tribes to socialize and share their local traditions. 탄탄 무셈은 서로 다른 부족들이 교류하고 그들의지역 전통을 공유하는 하나의 방식으로서 1963년에처음 개최되었다.
⑤ The gathering was banned for a while in the mid-1970s due to security problems in the region. 그 모임은 1970년대 중반에 그 지역의 안보 문제로인해 한동안 금지되었다.
⑥ However, in 2004, thanks to efforts to revive the event, it once again became the largest gathering of nomadic tribes in North Africa. 그러나 2004년에 그 행사를 되살리려는 노력 덕분에 그것은 다시 한번 북아프리카 유목 민족의 가장큰 모임이 되었다.
⑦ During the festival, the desert is turned into a temporary city, as hundreds of tents are set up to accommodate the nomadic tribes. 축제 기간 동안, 유목 민족들을 수용하기 위해 사막에 수백 개의 텐트들이 세워지면서 일시적인 도시로바뀌게 된다.
⑧ Aspects of the traditional lifestyles of the tribes are displayed in some of the tents, such as traditional food and handmade crafts. 유목 민족들의 전통적인 생활방식의 측면들이 일부텐트에 전시되는데, 전통 음식과 수제 공예품들이해당한다.
⑨ The Tan-Tan Moussem also features a variety of events, including camel trading and musical performances. 탄탄 무셈은 또한 낙타 거래와 음악 공연을 비롯한다양한 행사들이 특징이다.
⑩ The most exciting event of the festival, however, is the Tbourida. 그러나 이 축제에서 가장 흥미진진한 행사는Tbourida이다.
⑪ During this thrilling performance, nomadic warriors ride their horses while holding rifles in the air and shouting terrifying war cries. 이 신나는 공연에서 유목민 전사들이 소총을 공중에들고 무시무시한 함성을 외치며 말을 탄다.
⑫ Recently, economic changes and advances in technology have made it difficult for the Sahara's nomadic populations to maintain their traditional ways of life. 최근 경제 변화와 기술 발전은 사하라의 유목만 인구가 그들의 전통적인 생활 방식을 유지하는 것을어렵게 만들었다.
⑬ This has prompted concerns that their cultural heritages might disappear. 이것은 그들의 문화유산들이 사라질지도 모른다는우려를 불러일으켰다.
⑭ For this reason, the Tan-Tan Moussem plays a critical role in ensuring that these tribes' unique traditions are not forgotten. 이런 이유로, 탄탄 무셈은 이 부족들의 독특한 전통이 잊히지 않도록 보장하는 데 중요한 역할을 한다.
⑮ UNESCO has acknowledged the importance of the Tan-Tan Moussem by adding it to its Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity list. 유네스코는 인류 무형 문화유산에 탄탄 무셈을 등재함으로써 그것의 중요성을 인정했다.
⑯ This special gathering is now recognized globally as an event that helps the Sahara's nomadic tribes pass down their cultures to future generations. 이 특별한 모임은 이제 사하라의 유목 민족들이 그들의 문화를 미래 세대에 전승하도록 돕는 행사로서세계적으로 인정받는다.

 

 

 

Unit 12. Music - Reading 1: Musical Geniuses
① In music, sight-reading is the act of playing a piece of music that one has never seen or heard before simply by reading sheet music. 음악에서 초견(연주)은 전에 한 번도 보거나 둘은적이 없는 곡을 단지 악보를 읽어 연주하는 것을 말한다.
② While most musicians struggle to do this with fluency, legends exist about the amazing sight-reading abilities of famous composers of the past. 대부분의 음악가들이 유창하게 이것을 하려고 고군분투하는 반면, 과거의 유명한 작곡가들의 놀라운초견 능력에 대한 전설적인 이야기가 있다.
③ These geniuses could sight-read a piece as if they had been playing it for years. 이 천재들은 마치 몇 년 동안 연주해온 것처럼 음악을 즉석에서 연주할 수 있었다.
④ Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was one such genius. 볼프강 아마데우스 모차르트도 그러한 천재 중 한명이었다.
⑤ Without any practice or rehearsal, he could look at a sheet of music and play it perfectly on the piano, down to the very last note. 어떤 연습이나 시연 없이도, 그는 악보를 보고 마지막 한 음까지 완벽하게 피아노로 연주할 수 있었다.
⑥ This skill came in handy for him when he was writing his own music, as he always knew how each note of a piece would sound before he had even written it down or tried playing it. 이런 능력은 직접 곡을 쓸 때 그에게 도움이 되었는데, 그는 곡의 각 음을 적거나 연주해보기 전에 어떤소리가 될지를 항상 알고 있었기 때문이다.
⑦ Ludwig van Beethoven had a similar ability and is famous for once having played an entire concerto in a new key due to an out-of-tune piano. 루트비히 판 베토벤도 비슷한 능력이 있었는데, 한번은 음이 맞지 않는 피아노 때문에 한 협주곡 전체를 새로운 키로 연주했던 것으로 유명하다.
⑧ This is the same as asking an actor, five minutes before a show, to deliver his lines in Swedish instead of English. 이것은 마치 배우에게 공연 시작 5분 전에 영어 대신 스웨덴어로 대사하라고 요구하는 것과 마찬가지이다.
⑨ Like Mozart, Beethoven could mentally "hear" notes without playing them, which became important later in his life when he continued writing music despite going completely deaf. 모차르트와 마찬가지로, 베토벤은 음을 연주하지 않고도 머리로 그것을 '들을 수 있었고, 이것은 그가완전히 귀를 먹었음에도 불구하고 작곡을 계속해 나갔던 인생 후반에 중요한 역할을 했다.
⑩ However, most scholars agree that Franz Liszt was likely the most talented sight-reader ever. 그러나 대부분의 학자는 프란츠 리스트가 초견(연주)에 가장 재능이 있었을 것이라는 데 동의한다.
⑪ There is a story about a student composer who brought Liszt a piano concerto he had just written. 학생 작곡가 한 명이 리스트에게 자신이 방금 쓴 피아노 협주곡을 가져온 일화가 있다.
⑫ The music was scrawled messily across several pages, with frequent scratch-outs and substitutions. 그 곡은 몇 페이지에 걸쳐 지저분하게 휘갈겨 쓴 것으로, 여러 번 줄을 그어 지우고 다시 써넣은 흔적이있었다.
⑬ But Liszt took the manuscript from him, glanced at it for a second, and proceeded to play the entire thing―including the orchestra parts-without missing a note! 하지만, 리스트는 학생에게서 원고를 받아 잠깐 훑어보고, 오케스트라 파트까지 포함하여 전체 악보를음 하나 놓치지 않고 계속해서 연주했다!
⑭ His skill was so great that he is said to have given a perfect performance of every known piece of music in history. 그의 솜씨는 매우 뛰어나서 역사상 알려진 모든 곡을 완벽하게 연주했다고 전해진다.

 

 

 

Unit 12. Music - Reading 2: Tango
① These days, when people hear the word "tango," they usually think about the popular and energetic style of dance. 오늘날, 사람들이 '탱고'라는 단어를 들으면 그들은보통 대중적이고 활기찬 스타일의 춤을 떠올린다.
② But it originally referred to a style of music used to console the sad and the lonely. 그러나 원래 그것은 슬픈 사람들과 외로운 사람들을위로하기 위해 사용된 음악의 한 형식을 가리켰다.
③ During the 1880s, thousands of penniless immigrants from Europe came to Argentina, hoping to make their fortunes on the plains. 1880년대에 유럽에서 무일푼인 수천 명의 이민자가부자가 되기를 바라며 아르헨티나의 대평원으로 건너왔다.
④ However, many failed and gathered in the poorest areas of Buenos Aires. 그러나 많은 사람들이 실패했고 부에노스아이레스의 빈민가로 모여들었다.
⑤ These immigrants felt lost and alone, and they shared their unhappiness through music. 이 이민자들은 상실감과 외로움을 느꼈고 음악을 통해 자신들의 불행을 나누었다.
⑥ They created their own special music and dances, using the rhythms of African slaves and the sounds of Spanish colonists. 그들은 아프리카 노예의 리듬과 스페인 식민지 이주민들의 소리를 이용해 자신들만의 독특한 음악과 춤을 만들어냈다.
⑦ The sadness of the music was emphasized by the melancholic sounds of a type of accordion known as the bandoneon. 이 음악에 깃든 슬픈 정서는 아코디언의 일종인 반도네온의 구슬픈 소리에 의해 두드러졌다.
⑧ From this point onward, tango began to develop. 이때 이후로, 탱고가 발달하기 시작했다.
⑨ After World War I, tango became the dominant music style in Argentina. 1차 세계대전이 끝난 후, 탱고는 아르헨티나의 지배적인 음악 스타일이 되었다.
⑩ As Argentina's economy gradually developed, tango was refined to make it more fashionable and elegant. 아르헨티나의 경제가 점차 발전함에 따라 탱고를 더세련되고 우아하게 만들기 위해 그것은 다듬어졌다.
⑪ The lyrics of the songs slowly moved from the subjects of poverty and the loneliness of immigrants to the general subject of romance. 노랫말은 가난과 이민자의 외로움이라는 주제에서사랑이라는 보편적인 주제로 차츰 옮겨 갔다.
⑫ Stars were made: singers, dancers, lyricists, and composers. 가수나 무용수, 작사가, 작곡가 등의 스타도 탄생했다.
⑬ Carlos Gardel, a famous singer, introduced tango through radio and the movies, which made it a worldwide phenomenon. 유명 가수인 카를로스 가르델은 탱고를 라디오와 영화를 통해 소개했는데, 이는 그 음악을 세계적인 현상으로 만들었다.
⑭ However, in 1930, there was a violent change of government in Argentina. 그러나 1930년 아르헨티나에서는 무력에 의한 정부교체가 있었다.
⑮ People lost their right to vote, along with many other freedoms. 사람들은 많은 다른 자유와 함께 투표할 권리를 잃었다.
⑯ A somber mood spread across the country, which left few people interested in singing or dancing. 침울한 분위기가 나라 전역에 퍼졌고, 이는 노래와충에 관심을 가지는 사람들이 거의 없게 만들었다.
⑰ It was not until the late 1930s that Argentinians got their freedom back. 1930년대 후반이 되어서야 아르헨티나 사람들은 자유를 되찾았다.
⑱ They began to enjoy tango-it was once again a part of their daily lives. 그들은 탱고를 즐기기 시작했고, 탱고는 다시 한번그들 일상의 일부분이 되었다.
⑲ However, tango became less fashionable after the 1940s due to the arrival of American swing and rock and roll. 그러나 탱고는 1940년대 이후에는 미국의 스윙과로큰롤의 유입으로 인해 인기가 떨어졌다.
⑳ From the 1960s to the 1980s, it was enjoyed only by the older generation and by a few enthusiasts. 1960년대에서 1980년대까지, 탱고는 나이 든 세대와 소수의 애호가에 의해서만 즐겨졌다.
㉑ The current revival dates from the early 1980s, when a stage show called Tango Argentina toured the world with a dazzling version of tango. 최근의 부흥은 1980년대 초반부터 시작되는데, 이때 〈탱고 아르헨티나〉라는 무대 공연이 탱고의 매혹적인 형태로 전 세계 순회공연을 했다.
㉒ The 1990s became another period of renewal, with tango being influenced by contemporary music like jazz. 1990년대는 탱고가 재즈와 같은 현대 음악의 영향을 받으면서 또 다른 부흥기가 되었다.

 

 

 

Unit 13. Art - Reading 1: Calligraphy
① Do you have artistic talent and good handwriting? 당신은 예술적 재능이 있고 글씨를 잘 쓰는가?
② If so, maybe you should consider calligraphy. 만약 그렇다면, 캘리그래피를 고려해봐도 좋을 것이다.
③ Literally meaning "beautiful writing," it is the art of writing letters, characters, words and sentences in an elegant and attractive manner. 문자 그대로는 '아름다운 글'이라는 뜻으로, 이것은글자나 문자, 단어, 문장을 세련되고 멋진 방법으로쓰는 예술이다.
④ The key to becoming an expert calligrapher is being able to control the rhythm and movement of your pen strokes when you write. 전문 캘리그래퍼가 되는 비결은 글씨를 쓸 때 펜 놀림의 리듬과 움직임을 조절할 줄 아는 것이다.
⑤ Calligraphy is one of the more difficult art forms, as you only get one chance to write each character or letter. 캘리그래피는 다소 까다로운 예술 형태 중 하나인데, 각각의 문자나 글자를 쓸 기회가 한 번밖에 없기때문이다.
⑥ Each work is completed quickly and spontaneously. 각 작업은 순식간에 즉흥적으로 완성된다.
⑦ Most importantly, there is no going back and correcting errors. 가장 중요한 점은, 되돌아가 실수를 바로잡을 수 없다는 것이다.
⑧ Once the artist stops writing, the work is finished. 예술가가 일단 쓰는 것을 멈추면, 작업은 끝난다.
⑨ But calligraphy is far more than just a technical skill. 하지만, 캘리그래피는 단지 전문적인 기술 그 이상의 것이다.
⑩ Expert calligraphers must also be able to express specific emotions in their work. 전문 캘리그래퍼는 자신의 작품에 특유의 정서를 표현할 수 있어야 한다.
⑪ They do this not just through the meaning of the words they write, but also through their shape and form. 그들은 자신이 쓰는 말의 의미뿐만 아니라 그 형태와 모양을 통해서도 이를 구현한다.
⑫ Each strokes of the calligrapher's pen must be in harmony with the rest, resulting in a work that can create deep feelings within its viewers. 캘리그래퍼의 펜 놀림 하나하나는 나머지와 조화를이루어야, 보는 사람들에게 깊은 느낌을 불러일으킬수 있는 작품이 된다.
⑬ There are two essential sides to modern calligraphy. 현대 캘리그래피에는 두 가지 본질적인 측면이 있다.
⑭ On the one hand, it can be a pure art form, like painting or sculpting. 한편으로는, 그것은 회화나 조각처럼 순수한 형태의예술이 될 수 있다.
⑮ In this type of calligraphy, the words themselves may or may not be readable-it is their appearance that matters. 이러한 유형의 캘리그래피에서는 단어 그 자체는 읽힐 수도, 읽히지 않을 수도 있다. 중요한 것은 바로그것의 모양이다.
⑯ However, calligraphy can also be used as a visually pleasing way of communicating a message. 하지만, 캘리그래피는 또한 메시지를 시각적으로 보기 좋게 전달하는 방법으로 사용되기도 한다.
⑰ This kind of functional calligraphy can most commonly be found in fancy wedding invitations and greeting cards. 이와 같은 실용적인 캘리그래피는 화려한 결혼식 초청장이나 인사카드에서 가장 흔하게 발견된다.
⑱ Surprisingly, it is used every time we send an email as well. 놀랍게도, 이것은 우리가 이메일을 보낼 때마다 사용되기도 한다.
⑲ The @ symbol, used in email addresses, is believed to have originated from calligraphy hundreds of years ago. 이메일 주소에 쓰이는 @라는 기호는 수백 년 전의캘리그래피로부터 비롯된 것이라고 여겨진다.
⑳ So why not give calligraphy a try? 그러니 캘리그래피에 한 번 도전해 보는 게 어떤가?
㉑ By writing beautiful letters and characters in harmony with one another, you can create your own works of art that convey a special message to all who view them. 아름다운 글자나 문자를 서로 조화를 이루게 씀으로써, 당신은 그것을 보는 모든 사람에게 특별한 메시지를 전하는 자신만의 예술작품을 만들어낼 수 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 13. Art - Reading 2: René Magritte
① Do you think that a painting should accurately represent reality? 당신은 그림이 현실을 정확하게 나타내야 한다고 생각하는가?
② If so, the paintings of Rene Magritte might make you think again. 그렇다면 르네 마그리트의 그림은 당신이 다시 생각하게 할지도 모른다.
③ Magritte was a famous Belgian artist who created many interesting surrealist images. 마그리트는 흥미로운 초현실주의 이미지를 많이 만들어낸 벨기에의 유영한 미술가였다.
④ His paintings are known for making viewers think about the concept of reality, but doing so with a clever sense of humor. 그의 그림은 보는 사람으로 하여금 실체라는 개념에대해서 생각하게 만드는데, 재치 있는 유머 감각으로 그렇게 하는 것으로 유명하다.
⑤ Magritte was part of the surrealism movement, which began partly as a reaction to the horrors of World War I. 마그리트는 초현실주의 사조의 일원이었는데, 초현실주의는 부분적으로는 제1차 세계대전의 공포에대한 반발로서 생겨났다.
⑥ The artists felt that it was excessive rational thought that had led the world into war. 예술가들은 세계를 전쟁으로 이끈 것은 바로 과도한합리적 사고라고 여겼다.
⑦ Magritte and the other surrealists focused instead on expressing themselves with creativity and imagination. 마그리트와 다른 초현실주의 작가들은 그보다는 창의력과 상상력을 가지고 자신을 표현하는 데 중점을두었다.
⑧ Magritte often painted familiar objects, but he placed them in unusual situations, giving new meaning to ordinary things. 마그리트는 대개 친숙한 사물들을 그리면서도, 그것들을 평범하지 않은 환경에 배치하여 일상적인 사물에 새로운 의미를 부여했다.
⑨ One of his most famous works, The Treachery of Images, is the simple image of a pipe against a plain background. 그의 가장 유명한 작품 중 하나인 〈이미지의 배반〉은아무 무늬가 없는 배경을 바탕으로 한 단순한 파이프의 이미지이다.
⑩ Beneath it, however, Magritte wrote the words "Ceci n'est pas une pipe." 그러나 그 아래에, 마그리트는 "Ceci n'est pas une pipe.''라는 말을 썼다.
⑪ This is French for "This is not a pipe." 이는 ''이것은 파이프가 아니다.''라는 뜻의 프랑스어이다.
⑫ He did this to make the viewer consider the difference between an actual pipe and the image of a pipe. 그는 이렇게 해서 보는 사람으로 하여금 실제 파이프와 파이프 이미지 간의 차이에 대해서 생각하도록만들었다.
⑬ The Listening Room is similar in that Magritte painted an everyday object-in this case, an apple-in a straightforward way. 〈청강실〉도 마그리트가 간단한 방식으로 일상적인사물을 그렸다는 점에서 유사한데, 이 (작품의) 경우에는 사과이다.
⑭ He challenges our perception, however, by making it appear to be large enough to fill an empty room. 그러나 그는 사과가 빈방을 가득 채울 정도로 커다랗게 보이게 함으로써 우리의 인식에 의심을 제기한다.
⑮ Once again, the viewer is left to think about the differences between image and reality. 다시 한번 보는 사람들은 이미지와 실체 간의 차이에 대해서 생각하게 된다.
⑯ When asked about his artwork, Magritte once said, "When one sees one of my pictures, one asks oneself the simple question, 'What does that mean?' 한번은 마그리트가 자신의 작품에 대해 질문을 받고이렇게 말한 적이 있었다, "누군가 내 그림 중 하나를 보면, 스스로에게 '저건 무슨 의미이지?'라는 간단한 질문을 합니다.
⑰ It does not mean anything because mystery means nothing either it is unknowable." 그건 아무 의미가 없는데, 미스터리 역시 아무 의미가 없기 때문이죠. 그건 알 수 없는 것입니다."
⑱ But even if the true meaning of these paintings cannot be known, they still provide art lovers with plenty to think about. 하지만, 이 그림들의 참된 의미는 알 수 없을지라도, 이 그림들은 미술 애호가들에게 여전히 많은 생각할거리들을 준다.

 

 

 

Unit 14. Human Rights - Reading 1: Declaration of Women’s Rights
① In 1776, when the writers of the Declaration of Independence wrote "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal..." they used the word "men" literally. 1776년 미국 독립 선언서 작성자들이 "우리는 다음과 같은 사실을 자명한 진리로 받아들인다. 즉 모든남자는 평등하게 태어났고 ..."라고 썼을 때, 그들은문자 그대로 'men(남자들)'이라는 단어를 사용했다.
② Women were excluded from many of the rights that were guaranteed in the Declaration of Independence, and in the US Constitution as well. 여성들은 독립 선언서 및 미국 헌법에 보장되어 있던 권리 중 다수에서 제외되었다.
③ It took women 144 more years to finally receive the basic rights that all human beings deserve. 여성들이 마침내 모든 인간이 받아 마땅한 기본권을보장받는 데는 144년이 더 걸렸다.
④ The first meeting to discuss women's rights was called by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott in 1848. 여권에 대해 논의하기 위한 최초의 회의가 1848년엘리자베스 캐디 스탠턴과 루크리셔 모트에 의해서소집되었다.
⑤ At the Seneca Falls Convention, named for the New York town in which it was held, Stanton read the Declaration of Sentiments, a document she wrote based on the Declaration of Independence. 행사가 열린 뉴욕의 마을 이름을 딴 세네카 폴스 회의에서 스탠턴은 독립 선언서에 기초하여 자신이 직접 쓴 감성선언서를 낭독하였다.
⑥ It listed the injustices suffered by women in the US and proposed resolutions to correct them. 그 선언서에는 미국 내에서의 여성들이 겪는 부당한일들이 나열되었고 이를 바로잡기 위한 결의안이 제안되었다.
⑦ First on her list of injustices was the fact that women were not allowed to vote, which meant that they had no voice in writing the laws that governed their lives. 그녀의 불평등 목록 중 첫 번째는 여성에게 투표권이 허락되어 있지 않다는 사실인데, 이는 곧 여성들이 자신의 삶을 지배하는 법률을 제정하는 데 있어아무런 의견도 내지 못한다는 뜻이었다.
⑧ Also, as married women, their property belonged entirely to their husbands. 또한, 기혼여성의 경우 그들의 재산은 전적으로 남편의 소유였다.
⑨ Women were denied education, entrance into professions, and the right to participate publicly in church affairs. 여성은 교육도 받을 수 없었고, 전문직에 종사할 수도 없었으며, 교회 일에 공식적으로 참여할 수 있는권리도 없었다.
⑩ The resolutions in the declaration demanded that women be recognized as equal to men in all aspects of law and society. 선언서에 제시된 결의안은 법률 및 사회의 모든 분야에서 여성을 남성과 동등하게 인정해 달라고 요구했다.
⑪ It called for women to demand their rights as citizens and to end the practice of allowing men to control their lives and property. 선언서는 여성들이 시민으로서의 자신의 권리를 요구할 것과 남성들이 여성들의 삶과 재산을 지배하도록 하는 관습을 종식시킬 것을 요구했다.
⑫ Newspapers and religious leaders made fun of the events that took place at the convention and criticized the resolutions. 신문 및 종교 지도자들은 세네카 폴스 회의 때 이루어진 행사들을 조롱했고 결의안의 내용을 비난했다.
⑬ Nevertheless, the convention was the first significant step for the women's rights movement in the US. 그럼에도 불구하고 세네카 폴스 회의는 미국 내 여권 신장 운동의 중요한 첫 단계가 되었다.
⑭ Finally, women over the age of 21 were given the right to vote in 1920, when the US Constitution was officially changed. 마침내 1920년에 미국 헌법이 공식적으로 개정되자, 21세가 넘는 여성들에게 투표권이 주어졌다.

 

 

 

Unit 14. Human Rights - Reading 2: Global March against Child Labor
① In 1959, the United Nations agreed on a list of rights for children called the Declaration of the Rights of the Child. 1959년에 국제 연합은 아동 권리 선언이라고 불리는 아동의 권리 목록에 동의했다.
② The list contains ten items, including the rights to education, protection against exploitation, and relief in all circumstances. 그 목록에는 교육에 대한 권리, 착취로부터의 보호, 그리고 모든 상황에서의 구조를 포함한 열 개의 조항이 있다.
③ However, in spite of the declaration, many children could not enjoy these rights because they were forced to work under harsh conditions. 그러나 이 선언에도 불구하고 많은 아동들이 혹독한환경에서 일하도록 강요받았기 때문에 이러한 권리들을 누릴 수 없었다.
④ Almost 40 years later, in 1998, an Indian human rights activist named Kailash Satyarthi organized the Global March against Child Labor, an enormous demonstration against the ongoing problem. 거의 40년 후인 1998년에 카일라시 사티아르티라는 이름의 인도 인권 운동가가 계속되는 문제에 대항하는 대규모 시위인 아동 노동에 반대하는 글로벌행진을 조직했다.
⑤ At the time, it was estimated that there were still 250 million child laborers worldwide. 그 당시 전 세계에 아직도 2억 5천만 명의 아동 노동자들이 있는 것으로 추정되었다.
⑥ For example, in the United States, around 230,000 children were illegally working on farms picking fruit and vegetables, and about 45 percent of them had dropped out of school. 예를 들어 미국에서는 약 23만 명의 아동들이 과일과 채소를 따며 농장에서 불법적으로 일하고 있었고, 그중 약 45퍼센트가 학교를 중퇴했다.
⑦ Similar or worse situations existed in nations around the globe. 이와 비슷하거나 더 심각한 상황들이 전 세계 국가들에 존재했다.
⑧ The Global March against Child Labor began on January 17, 1998, and took place in 103 countries. 아동 노동에 반대하는 글로벌 행진은 1998년 1월17일에 시작했고 103개국에서 진행되었다.
⑨ Over seven million people participated in the demonstration to demand a change. 7백만 명이 넘는 사람들이 변화를 요구하기 위해 그시위에 참가했다.
⑩ Some of them marched only in their local areas, and others continued on along with Kailash Satyarthi to Geneva, Switzerland. 일부 참가자들은 그들의 지역 내에서만 행진했고,다른 이들은 카일라시 사티아르티와 함께 스위스 제네바로 가서 행진을 이어나갔다.
⑪ Here, the International Labor Organization (ILO) was meeting to discuss solutions to the problem of child labor. 이곳에서는 국제 노동 기구(ILO)가 아동 노동 문제에 대한 해결책을 논의하기 위해 회합하고 있었다.
⑫ In June, Satyarthi and the other marchers entered the United Nations Office at Geneva and insisted on resolving the issue with the ILO. 6월에 사티아르티와 다른 행진 참가자들은 제네바의 국제 연합 사무소로 들어가 ILO와 함께 그 문제를 해결해 줄 것을 강력히 주장했다.
⑬ The march was a great success because it drew attention to the problem and pressured the ILO to create effective laws against child labor. 그 행진은 대단한 성공이었는데, 왜냐하면 그것이(아동 노동) 문제에 대해 관심을 끌어모았고 ILO로하여금 아동 노동을 규제하는 효과적인 법을 만들도록 압력을 주었기 때문이다.
⑭ The agreement the ILO reached was accepted by nations around the world faster than any other set of labor standards they had published. ILO가 도달한 합의는 그들이 발표했던 다른 어떤 근로 기준들보다 더 빠르게 전 세계 국가들에서 받아들여졌다.
⑮ Although the situation has gradually improved since then, the problem persists. 그때 이후로 상황은 점차 개선되었으나 그 문제는지속되고 있다.
⑯ The fight continues because around 152 million child laborers are still being exploited. 아직도 약 1억 5천 2백만 명의 아동 노동자들이 착취당하고 있기 때문에 투쟁은 계속되고 있다.
⑰ Today, the Global March against Child Labor exists as an organization rather than an event. 오늘날, 아동 노동에 반대하는 글로벌 행진은 하나의 행사로서보다는 조직으로서 존재한다.
⑱ As a network of teachers, trade unions, and other groups, it works daily to protect children's rights to freedom and education. 선생님, 노동조합, 그리고 다른 집단의 연계망으로서, 그것은 아동의 자유와 교육에 대한 권리를 보호하기 위해 나날이 노력한다.

 

 

 

Unit 15. Astronomy - Reading 1: Halley’s Comet
① In November l835, a baby was born while a comet lit up the sky. 1835년 11월, 혜성이 하늘을 밝게 비출 때 한 아기가 태어났다.
② The baby grew up to be the great writer Mark Twain. 그 아기는 자라서 위대한 작가인 마크 트웨인이 되었다.
③ In 1909 he said, "I came in with the comet in 1835. 1909년에 그는 다음과 같이 말했다. "나는 1835년에 혜성과 함께 왔다.
④ It is coming again next year, and I expect to go out with it." 그것은 내년에 또 올 것이며, 나는 그것과 함께 가기를 바란다.''
⑤ And he did! 그리고 그는 그렇게 했다!
⑥ Mark Twain died the day after the comet reappeared in 1910. 마크 트웨인은 1910년 그 혜성이 다시 나타난 다음날 사망했다.
⑦ The comet was Halley's Comet, one of the most famous objects in our solar system. 그 혜성은 우리 태양계에서 가장 유명한 천체 중 하나인 핼리 혜성이었다.
⑧ Astronomers believe that there may be as many as one trillion comets traveling through the universe. 천문학자들은 1조 개에 달하는 많은 혜성이 우주를항해하고 있을 것으로 생각한다.
⑨ But only a few thousand of these have actually been observed. 하지만 이들 중 불과 수천 개만이 실제로 관측되었다.
⑩ People have been noticing Halley's Comet since 240 BC. 사람들은 기원전 240년부터 핼리 혜성을 목격해 왔다.
⑪ It looks like a star with a glowing tail moving across the sky. 그것은 하늘을 가로질러 움직이는 빛나는 꼬리를 가진 별처럼 보인다.
⑫ For a very long time, many people believed it to be a terrible sign of bad luck. 아주 오랫동안 많은 사람들은 핼리 혜성이 불운을상징하는 흉조라고 믿었다.
⑬ But, in 1705, an English astronomer named Edmund G. Halley changed their minds. 그러나 1705년에 에드먼드 G. 핼리라는 영국의 한천문학자가 사람들의 생각을 바꿔 놓았다.
⑭ In his book, he said that comets observed in 1531, 1607 and 1682, were actually one comet making return trips every 76 years. 그는 그의 저서에서 1531년, 1607년 그리고 1682년에 목격된 혜성들이 사실은 76년마다 되돌아오는하나의 혜성이라고 말했다.
⑮ He also predicted that the comet would come again in 1758. 그는 또한 그 혜성이 1758년에 다시 올 것이라고예측했다.
⑯ Unfortunately, Halley didn't live to see it. 불행히도, 핼리는 그것을 볼 때까지 살지 못했다.
⑰ But when the comet appeared in 1758, his theory was proven and the comet was named after him. 하지만 1758년에 혜성이 나타나자, 그의 이론은 증명되었고, 혜성은 그의 이름을 따서 이름 붙여졌다.
⑱ Halley's Comet is a very large ball of frozen dust and gas. 핼리 혜성은 얼어붙은 먼지와 가스로 이루어진 매우큰 원형체이다.
⑲ We cannot usually see it as it travels across the solar system. 우리는 그것이 태양계를 가로질러 움직일 때, 대부분의 경우 그것을 보지 못한다.
⑳ However, about every 76 years, it passes near the Sun, the heat of which causes some of the frozen dust and gas to melt and burn away. 그러나 76년마다 한 번씩 그것은 태양과 근접하여지나는데, 태양의 열은 얼어붙은 먼지와 가스 일부를 녹이거나 태운다.
㉑ The burning dust and gas reflect the Sun's light, appearing as the comet's famous tail. 불타는 먼지와 가스는 태양 빛을 반사해서 핼리 혜성의 유명한 꼬리로 나타나게 된다.
㉒ This is the only time we can see Halley's Comet move dramatically across the night sky. 바로 이때가 우리가 핼리 혜성이 밤하늘을 눈부시게가로질러 움직이는 것을 볼 수 있는 유일한 때이다.

 

 

 

Unit 15. Astronomy - Reading 2: TOEFL (The Planet Saturn)
① Saturn, the sixth planet from the Sun, is known for its large, distinct rings. 태양으로부터 여섯 번째 행성인 토성은 크고 뚜렷한고리들로 알려져 있다.
② These rings were first seen in 1610 by Galileo Galilei, but not very clearly. 이 고리들은 1610년 갈릴레오 갈릴레이에 의해 처음으로 관측되었지만 아주 명확하게 보인 것은 아니었다.
③ He wondered if they were just two large moons of the planet. 그는 자신이 그 행성의 두 개의 큰 위성을 보고 있는것은 아닌지 궁금해했다.
④ Later, with more developed telescopes, astronomers were able to discern the shape of the rings and eventually discovered that they were made of numerous small pieces of material. 이후에, 더 좋은 망원경을 이용해 천문학자들이 고고리들의 형태를 식별할 수 있었고, 마침내 그것들이 물질의 수많은 작은 조각들로 이루어졌음을 발견했다.
⑤ In the 1980s, the two Voyager space probes collected more detailed information about Saturn, and exploration continued from 2004 to 2017 with the Cassini probe. 1980년대에 두 대의 보이저 우주 탐사선이 토성에관한 더 상세한 정보를 수집했고, 카시니 탐사선을이용해 2004년부터 2017년까지 탐사가 계속되었다.
⑥ Thanks to the detailed images taken by these spacecraft, we got to see that Saturn is surrounded by thousands of small rings. 이 우주선들에 의해 촬영된 상세한 이미지들 덕분에우리는 토성이 수많은 작은 고리들로 둘러싸여 있는것을 알게 되었다.
⑦ The collected data revealed information about what Saturn's rings are made of, where they might have come from, and how they change. 수집된 정보는 토성의 고리들이 무엇으로 만들어져있는지, 그것들이 어디에서 왔을지와 그것들이 어떻게 변화하는지에 관한 정보를 밝혀냈다.
⑧ Billions and billions of individual bits form the rings of Saturn. 수십억 개의 각 조각들이 토성의 고리를 형성한다.
⑨ Some are the size of a mountain and others are the size of a grain of sand. 몇몇은 크기가 산만하고, 다른 것들은 모래알만 하다.
⑩ They are made up mostly of frozen water. 그것들은 주로 얼어붙은 물로 이루어져 있다.
⑪ When seen through a telescope, the rings look like one large disk. 망원경을 통해 관측될 때, 그 고리들은 하나의 커다란 원반처럼 보인다.
⑫ However, there are actually four major ring groups and three smaller groups, all separated by gaps. 그러나 실제로는 네 개의 주요 고리 집단과 세 개의더 작은 집단이 있으며, 모두 간극으로 분리되어 있다.
⑬ They all orbit the planet at high speeds. 고것들은 모두 빠른 속도로 그 행성(토성)의 궤도를돈다.
⑭ At first, astronomers thought the rings were as old as the planet and were made from material left over when Saturn formed. 처음에 천문학자들은 그 고리들이 행성(토성)만큼오래되었으며 토성이 형성될 때 남겨진 물질들로 만들어졌다고 생각했다.
⑮ But the rings turned out to be made of very pure ice, which suggests they are much younger than the planet. 그러나 그 고리들은 매우 순수한 얼음으로 만들어져있다는 것이 드러났는데, 이는 그것들이 그 행성보다 훨씬 젊다는 것을 암시한다.
⑯ If they were old, they would have collected more dust. 만약 그것들이 오래된 것이라면, 그것들은 먼지를더 많이 축적했을 것이다.
⑰ Instead, astronomers now think the rings could have been made from broken moons. 그 대신, 천문학자들은 이제 고 고리들이 깨어진 위성들로 만들어졌을 수도 있다고 생각한다.
⑱ It's more likely that asteroids or comets collided with some of Saturn's moons, breaking them into pieces in the distant past. 먼 과거에 소행성이나 혜성이 토성의 위성들과 충돌하여 그것들을 산산조각 냈을 가능성이 더 많다.
⑲ The pieces may have then spread out and formed the rings around Saturn. 그 후에 그 조각들이 넓게 퍼져 토성 주위에 고리들을 형성했을 수도 있다.
⑳ Regardless of how the rings formed, scientists agree that they won't last long compared with the lifespan of a planet. 고리들이 어떻게 형성되었는지와 관계없이, 과학자들은 행성의 수명에 견주었을 때 고리들이 오래가지않을 것임에 동의한다.
㉑ Saturn's magnetic field pulls the rings' particles inward, causing them to fall onto the planet like rain. 토성의 자기장아 고리 입자들을 안으로 끌어당겨서그것들이 그 행성에 비처럼 내리게 한다.
㉒ The rings are gradually losing mass and will probably disappear within 300 million years. 고리들은 점차 질량이 줄어들고 있고 아마도 3억 년내로 사라질 것이다.

 

 

 

 

 

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Unit 01. Animals - Reading 1: Alligator Snapping Turtle
① The Wonders of Wildlife 야생 동물의 경이로움
② Not an Ordinary-Looking Turtle! 평범하게 생기지 않은 거북!
③ The alligator snapping turtle has an odd appearance. 악어거북은 기묘한 생김새를 하고 있다.
④ Its head is covered in rough ridges, and it has a sharp, hooked beak like a hawk's. 그것의 머리는 울퉁불퉁하게 솟은 돌기로 덮여 있고, 매의 부리처럼 날카로운 갈고리 모양의 부리가있다.
⑤ It also grows quite large, weighing up to 100 kilograms. 또한, 몸집이 꽤 크게 자라서, 무게가 최대 100킬로그램까지 나간다.
⑥ Because of its unique appearance and large size, the animal is called the dinosaur of the turtle world. 독특한 생김새와 큰 몸집 때문에, 그 동물은 거북 세계의 공룡으로 불린다.
⑦ Why Is It Called an "Alligator Snapping Turtle"? 왜 그것은 '악어거북'으로 불리는가?
⑧ The species' strange name makes sense if you look at each word separately. 이 종의 이상한 이름은 각각의 단어를 따로따로 살펴보면 이해가 된다.
⑨ The turtle's shell is covered with a series of pointed ridges, just like the skin of an alligator! 이 거북의 등딱지는 꼭 악어 피부처럼 일련의 뾰족한 돌기들로 덮여 있다!
⑩ That's where the first word comes from. 그것에서 첫 번째 단어가 유래했다.
⑪ The second is a description of how the turtle catches its prey. 두 번째 단어는 이 거북이 먹이를 잡는 방식에 대한묘사이다.
⑫ It snaps down on fish with its sharp, powerful beak! 그것은 날카롭고 강력한 부리로 물고기를 낚아챈다!
⑬ And finally, it's a member of the turtle family. 그리고 마지막으로, 그것은 거북과에 속한다.
⑭ A Patient Hunter's Waiting Game 인내심 있는 사냥꾼의 기다리기 전략
⑮ What is more amazing than its appearance and name, however, is the way it catches its dinner. 그러나 생김새나 이름보다 더 놀라운 것은 이 거북이 저녁 먹잇감을 잡는 방식이다.
⑯ The turtle sits perfectly still at the bottom of a river with its mouth wide open. 이 거북은 입을 크게 벌린 채로 강바닥에서 가만히앉아 있는다.
⑰ It waits like this for a fish to pass by. 그것은 이런 식으로 물고기가 지나가기를 기다린다.
⑱ It can wait so long that river algae will begin to cover its bumpy shell! 그것은 아주 오랫동안 기다릴 수 있어서 강에 사는조류가 울퉁불퉁한 등딱지를 덮기 시작한다!
⑲ Luckily, though, the turtle can also attract fish. 하지만 다행히도, 이 거북은 물고기를 유인할 수도있다.
⑳ By wiggling its pink tongue, it imitates the appearance of a worm. 그것은 분홍색 혀를 흔들어서 벌레의 생김새를 흉내낸다.
㉑ When a hungry fish comes by for a closer look, it gets snapped! 굶주린 물고기가 더 가까이 보려고 다가왔을 때 그것은 잡히고 만다!
㉒ A Purposeful Journey out of the Water 물 밖으로의 목적 있는 여정
㉓ Alligator snapping turtles live in lakes and streams. 악어거북은 호수나 개울에 산다.
㉔ However, females venture onto land to build a nest and lay their eggs. 하지만 암컷은 둥지를 짓고 알을 낳기 위해서 육지로 오르는 모험을 감행한다.
㉕ They lay from 10 to 50 eggs at a time and bury them with dirt, sand, or whatever materials are available. 그들은 한 번에 10개에서 50개까지의 알을 낳아 흙이나 모래, 그 밖에 구할 수 있는 어떤 재료로든지알을 묻어 둔다.
㉖ Strangely, the sex of the young turtles depends on the temperature within the nest. 기이하게도, 새끼 거북의 성별은 둥지 안의 온도에의해 결정된다.
㉗ When the temperature is moderate, more males are born, while above- or below-average temperatures result in more females! 온도가 적당하면 더 많은 수컷이 태어나고, 반면에평균 이상이나 이하의 온도는 더 많은 암컷을 태어나게 한다!

 

 

 

Unit 01. Animals - Reading 2: Saiga Antelope
① The saiga, an antelope inhabiting Central Asia, has long, thin legs and a body about the size of a sheep's. 중앙아시아에 서식하는 영양인, 사이가영양은 길고가는 다리와 대략 양의 크기 정도의 몸집을 가지고있다.
② Males have ridged horns that can grow to about 25 centimeters long. 수컷들은 약 25센티미터의 길이까지 자랄 수 있는굴곡진 무늬의 뿔을 가지고 있다.
③ The most distinctive feature of the saiga is its large and bent nose, which hangs downward over its mouth. 사이가영양의 가장 뚜렷한 특징은 그것의 크고 구부러진 코인데, 그것은 아래쪽으로 늘어져 입을 덮고있다.
④ This unusually shaped nose filters out dust during dry summers and warms the air the saiga breathes in during cold winters. 이 특이하게 생긴 코는 건조한 여름에는 먼지를 걸러 주고 추운 겨울에는 사이가영양이 들이마시는 공기를 따뜻하게 해준다.
⑤ It also helps the saiga communicate ― males use it to create loud roars that attract females. 그것은 또한 사이가영양이 의사소통하는 것을 돕는데, 수컷들은 암컷들을 유혹하는 큰 울음소리를 내기 위해 그것을 사용한다.
⑥ The saiga is a migratory animal, and each spring herds made up of thousands of individuals undertake a long, difficult journey north to their grazing grounds. 사이가영양은 이동하는 동물이며, 매년 봄 수천 마리로 이루어진 무리들이 풀을 뜯어 먹을 곳을 향해북쪽으로 길고 힘겨운 여정을 떠난다.
⑦ Males start off first and females follow after giving birth. 수컷들이 먼저 출발하고 암컷들은 출산 후에 따라간다.
⑧ During this migration, they travel more than 100 kilometers per day. 이 이동 기간 동안, 그들은 하루에 100킬로미터 이상 움직인다.
⑨ Once the migration is finished, they disperse into smaller herds. 일단 이동이 끝나면, 그들은 더 작은 무리로 흩어진다.
⑩ Each November, they make the equally challenging journey back south. 11월마다, 그들은 다시 남쪽으로 똑같이 도전적인여정을 떠난다.
⑪ The saiga faces several serious threats. 사이가영양은 몇 가지 심각한 위협에 직면해 있다.
⑫ They are hunted for their meat by local people, and this has caused the number of saigas to drop considerably. 그들은 그들의 고기를 얻고자 하는 지역 사람들에의해 사냥되고 있고, 이것이 사이가영양의 수를 상당히 줄어들게 했다.
⑬ Moreover, poachers kill the males for their horns, which has resulted in a large disparity between the number of males and females. 게다가, 밀렵꾼들은 뿔을 얻기 위해 수컷들을 죽이는데, 그것은 수컷과 암컷의 수에 큰 차이를 가져왔다.
⑭ Manmade climate change has also caused a decrease in the saiga population, as many parts of the saiga's habitat are turning into desert. 인간에 의한 기후 변화 또한 사이가영양의 개체 수의 감소를 야기했는데, 사이가영양의 서식지의 많은부분이 사막으로 바뀌고 있기 때문이다.
⑮ As a result, the plants the saiga feeds on have become scarce, which endangered the species. 그 결과, 사이가영양이 먹는 식물들이 부족해졌고,이것은 이 종을 멸종 위기에 처하게 했다.
⑯ Finally, a deadly epidemic has spread from the livestock of local farmers to the saiga. 마지막으로, 치명적인 전염병이 지역 농민들의 가축에서 사이가영양에게로 퍼졌다.
⑰ As these farm animals are not native to the region, saigas have no immunity to the diseases they carry. 이 농장 동물들은 그 지역의 토착 동물이 아니기 때문에, 사이가영양은 그들이 옮기는 질병들에 대한면역력이 없다.
⑱ Despite the recent conservation efforts, the saiga population has been dropping dramatically. 최근의 보존 노력에도 불구하고, 사이가영양의 개체수는 급격히 감소해오고 있다.
⑲ In the early 1990s it exceeded one million but is now estimated to be approximately 50,000. 1990년대 초에는 100만 마리가 넘었지만 지금은약 5만 마리로 추정된다.

 

 

 

Unit 02. Technology - Reading 1: Energy Harvesting
① Everything we do requires energy. 우리가 하는 모든 것은 에너지를 필요로 한다.
② Unfortunately, a great deal of the energy we generate is lost before it can be utilized. 불행하게도, 우리가 만들어 내는 에너지 중 많은 양이 활용되기 전에 손실된다.
③ In power stations, for example, about two-thirds of the energy created is lost, mostly in the form of released heat. 예를 들면, 발전소에서 생산되는 에너지의 약 3분의2가 손실되는데, 대부분 방출된 열의 형태이다.
④ This is why experts have focused on "energy harvesting," the process of recapturing and using lost energy. 이것이 전문가들이 손실된 에너지를 되찾아 사용하는 과정인 '에너지 수확'에 집중해 온 이유이다.
⑤ One method of energy harvesting involves pressure. 에너지 수확의 한 방법은 압력과 관련이 있다.
⑥ When a material receives pressure from another source, its molecules are disturbed. 어떤 물질이 다른 원천으로부터 압력을 받으면, 그것의 분자들은 흐트러진다.
⑦ This creates a small amount of electrical voltage. 이것은 소량의 전압을 생성한다.
⑧ In Brazil, for example, energy-harvesting tiles were placed underneath the artificial grass of an outdoor soccer field in a poor neighborhood. 예를 들면, 브라질에서는 에너지 수확 타일들이 가난한 동네에 있는 야외 축구장의 인공 잔디 밑에 설치되었다.
⑨ The pressure created by players running up and down the field now generates enough electricity to illuminate the field for up to 10 hours, allowing local kids to play safely at night. 경기장을 이리저리 뛰어다니는 선수들에 의해 만들어진 압력은 이제 경기장을 최대 10시간까지 밝힐수 있는 충분한 전기를 만들어 내서, 지역의 아이들이 밤에도 안전하게 경기를 할 수 있게 한다.
⑩ Temperature disparity is another potential source of energy harvesting. 온도 차이는 에너지 수확의 또 다른 잠재적인 원천이다.
⑪ When two adjacent objects have a large and constant temperature difference, voltage is created. 두 개의 인접한 사물들이 크고 지속적인 온도 차이를 가질 때, 전압이 생성된다.
⑫ One company has taken advantage of this fact to create a self-sustaining telephone charger that resembles a drink coaster. 한 회사는 음료 컵받침을 닮은 자립형 휴대폰 충전기를 만들기 위해서 이 사실을 이용했다.
⑬ The charger works when either a hot or cold drink is placed upon it. 그 충전기는 뜨겁거나 차가운 음료가 그 위에 놓일때 작동한다.
⑭ The difference in temperature between the drink and the device creates enough electricity to charge a phone. 음료와 그 장치 사이의 온도 차이는 휴대폰을 충전하기에 충분한 전기를 생산한다.
⑮ Energy that is harvested can be used as a substitute for batteries in a variety of low-power electric devices. 수확된 에너지는 다양한 저전력 전자 기기에서 건전지의 대체품으로써 사용될 수 있다.
⑯ This has several advantages, such as eliminating the need to constantly replace dead batteries. 이것은 다 쓴 건전지를 끊임없이 교체해야 하는 필요를 제거하는 것과 같은 몇 가지 이점을 가진다.
⑰ It also benefits the environment by reducing the number of batteries that end up in landfills, where harmful substances can leak into the soil. 그것은 또한 매립지에 묻히게 되는 건전지의 수를줄임으로써 환경을 이롭게 하는데, 그곳에서는 유해한 물질들이 토양으로 유출될 수 있다.
⑱ Finally, harvested energy can be used in remote regions where mass-produced electricity is not available, and even at the bottom of the sea. 마지막으로, 수확된 에너지는 대량 생산되는 전기를이용할 수 없는 외딴 지역이나 심지어 바다의 밑바닥에서도 사용될 수 있다.
⑲ Currently, energy harvesting is still being developed and has yet to reach its full potential. 현재로서는, 에너지 수확은 여전히 개발 중이며 아직 그것의 완전한 잠재력에 도달하지 못했다.
⑳ It is likely, however, that it will play an essential role in providing some of the energy humans need in the future. 그러나, 그것은 미래에 인간들이 필요로 하는 에너지의 일부를 제공하는 데 필수적인 역할을 할 가능성이 크다.

 

 

 

Unit 02. Technology - Reading 2: A Bionic Hand
① A Danish man named Dennis Sorensen lost his left hand in a fireworks accident when he was in his twenties. 덴마크 출신의 데니스 소런슨은 20대에 불꽃놀이사고로 왼손을 잃었다.
② Nine years later, in 2013, Dr. Silvestro Micera and his team allowed Sorensen to test a robotic hand. 9년 후인 2013년에 실베스트로 미세라 박사와 그의팀은 소런슨에게 로봇 손을 시험해 보게 했다.
③ This special technology let him feel the sense of touch! 이 특별한 기술은 그가 촉감을 느끼게 해 주었다!
④ It was the first successful robotic hand of its kind. 그것은 이러한 종류로서는 최초의 성공적인 로봇 손이었다.
⑤ "The sensory feedback was incredible," Sorensen said. "그 감각 반응은 놀라웠습니다."라고 소런슨은 말했다.
⑥ "I could feel things that I hadn't been able to feel in over nine years." "저는 9년 넘게 느낄 수 없었던 것들을 느낄 수 있었습니다."
⑦ To properly test the device, Sorensen wore a blindfold and earplugs. 그 장치를 제대로 시험하기 위해 소런슨은 안대와귀마개를 착용했다.
⑧ Then he was given different objects to hold with the robotic hand. 그러고 나서 로봇 손으로 잡을 여러 사물이 그에게주어졌다.
⑨ Sorensen not only recognized that he was holding something, but he was able to describe its shape and texture. 소런슨은 자신이 무언가를 잡고 있다는 것을 인식했을 뿐만 아니라, 그것의 모양과 감촉을 설명할 수 있었다.
⑩ How was it possible that an artificial hand could sense objects? 인공 손이 물체를 감지하는 것이 어떻게 가능했을까?
⑪ It was a matter of complicated science. 그것은 복잡한 과학의 문제였다.
⑫ The device used a sensory feedback system connected to Sorensen's nerves. 그 장치는 소런슨의 신경에 연결된 감각 반응 시스템을 이용했다.
⑬ Micera and his team built sensors inside the device, and these sensors recorded tension levels inside the hand when it touched or held objects. 미세라와 그의 팀은 그 장치 안에 센서들을 심었고, 이 센서들은 그것이 물체를 건드리거나 잡을 때 손안의 장력도를 기록했다.
⑭ The information about the tension levels was turned into an electric current. 장력도에 대한 정보는 전류로 전환되었다.
⑮ Then, with the help of a computer program, the electric current was transformed into an impulse that the nerves could interpret. 그런 다음 컴퓨터 프로그램의 도움으로, 그 전류는신경이 해석할 수 있는 자극으로 변환되었다.
⑯ Finally, these impulse signals were sent through wires surgically attached to Sorensen's upper-arm nerves. 마지막으로, 이 자극 신호는 소런슨의 팔 위쪽 신경에 외과적으로 부착된 전선을 통해 전달되었다.
⑰ Micera explained that sensory feedback has never before been restored and used in real-time to control an artificial body part. 미세라는 감각 반응이 회복되어 인공 신체 부위를제어하기 위해 실시간으로 사용된 적이 이전에 결코없었다고 설명했다.
⑱ Nevertheless, the doctors acknowledged that modern science is years away from a "bionic hand" for everyday use. 그럼에도, 의사들은 현대 과학이 '생체공학 손'을 상용화하기까지는 몇 년이 더 걸릴 것임을 인정했다.
⑲ A device like that would have to be surgically and permanently implanted, which cannot be done today. 그와 같은 장치는 수술을 통해 영구적으로 이식되어야 할 것인데, 이것은 현재로선 불가능하다.
⑳ However, Micera and his team seem headed in the right direction. 그렇지만, 미세라와 그의 팀은 올바른 방향으로 나아가고 있는 것 같다.

 

 

 

Unit 03. Space - Reading 1: Space Junk
① On a space walk in 1965, astronaut Edward White dropped his glove. 1965년 우주 유영 도중에 우주 비행사 에드워드 화이트는 그의 장갑을 떨어뜨렸다.
② It then circled Earth for a month at an amazing speed. 그 후 그것은 엄청난 속도로 한 달 동안 지구를 돌았다.
③ Ever since the beginning of the "Space Age" in 1957, similar incidents have been occurring. 1957년에 '우주 시대'가 시작된 이후로, 비슷한 일들이 일어나고 있다.
④ Thousands of pieces of space junk were created when China destroyed a non-working satellite in 2009, and thousands more the following year when two satellites collided. 2009년에 중국이 작동을 멈춘 인공위성을 파괴했을때 수천 조각의 우주 쓰레기 발생했으며, 다음 해에두 개의 인공위성이 충돌했을 때 수천 개가 추가로발생했다.
⑤ In fact, outer space is starting to resemble a huge garbage dump. 사실상 대기권 밖의 우주는 거대한 쓰레기장과 비슷해지기 시작했다.
⑥ Today there are more than half a million pieces of garbage in space. 현재 우주에는 50만 개 이상의 쓰레기 조각들이 있다.
⑦ Some bits of garbage are as small as a screw; others are large pieces of metal. 어떤 쓰레기 조각은 나사못만큼 작지만, 다른 것들은 커다란 금속 덩어리들이다.
⑧ What makes space junk so dangerous is a spacecraft's incredible speed in orbit ― an average of 28,000 km per hour. 우주 쓰레기가 그토록 위험한 이유는 우주선이 평균시속 28,000킬로미터라는 믿을 수 없는 속도로 궤도를 돌기 때문이다.
⑨ In fact, a tiny piece of paint dust from a satellite once made a small hole in a spacecraft's window. 실제로 언젠가 인공위성에서 떨어져 나온 아주 작은페인트 조각 하나가 우주선의 유리창에 작은 구멍을낸 적이 있었다.
⑩ Larger objects could seriously threaten the lives of astronauts in a spacecraft or the International Space Station. 더 큰 물체는 우주선이나 국제 우주 정거장에 있는우주 비행사들의 생명을 심각하게 위협할 수 있다.
⑪ Unfortunately, the situation is getting worse, not better. 안타깝게도, 상황은 나아지기는커녕 점점 나빠지고있다.
⑫ Scientists warn NASA that by the middle of this century, there may be so much space junk that space travel will become too dangerous. 과학자들은 금세기 중반 무렵에는 우주 쓰레기가 너무 많아져 우주여행이 대단히 위험해질 것이라고 미항공우주국에 경고한다.
⑬ And the risk is not only to astronauts. 그리고 그러한 위험은 우주 비행사들에게만 국한되지 않는다.
⑭ Space junk can also be dangerous if it falls back to Earth. 우주 쓰레기는 또한 그것이 지구로 떨어진다면 위험할 수 있다.
⑮ A falling piece of space garbage actually killed a cow in Australia in 1979. 1979년 호주에서는 떨어지는 우주 쓰레기 조각이실제로 소를 죽게 했다.
⑯ But unlike dealing with garbage on Earth, there is no simple solution for cleaning up space junk. 그렇지만 지구에서의 쓰레기 처리와 달리, 우주 쓰레기를 치울 간단한 해결책은 없다.
⑰ Currently, there are several projects being developed to help clean up space junk. 현재, 우주 쓰레기를 제거하는 것을 돕기 위해 여러프로젝트가 개발되고 있다.
⑱ However, it is equally important to find a way to limit the amount of garbage left in space in the future. 그러나 앞으로 우주에 남겨질 쓰레기 양을 제한할방법을 찾는 것 또한 그에 못지않게 중요하다.
⑲ There are no rules to deal with space junk at present, but people now realize that keeping space clean is as important as keeping our streets clean. 우주 쓰레기 문제를 다룰 법률이 현재는 없지만, 사람들은 이제 우주를 깨끗하게 하는 것이 우리가 사는 거리를 깨끗하게 하는 것만큼 중요하다는 사실을깨닫고 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 03. Space - Reading 2: The Giant Magellan Telescope
① The Most Powerful Telescope in the World 세계에서 가장 강력한 망원경
② What development in the field of astronomy has excited astronomers most? 천문학 분야에서 어떤 발전이 천문학자들을 가장 흥분하게 만들었을까?
③ Ask a group of them, and the most common answer is likely to be the Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT). 그들에게 물어본다면 아마 가장 흔한 대답은 거대마젤란 망원경일 것이다.
④ In the 17th century, Galileo invented his first 37 mm telescope. 17세기에 갈릴레오는 그의 첫 37밀리미터 망원경을발명했다.
⑤ Since then, the history of astronomy has been marked by significant innovations in its design. 그때 이후로, 천문학의 역사는 망원경의 설계에 있어 중대한 혁신들로 특징지어졌다.
⑥ More recently, the Hubble Space Telescope revolutionized the way we see the universe. 좀 더 최근에는, 허블 우주 망원경이 우리가 우주를보는 방식에 혁신을 가져왔다.
⑦ Positioned in orbit around Earth, it gives us an unobscured view of deep space. 지구 궤도를 돌면서 그것은 우리에게 먼 우주 공간을 뚜렷하게 보여 준다.
⑧ With so many other telescopes in use today, what's so special about the Giant Magellan Telescope? 오늘날 그렇게 많은 다른 망원경들이 사용되고 있는상황에서, 거대 마젤란 망원경은 무엇이 그렇게 특별할까?
⑨ Telescope of the Future 미래의 망원경
⑩ The GMT truly belongs to the next generation of astronomical instruments. GMT는 진정 차세대 천문학 장비에 속한다.
⑪ In terms of both size and resolution, it is breaking new ground in telescope design. 크기와 해상도 두 가지 측면에서, 이것은 망원경 설계에 있어 새로운 지평을 열고 있다.
⑫ One of its most striking features is the combination of seven different mirrors, each with a diameter of 8.4 meters ─ far larger than those of any other telescope built before. 그것의 가장 눈에 띄는 특징 중 하나는 일곱 개의 다른 거울의 결합으로, 각각은 지름이 8.4미터로 이전에 만들어진 다른 어떤 망원경의 거울보다 훨씬 더크다.
⑬ This will allow the GMT to take in up to six times more starlight than any telescope in operation today, giving it 30 times better resolution than any other land-based telescope. 이것은 GMT가 오늘날 운용 중인 어떤 망원경보다도 별빛을 최대 6배나 더 흡수하게 하여, 지상에 설치된 어느 망원경보다 30배나 뛰어난 해상도를 갖도록 해줄 것이다.
⑭ It will even outdo the Hubble Space Telescope in the sharpness of its images by a factor of 10. 이것은 이미지의 선명함 면에서 허블 우주 망원경을10배나 능가할 것이다.
⑮ With this enhanced capacity, the GMT will help us understand the origin of planetary systems and witness the formation of stars and galaxies. 이렇게 강화된 성능으로, GMT는 우리가 행성계의기원을 이해하고 별과 은하들의 형성을 관측하는 데도움을 줄 것이다.
⑯ Where the GMT Will Be Built GMT가 설치될 장소
⑰ A mountaintop in Chile's Atacama Desert was chosen for the GMT site. 칠레 아타카마 사막의 산꼭대기가 GMT 부지로 선정되었다.
⑱ Known as the driest place on the planet, the desert provides astonishingly clear skies at an extreme elevation. 지구상에서 가장 건조한 곳으로 알려진 그 사막은최고 고도에서 놀라울 만큼 맑은 하늘을 볼 수 있다.
⑲ It will be constructed, operated, and monitored by an international team from several countries, including South Korea, Australia, and the US. 그것은 대한민국, 호주, 미국을 비롯한 다국적 국제팀에 의해 건설되고, 운영되며, 관찰될 것이다.
⑳ Work on the project is underway and scheduled to be completed in 2025. 프로젝트에 관한 작업은 진행 중이며 2025년에 완료될 예정이다.
㉑ At that time, astronomers will be able to look farther into the universe than ever before, and they hope to be able to find answers to some of the biggest astrophysics riddles of our day. 그때가 되면, 천문학자들은 그 어느 때보다 우주를더 멀리까지 살펴볼 수 있게 될 것이며, 그들은 현시대 최대의 천체물리학 수수께끼 중 일부에 대한 해답을 발견할 수 있기를 희망한다.

 

 

 

Unit 04. People - Reading 1: Victor Hugo Green
① Slavery was officially abolished in the United States in the 1860s. 노예 제도는 1860년대에 미국에서 공식적으로 폐지되었다.
② However, state and local laws known as "Jim Crow laws" made racial segregation legal in places throughout the country. 그러나, '짐크로법'이라 알려진 주 및 지방 법규들은전국 도처에서 인종 분리 정책을 합법화했다.
③ These laws affected schools, libraries, restaurants, and even drinking fountains. 이러한 법들은 학교, 도서관, 식당, 그리고 심지어는식수대까지도 영향을 미쳤다.
④ They made it especially difficult for African Americans to travel because they could be denied service at restaurants and hotels. 그것들은 특히 아프리카계 미국인들이 여행하는 것을 어렵게 만들었는데, 왜냐하면 그들은 식당이나호텔에서 서비스를 거부당할 수 있었기 때문이다.
⑤ There were even "sundown towns," which required non-whites to leave by nighttime, all across the country. 심지어 나라 전역에 걸쳐 '일몰 마을'들이 있었는데, 그곳들은 유색 인종들이 밤이 되기 전까지 떠나도록요구했다.
⑥ In 1936, after experiencing discrimination while traveling by car, an African American postal employee named Victor Hugo Green came up with an idea. 1936년에, 빅터 휴고 그린이라는 이름의 아프리카계 미국인 우체부는 자동차로 여행하는 동안 차별을경험한 이후 아이디어를 하나 생각해 냈다.
⑦ He wrote a guidebook to make travel easier and more enjoyable for African Americans. 그는 아프리카계 미국인들에게 여행을 더 쉽고 더즐겁게 만들어 주기 위해 여행 안내서를 썼다.
⑧ With the help of his co-workers in the Postal Service, Green gathered and compiled information about suitable accommodations for African American travelers in various regions. 우체국에 있는 그의 동료들의 도움으로, 그린은 아프리카계 미국인 여행자들을 위해 다양한 지역에 있는 적절한 숙박 시설에 대한 정보를 모아서 편집했다.
⑨ The first edition of the book focused on the New York area. 그 책의 초판은 뉴욕 지역에 초점을 두었다.
⑩ It listed gas stations, restaurants, hotels, and motels where African Americans could safely stop. 그것은 아프리카계 미국인들이 안전하게 들를 수 있는 주유소, 식당, 호텔, 그리고 모텔을 나열했다.
⑪ In areas where no hotels or motels would accept African American guests, Green listed welcoming "tourist homes," homes where the host families willingly lent rooms to the guests. 아프리카계 미국인 손님들을 받는 호텔이나 모텔이없는 지역에 대해서는, 그린은 따뜻하게 맞이해 주는 '민박 숙소', 즉 주인 가족이 기꺼이 손님들에게방을 빌려주는 집을 나열했다.
⑫ In later editions of the book, Green added information on other places, such as barbershops and drugstores. 더 나중에 출판된 책에서, 그린은 이발소나 약국 같은 다른 장소들에 대한 정보를 추가했다.
⑬ In the introduction to the first edition of the book, Green wrote, "There will be a day sometime in the near future when this guide will not have to be published. 그 책의 초판 도입부에, 그린은 적었다. "가까운 미래에 언젠가 이 여행 안내서가 출판되지 않아도 될때가 있을 것이다.
⑭ That is when we as a race will have equal rights and privileges in the United States." 바로 그때가 우리가 인종으로서 미국에서 동등한 권리와 특권을 갖게 되는 때이다."
⑮ Shortly after his death in 1960, the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 officially made segregation illegal throughout the United States and proved Green's words true. 1960년에 그가 죽고 얼마 지나지 않아 1964년 민권법의 통과는 공식적으로 미국 전역에서의 차별 정책을 불법으로 만들었고 그린의 말이 사실임을 증명했다.

 

 

 

Unit 04. People - Reading 2: Maria Mitchell
① Maria Mitchell, the great astronomer and educator, was born in Nantucket, Massachusetts, in 1818. 위대한 천문학자이자 교육자인 마리아 미첼은 1818년에 매사추세츠주의 낸터킷에서 태어났다.
② From a young age, she was always looking up at the stars. 어려서부터 그녀는 언제나 별들을 바라보고 있었다.
③ When her father noticed this, he taught her how to use a telescope, and the two often observed the night sky together. 그녀의 아버지가 이것을 알아차렸을 때, 그는 그녀에게 망원경을 사용하는 방법을 가르쳐 주었고, 그둘은 종종 함께 밤하늘을 관찰했다.
④ When Maria was only 12 years old, she and her father calculated the position of their home based on their observations of a solar eclipse. 마리아가 겨우 12살이었을 때, 그녀와 그녀의 아버지는 그들이 관측한 일식을 토대로 그들의 집의 위치를 계산했다.
⑤ One day in 1847, when Mitchell was 28 years old, she was on the roof alone, scanning the night sky through a telescope. 1847년의 어느 날, 미첼이 28살이었을 때, 그녀는망원경을 통해 밤하늘을 살펴보면서 지붕 위에 홀로있었다.
⑥ She noticed something unusual that looked like a star, but no star had ever been seen at its location. 그녀는 별처럼 보였던 특이한 무언가를 알아차렸으나, 그 위치에서는 별이 관측된 적이 없었다.
⑦ She concluded that it must be a comet that scientists had never charted before. 그녀는 그것이 과학자들이 이전에 한 번도 기록한적이 없는 혜성임이 틀림없다고 결론지었다.
⑧ She recorded its coordinates, and it turned out that she was right. 그녀는 그것의 좌표를 기록했고, 그녀가 옳았다는것이 밝혀졌다.
⑨ This newly discovered comet, which was given the formal title C/1847 T1, was nicknamed "Miss Mitchell's Comet." 이 새롭게 발견된 혜성은, 공식적인 명칭 C/1847 T1이 주어졌는데, '미첼의 혜성'이라는 별명이 붙여졌다.
⑩ This breakthrough brought her respect and recognition from other astronomers and scientists. 이 중대한 발견은 그녀에게 다른 천문학자와 과학자들로부터 존경과 인정을 가져다 주었다.
⑪ Soon, she became America's first professional female astronomer. 곧, 그녀는 미국 최초의 전문 여성 천문학자가 되었다.
⑫ The next year, Mitchell was hired by the United States Nautical Almanac Office to help predict the location of the planet Venus. 다음 해, 미첼은 금성의 위치를 예측하는 것을 돕기위해 미국의 항해력 연구소에 고용되었다.
⑬ It was a mathematically rigorous job that required her to perform complex calculations. 그것은 그녀가 복잡한 계산을 수행하게 하는 수학적으로 정밀한 임무였다.
⑭ She later became a professor of astronomy at Vassar College, where she and her students observed and documented the extremely rare occurrence of Venus traversing the sun. 그녀는 나중에 바사르 대학의 천문학 교수가 되었는데, 그곳에서 그녀와 그녀의 학생들은 금성이 태양을 가로지르는 극히 드문 현상을 관찰하고 기록했다.
⑮ Mitchell retired from teaching in 1888 and died shortly after, in 1889. 미첼은 1888년에 교단에서 물러났고 얼마 되지 않아 1889년에 죽었다.
⑯ To preserve her legacy, the Maria Mitchell Association was founded, and the observatory in Nantucket was named the Maria Mitchell Observatory in her honor. 그녀의 유산을 보존하기 위해서, 마리아 미첼 협회가 설립되었고, 낸터킷의 천문대는 그녀를 기리기위해 마리아 미첼 천문대라고 이름 지어졌다.
⑰ Even a crater on the moon and an asteroid were named after her. 심지어 달의 한 분화구와 소행성도 그녀의 이름을따서 지어졌다.
⑱ In 1994, Mitchell was inducted into the US National Women's Hall of Fame. 1994년에, 미첼은 미국 국립 여성 명예의 전당에이름을 올렸다.
⑲ Honors like these ensure that this incredible woman will continue to be remembered for her great achievements. 이와 같은 명예는 이 놀라운 여성이 그녀의 위대한업적들로 계속 기억되게 할 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 05. Environment - Reading 1: Avocados
① Avocados are a tropical fruit native to Central America. 아보카도는 중앙아메리카가 원산지인 열대 과일이다.
② They are valued not only for their unique taste and texture, but also for their many health benefits. 그것들은 독특한 맛과 식감뿐만 아니라, 많은 건강상의 이점 때문에 가치 있게 여겨진다.
③ They contain essential nutrients such as vitamins and minerals. 그것들은 비타민과 미네랄 같은 필수 영양소를 가지고 있다.
④ Avocados are especially rich in potassium, which regulates blood pressure and lowers the risk of heart attacks and strokes. 아보카도는 특히 포타슘이 매우 풍부한데, 그것은혈압을 조절하고 심장 마비와 뇌졸중의 위험을 낮춘다.
⑤ What's more, they do not contain any cholesterol and are low in saturated fat. 게다가, 그것들은 콜레스테롤이 전혀 들어 있지 않고 포화 지방이 낮다.
⑥ It is therefore not surprising that the EU imports about 440,000 metric tons of avocados each year. 그래서 유럽연합이 매년 약 44만 미터톤의 아보카도를 수입한다는 것은 놀랍지 않다.
⑦ There is, however, a downside to avocados ― we are simply growing too many of them. 그러나, 아보카도에는 단점이 있는데, 우리가 정말로 아보카도를 너무 많이 키우고 있다는 것이다.
⑧ In Mexico, where 30% of the world's avocados are grown, the increasing demand for avocados has driven farmers to cut down woodlands and turn them into avocado groves. 멕시코에서는, 전 세계 아보카도의 30퍼센트가 재배되는데, 아보카도에 대한 수요 증가는 농부들이삼림 지대를 베어내고 그곳을 아보카도 밭으로 바꾸도록 만들었다.
⑨ The woodlands are the natural habitat of monarch butterflies, along with other plants and animals. 그 삼림 지대는 다른 동식물들과 함께 왕나비의 자연 서식지이다.
⑩ Although the Mexican government has taken steps to protect these natural areas, farmers continue to expand their groves illegally. 비록 멕시코 정부가 이 자연 지역을 보호하기 위한조치를 취해 왔지만, 농부들은 계속해서 불법적으로그들의 밭을 확장하고 있다.
⑪ In Chile, the rapid growth of the avocado industry has led to water shortages. 칠레에서, 아보카도 산업의 급속한 성장은 물 부족을 야기했다.
⑫ This is because it takes about 1,000 liters of water to grow just one kilogram of avocados in the country's dry climate. 이것은 그 나라의 건조한 기후에서 단 1킬로그램의아보카도를 경작하는 데 약 1,000리터의 물이 필요하기 때문이다.
⑬ In comparison, it takes around 110 liters of water to grow a kilogram of oranges. 이에 비해, 1킬로그램의 오렌지를 경작하는 데는 약110리터의 물이 필요하다.
⑭ A kilogram of tomatoes can be produced using just about 63 liters of water. 1킬로그램의 토마토는 단지 약 63리터의 물을 사용하여 생산될 수 있다.
⑮ The avocado industry also harms the environment in other ways ― dangerous chemicals are sprayed on groves, which makes the soil less fertile, and large amounts of wood are used to pack and ship them. 아보카도 산업은 또한 다른 방식으로 환경을 해치기도 하는데, 위험한 화학 물질들이 밭에 뿌려지고, 그것은 토양을 덜 비옥하게 만들며, 많은 양의 나무들이 그것들을 포장하고 운송하는 데 사용된다.
⑯ Due to the environmental damage avocados cause, some restaurants in the UK have stopped serving them. 아보카도가 야기하는 환경적 피해 때문에, 영국의일부 식당들은 그것들을 제공하는 것을 중단했다.
⑰ Consumers should consider avoiding them as well, at least until the avocado industry finds more sustainable ways to grow their product. 적어도 아보카도 산업이 그 농작물을 재배하는 더지속 가능한 방법들을 찾을 때까지 소비자들 또한그것들을 피하는 것을 고려해야 한다.

 

 

 

Unit 05. Environment - Reading 2: TOEFL (The Gaia Hypothesis)
① The Gaia Hypothesis 가이아 가설
② The Gaia Hypothesis is a theory that has not yet been proven. 가이아 가설은 아직 입증되지 않은 학설이다.
③ It is named after the ancient Greek Earth goddess, Gaia, who the Greeks saw as the source of all living and nonliving things on earth. 그것은 고대 그리스 신화에 나오는 대지의 여신 가이아에서 이름을 따왔는데, 그리스 사람들은 가이아를 지구상의 모든 생명체 및 무생물의 근원으로 여겼다.
④ The theory suggests that the earth works as a single self-regulating organism. 이 학설은 지구는 자체적으로 조절하는 하나의 유기체로 기능한다는 것을 시사한다.
⑤ All animals, plants, and even human beings are part of a larger, integrated system similar to that found in living organisms. 모든 동물과 식물, 심지어 인간도, 살아 있는 유기체에서 발견되는 체계와 비슷한 더 크고 통합된 체계의 일부분이라는 것이다.
⑥ According to the hypothesis, only species that help maintain the health of the earth will survive. 이 가설에 따르면, 오로지 지구의 안정을 유지하는데 도움이 되는 종만 살아남을 것이라고 한다.
⑦ The Gaia Hypothesis was formulated by a scientist named James Lovelock. 가이아 가설은 제임스 러브록이라는 과학자에 의해서 만들어졌다.
⑧ He studied the history of life on earth in relation to the atmosphere. 그는 지구상에 있는 생명체의 역사를 대기와 연관지어 연구했다.
⑨ He realized that around 3 billion years ago, bacteria and water plants began producing oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from the air. 그는 약 30억 년 전에 박테리아와 수중 식물이 산소를 만들어 내고 대기의 이산화탄소를 없애기 시작했다는 것을 알아냈다.
⑩ When there was too much oxygen in the air, it was reduced by other species until the correct balance was reached. 대기 중에 산소가 너무 많아지면, 균형이 바로잡힐때까지 다른 종들에 의해서 산소가 줄어들었다.
⑪ Lovelock's research led him to believe that the earth's ecosystem was being controlled by all of the organisms living within it. 러브록의 연구는 그가 지구의 생태계는 지구에 사는모든 유기체에 의해 조절되고 있다고 믿게 해 주었다.
⑫ According to Lovelock, their interactions have kept nature in balance for millions of years. 러브록에 따르면, 그들의 상호 작용이 수백만 년 동안 자연을 균형 있게 유지하도록 해 왔다.
⑬ The Gaia Hypothesis suggests that every animal and plant on earth is connected, so that what happens to one species has an effect on our entire planet. 가이아 가설은 지구상의 모든 동식물이 연관되어 있고, 따라서 하나의 종에게 일어나는 일이 우리 지구전체에 영향을 미친다는 것을 시사한다.
⑭ For example, when forests are cut down, there is a decrease in the amount of oxygen and an increase in that of carbon dioxide in the air. 예를 들어, 삼림이 줄어들면 대기 중의 산소량은 줄어들고 이산화탄소량은 증가한다.
⑮ Conversely, the growth of trees increases the amount of oxygen and decreases the amount of carbon dioxide in the air. 반대로, 나무의 성장은 대기 중의 산소량을 증가시키고 이산화탄소량은 감소시킨다.
⑯ Whether it is true or not, the Gaia Hypothesis can help us think more deeply about our behavior as a species. 그것이 사실이든 아니든, 가이아 가설은 우리가 하나의 종으로서 우리의 행위에 대해 더 깊이 생각해보도록 도움을 줄 수 있다.
⑰ This, in turn, can inspire us to find ways to change our destructive activities and to take more responsibility for the well-being of the planet on which we live. 이는 결과적으로 우리의 파괴적 행위들을 바꾸는 방법들을 찾고 우리가 살고 있는 행성의 안녕을 위해더 많은 책임을 지도록 우리를 고취시킬 수 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 06. Economics - Reading 1: Loss Aversion
① A man accidentally drops a ten-dollar bill on the sidewalk. 어떤 남자가 우연히 10달러짜리 지폐를 인도에 떨어뜨린다.
② When he gets home, he realizes what happened, and he is very upset. 집에 도착했을 때, 그는 무슨 일이 일어났는지 깨닫고, 매우 속상해한다.
③ A woman sees the ten-dollar bill on the sidewalk and picks it up. 어떤 여자가 인도에서 그 10달러짜리 지폐를 보고그것을 줍는다.
④ It's her lucky day! 그녀의 행운의 날이다!
⑤ You might think that the woman's feeling of happiness is equally as strong as the man's feeling of disappointment. 당신은 그 여자의 행복감이 그 남자의 실망감과 똑같이 크다고 생각할지도 모른다.
⑥ However, a cognitive bias called "loss aversion" suggests that it isn't. 그러나, '손실 회피'라고 불리는 인지적 편향은 그렇지 않다는 것을 시사한다.
⑦ According to researcher Daniel Kahneman, loss aversion causes people to prefer avoiding losses to receiving gains. 대니얼 카너먼이라는 연구원에 따르면, 손실 회피는사람들이 이익을 얻는 것보다 손실을 피하는 것을더 선호하게 한다.
⑧ Kahneman's study of loss aversion showed that people value what they have more than what they may be able to get. 손실 회피에 대한 카너먼의 연구는 사람들이 자신이소유하고 있는 것을 얻을 수 있는 것보다 더 가치 있게 여긴다는 것을 보여 주었다.
⑨ He conducted an experiment with a number of people that he divided into three groups. 그는 세 그룹으로 나눈 많은 수의 사람들을 대상으로 실험을 했다.
⑩ One group received mugs, another received chocolate, and the last received nothing. 한 그룹은 머그잔을 받았고, 다른 그룹은 초콜릿을받았고, 마지막 그룹은 아무것도 받지 않았다.
⑪ They were given the chance to switch their item, or to choose one if they had received nothing. 그들은 자신들의 물건을 교환하거나, 아무것도 받지못했으면 물건을 하나 선택할 수 있는 기회를 얻었다.
⑫ The results of the experiment showed that people preferred to keep their belongings. 이 실험의 결과는 사람들이 자신의 소유물을 유지하는 것을 선호했다는 것을 보여 주었다.
⑬ Among those who originally received nothing, there was no significant preference for choosing chocolate or a mug. 원래 아무것도 받지 않았던 사람들 중에는 초콜릿이나 머그잔을 고르는 것에 있어서 뚜렷한 선호도가없었다.
⑭ Meanwhile, 90% of the people with chocolate and 86% of the people with a mug chose to keep what they had. 한편, 초콜릿을 가진 사람의 90퍼센트와 머그잔을가진 사람의 86퍼센트가 자신이 가지고 있던 것을유지하는 쪽을 택했다.
⑮ Loss aversion could explain many real-life situations. 손실 회피는 실생활의 많은 상황들을 설명할 수 있다.
⑯ Imagine you sign up for a 30-day free trial for a movie streaming service. 당신이 영화 스트리밍 서비스의 30일짜리 무료 체험을 신청했다고 상상해 보라.
⑰ After a month, you find it hard to give up! 한 달 후, 당신은 그것을 끊기가 어렵다는 것을 알게된다!
⑱ Free trials are a good marketing strategy, because people are less likely to pay for something new than they are to pay to keep what they already have. 무료 체험은 좋은 마케팅 전략인데, 왜냐하면 사람들은 그들이 이미 가지고 있는 것을 유지하기 위해지불하는 것보다 새로운 무언가에 대해 비용을 지불할 가능성이 더 작기 때문이다.
⑲ Whether it's a mug or a movie streaming service, people are more likely to stick with what they have. 그것이 머그잔이든 영화 스트리밍 서비스이든, 사람들은 자신들이 가진 것을 고수하려 할 가능성이 더크다.
⑳ Despite the potential for an improved situation or better gains, human beings show a clear preference for keeping what they have and avoiding an uncomfortable feeling of loss. 개선된 상황이나 더 많은 이익의 가능성이 있음에도불구하고, 인간은 자신이 가지고 있는 것을 계속 유지하고 손실이라는 불편한 감정을 회피하려 하는 명백한 선호도를 보여 준다.

 

 

 

Unit 06. Economics - Reading 2: The Veblen Effect
① The law of supply and demand is one of the most basic principles of economics. 수요 공급의 법칙은 경제학에서 가장 기본적인 원칙중 하나이다.
② If supply is high or demand is low, the price of a product usually drops. 공급이 많거나 수요가 적을 경우, 상품의 가격은 보통 떨어진다.
③ If demand is high or supply is low, the price usually rises. 수요가 많거나 공급이 적으면, 가격은 대개 올라간다.
④ A second basic principle is that people are more likely to buy a product when its price is low. 두 번째 기본 원칙은 상품의 가격이 낮을 때 사람들이 상품을 살 가능성이 더 높다는 것이다.
⑤ However, there are some exceptions to this rule. 그러나 이 법칙에는 몇 가지 예외가 있다.
⑥ One of them is the Veblen effect. 그중 하나가 베블런 효과이다.
⑦ First noted in 1899 by the sociologist Thorstein Veblen, this theory states that under certain conditions, consumers are actually attracted to items because they are more expensive. 1899년 사회학자인 소스타인 베블런에 의해 처음언급된 이 이론은 특정 상황에서는 상품이 더 비싸기 때문에 소비자가 실제로 그 상품에 끌린다고 설명한다.
⑧ Consumers who act this way, according to Veblen, are usually rich people who want to show others just how wealthy they are. 베블런에 따르면, 이같이 행동하는 소비자들은 대개다른 사람들에게 단지 자신들이 얼마나 부유한지를보여 주고 싶어하는 부자들이라고 한다.
⑨ By purchasing and displaying expensive items, they seek to either raise or confirm their social status. 비싼 상품을 구매하고 과시함으로써, 자신들의 사회적 지위를 높이거나 확인하고 싶어한다는 것이다.
⑩ The items involved with the Veblen effect are generally luxury goods, such as designer handbags, brand-name sports shoes, and expensive cars. 베블런 효과와 관련된 상품들은 보통 명품 가방, 유명 상표의 운동화나 값비싼 자동차 같은 사치품들이다.
⑪ These so-called "status goods" are generally not of higher quality than their more reasonably priced counterparts. 이러한 소위 '신분재'들이 좀 더 합리적인 가격의 동종 상품들보다 일반적으로 품질이 더 뛰어나지는 않다.
⑫ What actually matters to the purchaser is the level of prestige associated with the product or its manufacturer. 구매자들에게 실제로 중요한 것은 그 상품이나 제조업체와 연관된 명성의 수준이다.
⑬ Understanding this, marketers sometimes use the Veblen effect in their ads. 이것을 알고, 마케팅 담당자들은 때때로 광고에 베블런 효과를 이용한다.
⑭ By including words like "prestigious," "impress," and "envy," they can attract certain consumers to their high-priced goods and services. '명성 있는', '깊은 인상을 주다', '선망(하다)'와 같은 어휘들을 포함함으로써, 특정 소비자들을 자신들의 고가 제품이나 서비스로 끌어들일 수 있다.
⑮ These days, there are also people who want to keep up with their wealthier neighbors. 요즘에는 부유한 주변인들을 따라잡기 원하는 사람들도 있다.
⑯ They may not be able to comfortably afford luxury items, but they want others to think they can. 그들은 사치품들을 마음 놓고 구매할 수 있는 여유가 없을 수도 있지만, 다른 사람들은 그들이 그럴 여유가 있다고 여기기를 원한다.
⑰ Some people will spend an entire month's salary on a single high-prestige item, such as a designer bag. 어떤 사람들은 명품 가방과 같은 유명 상품 하나에한 달 치 월급 전부를 쓸 것이다.
⑱ As a result, counterfeit products, made to look like expensive brand-name goods, have become popular. 그 결과, 고가의 유명 상표 제품처럼 보이도록 만들어진 모조품들이 인기를 얻게 되었다.
⑲ Ultimately, the Veblen effect is about belonging to an exclusive group. 궁극적으로, 베블런 효과는 특권층에 소속되는 것에관한 것이다.
⑳ If the prices of these products were lowered and everyone could afford them, they would no longer hold the same appeal. 이러한 상품들의 가격이 낮아져서 모든 사람이 구매할 수 있다면, 그것들은 더는 예전만큼의 매력을 갖지 못하게 될 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 07. Social Issues - Reading 1: Underpopulation
① Scientists tell us that if each woman has on average 2.1 babies, the society she lives in will have stable population growth. 과학자들은 만일 각각의 여성이 평균적으로 2.1명의 아기를 출산한다면 그 여성이 사는 사회는 안정적인 인구 증가를 보일 것이라고 말한다.
② Just a few decades ago, many women in countries such as Brazil and Italy were having five or six children. 불과 몇십 년 전만 해도 브라질과 이탈리아 같은 나라의 수많은 여성들이 대여섯 명의 자녀를 낳았다.
③ Scientists warned of overpopulation because people were starting to live longer thanks to general improvements in health conditions and medicine. 과학자들은 전반적으로 건강 상태가 좋아지고 의학이 진보한 덕분에 사람들의 수명이 더욱 길어지기시작했다는 이유로 인구 과잉을 경고했다.
④ Today we are more likely to hear of underpopulation when scientists talk about the future. 오늘날 우리는 과학자들이 미래에 관해 이야기할 때인구 부족에 대해 듣게 되는 경우가 더 많은 것 같다.
⑤ Underpopulation occurs when the birthrate falls below 2.1. 인구 부족은 출산율이 2.1 아래로 떨어질 때 발생한다.
⑥ Already, half the countries in the world are experiencing a birthrate below this number. 이미, 전 세계 절반에 해당하는 국가들이 이 수치에못 미치는 출산율을 겪고 있다.
⑦ This is occurring for a number of reasons. 이런 현상이 발생하는 데는 여러 가지 이유가 있다.
⑧ One of the major factors is the rising cost of bringing up children. 주된 요인 중 하나는 자녀 양육에 드는 비용의 증가이다.
⑨ Because it's becoming more expensive to raise children, people are choosing to have fewer babies. 자녀를 키우는 데 드는 비용이 더 늘고 있기 때문에사람들은 아이를 보다 적게 갖는 것을 선택하고 있다.
⑩ Also, more women are working these days, so it's common for them to have children when they are older or not to have children at all. 또한, 요즘은 더 많은 여성이 일하고 있어 더 늦은나이에 아이를 갖거나 아이를 아예 갖지 않는 경우도 흔하다.
⑪ Furthermore, young married couples are often more concerned with their careers and reaching their personal goals than with having children. 더욱이 젊은 부부들은 보통 아이를 갖는 것보다 경력이나 개인적인 목표를 달성하는 데 더 관심이 많다.
⑫ A decreasing birthrate is related to an increasing elderly population. 줄어드는 출산율은 늘어나는 노령 인구와 관련이 있다.
⑬ For seniors, the problem is that there are fewer young, working people to finance programs for retirement and health care. 노인들에게 있어, 문제는 퇴직과 건강 관리를 위한프로그램을 재정적으로 지원해 줄 젊은 노동 인력이줄어든다는 것이다.
⑭ Simply put, the group depending on the programs is larger than the programs can support. 간단히 말해, 그런 프로그램들에 의존하는 집단이프로그램이 지원할 수 있는 것보다 더 크다는 것이다.
⑮ The situation also affects young people's futures, as there may not be enough money to support them eventually. 이 상황은 젊은이들의 미래에도 영향을 미치는데,결국 그들을 부양할 충분한 돈이 없을지도 모르기때문이다.

 

 

 

Unit 07. Social Issues - Reading 2: Sweatshops
① No More Blood & Sweat Factories! 피와 땀을 착취하는 공장은 이제 그만!
② In some factories in Bangladesh, workers are paid just $25 per month and are only allowed half a day off each week. 방글라데시의 일부 공장에서, 노동자들은 월급으로겨우 25달러를 받고 매주 반나절의 휴식만을 허락받는다.
③ These jobs also require long, hard hours under very difficult conditions. 이 일들은 또한 매우 열악한 환경에서 오랜 시간 고된 노동을 요구한다.
④ These dangerous factories, called sweatshops, can be found throughout the world. 노동 착취 공장이라고 불리는 이 위험한 공장들은세계 곳곳에서 찾아볼 수 있다.
⑤ The conditions in sweatshops are terrible. 노동 착취 공장의 환경은 끔찍하다.
⑥ Workers must work for over 12 hours a day without bathroom breaks. 노동자들은 화장실에 갈 휴식 시간도 없이 하루에12시간 이상을 일해야 한다.
⑦ Many have to breathe in poisonous chemicals all day. 대다수가 온종일 유독성 화학 물질을 들이마셔야 한다.
⑧ Also, sweatshop workers can be children under 12 years old. 게다가 노동 착취 공장 노동자들은 12세 미만의 어린이일 수도 있다.
⑨ Sweatshops exist mainly in the clothing industry, where machines cannot replace all of the detailed work done by hand. 노동 착취 공장은 섬유업계에서 주로 존재하는데,이곳은 기계가 손으로 이뤄지는 모든 섬세한 작업을대신할 수는 없는 곳이다.
⑩ Since the rise of globalization in the 1980s, multinational companies have been using sweatshops to save money. 1980년대에 세계화의 등장 이래로, 다국적 기업들은 경비 절감을 위해 노동 착취 공장을 이용해 오고있다.
⑪ They tend to build factories in poor countries in Africa, Asia, and Central America. 그들은 아프리카나 아시아, 중앙아메리카의 가난한나라에 주로 공장을 세운다.
⑫ But sweatshops can even be found in the US, where firms employ illegal immigrants. 그러나 노동 착취 공장은 심지어 미국에서도 발견되는데, 이곳에서는 기업들이 불법 이민자들을 채용한다.
⑬ Some of the best-known brands in the world have also used sweatshop labor. 세계적으로 가장 잘 알려진 브랜드 가운데 일부도노동 착취 공장의 노동력을 이용해 왔다.
⑭ To get rid of sweatshops, consumers should refuse to buy clothes produced in them. 노동 착취 공장을 근절시키기 위해서는 소비자들이그곳에서 생산된 의류 구매를 거부해야 한다.
⑮ Many boycotts have been successful, including a huge one in the US, in which university students refused to buy popular college clothing ― T-shirts and hats with logos of their schools on them ― because it had been produced in sweatshops. 많은 불매 운동이 성공을 거두어 왔는데, 그중에는대학생들이 노동 착취 공장에서 생산되었다는 이유로 학교 로고가 찍힌 티셔츠와 모자 같은 인기 있는대학 의류 구매를 거부했던 미국의 대규모 불매 운동도 포함되어 있다.
⑯ We can also ask for laws to monitor sweatshops more closely. 우리는 또한 노동 착취 공장을 좀 더 면밀히 감시하는 법을 요구할 수도 있다.
⑰ For example, we can demand laws that make factories provide information about workers' conditions and wages. 예를 들어, 우리는 공장이 노동 조건이나 임금에 대한 정보를 제공하도록 하는 법을 요구할 수 있다.
⑱ We can also demand more inspections of factories to make sure that workers are not suffering. 우리는 또한 노동자들이 혹사당하지 않는다는 것을확인할 수 있도록 공장에 대한 더 많은 시찰을 요구할 수도 있다.
⑲ Some people say that any job is better than no job and that sweatshop labor lets people in the developed world buy products at a cheaper price. 어떤 이들은 일이 없는 것보다는 어떤 일이라도 있는 것이 더 나으며, 노동 착취 공장의 노동이 선진국국민들이 제품을 더 싼 가격에 살 수 있게 한다고 말한다.
⑳ But tiring, dangerous jobs in sweatshops do not allow workers to escape from poverty. 하지만 노동 착취 공장에서의 고단하고 위험한 일들이 노동자들을 가난에서 벗어날 수 있게 하지는 않는다.
㉑ Abusing people for the benefit of global companies cannot be justified for any reason. 세계적 기업들의 이익을 위해서 사람들을 혹사시키는 것은 어떤 이유로도 정당화될 수 없다.

 

 

 

Unit 08. Psychology - Reading 1: Generalized Anxiety Disorder
① Have you ever worried about your grades or your health? 당신은 당신의 성적이나 건강에 대해 걱정해 본 적이 있는가?
② Of course you have. 물론 있을 것이다.
③ These are things everyone worries about once in a while. 이것들은 모든 사람들이 이따금 걱정하는 것들이다.
④ However, there are some people who worry about things all the time, even when there isn't a problem. 그러나, 문제가 없을 때조차도, 항상 걱정을 하는 일부 사람들이 있다.
⑤ They suffer from a condition called Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). 그들은 범불안장애라 불리는 질환으로 고통받고 있다.
⑥ People with GAD realize they are worrying unnecessarily, but they can't stop. 범불안장애를 가진 사람들은 자신들이 불필요하게걱정하고 있다는 것을 알지만, 그들은 멈출 수 없다.
⑦ GAD should not be confused with phobias. 범불안장애가 공포증과 혼동되어서는 안 된다.
⑧ Phobias are illogical fears about specific things, such as snakes or elevators, while GAD is a general state of anxiety. 공포증은 뱀이나 엘리베이터 같이 특정한 대상에 대한 비논리적인 공포인 반면에, 범불안장애는 일반적인 불안의 상태이다.
⑨ For example, if people with GAD don't hear from a friend for a few days, they'll start to worry that they somehow made their friend angry. 예를 들어, 범불안장애를 가진 사람들은 며칠 동안친구로부터 소식을 듣지 못한다면, 그들은 아무래도자신이 친구를 화나게 했다고 걱정하기 시작할 것이다.
⑩ Even after their friend calls and reassures them that nothing is wrong, they will continue to worry. 심지어 그들의 친구가 전화해서 아무 일도 없다고안심시킨 후에도, 그들은 계속해서 걱정할 것이다.
⑪ This is a key characteristic of GAD ― the anxiety goes on and on. 불안이 지속된다는 것이 범불안장애의 핵심적인 특징이다.
⑫ Along with constant worry, people with GAD often experience sleep deprivation, decreased concentration, and increased muscle tension. 지속적인 걱정과 더불어, 범불안장애를 가진 사람들은 종종 수면 부족, 집중력 저하, 그리고 근육 긴장증가를 경험한다.
⑬ Unfortunately, there is no clear cause of this condition. 불행하게도, 이 질환의 명확한 원인이 없다.
⑭ It is believed to be due to a combination of genetics, brain chemistry, and childhood experiences. 유전적 요인, 뇌 화학, 그리고 아동기 경험의 조합때문인 것으로 여겨진다.
⑮ As with many other conditions, some people are genetically more likely to develop GAD than others. 많은 다른 질환들과 같이, 몇몇의 사람들은 유전적으로 다른 사람들보다 범불안장애가 생기기 더 쉽다.
⑯ In terms of brain chemistry, it is a disruption in the amygdala, the part of the brain that processes feelings of fear and anxiety, that seems to lead to GAD. 뇌 화학의 관점에서, 범불안장애를 일으키는 것은바로 공포와 불안의 감정을 처리하는 뇌의 부분인편도체의 교란인 것으로 보인다.
⑰ Children who experience traumatic events or whose parents are overly anxious are also more likely to develop GAD in adulthood. 대단히 충격적인 사건들을 경험하거나 부모님들이과도하게 불안해하는 아이들도 또한 성인기에 범불안장애가 생길 가능성이 더 높다.
⑱ Medication and therapy are sometimes used to treat people suffering from GAD. 범불안장애로 고통받는 사람들을 치료하기 위해서약물과 치료법이 때때로 사용된다.
⑲ There are, however, certain things they can do to reduce their anxiety themselves. 그러나, 불안을 줄이기 위해서 그들이 직접 할 수 있는 몇 가지 일들이 있다.
⑳ These include exercising regularly, limiting the amount of caffeine they consume, and engaging in stress-reduction techniques such as meditation. 여기에는 규칙적으로 운동하기, 섭취하는 카페인의양 제한하기, 그리고 명상과 같은 스트레스 감소 기법들에 참여하는 것이 포함된다.

 

 

 

Unit 08. Psychology - Reading 2: The Ulysses Contract
① No matter how hard Jason tried, he couldn't stop playing computer games late at night. 제이슨은 아무리 노력해도 밤늦게까지 컴퓨터 게임을 하는 것을 멈출 수가 없었다.
② As a result, his grades dropped greatly. 그 결과, 그의 성적은 크게 떨어졌다.
③ Finally, he made a deal with himself. 결국, 그는 자신과 거래를 했다.
④ If he played a single game after 11 p.m., he would give away his computer. 그가 밤 11시 이후에 단 한 번이라도 게임을 하면,그는 컴퓨터를 넘겨주기로 했다.
⑤ He couldn't imagine living without it, so he eventually stopped playing games late at night. 그는 그것이 없이 사는 것을 상상할 수 없어서, 마침내 밤늦게까지 게임하는 것을 멈추었다.
⑥ Jason used something called a "Ulysses contract." 제이슨은 '율리시스의 계약'이라 불리는 것을 활용했다.
⑦ It's a decision people freely make to restrict themselves in the future. 그것은 사람들이 미래의 자신에게 제약을 가하기 위해서 자발적으로 내리는 결정이다.
⑧ Its name comes from the hero of the Greek poem, Odyssey. 그것의 명칭은 그리스 시, <오디세이>에 등장하는영웅으로부터 유래했다.
⑨ Ulysses was the captain of a ship that had to sail past dangerous creatures called Sirens. 율리시스는 사이렌이라 불리는 위험한 생명체들을지나쳐 항해해야만 했던 배의 선장이었다.
⑩ The Sirens sang beautiful songs causing sailors to crash their ships. 사이렌들은 아름다운 노래를 불러 선원들이 그들의배를 충돌하게 만들었다.
⑪ Ulysses made everyone else fill their ears with wax, but he wanted to hear the songs himself. 율리시스는 다른 모든 사람들의 귀를 밀랍으로 막게했지만, 자신은 직접 그 노래를 듣고 싶었다.
⑫ So he tied himself to the ship's mast until they had passed the Sirens. 그래서 그들이 사이렌들을 지나칠 때까지 그는 자신의 몸을 배의 돛대에 묶었다.
⑬ Both Ulysses and Jason bound themselves to avoid doing something foolish later. 율리시스와 제이슨 둘 다 나중에 어리석은 일을 하는 것을 피하기 위해 스스로를 구속했던 것이다.
⑭ The effectiveness of the Ulysses contract was proven in an experiment involving a health reward program. 율리시스의 계약의 효과는 건강 보상 프로그램과 관련된 실험에서 입증되었다.
⑮ Members of this program received a cash-back bonus for purchasing healthy food. 이 프로그램의 회원들은 건강식품을 구매한 것에 대해 현금 상환 보너스를 받았다.
⑯ Then members were challenged to increase the amount of healthy products they purchased the next month. 그런 다음 회원들은 다음 달에 그들이 구매하는 건강식품의 양을 늘릴 것을 요구받았다.
⑰ If they failed, they would have to give up their bonuses. 만약 실패하면, 그들은 보너스를 포기해야 했다.
⑱ This challenge was refused by most members. 이 도전은 대부분의 회원들에게 거절당했다.
⑲ However, some members who wanted to improve their diets but feared they lacked the willpower to do so accepted it. 그러나 자신의 식습관을 개선하기를 원했지만 그렇게 할 의지가 부족한 것을 걱정하는 일부 회원들은도전을 받아들였다.
⑳ In the end, members who took the challenge increased healthy purchases more than the other members. 결국, 도전에 응한 회원들은 나머지 회원들보다 건강한 구매를 더 많이 늘렸다.
㉑ A company called StickK also makes use of Ulysses contracts. 스틱이라 불리는 회사 역시 율리시스의 계약을 이용한다.
㉒ After setting a goal, some StickK users give money to the company. 일부 스틱 이용자들은 목표를 설정한 후에 그 회사에 돈을 지불한다.
㉓ If they meet their goal, they get it back. 그들이 목표를 달성하면, 그들은 그 돈을 돌려받는다.
㉔ If they don't, the money is given to a recipient that they designated earlier, such as their friend or charity. 만약 달성하지 못한다면, 그 돈은 그들의 친구나 자선 단체와 같이 그들이 미리 지정한 수령인에게 주어진다.
㉕ Their success rate is twice that of StickK users who choose not to commit any money. 그들의 성공률은 돈을 걸지 않기로 선택한 스틱 이용자들의 두 배나 된다.
㉖ If you have a goal you can't seem to reach, consider making a Ulysses contract. 만약 당신이 달성하지 못할 것 같은 목표가 있다면, 율리시스의 계약을 맺는 것을 고려해 보라.
㉗ It may give you the extra motivation you need. 그것은 아마도 당신에게 필요한 추가적인 동기 부여를 줄지도 모른다.

 

 

 

Unit 09. Culture - Reading 1: Turkish Coffee
① When you think about coffee, countries like Italy and France probably come to mind first. 당신이 커피에 대해 생각할 때, 이탈리아와 프랑스같은 나라들이 아마도 먼저 떠오를 것이다.
② In fact, though, coffee had been enjoyed in Turkey long before it arrived in Europe. 하지만, 사실 커피는 유럽에 전파되기 훨씬 전부터터키에서 즐겨졌다.
③ People in Turkey started drinking coffee in the early 15th century. 터키 사람들은 15세기 초에 커피를 마시기 시작했다.
④ In the following century, coffee houses started appearing in Istanbul. 그 다음 세기에, 이스탄불에 커피 하우스가 등장하기 시작했다.
⑤ Then in the 17th century, Turkish merchants began selling coffee beans throughout Europe. 그 후 17세기에, 터키 상인들은 유럽 전역에서 커피콩을 팔기 시작했다.
⑥ Unlike coffee made using the common filter-brewing method, Turkish coffee is boiled in a small pot called a cezve, which is filled with finely ground beans, cold water, and sugar. 일반적인 필터 양조 방식을 사용하여 만들어진 커피와는 달리, 터키식 커피는 체즈베라고 불리는 작은솥에서 끓여지는데, 그것은 곱게 간 커피콩과 찬물, 그리고 설탕으로 채워진다.
⑦ This mixture is heated slowly on a stove so that foam forms well on its surface. 이 혼합물은 그것의 표면에 거품이 잘 형성되도록화로 위에서 천천히 가열된다.
⑧ Turkish coffee is usually served with a glass of water. 터키식 커피는 보통 물 한 잔과 함께 제공된다.
⑨ By taking a sip of water to cleanse the palate before drinking the coffee, one can enjoy its full flavor. 커피를 마시기 전에 미각을 정화하는 물 한 모금을마심으로써, 커피의 풍미를 제대로 즐길 수 있다.
⑩ Another sip of water after drinking the coffee helps to get rid of any tiny coffee grounds left in one's mouth. 커피를 마신 후의 또 다른 물 한 모금은 입에 남아있는 아주 작은 커피 찌꺼기를 없애는 것을 도와준다.
⑪ Upon finishing the coffee, it is tradition to rotate one's cup, make a wish, and turn the cup upside down on the saucer. 커피를 다 마시고 나서, 컵을 돌리고, 소원을 빌고, 받침 접시에 컵을 거꾸로 뒤집어 놓는 것이 전통이다.
⑫ Then, the remains left in the cup are used to tell his or her fortune. 그러고 나서, 컵에 남아 있는 잔여물은 그 사람의 운세를 말해주는 데 쓰인다.
⑬ For example, a group of black dots suggests that one will receive money in the future. 예를 들어, 한 무리의 검은 점들은 미래에 돈을 받게되리라는 것을 암시한다.
⑭ Coffee is so much a part of Turkish culture that many famous songs and poems have been written about it. 커피는 터키 문화의 매우 중요한 부분이어서 많은유명한 노래와 시들이 그것에 대해 써왔다.
⑮ There is even a well-known proverb that says, "The memory of a cup of coffee lasts for forty years." 심지어 '커피 한 잔의 기억이 40년 동안 지속된다'라는 유명한 속담도 있다.
⑯ Because of its long history and the various traditions surrounding it, Turkish coffee was added to UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage List in 2013. 커피의 오랜 역사와 그것을 둘러싼 다양한 전통 때문에, 터키식 커피는 2013년에 유네스코의 무형 문화 유산 목록에 추가되었다.
⑰ While coffee is a common drink in many countries, it is enjoyed in Turkey as a part of the country's unique cultural heritage. 커피는 많은 나라에서 흔한 음료이지만, 터키에서는그것이 그 나라의 고유한 문화적 유산의 일부로 즐겨진다.

 

 

 

Unit 09. Culture - Reading 2: Uros Floating Islands
① Lake Titicaca is located high in the Andes Mountains, on the border between Peru and Bolivia. 티티카카 호수는 안데스 산맥의 고지대에 위치해 있으며 페루와 볼리비아의 국경에 있다.
② It is one of the highest lakes in the world and is also home to numerous floating islands made of reeds. 그것은 세계에서 가장 높은 호수 중 하나이고, 또한갈대로 만들어진 수많은 떠다니는 섬들의 본고장이다.
③ These islands were constructed by the Uros people. 이 섬들은 우로스 족에 의해 건설되었다.
④ Many centuries ago, they lived by farming on the land. 수 세기 전에, 그들은 육지에서 농사를 지으며 살았다.
⑤ But as the neighboring Inca Empire began to invade their territory, the Uros started building islands. 그러나 인접한 잉카 제국이 그들의 영토를 침략하기시작하자, 우로스 족은 섬을 만들기 시작했다.
⑥ Instead of farming, they lived by fishing and hunting on the islands. 농사를 짓는 대신에, 그들은 그 섬에서 낚시와 사냥을 하며 살았다.
⑦ This new lifestyle protected them, and they could avoid being absorbed into the Inca Empire as a result. 이 새로운 생활 방식은 그들을 보호했고, 그 결과 그들은 잉카 제국에 흡수되는 것을 피할 수 있었다.
⑧ Today there are about 100 floating islands, with approximately 3,000 people living on them. 오늘날에는 약 100여 개의 떠다니는 섬들이 있고, 대략 3,000명의 사람들이 그곳에서 살고 있다.
⑨ The islands are built using dried totora reeds, which grow on the lake's shores. 그 섬들은 마른 토토라 갈대를 이용하여 만들어지는데, 그것들은 그 호숫가에서 자란다.
⑩ The Uros weave the reeds together, creating a thick floating mass. 우로스 족은 갈대를 서로 엮어서, 물에 뜨는 두꺼운덩어리를 만든다.
⑪ The bottom layer decays quickly, so new layers must constantly be added. 바닥층은 빠르게 썩어서, 새로운 층이 지속적으로추가되어야만 한다.
⑫ Each island lasts about 30 years before the entire island must be replaced. 각 섬은 섬 전체가 교체되기 전까지 약 30년간 지속된다.
⑬ The Uros also use totora reeds to make boats and a variety of crafts. 우로스 족은 또한 보트와 다양한 공예품들을 만드는데 토토라 갈대를 사용한다.
⑭ Totora's flowers are used to make tea and medicine. 토토라의 꽃들은 차와 약을 만드는 데 사용된다.
⑮ The white part at the bottom of the reeds is eaten by the Uros, while the green part is fed to their livestock. 갈대의 아래쪽의 흰 부분은 우로스 족이 먹지만, 녹색 부분은 그들의 가축에게 먹인다.
⑯ Although they live a traditional lifestyle, the Uros have also embraced modern technology. 우로스 족은 전통적인 생활 방식으로 살고 있지만, 현대 기술 또한 받아들였다.
⑰ They now have solar panels on some of their islands and motors on their boats. 그들은 이제 일부 섬에는 태양 전지판을, 그리고 보트에는 모터를 가지고 있다.
⑱ Tourism is another part of modern culture that has become a part of the Uros' lifestyle. 관광은 우로스 족의 생활 방식의 일부가 된 현대 문화의 또 다른 부분이다.
⑲ Travel agencies bring tourists to the islands by boat. 여행사들은 보트로 그 섬에 여행객들을 데려온다.
⑳ The Uros, wearing traditional clothes, welcome these visitors and show them around. 우로스 족은 전통 의상을 입고 이 방문객들을 맞이하고 그들에게 주변을 안내한다.
㉑ Although this may seem intrusive, it is an important source of income for the Uros. 비록 이것이 침해하는 것처럼 보일 수도 있지만, 그것은 우로스 족에게 중요한 수입원이다.
㉒ In today's globalized world, there are fewer and fewer traditional cultures with a unique lifestyle. 오늘날의 세계화된 세상에서, 독특한 생활 방식을가진 전통 문화가 점점 더 줄어들고 있다.
㉓ The Uros, however, seem to have found a way to accept the modern world while holding on to their fascinating traditions. 그러나, 우로스 족은 그들의 매력적인 전통을 유지하면서 현대 세계를 받아들일 방법을 찾은 것처럼보인다.

 

 

 

Unit 10. Art - Reading 1: Pablo Picasso
① The work of Pablo Picasso is famous around the world because of his influence as an artist. 파블로 피카소의 작품은 화가로서의 그의 영향력 때문에 세계적으로 유명하다.
② Even people who don't have much knowledge of art have probably heard of or seen the work of Picasso. 미술에 대한 지식이 많지 않은 사람들 조차도 피카소의 작품에 대해 들어 보았거나 본 적이 있을 것이다.
③ Picasso was born in Spain and spent much of his life living in France. 피카소는 스페인에서 태어나 생애 대부분을 프랑스에서 보냈다.
④ He was well known for producing huge quantities of work. 그는 엄청난 양의 작품을 그린 것으로 유명했다.
⑤ He completed over 20,000 different pieces during his lifetime. 그는 일생 동안 2만 점이 넘는 작품들을 완성했다.
⑥ His paintings can be divided into different categories based on their styles and ideas. 그의 그림들은 화풍과 사상을 토대로 다양한 범주로나뉠 수 있다.
⑦ During the "Blue Period," in his early years of painting, he produced many works in shades of blue. 그가 그림을 그리던 초기인 '청색 시대'에는 많은 작품을 청색의 색조로 그렸다.
⑧ This was followed by the "Rose Period," when his works showed warmer rose and red colors. 이후 '장미 시대'가 이어졌는데, 이때의 그의 작품들은 좀 더 따뜻한 느낌의 장밋빛과 붉은색을 보여 주었다.
⑨ However, Picasso's most famous artistic contribution was "Cubism"; it is a style that he helped develop and popularize, using it in a great number of his works. 하지만 피카소의 가장 유명한 미술사적 기여는 '입체주의'로서, 이것은 피카소가 상당수 그의 작품에사용하면서 발전시키고 보급하는 데 일조한 화풍이다.
⑩ In Cubism, a single object may be broken down and shown from a number of different angles at once. 입체주의에서는, 하나의 사물이 조각으로 쪼개지고한 번에 여러 다른 각도에서 보여진다.
⑪ The colors and shapes in his work from this period contained symbolic meanings, and he loved to use especially bright, energetic colors. 이 시기부터 그의 작품 속 색채와 형태는 상징적인의미를 담았으며, 그는 특히 밝고 생동감 있는 색채를 즐겨 사용했다.
⑫ Picasso did not just focus on producing artistic beauty, however. 그러나 피카소는 예술적인 아름다움을 창출하는 데만 중점을 두지 않았다.
⑬ He also wanted to make people feel strong emotions through his work. 그는 또한 자신의 작품을 통해 사람들이 강렬한 감정을 느끼게 하고 싶었다.
⑭ This was especially apparent in his painting Guernica, which shows the tragedy in the town of the same name during the Spanish Civil War. 이는 특히 그의 그림 <게르니카>에서 분명히 드러나는데, 그것은 스페인 내전 중에 같은 이름의 마을에서 발생한 비극을 보여 준다.
⑮ A very interesting point about Picasso is that he was very popular and successful while he was alive. 피카소에 관한 매우 흥미로운 점은 그가 생전에 매우 유명했고 성공을 거두었다는 것이다.
⑯ This is unusual for great artists. 이는 위대한 화가들에게 있어서는 드문 일이다.
⑰ Not only was he admired by the public, but he also had a following of other artists who were influenced by his unique style. 그는 대중으로부터 존경을 받았을 뿐만 아니라, 그의 독특한 화풍에 영향을 받은 다른 화가들로부터추종을 받았다.

 

 

 

Unit 10. Art - Reading 2: TOEFL (Neoclassicism and Romanticism)
① Neoclassicism and Romanticism 신고전주의와 낭만주의
② Art movements come and go as artists feel the need to express themselves in new and different ways. 예술 운동은 예술가들이 새롭고 다른 방식으로 자신을 표현할 필요성을 느낌에 따라 생겨나고 사라진다.
③ From the mid-18th to early 19th century, Neoclassicism was the main style of European art. 18세기 중반부터 19세기 초까지, 신고전주의는 유럽 예술의 주요 양식이었다.
④ The name Neoclassicism literally means "New Classicism." 신고전주의라는 명칭은 문자 그대로 '새로운 고전주의'라는 뜻이다.
⑤ It was named this because the artists tried to create paintings and sculptures in the classical styles of ancient Greece and Rome. 예술가들이 고대 그리스와 로마의 고전적 양식으로그림과 조각을 창조하고자 했기 때문에 그렇게 이름붙여졌다.
⑥ To do this, they followed strict rules about calmness, simplicity, balance, and harmony. 이렇게 하기 위해서 그들은 평온함과 단순함, 균형및 조화에 대한 엄격한 규칙을 따랐다.
⑦ But towards the end of the 18th century, a new movement of art, called Romanticism, was growing. 그러나 18세기 말 무렵으로 가면서, 낭만주의라는새로운 예술 운동이 대두되고 있었다.
⑧ Romanticism began because artists wanted to break all the Neoclassical rules. 낭만주의는 예술가들이 신고전주의의 모든 규칙들을 깨뜨리기를 원했기 때문에 시작되었다.
⑨ Nature and emotion were important to them, and they no longer wanted to create calm, inexpressive works of art. 그들에게는 자연과 감정이 중요했고, 더 이상 그들은 차분하고 감정이 배제된 예술 작품을 만들길 원치 않았다.
⑩ Romantic artists wanted to express their emotions through the use of strong colors. 낭만주의 화가들은 강렬한 색채를 사용하여 감정을표현하고자 했다.
⑪ They looked for exciting and interesting subjects to paint. 그들은 그림 그릴 흥미진진하고 재미있는 주제를 모색했다.
⑫ In France, Romantic artists liked to paint images that included magic, drama, and heroic themes. 프랑스에서는 낭만주의 화가들이 마술, 극적인 사건, 영웅적인 주제를 담은 이미지를 그리고 싶어 했다.
⑬ They painted dramatic battles and scenes that were full of movement. 그들은 움직임으로 가득 찬 극적인 전투나 장면들을그렸다.
⑭ Sometimes they painted individuals, such as Napoleon, showing them as courageous heroes. 때로 그들은 나폴레옹 같은 인물들을 그렸는데, 그들을 용감한 영웅으로 묘사했다.
⑮ At other times, they painted dramatic circumstances, such as wounded soldiers surrounded by clouds and smoke. 다른 때에는 구름과 연기에 둘러싸인 부상당한 군인들 같은 극적인 상황을 그렸다.
⑯ Some artists painted subjects from literature and their travels to the Middle East. 일부 화가들은 문학 작품이나 자신들의 중동 여행에서 따온 소재를 그렸다.
⑰ English Romantic artists mainly painted outdoor scenes. 영국의 낭만주의 화가들은 주로 야외 풍경을 그렸다.
⑱ Unlike the Neoclassical painters, they chose landscapes that were wild and mysterious. 신고전주의 화가들과 달리, 그들은 야성적이고 신비스러운 경치를 선택했다.
⑲ Artists such as John Constable used a scientific approach. 존 컨스터블 같은 화가들은 과학적인 접근법을 썼다.
⑳ He studied cloud formations and how the light changed depending upon weather conditions. 그는 구름의 형성과 기상 상태에 따라 빛이 어떻게바뀌는지를 연구했다.
㉑ Other artists, such as William Turner, created pictures from their imaginations, painting snowstorms and seascapes with mixtures of clouds, snow, fire, and the sea. 윌리엄 터너 같은 다른 화가들은 상상력으로 그림을창조했는데, 구름과 눈, 불, 바다가 뒤섞인 눈보라와바다 경치를 그렸다.
㉒ Romantic painters had an important influence on later artists. 낭만주의 화가들은 후대 화가들에게 중대한 영향을미쳤다.
㉓ Because they experimented with color and other techniques, they introduced new ways of representing their subjects. 그들은 색채와 여러 기법을 실험하여, 자신들의 주제를 표현하는 새로운 방식을 도입했다.
㉔ Their impact can be seen in the works of the later Impressionists. 그들이 끼친 영향은 후대 인상파 화가들의 작품에서찾아볼 수 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 11. Business - Reading 1: Marketing Strategies
① In psychology, the term "compliance" refers to changes in behavior caused by the actions of another person. 심리학에서 '순응'이라는 용어는 다른 사람의 행동에의해 야기된 태도의 변화를 나타낸다.
② In business, sellers sometimes use marketing strategies designed to create compliance in buyers. 사업에 있어, 판매자들은 때때로 구매자들에게서 순응을 얻어내기 위해 고안된 마케팅 전략을 사용한다.
③ One such method is the foot-in-the-door technique. 그러한 한 가지 방법은 문간에 발 들여놓기 기법이다.
④ It involves making a small request that buyers are likely to agree to. 그것은 구매자들이 동의할 것 같은 작은 요구를 하는 것을 포함한다.
⑤ This is followed by a larger request, which is the actual goal of the seller. 이것에 이어서 더 큰 요구가 뒤따르는데, 그것이 판매자의 실제 목표이다.
⑥ For example, a salesperson might ask, "May I ask which mobile carrier you use?" 예를 들어, 판매원은 "어느 이동 통신사를 이용하는지 물어봐도 되겠습니까?"라고 물을 수 있다.
⑦ After you agree, the salesperson will try to persuade you to switch to a different company. 당신이 동의한 후에, 판매원은 다른 회사로 옮기도록 당신을 설득하려 할 것이다.
⑧ It is believed this technique works because people would like to be consistent ― once they agree to do something, they want to continue being agreeable. 이 기법은 사람들이 일관적이고 싶어하기 때문에 효과가 있다고 믿어지는데, 즉 일단 그들이 무언가를하는 데 동의하면, 그들은 계속해서 호의적이고 싶어 한다.
⑨ The door-in-the-face technique is similar but works in reverse. 면전에서 문 닫기 기법은 비슷하지만 반대로 작용한다.
⑩ The salesperson starts with a big request that is likely to be rejected. 판매원은 거절당할 것 같은 큰 요구로 시작한다.
⑪ This is followed by a more reasonable request, which is the seller's intended goal. 이것에 이어서 좀 더 합리적인 요구가 뒤따르는데, 그것이 판매자의 의도된 목표이다.
⑫ For instance, a buyer at a flea market might ask the price of a used laptop. 예를 들어, 벼룩시장에서 구매자는 중고 노트북의가격을 물어볼 수 있다.
⑬ The seller will respond with a ridiculously high price. 판매자는 터무니없이 비싼 값으로 대답할 것이다.
⑭ When the buyer refuses, the seller will drop the price dramatically. 구매자가 거절하면, 판매자는 가격을 급격히 낮출것이다.
⑮ Compared to the first price, the second deal seems more reasonable, so the buyer accepts it. 첫 번째 가격과 비교했을 때, 두 번째 거래는 더 합리적인 것처럼 보여서, 구매자는 그것을 받아들인다.
⑯ The guilt that the buyer feels for rejecting the first offer also helps this technique work. 첫 번째 제안을 거절한 것에 대해 구매자가 느끼는죄책감도 이 기법이 작용하는 데 도움을 준다.
⑰ Finally, the that's-not-all technique involves making a request but then presenting additional persuasive information before the buyer can respond. 마지막으로, 그것이 전부가 아니다 기법은 요청을하고 나서 구매자가 반응할 수 있기 전에 추가적인설득력 있는 정보를 제시하는 것을 포함한다.
⑱ For example, after giving the price of the latest model, a smartphone salesperson might say, "But wait! There's more!" 예를 들어, 최신 기종의 가격을 제시한 후에, 스마트폰 판매원은 "그런데 잠깐만요! 더 있어요!"라고 말할지도 모른다.
⑲ At this point, an additional product, such as a pair of wireless headphones, will be added to the original offer at no extra charge. 이 시점에서, 무선 헤드폰과 같은 추가 상품이 추가비용 없이 원래의 제안에 더해질 것이다.
⑳ Even if the buyer has little interest in the additional product, its inclusion makes the original deal more attractive. 구매자가 추가 상품에 거의 관심이 없더라도, 그것의 포함은 원래의 거래를 더욱 매력적으로 만든다.
㉑ Understanding the concept of compliance and how to obtain it from consumers can help businesses succeed. 순응의 개념과 그것을 소비자로부터 얻는 방법을 이해하는 것은 사업들이 성공하도록 도움을 줄 수 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 11. Business - Reading 2: Multi-National Business
① When companies promote their products around the world, it benefits them to understand local customs. 기업들이 자사 제품을 전 세계에 홍보할 때, 현지의관습을 이해하는 것이 그들에게 유리하다.
② Knowing what appeals to potential customers, as well as knowledge of the "dos and don'ts" of each market, can help a business successfully market a product. 각 시장에서 '해야 할 일과 하지 말아야 할 일'에 대한 지식뿐만 아니라 무엇이 잠재 고객들에게 매력적인가를 아는 것은 제품을 성공적으로 시장에 내놓는데 도움이 될 수 있다.
③ When it comes to the name of the product, it is very important to consider the local language. 제품명과 관련해서, 현지의 언어를 고려하는 것이매우 중요하다.
④ It may seem obvious, but companies often make mistakes. 이것은 뻔한 사실처럼 보일지 모르지만, 기업들은종종 실수를 저지른다.
⑤ For example, Coca-Cola tried to write their name on posters in China as ke-ke-ken-la. 예를 들면, 코카콜라는 홍보 포스터에 그들의 제품명을 커-커-컨-라라는 중국어로 쓰려 했다.
⑥ However, they soon found out this meant "Bite the wax tadpole." 하지만 그들은 곧 이 말이 '밀랍 올챙이를 씹어라.'라는 뜻임을 알게 되었다.
⑦ Of course, this sounded so silly that the company had to take down all the posters! 당연하게도, 이것은 너무 우스꽝스럽게 들려서 코카콜라는 모든 홍보 포스터를 내려야 했다!
⑧ The name was later changed into the more appropriate Chinese character ke-kou-ke-le, meaning "The more you drink, the more fun you'll have." 제품명은 이후 좀 더 적절한 한자 커-코우-커-러로바뀌었는데, 이는 '더 많이 마실수록 더 즐거워진다.'라는 뜻이다.
⑨ There are other things to think about, too. 그 외에도 고려해야 할 다른 점들이 있다.
⑩ Even simple things can affect the success of a product. 단순한 것들 조차도 제품의 성공에 영향을 미칠 수있다.
⑪ For example, in some cultures there are unlucky colors, such as black in Japan or white in China. 예를 들어, 어떤 문화권에서는 불운을 나타내는 색상이 있는데, 가령 일본에서는 검은색, 중국에서는흰색이 그러하다.
⑫ Some cultures also think that certain numbers are unlucky. 또한 어떤 문화권에서는 특정 숫자가 불길하다고 생각한다.
⑬ Many hotels in the US and the UK do not have a 13th floor. 미국과 영국의 많은 호텔에는 13층이 없다.
⑭ And buildings in China often don't have a 4th floor. 그리고 중국의 건물에는 종종 4층이 없다.
⑮ It would be very unwise to use these unlucky colors and numbers in your product or advertising. 제품이나 광고에 이렇게 불운을 나타내는 색상이나숫자를 사용하는 것은 매우 어리석은 일일 것이다.
⑯ Finally, different cultures have different concepts of appropriate relationships between men and women. 마지막으로, 서로 다른 문화에서는 남녀 간의 적절한 관계에 대한 개념도 서로 다르다.
⑰ This may make certain pictures unsuitable for some cultures. 이 때문에 일부 문화권에서는 특정 사진들이 적절하지 않을 수 있다.
⑱ For example, though it is common to see pictures of couples kissing each other on posters in the US, such images might be offensive to Muslims in the Middle East. 예를 들어, 미국에서는 광고 포스터에서 연인이 키스하는 사진을 보는 것이 흔하지만, 중동의 이슬람교도들에게는 그런 이미지들이 매우 불쾌할지도 모른다.
⑲ Although a product may be the same everywhere, its success depends on how it appeals to different groups of people. 어디서나 제품은 같을지도 모르지만, 그것의 성공은그 제품이 어떻게 서로 다른 집단의 사람들의 흥미를 끄느냐에 달려있다.
⑳ So when you prepare to do business in a foreign country, you should investigate the language and customs there. 그러므로 외국에서 사업을 준비할 때는, 그곳의 언어와 관습을 조사해야 한다.
㉑ Knowing such things is the golden rule of doing global business. 그러한 것들을 아는 것이 국제적인 기업 활동의 황금률이다.

 

 

 

Unit 12. Literature - Reading 1: Jules Verne
① Sci-fi fans consider Jules Verne to be "the father of science fiction." 공상 과학 소설의 팬들은 쥘 베른을 '공상 과학 소설의 아버지'라고 여긴다.
② Born in 1828 during the Industrial Revolution, Verne witnessed the birth of many new technologies. 산업 혁명이 한창이던 1828년에 태어나서 베른은많은 신기술의 탄생을 목격했다.
③ Inspired by such innovations, he began to write novels about exciting adventures in futuristic worlds. 그러한 혁신에 영감을 받아, 그는 미래 세계에서 벌어질 신나는 모험들에 관한 소설을 쓰기 시작했다.
④ His creativity captured readers' imaginations, and he went on to become the second most translated author in the world. 그의 창의력은 독자들의 상상력을 사로잡았고, 나아가 그는 세계에서 두 번째로 많이 번역된 작가가 되었다.
⑤ Perhaps his most impressive achievement is that he described ideas for technological developments long before they became realities. 아마도 그의 가장 인상적인 업적은 그가 기술의 진보가 현실화되기 훨씬 전에 그에 대한 아이디어를기술했다는 것이다.
⑥ In his 1865 novel From the Earth to the Moon, Verne described men traveling to the moon in a manner almost identical to the 1969 moon mission of Apollo 11. 그의 1865년 소설인 <지구에서 달까지>에서, 베른은 아폴로 11호의 1969년 달 탐사 임무와 거의 동일한 방식으로 달을 여행하는 사람들을 묘사했다.
⑦ He correctly imagined the size of the space capsule and rightly estimated that it would take three days to get to the moon. 그는 우주 캡슐의 크기를 정확하게 상상해냈고 달까지 도달하는 데 3일이 걸릴 것이라고 제대로 예측했다.
⑧ Without knowing the effects of zero gravity, Verne accurately described weightlessness in space. 무중력 효과를 알지 못한 채로, 베른은 우주에서의무중력 상태를 정확히 묘사했다.
⑨ Moreover, he predicted that the spacecraft involved in the first successful moon landing would be launched from Florida in the US. 게다가 그는 최초의 성공적인 달 착륙과 관련된 우주선이 미국 플로리다에서 발사될 것이라고 예견했다.
⑩ In 1867, Verne started to write 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, in which he described a submarine traveling around the world. 1867년에 베른은 <해저 2만 리>를 쓰기 시작했는데, 거기에서 그는 세계를 누비는 잠수함을 묘사했다.
⑪ In the story, Verne predicted the use of submarines for war and scientific research and hinted at the possibility of nuclear power. 이 이야기에서 베른은 전쟁과 과학 연구를 위한 잠수함의 사용을 예견했고, 원자력의 실현 가능성을암시했다.
⑫ Verne even imagined the feasibility of hydrogen-powered cars in his novel The Mysterious Island. 베른은 심지어 그의 소설 <신비의 섬>에서 수소를동력으로 하는 차의 가능성을 상상했다.
⑬ While the majority of Verne's novels were optimistic about the future, Verne also saw a darker side of technology. 베른의 소설 대부분이 미래에 대해 낙관적이었지만,베른은 기술의 어두운 면도 보았다.
⑭ In his novel The Begum's Fortune, he predicted the kind of horrors seen in World War II, in which bombs and poison gas killed millions of people. <인도 왕비의 유산>이라는 그의 소설에서는 폭탄과 독가스가 수백만의 사람을 살상한 제2차 세계 대전에서 보인 것과 같은 종류의 공포를 예견했다.
⑮ Overall, Verne showed extraordinary powers of foresight and tried hard to offer his readers a blend of optimism and pessimism in relation to how science can change the world. 대체로, 베른은 놀라운 예지력을 보여주었고, 과학이 세상을 어떻게 바꿀 수 있는지에 관해 낙관론과비관론을 혼합해 그의 독자들에게 제시하고자 부단히 노력했다.
⑯ Over time, his works have been adapted many times for television series, theater, and movies. 시간이 흐르면서 그의 작품들은 텔레비전 시리즈,연극, 영화로 수없이 개작되었다.
⑰ Without his contribution to the genre, sci-fi classics such as Star Wars or E.T. might never have been created. 이 장르에 대한 그의 헌신이 없었다면, <스타워즈>나 <E.T.> 같은 공상 과학 영화의 명작들은 결코만들어지지 않았을 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 12. Literature - Reading 2: Walden (by Henry David Thoreau)
① "In proportion as he simplifies his life, the laws of the universe will appear less complex, and solitude will not be solitude, nor poverty, nor weakness. "삶을 단순화하는 데 비례하여, 우주의 법칙은 덜 복잡해 보일 것이며, 고독은 고독이 아니고, 가난은 가난이 아니며, 약함도 약함이 아닐 것이다.
② If you have built castles in the air, your work need not be lost; that is where they should be. 공중에 성을 지었다면, 당신의 수고가 허사로 돌아가는 일은 없을 것이며, 그곳이 바로 성이 있어야 할자리이다.
③ Now put the foundations under them." - Excerpt from Walden 이제 그 아래에 기초를 세워라." - <월든>에서 발췌
④ In 1845, Henry David Thoreau, a famous American writer, built a cabin next to Walden Pond, deep in the woods and far away from everyone else. 1845년에 유명한 미국 작가인 헨리 데이비드 소로는 숲속 깊이 다른 모든 사람과 멀리 떨어진 곳에 있는 월든 호수 옆에 오두막을 지었다.
⑤ He lived in the cabin for two years, two months and two days, later writing a book, called Walden, about his experience there. 그는 2년 2개월하고 이틀간 그 오두막에 살았고, 나중에 그곳에서의 그의 경험에 대해 <월든>이라는책을 저술했다.
⑥ Thoreau felt it was necessary to live outside of society in order to fully understand it. 소로는 사회를 충분히 이해하기 위해서는 사회 밖에서 살 필요가 있다고 느꼈다.
⑦ His thoughts about society make up part of the book, focusing on his concern that people spent so much time trying to earn money that they couldn't appreciate being alive. 사회에 대한 그의 생각이 이 책의 일부를 차지하는데, 사람들이 돈을 버느라 애쓰는 데 너무 많은 시간을 허비해서 살아있다는 것에 감사하지 못한다는 그의 우려에 초점을 두고 있다.
⑧ Thoreau's advice to his readers was to spend more time thinking deeply about their lives. 독자들에게 보내는 소로의 조언은 자신의 삶에 대해깊이 생각하는 데 더 많은 시간을 보내라는 것이었다.
⑨ The rest of the book explains Thoreau's daily activities during the time he spent at Walden Pond. 책의 나머지 부분에서는 소로가 월든 호수에서 지내던 시기에 그의 일상 활동들을 설명하고 있다.
⑩ He often walked to the nearest town, and wrote about the people he met there. 그는 종종 가장 가까운 마을까지 걸어갔고, 그곳에서 만난 사람들에 관해 썼다.
⑪ But Thoreau spent most of his time in nature, and that's what he wrote about the most. 그러나 소로는 대부분 시간을 자연에서 보냈고, 그것이 그가 가장 많이 쓴 것이었다.
⑫ He described the squirrels he fed and the ants he watched fight against each other. 그는 자신이 먹이를 줬던 다람쥐와, 서로 싸우는 것을 지켜봤던 개미들에 대해 묘사했다.
⑬ When winter came, he wrote about how the lake froze over and men from the town came to gather the ice. 겨울이 오면, 그는 호수가 어떻게 꽁꽁 얼어붙었으며, 어떻게 마을의 남자들이 와서 얼음을 주워 모았는지를 썼다.
⑭ And when winter ended, he joyously described the return of spring. 그리고 겨울이 끝났을 때는, 봄의 귀환을 기쁘게 묘사했다.
⑮ Walden ends with Thoreau telling his readers to become explorers, though he did not mean that he wanted them to explore the world. <월든>은 소로가 독자들에게 탐험가가 되라고 말하는 것으로 끝나는데, 그들이 세계를 탐험하기를원한다는 뜻은 아니었다.
⑯ Instead, he was urging them to explore the mysteries of their own thoughts and lives. 대신에, 그는 스스로의 생각과 삶의 신비를 탐험하라고 독자들을 독려하고 있었다.
⑰ Although written long ago, Thoreau's masterpiece still has a lot to teach us today. 오래전에 쓰였음에도 불구하고, 소로의 걸작은 오늘날에도 여전히 우리에게 가르쳐 줄 많은 것을 담고있다.

 

 

 

Unit 13. Food - Reading 1: Lobster
① Freshly-cooked lobster has a savory, buttery flavor, and people pay a lot of money to enjoy it. 갓 요리된 바닷가재는 향긋한 버터 향이 나고, 사람들은 그것을 즐기기 위해 많은 돈을 지불한다.
② It is also full of protein, vitamins, and minerals. 그것은 또한 단백질, 비타민, 그리고 미네랄이 풍부하다.
③ Lobster is considered a luxury food, but it hasn't always been that way. 바닷가재는 고급스러운 음식으로 여겨지지만, 그것이 언제나 그래왔던 것은 아니다.
④ Once it was considered a worthless food. 한때 그것은 가치 없는 음식으로 여겨졌다.
⑤ When British settlers came to the New England area of North America in the 1600s, they found that lobsters washed up in huge piles on the beach after storms. 1600년대에 영국 정착민들이 북아메리카의 뉴잉글랜드 지역으로 왔을 때, 그들은 바닷가재들이 폭풍후 바닷가로 떠밀려와 무더기로 쌓여 있는 것을 발견했다.
⑥ They were easy to collect, but they spoiled too fast. 그것들은 모으기 쉬웠지만, 너무 빨리 상했다.
⑦ The colonists thought the shore was covered in ugly, rotting sea cockroaches. 식민지 개척자들은 흉측하고, 썩어가는 바다 바퀴벌레로 해안이 뒤덮였다고 생각했다.
⑧ Because of its abundance, both the Native Americans and the British easily got sick of lobster, and only the poor who couldn't afford other foods ate it. 그것의 풍부함 때문에, 북미 원주민과 영국인들은모두 바닷가재에 쉽게 싫증이 났고, 오직 다른 음식을 살 여유가 없었던 가난한 사람들만이 그것을 먹었다.
⑨ It was even fed to prisoners and slaves to keep costs down. 그것은 심지어 비용을 낮추기 위해 죄수들과 노예들에게 먹여졌다.
⑩ However, changing times transformed people's ideas completely. 그러나, 변화하는 시대는 사람들의 생각을 완전히바꾸어 놓았다.
⑪ In the mid-1800s, canning and railways caused lobster to become popular. 1800년대 중반에, 통조림 제조와 철도가 바닷가재를 유행시켰다.
⑫ First, canning made it possible to ship food over long distances. 첫째로, 통조림 제조는 음식을 장거리로 운송하는것을 가능하게 했다.
⑬ Cooked lobster could easily be canned, and it was still cheap. 조리된 바닷가재는 쉽게 통조림으로 만들 수 있었고, 그것은 여전히 저렴했다.
⑭ People thousands of miles to the west started to eat it as an inexpensive source of protein. 서쪽으로 수천 마일 떨어져 있는 사람들도 저렴한단백질의 공급원으로 그것을 먹기 시작했다.
⑮ Without knowing lobster's bad reputation in New England, they came to love it. 뉴잉글랜드에서의 바닷가재의 나쁜 평판을 모른 채,그들은 그것을 매우 좋아하게 되었다.
⑯ Railroads then allowed tourists to visit New England and try fresh lobster, which fascinated them. 그 후 철도는 관광객들이 뉴잉글랜드를 방문하여 신선한 바닷가재를 맛보게 해 주었고, 그것은 그들의마음을 사로잡았다.
⑰ Chefs discovered that boiling the lobsters alive made them taste better, and soon even New England locals started to lose their prejudice against the dish. 요리사들은 바닷가재를 산 채로 삶는 것이 맛을 더좋게 한다는 것을 발견했고, 곧 뉴잉글랜드 주민들도 그 요리에 대한 자신들의 편견을 없애기 시작했다.
⑱ Restaurants in other areas wanted to serve lobster too. 다른 지역의 식당들도 바닷가재를 팔기를 원했다.
⑲ It was costly to ship lobsters alive, so the price of the meal highly increased. 바닷가재를 산 채로 운송하는 것은 비용이 많이 들어서, 식사의 가격이 크게 올랐다.
⑳ By the early 1900s, lobster became a fashionable food for the wealthy. 1900년대 초반 무렵, 바닷가재는 부유한 사람들에게 유행하는 음식이 되었다.
㉑ Its image had changed drastically in under 50 years. 그것의 이미지는 50년도 채 되지 않아 급격하게 변했다.
㉒ Lobster isn't the only food people have changed their minds about. 바닷가재는 사람들이 그들의 마음을 바꾼 유일한 음식이 아니다.
㉓ Europeans once thought tomatoes were poisonous, and Americans thought of peanuts as food for farm animals. 유럽인들은 한때 토마토가 독성이 있다고 생각했고,미국인들은 땅콩을 농장 동물들을 위한 먹이로 생각했다.
㉔ As times continue changing, what other foods will we open our minds to? 시대가 계속해서 변함에 따라, 우리는 어떤 다른 음식에 마음을 열게 될까?

 

 

 

Unit 13. Food - Reading 2: Colors of Food
① Does your mother make good food? 당신의 어머니는 좋은 음식을 만드는가?
② Mother Nature does. 대자연은 그렇다.
③ She also knows how to make her food attractive, providing delicious fruits and vegetables of every color. 자연은 또한 자신의 음식을 구미가 당기게 만드는법도 알아, 갖가지 색의 맛있는 과일과 채소를 제공한다.
④ These colors make life more beautiful and contain the secret of living a long, healthy life. 이러한 색들은 삶을 더 아름답게 만들며, 장수하고건강한 삶을 사는 비결을 담고 있다.
⑤ Think of the wonderful bright colors of different fruits and vegetables. 여러 가지 과일과 채소의 놀라운 선명한 색상들을생각해 보라.
⑥ Red ones such as strawberries, guavas, tomatoes, and watermelon contain a nutrient called lycopene. 딸기, 구아바, 토마토, 수박 같은 붉은색 과일과 채소들은 리코펜이라는 영양소를 함유하고 있다.
⑦ Scientists know that lycopene helps fight heart disease and some forms of cancer. 과학자들은 리코펜이 심장 질환이나 일부 암을 퇴치하는 데 도움이 된다는 것을 알고 있다.
⑧ Yellow and orange fruits and vegetables such as mangoes, peaches, carrots, and pumpkins all contain plenty of beta-carotene. 망고나 복숭아, 당근, 호박 같은 노란색 및 주황색과일과 채소는 모두 베타카로틴이 풍부하다.
⑨ Beta-carotene is an important source of vitamin A in your diet. 베타카로틴은 당신의 식단에서 비타민 A의 중요한공급원이다.
⑩ It can help maintain your heart and vision, and keep your immune system strong. 그것은 당신의 심장과 시력을 지켜주고, 면역 체계를 튼튼히 유지하는 데 도움이 될 수 있다.
⑪ Looking around nature, it's clear that Mother Nature's favorite color is green. 자연을 둘러보면, 대자연이 가장 좋아하는 색은 녹색임이 분명하다.
⑫ So it's no surprise that green vegetables are especially healthy! 그래서 녹색 채소가 특히 건강에 좋다는 것은 전혀놀라운 사실이 아니다!
⑬ They contain carotenoids, powerful nutrients that promote long-term health for many parts of the human body, including the eyes, lungs, heart, and skin. 그것에는 카로티노이드가 함유되어 있는데, 이것은눈과 폐, 심장, 피부를 포함한 인체의 많은 부분의장기적인 건강을 증진하는 매우 효과적인 영양소이다.
⑭ All green vegetables also contain strong antioxidants. 모든 녹색 채소에는 강력한 항산화물질도 들어 있다.
⑮ These have enormous health benefits, such as better circulation and stronger bones and teeth. 이것은 혈액 순환 개선과 뼈와 치아의 강화와 같은막대한 건강상의 이점을 갖고 있다.
⑯ Finally, indigo blue and purple fruits and vegetables include blueberries, plums, eggplant, and purple cabbage. 마지막으로, 남색과 자주색 과일과 채소에는 블루베리, 자두, 가지, 자색 양배추가 있다.
⑰ The substance that gives color to blue and purple foods is high in anti-cancer qualities. 파랑과 자주색 음식에 색깔을 내는 물질은 항암 특성이 풍부하다.
⑱ It also strengthens tiny blood vessels, which can help swollen feet or ankles, speed up the healing of bruises, and promote healthy collagen for fewer wrinkles. 이것은 또한 미세한 혈관들을 튼튼하게 하는데, 이는 부어오른 발이나 발목에 도움이 되고, 멍을 빨리치유하며, 주름살이 덜 지도록 건강에 좋은 콜라겐을 촉진한다.
⑲ Nutritionists recommend eating around 400 grams of fruit and vegetables per day. 영양학자들은 하루에 약 400그램의 과일과 채소를먹을 것을 권장한다.
⑳ So, fill your pockets with blueberries, cut up some watermelon, and finish all the green vegetables on your plate. 그러니 주머니에 블루베리를 가득 채우고, 수박 몇쪽을 자르고, 식탁에 오른 녹색 채소를 남김없이 먹어라.
㉑ Your body will thank you for doing so! 당신의 몸이 고마워할 것이다!

 

 

 

Unit 14. Architecture - Reading 1: Nek Chand Rock Garden
① Within the carefully planned modern city of Chandigarh, India, lies a fantasy world full of beautiful chaos. 치밀하게 계획된 현대 도시인 인도의 찬디가르에는아름다운 혼돈으로 가득 찬 환상의 세계가 있다.
② By paying around 30 cents and walking through a small doorway, you can enter a wonderland of stone pathways, strange figures, and interesting buildings surrounded by flowing streams and waterfalls. 약 30센트를 내고 작은 출입구를 통과해 걸으면, 당신은 흐르는 개울과 폭포에 둘러싸인 돌길, 기이한조각상, 그리고 흥미로운 건물이 가득한 이상한 나라에 들어갈 수 있다.
③ This is the Nek Chand Rock Garden. 이곳은 넥 찬드 바위 정원이다.
④ The garden is named after its creator, Nek Chand, who started it in 1957. 이 정원은 그것을 만든 넥 찬드의 이름을 따서 지어졌는데, 그는 1957년에 그것을 만들기 시작했다.
⑤ Chand was a city road inspector. 찬드는 도시 도로 감독관이었다.
⑥ He carefully chose the spot it's built on because no development was planned there. 그는 정원이 지어지는 장소를 신중을 기해 골랐는데, 그곳에 어떤 개발도 계획되어 있지 않았기 때문이었다.
⑦ For many years he worked on it secretly because the land was the city's property and he knew that he could get in serious trouble if government officials found out about the garden. 그 땅은 시의 소유였고 그는 공무원들이 그 정원에대해 알게 되면 자신이 매우 곤란해질 수 있다는 것을 알았기 때문에 수년 동안 그것을 비밀리에 작업했다.
⑧ To build his masterpiece, he brought all sorts of materials to the site, including rocks, wires, old tires, and broken bottles. 자신의 걸작을 만들기 위해, 그는 돌, 철사, 낡은 타이어, 깨진 병을 비롯한 온갖 종류의 재료를 그 장소로 가져왔다.
⑨ One of the most amazing things about this garden is that it is built entirely out of recycled items. 이 정원에 있어 가장 놀라운 것 중 하나는 그것이 전적으로 재활용품으로 만들어졌다는 것이다.
⑩ Since Chand didn't like throwing things away, he reused them to create his beautifully odd statues, which include figures of people with broken teapots for hats. 찬드는 물건을 버리는 것을 좋아하지 않았기 때문에, 그것들을 재사용하여 아름답게 기이한 조각상들을 창조해 냈는데 그중에는 망가진 찻주전자를 모자로 쓴 사람들의 조각상도 있다.
⑪ Another special feature of the garden is that it represents the cultural heritage of India. 그 정원의 또 다른 특색은 그것이 인도의 문화유산을 나타낸다는 것이다.
⑫ For example, its buildings reflect traditional Indian architecture, and there are statues of Indian gods and local animals. 예를 들어, 그 정원의 건물들은 전통적인 인도 건축양식을 반영하고 있고, 인도의 신들과 현지 동물들의 조각상이 있다.
⑬ Chand worked on the rock garden as a hobby and didn't think anyone else would ever see it. 찬드는 취미로 바위 정원을 만들었고 다른 누군가가그것을 볼 것이라고는 생각하지 않았다.
⑭ However, this changed in 1975, when government officials discovered it. 그러나 이것은 1975년, 공무원들이 그것을 발견했을 때 바뀌었다.
⑮ Even though it was illegal, the officials were so charmed by the garden that they declared it a public space and opened it to visitors. 불법이었음에도 불구하고 공무원들은 그 정원에 아주 매료되어 그것을 공공장소로 공표하고 방문객들에게 개방했다.
⑯ Today, the Nek Chand Rock Garden is visited by more than 5,000 people every day. 오늘날, 매일 5,000명 이상의 사람들이 넥 찬드 바위 정원을 방문한다.
⑰ It is one of India's most popular attractions and leaves a lasting impression on people from all over the world. 그곳은 인도의 가장 인기 있는 관광지 중 하나이며전 세계 사람들에게 오랜 감명을 남긴다.
⑱ If you ever find yourself in Chandigarh, make sure to spend a whole day exploring this unique garden. 언제 당신이 찬디가르에 가게 되면 온 하루를 꼭 이독특한 정원을 탐험하는 데 보내도록 해라.

 

 

 

Unit 14. Architecture - Reading 2: Antoni Gaudí
① At last! Here I am on the roof of La Pedrera. 마침내! 나는 여기 라 페드레라의 지붕 위에 있다.
② Since I first saw a picture of this building, I have dreamed of visiting it. 처음 이 건물의 사진을 본 이후로, 나는 여기에 오는것을 꿈꾸어 왔다.
③ And now I'm finally in Barcelona, which is famous for architecture by Antoni Gaudi. 그리고 이제 나는 마침내 안토니 가우디의 건축물로유명한 바르셀로나에 있다.
④ He was a leader of the Art Nouveau movement in Spain, and he designed some of the city's most remarkable landmarks, inspired by nature. 그는 스페인 아르 누보 운동의 선구자였으며, 자연에서 영감을 받아 바르셀로나의 가장 놀라운 건축물들 중 몇몇을 설계했다.
⑤ The thing I really love about Gaudi's designs is that they are unique. 내가 가우디의 설계에서 정말로 마음에 드는 것은그것들이 독창적이라는 점이다.
⑥ Gaudi used colors, textures, and movement in ways never before imagined. 가우디는 이전에는 상상하지도 못했던 방식으로 색채와 질감, 동적 효과를 사용했다.
⑦ He noticed that nature is never straight or symmetrical, and so neither are his buildings. 그는 자연은 결코 일직선이나 대칭이 아니라는 점에주목했고, 따라서 그의 건축물들도 그렇지 않다.
⑧ Instead of the standard mathematical designs, he would use curved and twisted forms. 규격화된 수학적 디자인 대신에, 그는 구부러지고뒤틀린 형태를 쓰곤 했다.
⑨ When he started a project, he would make a model out of clay. 그는 작업을 시작할 때, 점토로 모형을 만들곤 했다.
⑩ That way, he had more freedom to design shapes. 그런 식으로, 그는 더욱 자유롭게 형태를 설계했다.
⑪ La Pedrera is a good example of this creative freedom, with its wavy, sea-like appearance. 라 페드레라는 이렇게 창의적인 자유로움의 좋은 예로서, 물결 모양의 바다를 연상시키는 외관을 띠고있다.
⑫ In fact, the shape of the building is so unusual that people were worried their furniture wouldn't fit inside! 사실, 그 건물의 형태가 너무나 특이해서 사람들은자신들의 가구가 내부에 맞지 않을까 봐 걱정했다!
⑬ Another of his well-known buildings is La Sagrada Familia, an enormous gothic cathedral. 잘 알려진 그의 건물들 중 또 하나는 라 사그라다 파밀리아인데, 거대한 고딕 양식의 성당이다.
⑭ Gaudi was given the project in 1883 and worked on it for over 40 years until his death. 가우디는 1883년에 이 작업을 의뢰받았고, 사망할때까지 40년 넘게 이를 계속했다.
⑮ Four huge towers in the cathedral are each crowned with a complex and uniquely decorated top. 성당에 있는 네 개의 거대한 탑들은 꼭대기가 각각복잡하고 독특하게 장식된 상단으로 덮여 있다.
⑯ Gaudi died in 1926, leaving the building uncompleted. 그 건물을 미완성으로 남긴 채, 가우디는 1926년에사망했다.
⑰ It is estimated that the building will be completed around 2026, the year marking the 100th anniversary of Gaudi's death. 그 건물은 가우디 죽음의 100주년을 기념하는 해인2026년경에 완공될 것으로 추정된다.
⑱ Upon its completion, it will be the largest cathedral in the world. 완공되면, 그것은 세계에서 가장 큰 성당이 될 것이다.
⑲ And these are only two of Gaudi's works of art. 그리고 이것들은 가우디의 예술 작품 중에서 겨우두 개에 불과하다.
⑳ I still have two more months to see all of Gaudi's genius that Barcelona has to offer! 나에게는 바르셀로나가 선사할 가우디의 천재성을모두 둘러볼 두 달의 시간이 아직 남아 있다!

 

 

 

Unit 15. Biology - Reading 1: Baobab Trees
① In the deserts of Australia and Africa lives a very strange-looking tree. 호주와 아프리카의 사막에는 아주 이상하게 생긴 나무가 자란다.
② Called the baobab, it lives for up to 5,000 years and can grow 25 meters tall. 바오밥이라고 불리는 그것은 최대 5,000년 동안 살며 25미터 높이까지 자랄 수 있다.
③ Some people refer to it as the "dead rat tree," because the seedpods that dangle from its branches resemble dead rats hanging by their tails. 어떤 사람들은 그것을 가리켜 '죽은 쥐 나무'라고 부르는데, 가지에 대롱대롱 매달려 있는 꼬투리가 꼬리로 매달려 있는 죽은 쥐를 닮았기 때문이다.
④ But what really makes this tree unusual is its shape and proportions. 하지만 정말로 이 나무를 특이하게 만들어 주는 것은 나무의 모양과 비율이다.
⑤ The baobab's thick trunk and twisting, root-like branches make it appear as if the tree is growing upside down. 바오밥 나무의 굵은 몸통과 뒤틀리고 뿌리처럼 생긴가지들은 마치 나무가 거꾸로 자라고 있는 것처럼보이게 만든다.
⑥ The explanations for the baobab's peculiar features are found in the harsh, dry climate in which it lives. 바오밥 나무의 독특한 특징에 관한 설명은 그것이서식하는 황량하고 건조한 기후에서 찾아볼 수 있다.
⑦ Its massive trunk is partially hollow, allowing the tree to store up to 100,000 liters of water during droughts. 그것의 거대한 몸통은 부분적으로 속이 비어 있어, 나무가 가뭄 동안 최대 100,000리터의 물을 저장할수 있게 해 준다.
⑧ It's an effective strategy: Baobabs are typically seen growing in the middle of empty areas where many other large plants can't survive. 이것은 효과적인 전략이다. 일반적으로 바오밥 나무는 다른 많은 큰 식물들이 생존할 수 없는 텅 빈 지역 한복판에서 자라는 게 목격된다.
⑨ Though it inhabits isolated areas, the baobab is never alone. 바오밥 나무는 외딴 장소에 서식하지만, 결코 혼자가 아니다.
⑩ Humans visit baobab trees frequently, as they are a vital source of food and supplies. 그것들은 식량과 물자의 중요한 공급원이기 때문에,사람들은 이 나무를 자주 찾는다.
⑪ People consume the baobab's nutritious fruit and turn its leaves into medicine and its bark into cloth and rope. 사람들은 바오밥 나무의 영양이 풍부한 열매를 먹고, 잎은 약으로, 나무껍질은 천이나 밧줄로 만든다.
⑫ Moreover, the water in its trunk can save people in need of water. 게다가, 나무의 몸통 안에 든 물은 물이 필요한 사람들을 구할 수도 있다.
⑬ Beyond its helpfulness for humans, the baobab serves as a mini-ecosystem for all kinds of desert animals, both large and small. 인간에게 도움이 되는 점 외에도, 바오밥 나무는 크고 작은 모든 종류의 사막 동물들에게 작은 생태계역할을 한다.
⑭ The extreme usefulness of the baobab has earned it the nickname "the giving tree," for it gives many things to the people who share its environment. 바오밥 나무의 엄청난 유용성은 그것이 '아낌없이 주는 나무'라는 별칭을 얻도록 해 주었는데, 이는 그것의 환경을 공유하는 사람들에게 많은 것들을 제공하기 때문이다.
⑮ It can also serve to remind us of all the wonderful things we receive from nature every day, from the vegetables we eat to the water that sustains our life. 그것은 우리에게 우리가 먹는 채소에서부터 우리의생명을 유지시켜주는 물에 이르기까지, 매일 자연으로부터 받는 모든 놀라운 것들에 대해 상기시키는역할을 하기도 한다.

 

 

 

Unit 15. Biology - Reading 2: TOEFL (Toxins for Medicine)
① Toxins for Medicine 의약용 독소
② It is obvious that venom and poison from animals and plants are harmful. 동물과 식물로부터 나오는 독액과 독이 해롭다는 것은 명백하다.
③ You don't want these dangerous substances in your body, do you? 당신은 이러한 위험한 물질들이 당신의 몸에 있는것을 원하지 않는다, 그렇지 않은가?
④ Both in the past and in modern times, however, some toxic substances have been used to treat certain medical problems. 그러나, 과거와 현재 모두 어떤 독성 물질들은 특정한 의학적 문제들을 치료하기 위해 사용되어 왔다.
⑤ Some medicines have been made from both venoms and poisons, but what is the difference between these two things? 어떤 약들은 독액과 독으로부터 만들어져 왔는데,이 두 가지의 차이점은 무엇인가?
⑥ Think of venom as an attack to kill prey and poison as a defense to avoid being eaten. 독액은 먹잇감을 죽이는 공격으로, 그리고 독은 잡아먹히지 않기 위한 방어로 생각하라.
⑦ Venom is made in a gland attached to a stinger or fangs and is injected through them. 독액은 침이나 송곳니에 붙어있는 분비샘에서 만들어지고 그것들을 통해서 주입된다.
⑧ Poison is found within the body tissues of a plant or animal, making the creature dangerous to eat. 독은 식물이나 동물의 신체 조직 내에서 발견되며, 그 생명체를 먹기에 위험하게 만든다.
⑨ One venom used in medicine today comes from a spider called the Chilean rose tarantula. 오늘날 의학에 사용되는 독액 중 하나는 칠리안 로즈 타란툴라라고 불리는 거미로부터 얻어진다.
⑩ When certain diseases invade cells, the cells normally react by swelling or releasing growth factors, which makes infected cells grow. 특정 질병이 세포에 침투할 때, 세포는 보통 부풀어오르거나 성장 인자를 방출함으로써 반응하는데, 이것은 감염된 세포가 성장하게 한다.
⑪ However, the venom from the Chilean rose tarantula helps the cells fight diseases. 그러나, 칠리안 로즈 타란툴라의 독액은 세포가 질병과 싸우는 것을 돕는다.
⑫ For example, during a heart attack, medicine made from this venom could stop heart cells from swelling and causing more damage. 예를 들면, 심장 마비가 일어나는 동안, 이 독액으로만들어진 약은 심장의 세포가 부풀어 오르거나 더큰 손상을 야기하는 것을 막는다.
⑬ It could also stop cells around a tumor from helping the tumor grow. 그것은 또한 종양 주위의 세포들이 종양이 자라도록돕는 것을 막을 수 있다.
⑭ Around a quarter of prescription drugs today were inspired by substances from plants, including a poison found in foxgloves. 오늘날 처방약의 약 4분의 1은 디기탈리스에서 발견되는 독을 포함하여, 식물들로부터 얻은 물질들에의해 영감을 받았다.
⑮ These bell-shaped flowering plants are very poisonous if they are simply eaten. 이 종 모양의 꽃식물은 단순히 섭취되었을 때는 매우 독성이 있다.
⑯ Their poison, however, has been used to treat swelling at least since the 1700s. 그러나 그것들의 독은 적어도 1700년대 이래로 부기를 치료하는 데 사용되어 왔다.
⑰ At the time, people believed it could treat many other diseases that it actually had no effect on. 그 당시에, 사람들은 그것이 실제로는 아무 효과가없는 많은 다른 질병들도 치료할 수 있을 것이라 믿었다.
⑱ Today, medicines made from foxglove poisons are used to treat heart failure. 오늘날, 디기탈리스 독으로 만든 약들은 심부전을치료하는 데 사용된다.
⑲ Even though toxic animals and plants are usually associated with fear and danger, they can be used beneficially by humans. 비록 독성 동식물들이 보통 공포와 위험과 연관되어있지만, 그것들은 인간에 의해 유익하게 사용될 수있다.
⑳ As technology improves, we continue to discover new medical uses for the venoms and poisons they produce. 기술이 향상됨에 따라, 우리는 그들이 생산하는 독액과 독에 대한 새로운 의학적 용도를 계속해서 발견한다.
㉑ It will be exciting to see what new treatments are developed from these naturally dangerous substances in the future. 미래에, 자연적으로는 위험한 이런 물질들로부터 어떠한 새로운 치료제가 개발될지 보는 것은 흥미로울것이다.

 

 

 

 

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전체 내용

Unit 01. Sports - Reading 1: Capoeira
① If you plan to learn a martial art, how about capoeira? 무술을 배울 계획이라면, 카포에이라는 어떨까?
② Capoeira is a Brazilian art form that combines dance, music, and martial arts. 카포에이라는 춤, 음악, 그리고 무술을 결합한 브라질의 한 예술 행위이다.
③ Participants perform inside a circle of people who clap, sing, and play musical instruments. 참가자들은 손뼉 치고, 노래하고, 악기를 연주하는사람들이 이룬 원 안에서 공연한다.
④ They punch and kick without hitting each other, creating a fascinating dance. 그들은 서로를 때리지 않으면서 주먹을 날리고 발차기를 하며 매혹적인 춤을 만들어 낸다.
⑤ When I first began to learn capoeira, I was most impressed by its powerful actions and graceful moves. 내가 처음 카포에이라를 배우기 시작했을 때 나는그것의 힘 있는 동작과 우아한 움직임에 깊은 인상을 받았다.
⑥ Later, however, I began to understand that it also has a rich and interesting history. 그러나 나중에, 나는 그것이 다채롭고 흥미진진한역사도 가지고 있다는 것을 이해하기 시작했다.
⑦ It was created by slaves brought to Brazil from Africa, mostly during the 16th century. 그것은 주로 16세기에, 아프리카에서 브라질로 끌려온 노예들에 의해 만들어졌다.
⑧ They wanted to teach one another how to fight, but they had to hide this activity from their masters. 그들은 서로에게 싸우는 법을 가르치고 싶었지만 그들의 주인에게 이 행위를 숨겨야 했다.
⑨ Therefore, they disguised it as a form of dance. 그래서 그들은 그것을 춤의 한 형태로 위장했다.
⑩ If you watch a capoeira performance today, you may notice how the musicians often change their tempo. 오늘날 카포에이라 공연을 보면, 여러분은 아마 연주가들이 어떤 식으로 박자를 자주 바꾸는지 알아챌것이다.
⑪ In the past, this was done to indicate that the master was approaching and to warn the performers to switch from fighting moves to dance moves. 과거에, 이는 주인이 다가오고 있음을 알리고 카포에이라를 하는 사람들이 싸움 동작에서 춤 동작으로바꾸도록 경고하기 위해 행해졌다.
⑫ During the Paraguayan War, which took place from 1865 to 1870, many slaves were forced to join the army. 1865년부터 1870년에 일어난 파라과이 전쟁 중에많은 노예가 강제로 군대에 합류하게 되었다.
⑬ Their capoeira skills made them fierce fighters, and the art form gained many admirers. 그들의 카포에이라 기술은 그들을 사나운 투사로 만들었고, 그 예술 행위는 많은 추종자를 얻게 되었다.
⑭ However, in 1890, shortly after slavery in Brazil was ended, the government made capoeira illegal. 그러나 브라질에서 노예 제도가 종식된 직후인1890년에, 정부는 카포에이라를 불법으로 규정했다.
⑮ They feared that it could be used for violent crimes. 그들은 그것이 폭력적인 범죄에 이용될까봐 두려워했다.
⑯ The ban on capoeira was lifted in the 1930s, and today it is one of Brazil's national sports and it is more popular than ever. 카포에이라에 대한 금지는 1930년대에 철회되었고, 오늘날 그것은 브라질의 국가 스포츠 중 하나이며,그 어느 때보다 인기가 많다.
⑰ Capoeira is a beautiful art form to watch, and it is fun to participate in. 카포에이라는 보기에 아름다운 예술 행위이고, 참여하기에 재미있다.
⑱ What's more, it builds strength, increases flexibility, and makes you a more disciplined person. 게다가, 그것은 힘을 키우고, 유연성을 길러 주며, 여러분을 더 절제된 사람으로 만들어 준다.
⑲ I strongly encourage all of you to give capoeira a try. 나는 여러분 모두가 카포에이라를 한번 해 보길 적극 권장한다.

 

 

Unit 01. Sports - Reading 2: Alpine-Style Climbing
① Climbing the world's tallest mountains is no easy task. 세계에서 가장 높은 산을 오르는 것은 쉬운 일이 아니다.
② But it is even more difficult when it is done in what is known as "alpine style." 하지만 그것을 '알파인 스타일'이라고 알려진 방식으로 하면 훨씬 더 어렵다.
③ This is what Reinhold Messner and Peter Habeler decided to do in 1975. 이 일이 1975년에 라인홀트 메스너와 피터 하벨러가 하기로 결심했던 것이다.
④ The alpine style of climbing was developed as an alternative to the traditional way the tall mountains of the Asian Himalayas were being climbed. 알파인 스타일 등반은 아시아 히말라야 산맥의 높은산들을 오르는 전통적인 방법에 대한 대안으로 생겨났다.
⑤ In the traditional or siege style, climbers would hire dozens of assistants to set up a series of camps equipped with the necessary supplies. 전통적이거나 포위 방식에서는 등반가들이 수십 명의 보조를 고용해서 필요한 물품을 갖춘 일련의 캠프를 설치한다.
⑥ They would then climb their way from one camp to the next, eventually reaching the mountain's top. 그러고 나서 그들은 한 캠프에서 다음 캠프로 올라가며, 마침내 산 정상에 도달하게 된다.
⑦ But alpine style means climbing the mountain in a single attempt, carrying everything you need on your back. 그러나 알파인 스타일은 필요한 모든 것을 등에 지고 한 번의 시도로 산을 오르는 것을 의미한다.
⑧ Named after the Alps mountain range of Europe, this style requires climbers to start at the very bottom of the mountain. 유럽의 알프스 산맥에서 이름을 딴 것으로, 이 스타일에서는 등반가들이 산의 맨 밑에서 출발해야 한다.
⑨ They cannot use fixed ropes, bring along oxygen tanks, or hire porters to help carry their equipment and supplies. 그들은 고정된 밧줄을 사용하거나, 산소통을 가지고가거나, 자신의 장비와 물품 운반을 도와줄 짐꾼을고용할 수 없다.
⑩ When Messner and Habeler set out to climb the Himalayan mountain known as Gasherbrum I in this way, other climbers thought they were crazy. 메스너와 하벨러가 가셔브룸 1봉이라고 알려진 히말라야의 산을 이 방식으로 등반하려고 출발했을때, 다른 등반가들은 그들이 미쳤다고 생각했다.
⑪ They thought that alpine style was fine for smaller mountains, but not the Himalayas. 그들은 알파인 스타일은 더 조그만 산에 적합한 것이지, 히말라야 산맥에는 맞지 않는다고 생각했다.
⑫ However, Messner and Habeler proved everyone wrong. 그러나 메스너와 하벨러는 모두가 틀렸다는 것을 증명했다.
⑬ It took them only three days to reach the top of Gasherbrum I, and they became the first ever to climb a mountain taller than 8,000 meters in the alpine style. 그들이 가셔브룸 1봉 정상에 도달하는 데 단 3일이걸렸고 그들은 알파인 스타일로 8,000미터 이상의산을 오른 최초의 팀이 되었다.
⑭ Despite the high risk, there are several advantages to the alpine style. 위험성이 큼에도 불구하고, 알파인 스타일에는 몇가지 장점이 있다.
⑮ Since it takes less time, there is a smaller chance of being caught in a snowstorm or an avalanche. 시간이 덜 들기 때문에, 눈보라나 눈사태를 만날 확률이 더 낮다.
⑯ It is also better for the environment. 이 방식은 환경에도 더 좋다.
⑰ In traditional-style expeditions, large climbing teams with many camps leave behind a lot of garbage, such as torn tents and empty oxygen tanks. 전통적인 스타일의 탐험에서는, 많은 캠프를 짓는대규모의 등반 팀들이 찢어진 텐트나 빈 산소통 같은 쓰레기를 많이 남긴다.
⑱ But alpine-style climbers work quickly, leaving behind no trace of their amazing accomplishments. 그러나 알파인 스타일 등반가들은 신속히 작업하여그들의 놀라운 성취의 흔적을 남기지 않는다.

 

 

 

Unit 02. Language - Reading 1: Puns
① Puns create a double meaning by using words that either sound or look alike. 말장난은 소리나 형태가 비슷한 단어들을 사용함으로써 이중적인 의미를 만들어 낸다.
② They can also be made using words that have more than one meaning. 말장난은 하나 이상의 의미를 가진 단어들을 써서만들어질 수도 있다.
③ Puns are often used to make people laugh, but they can make people think more deeply as well. 말장난은 대개 사람들을 웃게 하려고 사용되지만,사람들이 더 깊이 생각하도록 만들 수도 있다.
④ Puns using words with multiple meanings are known as homographic puns. 여러 가지 의미를 가진 단어들을 사용하는 말장난은동형이의어 말장난이라고 알려져 있다.
⑤ A good example can be found in the following riddle: 한 가지 좋은 예를 다음 수수께끼에서 찾아볼 수 있다.
⑥ What is the difference between a conductor and a teacher? 차장과 교사의 차이점은 무엇인가?
⑦ The answer is "A conductor minds a train, but a teacher trains a mind." 정답은 '차장은 기차를 지키지만, 교사는 정신을 교육한다.'이다.
⑧ In this case, two words each have two different meanings. 이 경우에, 두 단어는 각기 두 개의 다른 의미를 지니고 있다.
⑨ "Mind," as a verb, can mean "to watch over." 동사로 'mind'는 '지키다'를 의미할 수 있다.
⑩ But as a noun, it means "brain." 그러나 명사로 그것은 '정신'을 의미한다.
⑪ And the word "train" can refer to a mode of transportation or the act of teaching. 그리고 단어 'train'은 교통수단의 형태 또는 가르치는 행위를 가리킬 수 있다.
⑫ Homophonic puns, on the other hand, use two words that sound alike but have different meanings. 반면에, 동음이의어 말장난은 발음이 비슷하지만 다른 의미를 가진 두 단어를 사용한다.
⑬ For example, a sign in a pizza restaurant might read: 예를 들어, 한 피자 가게의 간판에 쓰여 있을지 모른다.
⑭ Seven days without pizza makes one weak. 피자가 없는 일주일은 사람을 약하게 만든다.
⑮ Here, the pun is made with the word "weak," as it sounds the same as the word "week." 여기서, 'weak'라는 단어는 'week'라는 단어와 소리가 같아서 말장난이 만들어졌다.
⑯ Seven days do indeed make one week, while not eating pizza can make a person weak. 7일은 실제로 정말 한 주를 구성하지만, 피자를 먹지 않는 것은 사람을 약하게 할 수 있다.
⑰ Or at least that is what the restaurant owner wants you to believe. 혹은 적어도 그것은 그 식당 주인이 당신들로 하여금 믿게 하고 싶은 말이다.
⑱ But puns have also been used in some of the greatest literature in the English language. 그러나 말장난은 가장 위대한 영문학 작품의 일부에도 사용되어 왔다.
⑲ In Romeo and Juliet, for example, Shakespeare wrote, "Ask for me tomorrow, and you shall find me a grave man." 예를 들어 <로미오와 줄리엣>에서 셰익스피어는'내일 나를 찾으면, 당신은 내가 진지한 사람(무덤에있는 사람)임을 알게 될 것이다.'라고 썼다.
⑳ This line is spoken by Mercutio after he has just been stabbed. 이 대사는 막 칼에 찔린 후 머큐시오에 의해 읊어진다.
㉑ While the word "grave" can mean "serious," here it also suggests that he will be dead soon. 'grave'라는 단어가 '진지한'을 의미할 수 있지만, 여기에서 그것은 또한 곧 그가 죽을 것임을 암시한다.
㉒ This example clearly shows that puns, although they are often simply jokes, can also be used to make writing more powerful. 이 예는 말장난이 흔히 그저 농담이지만, 글을 더 강렬하게 만드는 데에도 사용될 수 있음을 분명하게보여 준다.

 

 

 

Unit 02. Language - Reading 2: The Varieties of English
① More than 400 million people around the world are native English speakers. 전 세계 인구 중 4억 명 이상이 영어 원어민이다.
② While all of these people speak English, distance and time have caused differences in the language. 이들 모두 영어를 쓰고는 있지만, 거리와 시간이 이언어에 차이점들을 만들어냈다.
③ These can be anything from different accents to very different vocabularies. 이 차이점들은 서로 다른 억양에서부터 매우 다른어휘까지 어떤 것이든 될 수 있다.
④ Take the example of an American boy getting dressed in the morning. 아침에 옷을 입는 미국 소년을 예로 들어 보자.
⑤ He puts on underwear, pants, a sweater, socks, and running shoes. 그는 속옷, 바지, 스웨터를 입고, 양말과 운동화를신는다.
⑥ A British boy putting on the same clothes wears underpants, trousers, a jumper, socks, and trainers. 이와 똑같은 옷을 입는 영국 소년은 속옷, 바지, 스웨터를 입고, 양말과 운동화를 신는다.
⑦ The American boy goes to high school; the British boy goes to secondary school. 미국 남학생은 고등학교에 가고, 영국 남학생은 중고등학교에 간다.
⑧ The English spoken in Australia is also different. 호주에서 사용되는 영어 또한 다르다.
⑨ Australians use many words that English speakers from other countries may not recognize. 호주인들은 다른 나라 영어 사용자들이 알지 못할수도 있는 어휘를 많이 쓴다.
⑩ They call a kangaroo a "roo," a chicken a "chook," and a farm a "station." 그들은 캥거루를 'roo'라고 하고, 닭을 'chook'이라고 하며, 농장을 'station'이라고 한다.
⑪ When American or British friends meet, they say "Hi!" or "Hello!" 미국인 또는 영국인 친구들은 만나면 'Hi!' 또는'Hello!'라고 한다.
⑫ But in Australia, the common greeting is "G'day!" 하지만 호주에서 흔한 인사말은 "G'day!"이다.
⑬ Of course, these differences can cause confusion, especially when you consider how many movies, books, and TV programs are shared between English-speaking countries. 당연히 이런 차이점은 혼란을 일으킬 수 있는데, 특히 영어 사용 국가 간에 얼마나 많은 영화와 책, 텔레비전 프로그램이 공유되는지를 고려해보면 말이다.
⑭ Thus, before a British book is published in America, editors change many words and spellings to help American readers understand it. 따라서, 영국 책이 미국에서 출판되기 전에 편집자들은 미국 독자들의 이해를 돕기 위해 많은 어휘와철자를 바꾼다.
⑮ But movies and TV programs are shown without changes, so it is sometimes hard for even native English speakers to understand them. 그러나 영화와 텔레비전 프로그램은 변경 없이 보여지기 때문에, 이따금 영어 원어민조차도 그것들을이해하기 어려울 때가 있다.
⑯ Nevertheless, the various differences between British, American, and Australian English show the richness and variety of the English language. 그럼에도 불구하고 영국 영어, 미국 영어, 호주 영어간의 여러 가지 차이점은 영어의 풍부함과 다양성을보여 준다.
⑰ You will find it is fun to learn the unique words of each type of English. 당신은 각 영어의 독특한 어휘를 배우는 일이 재미있다는 것을 알게 될 것이다.
⑱ With a little practice, you will be able to guess a speaker's country from his or her accent and vocabulary. 조금만 연습하면 당신은 어떤 사람의 억양과 어휘로부터 사람의 국적을 알아맞힐 수 있게 될 것이다.
⑲ But be careful! 하지만 조심해라!
⑳ If you make the wrong guess, you could make a British person "get angry," an American "get mad," or an Australian "go berko"! 만일 당신의 짐작이 틀리면 영국인을 'get angry'하게, 미국인을 'get mad'하게, 호주인을 'go berko'하게 할 수도 있으니 말이다!

 

 

 

Unit 03. Jobs - Reading 1: Recent Jobs
① Did you know that many of the jobs you are familiar with today didn't actually exist until recently? 오늘날 당신이 친숙하게 여기는 직업의 다수가 최근까지는 사실 존재하지 않았다는 것을 알고 있었는가?
② For example, consider people whose work is related to smartphones. 예를 들어, 업무가 스마트폰과 관련이 있는 사람들을 생각해 보라.
③ Until smartphones became popular in the mid-2000s, there were no "app developers" or "app marketers." 스마트폰이 2000년대 중반에 인기를 끌 때까지, '앱 개발자' 또는 '앱 마케팅 담당자'는 없었다.
④ Nowadays, however, thousands of people do these jobs. 그러나 요즘, 수천 명의 사람이 이런 일들을 한다.
⑤ So what other kinds of jobs have appeared recently? 그러면 어떤 다른 종류의 직업들이 최근에 등장했을까?
⑥ One of the most common new jobs is "data miner." 가장 흔한 새로운 직업 중 하나는 '데이터 수집가'이다.
⑦ Since modern market research relies heavily on customer data, companies are hiring experts to gather and analyze it. 현대의 시장 조사는 고객 데이터에 크게 의존하기때문에, 기업들은 그것을 모으고 분석하기 위해 전문가들을 고용하고 있다.
⑧ Those experts who look through large amounts of customer data to identify trends in consumer behavior are data miners. 소비자 행동 동향을 파악하기 위해 많은 양의 고객데이터를 검토하는 그 전문가들이 데이터 수집가이다.
⑨ With their help, businesses can predict future trends or build personalized advertising. 그들의 도움으로 사업체들은 미래 동향을 예측하거나 맞춤형 광고를 제작할 수 있다.
⑩ Another recently created job is "drone operator." 최근에 생겨난 또 다른 직업은 '드론 조종사'이다.
⑪ Drones have been around for a long time, but they were only used by the military or people who flew them as a hobby. 드론은 오랫동안 존재해 왔지만, 그것들은 오직 군대나 취미로 그것들을 날리는 사람들에 의해 사용되었다.
⑫ Now, however, some big companies are making drones part of their business. 그러나, 지금은 일부 대기업들이 드론을 그들의 사업의 일부로 만들고 있다.
⑬ Online shopping sites, for example, are planning to use them to make deliveries, and movie studios are already using them to film scenes from the air. 예를 들면, 온라인 쇼핑 사이트들은 배송하는 데 그것들을 사용할 계획을 하고 있고, 영화 제작사들은공중에서 장면들을 촬영하기 위해 이미 그것들을 사용하고 있다.
⑭ All of these companies will require individuals skilled in flying high-tech drones. 이 모든 기업들은 최첨단 드론을 조종하는 데 숙련된 사람들을 필요로 할 것이다.
⑮ Of course, new technology is not the only factor affecting job trends. 물론, 새로운 기술이 직업 동향에 영향을 미치는 유일한 요인은 아니다.
⑯ Society's changing needs are also shaping the job market. 사회의 변화하는 요구 역시 직업 시장을 형성하고있다.
⑰ For example, some companies are now hiring "sustainability experts" to help ensure that their business practices are environmentally sustainable. 예를 들어, 이제 어떤 기업들은 반드시 그들의 사업관행이 환경 보호적으로 지속 가능하도록 도와줄'지속 가능성 전문가'를 고용하고 있다.
⑱ Other companies are even looking for "youth experts." 다른 기업들은 심지어 '젊은 세대 전문가'를 찾고 있다.
⑲ These are mostly young people who can explain the behavior of the younger generation to older executives. 이들은 나이가 든 경영진에게 젊은 세대의 행동을설명해 줄 수 있는 대개 젊은 사람들이다.
⑳ Examples like these make it clear that job trends are changing rapidly. 이와 같은 예들은 직업 동향이 빠르게 변화하고 있다는 것을 명확히 해 준다.
㉑ Can you imagine what kind of jobs will be available by the time you go out into society? 당신이 사회에 나갈 때쯤이면 어떤 종류의 직업들이있을지 상상할 수 있겠는가?

 

 

 

Unit 03. Jobs - Reading 2: A Glass Artist
① Dale Chihuly is a glass artist from Seattle, Washington. 데일 치훌리는 워싱턴 시애틀 출신의 유리 공예가이다.
② One day while he was studying interior design at college, Chihuly saw some glassblowing. 대학에서 인테리어 디자인을 공부하던 어느 날, 치훌리는 유리 세공을 보게 되었다.
③ He was amazed by this skill and decided to become a glass artist. 그는 이 기술에 놀라서 유리 공예가가 되기로 결심했다.
④ Now his artwork is displayed in museums and public buildings worldwide, and people from many countries love his beautiful glass creations. 현재 그의 예술품은 전 세계적으로 박물관과 공공건물에 전시되어 있고, 많은 나라 사람들이 그의 아름다운 유리 창작물을 매우 좋아한다.
⑤ I recently spoke with the artist at a coffee shop near his studio. 나는 최근에 그의 작업실 근처에 있는 커피숍에서그 예술가와 대화를 나누었다.
⑥ Q: Why did you choose to create art with glass? 질문: 왜 유리를 가지고 예술 작품을 만들기로 결심하셨습니까?
⑦ Chihuly: Glass is very beautiful because it shows light and color so well. 치훌리: 유리는 빛과 색을 아주 잘 보여 주기 때문에매우 아름답습니다.
⑧ I can shape it into many different forms. 저는 그것을 여러 가지 다른 형태로 만들어 낼 수 있습니다.
⑨ Also, glass is very fragile. 또한, 유리는 매우 깨지기 쉽습니다.
⑩ It can break very easily, so it seems very special. 아주 쉽게 깨질 수 있어서 매우 특별해 보입니다.
⑪ I create pieces of many different shapes and sizes out of brilliantly colored glass. 저는 화려하게 색을 입힌 유리로 여러 다른 모양과크기의 작품을 만들어 냅니다.
⑫ Q: Where do the ideas for your glass creations come from? 질문: 유리 창작물에 대한 아이디어는 어디에서 얻으십니까?
⑬ Chihuly: They come from the world around me. 치훌리: 그것은 제 주변의 세상으로부터 나옵니다.
⑭ My mother's beautiful flower garden inspires me. 제 어머니의 아름다운 화원은 제게 영감을 줍니다.
⑮ Also, I live near the ocean and I love to walk along the beach because the ocean gives me ideas. 또 저는 바다 근처에 사는데 바다가 제게 아이디어를 주기 때문에 해변을 따라 걷는 것도 아주 좋아합니다.
⑯ I also get ideas from other types of art, like Native American baskets and blankets. 또한, 북미 원주민의 바구니나 담요 같은 다른 종류의 예술품에서 아이디어를 얻기도 합니다.
⑰ Q: Can you tell us about the glass ceiling you created for the Bellagio Hotel in Las Vegas? 질문: 라스베이거스의 벨라지오 호텔에 만드신 유리천장에 대해 말씀해 주시겠습니까?
⑱ Chihuly: I built the ceiling in the lobby of the Bellagio with the help of a hundred other people. 치훌리: 100명의 다른 분들의 도움으로 벨라지오로비에 그 천장을 만들었습니다.
⑲ It is the largest piece I have ever made. 그것은 제가 지금까지 만든 것 중 제일 큰 작품이지요.
⑳ It contains about one thousand multicolored glass flowers that hang from metal branches. 거기에는 다양한 색상을 지닌 천여 개의 유리 꽃이금속 가지에 매달려 있습니다.
㉑ Q: Do you usually create your art alone or with others? 질문: 작품 작업을 보통 혼자 하십니까, 다른 사람들과 함께 하십니까?
㉒ Chihuly: I work in the style of a movie director; I lead a team of glass artists at my studio. 치훌리: 저는 영화감독 스타일로 일합니다. 제 작업실에서 유리 공예가 팀을 이끄는 것이지요.
㉓ Each artist has a special job. 각 공예가는 전문적으로 맡은 일이 있습니다.
㉔ We work together to create the pieces according to my designs. 우리는 제 디자인에 따라 작품을 만들기 위해 협업합니다.
㉕ It's a wonderful process. 그 일은 아주 멋진 과정이지요.

 

 

 

Unit 04. Society - Reading 1: Back on My Feet
① At 5:30 a.m. in an empty parking lot, a group of people gather together for a morning run. 새벽 5시 30분, 텅 빈 주차장에 한 무리의 사람들이아침 조깅을 위해 모인다.
② But they are not jogging to lose weight or to train for a marathon. 그러나 그들은 체중을 줄이거나 마라톤 연습을 위해조깅을 하는 것이 아니다.
③ They are homeless people, and many of them are former drug and alcohol addicts trying to improve their lives. 그들은 노숙자들이며, 그들 중 많은 이가 자신들의삶을 개선하기 위해 노력하는 이전의 마약, 알코올중독자들이다.
④ They are part of an organization called Back on My Feet. 그들은 Back on My Feet이라는 단체의 회원이다.
⑤ Members go on group runs three times a week. 회원들은 일주일에 세 번 단체 달리기를 한다.
⑥ The only requirement is that they must be clean and sober for at least one month before joining the group. 유일한 요건은 그들이 그 단체에 합류하기 전에 적어도 한 달간, 마약을 하거나 술을 마시지 않아야 한다는 것이다.
⑦ Besides having fun and getting exercise, members also get some useful benefits after 30 days. 즐기며 운동을 할 뿐만 아니라, 회원들은 30일 후에유용한 혜택도 얻는다.
⑧ These include financial aid, housing assistance, and access to employment opportunities. 이것들에는 재정적인 도움, 주거지 지원, 고용 기회로의 접근이 포함된다.
⑨ Back on My Feet started in 2007, when Anne Mahlum decided to organize a running club at a homeless shelter in Philadelphia. Back on My Feet은 2007년에 시작되었는데, 그당시 앤 말럼은 필라델피아의 노숙자 쉼터에 달리기클럽을 조직하기로 했다.
⑩ Many people told her that her idea would never work. 많은 사람이 그녀의 생각은 절대로 성공하지 못할거라고 그녀에게 말했다.
⑪ "People said, 'These guys aren't going to want to run. They have other things to worry about,'" she explains. "사람들이 '이들은 뛰길 원하지 않을 겁니다. 그들은다른 걱정거리들이 있어요.'라 말했죠."라고 그녀는설명한다.
⑫ However, they were clearly wrong. 그러나 그들은 분명히 틀렸다.
⑬ In just six years, the club expanded to nearly 400 members in 10 different cities, and by 2019 it had spread to a total of 13 cities across the US. 단 6년 만에, 그 클럽은 10개 도시에 회원이 거의 4백 명에 달하는 클럽으로 확대되었고, 2019년까지미국 전역에 총 13개 도시로 퍼져나갔다.
⑭ The New York branch of Back on My Feet currently has about 60 members in its running club. Back on My Feet의 뉴욕 지부에는 현재 달리기 클럽에 약 60명의 회원이 있다.
⑮ In its first year, it helped 41 people find jobs, assisted 34 people in finding places to live, and enrolled 50 people in job-training programs. 그 지부는 첫해에 41명의 사람이 일자리를 찾는 것을 도왔고, 34명의 사람들이 거주지를 찾는 것을 도왔으며, 50명의 사람들을 직업 훈련 과정에 등록시켰다.
⑯ Morning runs may be the main activity for Back on My Feet's members, but they are just the first steps toward getting their lives back on track. 아침 조깅이 Back on My Feet 회원들의 주요 활동이겠지만, 그것은 바로 그들의 삶을 다시 정상 궤도로 돌려놓는 첫걸음이다.

 

 

 

Unit 04. Society - Reading 2: The Recycled Orchestra of Cateura
① "The world sends us garbage. We send back music." - Favio Chavez "세상은 우리에게 쓰레기를 보내죠. 우리는 음악을돌려보냅니다." - 파비오 차베스
② The town of Cateura, Paraguay, was built on a landfill. 파라과이의 카테우라라는 마을은 쓰레기 매립지에지어졌다.
③ Most of the population makes a living by collecting recyclable items from the trash that is brought daily to the town. 인구의 대부분은 마을로 매일 가져다지는 쓰레기에서 재활용이 가능한 물품들을 수거하여 생계를 꾸려간다.
④ In addition to poverty, another challenge the people of Cateura face is a lack of education. 가난 외에도, 카테우라의 사람들이 직면하고 있는또 다른 난관은 교육의 부족이다.
⑤ Forty percent of the children there do not finish school. 그곳의 아이들 중 40%는 학교를 졸업하지 못한다.
⑥ These children are often sent to work in the landfill. 이 아이들은 보통 일하기 위해 쓰레기 매립지로 보내진다.
⑦ In order to provide a better future for the children of Cateura, two men, Favio Chavez and Nicolas Gomez, wanted to create a children's orchestra. 카테우라의 아이들에게 더 나은 미래를 주기 위해서, 파비오 차베스와 니콜라스 고메스라는 두 남자는 어린이 오케스트라를 만들기를 원했다.
⑧ However, instruments were too expensive. 그러나, 악기들이 너무 비쌌다.
⑨ One day, Favio and Nicolas had an idea. 어느 날, 파비오와 니콜라스에게 방안이 떠올랐다.
⑩ The idea was to build their own instruments out of materials found in the landfill, such as pieces of sheet metal, oil cans, rope, and broomsticks. 그 방안은 판금 조각들, 기름통, 밧줄, 그리고 빗자루들과 같은 쓰레기 매립지에서 발견된 재료들로 그들의 악기를 만드는 것이었다.
⑪ That's how the "Recycled Orchestra of Cateura" was born. 그렇게 '카테우라 재활용 오케스트라'가 탄생하게 되었다.
⑫ The orchestra started with only a few musicians. 그 오케스트라는 오직 몇 명의 연주자들로 시작했다.
⑬ But it has expanded to more than 35 members. 그러나 그것은 35명 이상의 단원으로 확장되었다.
⑭ It is now teaching more than 200 children how to play music and even how to build recycled instruments of their own. 그것은 현재 200명 이상의 아이들에게 음악을 연주하는 방법과 심지어 그들 자신의 재활용 악기를 만드는 방법을 가르치고 있다.
⑮ While the orchestra cannot immediately fix problems like hunger and poverty, the education that it provides will lead to fewer children facing these problems in the future. 이 오케스트라가 배고픔과 빈곤과 같은 문제들을 즉시 해결할 수는 없지만, 그것이 제공하는 교육은 미래에는 이러한 문제들을 직면하는 아이들의 수를 더줄일 것이다.
⑯ Inspired by the Recycled Orchestra, people in other countries, such as Spain, Brazil, and Mexico, started their own recycled orchestras. 재활용 오케스트라에 의해 영감을 받아서, 스페인,브라질, 그리고 멕시코와 같은 다른 나라의 사람들도 그들만의 재활용 오케스트라를 시작했다.
⑰ Not only has the Recycled Orchestra brought hope and a sense of pride to the residents of Cateura, but it has also shown that music truly has the power to change society. 재활용 오케스트라는 카테우라의 거주민들에게 희망과 자부심을 가져다주었을 뿐만 아니라, 음악이진실로 사회를 변화시킬 수 있는 힘을 가진다는 것을 보여 주었다.

 

 

 

Unit 05. Animals - Reading 1: A Rabbit Problem in Australia
① Are rabbits dangerous? 토끼들은 위험할까?
② In most places, the answer is no. 대부분의 장소에서, 대답은 아니요이다.
③ They are usually considered cute and lovable, and many people keep them as pets in their homes. 그것들은 보통 귀엽고 사랑스럽다고 여겨지고, 많은사람들은 그것들을 집에서 애완동물로 기른다.
④ But in Australia, rabbits are a big problem, due to the fact that they are a danger to the country's delicate ecosystem. 그러나 호주에서, 토끼들은 그 나라의 민감한 생태계에 위협이 된다는 사실 때문에 큰 문제이다.
⑤ Rabbits were not indigenous to Australia. 토끼들은 호주의 토착 동물이 아니었다.
⑥ In 1859, however, a man brought 24 wild rabbits from England to Victoria, Australia, and released them into the woods so they could be hunted. 그러나, 1859년에 한 남자가 24마리의 야생 토끼를영국으로부터 호주의 빅토리아로 들여와서 그것들이 사냥될 수 있도록 숲에 풀어놨다.
⑦ Unfortunately, Australia is the perfect habitat for rabbits, as there are plenty of open spaces, lots of vegetation to eat, and few people. 불행하게도, 호주는 풍부한 공터와 먹을 수 있는 많은 식물이 있고, 사람들은 거의 없기 때문에 토끼들에게 완벽한 서식지이다.
⑧ Also, Australian winters are mild, so the rabbits can breed all year. 또한, 호주의 겨울은 온화해서, 토끼들은 일 년 내내번식할 수 있다.
⑨ Most importantly, rabbits have fewer natural predators in Australia. 가장 중요한 것은, 호주에는 토끼들의 자연적 포식자가 적다는 것이다.
⑩ Soon there were millions of rabbits in Victoria. 곧 빅토리아에는 수백만 마리의 토끼들이 있게 되었다.
⑪ Most of the land in Australia isn't good for growing food, and the rabbits made this situation even worse. 호주 땅의 대부분은 식량을 재배하는 데 알맞지 않고, 토끼들은 이 상황을 더욱더 나쁘게 만들었다.
⑫ They ate so many plants that the soil underneath was eroded by the wind, leaving the land even less fertile. 그것들은 너무나 많은 식물들을 먹어 버려서 그 밑의 흙이 바람에 침식되었고 땅은 더욱 황폐해졌다.
⑬ Moreover, some native animals which had to compete with the rabbits for food and habitat greatly decreased in number. 게다가, 먹이와 서식지를 놓고 그 토끼들과 경쟁해야 했던 일부 토종 동물들은 그 개체 수가 크게 줄었다.
⑭ Soon, the rabbits began to spread across the country. 곧, 토끼들은 전국으로 퍼지기 시작했다.
⑮ By the 1920s, the Australian rabbit population was estimated to be about 10 billion. 1920년대 경에는, 호주 토끼의 개체 수가 대략 100억 마리로 추정되었다.
⑯ The Australian government has tried many things to control the rabbit population. 호주 정부는 토끼 개체 수를 통제하기 위해서 많은것들을 시도해 왔다.
⑰ At the beginning of the 20th century, they built long fences to keep the rabbits away from farmland. 20세기 초에는, 토끼들이 농지에 가지 못하게 막기위해서 긴 울타리를 세웠다.
⑱ Contrary to the government's expectation, many rabbits crossed to the other side during construction, while others dug holes under the fences. 정부의 예상과는 달리, 많은 토끼들이 울타리 공사중에 반대편으로 건너갔고, 다른 토끼들은 울타리밑에 구멍을 팠다.
⑲ The government also introduced diseases that kill rabbits. 정부는 또한 토끼를 죽이는 질병들도 들여왔다.
⑳ This significantly reduced the rabbit population, but only in certain areas. 이것은 토끼 개체 수를 크게 감소시켰지만, 오직 특정 지역에만 해당되었다.
㉑ Today, Australia's rabbit population is estimated to be about 200 million. 오늘날, 호주의 토끼 개체 수는 약 2억 마리로 추정된다.
㉒ Although the situation has improved, it is still a serious problem that the country is desperately trying to solve. 상황이 나아지기는 했지만, 그것은 여전히 호주가필사적으로 해결하고자 하는 심각한 문제이다.

 

 

 

Unit 05. Animals - Reading 2: TOEFL (American Bison)
① American Bison 아메리카 들소
② The American bison is the largest land animal in North America. 아메리카 들소는 북미에서 가장 큰 육지 동물이다.
③ Males can weigh up to 2,000 pounds and stand 1.8 meters tall. 수컷은 무게가 2,000파운드까지 나가고 키가 1.8미터나 된다.
④ Bison have huge heads, humps on their backs, and long, messy brownish-black fur. 아메리카 들소는 커다란 머리, 등에 난 혹, 길고 헝클어진 흑갈색 털을 가지고 있다.
⑤ Bison travel together in herds looking for grass to eat. 아메리카 들소는 먹을 풀을 찾아 무리 지어 함께 다닌다.
⑥ Huge herds of bison once traveled across the grasslands of North America. 한때 거대한 아메리카 들소 떼가 북미의 초원 지대를 누볐다.
⑦ They were an important resource for Native Americans living on the plains. 그것들은 평원 지대에 사는 북미 원주민들에게 중요한 자원이었다.
⑧ They hunted bison and used almost every part of the animal. 그들은 아메리카 들소를 사냥하여 이 동물의 거의모든 부분을 이용했다.
⑨ They ate the meat and made tools and weapons out of the bones. 고기는 먹고 뼈로는 연장과 무기를 만들었다.
⑩ Blankets, clothing, and tents were all made from bison skins. 담요, 옷, 텐트 모두가 아메리카 들소의 가죽으로 만들어졌다.
⑪ Bison were also important to the Native Americans' spiritual beliefs. 아메리카 들소는 또한 북미 원주민의 영적인 믿음에도 중요한 것이었다.
⑫ Bison calves are born in April, and the Native Americans believed that a kind spirit sent them bison each spring to help them survive. 아메리카 들소의 새끼는 4월에 태어나는데, 북미 원주민들은 친절한 정령이 그들이 생존할 수 있도록도우려고 매년 봄에 그들에게 아메리카 들소를 보내주는 것이라고 믿었다.
⑬ All of this changed with the arrival of Europeans in the 1800s. 이 모든 것은 1800년대에 유럽인들의 등장으로 변했다.
⑭ The Native Americans only hunted bison when they needed resources. 북미 원주민들은 자원이 필요할 때만 아메리카 들소를 사냥했다.
⑮ The Europeans, on the other hand, killed them in huge numbers for sport. 반면에 유럽인들은 재미 삼아 그것들을 엄청나게 많이 죽였다.
⑯ They competed to see who could kill the most animals in one day. 그들은 하루 만에 누가 가장 많은 동물을 죽일 수 있는지 알아보기 위해 경쟁했다.
⑰ The effect on the environment was huge; when Columbus arrived in America, there were about 60 million bison. 이것이 환경에 미친 영향은 엄청났다. 콜럼버스가미국에 도착했을 때는 약 6,000만 마리의 아메리카들소가 있었다.
⑱ By 1890, less than 1,000 animals survived. 1890년경에는 1,000마리도 안 되는 숫자가 생존해있었다.
⑲ Bison were saved from extinction by the American Bison Society, which was formed in 1905. 아메리카 들소는 아메리카 들소 협회에 의해 멸종위기를 모면했는데, 그 협회는 1905년에 생겨났다.
⑳ Many were raised in protected areas and then released into national parks. 많은 수가 보호 지역에서 사육되었고 그 후 국립 공원에 풀어졌다.
㉑ Today, there are about 500,000 animals. 오늘날에는 약 50만 마리가 있다.
㉒ Although bison still need to be protected, they aren't at risk of extinction anymore. 아메리카 들소는 여전히 보호되어야 할 필요는 있지만 더 이상 멸종 위기에 처해 있지 않다.
㉓ Even though the bison can no longer live freely on the grasslands of North America, it remains a symbol of the American Wild West. 아메리카 들소가 더 이상 북미 초원 지대에서 자유롭게 살 수는 없지만, 그것은 여전히 미국 서부 개척시대의 상징이다.
㉔ Each year, thousands of visitors to national parks can see herds of bison and imagine the past. 해마다 국립 공원을 찾는 수천 명의 방문객들은 아메리카 들소 떼를 보며 과거를 상상해 볼 수 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 06. Literature - Reading 1: Elements of Detective Stories
① Most detective novels and stories share the same basic storyline: 대부분의 탐정 소설과 이야기들은 동일한 기본 줄거리를 공유한다.
② There is a mystery that must be solved by uncovering clues, questioning witnesses, and discovering the identity of the criminal. 단서를 찾고, 증인을 심문하고, 범인의 정체를 알아냄으로써 풀려야 하는 미스터리가 있다는 것이다.
③ There are also a number of standard character types that occur again and again in detective fiction. 또한, 탐정 소설에는 반복적으로 존재하는 많은 전형적인 등장인물 유형이 있다.
④ The heroes of these stories are almost always some sort of detective. 이런 이야기들의 영웅들은 거의 항상 일종의 탐정이다.
⑤ The detective may be a professional or an amateur, but he or she must be very wise, observant, and logical. 탐정은 전문가나 비전문가일 수 있지만, 그 사람은매우 현명하고, 관찰력이 있으며, 논리적이어야 한다.
⑥ The detective uses these qualities to solve the crime along with the person who is reading the story. 탐정은 이러한 자질들을 이야기를 읽고 있는 사람과함께 범죄를 해결하는 데 사용한다.
⑦ These detectives often have a faithful assistant to help them out. 이 탐정들에게는 종종 그들을 돕는 충실한 조수가있다.
⑧ This character is sometimes referred to as a "Watson," after Sherlock Holmes's trusted companion. 이런 등장인물은 셜록 홈스의 믿음직한 친구의 이름을 따서 종종 '왓슨'이라 불린다.
⑨ He or she is generally not as wise and logical as the detective and often makes foolish mistakes. 그 사람은 보통 탐정만큼 현명하거나 논리적이지 않으며 종종 어리석은 실수를 저지른다.
⑩ However, the Watson character still manages to help the detective solve the crime. 그러나 왓슨 캐릭터는 여전히 탐정이 범죄를 해결하는 것을 어떻게든 돕는다.
⑪ Finally, all good detective stories must contain a villain. 마지막으로, 모든 잘 짜인 추리 소설에는 악당이 있어야 한다.
⑫ The storyline is usually focused on discovering who this person actually is. 줄거리는 보통 이 사람이 실제로 누구인지를 밝히는데 초점이 맞추어져 있다.
⑬ For this reason, in most cases, the true identity of the villain isn't revealed until the end of the novel. 이런 이유로, 대부분의 경우에 악당의 실체는 소설의 마지막에 가서야 밝혀진다.
⑭ Unlike the Watson character, the villain is usually as intelligent as the detective. 왓슨 캐릭터와 달리, 악당은 대개 탐정만큼이나 똑똑하다.
⑮ However, he or she always makes one big mistake and is captured in the end. 그러나 그 사람은 항상 한 가지 중대한 실수를 저지르고 결국 체포된다.
⑯ The next time you read a detective story, think about how these characters are described. 다음에 추리 소설을 읽을 때, 이 등장인물들이 어떻게 묘사되었는지 생각해 보아라.
⑰ But don't forget to try to solve the mystery, too! 그러나 미스터리를 풀어보는 것도 잊지 마라!
⑱ That's the best part of reading detective fiction! 그것이 추리 소설을 읽는 데 있어 가장 재미있는 부분이니까!

 

 

 

Unit 06. Literature - Reading 2: Awards for Children’s Literature
① Kids enjoy fun and exciting stories, and reading helps their brains develop. 아이들은 재미있고 흥미로운 이야기들을 즐기고, 독서는 그들의 뇌가 발달하는 것을 돕는다.
② But how can readers find the best children's books? 하지만 독자들은 어떻게 최고의 아동 도서들을 찾을수 있을까?
③ One way is to look up the winners of major awards. 한 가지 방법은 주요 상들의 수상 작품들을 찾아보는 것이다.
④ There are many awards for children's literature. 아동 문학에 대한 많은 상들이 있다.
⑤ However, two of the biggest are the Newbery Medal and the Hans Christian Andersen Award. 그러나, 가장 큰 두 개의 상은 뉴베리상과 한스 크리스티안 안데르센상이다.
⑥ The Newbery Medal has been given out annually since 1922. 뉴베리상은 1922년부터 해마다 수여되어왔다.
⑦ It was started by Frederic G. Melcher, a bookseller and editor. 그것은 책 판매상이자 편집자인 프레더릭 G. 멜처에의해 시작되었다.
⑧ At that time, children's literature was often overlooked. 그 당시에는, 아동 문학이 흔히 간과되었다.
⑨ Melcher hoped his award would bring public attention to children's books and make it easier for librarians to recommend good books to kids. 멜처는 그의 상이 아동 도서에 대한 대중적인 관심을 불러일으키고 사서들이 아이들에게 좋은 책들을추천하는 것을 더 쉽게 만들어 주기를 희망했다.
⑩ He named the award after John Newbery, an 18th-century English publisher considered the "father of children's literature." 그는 '아동 문학의 아버지'로 여겨지는 18세기의 영국 출판업자 존 뉴베리의 이름을 따서 그 상의 이름을 지었다.
⑪ Prize-winning works include The Giver by Lois Lowry and A Single Shard by Linda Sue Park. 수상작에는 로이스 라우리의 <기억 전달자>와 린다 수 박의 <사금파리 한 조각>이 있다.
⑫ The Hans Christian Andersen Award was started in 1956 to honor the famous writer's contribution to children's literature. 한스 크리스티안 안데르센상은 아동 문학에 대한 유명한 작가의 기여를 기리기 위해서 1956년에 시작되었다.
⑬ It is given every other year to one author and one illustrator of children's books. 그것은 2년마다 아동 도서 분야에서 한 명의 작가와한 명의 삽화가에게 수여된다.
⑭ Along with the quality of the work, the award's judges consider the ability of each nominee to see the world from a child's point of view and to stimulate children's imaginations. 작품의 질과 더불어, 그 상의 심사 위원들은 각 후보자의 아이의 관점에서 세상을 보는 능력과 아이들의상상력을 자극하는 능력을 고려한다.
⑮ Some well-known past winners include Tove Jansson, the writer of the famous Moomin books, and Eiko Kadono, the author of Kiki's Delivery Service. 몇몇 잘 알려진 과거 수상자들에는 유명한 <무민> 책의 작가인 토베 얀손과 <마녀 배달부 키키>의 작가인 카도노 에이코가 있다.
⑯ Although both of these awards are highly respected, there are some big differences between them. 이 두 상 모두 매우 존경받지만, 그들 사이에는 몇가지 큰 차이점들이 있다.
⑰ The Newbery Medal recognizes the best children's book of the year. 뉴베리상은 그해 최고의 아동 도서를 인정한다.
⑱ The Andersen Award, on the other hand, isn't based on a single book. 반면에, 안데르센상은 한 권의 책에만 근거하지 않는다.
⑲ It celebrates the lifelong work of the people who receive it. 그것은 상을 받는 사람들의 일생 동안의 업적을 기린다.
⑳ Also, the Andersen Award considers writers and illustrators of all nationalities, while the Newbery Medal is only given to American citizens or residents. 또한, 안데르센상은 모든 국적의 작가와 삽화가들을고려하는 반면, 뉴베리상은 오직 미국의 시민이나거주자들에게만 주어진다.

 

 

 

Unit 07. Environment - Reading 1: The Bullitt Center
① These days, architecture is "going green," as more and more architects design buildings with efficiency and sustainability in mind. 오늘날, 점점 더 많은 건축가들이 효율성과 지속 가능성을 염두에 두고 건물을 설계함에 따라, 건축이'친환경적'이 되고 있다.
② One great example is the Bullitt Center, a six-story office building in Seattle, Washington, USA. 한 가지 훌륭한 예는 미국 워싱턴주의 시애틀에 있는 6층짜리 사무실 건물인 불릿 센터이다.
③ This impressive building produces more energy than it uses, and it is the new standard for sustainable architecture. 이 인상적인 건물은 그것이 사용하는 것보다 더 많은 에너지를 생산하고, 지속 가능한 건축의 새로운기준이다.
④ The Bullitt Center was opened on Earth Day, April 22, in 2013. 불릿 센터는 2013년 4월 22일, 지구의 날에 문을열었다.
⑤ Its primary purpose is to be a good model for office buildings pursuing sustainability. 그것의 주된 목적은 지속 가능성을 추구하는 사무실건물들에 좋은 본보기가 되는 것이다.
⑥ The building has many eco-friendly features. 그 건물은 많은 친환경적인 특징들을 가지고 있다.
⑦ For example, there is a garage for bicycles but not for cars. 예를 들어, 자전거를 위한 차고는 있지만 자동차를위한 차고는 없다.
⑧ Also, solar panels on the roof provide all the building's energy. 또한, 지붕의 태양 전지판은 그 건물의 모든 에너지를 공급한다.
⑨ For another thing, the elevator is located out of sight and the stairway offers beautiful views of the city, which encourages people to take the stairs. 또 다른 예로, 엘리베이터가 보이지 않는 곳에 위치해 있고 계단은 도시의 아름다운 경관을 제공하는데, 이것은 사람들이 계단을 이용하도록 장려한다.
⑩ In summertime, blinds on the outside of the windows automatically adjust depending on the angle of the sun to manage the temperature inside the building. 여름철에는, 창문 밖의 블라인드가 건물 내부의 온도를 관리하기 위해 태양의 각도에 따라서 자동으로조정된다.
⑪ On cold winter days, a special heat pump system absorbs heat from deep in the ground. 추운 겨울날에는 특별한 열펌프 시스템이 땅 깊은곳으로부터 열을 흡수한다.
⑫ And then the system transfers this heat into the building, while triple-pane windows provide fantastic insulation. 그런 다음 그 시스템이 이 열을 건물 안으로 전달하고 그와 동시에 삼중창이 환상적인 단열 기능을 제공한다.
⑬ The roof of the Bullitt Center has holes that collect rainwater. 불릿 센터의 지붕에는 빗물을 모으는 구멍들이 있다.
⑭ This water is stored in an underground tank and is used throughout the building. 이 물은 지하의 탱크에 저장되고 건물 전체에서 사용된다.
⑮ Even though the building only uses about 500 gallons of water per day, the tank can hold up to 56,000 gallons! 비록 이 건물은 하루에 단지 약 500갤런의 물을 사용하지만, 그 탱크는 56,000갤런까지 수용할 수 있다!
⑯ Finally, the Bullitt Center has a unique toilet system that transforms human waste into fertilizer. 마지막으로, 불릿 센터는 사람의 배설물을 비료로바꾸는 특별한 화장실 시스템을 가지고 있다.
⑰ Thanks to these amazing features, the Bullitt Center will have its own steady supply of water and electricity ― and will avoid utility bills ― for the next 250 years! 이러한 놀라운 특징들 덕분에, 불릿 센터는 앞으로250년 동안 자체적으로 물과 전기의 지속적인 공급을 확보할 것이고 공과금 고지서를 피할 것이다!
⑱ The building's creators hope that it will inspire others to embrace green architecture and take practical action for sustainability. 그 건물의 창조자들은 그 건물이 다른 사람들로 하여금 친환경적 건축을 받아들이고 지속 가능성을 위한 실질적인 행동을 취하도록 고무하기를 희망한다.

 

 

 

Unit 07. Environment - Reading 2: The Disappearing Honeybee
① Reporter: Good afternoon, Dr. Kirkland. 기자: 안녕하십니까, 커클랜드 박사님.
② Recently, the world's honeybee population has been dropping dramatically. 최근 세계의 벌꿀 개체 수가 급격히 감소하고 있습니다.
③ Strangely, nobody is sure why. 이상하게도, 아무도 이유를 확실히 모릅니다.
④ Can you please explain the situation? 이 상황을 설명해 주시겠습니까?
⑤ Dr. Kirkland: Certainly. Ever since the 1970s, the number of wild honeybees in North America has been dropping rapidly. 커클랜드 박사: 그러죠. 1970년대 이후로 줄곧, 북아메리카의 야생 꿀벌 수가 급속도로 감소해 오고있습니다.
⑥ But now we're seeing a similar drop in the number of honeybees kept by beekeepers. 하지만 현재 우리는 양봉가들이 기르는 꿀벌 숫자에서도 비슷한 감소 추세를 목격하고 있습니다.
⑦ Reporter: I see. What are some possible causes? 기자: 그렇군요. 가능한 원인으로 무엇이 있습니까?
⑧ Dr. Kirkland: The most likely cause is climate change. 커클랜드 박사: 가장 예상되는 원인은 기후 변화입니다.
⑨ Bees depend on flowers, and the growing seasons of many plants are changing along with the climate. 꿀벌은 꽃에 의존해 사는데, 많은 식물들의 성장 시기가 기후에 따라 함께 변화하고 있습니다.
⑩ Scientists are trying to find out what kind of effect this is having on honeybees. 과학자들은 이것이 꿀벌에 어떤 식으로 영향을 미치는지를 알아내기 위해 노력하고 있습니다.
⑪ There are also some researchers who think that our cell phones are the problem. 또한 우리의 휴대 전화기가 문제라고 생각하는 일부연구자들도 있습니다.
⑫ These phones use electromagnetic waves, which might be confusing the bees. 이러한 전화기는 전자파를 사용하는데, 이것이 꿀벌을 교란시키고 있을 수 있습니다.
⑬ If they can't find their way back to their hive, they'll most likely die. 꿀벌들은 자신의 벌집으로 돌아가는 길을 찾지 못할경우, 대부분 죽을 가능성이 높습니다.
⑭ And finally, some scientists believe that toxic chemicals in some pesticides sprayed on plants are causing the honeybees to die. 그리고 마지막으로, 몇몇 과학자들은 식물에 뿌려지는 일부 살충제 안에 있는 유독한 화학 물질이 꿀벌을 죽게 한다고 믿습니다.
⑮ Reporter: Interesting. But why should people care? 기자: 흥미롭군요. 그런데 사람들이 왜 관심을 가져야 할까요?
⑯ Without honeybees, we'd have no honey. 꿀벌이 없으면, 꿀을 구하지 못하겠지요.
⑰ But surely there are bigger problems to worry about. 하지만 분명 걱정해야 할 더 큰 문제가 있을 텐데요.
⑱ Dr. Kirkland: Honeybees are responsible for more than just honey. 커클랜드 박사: 꿀벌은 단순히 꿀 그 이상을 책임지고 있습니다.
⑲ In fact, some experts believe that if bees were to go extinct, so would humans. 실제로, 일부 전문가들은 만약 벌이 멸종된다면, 인간도 그렇게 될 것으로 생각합니다.
⑳ This is because bees pollinate nearly 100 different crops, including soybeans, apples, and broccoli. 이는 벌들이 콩이나 사과, 브로콜리를 비롯한 거의백여 가지의 다양한 작물을 수분시키기 때문입니다.
㉑ It is estimated that one third of our diet comes from plants that are pollinated by insects. 우리 식단의 3분의 1이 곤충이 수분하는 식물에서비롯된다고 추정됩니다.
㉒ Without honeybees, it is possible that we wouldn't be able to grow enough food to feed ourselves. 꿀벌이 없다면 우리가 먹을 만큼의 충분한 식량을재배하지 못할 수도 있습니다.
㉓ Reporter: I see. Clearly, this is a problem that should not be ignored. 기자: 알겠습니다. 분명 이것은 간과해서는 안 될 문제이군요.
㉔ Thank you very much, Dr. Kirkland. 정말 감사합니다, 커클랜드 박사님.

 

 

 

Unit 08. Culture - Reading 1: UK Tea Culture
① For many British people, the morning must begin with a cup of tea. 많은 영국인에게 아침은 차 한 잔으로 시작되어야한다.
② Otherwise, they can't make it through the rest of the day! 그렇지 않으면 그들은 그날의 남은 시간을 견뎌낼수 없다!
③ It's no surprise, then, that the UK is one of the world's largest tea consumers. 그러므로 영국이 세계 최대의 차 소비국 중 하나인것은 전혀 놀라운 일이 아니다.
④ In this country, five cups a day is only average and for some this number is closer to 15 or 20. 이 나라에서는 하루에 다섯 잔은 평균에 불과하며어떤 이들에게는 이 숫자가 거의 15잔에서 20잔에이른다.
⑤ In fact, during World War II, Winston Churchill said tea was more important to British soldiers than weapons! 실제로 제2차 세계 대전 중에, 윈스턴 처칠은 영국병사들에게 차가 무기보다 더 중요하다고 말하기도했다!
⑥ The British tea habit started as a result of trade with China. 영국의 차 관습은 중국과의 교역의 결과로 시작되었다.
⑦ In China, the tradition of drinking tea goes back to 3000 B.C., but it only arrived in the UK in the mid-17th century. 중국에서 차를 마시는 전통은 기원전 3000년까지거슬러 올라가지만, 영국에는 17세기 중반에서야도래했다.
⑧ The most common tea during these years was the green variety. 이 시기에 가장 일반적인 차는 녹차 종류였다.
⑨ However, in the 19th century, black teas became the preferred type. 하지만 19세기에는, 홍차가 선호하는 타입이 되었다.
⑩ It was also around this time that a British tea culture started to form. 영국의 차 문화가 형성되기 시작한 것도 이 무렵이었다.
⑪ British people developed a practice of drinking tea with milk and sugar, whereas in other countries people usually drank it plain. 다른 나라에서는 사람들은 보통 아무것도 넣지 않고차를 마신 반면, 영국 사람들은 차에 우유와 설탕을넣어 마시는 관습을 발달시켰다.
⑫ Tea was also consumed at specific times of day and during certain events. 또한 하루 중 정해진 시간대나 특정한 경우에 차를마셨다.
⑬ Terms like "tea break," "tea time," and "tea party," which are commonly used today, were created at this time. '티 브레이크'나 '티타임', '티 파티' 같은 용어들은이때 만들어진 것인데, 오늘날에도 일반적으로 사용된다.
⑭ British people also got really good at making a proper pot of tea. 영국 사람들은 제대로 된 차를 만드는 일에도 정말뛰어나다.
⑮ You can do this easily yourself. 당신도 직접 쉽게 이것을 할 수 있다.
⑯ First, select a type of tea that you would like to try. 먼저, 마셔 보고 싶은 차 종류를 선택해라.
⑰ Here are some popular choices: Darjeeling, Ceylon, English Breakfast, and Earl Grey. 여기 몇 가지 인기 있는 선택지가 있다. 다르질링, 실론, 잉글리시 브렉퍼스트, 얼그레이가 그것이다.
⑱ Place an infuser filled with loose tea into a teapot full of water. 물이 가득 담긴 찻주전자 안에 찻잎이 담긴 인퓨저를 넣는다.
⑲ For convenience, you can also use a teabag. 편의를 위해 티백을 사용할 수도 있다.
⑳ Boil the water, and then let it sit for a few minutes. 물을 끓이고 그 후 몇 분간 그대로 둔다.
㉑ Your tea is now ready to serve, and you can add milk and sugar according to your taste! 이제 차를 낼 준비가 되었으니, 기호에 따라 우유와설탕을 넣으면 된다!

 

 

 

Unit 08. Culture - Reading 2: The Ghost Month
① In parts of Asia, the seventh month of the lunar calendar is known as the Ghost Month. 아시아의 일부 지역에서, 음력 7월은 유령의 달로알려져 있다.
② It is said that every year on the first day of the Ghost Month, the gates of Hell open. 매년 유령의 달의 첫 번째 날에는 지옥의 문이 열린다고 한다.
③ This allows ghosts to return to the world of the living and stay until the gates of Hell close again on the last day of the month. 이것은 유령들이 현실 세계로 돌아와 그달의 마지막날에 지옥의 문이 다시 닫힐 때까지 머무를 수 있게한다.
④ During this period, people remember their dead relatives and show respect to their ancestors. 이 기간 동안, 사람들은 그들의 죽은 친척들을 기억하고 그들의 조상들에게 경의를 표한다.
⑤ The Ghost Month features three important days. 유령의 달은 세 개의 중요한 날을 특징으로 한다.
⑥ On the first day, people burn small items made of paper, representing clothes and money. 첫 번째 날에는, 사람들이 옷과 돈을 상징하는 종이로 만든 작은 물건들을 태운다.
⑦ This is believed to provide ghosts with these items in Hell. 이것은 지옥에서 유령들에게 이 물건들을 제공한다고 믿어진다.
⑧ On the last day, people release paper lanterns onto rivers. 마지막 날에는, 사람들이 종이 등불을 강 위에 띄워보낸다.
⑨ These floating lanterns guide the ghosts to the items being offered to them. 이 떠다니는 등불들은 유령들을 그들에게 제공된 물건들로 안내한다.
⑩ The highlight of the month is the Hungry Ghost Festival celebrated on the fifteenth day of the month. 유령의 달의 가장 중요한 부분은 그달의 열다섯 번째 날에 기념하는 배고픈 유령 축제(중원절)이다.
⑪ During the festival, a delicious feast is offered to the hungry ghosts. 그 축제 기간 동안, 배고픈 유령들에게 맛있는 진수성찬이 제공된다.
⑫ In return for the food, the ghosts bring good luck. 음식에 대한 보답으로, 유령들은 행운을 가져다준다.
⑬ According to one legend, a man named Mulian worried about his dead mother in Hell. 한 전설에 따르면, 뮬리언이라는 이름의 남자가 지옥에 있는 그의 돌아가신 어머니를 걱정했다.
⑭ She had to compete with other hungry ghosts for food. 그녀는 음식을 두고 다른 배고픈 유령들과 경쟁해야만 했다.
⑮ He traveled to Hell on lunar July 15 to give her food. 그는 그녀에게 음식을 드리기 위해서 음력 7월 15일에 지옥으로 갔다.
⑯ Many people think this led to the tradition of offering food to the ghosts during the festival. 많은 사람들은 이것이 축제 기간 동안 유령들에게음식을 제공하는 전통으로 이어졌다고 생각한다.
⑰ There are some taboos associated with the Ghost Month. 유령의 달과 연관된 몇 가지 금기 사항이 있다.
⑱ People must not step on paper items being burned as offerings. 사람들은 제물로 태워지는 종이 물건들을 밟아서는안 된다.
⑲ Wearing red or black clothing after 11 p.m. should also be avoided because these colors could attract hungry ghosts. 밤 11시 이후에 빨간색이나 검은색 옷을 입는 것도피해야 하는데, 왜냐하면 이러한 색깔들은 배고픈유령들을 불러들일 수도 있기 때문이다.
⑳ Finally, people must not hang their clothes outside to dry, as passing ghosts may steal them. 마지막으로, 사람들은 그들의 옷을 말리기 위해 밖에 널어서는 안 되는데, 지나가는 유령들이 그것들을 훔쳐 갈 수도 있기 때문이다.
㉑ In addition to honoring the dead, the Ghost Month gives people a lesson about proper behaviors. 죽은 사람들을 기리는 것 외에도, 유령의 달은 사람들에게 올바른 행동에 대한 교훈을 준다.
㉒ Worshiping ancestors encourages respect for family members, while making offerings to ghosts represents the importance of sharing. 조상들을 숭배하는 것은 가족 구성원들에 대한 존경심을 갖게 하는데 반면 유령들에게 제물을 바치는것은 나눔의 중요성을 나타낸다.

 

 

 

Unit 09. Origins - Reading 1: Chess
① Two players stare at each other in silence. 두 선수가 침묵 속에 서로를 응시한다.
② Suddenly, one player makes a move. 갑자기, 한 선수가 말을 움직인다.
③ He captures the other player's king and wins the game! 그는 다른 선수의 왕을 잡고 게임에서 승리한다!
④ The game is chess, and it is centuries old. 이 게임은 체스로, 그 역사가 수 세기에 이른다.
⑤ It is played on a checkered board, with squares arranged on an 8x8 grid. 그것은 8x8의 격자형으로 배열된 정사각형의 체크무늬 보드 위에서 이루어진다.
⑥ You may have played chess before, but do you know where it comes from? 당신은 전에 체스를 둬 봤을지도 모르지만, 그것이어디서 유래했는지 아는가?
⑦ The earliest version of chess appeared in India in the 6th century. 체스의 최초 버전은 6세기 인도에서 등장했다.
⑧ According to a tale, a powerful king ordered a poor mathematician to invent an exciting game for him. 설화에 따르면, 강한 권력을 가진 왕이 가난한 수학자에게 자신을 위해 흥미로운 게임을 고안하라고 명령했다.
⑨ The mathematician created a game with two armies, each led by a king. 그 수학자는 각각 한 명의 왕에 의해 통솔되는 두 개의 군대가 있는 게임을 만들어 냈다.
⑩ The game pieces included foot soldiers, horse riders, elephants, and chariots, all standing on a board of 64 squares. 그 게임의 말은 보병, 기마병, 코끼리와 전차를 포함했는데, 이것들 모두 64개의 정사각형으로 된 보드위에 놓여 있었다.
⑪ The goal was to capture the enemy's king. 목표는 상대편의 왕을 잡는 것이었다.
⑫ The king loved the game and promised the mathematician a reward. 왕은 그 게임을 매우 마음에 들어 했고, 수학자에게보상을 약속했다.
⑬ The mathematician cleverly placed a grain of wheat on the first square of the board and asked the king to double it once for each of the other squares on the board. 그 수학자는 영리하게도 보드의 첫 번째 정사각형에한 개의 밀 낟알을 놓고, 왕에게 보드의 나머지 각정사각형마다 그 밀알을 두 배씩 늘리도록 요청했다.
⑭ At first, the king thought it didn't seem like much. 처음에 왕은 그것이 그다지 많아 보이지 않는다고여겼다.
⑮ He ordered his servants to begin counting out the wheat grains. 그는 자기 신하들에게 밀알을 세기 시작하라고 명했다.
⑯ As the number of wheat grains continued to double, the pile of wheat became huge. 밀알의 숫자가 계속 두 배씩 늘어나자, 밀 더미는 거대해졌다.
⑰ Eventually, the king realized there wasn't enough grain in the whole kingdom. 결국, 왕은 왕국 전체에도 충분한 밀알이 없다는 것을 깨달았다.
⑱ Laughing, he recognized that the mathematician was a genius. 웃으면서, 왕은 수학자가 천재임을 인정했다.
⑲ Over the centuries, the game became popular throughout India and started to spread west. 수 세기에 걸쳐, 그 게임은 인도 전역에서 대중화되었고 서양으로 전파되기 시작했다.
⑳ Once in Europe, the game pieces began to develop into a European style. 한때 유럽에서 그 게임 말들은 유럽 스타일로 발전하기 시작했다.
㉑ For example, instead of horse riders and chariots, there were knights and rooks. 예를 들어, 기마병과 전차 대신에 기사와 성이 있었다.
㉒ By the 15th century, the game had started to resemble our modern version of chess. 15세기에 이르자, 그 게임은 현대판 체스를 닮아 가기 시작했다.
㉓ Although it was once a game for an Indian king, now it is played by people all over the world. 그것은 한때 인도의 한 왕을 위한 게임이었지만, 지금은 전 세계 사람들에 의해 행해진다.

 

 

 

Unit 09. Origins - Reading 2: Guy Fawkes Day
① If Guy Fawkes's plan had succeeded, we might remember him as the world's first famous terrorist. 만일 가이 포크스의 계획이 성공했더라면 우리는 그를 세계 최초의 유명 테러리스트로 기억하고 있을지도 모른다.
② Instead, every year on November 5 people in Britain make models of him. 대신에 매년 11월 5일, 영국 사람들은 그의 모형들을 만든다.
③ Then, at night, they put the models on top of fires and burn them. 그리고 밤이 되면 그 모형들을 불 위에 올려놓고 태운다.
④ What did Guy Fawkes try to do? 가이 포크스는 무엇을 하려고 했던 것일까?
⑤ In 1605, James I was King of England. 1605년 제임스 1세는 영국의 왕이었다.
⑥ He treated Catholics very badly. 그는 가톨릭교도들을 매우 혹독하게 대했다.
⑦ Tired of the harsh treatment, Guy Fawkes and seven other Catholics made a plan to kill King James and every member of the English government. 그런 혹독한 처우에 지쳐서, 가이 포크스와 다른 7명의 가톨릭교도들은 제임스 왕과 영국 정부의 모든관계자를 살해하려는 계획을 세웠다.
⑧ They hid a huge bomb under the Houses of Parliament. 그들은 국회 의사당 지하에 거대한 폭탄을 숨겨 두었다.
⑨ Guy Fawkes knew that King James and all the members of the government would be there on the night of November 5. 가이 포크스는 제임스 왕과 정부 관리 모두가 11월5일 밤에 그곳에 있으리라는 것을 알고 있었다.
⑩ But when he went to light the bomb, the king's guards found him and arrested him. 하지만 폭탄을 점화시키려고 갔을 때, 왕실 근위대가 그를 발견하고 체포했다.
⑪ Immediately after his arrest, the English government declared November 5 to be a day of celebration. 그가 체포된 직후에, 영국 정부는 11월 5일을 기념일로 선포하였다.
⑫ Over 400 years later, although the man himself is sometimes remembered in a more sympathetic way, "Guy Fawkes Day" is still celebrated. 400년이 넘은 지금은 가이 포크스라는 사람 자체는간혹 좀 더 동정적으로 기억되기도 하지만, '가이 포크스 데이'는 여전히 기념되고 있다.
⑬ People spend several weeks getting ready for the big night. 사람들은 그 중요한 날 밤을 위한 준비를 하며 몇 주를 보낸다.
⑭ Stores start selling boxes of fireworks, and people buy their favorite kinds. 상점들은 폭죽 상자를 팔기 시작하고, 사람들은 그들이 가장 좋아하는 종류를 산다.
⑮ Everyone collects wood, leaves, and garden trash to make bonfires. 모든 사람이 모닥불을 피우기 위해 나무, 나뭇잎, 정원의 쓰레기를 모은다.
⑯ Traditionally, children take their models of Guy Fawkes ― called a "guy" ― through the streets, shouting "A penny for the guy!" 전통적으로, 아이들은 '가이'라고 불리는 가이 포크스 모형들을 들고, "가이에게 한 푼만요!"라고 외치며 길거리를 다닌다.
⑰ If people think it is a good model, they will give the children some money. 그것이 괜찮은 모형이라고 생각하면 사람들은 그 아이들에게 돈을 조금 줄 것이다.
⑱ The children then spend the money on fireworks. 그러면 아이들은 그 돈을 폭죽을 사는 데 쓴다.
⑲ On the night of November 5, people light fireworks in their gardens. 11월 5일 밤이 되면 사람들은 그들의 정원에서 불꽃놀이를 한다.
⑳ Then they stand around the bonfire, cooking the traditional Guy Fawkes Day meal ― sausages and potatoes. 그런 다음 모닥불 주위에 빙 둘러서서 전통적인 가이 포크스 데이 음식인 소시지와 감자를 요리한다.
㉑ Finally, of course, they put the "guy" on top of the bonfire and burn him, thinking about the crime that he tried to commit. 당연히 마지막으로 사람들은 그가 저지르려 했던 범죄를 생각하면서 '가이'를 모닥불 위에 올려놓고 태운다.

 

 

 

Unit 10. Geology - Reading 1: Opals
① Australia is the land of the opal. 호주는 오팔의 땅이다.
② This precious stone is the country's national emblem for a good reason: more than 90 percent of the world's opals come from a remote central area of Australia sometimes called the "Red Center." 이 귀한 원석이 그 나라의 국가적 상징인 데는 충분한 이유가 있다. 전 세계 오팔의 90퍼센트 이상이, 때론 '레드 센터'라고 불리는 호주의 외딴 중앙 지역에서 나오기 때문이다.
③ They are mined in severe climatic conditions in the desert areas of Queensland, South Australia, and New South Wales. 그것들은 퀸즐랜드주, 사우스오스트레일리아주, 뉴사우스웨일스주의 사막 지역에서 혹독한 기후 조건속에 채굴된다.
④ Despite the abundance and popularity of opals, scientists were unable until recently to explain exactly how or why so many of the earth's opals formed in Australia. 오팔의 풍부한 매장량과 인기에도 불구하고, 과학자들은 최근까지 어떻게, 왜 지구상의 오팔 중 그렇게많은 양이 호주에서 형성되었는지를 정확히 설명할수 없었다.
⑤ Recent research findings at the University of Sydney have provided new insights into the mysterious formation of opals. 시드니 대학의 최근 연구 결과는 오팔의 불가사의한형성 과정에 새로운 통찰을 제공해 주었다.
⑥ Around 100 million years ago, an inland sea that covered 60 percent of Australia began to dry out. 약 1억 년 전, 호주의 60퍼센트를 뒤덮고 있던 내륙해가 마르기 시작했다.
⑦ This caused extraordinary changes in the makeup of the rocks, soil, and minerals of the region. 이는 그 지역의 암석, 토양, 광물질 구성에 놀라운변화를 일으켰다.
⑧ Acidity levels in the sea first increased and then decreased. 바다의 산성도가 처음에는 높아졌다가 그 다음엔 낮아졌다.
⑨ This helped create ideal conditions for opals to form. 이는 오팔이 형성되기 위한 최적의 조건을 만드는데 일조했다.
⑩ Central Australia is known to be the only place on earth where these types of changes have ever occurred on such a large scale. 중앙 오스트레일리아는 이런 식의 변화가 그토록 대규모로 일어난 지구상의 유일한 장소로 알려져 있다.
⑪ Surprisingly, these findings may help us better understand the environment on Mars. 놀랍게도, 이런 발견들은 우리가 화성의 환경을 더잘 이해하는 데 도움이 될지도 모른다.
⑫ The red-colored dirt and terrain of Central Australia share many characteristics with the surface of the Red Planet. 중앙 오스트레일리아의 적색토와 지형은 붉은 행성의 표면과 많은 특징을 공유하고 있다.
⑬ In 2008, astronauts found opal-like deposits on the planet, strengthening the belief that opals may also exist there. 2008년에 우주 비행사들은 그 행성에서 오팔과 유사한 매장 층을 발견했고, 이는 오팔이 그곳에도 존재할지 모른다는 믿음에 힘을 실어 주었다.
⑭ The discovery of opals on Mars could be the key to further proving the similarities between Mars and the landscape of Central Australia. 화성에서의 오팔의 발견은 화성과 중앙 오스트레일리아의 지형 사이의 유사점을 한층 더 입증하는 열쇠가 될 수 있다.
⑮ This means that scientists may be able to study biological processes possibly present on the faraway planet, right here on earth. 이것은 과학자들이 바로 여기 지구에서, 멀리 떨어진 행성에 혹시 존재할 수도 있는 생물학적인 과정을 연구할 수 있을지도 모른다는 것을 의미한다.

 

 

 

Unit 10. Geology - Reading 2: TOEFL (The San Andreas Fault)
① The San Andreas Fault 샌안드레아스 단층
② The San Andreas Fault, the boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate, runs along the northern coast of California and extends inland into the southern part of the state. 태평양판과 북아메리카판 사이의 경계 부분인 샌안드레아스 단층은 캘리포니아주 북부 해안을 따라 지나고 있고 주의 남부 지역의 내륙으로 뻗어 있다.
③ It was discovered in 1895 and named after San Andreas Lake, which was formed by the movements of these plates. 그것은 1895년에 발견되었고 샌안드레아스 호수의이름을 따서 지어졌는데 그 호수는 이 판들의 이동으로 형성되었다.
④ These movements have helped shape the landscape of California in many other ways too. 이들의 이동은 여러모로 캘리포니아의 지형 형성도도왔다.
⑤ They have created beautiful mountains and valleys. 그것들은 아름다운 산과 계곡을 만들었다.
⑥ But the San Andreas Fault is also a cause of much concern. 하지만 샌안드레아스 단층은 심각한 우려도 낳고 있다.
⑦ The plates are still moving today, and they make the ground in the area dangerously unstable. 그 판들은 오늘날에도 여전히 움직이고 있어서 그지역의 지대를 위험할 만큼 불안정하게 만들고 있다.
⑧ The San Andreas Fault is a transform fault. 샌안드레아스 단층은 변환 단층이다.
⑨ This means that the plates that form it are moving past each other. 이는 그것을 형성하는 판들이 서로를 지나쳐 움직이고 있다는 것을 의미한다.
⑩ Since they are moving in opposite directions, there is a high chance of serious earthquakes occurring. 그것들이 반대 방향으로 움직이고 있기 때문에 심각한 지진이 일어날 가능성이 높다.
⑪ This is especially worrisome because the fault runs through several highly populated areas. 그 단층이 여러 인구 밀집 지역을 지나가기 때문에특히 걱정거리가 되고 있다.
⑫ Actually, a huge earthquake hit San Francisco in 1906. 실제로 1906년 샌프란시스코에 대규모 지진이 발생했다.
⑬ It destroyed much of the city and showed just how destructive these plate movements can be. 그것은 도시의 상당 부분을 파괴했으며 이러한 판의이동들이 얼마나 파괴적일 수 있는지 보여 주었다.
⑭ Earthquakes are very difficult to predict, but studying plate boundaries more carefully may help scientists develop better warning systems for these natural disasters. 지진은 예측하기 매우 어렵지만 판 경계를 좀 더 주의 깊게 연구하는 것은 과학자들이 이러한 자연재해에 대비해 더 나은 경보 체계를 개발하는 데 도움이될 수 있다.
⑮ The San Andreas Fault, one of rare plate boundaries on land, is much easier to study than other plate boundaries, which are mostly found beneath the ocean. 육지에 있는 보기 드문 판 경계 중 하나인 샌안드레아스 단층은 다른 판 경계보다 연구하기에 훨씬 더쉬운데, 다른 판 경계들은 대개 해저에서 발견되기때문이다.
⑯ Geologists are carefully studying it and watching for any signs that could help them predict when the next big earthquake may occur. 지질학자들은 그것을 자세히 연구하고, 다음 대지진이 언제 일어날지 예측하는 데 도움이 될 수 있는 징후들을 주의 깊게 관찰하고 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 11. Space - Reading 1: The Proper Spacesuit
① Most of us hope that space vacations will become possible in our lifetime. 우리 대부분은 우주 여행이 우리 생애에 가능해지기를 희망한다.
② Imagine it for a moment. 잠시 그것을 상상해 보아라.
③ You hop into your personal spacecraft and set off for a hike on Mars or a star-gazing trip through the Milky Way. 당신은 개인 우주선에 뛰어올라 타고 화성에서의 하이킹이나 은하계를 통과하는 별 관측 여행을 위해출발한다.
④ What should you take with you? 당신은 무엇을 가져가야 할까?
⑤ Certainly, you'll need your camera and some tasty snacks for the journey. 분명, 당신은 카메라와 여행을 위한 맛있는 간식이좀 필요할 것이다.
⑥ But above all, remember to wear the right kind of spacesuit. 그러나 무엇보다도, 알맞은 종류의 우주복을 입어야한다는 것을 기억하라.
⑦ Without it, you won't survive on some of Earth's nearest destinations. 그것 없이는 지구에서 가장 가까운 몇몇 목적지에서살아남을 수 없을 것이다.
⑧ Let's start with Mercury. 수성부터 시작하자.
⑨ It is a fun planet to explore, with deep craters and high cliffs. 그곳은 깊은 분화구들과 높은 절벽들이 있는, 탐사하기에 재미있는 행성이다.
⑩ However, Mercury has no air, so you definitely need a spacesuit with plenty of oxygen. 그러나 수성에는 공기가 없어서 당신은 반드시 산소가 충분한 우주복이 필요하다.
⑪ Also, temperatures range from -173℃ to 427℃, so wear a spacesuit that prevents you from freezing or burning. 또한, 기온 차가 섭씨 영하 173도에서 영상 427도에 이르니, 당신이 꽁꽁 얼거나 타 버리는 것을 막아주는 우주복을 입어라.
⑫ Next is Venus. 다음은 금성이다.
⑬ Frankly, Venus isn't a great vacation destination. 솔직히, 금성은 아주 좋은 휴가지는 아니다.
⑭ It is too hot and cloudy, and its atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide. 그곳은 너무 더운 데다 날씨가 흐리며, 그곳의 대기는 대부분 이산화탄소이다.
⑮ In addition, the pressure of the atmosphere there is 90 times greater than it is on Earth. 게다가, 그곳의 기압은 지구 기압보다 90배나 높다.
⑯ So, you need a titanium spacesuit to protect you. 따라서 당신을 보호해 줄 티타늄 우주복이 필요하다.
⑰ Without one, you will be instantly crushed. 티타늄 우주복이 없다면, 당신은 즉시 으스러질 것이다.
⑱ The safest destination is certainly our moon. 가장 안전한 목적지는 확실히 달이다.
⑲ Gravity on the moon is around 83 percent as strong as that of Earth. 달의 중력은 지구 중력의 약 83퍼센트 정도의 세기이다.
⑳ So you can easily bounce around and explore. 그래서 당신은 쉽게 주변을 뛰어다니며 탐사할 수있다.
㉑ Best of all, most spacesuits work well here. 무엇보다, 대부분의 우주복이 여기에서 잘 작동한다.
㉒ But make sure your spacesuit has temperature controls. 그러나 당신의 우주복에 반드시 온도 제어 장치를달아라.
㉓ On the moon, temperatures range from -173℃ to 100℃. 달에서는 기온 차가 섭씨 영하 173도에서 영상 100도에 이른다.
㉔ And you'll need oxygen, since there isn't any air there. 그리고 그곳에는 공기가 없으므로 산소가 필요할 것이다.
㉕ But if you run into any problems, there should be a handy moon base nearby! 그러나 당신에게 어떤 문제가 생기더라도, 근처에바로 이용 가능한 달 기지가 있을 것이다!

 

 

 

Unit 11. Space - Reading 2: Astronauts in Space
① You've probably seen pictures of astronauts in space. 당신은 아마도 우주에 있는 우주 비행사들의 사진을본 적이 있을 것이다.
② They are floating around and enjoying the feeling of weightlessness. 그들이 둥둥 떠다니면서 무중력의 느낌을 즐기고 있는 모습을 말이다.
③ But is living in space all fun and games? 하지만 우주에 사는 것이 늘 재미있고 즐겁기만 할까?
④ What is an astronaut's usual day like? 우주 비행사의 평상시 하루는 어떤 모습일까?
⑤ Actually, on the International Space Station there aren't any "days." 사실 국제 우주 정거장에는 '하루'라는 게 없다.
⑥ The station speeds around Earth so quickly that the sun rises 15 times every 24 hours. 이 정거장은 지구 주위를 너무나 빠르게 돌아서 해가 24시간마다 15번씩 뜬다.
⑦ However, astronauts must work and sleep on the natural 24-hour biological clock, or they would soon suffer from non-stop jet lag. 하지만 우주 비행사들은 본래의 24시간 생체 시계에 맞춰 일하고 자야 하는데, 그렇게 하지 않으면 얼마 안 있어 끊임없는 시차증을 겪게 된다.
⑧ So the astronauts use an alarm clock to wake them up at the right time. 따라서 우주 비행사들은 때맞춰 그들을 깨워줄 자명종을 사용한다.
⑨ After waking up, it is time to get clean. 잠에서 깨면, 씻을 차례이다.
⑩ Instead of taking a shower, however, astronauts give themselves a sponge bath. 하지만 샤워를 하는 대신, 우주 비행사들은 스펀지목욕을 한다.
⑪ This is because, without gravity to pull it down, water clings to the body. 이는 물을 아래로 끌어당기는 중력이 없으면 물이몸에 붙어 있기 때문이다.
⑫ It also conserves water, which is in limited supply on the station. 그것은 또한 물을 절약해 주기도 하는데, 우주 정거장에서는 물의 공급량이 한정적이다.
⑬ The astronauts then get dressed and sit down for breakfast. 그다음으로 우주 비행사들은 옷을 입고 아침 식사를위해 자리에 앉는다.
⑭ Space food is usually kept in plastic bags and drunk with straws. 우주 음식은 대개 비닐봉지에 들어 있고 빨대로 마셔야 한다.
⑮ Otherwise, it will float around. 그렇지 않으면 음식이 주변에 둥둥 떠다닐 것이다.
⑯ Sometimes, the astronauts eat regular food, but it is fixed to the dish with straps, and the dishes, knives, and forks have magnets attached. 우주 비행사들도 이따금 보통 음식을 먹긴 하지만음식은 끈으로 접시에 고정되어 있고, 접시, 칼, 그리고 포크에는 자석이 달려 있다.
⑰ The astronauts have plenty of scientific work to keep them busy through the day, but they must also exercise. 우주 비행사들은 많은 과학적인 업무로 온종일 바쁘지만 운동도 반드시 해야 한다.
⑱ Human muscle and bone weaken in space, so there is an exercise bike to keep the astronauts fit. 인간의 근육과 뼈는 우주에서 약해지므로, 우주 비행사들이 건강을 유지할 수 있도록 실내 운동용 자전거가 있다.
⑲ And what else must they do every day? 그리고 이 밖에도 우주 비행사들은 매일 무엇을 해야 할까?
⑳ Yes, what about the toilet? 그렇다, 화장실은 어떨까?
㉑ In space, toilets don't use water. 우주에서는 화장실에서 물을 사용하지 않는다.
㉒ A strong bar holds the astronauts onto the seat, and a fan empties the toilet like a vacuum cleaner. 강력한 봉이 우주 비행사들을 자리에 고정해 주고, 송풍기가 진공청소기처럼 변기를 비워 준다.
㉓ At the end of their day, the astronauts are ready to fix their sleeping bags to a wall and get some sleep. 하루가 끝나갈 무렵이 되면, 우주 비행사들은 침낭을 벽에 고정하고 잠잘 준비를 한다.
㉔ Or they can find a window and enjoy the most popular pastime in space ― watching the world go by hundreds of kilometers below. 아니면 그들은 창문 하나를 찾아 우주에서 가장 인기 있는 취미를 즐길 수도 있다. 수백 킬로미터 아래에서 세상이 돌아가는 모습을 바라보는 것 말이다.

 

 

 

Unit 12. Technology - Reading 1: Crash Test Dummies
① Decades ago, people rarely survived serious car accidents. 수십 년 전에는 사람들이 심각한 자동차 사고에서거의 살아남지 못했다.
② Cars today are much safer, thanks to improvements in safety tests. 오늘날의 자동차들은 안전성 검사의 개선 덕분에 훨씬 더 안전하다.
③ During a car safety test, a new car is crashed into a wall at high speed. 자동차 안전성 검사 동안 새 자동차는 빠른 속도로벽에 충돌하게 된다.
④ Inside the car there are passenger-sized dolls called "crash test dummies." 자동차 안에는 '충돌 실험용 인형'이라고 불리는 승객 크기의 인형이 있다.
⑤ By studying these crash test dummies, scientists can see what would happen to real passengers in a crash and improve the safety of the car. 이 충돌 실험용 인형을 연구함으로써 과학자들은 충돌 시 실제 승객들에게 어떤 일이 일어날지를 알 수있고 자동차의 안전성을 개선할 수 있게 된다.
⑥ Today's crash test dummies are built to be as much like human beings as possible. 오늘날의 충돌 실험용 인형들은 가능한 한 인간과흡사하게 만들어진다.
⑦ They have ribs like ours inside their artificial skin. 인형의 인공 피부 안쪽에는 우리처럼 갈비뼈가 있다.
⑧ They even have backbones made out of metal and rubber. 그것들은 심지어 쇠와 고무로 만들어진 척추도 갖고있다.
⑨ Their knees and ankles are designed to act just like ours do in accidents. 인형의 무릎과 발목은 사고 시 사람의 것과 똑같이움직이도록 설계되어 있다.
⑩ They also come in different sizes; there is an entire dummy family, including smaller "female" and even smaller "child" dummies. 그것들은 또한 다양한 크기로 제작되며, 더 작은 '여성'과 한층 더 작은 '어린이' 인형을 포함한 충돌 실험용 인형 가족이 있다.
⑪ The dummies have three different kinds of sensors that measure the impact of a crash. 충돌 실험용 인형에는 충돌의 충격을 측정하는 세가지 다른 종류의 감지기가 있다.
⑫ Sensors in the head, legs, and other areas show how fast a body part moves during a crash. 머리, 다리 및 기타 부위의 감지기는 충돌 시 신체부위가 얼마나 빨리 움직이는지를 보여 준다.
⑬ Another sensor can record how much pressure our bones can take before breaking. 또 다른 감지기는 우리의 뼈가 부러지기 전에 얼마나 많은 압력을 견딜 수 있는지를 기록한다.
⑭ Finally, a sensor in the chest area shows whether a crash would cause injuries that could lead to death. 마지막으로 가슴 부위 안에 있는 감지기는 충돌이사망으로 이어질 수 있는 부상을 유발하는지를 보여준다.
⑮ Crash test dummies are very high-tech, but they're also extremely expensive. 충돌 실험용 인형은 매우 첨단 기술인데, 몹시 비싸기도 하다.
⑯ Each one costs more than $100,000. 한 개 가격이 무려 10만 달러 이상이다.
⑰ A cheaper alternative, however, is being developed. 하지만 더욱 저렴한 대안이 개발되는 중이다.
⑱ "Virtual" crash test dummies exist only on the computer screen, yet it may be possible to make them even more lifelike than today's crash test dummies. '가상' 충돌 실험용 인형은 오직 컴퓨터 화면에서만존재하지만, 오늘날의 충돌 실험용 인형보다 훨씬더 실제 같이 만드는 것이 가능할지도 모른다.
⑲ They can easily be altered to resemble people of any height or weight, and, best of all, they can be used over and over without being damaged. 가상 인형은 어떠한 키나 몸무게를 가진 사람이라도닮게끔 쉽게 바뀔 수 있으며, 무엇보다도 그것들은손상 없이 몇 번이고 사용될 수 있다.
⑳ In the future, they may completely change the way crash tests are conducted. 미래에는 이 가상 인형이 충돌 실험이 시행되는 방식을 완전히 바꿀지도 모른다.

 

 

 

Unit 12. Technology - Reading 2: Inspired by Nature
① The Eiffel Tower in Paris is one of the most famous structures ever created by humans. 파리의 에펠탑은 지금까지 인간이 창조한 가장 유명한 건축물들 중 하나이다.
② But not many people know the inspiration behind the design of the tower. 그러나 탑 설계 이면의 발상에 대해서 아는 사람은많지 않다.
③ As a matter of fact, the Eiffel Tower is modeled on a human thigh bone! 사실, 에펠탑은 인간의 대퇴골을 본떠 만든 것이다!
④ Interesting discoveries were made about the thigh bone in the 1850s. 1850년대에 대퇴골에 대한 흥미로운 발견이 이루어졌다.
⑤ Anatomists were studying the top of the thigh bone, called the head, which connects to the hip joint. 해부학자들은 골두라고 불리는, 대퇴골 상단부를 연구하던 중이었는데, 그것은 고관절과 연결되는 부위이다.
⑥ The thigh bone head is specially designed to bear the weight of a standing human being. 대퇴골 골두는 서 있는 인간의 체중을 지탱하기 위해 특수하게 설계되어 있다.
⑦ Its internal structure is made up of many small interconnected struts like the bars of a cage. 그것의 내부 구조는 마치 우리에 있는 창살처럼 서로 연결된 다수의 작은 버팀대들로 이루어져 있다.
⑧ This interesting structure is what enables the thigh bone to support the body's weight. 이러한 흥미로운 구조가 대퇴골이 체중을 지탱할 수있게 하는 것이다.
⑨ The engineer Gustave Eiffel was very impressed with the structure of the thigh bone, and he used it to design the Eiffel Tower. 공학자인 구스타브 에펠은 대퇴골의 구조가 매우 인상적이라고 여겨, 이를 에펠탑을 설계하는 데 이용했다.
⑩ This structure is why the tower can remain steady in strong winds. 이 구조가 강풍에서도 탑이 안정을 유지할 수 있는이유이다.
⑪ Besides the Eiffel Tower, other human-made structures modeled on nature can be seen in many places in the world. 에펠탑 외에도, 자연을 본뜬 다른 인공 건축물들을세계 여러 곳에서 찾아볼 수 있다.
⑫ For example, the roof of Munich's Olympic Stadium is based on the design of a dragonfly's wings. 예를 들어, 뮌헨의 올림픽 경기장 지붕은 잠자리 날개의 디자인에 기초한 것이다.
⑬ It is made up of thousands of tiny transparent sections, giving it strength but also allowing light to pass through. 그것은 수천 개의 작은 투명한 부분들로 이루어져있어, 견고함을 부여할 뿐만 아니라 빛도 통과시킨다.
⑭ And gecko tape, which is stronger than glue but easily sticks on and peels off, was developed based on the microscopic hairs on a gecko lizard's toes. 그리고 접착제보다 더 강하지만 쉽게 붙였다 떼었다할 수 있는 게코 테이프는 게코 도마뱀의 발가락에있는 미세 섬모를 본떠서 만들어졌다.
⑮ These and other innovations show we actually have much to learn from nature. 이것들을 비롯한 기타 혁신적인 것들은 실은 우리가자연에서 배울 것이 많다는 것을 보여 준다.
⑯ People are beginning to realize that solutions to many of the problems we face may exist in the natural world already. 사람들은 우리가 직면하는 문제 중 많은 것들에 대한 해결책이 자연계에 이미 존재하고 있을지도 모른다는 것을 깨닫기 시작하고 있다.
⑰ All we have to do is find them. 우리가 해야 할 일은 그것들을 찾는 것뿐이다.

 

 

 

Unit 13. Health - Reading 1: The Nocebo Effect
① The placebo effect is a well-known phenomenon. 플라세보 효과는 잘 알려진 현상이다.
② Patients can receive positive effects from fake medicine due to their expectation that it will help them. 환자들은 가짜 약이 그들에게 도움이 될 것이라는기대로 인해 가짜 약으로부터 긍정적인 효과를 얻을수 있다.
③ But this can also work in the opposite way. 그러나 이것은 또한 정반대로도 작용할 수 있다.
④ Although it is less commonly discussed, this situation is called the nocebo effect. 덜 흔하게 논의되지만 이러한 상황은 노시보 효과라고 불린다.
⑤ According to numerous studies, a significant number of patients stop taking the fake medicine given to them because of unpleasant side effects. 다수의 연구에 따르면, 상당수 환자가 불쾌한 부작용 때문에 그들에게 처방된 가짜 약의 복용을 중단한다.
⑥ For example, when testing a drug for a chronic pain disorder, researchers gave some of the subjects fake medicine. 예를 들어, 만성 통증 질환 약을 시험할 때, 연구원들은 일부 피실험자들에게 가짜 약을 투여했다.
⑦ They found that 11% of these people quit the study because of dizziness and nausea. 그들은 이 사람들의 11%가 어지러움과 메스꺼움때문에 실험 참가를 포기했음을 알게 되었다.
⑧ Those subjects expected these side effects to occur, so they truly felt as though they were suffering from them. 그 피실험자들은 이러한 부작용들이 나타날 거라고예상해서 자신들이 정말 그것들로 고통을 겪고 있는것처럼 느꼈다.
⑨ The nocebo effect can also occur when patients take real medication. 노시보 효과는 환자들이 진짜 약을 복용할 때도 일어날 수 있다.
⑩ When doctors tell their patients about the possible side effects of a medication, the patients are more likely to experience them. 의사가 환자에게 발생 가능한 약의 부작용들에 대해말해 줄 때 환자는 그것들을 경험할 가능성이 더 높다.
⑪ Even the specific words that a doctor uses can cause the nocebo effect. 심지어 의사가 사용하는 특정한 말도 노시보 효과를일으킬 수 있다.
⑫ For example, women giving birth often receive a shot to reduce their pain. 예를 들어, 분만 중인 여성들은 종종 고통을 줄이기위해 주사를 맞는다.
⑬ In an experiment, some women were told that the shot would help them feel better. 한 실험에서 일부 여성들은 주사를 맞으면 한결 나아질 거라는 말을 들었다.
⑭ The others were told that the shot itself would hurt. 나머지 여성들은 주사 자체가 아플 것이라는 말을들었다.
⑮ Due to the doctor's word choice, the latter group reported the shot to be more painful than the former group did. 의사가 선택한 말 때문에 후자 그룹은 전자 그룹보다 주사가 더 아팠다고 전했다.
⑯ Because of the nocebo effect, doctors face a difficult decision. 노시보 효과 때문에 의사들은 어려운 결정에 직면한다.
⑰ On one hand, they want to be completely honest with their patients. 한편으로, 그들은 그들의 환자에게 전적으로 솔직해지길 원한다.
⑱ But, on the other hand, they don't want to cause their patients to experience unnecessary pain or side effects. 그러나 다른 한편으로, 그들은 그들의 환자가 불필요한 고통이나 부작용을 겪게 되길 원하지 않는다.
⑲ Experts believe that the best solution is for doctors to communicate clearly with their patients, but to avoid emphasizing negative things. 전문가들은 가장 좋은 해결책은 의사들이 그들의 환자와 명확히 의사소통하되 부정적인 것들을 강조하지 않는 것이라고 생각한다.

 

 

 

Unit 13. Health - Reading 2: Bacteria and Viruses
① Sneezing, coughing, and dealing with a runny nose can be very unpleasant! 재채기하기, 기침하기, 그리고 콧물 처리하기는 매우 불편할 수 있다!
② Luckily, having a cold or other infection that is linked to these symptoms generally isn't serious for healthy adults. 다행히도, 이러한 증상과 연관된 감기나 다른 감염병은 건강한 성인에게는 대개 심각하지 않다.
③ However, it is important to know whether the cause of the infection is bacteria or viruses, because this is the key to proper treatment. 그러나 감염의 원인이 박테리아인지 혹은 바이러스인지를 아는 것은 중요한데, 그것이 적절한 치료의열쇠이기 때문이다.
④ Bacteria are responsible for some infections, such as those of the ears, lungs, airways, and throat. 박테리아는 귀, 폐, 기도, 목의 감염과 같은 일부 질환의 원인이 된다.
⑤ However, most respiratory infections, including the common cold and flu, are caused by viruses. 그러나 보통의 감기와 독감을 포함한 대부분의 호흡기 감염병은 바이러스에 의해 유발된다.
⑥ Bacteria and viruses are very different. 박테리아와 바이러스는 매우 다르다.
⑦ Bacteria are one-celled organisms that divide in order to multiply. 박테리아는 증식하기 위해 분열하는 단세포 생물이다.
⑧ Meanwhile, viruses are much smaller and cannot survive or multiply on their own. 한편, 바이러스는 훨씬 더 작고 혼자서는 살아남거나 증식할 수 없다.
⑨ They spread by taking over cells and using them to reproduce. 그것들은 세포를 장악하여 그것들을 이용해 번식함으로써 퍼져 나간다.
⑩ One of the most important differences between bacteria and viruses is how they are treated. 박테리아와 바이러스의 가장 중요한 차이점 가운데하나는 그것들이 치료되는 방식이다.
⑪ Once doctors do tests to find the cause of an infection, they can figure out which kind of medicine to give to their patients. 일단 의사들이 감염병의 원인을 찾기 위한 검사를하면, 그들은 환자들에게 어떤 종류의 약을 처방해야 하는지 알 수 있다.
⑫ Antibiotics kill bacteria but do not fight viruses. 항생제는 박테리아를 죽이지만 바이러스를 퇴치하지는 못한다.
⑬ A different type of medicine is needed to stop a virus from taking over cells and reproducing. 바이러스가 세포를 장악해 번식하는 것을 막는 데는다른 종류의 약이 필요하다.
⑭ Giving antibiotics to patients when they are not necessary can be dangerous. 불필요할 때 환자들에게 항생제를 처방하는 것은 위험을 초래할 수 있다.
⑮ This is because the more bacteria are exposed to antibiotics, the more they are able to adapt and build up a resistance to them. 이는 박테리아가 항생제에 더 많이 노출될수록 그것들은 항생제에 더 적응하여 그에 대한 저항력을 기를 수 있기 때문이다.
⑯ When antibiotics stop working against certain bacteria, it becomes much harder to treat infections caused by them. 항생제가 특정 박테리아에 작용하지 않게 되면, 그박테리아에 의해 생긴 감염병을 치료하기 훨씬 더어려워진다.
⑰ Of course, it is best to try not to get respiratory infections in the first place. 당연히 애초에 호흡기 감염병에 걸리지 않도록 하는것이 최선이다.
⑱ Viruses in particular are easily spread because they can survive in the air for some time after someone sneezes or coughs. 바이러스는 누군가가 재채기나 기침을 한 뒤 얼마간공기 중에 살아남을 수 있기 때문에 특히 쉽게 퍼진다.
⑲ They can also be spread to shared objects, such as doorknobs. 그것들은 문손잡이와 같이 함께 쓰는 물건에 퍼질수도 있다.
⑳ That's why regular hand washing is so important. 그것이 잦은 손 씻기가 매우 중요한 이유이다.

 

 

 

Unit 14. Psychology - Reading 1: Tip of the Tongue
① Have you ever felt like you know the answer to a question, but for some reason you just can't think of the right word? 당신은 어떤 질문에 대한 답을 알고 있지만, 어떤 까닭인지 적합한 단어를 떠올릴 수 없는 것을 느껴본적이 있는가?
② This state is known as "lethologica," or the "tip of the tongue" phenomenon. 이 상태는 '적확언어망각,' 즉 '설단' 현상으로 알려져 있다.
③ One of the most common signs of lethologica is partial memory. 적확언어망각의 가장 흔한 징후 중 하나는 부분적인기억이다.
④ For example, one might know that a word begins with a certain letter, or they might even be convinced of the number of syllables it has, but they can't remember the rest. 예를 들면, 사람들은 어떤 단어가 특정 문자로 시작한다는 것을 알거나, 심지어 그 단어가 가진 음절의개수에 대해 확신할지도 모르지만, 나머지는 기억하지 못할 수 있다.
⑤ Sometimes, similar-sounding words come to mind. 때때로, 비슷한 소리의 단어들이 떠오른다.
⑥ There are several theories as to why lethologica occurs. 왜 적확언어망각이 일어나는지에 대해서는 몇 가지이론들이 있다.
⑦ The first theory says that lethologica occurs when the target word is not completely activated in one's memory. 첫 번째 이론은 적확언어망각은 목표 단어가 기억속에서 완전히 활성화되지 않을 때 일어난다고 주장한다.
⑧ This could happen when not all the cues normally used to trigger the target word in one's mind are present. 이것은 머릿속에서 목표 단어를 촉발하기 위해 일반적으로 사용되는 모든 단서들이 존재하지 않을 때발생할 수 있다.
⑨ Another theory suggests that memories of similar-sounding words block the memory of the word one is trying to remember. 또 다른 이론은 비슷한 소리의 단어들에 대한 기억이 어떤 사람이 기억해 내려고 노력하는 그 단어에대한 기억을 막는다고 주장한다.
⑩ The last theory claims that lethologica happens when the memory of a word's sound becomes disconnected from that of its meaning in the mind. 마지막 이론은 적확언어망각은 머릿속에서 어떤 단어의 소리에 대한 기억이 그것의 의미에 대한 기억으로부터 단절될 때 일어난다고 주장한다.
⑪ Researchers' opinions are divided when it comes to the effect of lethologica on memory. 적확언어망각이 기억에 미치는 영향에 대해서는 연구자들의 의견이 나누어진다.
⑫ Some believe that struggling but then retrieving a memory strengthens one's ability to recall it, while others think that this process makes it more likely for lethologica to happen again. 몇몇은 애를 쓰다가 기억을 되찾는 것이 기억을 상기시키는 능력을 강화한다고 믿는 반면, 다른 사람들은 이 과정이 적확언어망각이 다시 일어날 가능성을 높인다고 생각한다.
⑬ While it might be annoying to have a word on the tip of your tongue, you don't need to worry even if it happens to you. 혀끝에 맴도는 단어가 있다는 것은 짜증스러울 수도있겠지만, 그것이 당신에게 일어난다고 해도 걱정할필요는 없다.
⑭ It is a natural phenomenon, and researchers have discovered that it is common for speakers of different languages all over the world. 그것은 자연스러운 현상이고, 연구자들은 그것이 전세계적으로 다른 언어들을 사용하는 사람들에게 흔하다는 것을 발견했다.
⑮ It doesn't mean there is a problem with your brain or your memory, so don't let lethologica stress you out! 그것은 당신의 뇌나 기억에 문제가 있다는 것을 의미하지 않으니, 적확언어망각 때문에 스트레스 받지마라!

 

 

 

Unit 14. Psychology - Reading 2: The False Consensus Effect
① Have you ever been surprised to see negative reviews of a movie that you enjoyed? 당신이 재미있게 본 영화에 대한 부정적인 평을 보고 놀란 적이 있는가?
② This surprise can be explained by the false consensus effect. 이 놀라움은 허위 합의 효과에 의해 설명될 수 있다.
③ It is the assumption that most other people have the same opinions we do. 그것은 대부분의 다른 사람들이 우리와 동일한 의견을 가지고 있다는 추정이다.
④ Many experiments have proven that the false consensus effect is real. 많은 실험들이 허위 합의 효과가 사실이라는 것을증명했다.
⑤ In one study, researchers asked subjects if they would agree to walk around the campus for thirty minutes while wearing a sandwich board with an advertisement. 한 연구에서, 연구원들은 피실험자들에게 앞뒤로 매고 다니는 광고판을 착용한 채로 30분 동안 교정을걸어 다니는 것에 동의할 것인지 물었다.
⑥ The subjects were also asked to estimate how many people would agree or refuse to carry the board. 피실험자들은 또한 얼마나 많은 사람들이 그 광고판을 가지고 다니는 것에 동의하거나 거부할지 추측해보도록 요구받았다.
⑦ On average, both those who agreed to carry the board and those who refused estimated that the majority of others would make the same choice they did. 평균적으로, 광고판을 가지고 다니는 것에 동의한사람들과 거부한 사람들 모두 대다수의 다른 사람들이 자신이 했던 것과 같은 선택을 할 것이라고 추측했다.
⑧ There are three main causes of the false consensus effect. 허위 합의 효과에는 세 가지 주된 이유가 있다.
⑨ First, we predict how others think generally based on opinions of our friends and family, whose beliefs are likely to be similar to ours. 첫째, 우리는 일반적으로 다른 사람들이 어떻게 생각하는지를 우리의 친구들이나 가족의 의견에 근거하여 예측하는데, 그들의 생각은 우리의 것과 비슷할 가능성이 높다.
⑩ Second, believing that other people think like we do makes us feel good about ourselves. 둘째, 다른 사람들이 우리처럼 생각한다고 믿는 것은 우리 스스로에 대해 좋게 느끼게 한다.
⑪ Finally, we are more likely to notice and pay attention to other people's opinions when they are the same as ours. 마지막으로, 우리는 다른 사람들의 의견이 우리의것과 같을 때 그것들을 알아차리고 주의를 기울일가능성이 더 높다.
⑫ The false consensus effect becomes stronger when it comes to beliefs that we hold firmly. 우리가 확고하게 가지고 있는 신념에 관해서라면 허위 합의 효과는 더 강력해진다.
⑬ For example, if you are absolutely convinced that a certain law will help reduce crime in your neighborhood, then you will be highly likely to believe that most others in your neighborhood will also support the law. 예를 들어, 당신이 어떤 법이 당신 동네의 범죄를 줄이는 데 도움이 된다고 절대적으로 확신한다면, 당신은 이웃의 대부분 사람들 역시 그 법을 지지할 것이라고 믿을 가능성이 매우 높다.
⑭ Do you think the false consensus effect is real? 당신은 허위 합의 효과가 사실이라고 생각하는가?
⑮ Or do you doubt it? 아니면 그것을 의심하는가?
⑯ You might think that others have the same opinion as you. 당신은 다른 사람들도 당신과 같은 의견을 가지고있다고 생각할지도 모른다.
⑰ If so, you might be experiencing the false consensus effect right now! 만약 그렇다면, 당신은 바로 지금 허위 합의 효과를경험하고 있을지도 모른다!
⑱ Therefore, try to remember that not everyone shares the same opinion, even when it seems like common sense! 따라서, 모든 사람이 같은 의견을 공유하는 것은 아니라는 것을 기억하도록 해라, 심지어 그것이 상식처럼 보일 때에도 말이다!

 

 

 

Unit 15. History - Reading 1: A Cotton Spinning Wheel
① Britain ruled India as a colony from the 18th century until the middle of the 20th century. 영국은 18세기부터 20세기 중반까지 인도를 식민지로 지배했다.
② As a British colony, the people of India suffered a lot. 영국의 식민지로서 인도 사람들은 많은 고통을 겪었다.
③ Indians had almost no power in their own country. 인도인들은 자신의 나라에서 거의 아무런 힘이 없었다.
④ One example of this unfair relationship was the cotton industry. 이 불공평한 관계의 한 예가 목화 산업이었다.
⑤ Indians worked hard to grow and pick cotton. 인도인들은 목화를 재배하고 따기 위해 열심히 일했다.
⑥ After it was picked, it was shipped to England, where it was spun into cloth by steam-powered machines. 수확을 마치면 목화는 영국으로 수송되었고, 그곳에서 증기 동력 기계에 의해 천으로 지어졌다.
⑦ This cloth was then shipped back to India to be sold there. 그런 다음 그 천은 다시 인도로 선적되어 그곳에서팔렸다.
⑧ Cotton was cheap, but cloth was expensive. 목화는 값이 쌌지만, 천은 비쌌다.
⑨ Most Indians could not afford to buy the cloth made from their own cotton! 대부분의 인도인은 자신들의 목화로 만들어진 천을살 여력이 안 됐다!
⑩ By the middle of the 20th century, most Indians wanted to be free from British control. 20세기 중반에 이르러 대부분의 인도인들은 영국의지배로부터 자유로워지기를 원했다.
⑪ At that time many independence groups were started. 그 당시 많은 독립 단체들이 결성되었다.
⑫ Some of these groups were against the use of violence in their struggle. 이 단체 중 일부는 자신들의 투쟁 과정에서 폭력 사용을 반대했다.
⑬ The chosen symbol for their peaceful movement was the charkha ― a cotton spinning wheel. 그들의 평화적 운동을 위해 선택된 상징물이 면을짜는 물레인 차르카였다.
⑭ As a means of protest against England, Gandhi, the leader of the nonviolent movement, made his clothes himself using a new kind of spinning wheel. 영국에 대한 저항의 수단으로, 비폭력 운동의 지도자 간디는 새로운 종류의 물레를 사용하여 스스로옷을 만들었다.
⑮ This new machine was cheap enough for everyone to buy and small enough to carry from place to place. 이 새 기계는 모두가 살 수 있을 만큼 쌌고, 이곳저곳으로 갖고 다닐 수 있을 만큼 작았다.
⑯ Gandhi taught Indians how to use it and encouraged its use. 간디는 인도인들에게 그것을 사용하는 법을 가르쳤고 그것의 사용을 독려했다.
⑰ These machines became very popular, and Indians were able to spin cotton wherever they were. 이 기계는 많은 인기를 얻게 되었고, 인도인들은 자신들이 어디에 있든 면을 짤 수 있었다.
⑱ Often Indians would use these machines in public places where the British could see them. 그들은 종종 이 기계를 영국인들이 볼 수 있는 공공장소에서 사용하곤 했다.
⑲ By spinning their own cloth, Indians showed that they could take control of their own economy and future. 자신들의 천을 지어냄으로써 인도인들은 자신들의경제와 미래를 스스로 관리할 수 있다는 것을 보여주었다.
⑳ They did not need to depend on Britain. 그들은 영국에 의존할 필요가 없었다.
㉑ Nor did they need to depend on weapons. 그들은 무기에 의존할 필요도 없었다.
㉒ Rather, they chose to gain their independence peacefully. 대신 그들은 평화적으로 독립을 쟁취하는 것을 택했다.

 

 

 

Unit 15. History - Reading 2: TOEFL (American Slavery)
① American Slavery 미국의 노예 제도
② During the 1600s, many European settlers in North America made a living by growing tobacco, sugar, and cotton on plantations. 1600년대에 북미의 많은 유럽 정착민들은 농장에서담배, 설탕, 목화를 재배하여 생계를 유지했다.
③ These plantations were most common in the Southern states. 이 농장들은 남부에서 가장 흔했다.
④ For just 27 dollars, plantation owners there could buy an African slave. 단돈 27달러에 그곳의 농장주들은 아프리카 노예를살 수 있었다.
⑤ They made fortunes by keeping slaves and not paying them a penny for their labor. 그들은 노예를 두되 노동의 대가로 한 푼도 주지 않음으로써 많은 돈을 벌었다.
⑥ For over 200 years, thousands of slaves were shipped over from Africa and sold in slave markets every year. 200년이 넘도록, 해마다 수천 명의 노예가 아프리카에서 배로 실려와 노예 시장에서 팔렸다.
⑦ In 1807, the United States government passed the Act to Prohibit the Importation of Slaves in an effort to end the slave trade. 1807년에 미국 정부는 노예 거래를 끝내기 위한 노력으로 노예 수입 금지 법안을 통과시켰다.
⑧ Unfortunately, the law was not really kept, and slave traders continued to bring slaves to America. 안타깝게도 이 법은 실제로 지켜지지 않았고, 노예상인들은 계속해서 노예를 미국으로 데려왔다.
⑨ By 1860, there were about 4 million slaves in the Southern states. 1860년경에는 남부에 약 400만 명의 노예가 있었다.
⑩ Life for slaves was very hard. 노예들의 삶은 굉장히 힘들었다.
⑪ They did backbreaking work for long hours. 그들은 오랜 시간 매우 고된 일을 했다.
⑫ They were the property of their owners. 그들은 주인의 소유물이었다.
⑬ When they had children, they also belonged to the plantation owners. 그들이 아이를 낳으면 아이들 또한 농장주의 소유가되었다.
⑭ These children were slaves from the moment they were born till the day they died. 이 아이들은 태어나는 순간부터 그들이 죽는 날까지노예였다.
⑮ With such a system in place, it seemed that slavery would never end. 그러한 체제 속에서 노예 제도는 결코 끝나지 않을것 같았다.
⑯ Despite the awful life of slaves, few tried to escape the plantations. 노예의 끔찍한 삶에도 불구하고 농장을 탈출하려고시도하는 이들은 거의 없었다.
⑰ Running away was extremely dangerous, and very few succeeded. 도주는 굉장히 위험한 일이었고 성공한 사람이 거의없었다.
⑱ Slave owners would hunt them down using dogs. 노예 주인들은 개를 이용하여 그들을 추적했다.
⑲ If the runaway was caught, he or she was badly beaten or even killed as an example to other slaves. 도망자가 잡히면 그 사람은 심하게 매를 맞거나 심지어는 다른 노예들의 본보기로서 죽임을 당했다.
⑳ To be free, runaway slaves had to travel hundreds of miles to reach Canada, where slavery was illegal. 자유로워지기 위해, 도망친 노예는 캐나다에 도달하기 위해 수백 마일을 가야 했는데, 그곳에서는 노예제도가 불법이었다.
㉑ They had to travel secretly, or they would be caught by the police and sent back to the plantations. 그들은 몰래 이동해야 했고, 그렇지 않으면 경찰에잡혀 농장으로 되돌려 보내졌다.
㉒ However, there was a small, secret organization called the Underground Railroad that helped the runaways by giving them food and a place to hide. 그러나 음식과 숨을 곳을 제공함으로써 도망자들을도운 지하 철도라 불리는 소규모 비밀 조직이 있었다.
㉓ It was a long and dangerous journey, but some slaves did make it to freedom. 길고 위험한 여정이었지만, 일부 노예들은 자유를얻는 데 성공했다.

 

 

 

 

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전체 내용

Unit 01. Teens - Reading 1: A Crush
① Dear Miss Ella, 엘라 선생님께,
② I have a big problem! 제게 커다란 문제가 하나 생겼어요!
③ My neighbor is a girl named Nicole. 제 이웃 중에 니콜이라는 이름의 여자아이가 있어요.
④ She and I have been friends all our lives, and we hang out all the time. 그 애와 저는 평생 동안 친구였고 늘 같이 놀러 다녀요.
⑤ Everything was great until yesterday. 어제까지만 해도 모든 게 다 괜찮았어요.
⑥ We were walking home from school when Nicole told me that she is in love with me! 방과 후에 집으로 걸어가는 중에 니콜이 저를 사랑한다고 고백했어요!
⑦ She said she was too shy to tell me before. 그 애는 너무 부끄러워서 진작 말을 못 했대요.
⑧ But I wish she had never told me. 하지만 저는 그 애가 제게 그 말을 아예 하지 않았더라면 좋았을 거예요.
⑨ I think she is a cool girl, and I love to spend time with her. 저는 그 애가 괜찮은 여자아이라고 생각하고, 그 애와 같이 시간을 보내는 것을 정말 좋아해요.
⑩ But, Miss Ella, I don't love her! 하지만, 엘라 선생님, 저는 그 애를 사랑하진 않아요!
⑪ I actually have a crush on another girl at school: Amy. 전 사실 학교의 다른 여자아이에게 반해 있거든요. 에이미라는 아이예요.
⑫ How can I tell Nicole that I don't love her? 제가 니콜을 사랑하지 않는다는 것을 어떻게 얘기해야 하죠?
⑬ I want us to remain friends. 저는 우리가 친구로 남았으면 좋겠어요.
⑭ Sincerely, Tony 토니 드림
⑮ Dear Tony, 토니에게
⑯ Wow. What a difficult problem you have! 저런. 참 곤란한 문제가 생겼군요!
⑰ It sounds like Nicole has a big crush on you. 니콜이 학생에게 무척 반해있는 것 같네요.
⑱ When someone has a crush, he or she feels romantic, confused, and in pain all at once! (누군가에게) 푹 빠지면, 낭만적이고 혼란스럽고 고통스러운 감정을 동시에 느끼죠!
⑲ It will hurt Nicole to find out that you don't love her back. 당신이 니콜을 사랑하지 않는다는 걸 알면 니콜은괴로울 거예요.
⑳ That means you must be very gentle with her. 이 말은 곧 학생이 그녀를 아주 정중하게 대해야 한다는 것입니다.
㉑ My advice is to tell her that you don't want to ruin your friendship. 제 조언은 우정을 깨뜨리고 싶지 않다고 그녀에게말하라는 겁니다.
㉒ Describe the fun you have had together, and make sure she knows how much you like her. 둘이 함께한 즐거움에 관해 얘기하고, 학생이 그녀를 얼마나 좋아하는지 그녀가 확실히 알게 하세요.
㉓ But be very careful not to sound romantic. 하지만 낭만적으로 들리지 않게끔 조심해야 합니다.
㉔ Make it clear that you want her to be your friend, not your girlfriend. 그녀가 학생의 친구이기를 원하지 여자친구이기를원하는 게 아니라는 점을 분명히 하세요.
㉕ Also, be careful not to say the name of the girl that you like. 또한 학생이 좋아하는 여학생의 이름을 말하지 않도록 조심하세요.
㉖ If Nicole hears you say it, her heart will break even more. 학생이 그 이름을 말하는 것을 니콜이 들으면 그녀의 마음은 훨씬 더 아플 겁니다.
㉗ Good luck, Tony! 행운을 빌어요, 토니!
㉘ Sincerely, Miss Ella 엘라 선생님이

 

 

 

Unit 01. Teens - Reading 2: Adolescent Brain Development
① Did you know that your brain changes throughout your life? 당신은 당신의 뇌가 일생 동안 변한다는 것을 알고있었는가?
② When you were a toddler, it was like a sponge that absorbed everything around you. 당신이 걸음마를 시작한 아이였을 때, 뇌는 당신 주위의 모든 것을 흡수하는 스펀지 같았다.
③ At that time, your parents helped guide and shape your brain's development. 그 당시에, 당신의 부모는 당신의 뇌 발달을 이끌고형성하도록 도왔다.
④ Your teenage years are another important stage. 당신의 십 대 시절은 또 다른 중요한 (발달) 단계이다.
⑤ And this time you have the opportunity to affect how it changes. 그리고 이 시기에 당신은 뇌가 변하는 방식에 영향을 미칠 기회를 가진다.
⑥ Scientists say that between the ages of 13 and 25 your brain goes through a process of selection. 과학자들은 13세에서 25세 사이에 당신의 뇌가 선택의 과정을 거친다고 말한다.
⑦ The brain cells and nerve connections that are used the most become stronger, while those that are used the least die off. 가장 많이 쓰이는 뇌세포와 신경 연결은 더 강화되는 반면, 가장 적게 쓰이는 것들은 소멸한다.
⑧ This is why it is important to take part in healthy activities during this time. 이것이 바로 이 시기에 건전한 활동에 참여하는 것이 중요한 이유이다.
⑨ For example, spending a lot of time practicing the violin strengthens the brain connections involved in learning music. 예를 들어, 많은 시간을 바이올린을 연습하는 데 할애하는 것은 음악 학습에 관련된 뇌 연결을 강화한다.
⑩ But if you watch a lot of TV, that is what the brain will get used to. 하지만 TV를 많이 보면, 뇌는 그것에 익숙해질 것이다.
⑪ In addition, the part of the brain that is used for making judgments isn't completely developed yet. 또한, 판단을 내리는 데 쓰이는 뇌 부위가 아직 완전하게 발달하지 않았다.
⑫ This means that teenagers usually act based on emotions and follow along with what their friends do, even if it is not good for them. 이것은 십 대가 보통 감정에 기초하여 행동하고, 심지어 그들에게 좋지 않은 것인데도, 친구들이 하는것을 따라 한다는 것을 의미한다.
⑬ This may help explain why some teenagers try smoking and drinking alcohol, although it does not excuse such actions. 이는 왜 일부 십 대들이 담배를 피우고 술을 마시는지를 설명하는 데 도움이 될지도 모른다, 비록 그것이 그러한 행동들에 대한 변명이 될 수는 없지만 말이다.
⑭ You can stop yourself from making bad decisions if you know about the changes that are happening in your brain. 당신이 뇌에서 일어나고 있는 변화에 대해 안다면자신이 잘못된 결정을 내리는 것을 막을 수 있다.
⑮ Don't forget that what you do as a teenager can affect the rest of your life. 당신이 십 대에 하는 일이 당신의 여생에 영향을 미칠 수도 있다는 것을 잊지 마라.
⑯ Always think carefully before you act and try your best to make healthy choices! 행동하기 전에 항상 신중히 생각하고 건전한 선택을하도록 최선을 다하라!

 

 

 

Unit 02. People - Reading 1: Jacques-Yves Cousteau
① The world under the sea is magical. 바다 밑의 세계는 매혹적이다.
② It is amazing to see whales and colorful fish swim peacefully through the water. 고래들과 다채로운 물고기들이 물살을 가르며 평화롭게 헤엄치는 것을 보는 것은 놀라운 일이다.
③ Jacques-Yves Cousteau was one of the people who made it possible for us to explore this environment and its wonders. 자크 이브 쿠스토는 우리가 이런 환경과 그 경이들을 탐험하는 것을 가능하게 해 준 사람 중 하나였다.
④ He was born in France in 1910 and had a lifelong fascination with swimming and observing the underwater world. 그는 1910년 프랑스에서 태어났으며 수영과 수중세계를 관찰하는 데 평생 매료되었다.
⑤ In 1943, Cousteau created the first aqualung with the help of French engineer Emile Gagnan. 1943년에 쿠스토는 프랑스인 공학자 에밀 가냥의도움으로 최초의 잠수용 호흡기를 만들었다.
⑥ This device made it possible for people to stay underwater for a long time without having to come up for air. 이 기기는 사람들이 공기를 위해 위로 올라올 필요없이, 오랫동안 수중에 머무르는 것을 가능하게 해주었다.
⑦ Modern scuba diving developed from this invention. 현대의 스쿠버 다이빙은 이 발명품으로부터 발전했다.
⑧ Cousteau also created a camera that could be used deep underwater, and he used it to film his first sea documentaries. 쿠스토는 또한 심해에서 사용될 수 있는 카메라를만들어, 그것을 그의 첫 번째 해양 다큐멘터리를 촬영하는 데 사용했다.
⑨ In addition, Cousteau explored a sunken Roman ship beneath the ocean with divers and scientists, which was the first underwater archaeological research. 이 외에도 쿠스토는 바다 아래 가라앉은 로마 제국의 배를 잠수부 및 과학자들과 함께 탐험했는데, 그것은 최초의 수중 고고학 연구였다.
⑩ He wanted to share everything he learned about the sea with others, so he started to write books and filmed a television series called The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau. 그는 그가 바다에 대해 알게 된 모든 것을 다른 이들과 공유하고 싶어 책을 집필하기 시작했고 <자크 쿠스토의 해저 세계>라는 텔레비전 시리즈를 촬영했다.
⑪ The show began in 1968 and ran for nine seasons. 그 프로그램은 1968년에 시작되어 아홉 시즌 동안계속되었다.
⑫ It brought the beauty of the underwater world into the homes of millions of people. 그것은 바닷속 세계의 아름다움을 수백만 사람들의가정으로 가져다주었다.
⑬ Later in life, Jacques-Yves Cousteau started to worry about the damaging effects of human activity on ocean environments. 말년에, 자크 이브 쿠스토는 인간의 활동이 해양 환경에 미치는 해로운 영향들에 관해 우려하기 시작했다.
⑭ In 1973, he started the Cousteau Society in order to bring people's attention to this important issue. 1973년에 그는 이 중요한 사안에 대해 사람들의 관심을 끌고자 쿠스토 협회를 설립했다.
⑮ Today, this society has more than 300,000 members who continue to work on protecting the world's oceans. 오늘날, 이 협회에는 세계 해양을 보호하는 데 줄곧힘쓰고 있는 300,000명 이상의 회원이 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 02. People - Reading 2: Jane Addams
① Throughout history, many brave people have fought for human rights. 역사를 통틀어서, 많은 용감한 사람들이 인권을 위해 싸워왔다.
② Jane Addams was one of these people. 제인 애덤스는 이러한 사람들 중 한 명이었다.
③ Addams was born in 1860. 애덤스는 1860년에 태어났다.
④ She was part of a new generation of educated, independent American women. 그녀는 새로운 세대인 교육 받은 독립적 미국 여성들의 일부였다.
⑤ In 1888, she traveled to London, England, with a friend. 1888년, 그녀는 친구와 함께 영국 런던으로 여행을갔다.
⑥ They visited Toynbee Hall, which was a new kind of charity called a "settlement house." 그들은 토인비 홀을 방문했는데, 그곳은 '사회 복지관'이라고 불리는 새로운 종류의 자선 단체였다.
⑦ It was set up in a poor neighborhood to help the people who lived there. 그것은 가난한 동네에 사는 사람들을 돕기 위해 빈곤 지역에 세워졌다.
⑧ The two women decided to bring the idea to the USA. 그 두 여성은 그 아이디어를 미국으로 가져오기로결정했다.
⑨ The next year, Addams and her friend founded Hull House, the first settlement house in the USA. 이듬해, 애덤스와 그녀의 친구는 미국 최초의 사회복지관인 헐 하우스를 설립했다.
⑩ It was located in a poor part of Chicago and allowed educated women to share their knowledge and skills with the local people. 그것은 시카고의 가난한 지역에 위치해 있었고 교육을 받은 여성들이 자신의 지식과 기술을 그 지역의사람들과 공유할 수 있도록 했다.
⑪ Important services were also provided, including English classes for immigrants and job training. 중요한 서비스도 제공되었는데, 이민자들을 위한 영어 수업과 직업 훈련을 포함했다.
⑫ Hull House also offered a community center, a gym, and an art gallery. 헐 하우스는 또한 주민 센터, 체육관, 그리고 미술관도 제공했다.
⑬ Next, Addams began focusing on ending child labor. 다음으로, 애덤스는 아동 노동을 끝내는 데에 집중하기 시작했다.
⑭ At the time, many children were working in factories in unsafe conditions. 그 당시에는, 많은 어린이들이 안전하지 않은 환경의 공장에서 일하고 있었다.
⑮ In 1902, she co-founded a group that educated people about the negative effects of child labor. 1902년, 그녀는 아동 노동의 부정적 영향에 대해사람들을 교육하는 단체를 공동 설립했다.
⑯ Addams believed that a balanced education would make kids better citizens. 애덤스는 균형 잡힌 교육이 아이들을 더 나은 시민으로 만들 것이라 믿었다.
⑰ So Hull House offered them a wide range of classes. 그래서 헐 하우스는 그들에게 광범위한 수업들을 제공했다.
⑱ Soon, childhood education became a requirement across the country. 머지않아, 아동 교육은 전국적으로 필수 조건이 되었다.
⑲ In addition to helping people in need, Addams dedicated her life to world peace as well. 도움이 필요한 사람들을 돕는 것 외에, 애덤스는 그녀의 삶을 세계 평화에도 바쳤다.
⑳ After World War I began, Addams started working for global peace by writing articles and giving speeches. 제1차 세계 대전이 시작된 후에, 애덤스는 기사를작성하고 연설을 함으로써 세계의 평화를 위해 일하기 시작했다.
㉑ As a result of her lifelong efforts, she became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931. 그녀의 일생에 걸친 노력의 결과로, 1931년에 그녀는 노벨 평화상을 수상한 최초의 미국 여성이 되었다.

 

 

 

Unit 03. Health - Reading 1: Food Poisoning
① Food poisoning is a type of illness that is caused by eating spoiled or contaminated food. 식중독은 상하거나 오염된 음식을 먹어서 생기는 질병의 한 종류입니다.
② Food poisoning can make people severely ill. 식중독은 사람들을 심하게 아프게 할 수 있습니다.
③ Therefore, it is important to know about its symptoms and what we can do to prevent it. 따라서, 그것의 증상과 그것을 예방하기 위해 우리가 무엇을 할 수 있는지 아는 것이 중요합니다.
④ Q: What are the causes of food poisoning? 질문: 식중독의 원인은 무엇입니까?
⑤ A: Food poisoning is caused by bacteria or viruses in raw food or contaminated water. 답변: 식중독은 날음식이나 오염된 물에 있는 박테리아나 바이러스에 의해 발생합니다.
⑥ One common group of bacteria that causes food poisoning is Salmonella. 식중독을 일으키는 흔한 박테리아 집단 중 하나는살모넬라균입니다.
⑦ Salmonella can be found in raw or undercooked meat, poultry, milk, and eggs. 살모넬라균은 날고기나 덜 익은 고기, 가금류, 우유, 그리고 달걀에서 발견될 수 있습니다.
⑧ Another is a type of bacteria called vibrio vulnificus. 또 다른 것은 비브리오 패혈균이라고 불리는 박테리아의 한 종류입니다.
⑨ It is present in seawater and carried by raw seafood. 그것은 바닷물에 존재하고 날 해산물에 의해 옮겨집니다.
⑩ Finally, norovirus can be found in unwashed produce and contaminated shellfish. 마지막으로, 노로바이러스는 씻지 않은 농작물과 오염된 조개류에서 발견될 수 있습니다.
⑪ You can also get norovirus through contact with an infected person. 여러분은 감염자와의 접촉을 통해서도 노로바이러스에 감염될 수 있습니다.
⑫ Although most bacteria that cause food poisoning are common in summer, norovirus is more common in winter. 식중독을 일으키는 대부분의 박테리아가 여름에 흔하지만, 노로바이러스는 겨울에 더 흔합니다.
⑬ Q: What are the symptoms of food poisoning? 질문: 식중독의 증상은 무엇입니까?
⑭ A: Common symptoms of food poisoning include nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting. 답변: 식중독의 흔한 증상은 메스꺼움, 설사, 그리고 구토를 포함합니다.
⑮ Other symptoms include stomachache, blurry vision, and dizziness. 다른 증상은 복통, 흐린 시야, 그리고 현기증을 포함합니다.
⑯ In most cases, food poisoning is mild. 대부분의 경우, 식중독은 가볍게 지나갑니다.
⑰ However, it can sometimes lead to severe dehydration for children and the elderly, who are relatively weak. 그러나, 어린이들이나 노인들은 비교적 몸이 약하여때때로 심한 탈수로 이어질 수 있습니다.
⑱ Therefore, they may need to visit a hospital if symptoms occur. 따라서, 증상들이 나타나면 그들은 병원에 가야 할필요가 있을 수도 있습니다.
⑲ Q: How can food poisoning be prevented? 질문: 식중독은 어떻게 예방될 수 있습니까?
⑳ A: First, wash your hands with warm, soapy water before and after handling food and keep all the utensils clean. 답변: 첫째, 음식을 다루기 전후에 따뜻한 비눗물로손을 씻고 모든 식기를 깨끗이 유지하세요.
㉑ Also, you should always refrigerate or freeze perishable food within two hours of purchasing. 또한, 여러분은 부패하기 쉬운 음식은 구매한 지 두시간 이내에 항상 냉장 또는 냉동시켜야 합니다.
㉒ When cooking, always keep raw food separate from ready-to-eat food to prevent cross contamination. 조리할 때에는, 교차 오염을 방지하기 위해서 날음식은 즉석식품과는 언제나 분리해야 합니다.
㉓ Lastly, be sure to cook your food until it reaches a safe temperature. 마지막으로, 반드시 여러분의 음식이 안전한 온도에도달할 때까지 요리하세요.

 

 

 

Unit 03. Health - Reading 2: The Roseto Effect
① In the late 19th century, almost all of the people from the poor Italian village of Roseto Valfortore moved to a town in the United States. 19세기 후반, 이탈리아의 가난한 마을인 로세토 발포르토레의 주민 거의 모두가 미국의 한 소도시로이주했다.
② This town was founded in the state of Pennsylvania in 1887 by Nicola Rosato, who called it Roseto after his hometown. 이 소도시는 니콜라 로사토에 의해 1887년 펜실베이니아주에 만들어졌는데, 그는 그곳을 자기 고향의이름을 따서 로세토라고 불렀다.
③ The Italian immigrants who settled there were looking for a better life. 그곳에 정착한 이탈리아 이민자들은 더 나은 삶을찾고 있었다.
④ In the 1960s, a doctor named Stewart Wolf discovered something very surprising in Roseto. 1960년대에 스튜어트 울프라는 이름의 의사가 로세토에서 매우 놀라운 것을 발견했다.
⑤ After doing a study on everyone who lived there, he found that they were generally much healthier than the rest of the country. 그곳에 거주하는 모든 사람을 연구한 끝에, 그는 그들이 나라의 여타 지역 사람들보다 일반적으로 훨씬더 건강하다는 것을 알게 되었다.
⑥ The number of people in the town dying from heart disease was half the national average. 그 도시에서 심장병으로 사망하는 사람의 수가 국가평균의 절반이었다.
⑦ In fact, almost no one younger than 55 years of age died of a heart attack. 사실상, 55세 미만인 사람 중에 심장 마비로 사망한사람은 거의 없었다.
⑧ And the death rate from other causes was 35% lower than the national average. 그리고 다른 원인으로 인한 사망률도 국가 평균보다35% 낮았다.
⑨ Many people simply died of old age. 많은 사람이 단순히 고령으로 사망했다.
⑩ So, what was the Rosetans' secret? 그렇다면, 로세토 사람들의 비결은 무엇이었을까?
⑪ Wolf's findings showed that it certainly wasn't their diet. 울프의 결과에 따르면 그것은 확실히 식습관 때문은아니었다.
⑫ They ate a lot of fatty food and many were very overweight. 그들은 기름진 음식을 많이 먹었고, 많은 사람이 고도의 비만이었다.
⑬ In addition, they worked long hours in jobs that were very hard on their bodies. 게다가, 그들은 몸에 매우 무리가 가는 일을 장시간했다.
⑭ There was no clear medical explanation for why they were so healthy. 그들이 왜 그렇게 건강한지에 대한 명확한 의학적설명이 없었다.
⑮ Thus, researchers concluded that the Rosetans' excellent health was caused by the town itself. 그래서 연구자들은 로세토 사람들의 아주 좋은 건강상태는 그 도시 자체로부터 비롯된 것이라고 결론내렸다.
⑯ It was a closely connected community of families. 로세토는 긴밀히 연결된 가족 공동체였다.
⑰ Most children, parents, and grandparents lived under one roof, and everyone got involved in church, festivals, and social activities. 대부분의 아이, 부모, 그리고 조부모가 한 지붕 아래에서 살았고, 모든 사람이 교회, 축제, 그리고 사회활동에 참여했다.
⑱ Scientists refer to this mysterious influence of family and social life on health as the "Roseto Effect." 과학자들은 가족과 사회생활이 건강에 미치는 이 신비한 영향을 '로세토 효과'라고 부른다.
⑲ It shows that having close connections with others can help people reduce the everyday stresses that are bad for one's health. 그것은 다른 사람들과 긴밀한 관계를 유지하는 것이사람들로 하여금 건강에 좋지 않은 일상 스트레스를줄이도록 도울 수 있음을 보여 준다.

 

 

 

Unit 04. Food - Reading 1: 3D Food Printing
① Can you imagine walking into your kitchen and producing any food you want simply by touching a screen? 당신은 부엌으로 걸어 들어가서 단순히 화면을 건드림으로써 당신이 원하는 어떤 음식이든 만들어내는것을 상상할 수 있는가?
② 3D printing may soon make this possible. 3D 인쇄는 곧 이것을 가능하게 할지도 모른다.
③ 3D printers can produce almost any kind of item by building it layer by layer. 3D 프린터는 층층이 쌓아서 거의 모든 종류의 물건을 생산할 수 있다.
④ Now scientists are using them to "print" foods such as chocolate and even meat. 현재 과학자들은 초콜릿이나 심지어는 고기 같은 음식들을 '인쇄'하기 위해서 그것들을 사용하고 있다.
⑤ So how does it work? 그렇다면 그것은 어떻게 작동할까?
⑥ 3D food printing is actually quite simple. 3D 음식 인쇄는 사실 아주 간단하다.
⑦ First you put the raw materials into the printer. 우선 당신은 프린터에 원료를 넣는다.
⑧ These are the same for all foods. 이것들은 모든 음식에 공통적이다.
⑨ They are protein, carbohydrates, and fat. 그것들은 단백질, 탄수화물, 지방이다.
⑩ Next you tell the printer what ratio to use. 다음으로 어떤 비율을 사용할지 프린터에 지시한다.
⑪ Then you wait while the printer produces the food. 그러고 나서 프린터가 음식을 만들어내는 동안 기다린다.
⑫ In this way, people can create foods according to their needs. 이런 방식으로, 사람들은 그들의 필요에 따라 음식을 만들 수 있다.
⑬ For example, an athlete could print high-protein pasta. 예를 들어, 운동선수는 고단백 파스타를 인쇄할 수있을 것이다.
⑭ Or a pregnant woman could print bread with extra vitamins. 혹은 임신한 여성은 비타민이 추가로 들어간 빵을인쇄할 수 있을 것이다.
⑮ In addition, somebody with an allergy could tell the printer to leave out a certain ingredient. 그뿐만 아니라, 알레르기가 있는 사람은 특정 성분을 빼도록 프린터에 지시할 수 있을 것이다.
⑯ 3D food printing seems to offer many benefits. 3D 음식 인쇄는 많은 이점을 제공하는 것 같다.
⑰ First, printing food could save time. 첫 번째로, 음식을 인쇄하는 것은 시간을 절약할 수있다.
⑱ Instead of cooking food, people could print it while doing other things. 음식을 요리하는 대신, 사람들은 다른 일을 하면서그것을 인쇄할 수 있다.
⑲ Second, printed food might taste better than ordinary food. 두 번째로, 인쇄된 음식은 일반적인 음식보다 맛이더 좋을 수 있다.
⑳ That's because people could print food with customized flavors. 그것은 사람들이 개개인에 맞춘 맛으로 음식을 인쇄할 수 있기 때문이다.
㉑ Third, it will likely offer exciting possibilities for food design. 세 번째로, 그것은 음식 디자인에 있어 흥미진진한가능성을 열어 줄 것 같다.
㉒ As different textures and shapes become available, any design you want is possible. 다양한 질감과 모양을 낼 수 있기 때문에, 당신이 원하는 어떤 디자인도 가능하다.
㉓ Finally, it could improve our health. 마지막으로, 그것은 우리의 건강을 향상시킬 수 있다.
㉔ By allowing people to easily replace the unhealthy ingredients in processed foods with healthier options, it has the potential to help provide a more nutritious diet. 사람들이 가공식품의 건강하지 않은 성분들을 더 건강한 선택들로 쉽게 대체할 수 있게 함으로써, 그것은 더욱 영양가 있는 식단을 제공하도록 도와줄 수있는 잠재력을 가지고 있다.
㉕ With so many advantages, 3D printing may change the future of the food industry completely. 이렇게 많은 장점으로, 3D 인쇄는 음식 산업의 미래를 완전히 바꿀지도 모른다.

 

 

 

Unit 04. Food - Reading 2: Greek Food
① Like all national foods, those of Greece are a result of location. 모든 나라의 대표 음식들과 마찬가지로, 그리스 고유의 음식은 지리적 위치의 결과이다.
② There are three seas around Greece, so fresh fish is always available. 그리스는 삼면이 바다로 둘러싸여 있어 언제나 싱싱한 생선을 구할 수 있다.
③ The warm, dry climate is suitable for growing fruits and vegetables. 따뜻하고 건조한 기후는 과일과 채소를 재배하는 데적당하다.
④ Grapes can easily be grown in the sunshine. 포도는 햇빛 아래에서 쉽게 자랄 수 있다.
⑤ And the many olive trees are a source of olives. 그리고 많은 올리브 나무는 올리브 열매의 원천이다.
⑥ All of these natural factors give the people of Greece a very healthy diet. 이 모든 자연적 요인들이 그리스 사람들에게 건강에매우 좋은 식단을 제공해 준다.
⑦ Greek cooking uses many vegetables, which are an important source of vitamins. 그리스 요리는 많은 채소를 사용하는데, 이것들은비타민의 중요 공급원이다.
⑧ Therefore, it is not surprising that people who eat Greek food are likely to be healthy. 따라서 그리스 음식을 먹는 사람들이 건강할 가능성이 높다는 사실은 놀라운 일이 아니다.
⑨ Now scientists are finding out that certain vegetables can actually fight serious diseases. 요즈음 과학자들은 특정 채소들이 실제로 심각한 질병을 퇴치해 줄 수 있다는 사실을 발견하고 있다.
⑩ For example, tomatoes, which are commonly used in Greek dishes, help prevent certain types of cancer. 예를 들어, 그리스 요리에 흔히 사용되는 토마토는특정 종류의 암을 예방하는 데 도움이 된다.
⑪ Traditional Greek food also fights another major killer: heart disease. 전통적인 그리스 음식은 또 하나의 주요 사망 원인인 심장병도 예방한다.
⑫ Many Greek dishes use fish, which is good for people with high levels of cholesterol. 많은 그리스 음식에 생선을 사용하는데, 이는 콜레스테롤 수치가 높은 사람들에게 좋다.
⑬ Although some Greek dishes are very oily, very few Greeks suffer from heart disease. 일부 그리스 음식은 기름기가 아주 많음에도 불구하고 심장병을 앓는 그리스인은 극히 드물다.
⑭ There seem to be two reasons for this. 이에 대해서는 두 가지 이유가 있는 것 같다.
⑮ First, Greek people often drink a little red wine with meals, and scientists believe that this has advantages for fighting heart disease. 첫째, 그리스 사람들은 식사와 함께 종종 적포도주를 조금 마시는데 과학자들은 이것이 심장병을 예방하는 데 효능이 있다고 본다.
⑯ Second, almost all Greek dishes are made using olive oil. 둘째, 거의 모든 그리스 음식은 올리브유를 사용해만들어진다.
⑰ This is one of the healthiest types of oil, full of vitamins and with no cholesterol. 이것은 건강에 가장 좋은 형태의 기름 중 하나로, 비타민이 풍부하고 콜레스테롤은 없다.
⑱ Modern medical science offers great suggestions about healthy eating habits. 현대 의학은 건강한 식습관에 관한 훌륭한 제안들을한다.
⑲ But for hundreds of years, Greek people have been eating healthy foods that fight diseases. 하지만 수백 년 동안 그리스인들은 질병을 퇴치해주는 몸에 좋은 음식을 계속 먹어 왔다.
⑳ We can't all move to Greece, but we would all benefit from eating the Greek way. 우리가 모두 그리스로 이사를 할 수는 없지만, 그리스식으로 먹는 것은 우리 모두에게 이익이 될 수 있을 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 05. Society - Reading 1: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
① These days, many corporations are interested in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). 요즘에는 많은 기업이 기업의 사회적 책임(CSR)에관심을 보인다.
② CSR includes things like investing in communities and protecting the environment. CSR에는 지역 사회에 대한 투자나 환경 보호 같은것들이 포함된다.
③ Such activities improve the reputations of both a company and its products. 그러한 활동은 기업과 기업의 제품 모두의 평판을높여 준다.
④ In turn, this can lead to increased financial returns. 결과적으로 이것은 재정 수익의 증가로 이어질 수있다.
⑤ There are a number of ways companies can practice CSR. 기업이 CSR을 실천할 수 있는 여러 가지 방법이 있다.
⑥ IBM, for example, is helping people participate in the World Community Grid. 예를 들어, IBM은 사람들이 세계 공동체 전산망에참여하는 것을 돕고 있다.
⑦ They have created a small program for personal computers. 그들은 개인용 컴퓨터를 위한 소규모 프로그램을 만들었다.
⑧ Whenever the computer is not in use, the program donates its computing power to the World Community Grid supercomputer. 컴퓨터가 사용되지 않을 때마다, 그 프로그램이 컴퓨터의 처리 능력을 세계 공동체 전산망의 슈퍼컴퓨터로 기부한다.
⑨ This supercomputer assists with medical research that may lead to cures for serious diseases. 이 슈퍼컴퓨터는 심각한 질병에 대한 치료법 개발로이어질 수 있는 의학 연구를 돕는다.
⑩ Then there is Starbucks. 다음으로 스타벅스가 있다.
⑪ This business works together with nonprofit organizations to improve the lives of people living in communities that grow coffee. 이 기업은 커피를 재배하는 지역 사회 거주민의 삶을 개선하기 위해 비영리 단체와 함께 일한다.
⑫ In Guatemala, for example, Starbucks has teamed up with Save the Children to bring educational programs to remote villages. 예를 들어, 과테말라에서 스타벅스는 세이브더칠드런과 협력해 외딴 마을에 교육 프로그램을 제공한다.
⑬ Finally, some companies are created specifically to practice CSR. 마지막으로, 어떤 기업들은 CSR을 실천하기 위해특별히 만들어진다.
⑭ TOMS Shoes, founded by Blake Mycoskie, is one example. 블레이크 마이코스키가 설립한 탐스 슈즈가 한 예이다.
⑮ Mycoskie traveled through Argentina in 2006 and saw that many children had no shoes. 마이코스키는 2006년에 아르헨티나 전역을 여행하면서 많은 아이들이 신발이 없는 것을 보았다.
⑯ Now, TOMS Shoes sells shoes all over the world. 현재, 탐스 슈즈는 전 세계적으로 신발을 판매한다.
⑰ For every pair they sell, they donate one pair to a child in a developing nation. 그들이 판매하는 각각의 켤레에 대해, 개발 도상국의 아이에게 한 켤레씩 기부한다.
⑱ They have now given away more than 35 million pairs of shoes worldwide. 그들은 지금까지 전 세계적으로 삼천오백만 켤레 이상의 신발을 기부해 왔다.
⑲ CSR helps companies show consumers that they are not only making profits but working to improve society. CSR은 기업들이 이윤을 내는 것뿐만이 아니라 사회를 개선하기 위해서도 일하고 있음을 소비자들에게보여주도록 돕는다.
⑳ This makes the consumers more likely to choose products made by these companies. 이것은 소비자들이 이러한 기업이 만든 제품을 고를가능성을 높여 준다.
㉑ For these reasons, CSR is likely to expand in the future. 이런 까닭에 CSR은 앞으로도 확대될 것 같다.

 

 

 

Unit 05. Society - Reading 2: TOEFL (Bookcrossing)
① Bookcrossing 북크로싱
② There is an old saying, "If you love someone, set them free." '누군가를 사랑한다면 그들을 자유롭게 해 줘라.'라는옛 속담이 있다.
③ Ron Hornbaker was a man who thought that this was true about books as well. 론 혼베이커는 이 말이 책에도 적용된다고 생각한 사람이었다.
④ He didn't want to see the books he loved become dusty on his shelf. 그는 자신이 아주 좋아하는 책들이 책장에서 먼지가쌓여가는 모습을 보고 싶지 않았다.
⑤ He dreamed of sharing them with others. 그는 그것들을 다른 사람들과 공유하는 것을 꿈꿨다.
⑥ His goal was to "make the whole world a library" so that people could share their books for free. 그의 목표는 사람들이 그들의 책을 공짜로 나눠 볼수 있도록 '전 세계를 도서관으로 만드는' 것이었다.
⑦ Hornbaker wanted to encourage people to leave their books in public places for others to find. 혼베이커는 사람들에게 다른 사람들이 찾을 수 있도록 그들의 책을 공공장소에 두라고 권하고 싶었다.
⑧ He decided to make this fun, so he started the website www.bookcrossing. com. 그는 이것을 재미있게 만들기로 결심하고www.bookcrossing.com이라는 웹 사이트를 시작했다.
⑨ Using this website, people can continue to enjoy a book by sharing it with others. 이 웹 사이트를 이용하여 사람들은 책을 다른 사람들과 공유함으로써 계속해서 책을 즐길 수 있다.
⑩ Now the fun of reading doesn't end when the book does. 그리하여 책을 다 읽었어도 독서의 즐거움은 끝나지않는다.
⑪ The process is a simple system called the "Three R's" ― Read, Register, and Release. 그 과정은 '3R'이라 불리는 읽고, 등록하고, 내놓는간단한 구조로 되어 있다.
⑫ First, someone reads a book. 우선, 누군가가 어떤 책을 읽는다.
⑬ Next, he or she registers it on the website. 그다음에 그 사람은 그 책을 웹 사이트에 등록한다.
⑭ The book is then given an ID number, which is put on the inside cover of the book. 그러면 그 책은 ID 번호를 부여받는데, 그 번호는 책의 표지 안쪽에 기록된다.
⑮ Finally, the person releases the book by leaving it in a public place, such as a coffee shop or train station. 마지막으로, 그 사람은 책을 커피숍이나 기차역 같은공공장소에 둠으로써 그 책을 내놓는다.
⑯ Once someone finds the book, he or she will hopefully go to the site to say that they have "caught it." 일단 누군가가 그 책을 발견하면 그 사람은 기대감을안고 웹 사이트에 방문해서 '그 책을 찾았다'고 말할것이다.
⑰ This way, the original owner of the book can know that the book has been found. 이런 식으로, 그 책의 원래 주인은 자신의 책이 발견되었다는 것을 알 수 있게 된다.
⑱ Then the "Three R's" start all over again. 그런 다음 '3R'은 처음부터 또다시 시작되는 것이다.
⑲ When it was launched, about one hundred people joined the site per month. 웹 사이트가 개설되었을 때, 매달 백여 명의 사람들이 그 사이트에 가입했다.
⑳ There are now over 950,000 members, and Bookcrossing books are making their way all over the world. 지금은 95만 명이 넘는 회원이 있으며, 북크로싱의책들은 전 세계로 뻗어 나가는 중이다.
㉑ Bookcrossing is a fun way to share your experience of reading with others. 북크로싱은 당신의 독서 경험을 다른 사람들과 나누는 재미있는 방법이다.

 

 

 

Unit 06. Art - Reading 1: Vincent's Letter
① My Dear Theo, 보고 싶은 테오에게
② I just received your warm letter. 방금 너의 다정한 편지를 받았다.
③ Thank you very much for the things you said. 네가 얘기해 준 것들에 대해 매우 고맙게 생각한다.
④ I am taking a rest today, so I have a chance to write back. 오늘은 좀 쉬고 있어서 답장 쓸 기회가 생겼단다.
⑤ You asked me about my paintings. 내 그림들에 관해 물었더구나.
⑥ As you know, I've always been interested in the special characteristics of each season. 너도 알다시피, 나는 늘 각 계절이 지닌 독특한 특징에 관심이 많았어.
⑦ Well, it is autumn now, and the woods are showing unusual colors. 음, 지금은 가을이라 숲이 독특한 색들을 드러내고있단다.
⑧ I spent a whole day sitting among the trees, admiring the beauty of nature. 나는 자연의 아름다움에 감탄하며 온종일 나무들 사이에 앉아 시간을 보냈어.
⑨ I tried to paint all the colors, but it was a difficult task. 모든 색을 다 칠해 보려 했지만, 힘든 일이더구나.
⑩ I used one and a half large tubes of white to paint the ground, even though it was very dark. 땅은 아주 짙은 색이지만 그것을 칠하기 위해 커다란 흰색 튜브 물감을 하나 반이나 썼지.
⑪ I mixed the white with red, yellow, brown, and black. 그 흰색을 빨간색, 노란색, 갈색, 검은색과 섞었어.
⑫ The result was a dark red, like the color of wine. 결과는 포도주의 색과 같은 암적색이 되었어.
⑬ There was also some fresh grass which caught the light and sparkled brightly. 빛을 받아 밝게 빛나는 싱그러운 풀도 있더구나.
⑭ It was very difficult to paint. 그것은 색칠하기가 아주 까다로웠어.
⑮ I said to myself while I was doing it: 나는 그림을 그리면서 속으로 말했어.
⑯ I mustn't stop before I can show the mysterious mood of this autumn evening in my painting. 이 가을 저녁의 신비로운 분위기를 그림에 담아내기전까진 멈춰서는 안 된다고 말이야.
⑰ However, because this light didn't last, I had to paint quickly, with a few strong touches of the brush. 하지만 빛이 계속 있는 게 아니라서 강렬한 붓 터치몇 번으로 재빨리 그려야만 했어.
⑱ I will continue to work as hard as I can. 나는 최선을 다해 작업을 계속할 거야.
⑲ You asked about my health, but what about yours? 내 건강에 관해 물었는데, 네 건강은 어떠니?
⑳ I think my remedy would help you, too: to be outside, painting. 내 생각에 내 치료법이 너에게도 도움이 될 것 같구나. 야외로 나가서 그림을 그리는 것이지.
㉑ Even when I'm tired, I still feel like doing it. 나는 몸이 피곤할 때조차도 계속 그렇게 하고 싶더구나.
㉒ I hope that you are happy and in good health. 네가 행복하고 건강하길 바란다.
㉓ Affectionately yours, Vincent 너를 사랑하는 형, 빈센트가

 

 

 

Unit 06. Art - Reading 2: Henri Matisse
① At the beginning of the 20th century, many artists started to move away from tradition. 20세기 초에, 많은 화가들이 전통으로부터 벗어나기시작했다.
② One of the modern art movements of this time was Fauvism, which started to develop in France in 1904. 이 시기의 현대 미술 운동 중 하나는 야수파로, 이것은 1904년 프랑스에서 발전하기 시작했다.
③ The term "Fauvism" comes from the French word fauve, which means "wild beasts." 'Fauvism'이란 용어는 프랑스 단어 fauve에서 왔는데, 이것은 '야수'를 의미한다.
④ This name may have been chosen because Fauve artists were viewed as rebels during their time. 야수파 화가들이 활동하던 당시 그들이 반항아로 여겨졌기 때문에 이 이름이 선택되었을 것이다.
⑤ Their art shocked and even angered viewers. 그들의 예술은 보는 이들에게 충격을 주었고, 심지어 분노를 불러일으켰다.
⑥ It took something that people considered "right" and made it look "wrong." 그것은 사람들이 '옳다'고 생각하는 것을 가져다가'틀리게' 보이도록 만들었다.
⑦ Henri Matisse was one of the founders of this movement. 앙리 마티스는 이 운동의 창시자 중 한 명이었다.
⑧ Along with other Fauve artists, he painted familiar forms in colors that didn't match them naturally. 다른 야수파 화가들과 마찬가지로, 그는 친숙한 형태들을 그것들과 어울리지 않는 색으로 자연스럽게칠했다.
⑨ In other words, landscapes and portraits were painted in the "wrong" colors, which were often bright and unusual. 다시 말해, 풍경화와 초상화들을 '틀린' 색들로 칠했는데, 이 색들은 보통 선명하고 독특했다.
⑩ Traditionally, artists would choose a subject and paint it using its real-life colors. 전통적으로, 화가들은 대상을 선택해 그것을 대상의실제 색을 써서 채색하곤 했다.
⑪ However, Matisse believed that form shouldn't decide color. 그러나 마티스는 형태가 색을 결정지어서는 안 된다고 생각했다.
⑫ Instead of simply making things look like they do in reality, he used colors in his paintings to express his feelings. 사물을 단순히 현실에서 보이는 것처럼 만드는 대신, 그는 그림에 자신의 느낌을 나타내기 위해 색을사용했다.
⑬ As he put it, "When I put a green, it is not grass. 그의 표현에 따르자면, "내가 초록색을 칠할 때, 그것은 잔디가 아니다.
⑭ When I put a blue, it is not the sky." 내가 파란색을 칠할 때, 그것은 하늘이 아니다."
⑮ The painting Open Window, Collioure is a great example of Matisse's use of color. <콜리우르의 열린 창문>이라는 그림은 마티스의 색의 사용을 보여 주는 훌륭한 예이다.
⑯ The scene doesn't seem natural because the water is a shade of pink, not blue, and the walls are different colors. 물이 파란색이 아니라 분홍 색상이고, 벽이 서로 다른 색이기 때문에 그 풍경은 자연스러워 보이지 않는다.
⑰ However, the colors express the excitement Matisse felt on a summer day, which he wanted to recreate. 그러나 그 색들은 마티스가 어느 여름날 오후에 느낀흥분을 표현하는데, 이것이 그가 재현하고자 했던바였다.
⑱ That is why Matisse didn't think there was any "right" or "wrong" when it comes to color. 마티스가 색에 관해서는 '옳은 것' 또는 '틀린 것'이없다고 생각했던 이유가 그 때문이다.
⑲ Like other Fauve artists, he believed that the colors an artist chooses are always right because they express the artist's creative visions. 다른 야수파 화가들처럼, 그는 화가가 선택하는 색들은 화가의 창조적인 시야를 표현하기 때문에 그것들이 항상 옳다고 믿었다.

 

 

 

Unit 07. Technology - Reading 1: HTTPS
① When you visit a website, you can see "http" or "https" at the beginning of your web browser's address bar. 당신이 웹사이트를 방문할 때, 당신의 웹 브라우저의 주소창 앞부분에서 'http' 혹은 'https'를 볼 수있다.
② What do these letters mean? 이 글자들은 무엇을 의미할까?
③ And what is their purpose? 그리고 그것의 목적은 무엇일까?
④ HTTP stands for hypertext transfer protocol. HTTP는 하이퍼텍스트 전송 규약을 나타낸다.
⑤ It is the standard way to exchange information between a web browser and a server. 그것은 웹 브라우저와 서버 간에 정보를 교환하는표준 방식이다.
⑥ HTTP allows Internet users to access all kinds of content, including text, images, and videos. HTTP는 인터넷 사용자들이 문자, 이미지, 동영상을포함한 모든 종류의 콘텐츠에 접근할 수 있게 한다.
⑦ The problem is that using HTTP is not always safe. 문제는 HTTP를 이용하는 것이 언제나 안전한 것은아니라는 것이다.
⑧ Other users can sneak into the browsing process and steal your valuable information when HTTP is used. HTTP가 사용될 때 다른 사용자들이 검색 과정에 몰래 들어가 당신의 소중한 정보를 훔칠 수 있다.
⑨ That's why HTTPS, a secure version, was created. 그것이 바로 안전한 버전인 HTTPS가 만들어진 이유이다.
⑩ HTTPS makes web browsing safer by using secure encrypted connections between servers and browsers. HTTPS는 서버와 브라우저 사이에 안전한 암호화된연결을 사용함으로써 웹 검색을 더 안전하게 만든다.
⑪ Since other users cannot see the information that passes through these connections, HTTPS keeps your data private. 다른 사용자들은 이러한 연결을 통해 전달되는 정보를 볼 수 없기 때문에, HTTPS는 당신의 정보를 비밀로 지켜준다.
⑫ In addition, HTTPS prevents hackers from replacing requested data with other, harmful data. 게다가, HTTPS는 해커가 요청된 정보를 다른 해로운 정보로 바꾸는 것을 막는다.
⑬ The hackers also wouldn't be able to steal the data since it is encrypted. 해커들은 또한 데이터가 암호화되어 있기 때문에 훔칠 수 없을 것이다.
⑭ Because of its additional safety, most major websites are now using HTTPS. 그것의 부가적인 안전성 때문에, 대부분의 주요 웹사이트들은 현재 HTTPS를 사용하고 있다.
⑮ And popular web browsers like Google Chrome are encouraging this. 그리고 구글 크롬과 같은 인기 있는 웹 브라우저들은 이것을 권장하고 있다.
⑯ Now, if a website uses HTTPS, Chrome shows a lock icon at the beginning of the web address bar to let you know that your information is safe. 이제, 어떤 웹사이트가 HTTPS를 사용한다면, 크롬은 당신의 정보가 안전하다는 것을 알려주기 위해자물쇠 아이콘을 인터넷 주소창의 앞부분에 보여준다.
⑰ However, if a website uses HTTP, it displays a warning message that says "not secure" instead. 그러나, 어떤 사이트가 HTTP를 사용한다면, 그것은'안전하지 않음'이라는 경고 메시지를 대신 보여준다.
⑱ HTTPS is making the web safer, no matter what browser you use. HTTPS는 당신이 어떤 브라우저를 사용하든지 간에웹을 더 안전하게 만들고 있다.
⑲ So whenever you go online, make sure you see the "S"! 따라서 당신이 온라인에 접속할 때마다, 'S'가 보이는지 확인하라!

 

 

 

Unit 07. Technology - Reading 2: The CyberKnife
① What kind of knife isn't actually a knife? 어떤 종류의 칼이 실제로는 칼이 아닐까?
② The answer is the "CyberKnife." 정답은 '사이버나이프'이다.
③ The CyberKnife Robotic Radiosurgery System is high-tech equipment being used by doctors to treat people with tumors. 사이버나이프 로봇 방사선 수술 시스템은 종양이 있는 사람들을 치료하기 위해 의사들에 의해 사용되고있는 첨단 장비이다.
④ After the tumor is located, the CyberKnife shoots beams of high-energy radiation that begin to destroy the tumor without hurting the patient. 종양의 위치가 확인되면 사이버나이프는 환자에게고통을 주지 않고 종양을 파괴하기 시작하는 고에너지 방사선을 쏜다.
⑤ It is attached to a robotic arm, which helps it automatically adjust to any movements the patient may make. 그것은 로봇 팔에 붙어 있는데, 이것이 사이버나이프가 환자의 어떤 움직임에도 자동으로 조절되도록돕는다.
⑥ It can be used on any part of the body, including the lungs, spine, and brain. 그것은 폐나 척추, 뇌를 포함한 신체 어느 부위에도사용될 수 있다.
⑦ The CyberKnife is very accurate and can get rid of tumors without harming the surrounding tissue. 사이버나이프는 매우 정밀하여 주변 조직을 훼손하지 않고 종양을 제거할 수 있다.
⑧ This allows doctors to treat tumors in places that couldn't be reached with traditional surgery. 이것은 의사들이 기존의 수술로는 도달할 수 없었던곳에 있는 종양도 치료할 수 있도록 해준다.
⑨ The tumors are not instantly removed, but the CyberKnife stops their growth and gradually reduces their size. 종양이 즉시 없어지는 것은 아니지만, 사이버나이프는 종양이 커지는 것을 막고 서서히 그 크기를 감소시킨다.
⑩ The recovery time of patients is also shorter with the CyberKnife. 사이버나이프를 이용하면 환자의 회복기도 더 단축된다.
⑪ This makes it a good option for people who are too weak to undergo traditional kinds of surgery. 이 때문에 사이버나이프는 몸이 너무 약해 기존 형태의 수술을 견뎌내지 못하는 사람들에게 좋은 대안이 된다.
⑫ It can be done quickly, with patients often going home the same day. 이것은 신속히 끝나서, 환자들이 당일 퇴원하는 경우도 종종 있다.
⑬ All in all, it is much less stressful than traditional surgery. 대체로, 이것은 기존의 수술보다 훨씬 스트레스가적다.
⑭ Tens of thousands of patients have already had their tumors treated in this fashion, with CyberKnife Robotic Radiosurgery Systems installed in hundreds of hospitals around the world. 전 세계적으로 수백 개 병원에 설치된 사이버나이프로봇 방사선 수술 시스템을 통해 이미 수만 명의 환자가 이 방식으로 종양을 치료받았다.
⑮ Cancer is a difficult disease to overcome, but advanced technology like the CyberKnife is giving people hope. 암은 극복하기 어려운 질병이지만, 사이버나이프 같은 첨단 기술이 사람들에게 희망을 주고 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 08. Biology - Reading 1: Horseshoe Crabs
① Horseshoe crabs are amazing creatures. 투구게는 놀라운 생물체이다.
② They have barely changed in more than 250 million years. 그들은 2억 5천만 년이 넘도록 거의 변하지 않았다.
③ These days they provide scientists with a rare and valuable material: their blue blood. 오늘날 투구게는 과학자들에게 희귀하고 값진 물질을 제공해주는데, 바로 그들의 푸른 피이다.
④ Normal red blood contains iron, but horseshoe crab blood is blue because it contains copper. 보통의 붉은 피에는 철분이 포함되어 있지만, 투구게의 피는 구리를 포함하고 있기 때문에 푸른색이다.
⑤ This, however, is not what makes their blood so useful. 그러나 이것이 그들의 피를 아주 유용하게 만드는것은 아니다.
⑥ Instead, it is the way it clots. 대신, 그들의 피가 응고하는 방식이 그렇다.
⑦ Clotting occurs when blood thickens and forms solid material. 응고는 피가 걸쭉해져서 고형의 물질을 형성할 때일어난다.
⑧ This is done to stop the flow of blood from a cut or wound. 이것은 베인 상처나 다친 부위로부터 피가 흐르는것을 멈추게 하기 위해 이뤄진다.
⑨ Horseshoe crab blood begins to clot as soon as it encounters any type of impurity. 투구게의 피는 어떠한 종류의 불순물을 만나는 즉시응고되기 시작한다.
⑩ Frederick Bang, an American scientist, started experimenting with horseshoe crab blood in the 1950s. 미국의 과학자 프레더릭 뱅은 1950년대에 투구게의피를 가지고 실험을 시작했다.
⑪ He soon discovered the chemical that causes the clotting, known as Limulus amebocyte lysate, or LAL. 그는 곧 Limulus amebocyte lysate 또는 LAL이라고 알려진, 응고를 일으키는 화학 물질을 발견했다.
⑫ At that time, there wasn't a good method of testing drugs for impurities. 그 당시에는 약의 불순물을 검사할 좋은 방법이 없었다.
⑬ But Bang realized that LAL could be used for this purpose. 그러나 뱅은 LAL이 이런 목적으로 사용될 수 있다는것을 깨달았다.
⑭ Today, LAL is used in America to check all drugs before they are approved for human use. 오늘날 미국에서 LAL은 모든 의약품이 인체용으로승인을 받기 전에 그것을 검사하는 데에 쓰인다.
⑮ LAL is extremely rare and can cost as much as $15,000 per liter. LAL은 극도도 희귀하고 리터당 15,000달러만큼이나 값이 나갈 수 있다.
⑯ A synthetic form of LAL, which can be produced without horseshoe crab blood, is now available. LAL의 합성 형태는 투구게의 피 없이 생산될 수 있는데, 현재 이용 가능하다.
⑰ However, pharmaceutical companies have been slow to make the switch from the LAL found in horseshoe crab blood. 그러나 제약 회사들은 투구게의 피에서 발견되는LAL로부터 (합성 LAL로) 변경하는 데 꾸물거려왔다.
⑱ In order to preserve the species, scientists only extract about one third of the blood from each crab before returning it alive to the ocean. 그 종을 보존하기 위해서, 과학자들은 게를 살아있는 상태로 바다에 돌려보내기 전에 각 게로부터 약3분의 1의 혈액만을 추출한다.
⑲ Despite this, thousands of horseshoe crabs are killed during the blood-harvesting process each year. 이것에도 불구하고, 매년 수천 마리의 투구게가 피추출 과정에서 죽는다.
⑳ Hopefully, this number will decrease as synthetic LAL becomes more widely used. 바라건대, 합성 LAL이 더 널리 사용되면서, 이 숫자는 감소할 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 08. Biology - Reading 2: Blood Transfusion
① Do you know what a blood bank is for? 혈액은행이 왜 있는지 아는가?
② It is not for saving money. 그것은 돈을 저축하기 위한 것이 아니다.
③ It is for saving lives. 그것은 생명을 구하기 위한 것이다.
④ If somebody has an accident and loses a lot of blood, doctors can help that person by giving him or her a blood transfusion. 만일 누군가 사고를 당해 많은 피를 흘린다면, 의사는 수혈해줌으로써 그 사람을 도울 수 있다.
⑤ It all sounds quite simple, but blood transfusions today are the result of over 300 years of experiments. 이 모든 것이 아주 간단하게 들리지만, 오늘날의 수혈은 300년 이상에 걸친 실험의 결과물이다.
⑥ In 1667, some British scientists gathered to watch an experiment. 1667년, 몇몇 영국 과학자들이 한 실험을 지켜보기위해 모였다.
⑦ A man had agreed to have some blood injected into his arm. 한 남자가 자신의 팔에 피를 주입하는 것에 동의한상태였다.
⑧ The idea was similar to today's blood transfusions, but there was one important difference ― the blood came from a sheep! 그 개념은 오늘날의 수혈과 비슷했지만 한 가지 중요한 차이점이 있었는데, 그 피가 양의 피라는 것이었다!
⑨ This man survived, but another man died after a similar experiment in Paris. 이 남자는 살아남았지만 또 다른 남자는 파리에서유사한 실험 이후 사망했다.
⑩ The doctor involved was nearly sent to jail for murder, and in 1678 the French government stopped all blood transfusions. 관련 의사는 살인죄로 감옥에 갈 뻔했으며, 1678년에 프랑스 정부는 모든 수혈을 금지했다.
⑪ However, experiments with blood transfusions continued in Britain, and by 1840 doctors were carrying out human-to-human blood transfusions. 그러나 영국에서는 수혈 실험이 계속되었고, 1840년경에 의사들은 사람과 사람 간의 수혈을 시행하고있었다.
⑫ But unfortunately these transfusions sometimes made people sicker. 하지만 안타깝게도 이러한 수혈은 이따금 사람들을더 아프게 만들었다.
⑬ Finally, in 1901 an Austrian doctor named Karl Landsteiner discovered the reason for this ― blood groups. 마침내, 1901년에 카를 란트슈타이너라는 오스트리아 의사가 이에 대한 원인을 밝혀냈는데 그것은 바로 혈액형이었다.
⑭ He found out that there are four main types of human blood: A, B, AB, and O. 그는 사람의 피에는 A형, B형, AB형, O형과 같이네 가지의 주된 유형이 있다는 것을 알아냈다.
⑮ If a patient with blood type O needs a blood transfusion, doctors have to make sure the patient is given type O blood. O형 환자가 수혈이 필요하다면 의사는 그 환자가 반드시 O형 피를 수혈받도록 해야 한다.
⑯ Since this discovery, blood transfusions have been much safer and now save thousands of lives every year. 이 발견 이후로 수혈은 훨씬 더 안전해졌고 이제는매년 수천 명의 생명을 구한다.

 

 

 

Unit 09. Sports - Reading 1: Wimbledon's Dress Code
① Having started in 1877, the Championships, Wimbledon ("Wimbledon," for short) is the world's oldest tennis tournament. 1877년에 시작되어, 윔블던 선수권 대회(줄여서'윔블던')는 세계에서 가장 오래된 테니스 대회이다.
② Today, it is one of the four "Grand Slam" tennis tournaments, along with the Australian Open, the French Open, and the US Open. 오늘날, 그것은 호주 오픈, 프랑스 오픈, 미국 오픈과 함께 4개의 '그랜드 슬램' 테니스 대회 중 하나이다.
③ However, Wimbledon is known as the most prestigious of them all. 그러나, 윔블던은 그중에서도 가장 권위 있는 것으로 알려져 있다.
④ It is also known for a strict dress code. 그것은 또한 엄격한 복장 규정으로도 알려져 있다.
⑤ For a long time, the Wimbledon dress code has required players to dress almost entirely in white. 오랫동안, 윔블던의 복장 규정은 선수들이 거의 전부 흰옷을 입도록 요구해 왔다.
⑥ The tradition of wearing white while playing tennis can be traced back to the 1870s, when sweating was considered improper. 테니스를 치는 동안 흰옷을 입는 전통은 1870년대까지 거슬러 올라갈 수 있는데, 그때는 땀 흘리는 것이 부적절하다고 여겨졌다.
⑦ Tennis players would wear white, which kept them cooler than other colors, so that they would sweat less. 테니스 선수들은 땀을 덜 흘리도록 흰옷을 입고는했는데, 그것이 다른 색깔들보다 그들을 더 시원하게 해주었다.
⑧ Many players have challenged the dress code. 많은 선수들이 그 복장 규정에 도전해 왔다.
⑨ Former top-ranking player Andre Agassi, who liked colorful outfits, refused to play in the tournament from 1988 to 1990. 예전 최고 순위의 선수 안드레 아가시는 화려한 의상을 좋아했는데, 1988년부터 1990년까지 그 대회에서 경기를 하는 것을 거부했다.
⑩ Some other top players have been warned by officials for wearing colored garments and received media attention. 몇몇의 다른 최고의 선수들은 색깔이 있는 옷을 입은 것으로 관계자들로부터 경고를 받았고 언론의 집중을 받았다.
⑪ Serena Williams wore brightly colored shorts under her skirt in 2010 and 2012. 세리나 윌리엄스는 2010년과 2012년에 그녀의 치마 속에 밝은색의 반바지를 입었다.
⑫ In 2013, Roger Federer was told to change his shoes because the soles were orange-colored! 2013년, 로저 페더러는 밑창이 주황색이었기 때문에 그의 신발을 바꾸라는 말을 들었다!
⑬ In 2014, a very specific set of rules was introduced. 2014년에, 매우 구체적인 일련의 규칙들이 도입되었다.
⑭ These rules made it clear that, while non-white colors are allowed in a few places like the neckline and the sleeve cuff, only "a single trim of color no wider than one centimeter" is allowed. 이 규칙들은 목둘레선과 소맷동과 같은 몇 곳에는흰색이 아닌 색깔들이 허용되지만, 오직 '1센티미터보다 넓지 않은 한 줄의 테두리'만 허용된다는 것을분명히 했다.
⑮ This rule also applies to headbands, socks, shoes, and even the players' underwear! 이 규칙은 또한 머리띠, 양말, 신발, 그리고 심지어선수들의 속옷에도 적용된다!
⑯ Wimbledon's dress code has been criticized for being too strict. 윔블던의 복장 규정은 너무 엄격한 것으로 비판을받아 왔다.
⑰ However, the tournament's history and prestige help make it truly special. 그러나, 그 대회의 역사와 명성은 그것을 정말로 특별하게 만들도록 돕는다.
⑱ For this reason, the dress code is unlikely to change any time soon. 이러한 이유로, 그 복장 규정은 당분간 바뀔 것 같지않다.

 

 

 

Unit 09. Sports - Reading 2: Ultimate
① You might think that a Frisbee disc is just for tossing with your friends. 당신은 프리스비 원반이 단지 당신의 친구들과 던지기를 위한 것으로 생각할지도 모른다.
② But in many countries, it is used to play an exciting team sport called "Ultimate." 그러나 많은 나라들에서, 그것은 '얼티미트'라고 불리는 흥미로운 팀 경기를 하는 데 사용된다.
③ Ultimate was created in the United States in the 1960s. 얼티미트는 1960년대에 미국에서 만들어졌다.
④ But it has grown in popularity all over the world. 그러나 그것은 전 세계적으로 인기를 얻고 있다.
⑤ Today, there are even many international championships held regularly. 오늘날에는, 심지어 정기적으로 개최되는 많은 국제선수권 대회도 있다.
⑥ Ultimate requires two teams of seven people each. 얼티미트는 각 7명인 두 팀을 필요로 한다.
⑦ And it is played on a rectangular field with an end-zone at both ends. 그리고 그것은 양 끝에 엔드 존이 있는 직사각형의경기장에서 행해진다.
⑧ Players pass the disc to their teammates in order to move it towards the other team's end-zone. 선수들은 다른 팀의 엔드 존 쪽으로 원반을 옮기기위해서 자신의 팀원들에게 그것을 패스한다.
⑨ The player holding the disc cannot run with it. 원반을 들고 있는 선수는 그것을 가지고 달릴 수 없다.
⑩ Also, they must pass the disc swiftly to another player within ten seconds of catching it. 또한, 그들은 원반을 잡은 지 10초 안에 다른 선수에게 재빨리 패스해야 한다.
⑪ When a player catches the disc inside the appropriate end-zone, his or her team earns one point. 한 선수가 적합한 엔드 존 안에서 원반을 잡을 때,그 선수의 팀은 1점을 얻는다.
⑫ The game ends when one team reaches the predetermined number of points (usually 15). 경기는 한 팀이 미리 정해진 점수(보통 15점)에 이를 때 끝난다.
⑬ One interesting aspect of Ultimate is its usual absence of referees. 얼티미트의 한 가지 흥미로운 측면은 평상시의 심판의 부재이다.
⑭ It is the players who call fouls and resolve any disagreements among themselves. 반칙을 선언하고 그들 사이의 의견 충돌을 해결하는것은 바로 선수들이다.
⑮ Therefore, good sportsmanship is essential. 따라서, 좋은 스포츠맨 정신은 필수적이다.
⑯ All players must treat each other fairly and courteously. 모든 선수들은 서로를 공평하고 정중하게 대해야 한다.
⑰ This environment of fairness and respect is known as the "Spirit of the Game." 이러한 공정성과 존중의 환경은 '경기의 정신'으로알려져 있다.
⑱ In some cases, there is a mediator who watches the game and helps to make a decision if the two teams cannot resolve a disagreement. 경우에 따라서는, 경기를 보며 양 팀이 의견 불일치를 해결할 수 없을 때 결정을 도와주는 중재자가 있다.
⑲ And some professional leagues do employ referees in order to prevent delays. 그리고 몇몇의 프로 리그들은 지연을 막기 위해 심판들을 고용하기도 한다.
⑳ But in every game of Ultimate, the most important thing is that the "Spirit of the Game" is upheld. 그러나 얼티미트의 모든 경기에서, 가장 중요한 것은 '경기의 정신'이 유지되는 것이다.

 

 

 

Unit 10. History - Reading 1: Alaska
① Alaska is part of the United States, yet is separated from the mainland by Canada. 알래스카는 미국의 일부이지만, 캐나다에 의해 본토에서 분리되어 있다.
② Nevertheless, Alaska is the largest state in the US, one fifth the size of the rest of the country. 그럼에도 불구하고 알래스카는 미국에서 가장 큰 주로, 미국 나머지 지역의 5분의 1 크기이다.
③ The state is covered by huge glaciers and snow-topped mountains, including Mt. McKinley, the highest mountain in North America. 이 주는 거대한 빙하들과 북미에서 가장 높은 매킨리산을 비롯한 눈 쌓인 산들로 뒤덮여 있다.
④ Thousands of tourists travel to Alaska each year to hike, hunt, and experience its great natural beauty. 해마다 수천 명의 관광객이 하이킹과 사냥을 하고, 그곳의 뛰어난 자연미를 경험하러 알래스카로 여행을 간다.
⑤ Russian explorers discovered Alaska in 1741, and Russian fur traders soon began hunting in the sea around Alaska for sea otters. 러시아 탐험가들이 1741년에 알래스카를 발견했고, 곧 러시아의 모피 상인들이 알래스카 주변 바다에서해달을 사냥하기 시작했다.
⑥ They also built a few military forts and towns. 그들은 또한 몇몇 군사 기지와 마을을 세웠다.
⑦ However, Alaska was considered too far away for any Russians to live there. 그러나 알래스카는 러시아인들이 살기에는 너무 멀리 떨어져 있다고 여겨졌다.
⑧ In the end, Russia sold Alaska to the United States in 1867. 결국 러시아는 1867년에 알래스카를 미국에 팔았다.
⑨ At a price of $7.2 million, the huge state cost only about two cents per acre. 720만 달러에 팔렸으니 이 거대한 주가 에이커당불과 2센트밖에 되지 않았던 것이다.
⑩ In spite of its surprisingly low cost, many Americans thought that the purchase was a terrible mistake. 그것의 놀랍도록 낮은 가격에도 불구하고, 많은 미국인은 이 매입이 엄청난 실수라고 생각했다.
⑪ Newspapers nicknamed the new area "Seward's Icebox" after the Secretary of State, William Henry Seward, who made the purchase. 신문들은 그 매입을 진행했던 윌리엄 헨리 수어드국무장관의 이름을 따서 이 새로운 곳을 '수어드의아이스박스'라고 불렀다.
⑫ But later discoveries proved Alaska to be full of resources. 하지만 이후의 발견들은 알래스카가 자원으로 가득차 있음을 입증했다.
⑬ When gold was discovered there in 1896, thousands moved there to get rich. 1896년에 그곳에서 금이 발견되자 수천 명이 부자가 되려고 그곳으로 이주했다.
⑭ The state is also a rich source of salmon, lumber, and oil, as well as an interesting place for tourists to visit. 이 주는 또한 관광객이 방문하기에 흥미로운 곳일뿐만 아니라 연어, 목재, 그리고 석유의 풍부한 원천이다.
⑮ The state that was once called "Seward's Icebox" is now one of America's richest and most beautiful places. 한때 '수어드의 아이스박스'라고 불렸던 이 주가 지금은 미국에서 가장 풍요롭고 아름다운 장소 중 하나이다.

 

 

 

Unit 10. History - Reading 2: TOEFL (The International Red Cross)
① The International Red Cross 국제 적십자
② In 1859, during the Second Italian War of Independence, the Battle of Solferino was fought in northern Italy. 제2차 이탈리아 독립 전쟁이 한창이던 1859년, 솔페리노 전투가 북부 이탈리아에서 벌어졌다.
③ It lasted nine hours, and in the end, tens of thousands of soldiers were killed or wounded. 그것은 9시간 지속되었고 결국 수만 명의 병사가 죽거나 부상당했다.
④ This was far too many for the armies' medical teams to take care of. 이것은 군대의 의료팀이 돌보기에는 너무 많은 숫자였다.
⑤ A Swiss businessman named Henry Dunant was traveling in the area when the battle occurred, and he was horrified by the suffering of the soldiers. 그 전투가 일어났을 때, 앙리 뒤낭이라는 스위스의한 사업가가 그 지역을 여행하고 있었고, 그는 병사들의 고통에 큰 충격을 받았다.
⑥ A few years later he wrote a book about what he had seen. 몇 년 후에 그는 그가 목격한 것에 관한 책을 썼다.
⑦ In his book, he suggested that all armies should be accompanied by volunteer doctors and nurses who could help wounded soldiers from both sides. 그의 책에서 그는 모든 군대는 양측의 부상병들을도울 수 있는 자원 의사와 간호사를 동반해야 한다고 제안했다.
⑧ The next year a Swiss organization called the Public Welfare Association held a meeting to discuss Dunant's proposal. 이듬해 공익협회라는 한 스위스 단체가 뒤낭의 제안을 논의하기 위해 회의를 열었다.
⑨ They set up a committee of five members that included Dunant. 그들은 뒤낭을 포함하여 다섯 명으로 구성된 위원회를 설립했다.
⑩ This committee was the beginning of the International Red Cross. 이 위원회가 국제 적십자의 시작이었다.
⑪ In 1864, representatives from European nations, Brazil, Mexico, and the US gathered in Switzerland to sign the "Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field." 1864년에 유럽 국가들과 브라질, 멕시코, 그리고미국의 대표들이 '전장에 있는 군대 부상자의 상태개선에 대한 제네바 협약'에 서명하기 위해 스위스에 모였다.
⑫ It established rules that would allow Red Cross volunteers to enter battlefields without being harmed. 이 협약은 적십자 자원봉사자들이 해를 입지 않고전장에 들어갈 수 있도록 하는 규약을 확립했다.
⑬ Eventually these rules were accepted as international law. 마침내 이 규약들은 국제법으로 인정되었다.
⑭ Due to a conflict with the group's leaders, Dunant was later kicked out of the organization. 조직 내 지도자들과의 갈등 때문에 뒤낭은 나중에그 조직에서 쫓겨났다.
⑮ Despite being awarded the first Nobel Peace Prize in 1901, he was mostly forgotten when he died in 1910. 1901년에 최초의 노벨 평화상을 받았음에도 불구하고, 1910년 세상을 떠날 당시에 그는 거의 잊힌상태였다.
⑯ However, the organization he started spread around the world. 그러나 그가 시작한 단체는 세계로 퍼져 나갔다.
⑰ Today it has branches in nearly every country and more than 90 million employees and volunteers work for the International Red Cross and its related organizations. 오늘날 그것은 거의 모든 나라에 지부를 두고 있고9천만 명 이상의 직원과 자원봉사자가 국제 적십자및 그와 관련된 단체에서 일하고 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 11. Culture - Reading 1: Dance and Music of Latin America
① Music and dance play a big role in Latin American culture. 음악과 춤은 라틴 아메리카 문화에서 큰 역할을 한다.
② The music is a mixture of traditional styles from the region's indigenous cultures, Europe, and Africa. 그 음악은 그 지역의 토착 문화, 유럽, 그리고 아프리카의 전통적인 양식들이 혼합된 것이다.
③ It began when the Spanish brought stringed instruments and European music to the Americas. 그것은 스페인 사람들이 현악기와 유럽의 음악을 아메리카 대륙으로 가져왔을 때 시작되었다.
④ Later, African slaves brought drums and their own music. 나중에, 아프리카 노예들은 북과 그들 자신만의 음악을 가져왔다.
⑤ Salsa is one of the most popular styles of Latin music, known for its fast tempo and complex rhythms. 살사는 라틴 음악에서 가장 인기 있는 양식 중 하나인데, 그것의 빠른 박자와 복잡한 리듬으로 알려져있다.
⑥ Salsa dancing, which involves moving your legs and hips to the beat of the lively music, is also popular. 살사 춤은 당신의 다리와 엉덩이를 경쾌한 음악의박자에 맞춰 움직이는 것을 포함하는데, 이 또한 인기가 있다.
⑦ The origin of salsa can be found in Cuban music. 살사의 기원은 쿠바 음악에서 찾을 수 있다.
⑧ After World War II, many Cubans moved to New York City. 제2차 세계 대전 이후, 많은 쿠바 사람들이 뉴욕시로 이주했다.
⑨ They settled in a neighborhood called Spanish Harlem. 그들은 스페니시 할렘이라 불리는 동네에 정착했다.
⑩ From there, their music mixed with that of other immigrants. 그곳에서, 그들의 음악은 다른 이민자들의 음악과섞였다.
⑪ By the 1960s, modern salsa had been born. 1960년대에 이르러, 현대의 살사가 생겨났다.
⑫ Another popular form of Latin music is samba. 라틴 음악의 또 다른 인기 있는 형태는 삼바이다.
⑬ It originally developed in Brazil in the 19th century. 그것은 원래 19세기에 브라질에서 생겼다.
⑭ Samba is played with stringed instruments, brass instruments and drums. 삼바는 현악기, 금관 악기, 그리고 북으로 연주된다.
⑮ Like salsa, it involves dancing as well. 살사와 마찬가지로, 그것 역시 춤을 포함한다.
⑯ Traditional Brazilian samba dances are performed alone. 전통적인 브라질 삼바 춤은 단독으로 공연된다.
⑰ However, ballroom samba, which is danced by couples, is more popular in other countries. 그러나, 볼룸 삼바는 커플들에 의해 춰지는데, 다른나라에서 더 인기가 있다.
⑱ In the past, samba had a bad reputation due to the fact that it was often performed in poor neighborhoods. 과거에, 삼바는 그것이 가난한 동네에서 자주 공연되었다는 사실 때문에 평판이 좋지 않았다.
⑲ So people began to form clubs called "samba schools." 그래서 사람들은 '삼바 학교'라고 불리는 클럽을 만들기 시작했다.
⑳ These schools gained popularity as they performed samba dancing at festivals. 이 학교들은 그들이 축제에서 삼바 춤을 공연하면서인기를 얻었다.
㉑ Gradually, samba became a more respectable performance. 서서히 삼바는 더욱 품위 있는 공연이 되었다.
㉒ There are many other forms of Latin American music and dance. 라틴 아메리카의 음악과 춤에는 많은 다른 형태들이있다.
㉓ They include bossa nova, merengue, rumba, and tango. 그것들은 보사노바, 메렝게, 룸바, 그리고 탱고를 포함한다.
㉔ All of them are a blend of different cultures and are loved by people all around the world. 그것들 모두는 다른 문화들의 혼합이고 전 세계의사람들로부터 사랑을 받는다.

 

 

 

Unit 11. Culture - Reading 2: Naming Law in Denmark
① You might think that parents have the right to choose any name for their children. 당신은 부모들이 그들의 자녀에게 어떠한 이름이든골라줄 권리가 있다고 생각할지도 모른다.
② However, this is not always the case. 그러나, 이것은 항상 그런 것은 아니다.
③ Many countries around the world have laws that regulate the naming of children. 세계의 많은 나라들은 아이들의 작명을 규제하는 법을 가지고 있다.
④ One of these countries is Denmark. 이러한 나라들 중 하나는 덴마크이다.
⑤ Danish parents must choose a name from a government-approved list. 덴마크의 부모들은 정부가 승인한 명단에서 이름을골라야 한다.
⑥ The name must clearly show the gender of the child. 그 이름은 아이의 성별을 분명하게 보여 줘야만 한다.
⑦ It also must be spelled exactly as it appears on the list. 그것은 또한 그 목록에 보이는 대로 철자가 정확하게 쓰여야 한다.
⑧ Therefore, Danish parents can name their daughters Camilla, but Cammilla would not be allowed. 따라서, 덴마크의 부모들은 그들의 딸 이름을 카밀라(Camilla)라고 지을 수 있지만, 카밀라(Cammilla)는 허용되지 않을 것이다.
⑨ There is, however, a process that parents can follow if they want to use a name that is not on the list. 그러나, 부모들이 그 목록에 없는 이름을 사용하기를 원한다면 따를 수 있는 절차가 있다.
⑩ They must start by getting approval from their local church. 그들은 그들의 지역 교회로부터 승인을 받는 것부터시작해야 한다.
⑪ After that, the request is sent to the government. 그 후에, 그 요청은 정부로 보내진다.
⑫ The government receives about 1,000 applications annually. 정부는 연간 약 1,000개의 신청서를 받는다.
⑬ But it rejects approximately 20% of them. 그러나 정부는 그것들 중 약 20%를 거절한다.
⑭ Even if the name ends up being approved, the process can take months. 결국 이름이 승인될지라도, 그 과정은 수개월이 걸릴 수 있다.
⑮ This policy may seem unfair and unnecessary. 이 정책은 불공평하고 불필요하게 보일 수 있다.
⑯ The government, however, has reasons for making it difficult to give children unusual names. 그러나 정부가 아이들에게 특이한 이름을 주는 것을어렵게 만드는 데는 이유가 있다.
⑰ The first reason is to protect the kids themselves. 첫 번째 이유는 아이들 자신을 보호하기 위해서이다.
⑱ Children with strange names are often teased by their classmates. 이상한 이름을 가진 아이들은 종종 그들의 반 친구들에게 놀림을 받는다.
⑲ The other is to protect Denmark's cultural heritage. 또 다른 이유는 덴마크의 문화유산을 지키기 위해서이다.
⑳ The country is trying to preserve the traditional names and spellings that have been used throughout Danish history. 그 나라는 덴마크의 역사에 걸쳐 사용되어 온 전통적인 이름들과 철자들을 보존하기 위해 노력하고 있다.
㉑ Despite these reasons, many people oppose the policy. 이러한 이유들에도 불구하고, 많은 사람들은 그 정책에 반대한다.
㉒ They believe it has a negative effect on diversity and fails to embrace the modern trend of globalism. 그들은 그것이 다양성에 부정적인 영향을 미치고 세계화라는 현대적 추세를 포용하지 못한다고 믿는다.
㉓ In response, the Danish government has made the law less strict, increasing the number of names on the list from 7,000 names to 33,000. 이에 대응하여, 덴마크 정부는 그 법을 덜 엄격하게만들었는데, 목록에 있는 이름의 수를 7,000개에서33,000개로 늘렸다.

 

 

 

Unit 12. Psychology - Reading 1: ASMR
① Imagine fingernails tapping on a hard surface or drops of water falling into a puddle. 딱딱한 표면 위를 두드리는 손톱이나 물웅덩이에 떨어지는 물방울을 상상해 보라.
② How do these sounds make you feel? 이러한 소리들은 당신이 어떤 기분이 들게 하는가?
③ For many people, they create feelings of happiness and relaxation. 많은 사람들에게, 그것들은 행복이나 휴식의 감정을자아낸다.
④ This kind of experience is called ASMR. 이러한 종류의 경험은 ASMR이라고 불린다.
⑤ It stands for "autonomous sensory meridian response." 그것은 '자동 감각 쾌락 반응'을 나타낸다.
⑥ People have been using it as a kind of therapy for years. 몇 년 동안 사람들은 그것을 치료의 한 종류로 사용해 왔다.
⑦ They often record and listen to the sounds with high-tech equipment to enhance the effect. 그들은 종종 그 효과를 높이기 위해서 최첨단의 장비로 소리들을 녹음하고 듣는다.
⑧ These days, it has become popular through free videos posted online. 요즘, 그것은 온라인에 게시된 무료 영상들을 통해인기를 얻게 되었다.
⑨ People listening to ASMR sounds often report feeling a pleasurable tingle in their heads that travels down the backs of their necks. ASMR 소리를 듣는 사람들은 종종 목덜미를 타고내려오는 기분 좋은 얼얼함을 그들의 머리에서 느낀다고 보고한다.
⑩ The sounds that create these feelings are called triggers. 이러한 느낌들을 만들어내는 그 소리들은 방아쇠라고 불린다.
⑪ Some of the most common auditory ASMR triggers include whispering, scratching, or tapping on various surfaces. 가장 일반적인 청각 ASMR 방아쇠들 중 몇몇은 속삭임, 긁음, 또는 다양한 표면들을 두드리는 것을 포함한다.
⑫ Along with sound triggers, there are also triggers related to sight and touch. 청각 방아쇠와 함께, 시각 그리고 촉각과 관계된 방아쇠들도 있다.
⑬ In terms of visual triggers, repetitive hand movements are common. 시각적 방아쇠의 측면에서는, 반복적인 손의 움직임이 흔하다.
⑭ As to tactile triggers, playing with a toy slime is included. 촉각에 관련한 방아쇠에 관해서는, 장난감 슬라임을가지고 노는 것이 포함된다.
⑮ Some people respond to some triggers but not to others. 어떤 사람들은 일부 방아쇠에 반응하지만 다른 것들에는 반응하지 않는다.
⑯ And other people fail to respond at all. 그리고 다른 사람들은 어떤 것에도 전혀 반응하지않는다.
⑰ People who respond to triggers use ASMR for various purposes. 방아쇠에 반응하는 사람들은 다양한 목적으로ASMR을 사용한다.
⑱ It can help people fall asleep or concentrate on their work. 그것은 사람들이 잠이 들게 하거나 그들의 일에 집중하는 것을 도울 수 있다.
⑲ People also can feel less stressed and more relaxed. 사람들은 또한 스트레스를 덜 느끼고 더 편안함을느낄 수 있다.
⑳ Even people suffering from depression can experience improvements in their moods after listening to ASMR. 심지어 우울증으로 고통받는 사람들도 ASMR을 들은 후에 기분이 나아지는 것을 경험할 수 있다.
㉑ Although interest in ASMR is growing rapidly, there still hasn't been enough scientific research to fully understand how it works. ASMR에 대한 관심이 급격하게 증가하고 있지만, 여전히 그것이 어떻게 작용하는지를 완전히 이해할수 있는 충분한 과학적 연구가 없었다.
㉒ In the future, it is possible that mental health professionals will be able to use ASMR to treat some of their patients. 미래에는, 정신 건강 전문가들이 그들의 환자들 중일부를 치료하기 위해 ASMR을 이용할 수 있을 가능성이 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 12. Psychology - Reading 2: Indecisiveness
① Do you find it difficult to decide what to wear when going out to meet your friends? 당신은 친구들을 만나러 나갈 때 무엇을 입을지 결정하는 데 어려움을 겪는가?
② Do you get stuck when you can't decide between two new smartphone models? 당신은 두 개의 새로운 스마트폰 모델 사이에서 결정을 할 수 없을 때 꼼짝 못하게 되는가?
③ If so, you might be struggling with indecisiveness. 그렇다면, 당신은 아마도 우유부단함으로 고군분투하고 있는지도 모른다.
④ Indecision can be a good thing when it prevents you from choosing without careful thought. 망설임은 당신이 신중한 생각 없이 선택하는 것을막아줄 때 좋은 것이 될 수 있다.
⑤ However, if you hesitate too long, it can lead to frustration and missed opportunities. 그러나, 당신이 너무 오래 망설인다면, 그것은 좌절과 기회를 놓치는 것으로 이어질 수 있다.
⑥ Indecisiveness is often caused by perfectionism. 우유부단함은 종종 완벽주의에 의해 일어난다.
⑦ When people are too worried about making mistakes or the possibility of failure, they become unable to make any decision at all. 사람들이 실수하는 것이나 실패의 가능성에 대해 너무 걱정할 때, 그들은 어떤 결정도 내릴 수 없게 된다.
⑧ Luckily, there are some tips you can follow to avoid unnecessary hesitation. 다행히도, 불필요한 망설임을 피하기 위해 당신이따를 수 있는 몇 가지 조언들이 있다.
⑨ These tips will help you become a more confident decision-maker. 이러한 조언들은 당신이 더욱 자신감 있는 의사결정자가 되도록 도와줄 것이다.
⑩ First, following your intuition can be helpful. 첫째, 당신의 직감을 따르는 것이 도움이 될 수 있다.
⑪ In order not to over-analyze, write down your options. 과도하게 분석하지 않기 위해서는, 당신의 선택지들을 적어 보아라.
⑫ And then quickly give each one a rating from one to ten. 그러고 나서 빠르게 각 선택지에 1부터 10까지의순위를 매겨라.
⑬ Then simply choose the option with the highest rating. 그런 다음 단순하게 가장 높은 순위를 가진 선택지를 골라라.
⑭ You can also practice your decision-making on trivial things, like what to eat for lunch. 당신은 또한 점심으로 무엇을 먹을지와 같은 사소한일에도 당신의 의사결정을 연습할 수 있다.
⑮ If you can get better at making quick, firm decisions on little things, you will be better equipped to tackle important decisions when you need to. 작은 일들에 빠르고, 확실한 결정을 잘할 수 있게 되면, 당신은 필요할 때 중요한 결정들을 다루는 데 더능숙해질 것이다.
⑯ Finally, it can be helpful to acknowledge that many decisions aren't as important as they seem. 마지막으로, 많은 결정들이 보이는 것만큼 중요하지않다는 것을 인정하는 것이 도움이 될 수 있다.
⑰ Just ask yourself, "Will this decision matter in ten years?" 그냥 스스로에게 물어보아라, "이 결정이 10년 후에중요할 것인가?"
⑱ Even if the answer is yes, remember that many decisions are reversible. 만약 답이 그렇다고 해도, 많은 결정들은 되돌릴 수있다는 것을 기억하라.
⑲ For example, if you decide to enroll in an art class only to find that you don't enjoy it, you can just quit. 예를 들어, 당신이 미술 수업에 등록하기로 결정했는데 결국 당신은 그것을 즐기지 않는다는 것을 알게 되었다면, 당신은 그냥 그만둘 수 있다.
⑳ The risk involved in trying something new is usually not that big. 새로운 것을 시도하는 데 따르는 위험은 보통 그렇게 크지 않다.

 

 

 

Unit 13. Animals - Reading 1: Bird's Feathers
① When we think of birds, we usually picture them flying gracefully through the air. 새를 생각할 때, 우리는 흔히 그것들이 상공을 우아하게 나는 모습을 상상한다.
② Not all birds can actually fly, but all birds have wings. 모든 새가 실제로 날 수 있는 건 아니지만, 모든 새는 날개가 있다.
③ However, wings are not unique to birds ― insects and bats also have them. 그러나 날개는 새에게만 있는 특징이 아니다. 곤충과 박쥐에게도 날개가 있다.
④ But what about feathers? 하지만 깃털은 어떤가?
⑤ All birds have feathers, and feathers are only found on birds. 모든 새는 깃털이 있으며, 깃털은 새에게서만 찾아볼 수 있다.
⑥ Feathers are designed to be as light as possible. 깃털은 가능한 한 가볍도록 설계되어 있다.
⑦ Yet they are also very strong and waterproof. 그러나 동시에 매우 튼튼하며 방수가 된다.
⑧ If you look at a feather closely, you'll see that it is made of thousands of tiny parts. 깃털을 자세히 들여다보면, 당신은 그것이 수천 개의 작은 부분들로 이루어져 있다는 것을 알게 될 것이다.
⑨ These parts are joined together in over a million places on a single feather. 이 부분들은 한 개의 깃털에서 백만 군데 이상 결합되어 있다.
⑩ On a bird's wing, the feathers partly cover one another, so no air can pass through. 새의 날개에는 깃털들이 부분적으로 서로를 덮고 있어 공기가 전혀 통과하지 못 한다.
⑪ This makes flight possible and keeps the bird warm. 이는 비행을 가능하게 해주고 새를 따뜻하게 해 준다.
⑫ But not all birds' feathers are the same. 하지만 모든 새의 깃털이 똑같은 것은 아니다.
⑬ For example, albatrosses have strong, broad feathers that allow them to fly long distances. 예를 들어, 앨버트로스는 먼 거리를 날 수 있게 해주는 튼튼하고 폭이 넓은 깃털을 가지고 있다.
⑭ On the other hand, penguins have thick, oily feathers that keep them warm and dry while they swim in icy water. 반면에, 펭귄은 차가운 물속을 헤엄치는 동안 그들을 따뜻하고 마른 상태로 유지해 주는 두껍고 기름기 있는 깃털을 가지고 있다.
⑮ Birds also use their feathers for a variety of other purposes. 새들은 또한 그들의 깃털을 여러 가지 목적으로 사용한다.
⑯ Some birds, for example, use their feathers to keep their eggs warm while they sit on them. 예를 들어, 몇몇 새들은 알을 품는 동안 알을 따뜻하게 유지하기 위해 깃털을 사용한다.
⑰ And some have feathers that are the same color as their environment; this helps them hide from enemies. 그리고 어떤 새들은 그들의 주변 환경과 같은 색의깃털을 가지고 있는데, 이것은 그들이 적으로부터숨을 수 있게 돕는다.
⑱ Other birds, such as the peacock, have very bright and colorful feathers, and they use them to attract a mate. 공작과 같은 다른 새들은 매우 밝고 화려한 깃털을가지고 있으며 그들은 짝을 유인하는 데 깃털을 사용한다.
⑲ The feathers of all birds are different, depending on where and how they live. 모든 새의 깃털은 그들이 어디에서 어떻게 사느냐에따라 다르다.
⑳ While they are often beautiful, they are always essential to each bird species' survival. 이 깃털들이 종종 아름답게 보일지라도 그것들은 새의 각 종(種)의 생존에 있어 항시 필수적이다.

 

 

 

Unit 13. Animals - Reading 2: African Tigerfish
① A bird flying low over a lake may not think there is anything dangerous in the water. 호수 위로 낮게 나는 새는 물속에 위험한 것이 도사리고 있다고 생각하지 않을지도 모른다.
② That is why it is surprised when a fish suddenly jumps out and catches it! 이 때문에 새는 물고기가 갑자기 튀어 올라 자신을잡는 순간 놀라는 것이다!
③ Scientists recently discovered that this is what happens to barn swallows as they fly over the Schroda Dam lake in South Africa. 과학자들은 최근에 이것이 제비들이 남아프리카 공화국의 슈로다 댐 호수 위를 날 때 일어나는 일임을발견했다.
④ The fish that hunt these birds are African tigerfish. 이 새들을 사냥하는 물고기는 아프리카 타이거피시다.
⑤ There are only about five types of freshwater fish in the world that feed on birds. 전 세계에서 새를 먹이로 하는 민물고기는 약 다섯종에 불과하다.
⑥ Most of these fish only do this when a bird falls into the water or paddles on the surface right above them. 이 물고기들의 대부분은 새가 물에 빠지거나 그들바로 위의 수면에서 헤엄치며 돌아다닐 때만 이렇게한다.
⑦ African tigerfish, however, regularly hunt barn swallows. 그러나 아프리카 타이거피시는 정기적으로 제비를사냥한다.
⑧ In fact, they do this every day. 사실상, 그들은 매일 그렇게 한다.
⑨ This may be because there isn't much other food for tigerfish to eat in the Schroda Dam lake. 이것은 아마 슈로다 댐 호수에 타이거피시가 먹을만한 다른 먹이가 많지 않기 때문일 것이다.
⑩ Scientists are amazed by the incredible hunting skills tigerfish have developed. 과학자들은 타이거피시가 발전시킨 엄청난 사냥 능력에 놀란다.
⑪ When a tigerfish spots a barn swallow flying above the lake, it follows the bird by swimming near the surface or deeper in the water. 타이거피시는 호수 위로 날고 있는 제비를 발견하면, 물 표면 가까이나 더 깊은 물 아래에서 헤엄을쳐서 그 새를 쫓아간다.
⑫ It speeds up until it is going faster than the bird. 그것은 새를 추월할 때까지 속도를 낸다.
⑬ Then it considers how the angle of light changes as the light enters the water from the air. 그러고 나서 빛이 대기에서 물로 들어올 때 빛의 각도가 어떻게 변하는지를 고려한다.
⑭ This allows the fish to be sure of the bird's actual position. 이것은 그 물고기가 새의 실제 위치를 확신하도록해준다.
⑮ Finally, the tigerfish jumps out of the water and grabs the barn swallow from the air with its sharp teeth. 최종적으로, 타이거피시는 물 밖으로 튀어 올라 그것의 날카로운 이빨로 공중에서 제비를 잡아챈다.
⑯ This is the opposite of what happens in most food chains. 이것은 대부분의 먹이 사슬에서 일어나는 일과 정반대이다.
⑰ Since it is much more common for birds to hunt fish, the fact that tigerfish feed on barn swallows is quite extraordinary. 새가 물고기를 사냥하는 것이 훨씬 더 일반적이기때문에, 타이거피시가 제비를 먹이로 한다는 사실은상당히 보기 드문 일이다.

 

 

 

Unit 14. Origins - Reading 1: Abracadabra
① The word "abracadabra" is familiar to speakers of many languages. '아브라카다브라'라는 말은 여러 언어 사용자들에게친숙하다.
② These days, it is mainly used by magicians. 요즘에 이 말은 주로 마술사들이 사용한다.
③ They say this "magic" word when they perform a magic trick. 그들은 마술 묘기를 부릴 때 이 '마법의' 말을 한다.
④ But in ancient times, people were more serious about the powers of this word. 그러나 고대에는 사람들이 이 말의 위력에 대해서좀 더 진지했다.
⑤ They believed it could cure fevers and other illnesses. 그들은 그것이 열과 다른 질병들을 치료할 수 있다고 믿었다.
⑥ The first known mention of abracadabra comes from a Roman doctor named Serenus Sammonicus. 아브라카다브라에 관한 최초의 알려진 언급은 세레누스 사모니쿠스라는 로마 의사에게서 비롯되었다.
⑦ In the second century A.D., he wrote a poem called De Medicina Praecepta. 서기 2세기에, 그는 <De Medicina Praecepta>라는 시를 썼다.
⑧ The poem tells of an amulet that sick people wore around their necks. 그 시는 병자들이 그들의 목에 둘렀던 부적에 대해말한다.
⑨ Inside the amulet was a piece of paper with the special word written on it. 부적 안에는 특별한 단어가 쓰인 종잇조각이 있었다.
⑩ The word was written eleven times, but each time it lost its last letter. 그 단어는 11번 쓰였는데, 매번 마지막 철자가 없어졌다.
⑪ Finally, in the eleventh row there was only an "A." 최종적으로, 11번째 행에는 'A' 하나만 남게 되었다.
⑫ The amulet was the shape of a triangle. 그 부적은 삼각형 모양이었다.
⑬ People thought that, together with the word abracadabra, the triangle could remove sickness from the body. 사람들은 아브라카다브라라는 말과 함께, 이 삼각형이 몸에서 병을 몰아낼 수 있다고 여겼다.
⑭ The illness would enter the wide top and flow out through the skinny bottom. 병은 폭이 넓은 맨 윗부분으로 들어와서 좁은 바닥을 통해 흘러 나간다.
⑮ Once gone, it could not reenter the narrow bottom of the triangle. 일단 (병이) 나가면, 그것은 삼각형의 좁은 바닥으로다시 들어올 수 없다.
⑯ Descriptions of this amulet are the first recorded evidence of the word abracadabra, but many people theorize that it is even older. 이 부적에 대한 설명이 아브라카다브라라는 말에 대한 최초의 기록된 증거이긴 하지만, 많은 사람은 그말이 훨씬 더 오래되었다는 이론을 내세운다.
⑰ Some people think it comes from ancient Hebrew: Ab, Ben, and Ruach Cadesh, which means "Father, Son, and Holy Ghost." 어떤 사람들은 그것이 고대 히브리어인 압, 벤, 그리고 루아치 카데시에서 유래한 것이라고 여기는데, 이는 '성부, 성자, 그리고 성령'이라는 뜻이다.
⑱ Others say it comes from Aramaic (from Avra kehdabra, meaning "I will create as I speak"), and still others claim the word is Chaldean. 다른 사람들은 그것이 ('내가 말하는 대로 창조하리라'라는 뜻의 아브라 케다브라에서 비롯된) 아람어에서 왔다고도 하고, 그럼에도 또 다른 이들은 그 말이 칼데아어라고 주장한다.
⑲ The answer is buried in history and will probably never be known. 정답은 역사 속에 묻혀 있고 아마도 끝내 밝혀지지않을 것이다.
⑳ But one thing is for sure: abracadabra is more than just a word used by magicians when they wave their magic wands. 그러나 한 가지는 확실한데, 아브라카다브라는 마술사들이 그들의 마법 지팡이를 흔들 때 사용되는 말그 이상이라는 점이다.

 

 

 

Unit 14. Origins - Reading 2: The Christmas Lectures
① The Royal Institution Christmas Lectures began in Great Britain more than 180 years ago. 영국 왕립연구소 크리스마스 강연은 180여 년 전에영국에서 시작되었다.
② They are held in London every December during the holiday break, which makes it easier for students to attend them. 강연은 매년 12월 연휴 기간 동안 런던에서 열리는데, 이는 학생들이 더 쉽게 강연에 참석하도록 한다.
③ Although the lectures are scientific and given by experts in their fields, they are so easy to understand that even young students can enjoy them. 강연은 과학에 관한 것이고 그 분야의 전문가들에의해 행해지지만, 이해하기 아주 쉬워서 심지어 어린 학생들도 즐길 수 있다.
④ The lectures were originally proposed by an English scientist named Michael Faraday in 1825. 이 강연은 원래 1825년에 마이클 패러데이라는 영국의 한 과학자에 의해 제안되었다.
⑤ At that time, Faraday was serving as the director of the laboratory at the Royal Institution. 그 당시에, 패러데이는 영국 왕립연구소에서 연구실책임자로 재직 중이었다.
⑥ He was interested in educating children who were too poor to attend school regularly. 그는 너무 가난해서 정식으로 학교에 다니지 못하는아이들을 교육하는 데 관심이 있었다.
⑦ Faraday himself came from a poor family and had a difficult time getting a proper education. 패러데이 자신도 가난한 집안 출신이었기에 제대로된 교육을 받는 데 어려움을 겪었다.
⑧ Inspired by a lecture given by the scientist Humphry Davy, Faraday dedicated himself to science at an early age. 과학자인 험프리 데이비의 강연에 영감을 받아, 패러데이는 어린 나이에 과학에 전념했다.
⑨ Over time, he made many contributions to the field, and he was honored by the government with an offer of a house and a pension. 시간이 지나면서 그는 그 분야에 많은 공헌을 했고, 정부로부터 집과 연금을 제의받는 영예를 누렸다.
⑩ He refused the offer, but recalling his own experience, he requested one thing: that poor children be provided with educational opportunities. 그는 그 제의를 거절하였지만, 자기 자신의 경험을떠올리고는 한 가지를 요청했는데 가난한 아이들이교육의 기회를 제공받아야 한다는 것이었다.
⑪ Thus, the Christmas Lectures were born. 그렇게 해서 크리스마스 강연이 탄생하였다.
⑫ The Christmas Lectures have inspired many people to consider careers in the field of science. 크리스마스 강연은 많은 사람이 과학 분야의 직업을고려해 보도록 고무했다.
⑬ The mathematician Marcus du Sautoy, who gave a lecture in 2006, was taken to the Christmas Lectures when he was 12. 수학자 마커스 드 사토이는 2006년에 강연을 했는데 그는 12살 때 크리스마스 강연에 따라갔었다.
⑭ It was that experience that made him decide to become a scientist. 그가 과학자가 되기로 결심하게 만든 것은 바로 그경험이었다.
⑮ These days, the Christmas Lectures have become a global event. 오늘날, 크리스마스 강연은 세계적인 행사가 되었다.
⑯ They have been broadcast in various countries including Korea. 강연들은 한국을 포함한 여러 나라에서 방송되었다.
⑰ They can also be watched online now. 그것들은 이제 온라인으로도 볼 수 있다.
⑱ Whether you are interested in science or not, why not consider listening to one? 당신이 과학에 관심이 있든 없든 간에, 하나 들어 보는 게 어떤가?

 

 

 

Unit 15. Economics - Reading 1: Conceptual Consumption
① Today, people consume to meet not only their physical needs but also their psychological needs. 오늘날, 사람들은 자신의 육체적 필요뿐만 아니라심리적 필요 또한 충족시키기 위해서 소비한다.
② For example, when choosing a new smartphone, many people ignore its features. 예를 들면, 새로운 스마트폰을 고를 때, 많은 사람들은 그것의 특징들은 무시한다.
③ They simply choose a famous brand. 그들은 단순히 유명한 브랜드를 고른다.
④ In this case, it is the concept of the brand that they consume, not the product itself. 이 경우, 그들이 소비하는 것은 제품 그 자체가 아니라 브랜드라는 개념이다.
⑤ This is known as conceptual consumption. 이것은 개념적 소비로 알려져 있다.
⑥ There are several kinds of conceptual consumption. 개념적 소비에는 몇 가지 종류가 있다.
⑦ The first involves expectations ― when we purchase something, we have an expectation of its value. 첫 번째는 기대를 포함하는데 우리는 어떤 것을 구매할 때, 그것의 가치에 대한 기대를 가진다는 것이다.
⑧ In one experiment, pleasure centers in the brain were more active when people thought they were drinking expensive wine rather than cheap wine. 한 실험에서, 사람들이 저렴한 와인보다는 비싼 와인을 마시고 있다고 생각할 때 뇌의 쾌락 중추들이더 활동적이었다.
⑨ In fact, however, both were the same cheap wine. 그러나, 사실 둘 다 똑같은 저렴한 와인이었다.
⑩ This shows people's expectations can affect how pleasurable their experience of consuming is. 이것은 사람들의 기대가 그들의 소비 경험이 얼마나즐거운지에 영향을 줄 수 있다는 것을 보여 준다.
⑪ The second type of conceptual consumption involves experiences. 개념적 소비의 두 번째 유형은 경험을 포함한다.
⑫ People want to possess new and interesting experiences they can show off to others. 사람들은 다른 사람들에게 과시할 수 있는 새롭고흥미로운 경험을 갖고 싶어 한다.
⑬ This kind of experience-seeking explains why some people choose to stay in a hotel made of ice rather than a fancy hotel. 이런 종류의 경험 추구는 왜 일부 사람들이 고급 호텔보다는 얼음으로 만들어진 호텔에 머무르는 것을선택하는지 설명한다.
⑭ They are willing to accept an inferior physical experience to enjoy a superior conceptual one. 그들은 우수한 개념적 경험을 즐기기 위해서 열등한육체적 경험을 흔쾌히 받아들인다.
⑮ The consumption of memories is the final type. 기억의 소비는 마지막 유형이다.
⑯ People sometimes value the memory of an experience over the experience itself. 사람들은 때때로 어떤 경험에 대한 기억을 경험 그자체보다 더 가치 있게 여긴다.
⑰ For example, a couple that eats an amazing meal at a restaurant may never return for a second meal. 예를 들면, 레스토랑에서 훌륭한 식사를 한 커플은두 번째 식사를 위해 결코 돌아오지 않을지도 모른다.
⑱ This is because they worry that a second visit could ruin the special memory of their first experience. 왜냐하면 그들은 두 번째 방문이 그들의 첫 번째 경험의 특별한 기억을 망칠 수 있다고 걱정하기 때문이다.
⑲ This shows concepts sometimes encourage us to consume less rather than more. 이것은 개념들이 때로는 우리가 더 많이 소비하기보다는 더 적게 소비하도록 장려한다는 것을 보여 준다.
⑳ Learning about conceptual consumption can help marketers understand the motivations of modern consumers and easily persuade them to purchase products. 개념적 소비에 대해 배우는 것은 마케팅 담당자들이현대 소비자들의 동기를 이해하고 그들이 제품을 구매하도록 쉽게 설득하는 것을 도울 수 있다.

 

 

 

Unit 15. Economics - Reading 2: TOEFL (The World Bank)
① The World Bank 세계은행
② During World War II, many countries in Europe suffered great destruction. 제2차 세계 대전 중에 유럽의 많은 나라가 대규모의파괴를 겪었다.
③ After the war ended, they needed help to rebuild their cities and to improve their economies. 전쟁이 끝난 후, 그들은 도시를 재건하고 경기를 회복하기 위한 도움이 필요했다.
④ The World Bank was founded in 1944 to help these countries by lending them money. 세계은행은 이 국가들에게 돈을 빌려줌으로써 그들을 원조하기 위해 1944년에 설립되었다.
⑤ Today the European economy is strong, but the World Bank continues to work. 오늘날 유럽 경제는 튼튼하지만, 세계은행은 여전히활동하고 있다.
⑥ It now lends money to developing countries, providing them with low-interest or interest-free loans. 그것은 이제 개발 도상국에 돈을 빌려주고 있는데, 저금리 또는 무이자 차관을 제공한다.
⑦ With these loans, a developing country can restructure and improve its economy. 이 차관으로, 개발 도상국은 경제를 재건하고 개선할 수 있다.
⑧ This is helpful because, when rich governments give loans, they usually insist on very high interest rates. 이는 도움이 되는데 부유한 정부들이 대출을 해줄때 보통 매우 높은 이자율을 고집하기 때문이다.
⑨ It also gives poor countries more time to pay the money back, from 15 to 20 years. 세계은행은 또한 빈곤한 나라들에 15년에서 20년까지의 더 긴 상환 기간을 준다.
⑩ The World Bank also helps developing countries in a more direct way. 세계은행은 또한 더 직접적인 방법으로 개발 도상국을 돕고 있다.
⑪ While some organizations simply give food to poor countries, the World Bank uses education as a more long-term solution. 일부 단체들이 단순히 가난한 나라에 식량을 주는데 반해, 세계은행은 더 장기적인 해결책으로 교육을 활용한다.
⑫ It helps farmers learn new farming techniques so that they can grow more food. 세계은행은 농부들이 더 많은 식량을 재배할 수 있도록 그들이 새로운 농사 기술을 배우게 돕는다.
⑬ This way, there will be more food for everyone, and farmers will make a better living. 이 방법으로 모든 사람에게 더 많은 식량이 생길 것이고, 농부들도 더 나은 삶을 살게 될 것이다.
⑭ As a result, they will have more money to put back into the economy. 그 결과, 그들은 경제에 환원할 더 많은 돈을 벌게될 것이다.
⑮ In addition, the World Bank tries to stop the suffering caused by diseases. 게다가, 세계은행은 질병으로 인한 고통을 없애기위해 노력한다.
⑯ To improve general health, developing countries need doctors and nurses. 전반적인 건강 상태를 개선하기 위해 개발 도상국들은 의사와 간호사를 필요로 한다.
⑰ The World Bank helps local governments create opportunities for people to get a medical education. 세계은행은 지역 정부가 사람들이 의료 교육을 받을수 있는 기회를 창출하는 것을 돕는다.
⑱ This way, more doctors and nurses can help sick people. 이렇게 해서 더 많은 의사와 간호사가 아픈 사람들을 도울 수 있다.
⑲ The organization does, however, face some criticism for the projects it chooses to support. 하지만 이 기구는 그것이 지원하기로 한 프로젝트들때문에 일부 비판에 직면한다.
⑳ In 1981, for example, the development program it funded in Brazil led to an increase in rainforest destruction. 예를 들어, 1981년 브라질에서 세계은행이 자금을지원한 개발 프로그램은 열대 우림의 파괴를 가중시켰다.
㉑ Also, it allows powerful countries to dominate its decision-making process, often ignoring voices from the nations most directly affected by its actions. 또한, 힘이 강한 나라들이 의사 결정 과정을 독식하게 하여, 그 조치들에 가장 직접적인 영향을 받는 나라들의 목소리를 종종 무시하는 결과를 낳기도 한다.

 

 

 

 

<2024 올림포스 전국연합학력평가 기출문제집 영어독해 고2>의
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ps.

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ps.

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ps.

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[2] 2023 06 – 18결석 사유 제출 안내  협조 요청 공문

① Dear parents,

 친애하는 부모님께,

② Regular attendance at school is essential in maximizing student potential.

 학생의 잠재력을 극대화하는 데는 학교에 규칙적으로 출석하는 것이 필수적입니다.

③ Recently, we've become concerned about the number of unapproved absences across all grades.

 최근에우리는  학년에 걸쳐 승인되지 않은 결석 수에 대해 우려하고 있습니다.

④ I would like to further clarify that your role as a parent is to approve any school absence.

 저는 부모로서의 당신의 역할이 학교 결석을 승인하는 것이라는 것을  명확히 하고 싶습니다.

⑤ Parents must provide an explanation for absences to the school within 7 days from the first day of any period of absence.

 학부모들은 결석 첫날로부터 7 이내에 결석에 대한 설명을 학교에 제공해야 합니다.

⑥ Where an explanation has not been received within the 7-day time frame, the school will record the absence as unjustified on the student's record.

 7일의 기간 내에 설명이 주어지지 않을 경우학교는 결석을 정당하지 않은 것으로 학생부에 기록할 것입니다.

⑦ Please ensure that you go to the parent portal site and register the reason any time your child is absent.

 반드시 학부모 포털 사이트에 들어가서 자녀가 결석할 때마다 사유를 등록해 주십시오.

⑧ Please approve all absences, so that your child will not be at a disadvantage.

 자녀가 불이익에 처하지 않도록 모든 결석을 승인해 주십시오.

⑨ Many thanks for your cooperation.

 협조해 주셔서 대단히 감사합니다.

⑩ Sincerely, Natalie Brown, Vice Principal

 진심으로교감, Natalie Brown

 

[2] 2023 06 – 19우편물 수령  기쁨의 상황 묘사

① Ester stood up as soon as she heard the hum of a hover engine outside.

 밖에서 호버 엔진의 윙윙거리는 소리가 들리자마자 Ester 일어섰다.

② "Mail," she shouted and ran down the third set of stairs and swung open the door.

 "편지,"라고 외치며 그녀는 계단을  칸씩 뛰어내려가 문을  열었다.

③ It was pouring now, but she ran out into the rain.

 비가 쏟아지고 있었지만 그녀는 빗속으로 뛰어나갔다.

④ She was facing the mailbox.

 그녀는 우체통을 마주하고 있었다.

⑤ There was a single, unopened letter inside.

 안에는 뜯지 않은 편지  통이 들어 있었다.

⑥ She was sure this must be what she was eagerly waiting for.

 그녀는 이것이 그녀가 간절히 기다리고 있는 것임에 틀림 없다고 확신했다.

⑦ Without hesitation, she tore open the envelope.

 망설임 없이 그녀는 봉투를 뜯어서 열었다.

⑧ She pulled out the paper and unfolded it.

 그녀는 종이를 꺼내 펼쳤다.

⑨ The letter said, 'Thank you for applying to our company.

 편지에는 '우리 회사에 지원해 주셔서 감사합니다.

⑩ We would like to invite you to our internship program.

 우리는 당신을 인턴십 프로그램에 초대하고 싶습니다.

⑪ We look forward to seeing you soon.'

 우리는 당신을  뵙기를 기대합니다.'라고 쓰여 있었다.

⑫ She jumped up and down and looked down at the letter again.

 그녀는 펄쩍펄쩍 뛰며 다시 편지를 내려다보았다.

⑬ She couldn't wait to tell this news to her family.

 그녀는  소식을 가족들에게 빨리 전하고 싶었다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 20새로운 기술의 지속가능한 발전을 위한 영향 평가의 필요성

① The introduction of new technologies clearly has both positive and negative impacts for sustainable development.

 신기술의 도입은 지속 가능한 발전에 긍정적인 영향과 부정적인 영향을 분명히 미친다.

② Good management of technological resources needs to take them fully into account.

 기술 자원을  관리하려면 그것들을 충분히 고려해야 한다.

③ Technological developments in sectors such as nuclear energy and agriculture provide examples of how not only environmental benefits but also risks to the environment or human health can accompany technological advances.

 원자력과 농업과 같은 분야의 기술 발전은 환경적 이익뿐만 아니라 환경이나 인간의 건강에 대한 위험이 어떻게 기술 발전에 수반될  있는지에 대한 예를 제공한다.

④ New technologies have profound social impacts as well.

 새로운 기술은 또한 심오한 사회적 영향을 끼친다.

⑤ Since the industrial revolution, technological advances have changed the nature of skills needed in workplaces, creating certain types of jobs and destroying others, with impacts on employment patterns.

 산업혁명 이후 기술의 발전은 직장에서 요구되는 기술의 본질을 변화시켜 고용 패턴에 영향을 미치며 특정 유형의 일자리를 창출하고 다른 유형의 일자리는 소멸시켰다.

⑥ New technologies need to be assessed for their full potential impacts, both positive and negative.

 신기술은 긍정적이고 부정적인모든 잠재적 영향들에 대해 평가되어야 한다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 21미국 전통 음식 문화의 상실 우려

① North America's native cuisine met the same unfortunate fate as its native people, save for a few relics like the Thanksgiving turkey.

 추수감사절 칠면조와 같은  가지 전해 내려오는 풍속을 제외하고북미의 토착 요리는 원주민들과 같은 불행한 운명을 맞이했다.

② Certainly, we still have regional specialties, but the Carolina barbecue will almost certainly have California tomatoes in its sauce, and the Louisiana gumbo is just as likely to contain Indonesian farmed shrimp.

 확실히우리는 여전히 지역 특색 음식을 가지고 있지만, Carolina 바비큐는 거의 확실히 California 토마토를 소스에 넣을 것이고, Louisiana 검보도 인도네시아 양식 새우를 포함할 것이다.

③ If either of these shows up on a fast-food menu with lots of added fats or HFCS, we seem unable either to discern or resist the corruption.

 만약 이것들  하나가 지방이나 액상 과당이 많이 첨가되어 패스트푸드 메뉴에 나타난다면우리는  붕괴를 식별하거나 막을  없을  같다.

④ We have yet to come up with a strong set of generalized norms, passed down through families, for savoring and sensibly consuming what our land and climate give us.

 우리는 아직 우리의 땅과 기후가 우리에게 주는 것을 음미하고 현명하게 소비하기 위해가계를 통해 전해져 내려오는 강력한 일반화된 규범을 생각해내지 못했다.

⑤ We have, instead, a string of fad diets convulsing our bookstores and bellies, one after another, at the scale of the national best seller.

 대신우리는 전국적인 베스트셀러의 규모로 서점과 배에 연이어  소동을 일으키는 일련의 유행하는 식단을 가지고 있다.

⑥ Nine out of ten nutritionists view this as evidence that we have entirely lost our marbles.

 10  9명의 영양학자들은 이것을 우리가 완전히 우리의 분별력을 잃었다는 증거로 본다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 22: AI 시대에 인간의 감정 지능 역량이 중요해질 

① Perhaps, the advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the workplace may bode well for Emotional Intelligence (EI).

 아마도직장에서 인공 지능(AI) 출현은 감성 지능(EI) 좋은 징조가   있다.

② As AI gains momentum and replaces people in jobs at every level, predictions are, there will be a premium placed on people who have high ability in EI.

 AI 추진력을 받고 모든 수준의 일자리에서 사람들을 대신함에 따라높은 EI 능력을 가진 사람들에게 프리미엄이 주어질 것이라는 전망이 있다.

③ The emotional messages people send and respond to while interacting are, at this point, far beyond the ability of AI programs to mimic.

 사람들이 상호 작용하는 동안 보내고 반응하는 감정적인 메시지들은이러한 점에서, AI 프로그램의 모방하는 능력을 훨씬 넘어선다.

④ As we get further into the age of the smart machine, it is likely that sensing and managing emotions will remain one type of intelligence that puzzles AI.

 우리가 스마트 기기의 시대로 접어들수록감정을 감지하고 관리하는 것은 AI 당혹하게 하는 지능의  유형으로 남을 것이다.

⑤ This means people and jobs involving EI are safe from being taken over by machines.

 이것은 EI 관련된 사람들과 직업들이 기계에 의해 점령되는 것으로부터 안전하다는 것을 의미한다.

⑥ In a survey, almost three out of four executives see EI as a "must-have" skill for the workplace in the future as the automatizing of routine tasks bumps up against the impossibility of creating effective AI for activities that require emotional skill.

  설문 조사에서일상적인 업무의 자동화가 정서적 기술이 필요한 활동에 효과적인 AI 만드는 것이 불가능하다는 점에 부딪히면서임원      가량이 EI 향후 직장의 "필수기술로 보고 있다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 23교육 과정에서 분야  용어 통일의 필요성

① Education must focus on the trunk of the tree of knowledge, revealing the ways in which the branches, twigs, and leaves all emerge from a common core.

 교육은 나뭇가지잔가지잎이 모두 공통의 핵심에서 나오는 방식을 밝히면서지식의 나무 줄기에 초점을 맞춰야 한다.

② Tools for thinking stem from this core, providing a common language with which practitioners in different fields may share their experience of the process of innovation and discover links between their creative activities.

 다양한 분야의 실무자들이 혁신 과정에 대한 경험을 공유하고 그들의 창의적 활동 사이의 연결 고리를 발견할  있는 공통 언어를 제공하면서사고를 위한 도구는  핵심에서 비롯된다.

③ When the same terms are employed across the curriculum, students begin to link different subjects and classes.

 교육과정 전반에 걸쳐 동일한 용어가 사용될 학생들은 서로 다른 과목들과 수업들을 연결하기 시작한다.

④ If they practice abstracting in writing class, if they work on abstracting in painting or drawing class, and if, in all cases, they call it abstracting, they begin to understand how to think beyond disciplinary boundaries.

 글쓰기 수업에서 추상을 연습하고회화나 그림 그리기 수업에서 추상을 연습하고그리고 모든 경우에 그들이 그것을 추상이라고 일컫는다면그들은 학문의 경계를 넘어 사고하는 방법을 이해하기시작한다.

⑤ They see how to transform their thoughts from one mode of conception and expression to another.

 그들은 그들의 생각을 하나의 개념과 표현 방식에서 다른 방식으로 바꾸는 방법을 알게 된다.

⑥ Linking the disciplines comes naturally when the terms and tools are presented as part of a universal imagination.

 용어들과 도구들이 보편적 상상력의 일부로 제시될  학문들을 연결하는 것은 자연스럽게 이루어진다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 24언어는 시대와 함께 지속적으로 변화함

① New words and expressions emerge continually in response to new situations, ideas and feelings.

 새로운 상황생각감정에 반응하여 새로운 단어들과 표현들이 계속해서 생겨난다.

② The Oxford English Dictionary publishes supplements of new words and expressions that have entered the language.

 Oxford 영어 사전은  언어에 등장한 새로운 단어들과 표현들의 추가분을 출판한다.

③ Some people deplore this kind of thing and see it as a drift from correct English.

 어떤 사람들은 이런 일을 한탄하고 그것을 올바른 영어에서 벗어난 것으로 본다.

④ But it was only in the eighteenth century that any attempt was made to formalize spelling and punctuation of English at all.

 그러나 영어의 철자와 구두법을 공식화하려는 시도는 18세기에 이르러서야 이루어졌다.

⑤ The language we speak in the twenty-first century would be virtually unintelligible to Shakespeare, and so would his way of speaking to us.

 21세기에 우리가 사용하는 언어는 Shakespeare에게는 사실상 이해되기 어려울 것이며우리에게도 그의 말하는 방식은 마찬가지일 것이다.

⑥ Alvin Toffler estimated that Shakespeare would probably only understand about 250,000 of the 450,000 words in general use in the English language now.

 Alvin Toffler Shakespeare 현재 영어에서 일반적으로 사용되는 450,000개의 단어   250,000개만을 이해할 것이라고 추정했다.

⑦ In other words, so to speak, if Shakespeare were to materialize in London today he would understand, on average, only five out of every nine words in our vocabulary.

 다시 말해서말하자면만약 Shakespeare 오늘날 런던에 나타난다면그는 평균적으로 우리의 어휘에 있는 9개의 단어당 5개만 이해할 것이다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 25: 2019 기준 국가별 학생 교사 비율 그래프

① The graph above shows the average number of students per teacher in public elementary and secondary schools across selected countries in 2019.

  그래프는 선정된 국가들의 2019 공립 .중등학교 교사 1인당 평균 학생 수를 보여준다.

② Belgium was the only country with a smaller number of students per teacher than the OECD average in both public elementary and secondary schools.

 벨기에는 공립 초등학교와 중등학교 모두에서 교사 1인당 학생 수가 OECD 평균보다 적은 유일한 나라였다.

③ In both public elementary and secondary schools, the average number of students per teacher was the largest in Mexico.

 공립 초등학교와 중등학교 모두에서교사 1인당 평균 학생 수는 멕시코에서 가장 많았다.

④ In public elementary schools, there was a smaller number of students per teacher on average in Germany than in Japan, whereas the reverse was true in public secondary schools.

 공립 초등학교에서는 교사 1인당 평균 학생 수가 일본보다 독일에서 적은 반면공립 중등학교에서는  반대였다.

⑤ The average number of students per teacher in public secondary schools in Germany was less than half that in the United Kingdom.

 독일에서 공립 중등학교의 교사 1인당 평균 학생 수는 영국의 절반보다 적었다.

⑥ Of the five countries, Mexico was the only country with more students per teacher in public secondary schools than in public elementary schools.

 5개국  멕시코는 공립 중등학교의 교사 1인당 학생 수가 공립 초등학교보다 많은 유일한 나라였다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 26식물학자  레이의 생애 소개

① Born in 1627 in Black Notley, Essex, England, John Ray was the son of the village blacksmith.

 1627 잉글랜드 Essex Black Notley에서 태어난 John Ray 마을 대장장이의 아들이었다.

② At 16, he went to Cambridge University, where he studied widely and lectured on topics from Greek to mathematics, before joining the priesthood in 1660.

 16세에 그는 Cambridge 대학교에 들어가서 폭넓게 공부하고 그리스어부터 수학까지 강의를 하다가 1660년에 성직자의 길로 들어섰다.

③ To recover from an illness in 1650, he had taken to nature walks and developed an interest in botany.

 1650 병에서 회복하기 위해그는 자연을 산책하기 시작했고 식물학에 대한 관심을 키웠다.

④ Accompanied by his wealthy student and supporter Francis Willughby, Ray toured Britain and Europe in the 1660s, studying and collecting plants and animals.

 부유한 학생이자 후원자인 Francis Willughby 함께 Ray 1660년대에 영국과 유럽을 여행했고 식물과 동물을 연구하고 수집했다.

⑤ He married Margaret Oakley in 1673 and, after leaving Willughby's household, lived quietly in Black Notley to the age of 77.

 그는 1673 Margaret Oakley 결혼했고, Willughby 집안을 떠난 후에는 Black Notley에서 77세까지 조용히 살았다.

⑥ He spent his later years studying samples in order to assemble plant and animal catalogues.

 그는 동식물 목록을 만들기 위해 표본을 연구하면서 말년을 보냈다.

⑦ He wrote more than twenty works on theology and his travels, as well as on plants and their form and function.

 그는 식물과  형태기능뿐만 아니라 신학과 그의 여행에 관한 20 이상의 저서를 썼다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 29자기보고식 설문조사의 한계와 사회적 동기 편향

① Research psychologists often work with self-report data, made up of participants' verbal accounts of their behavior.

 연구 심리학자들은 종종 자기 보고 데이터로 작업을 하는데이는 참가자들의 행동에 대한 구두 설명으로 구성되어 있다.

② This is the case whenever questionnaires, interviews, or personality inventories are used to measure variables.

 변인을 측정하기 위해 설문지면접 또는 성격 목록이 사용될 때마다 이에 해당한다.

③ Self-report methods can be quite useful.

 자기 보고 방법은  유용할  있다.

④ They take advantage of the fact that people have a unique opportunity to observe themselves full-time.

 그것들은 사람들이 자신을 풀타임으로 관찰할  있는 유일한 기회를 가진다는 사실을 이용한다.

⑤ However, self-reports can be plagued by several kinds of distortion.

 그러나자기 보고는  가지 종류의 왜곡으로 인해 오염될  있다.

⑥ One of the most problematic of these distortions is the social desirability bias, which is a tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself.

 이러한 왜곡  가장 문제가 되는 하나는 사회적 바람직성 편향인데이것은 사회적으로 승인된 답을 자신에 관한 질문에 제공하는 경향이다.

⑦ Subjects who are influenced by this bias work overtime trying to create a favorable impression, especially when subjects are asked about sensitive issues.

 이러한 편향에 영향을 받은 피실험자들은 특히 민감한 문제에 대해 질문받을  호의적인 인상을 만들기 위해 추가적으로 노력한다.

⑧ For example, many survey respondents will report that they voted in an election or gave to a charity when in fact it is possible to determine that they did not.

 예를 들어많은 설문 조사 응답자들은 사실은 하지 않았다고 결정하는 것이 가능할  선거에서 투표했다거나 자선 단체에 기부했다고 보고할 것이다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 30비관세 장벽이 개발도상국 수출에 미치는 어려움

① Over the past several decades, there have been some agreements to reduce the debt of poor nations, but other economic challenges (like trade barriers) remain.

 지난 수십  동안가난한 나라들의 부채를 줄이기 위한  가지 합의가 있었지만다른 경제적 과제(무역 장벽과 같은) 남아 있다.

② Nontariff trade measures, such as quotas, subsidies, and restrictions on exports, are increasingly prevalent and may be enacted for policy reasons having nothing to do with trade.

 할당제보조금수출 제한과 같은 비관세 무역 조치가 점점  널리 퍼지고 있으며 무역과 무관한 정책적 이유로 제정될  있다.

③ However, they have a discriminatory effect on exports from countries that lack the resources to comply with requirements of nontariff measures imposed by rich nations.

 그러나 그것들은 부유한 국가들에 의해 부과된 비관세 조치의 요건을 준수할 자원이 부족한 국가들의 수출에 차별적인 효과를 가진다.

④ For example, the huge subsidies that rich nations give to their farmers make it very difficult for farmers in the rest of the world to compete with them.

 예를 들어부유한 국가들이 자국의 농부들에게 주는 막대한 보조금은  세계 나머  국가들의 농부들이 그들과 경쟁하는 것을 매우 어렵게 만든다.

⑤ Another example would be domestic health or safety regulations, which, though not specifically targeting imports, could impose significant costs on foreign manufacturers seeking to conform to the importer's market.

  다른 예는 국내 보건 또는 안전 규제인데이것은구체적으로 수입을 목표로 삼진 않지만수입자 시장에 순응하고자 하는 외국 제조업체에 상당한 비용을 부과할  있다.

⑥ Industries in developing markets may have more difficulty absorbing these additional costs.

 개발도상국 시장의 산업은 이러한 추가 비용을 부담하는   많은 어려움을 겪을  있다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 31환경 규제가 혁신을 촉진한 사례

① In the course of his research on business strategy and the environment, Michael Porter noticed a peculiar pattern: Businesses seemed to be profiting from regulation.

 비즈니스 전략과 환경을 연구하는 과정에서, Michael Porter 기업이 규제로부터 이익을 얻는 것처럼 보인다는 독특한 패턴을 발견했다.

② He also discovered that the stricter regulations were prompting more innovation than the weaker ones.

 그는 또한  엄격한 규제가 느슨한 규제보다  많은 혁신을 유발하고 있다는 것을 발견했다.

③ The Dutch flower industry provides an illustration.

 네덜란드의  산업은 하나의 예시이다.

④ For many years, the companies producing Holland's world-renowned tulips and other cut flowers were also contaminating the country's water and soil with fertilizers and pesticides.

 수년 동안네덜란드의 세계적으로 유명한 튤립과 다른 꽃들을 생산하는 회사들은 또한 비료와 농약으로   라의 물과 토양을 오염시키고 있었다.

⑤ In 1991, the Dutch government adopted a policy designed to cut pesticide use in half by 2000 ― a goal they ultimately achieved.

 1991네덜란드 정부는 2000년까지 농약 사용을 절반으로 줄이도록 고안된 정책을 채택했는데이것은 그들이 궁극적으로 달성한 목표였다.

⑥ Facing increasingly strict regulation, greenhouse growers realized they had to develop new methods if they were going to maintain product quality with fewer pesticides.

 점점  엄격한 규제에 직면하면서온실 재배자들은  적은 양의 농약으로 상품의 품질을 유지하려면 새로운 방법을 개발해야만 한다는 것을 깨달았다.

⑦ In response, they shifted to a cultivation method that circulates water in closed-loop systems and grows flowers in a rock wool substrate.

 이에 그들은 폐쇄 루프 방식으로 물을 순환시키고 암모 배양판에서 꽃을 키우는 재배 방식으로 전환했다.

⑧ The new system not only reduced the pollution released into the environment; it also increased profits by giving companies greater control over growing conditions.

 새로운 시스템은 환경에 배출되는 오염을 감소시켰을 뿐만 아니라회사들이 재배 조건을   통제할  있게 함으로써 이익을 증가시켰다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 32노력보다 결과를 중요시하는 경향에 대한 비판

① It's hard to pay more for the speedy but highly skilled person, simply because there's less effort being observed.

 빠르지만 고도로 숙련된 사람에게  많은 돈을 지불하기는 어려운데 이유는 단순히 관찰되는 노력이 적기 때문이다.

② Two researchers once did a study in which they asked people how much they would pay for data recovery.

  명의 연구원이 사람들에게 데이터 복구에 얼마를 지불할 것인지를 묻는 연구를  적이 있다.

③ They found that people would pay a little more for a greater quantity of rescued data, but what they were most sensitive to was the number of hours the technician worked.

 그들은 사람들이  많은 양의 복구된 데이터에 대해 조금  많은 돈을 지불할 것이라는 것을 발견했지만사람들이 가장 민감하게 여기는 것은 기술자가 일한 시간이었다.

④ When the data recovery took only a few minutes, willingness to pay was low, but when it took more than a week to recover the same amount of data, people were willing to pay much more.

 데이터 복구에  분밖에 걸리지 않았을 지불 의사가 낮았지만같은 양의 데이터를 복구하는  일주일 이상이 걸렸을 훨씬  많은 비용을 지불할 의사가 있었다.

⑤ Think about it: They were willing to pay more for the slower service with the same outcome.

 생각해 보라그들은 같은 결과에 대해  느린 서비스에  많은 비용을 기꺼이 지불하고자 했다.

⑥ Fundamentally, when we value effort over outcome, we're paying for incompetence.

 근본적으로우리가 결과보다 노력을 중시할 우리는 무능함에 비용을 지불하는 것이다.

⑦ Although it is actually irrational, we feel more rational, and more comfortable, paying for incompetence.

 비록 그것이 실제로는 비합리적이지만우리는 무능함에 지불하면서 이성적이고 편하다고 느낀다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 33환경과 교류를 통해 지적 성장이 일어남  

① In adolescence many of us had the experience of falling under the sway of a great book or writer.

 청소년기에 우리  다수는 위대한 책이나 작가의 영향을 받은 경험이 있다.

② We became entranced by the novel ideas in the book, and because we were so open to influence, these early encounters with exciting ideas sank deeply into our minds and became part of our own thought processes, affecting us decades after we absorbed them.

 우리는  속의 참신한 아이디어에 매료되었고영향에 매우 열려 있었기 때문에흥미로운 아이디어와의 이러한 초기 만남은 우리의 마음속 깊이 가라 앉았고 우리 자신의 사고 과정의 일부가 되었고그것들을 흡수한지 수십 년이 지난 후에 우리에게 영향을 미쳤다.

③ Such influences enriched our mental landscape, and in fact our intelligence depends on the ability to absorb the lessons and ideas of those who are older and wiser.

 그러한 영향들은 우리의 정신적 풍경을 풍부하게 했고사실 우리의 지성은  나이가 많고  현명한 사람들의 교훈과 생각을 흡수하는 능력에 달려 있다.

④ Just as the body tightens with age, however, so does the mind.

 그러나나이가 들면서 몸이 경직되는 것처럼 마음도 그러하다.

⑤ And just as our sense of weakness and vulnerability motivated the desire to learn, so does our creeping sense of superiority slowly close us off to new ideas and influences.

 그리고 약점과 취약성에 대한 우리의 깨달음이 학습 욕구를 자극했듯이슬며시 다가오는 우월감도 새로운 생각과 영향력에 대해 서서히 우리를 닫는다.

⑥ Some may advocate that we all become more skeptical in the modern world, but in fact a far greater danger comes from the increasing closing of the mind that burdens us as individuals as we get older, and seems to be burdening our culture in general.

 어떤 사람들은 현대 세계에서 우리가 모두  회의적으로 된다고 주장할지도 모르지만사실 훨씬   위험은 우리가 나이가 들수록 개인으로서 우리에게 부담을 주고일반적으로 우리의 문화에 부담을 주는 것처럼 보이는 점차적인 마음의 폐쇄에서 온다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 34대중 여론이 반드시 옳지 않을  있음

① Many people look for safety and security in popular thinking.

 많은 사람이 대중적인 사고에서 안전과 안심을 찾는다.

② They figure that if a lot of people are doing something, then it must be right.

 그들은 만약 많은 사람이 무언가를 하고 있다면그것은 틀림없이 옳을 것으로 생각한다.

③ It must be a good idea.

 그것은 좋은 생각임이 틀림없다.

④ If most people accept it, then it probably represents fairness, equality, compassion, and sensitivity, right?

 만약 대부분의 사람들이 그것을 받아들인다면그것은 아마도 공정함평등함동정심그리고 민감성을 상징할 것이다그러한가?

⑤ Not necessarily.

  그렇다고  수는 없다.

⑥ Popular thinking said the earth was the center of the universe, yet Copernicus studied the stars and planets and proved mathematically that the earth and the other planets in our solar system revolved around the sun.

 대중적인 사고는 지구가 우주의 중심이라고 했지만, Copernicus 별과 행성을 연구했고 지구와 태양계의 다른 행성들이 태양 주위를 돈다는 것을 수학적으로 증명했다.

⑦ Popular thinking said surgery didn't require clean instruments, yet Joseph Lister studied the high death rates in hospitals and introduced antiseptic practices that immediately saved lives.

 대중적인 사고는 수술이 깨끗한 도구를 필요로 하지 않는다고 말했지만, Joseph Lister 병원에서의 높은 사망률을 연구했고 즉시 생명을 구하는 멸균법을 소개했다.

⑧ Popular thinking said that women shouldn't have the right to vote, yet people like Emmeline Pankhurst and Susan B. Anthony fought for and won that right.

 대중적인 사고는 여성들이 투표권을 가져서는  된다고 했지만, Emmeline Pankhurst Susan B. Anthony 같은 사람들은  권리를 위해 싸웠고 쟁취했다.

⑨ We must always remember there is a huge difference between acceptance and intelligence.

 우리는 항상 수용과 지성 사이에  차이가 있다는 것을 기억해야 한다.

⑩ People may say that there's safety in numbers, but that's not always true.

 사람들은 수가 많은 편이  안전하다고 말할지도 모르지만그것이 항상 사실인 것은 아니다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 35런던 택시 운전사 자격 취득의 어려움과  이유

① Before getting licensed to drive a cab in London, a person has to pass an incredibly difficult test with an intimidating name ─ "The Knowledge."

 런던에서 택시 운전면허를 받기 전에사람은 "The Knowledge"라는 위협적인 이름의 매우 어려운 시험을 통과해야 한다.

② The test involves memorizing the layout of more than 20,000 streets in the Greater London area - a feat that involves an incredible amount of memory resources.

  시험은 Greater London 지역의 2  이상 거리의 구획을 암기하는 것을 포함하는데이는 엄청난 양의 기억 자원을 포함하는 기술이다.

③ In fact, fewer than 50 percent of the people who sign up for taxi driver training pass the test, even after spending two or three years studying for it!

 사실택시 운전사 훈련에 등록한 사람  50% 미만이 시험을 통과하는데심지어 그것을 위해 2, 3년을 공부한 후에도 말이다!

④ And as it turns out, the brains of London cabbies are different from non-cab-driving humans in ways that reflect their herculean memory efforts.

 그리고 밝혀진 바에 따르면런던 택시 운전사들의 두뇌는 그들의 초인적인 기억 노력을 반영하는 방식에서 택시 운전을 하지 않는 사람들과 다르다.

⑤ In fact, the part of the brain that has been most frequently associated with spatial memory, the tail of the sea horse-shaped brain region called the hippocampus, is bigger than average in these taxi drivers.

 사실공간 기억과 가장 자주 연관되어  뇌의 부분해마라 불리는 해마 모양을   영역의 꼬리 부분은 이들 택시 운전사들에게서 평균보다  크다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 36정책 수립  의도치 않은 결과에 대한 고려 필요성

① When evaluating a policy, people tend to concentrate on how the policy will fix some particular problem while ignoring or downplaying other effects it may have.

 정책을 평가할 사람들은 그것이 어떤 특정한 문제를 어떻게 해결할 것인가에 집중하는 경향이 있으며 정책이 가질  있는 다른 효과는 무시하거나 경시한다.

② Economists often refer to this situation as The Law of Unintended Consequences.

 경제학자들은 종종  상황을 의도하지 않은 결과의 법칙이라고 부른다.

③ For instance, suppose that you impose a tariff on imported steel in order to protect the jobs of domestic steelworkers.

 예를 들어국내 철강 노동자들의 일자리를 보호하기 위해 수입된 철강에 관세를 부과한다고 가정해 보자.

④ If you impose a high enough tariff, their jobs will indeed be protected from competition by foreign steel companies.

 만약 당신이 충분히 높은 관세를 부과한다면그들의 일자리는 실제로 외국 철강 회사들과의 경쟁으로부터 보호될 것이다.

⑤ But an unintended consequence is that the jobs of some autoworkers will be lost to foreign competition.

 그러나 하나의 의도하지 않은 결과는 일부 자동차 노동자들의 일자리가 외국 경쟁사에 빼앗기게 된다는 것이다.

⑥ Why?

 왜일까?

⑦ The tariff that protects steelworkers raises the price of the steel that domestic automobile makers need to build their cars.

 철강 노동자들을 보호하는 관세는 국내 자동차 제조업체들이 자동차를 만드는  필요한 철강의 가격을 높인다.

⑧ As a result, domestic automobile manufacturers have to raise the prices of their cars, making them relatively less attractive than foreign cars.

  결과국내 자동차 제조업체들은 자동차 가격을 인상해야 하고국산 차를 외제 차에 비해 상대적으로  매력적이게 만든다.

⑨ Raising prices tends to reduce domestic car sales, so some domestic autoworkers lose their jobs.

 가격을 올리는 것은 국산  판매를 줄이는 경향이 있어서일부 국내 자동차 노동자들은 일자리를 잃는다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 37기후 변화로 인한 멸종 위기 동식물 사례  

① Species that are found in only one area are called endemic species and are especially vulnerable to extinction.

 오직  지역에서만 발견되는 종들은 토착종이라고 불리고 특히 멸종에 취약하다.

② They exist on islands and in other unique small areas, especially in tropical rain forests where most species are highly specialized.

 그들은 섬들과 특히 대부분의 종이 매우 특화된 열대 우림인 다른 독특한 작은 지역에 있다.

③ One example is the brilliantly colored golden toad once found only in a small area of lush rain forests in Costa Rica's mountainous region.

 한가지 예는 코스타리카의 산악 지역에 있는 무성한 열대 우림의 작은 지역에서만   발견되었던 번쩍이는 색깔의 황금 두꺼비이다.

④ Despite living in the country's well-protected Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve, by 1989, the golden toad had apparently become extinct.

  나라의  보존된 Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve에서 살았음에도 불구하고, 1989년쯤황금 두꺼비는 외관상으로 멸종하였다.

⑤ Much of the moisture that supported its rain forest habitat came in the form of moisture-laden clouds blowing in from the Caribbean Sea.

 그것의 열대 우림 서식지를 지탱해  습기의 많은 부분은 카리브해에서 불어 들어오는 습기를 실은 구름의 형태에서 왔다.

⑥ But warmer air from global climate change caused these clouds to rise, depriving the forests of moisture, and the habitat for the golden toad and many other species dried up.

 하지만 세계적 기후 변화로 인한  따뜻한 공기가 이러한 구름들을 상승하게 했고숲에서 습기를 제거하였으며황금 두꺼비와 많은 다른 종들의 서식지가 완전히 말라 버렸다.

⑦ The golden toad appears to be one of the first victims of climate change caused largely by global warming.

 황금 두꺼비는 주로 지구 온난화로 인한 기후 변화의  희생양들  하나인  같다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 38통제된 실험 환경의 중요성

① The fundamental nature of the experimental method is manipulation and control.

 실험 방법의 근본적인 본질은 조작과 통제이다.

② Scientists manipulate a variable of interest, and see if there's a difference.

 과학자들은 관심 변인을 조작하고차이가 있는지 확인한다.

③ At the same time, they attempt to control for the potential effects of all other variables.

 동시에다른 모든 변인의 잠재적 영향을 통제하려고 시도한다.

④ The importance of controlled experiments in identifying the underlying causes of events cannot be overstated.

 사건의 근본적인 원인을 식별하는  있어 통제된 실험의 중요성은 아무리 강조해도 지나치지 않다.

⑤ In the real-uncontrolled-world, variables are often correlated.

 현실의 통제되지 않은 세계에서변인들은 종종 상관관계가 있다.

⑥ For example, people who take vitamin supplements may have different eating and exercise habits than people who don't take vitamins.

 예를 들어비타민 보충제를 섭취하는 사람들은 비타민을 섭취하지 않는 사람들과는 다른 식습관과 운동 습관을 지닐  있다.

⑦ As a result, if we want to study the health effects of vitamins, we can't merely observe the real world, since any of these factors (the vitamins, diet, or exercise) may affect health.

  결과만약 우리가 비타민의 건강에 미치는 효과를 연구하고 싶다면우리는 단지 현실 세계만 관찰할  없는데왜냐하면 이러한 요소(비타민식단운동 어느 것이든 건강에 영향을 미칠 있기 때문이다.

⑧ Rather, we have to create a situation that doesn't actually occur in the real world.

 오히려우리는 현실 세계에서 실제로 일어나지 않는 상황을 만들어야 한다.

⑨ That's just what scientific experiments do.

 그것이 바로 과학 실험이 하는 일이다.

⑩ They try to separate the naturally occurring relationship in the world by manipulating one specific variable at a time, while holding everything else constant.

 그것들은  밖의 다른 모든 것을 일정하게 유지하면서 번에 하나의 특정 변인을 조작하여 세상에서 자연적으로 발생하는 관계를 분리하려고 애쓴다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 39지중해식 식단의 건강상 이점

① Why do people in the Mediterranean live longer and have a lower incidence of disease?

  지중해 지역의 사람들은  오래 살고 질병 발생률이  낮을까?

② Some people say it's because of what they eat.

 몇몇의 사람들은 그것이 그들이 먹는  때문이라고 말한다.

③ Their diet is full of fresh fruits, fish, vegetables, whole grains, and nuts.

 그들의 식단은 신선한 과일생선채소통곡물견과류로 가득하다.

④ Individuals in these cultures drink red wine and use great amounts of olive oil.

 이러한 문화권의 사람들은 적포도주를 마시고 많은 양의 올리브유를 사용한다.

⑤ Why is that food pattern healthy?

  그러한 음식 패턴이 건강에 좋은가?

⑥ One reason is that they are eating a palette of colors.

  가지 이유는 그들이 다양한 색깔을 먹고 있기 때문이다.

⑦ More and more research is surfacing that shows us the benefits of the thousands of colorful "phytochemicals"(phyto=plant) that exist in foods.

 식품에 존재하는 수천 가지의 다채로운 "생화학 물질"(phyto=식물) 이점을 보여주는 점점  많은 연구가 표면화되고 있다.

⑧ These healthful, non‑nutritive compounds in plants provide color and function to the plant and add to the health of the human body.

 식물에 있는 건강에 좋고영양가 없는  화합물들은 식물에 색과 기능을 제공하고 인체의 건강에 보탬이 된다.

⑨ Each color connects to a particular compound that serves a specific function in the body.

 각각의 색깔은 몸에서 특정 기능을 하는 특정 화합물과 연결된다.

⑩ For example, if you don't eat purple foods, you are probably missing out on anthocyanins, important brain protection compounds.

 예를 들어만약 당신이 보라색 음식을 먹지 않는다면당신은 중요한  보호 화합물인 안토시 아닌을 아마도 놓치고 있는 것이다.

⑪ Similarly, if you avoid green‑colored foods, you may be lacking chlorophyll, a plant antioxidant that guards your cells from damage.

 그와 유사하게만약 당신이 녹색 음식을 피한다면세포가 손상되는 것을 막아주는 식물 산화 방지제인 엽록소가 부족할 수도 있다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 40행동이 생각에 영향을 미치는 사례

① People behave in highly predictable ways when they experience certain thoughts.

 사람들은 특정한 생각을   매우 예측 가능한 방식으로 행동한다.

② When they agree, they nod their heads.

 그들은 동의할 고개를 끄덕인다.

③ So far, no surprise, but according to an area of research known as "proprioceptive psychology," the process also works in reverse.

 여기까지는놀랄 일은 아니다하지만 "고유 수용 심리학"으로 알려진  연구 분야에 따르면 과정은 역으로도 작용한다.

④ Get people to behave in a certain way and you cause them to have certain thoughts.

 사람들을 특정한 방식으로 행동하게 하면 당신은 그들이 특정한 생각을 갖도록 한다.

⑤ The idea was initially controversial, but fortunately it was supported by a compelling experiment.

  아이디어는 처음에는 논란의 여지가 있었지만다행히도 설득력 있는 실험으로 뒷받침되었다.

⑥ Participants in a study were asked to fixate on various products moving across a large computer screen and then indicate whether the items appealed to them.

  연구에서 참가자들은  컴퓨터 화면을 가로질러 움직이는 다양한 제품들에 시선을 고정하고  제품들이 그들에게 매력적인지 아닌지를 나타내도록 요청받았다.

⑦ Some of the items moved vertically (causing the participants to nod their heads while watching), and others moved horizontally (resulting in a side-to-side head movement).

 일부 제품은 수직으로 움직였고(참가자들이 보는 동안 고개를 끄덕이게 하면서), 다른 제품은 수평으로 움직였다(좌우로 머리를 움직이게 하면서).

⑧ Participants preferred vertically moving products without being aware that their "yes" and "no" head movements had played a key role in their decisions.

 참가자들은 자신의 "" "아니요" 머리 움직임이 결정에 핵심적인 역할을 했다는 사실을 인지하지 못한  수직으로 움직이는 제품을 선호했다.

⑨ -> In one study, participants responded favorably to products on a computer screen when they moved their heads up and down, which showed that their decisions were unconsciously influenced by their behavior.

 ->  연구에서참가자들은 그들의 고개를 위아래로 움직일  컴퓨터 화면에 나오는 제품들에 호의적으로 반응했는데이는 그들의 결정이 그들의 행동에 의해서 무의식적으로 영향을 받는다는 것을 보여 주었다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 41~42일상적 경험은 기억하기 어렵고 특별한 경험은 기억하기 쉬움

① Events or experiences that are out of ordinary tend to be remembered better because there is nothing competing with them when your brain tries to access them from its storehouse of remembered events.

 당신의 뇌가 기억된 사건들의 창고에서 그것들에 접근하려고  평범하지 않은 사건들이나 경험들이   기억되는 경향이 있는데  이유는 그것들과 경쟁하는 것이 없기 때문이다.

② In other words, the reason it can be difficult to remember what you ate for breakfast two Thursdays ago is that there was probably nothing special about that Thursday or that particular breakfast ― consequently, all your breakfast memories combine together into a sort of generic impression of a breakfast.

 다시 말해, 2  목요일에 아침 식사로 무엇을 먹었는지 기억하는 것이 어려울  있는 이유는 아마도  목요일이나  특정 아침 식사에 대해 특별한 것이 없었기 때문이다 ─  결과당신의 모든아침 식사 기억은 일종의 일반적인 아침 식사에 대한 인상으로 합쳐진다.

③ Your memory merges similar events not only because it's more efficient to do so, but also because this is fundamental to how we learn things ― our brains extract abstract rules that tie experiences together.

 여러분의 기억력은 유사한 사건들을 병합하는데그것은 그렇게 하는 것이  효율적일 뿐만 아니라이것이 우리가 어떤 것들을 배우는 방법의 기본이기 때문이다 ─ 우리의 뇌는 경험을 함께 묶는 추상적인 규칙들을 추출한다.

④ This is especially true for things that are routine.

 이것은 일상적인 것들에 특히 해당된다.

⑤ If your breakfast is always the same ― cereal with milk, a glass of orange juice, and a cup of coffee for instance ― there is no easy way for your brain to extract the details from one particular breakfast.

 만약 당신의 아침 식사가 항상 같다면 ─ 예를 들어우유를 곁들인 시리얼오렌지 주스  커피   ─ 당신의 뇌가 특정한  아침 식사에서  세부 사항을 추출하는 것은 쉽지 않다.

⑥ Ironically, then, for behaviors that are routinized, you can remember the generic content of the behavior (such as the things you ate, since you always eat the same thing), but particulars to that one instance can be very difficult to call up (such as the sound of a garbage truck going by or a bird that passed by your window) unless they were especially distinctive.

 아이러니하게도일상화된 행동의 경우당신은  행동의 일반적인 내용(당신이 먹었던 것과 같은당신이 항상 같은 것을 먹기 때문에) 기억할  있지만  가지 예의 세부 사항들(쓰레기 트럭이 지나가는 소리 또는 당신의 창문을 지나치는 새소리와 같은) 그것들이 매우 특이하지 않다면 상기하기가 매우 어려울  있다.

⑦ On the other hand, if you did something unique that broke your routine ― perhaps you had leftover pizza for breakfast and spilled tomato sauce on your dress shirt ― you are more likely to remember it.

 반면에만약 당신이 당신의 일상을 깨뜨리는 특이한 일을 했다면 ─ 아마도 당신은 아침 식사로 남은 피자를 먹고 드레스 셔츠에 토마토 소스를 쏟았다 ─ 당신은 그것을  기억하기가 쉽다.

 

[2] 2023 06 – 43~45유명한 가수인 Henrietta 과거 경쟁자인 Amelia 도와주는 인도적인 행동에 대한 이야기

① Henrietta is one of the greatest "queens of song."

 Henrietta 가장 위대한 "노래의 여왕  명이다.

② She had to go through a severe struggle before she attained the enviable position as the greatest singer Germany had produced.

 그녀는 독일이 배출한 가장 위대한 가수로서 그녀가 부러워할 만한 위치에 도달하기 전에 혹독한 시련을 겪어야 했다.

③ At the beginning of her career she was hissed off a Vienna stage by the friends of her rival, Amelia.

 그녀의 경력 초기에 그녀는 경쟁자 Amelia 친구들에 의해 비엔나 무대에서 야유를 받고 쫒겨났다.

④ But in spite of this defeat, Henrietta endured until all Europe was at her feet.

 그러나  좌절에도 불구하고, Henrietta 모든 유럽이 그녀의 발아래에 있을 때까지 견뎠다.

⑤ Many years later, when Henrietta was at the height of her fame, one day she was riding through the streets of Berlin.

 수년 , Henrietta 명성이 절정에 달했을 그녀는 어느  베를린의 거리를 차를 타고 지나가고 있었다.

⑥ Soon she came across a little girl leading a blind woman.

  그녀는 눈먼 여성을 데리고 가는 여자 아이와 마주쳤다.

⑦ She was touched by the woman's helplessness, and she impulsively beckoned the child to her, saying "Come here, my child. Who is that you are leading by the hand?"

 그녀는 여성의 무력함에 마음이 움직였고충동적으로 아이를 그녀에게 오라고 손짓하며, "이리 얘야네가 손을 잡고 데리고 가는 사람은 누구니?"라고 말했다.

⑧ The answer was, "That's my mother, Amelia Steininger. She used to be a great singer, but she lost her voice, and she cried so much about it that now she can't see anymore."

 대답은, "저분은  어머니, Amelia Steininger 입니다그녀는 훌륭한 가수였지만목소리를 잃었고 일로 너무 많이 울어서 그녀는 이제  이상 앞을   없습니다."였다.

⑨ Henrietta inquired their address and then told the child, "Tell your mother an old acquaintance will call on her this afternoon."

 Henrietta 그들의 주소를 묻고 나서 아이에게 "어머니께 오래된 지인이 오늘 오후에 그녀를 방문할 것이라고 말하렴."이라고 말했다.

⑩ She searched out their place and undertook the care of both mother and daughter.

 그녀는 그들의 거처를 찾아내서 모녀를 돌보았다.

⑪ At her request, a skilled doctor tried to restore Amelia's sight, but it was in vain.

 그녀의 요청에 따라 숙련된 의사가 Amelia 시력을 회복시키려 했지만허사였다.

⑫ But Henrietta's kindness to her former rival did not stop here.

 그러나 Henrietta 그녀의 예전 경쟁자에게 베푼 친절은 여기서 그치지 않았다.

⑬ The next week she gave a benefit concert for the poor woman, and it was said that on that occasion Henrietta sang as she had never sung before.

  다음 주에 그녀는  불쌍한 여성을 위한 자선 콘서트를 열었고 자리에서 Henrietta 그녀가 전에 한번도 불러본 적이 없는 방식으로 불렀다고 한다.

⑭ And who can doubt that with the applause of that vast audience there was mingled the applause of the angels in heaven who rejoice over the good deeds of those below?

 그리고 많은 청중의 박수와 함께 지상 사람들의 선행에 기뻐하는 천국에 있는 천사들의 박수가 섞여 있었다는 것을 누가 의심할  있겠는가?

 

 

 

 

<[고1] 2023년도 6월 영어 모의고사>의 한줄해석 자료 올립니다.
설명문/실용문을 제외한 모든 지문을 포함했습니다.
 
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지문 분석하거나 자료 제작하실 때 참고하세요.

 

ps.

블로그 콘텐츠가 마음에 드신다면, '좋아요' 클릭과 광고 지원으로 응원해 주세요. 

여러분의 작은 도움이 큰 힘이 됩니다! 

감사합니다~~

 

 

 

 

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[1] 2023 06 – 18여름 휴가 패키지 상품 광고  

① ACC Travel Agency Customers:

 ACC 여행사 고객님께:

② Have you ever wanted to enjoy a holiday in nature?

 자연 속에서 휴가를 즐기는 것을 원한 적이 있습니까?

③ This summer is the best time to turn your dream into reality.

 이번 여름이 당신의 꿈을 현실로 바꿀 최고의 시간입니다.

④ We have a perfect travel package for you.

 우리에게는 당신을 위한 완벽한 패키지 여행 상품이 있습니다.

⑤ This travel package includes special trips to Lake Madison as well as massage and meditation to help you relax.

  패키지 여행 상품은 당신이 편히   있도록 돕는 마사지와 명상뿐만 아니라 Lake Madison으로의 특별한 여행을 포함합니다.

⑥ Also, we provide yoga lessons taught by experienced instructors.

 또한우리는 숙련된 강사의 요가 강의도 제공합니다.

⑦ If you book this package, you will enjoy all this at a reasonable price.

 만약 당신이  패키지를 예약한다면당신은  모든 것을 합리적인 가격으로 즐길 것입니다.

⑧ We are sure that it will be an unforgettable experience for you.

 우리는 그것이 당신에게 잊지 못할 경험이  것을 확신합니다.

⑨ If you call us, we will be happy to give you more details.

 우리에게 전화하시면우리는 당신에게  많은 세부 사항을 기꺼이 알려드리겠습니다.

 

[1] 2023 06 – 19마술  관람  잠시 분실된 가족을 찾은 이야기

① When I woke up in our hotel room, it was almost midnight.

 내가 호텔 방에서 깨어났을 때는거의 자정이었다.

② I didn't see my husband nor daughter.

 남편과 딸이 보이지 않았다.

③ I called them, but I heard their phones ringing in the room.

 나는 그들에게 전화를 걸었지만나는 그들의 전화가 방에서 울리는 것을 들었다.

④ Feeling worried, I went outside and walked down the street, but they were nowhere to be found.

 걱정이 되어나는 밖으로 나가 거리를 걸어 내려갔지만그들은 어디에도 없었다.

⑤ When I decided I should ask someone for help, a crowd nearby caught my attention.

 내가 누군가에게 도움을 요청하려고 했을 근처에 있던 군중이  주의를 끌었다.

⑥ I approached, hoping to find my husband and daughter, and suddenly I saw two familiar faces.

 나는 남편과 딸을 찾으려는 희망을 안고 다가갔고갑자기 낯익은  얼굴이 보였다.

⑦ I smiled, feeling calm.

 나는 안도하며웃었다.

⑧ Just then, my daughter saw me and called, "Mom!"

 바로 그때딸이 나를 보고 "엄마!"라고 외쳤다.

⑨ They were watching the magic show.

 그들은 마술쇼를 보고 있는 중이었다.

⑩ Finally, I felt all my worries disappear.

 마침내나는  모든 걱정이 사라지는 것을 느꼈다.

 

[1] 2023 06 – 20업무와 개인 일정을 하나의 캘린더에 통합하는 것이 효율적임

① Research shows that people who work have two calendars: one for work and one for their personal lives.

 연구는 일하는 사람들이  개의 달력을 가지고 있다는 것을 보여준다하나는 업무를 위한 달력이고 하나는 개인적인 삶을 위한 달력이다.

② Although it may seem sensible, having two separate calendars for work and personal life can lead to distractions.

 비록 그것이 현명해 보일지도 모르지만업무와 개인적인 삶을 위한  개의 별도의 달력을 갖는 것은 주의를 산만하게   있다.

③ To check if something is missing, you will find yourself checking your to-do lists multiple times.

 누락된 것이 있는지를 확인하기 위해당신은 스스로가 자신의   목록을 여러  확인하는 것을 깨닫게  것이다.

④ Instead, organize all of your tasks in one place.

 대신당신의 모든 일들을  곳에 정리하라.

⑤ It doesn't matter if you use digital or paper media.

 당신이 디지털 매체를 사용하든 종이 매체를 사용하든 중요하지 않다.

⑥ It's okay to keep your professional and personal tasks in one place.

 당신의 업무와 개인 용무를  곳에 두는 것은 괜찮다.

⑦ This will give you a good idea of how time is divided between work and home.

 이것은 당신에게 일과 가정 사이에 시간이 어떻게 쪼개지는지에 대해  알게 해줄 것이다.

⑧ This will allow you to make informed decisions about which tasks are most important.

 이것은 어떤 일이 가장 중요한지에 대한 정보에 입각한 결정을 내리게  것이다.

 

[1] 2023 06 – 21고객 만족도 모니터링의 중요성과 입소문 효과

① Why do you care how a customer reacts to a purchase?

  당신은 고객이 구매품에 어떻게 반응하는지에 대해 신경 쓰는가?

② Good question.

 좋은 질문이다.

③ By understanding post-purchase behavior, you can understand the influence and the likelihood of whether a buyer will repurchase the product (and whether she will keep it or return it).

 구매  행동을 이해 함으로써당신은  영향력과 구매자가 제품을 재구매 할지(그리고 그녀가 제품을 가질지 또는 반품할지) 가능성을 이해할  있다.

④ You'll also determine whether the buyer will encourage others to purchase the product from you.

 당신은 구매자가 다른 사람들에게 당신으로부터 제품을 구매하도록 권장할지 여부도 또한 알아낼 것이다.

⑤ Satisfied customers can become unpaid ambassadors for your business, so customer satisfaction should be on the top of your to-do list.

 만족한 고객은 당신의 사업을 위한 무급 대사가   있으므로고객 만족이   목록의 최상단에 있어야 한다.

⑥ People tend to believe the opinions of people they know.

 사람들은 그들이 아는 사람들의 의견을 믿는 경향이 있다.

⑦ People trust friends over advertisements any day.

 사람들은 언제든 광고보다 친구를  신뢰한다.

⑧ They know that advertisements are paid to tell the "good side" and that they're used to persuade them to purchase products and services.

 그들은 광고에는 "좋은 " 말하기 위해 돈이 쓰이고 그리고 그것들이 제품과 서비스를 구매하도록 그들을 설득하는  사용된다는 것을 알고 있다.

⑨ By continually monitoring your customer's satisfaction after the sale, you have the ability to avoid negative word-of-mouth advertising.

 판매  고객의 만족을 지속적으로 모니터함으로써당신은 부정적인 입소문 광고를 피할  있는 능력을 가진다.

 

[1] 2023 06 – 22기술 발전으로 소비자에게 떠넘겨진 노동의 증가

① The promise of a computerized society, we were told, was that it would pass to machines all of the repetitive drudgery of work, allowing us humans to pursue higher purposes and to have more leisure time.

 컴퓨터화된 사회의 약속은우리가 듣기로는그것이 모든 반복적인 고된 일을 기계에 넘겨우리 인간들이  높은 목적을 추구하고  많은 여가 시간을 가질  있게 해준다는 것이었다.

② It didn't work out this way.

 그것은 이런 식으로 되지는 않았다.

③ Instead of more time, most of us have less.

  많은 시간 대신에우리 대부분은  적은 시간을 가지고 있다.

④ Companies large and small have off-loaded work onto the backs of consumers.

 크고 작은 회사들은 일을 소비자들의 등에 떠넘겼다.

⑤ Things that used to be done for us, as part of the value-added service of working with a company, we are now expected to do ourselves.

 회사에 맡겨 해결하던 부가가치 서비스의 일환으로우리를 위해 행해지던 것들을 이제 우리 스스로가 하도록 기대된다.

⑥ With air travel, we're now expected to complete our own reservations and check-in, jobs that used to be done by airline employees or travel agents.

 항공 여행의 경우항공사 직원이나 여행사 직원들에 의해 행해지던 일인 우리의 예약과 체크인을 이제는 우리가 직접 완수하도록 기대된다.

⑦ At the grocery store, we're expected to bag our own groceries and, in some supermarkets, to scan our own purchases.

 식료품점에서는우리가 우리 자신의 식료품을 직접 봉지에 넣도록그리고 일부 슈퍼마켓에서는우리 자신이 구매한 물건을 스캔하도록 기대된다.

 

[1] 2023 06 – 23사람들은 자신의 능력을 과대평가하는 경향이 있음

① We tend to believe that we possess a host of socially desirable characteristics, and that we are free of most of those that are socially undesirable.

 우리는 우리가 사회적으로 바람직한 특성들을 많이 지니고 있고그리고 우리는 사회적으로 바람직하지 않은 특성들의 대부분은 지니고 있지 않다고 믿는 경향이 있다.

② For example, a large majority of the general public thinks that they are more intelligent, more fair-minded, less prejudiced, and more skilled behind the wheel of an automobile than the average person.

 예를 들어대다수의 일반 대중들은 그들이 보통 사람보다  지적이고 공정하고 편견을 가지고자동차를 운전할   능숙하다고 생각한다.

③ This phenomenon is so reliable and ubiquitous that it has come to be known as the "Lake Wobegon effect," after Garrison Keillor's fictional community where "the women are strong, the men are good-looking, and all the children are above average."

  현상은 너무 신뢰할  있고 어디서나   있기 때문에 "여성들은 강하고남성들은 잘생겼으며모든 아이들은 평균 이상" Garrison Keillor 허구적인 공동체의 이름을 따서 "Lake Wobegon effect"라고 알려지게 되었다.

④ A survey of one million high school seniors found that 70% thought they were above average in leadership ability, and only 2% thought they were below average.

 고등학교 최고 학년 학생 100 명을 대상으로  설문조사에서 70% 자신이 리더십 능력에 있어 평균 이상이라고 생각했고, 2%만이 자신이 평균 이하라고 생각했다는 것을 발견했다.

⑤ In terms of ability to get along with others, all students thought they were above average, 60% thought they were in the top 10%, and 25% thought they were in the top 1%!

 다른 사람들과  지내는 능력에 있어서모든 학생들은 자신이 평균 이상이라고 생각했고, 60% 자신이 상위 10% 속한다고 생각했고, 25% 자신이 상위 1% 속한다고 생각했다!

 

[1] 2023 06 – 24부유한 국가일수록 시간적 압박감이 높음

① Few people will be surprised to hear that poverty tends to create stress: a 2006 study published in the American journal Psychosomatic Medicine, for example, noted that a lower socioeconomic status was associated with higher levels of stress hormones in the body.

 가난이 스트레스를 유발하는 경향이 있다는 것을 듣고 놀랄 사람은 거의 없을 것이다예를 들어미국의 저널 Psychosomatic Medicine 발표된 2006 연구는  낮은 사회 경제적 지위가 체내의  높은 수치의 스트레스 호르몬과 관련이 있다고 언급했다.

② However, richer economies have their own distinct stresses.

 하지만 부유한 국가는 그들만의 뚜렷한 스트레스를 가지고 있다.

③ The key issue is time pressure.

 핵심 쟁점은 시간 압박이다.

④ A 1999 study of 31 countries by American psychologist Robert Levine and Canadian psychologist Ara Norenzayan found that wealthier, more industrialized nations had a faster pace of life ─ which led to a higher standard of living, but at the same time left the population feeling a constant sense of urgency, as well as being more prone to heart disease.

 미국 심리학자 Robert Levine 캐나다 심리학자 Ara Norenzayan 31개국을 대상으로  1999 연구는  부유하고 산업화  국가들이  빠른 삶의 속도를 가지고 있다는  ─ 그리고 이것이  높은 생활 수준으로 이어졌지만동시에 사람들에게 지속적인 촉박함을 느끼게 했고 그뿐만 아니라 심장병에 걸리기  쉽게 한다는 것을 알아 냈다.

⑤ In effect, fast-paced productivity creates wealth, but it also leads people to feel time-poor when they lack the time to relax and enjoy themselves.

 사실빠른 속도의 생산력은 부를 창출하지만그것은 또한 사람들이 긴장을 풀고 즐겁게 지낼 시간이 없을  시간이 부족하다고 느끼게 한다.

 

[1] 2023 06 – 25: 1990년과 2019 지역별 산림 면적 비율 그래프

① The above graph shows the share of forest area in total land area by region in 1990 and 2019.

  도표는 1990년과 2019년의 지역별  토지 면적에서 산림 면적의 점유율을 보여준다.

② Africa's share of forest area in total land area was over 20% in both 1990 and 2019.

 아프리카의 전체 토지 면적에서 산림 면적의 점유율이 1990년과 2019   20% 넘었다.

③ The share of forest area in America was 42.6% in 1990, which was larger than that in 2019.

 1990 아메리카의 산림 면적 점유율은 42.6%였고이는 2019년의 그것보다  컸다.

④ The share of forest area in Asia declined from 1990 to 2019 by more than 10 percentage points.

 아시아의 산림 면적 점유율은 1990년부터 2019년까지, 10 퍼센트 포인트 이상 감소했다.

⑤ In 2019, the share of forest area in Europe was the largest among the five regions, more than three times that in Asia in the same year.

 2019 유럽의 산림 면적 점유율은 다섯  지역  가장 컸고같은  아시아의 그것의  배가 넘었다.

⑥ Oceania showed the smallest gap between 1990 and 2019 in terms of the share of forest area in total land area.

 오세아니아는 1990년과 2019 사이에  토지 면적에서 산림 면적의 점유율에 있어 가장 작은 차이를 보였다.

 

[1] 2023 06 – 26노벨 경제학상 수상자 게리 베커 소개

① Gary Becker was born in Pottsville, Pennsylvania in 1930 and grew up in Brooklyn, New York City.

 Gary Becker 1930 Pennsylvania  Pottsville에서 태어났고 New York City Brooklyn에서 자랐다.

② His father, who was not well educated, had a deep interest in financial and political issues.

 교육을 제대로 받지 못한 그의 아버지는 금융과 정치 문제에 깊은 관심이 있었다.

③ After graduating from high school, Becker went to Princeton University, where he majored in economics.

 고등학교를 졸업한 , Becker Princeton University 진학했고거기서 그는 경제학을 전공했다.

④ He was dissatisfied with his economic education at Princeton University because "it didn't seem to be handling real problems."

 "Princeton University에서의 경제학 교육이 현실적인 문제를 다루고 있는 것처럼 보이지 않았기때문에 그는 그것에 불만족했다.

⑤ He earned a doctor's degree in economics from the University of Chicago in 1955.

 그는 1955년에 University of Chicago에서 경제학 박사 학위를 취득했다.

⑥ His doctoral paper on the economics of discrimination was mentioned by the Nobel Prize Committee as an important contribution to economics.

 차별의 경제학에 대한 그의 박사 논문은 노벨상 위원회에 의해 경제학에 대한 중요한 기여로 언급 되었다.

⑦ Since 1985, Becker had written a regular economics column in Business Week, explaining economic analysis and ideas to the general public.

 1985년부터, Becker Business Week 경제학적 분석과 아이디어를 일반 대중에게 설명하는 경제학 칼럼을 정기적으로 기고했다.

⑧ In 1992, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in economic science.

 1992년에그는 노벨 경제학상을 수상했다.

 

[1] 2023 06 – 29아이에게 긍정적 자아상을 심어주는 칭찬의 중요성

① Although praise is one of the most powerful tools available for improving young children's behavior, it is equally powerful for improving your child's self-esteem.

 칭찬은 어린 아이들의 행동을 개선하는  사용할  있는 가장 강력한 도구  하나이지만그것은 아이의 자존감을 향상시키는 데에도 똑같이 강력하다.

② Preschoolers believe what their parents tell them in a very profound way.

 미취학 아동들은 그들의 부모가 그들에게 하는 말을 매우 뜻깊게 여긴다.

③ They do not yet have the cognitive sophistication to reason analytically and reject false information.

 그들은 분석적으로 추론하고 잘못된 정보를 거부할  있는 인지적 정교함을 아직 가지고 있지 않다.

④ If a preschool boy consistently hears from his mother that he is smart and a good helper, he is likely to incorporate that information into his self-image.

 만약 미취학 소년이 그의 어머니로부터 그가 똑똑하고 좋은 조력자라는 것을 계속 듣는다면그는  정보를 그의 자아상으로 통합시킬 가능성이 높다.

⑤ Thinking of himself as a boy who is smart and knows how to do things is likely to make him endure longer in problem-solving efforts and increase his confidence in trying new and difficult tasks.

 스스로를 똑똑하고 일을 어떻게 하는지 아는 소년으로 생각하는 것은 그가 문제 해결 노력에 있어  오래 지속하도록 하고 새롭고 어려운 일을 시도하는 것에 있어 그의 자신감을 증가시킬 가능성이높다.

⑥ Similarly, thinking of himself as the kind of boy who is a good helper will make him more likely to volunteer to help with tasks at home and at preschool.

 마찬가지로자신을 좋은 조력자인 그런 부류의 소년으로 생각하는 것은 그가 집에서와 유치원에서 일을 자발적으로 돕게  가능성을  크게 만들 것이다.

 

[1] 2023 06 – 30광고를 통한 상품 재포지셔닝 사례

① Advertisers often displayed considerable facility in adapting their claims to the market status of the goods they promoted.

 광고주들은 그들이 홍보하는 상품의 시장 지위에 맞게 그들의 주장을 조절하는 상당한 능력을 자주 보여주었다.

② Fleischmann's yeast, for instance, was used as an ingredient for cooking homemade bread.

 예를 들어, Fleischmann 효모는 집에서 만든 빵을 요리하는 재료로 사용되었다.

③ Yet more and more people in the early 20th century were buying their bread from stores or bakeries, so consumer demand for yeast decreased.

 하지만 20세기 초에 점점  많은 사람들이 가게나 빵집에서 빵을 사고 있었고그래서 효모에 대한 소비자 수요는 감소했다.

④ The producer of Fleischmann's yeast hired the J. Walter Thompson advertising agency to come up with a different marketing strategy to boost sales.

 Fleischmann 효모의 생산자는 판매를 촉진하기 위해서 다른 마케팅 전략을 고안하려고 J. Walter Thompson 광고 대행사를 고용했다.

⑤ No longer the "Soul of Bread," the Thompson agency first turned yeast into an important source of vitamins with significant health benefits.

 Thompson 광고 대행사는 먼저 효모를  이상 "Soul of Bread" 아니라 상당한 건강상의 이점이 있는 비타민의 중요한 공급원으로 바꾸었다.

⑥ Shortly thereafter, the advertising agency transformed yeast into a natural laxative.

  직후광고 대행사는 효모를 천연 완하제로 바꾸었다.

⑦ Repositioning yeast helped increase sales.

 효모의 이미지 전환을 꾀하는 것은 매출을 증가시키는 것을 도왔다.

 

[1] 2023 06 – 31명성에 대한 존경심을 활용한 자선 행위 에피소드

① Individuals who perform at a high level in their profession often have instant credibility with others.

 자신의 직업에서 높은 수준으로 수행하는 사람들은 흔히 다른 사람들에게 즉각적인 신뢰를 얻는다.

② People admire them, they want to be like them, and they feel connected to them.

 사람들은 그들을 존경하고그들처럼 되고 싶어 하고그들과 연결되어 있다고 느낀다.

③ When they speak, others listen ― even if the area of their skill has nothing to do with the advice they give.

 그들이 말할 다른 사람들은 비록 그들의 기술 분야가 그들이 주는 조언과 전혀 관련이 없을지라도 경청한다.

④ Think about a world-famous basketball player.

 세계적으로 유명한 농구 선수에 대해 생각해 보라.

⑤ He has made more money from endorsements than he ever did playing basketball.

 그는 그가 농구를 하면서 그간 벌었던 것보다 광고로부터  많은 돈을 벌었다.

⑥ Is it because of his knowledge of the products he endorses?

 그것이 그가 광고하는 제품에 대한 그의 지식 때문일까?

⑦ No. It's because of what he can do with a basketball.

 아니다그것은 그가 농구로   있는  때문이다.

⑧ The same can be said of an Olympic medalist swimmer.

 올림픽 메달리스트 수영 선수도 마찬가지이다.

⑨ People listen to him because of what he can do in the pool.

 사람들은 그가 수영장에서   있는  때문에 그의 말을 경청한다.

⑩ And when an actor tells us we should drive a certain car, we don't listen because of his expertise on engines.

 그리고 어떤 배우가 우리에게 특정 자동차를 운전해야 한다고 말할 우리는 엔진에 대한 그의 전문 지식 때문에 경청하는 것은 아니다.

⑪ We listen because we admire his talent. Excellence connects.

 우리는 그의 재능을 존경하기 때문에 경청한다. 탁월함이 연결된다.

⑫ If you possess a high level of ability in an area, others may desire to connect with you because of it.

 만약 당신이 어떤 분야에서 높은 수준의 능력을 갖고 있다면다른 사람들은 그것 때문에 당신과 연결되기를 원할 수도 있다.

 

[1] 2023 06 – 32두뇌는 도시처럼 복잡한 상호작용의 결과물임

① Think of the brain as a city.

 뇌를 도시라고 생각해보라.

② If you were to look out over a city and ask "where is the economy located?" you'd see there's no good answer to the question.

 만약 당신이 도시를 내다 보며 "경제가 어디에 위치해 있나요?"라고 묻는다면  질문에 대한 좋은 답이 없다는 것을 알게  것이다.

③ Instead, the economy emerges from the interaction of all the elements ― from the stores and the banks to the merchants and the customers.

 대신경제는 상점과 은행에서 상인과 고객에 이르기까지 모든 요소의 상호 작용으로부터 나타난다.

④ And so it is with the brain's operation: it doesn't happen in one spot.

 그리고 그것은 뇌의 작동도 그러하다그것은  곳에서 일어나지 않는다.

⑤ Just as in a city, no neighborhood of the brain operates in isolation.

 도시에서처럼뇌의 어떤 지역도 독립적으로 작동하지 않는다.

⑥ In brains and in cities, everything emerges from the interaction between residents, at all scales, locally and distantly.

 뇌와 도시 안에서모든 것은모든 규모에서근거리에서든 원거리에서든거주자들 간의 상호 작용으로부터 나타난다.

⑦ Just as trains bring materials and textiles into a city, which become processed into the economy, so the raw electrochemical signals from sensory organs are transported along superhighways of neurons.

 기차가 자재와 직물을 도시로 들여오고그것이 경제 속으로 처리되는 것처럼감각 기관으로부터의 가공되지 않은 전기화학적 신호는 뉴런의 초고속도로를 따라서 전해진다.

⑧ There the signals undergo processing and transformation into our conscious reality.

 거기서 신호는 처리와 우리의 의식적인 현실로 변형을 겪는다.

 

[1] 2023 06 – 33특정 행동을 취하면 그에 상응하는 감정이 유발됨  

① Someone else's body language affects our own body, which then creates an emotional echo that makes us feel accordingly.

 다른 사람의 보디 랭귀지는 우리 자신의 신체에 영향을 미치며그것은   우리가 그에 따라 느끼도록 하는 감정적인 메아리를 만들어낸다.

② As Louis Armstrong sang, "When you're smiling, the whole world smiles with you."

 Louis Armstrong 노래했듯이, "당신이 미소 지을  세계가 당신과 함께 미소 짓는다."

③ If copying another's smile makes us feel happy, the emotion of the smiler has been transmitted via our body.

 만약 다른 사람의 미소를 따라 하는 것이 우리를 행복하게 한다면 미소 짓는 사람의 감정은 우리의 신체를 통해 전달된 것이다.

④ Strange as it may sound, this theory states that emotions arise from our bodies.

 이상하게 들릴지 모르지만 이론은 감정이 우리 신체에서 발생한다고 말한다.

⑤ For example, our mood can be improved by simply lifting up the corners of our mouth.

 예를 들어우리의 기분은 단순히 입꼬리를 올리는 것으로 좋아질  있다.

⑥ If people are asked to bite down on a pencil lengthwise, taking care not to let the pencil touch their lips (thus forcing the mouth into a smile-like shape), they judge cartoons funnier than if they have been asked to frown.

 만약 사람들이 연필을  방향으로  물라고 요구받으면연필이 그들의 입술에 닿지 않도록 조심하면서 (그리하여 억지로 입을 미소 짓는 것과 같은 모양이 되도록), 그들은 인상을 찌푸리라고 요구받은 경우보다 만화를  재미있다고 판단한다.

⑦ The primacy of the body is sometimes summarized in the phrase "I must be afraid, because I'm running."

 신체가 우선함은 "나는 두려운 것이 분명하다왜냐하면 나는 도망치고 있기 때문이다."라는 구절로 때때로 요약된다.

 

[1] 2023 06 – 34제한된 구매 수량이 판매를 증가시키는 사례

① Restricting the number of items customers can buy boosts sales.

 고객이 구입할  있는 품목의 개수를 제한하는 것은 매출을 증가시킨다.

② Brian Wansink, Professor of Marketing at Cornell University, investigated the effectiveness of this tactic in 1998.

 Cornell University 마케팅 교수인 Brian Wansink 1998년에  전략의 효과를 조사했다.

③ He persuaded three supermarkets in Sioux City, Iowa, to offer Campbell's soup at a small discount: 79 cents rather than 89 cents.

 그는 Iowa Sioux City 있는  개의 슈퍼마켓이 Campbell 수프를 약간 할인하여 제공하도록 설득했다: 89센트가 아닌 79센트로.

④ The discounted soup was sold in one of three conditions: a control, where there was no limit on the volume of purchases, or two tests, where customers were limited to either four or twelve cans.

 할인된 수프는  가지 조건  하나의 조건으로 판매되었다구매량에 제한이 없는 하나의 대조군또는 고객이 4개의 캔으로 제한되거나 12개의 캔으로 제한되는  개의 실험군.

⑤ In the unlimited condition shoppers bought 3.3 cans on average, whereas in the scarce condition, when there was a limit, they bought 5.3 on average.

 무제한 조건에서 구매자들은 평균 3.3캔을 구입했던 반면제한이 있던 희소 조건에서는평균 5.3캔을 구입했다.

⑥ This suggests scarcity encourages sales.

 이것은 희소성이 판매를 장려한다는 것을 보여준다.

⑦ The findings are particularly strong because the test took place in a supermarket with genuine shoppers.

  실험은 진짜 구매자들이 있는 슈퍼마켓에서 진행되었기 때문에  결과는 특히 타당하다.

⑧ It didn't rely on claimed data, nor was it held in a laboratory where consumers might behave differently.

 그것은 주장된 데이터에 의존하지 않았고소비자들이 다르게 행동할지도 모르는 실험실에서 이루어진 것도 아니었다.

 

[1] 2023 06 – 35새로운 기술 도입  생산성에 미치는 영향

① Although technology has the potential to increase productivity, it can also have a negative impact on productivity.

 기술은 생산성을 높일  있는 잠재력을 가지고 있지만또한 생산성에 부정적인 영향을 미칠  있다.

② For example, in many office environments workers sit at desks with computers and have access to the internet.

 예를 들어많은 사무실 환경에서 직원들은 컴퓨터가 있는 책상에 앉아 인터넷에 접속한다.

③ They are able to check their personal e-mails and use social media whenever they want to.

 그들은 원할 때마다 개인 이메일을 확인하고 소셜 미디어를 사용할  있다.

④ This can stop them from doing their work and make them less productive.

 이것은 그들이 일을 하는 것을 방해하고 그들의 생산성을 떨어뜨리게 만들  있다.

⑤ Introducing new technology can also have a negative impact on production when it causes a change to the production process or requires workers to learn a new system.

 또한 새로운 기술을 도입하는 것은 생산 공정에 변화를 야기하거나 직원들에게 새로운 시스템을 배우도록 요구할  생산에 부정 적인 영향을 미칠  있다.

⑥ Learning to use new technology can be time consuming and stressful for workers and this can cause a decline in productivity.

 새로운 기술을 사용하는 것을 배우는 것은 직원들에게 시간이 많이 걸리고 스트레스를   있으며 이것은 생산성 저하를 야기할  있다.

 

[1] 2023 06 – 36시간 측정의 역사와 시계의 중요성

① Up until about 6,000 years ago, most people were farmers.

  6,000 전까지대부분의 사람들은 농부였다.

② Many lived in different places throughout the year, hunting for food or moving their livestock to areas with enough food.

 많은 사람들은   내내 여러 장소에서 살았고식량을 찾아다니거나 가축을 충분한 먹이가 있는 지역으로 옮겼다.

③ There was no need to tell the time because life depended on natural cycles, such as the changing seasons or sunrise and sunset.

 변화하는 계절이나 일출과 일몰 같은자연적인 주기에 삶이 달려있기 때문에 시간을  필요가 없었다.

④ Gradually more people started to live in larger settlements, and some needed to tell the time.

 점점  많은 사람들이   정착지에서 살기 시작했고어떤 사람들은 시간을  필요가 있었다.

⑤ For example, priests wanted to know when to carry out religious ceremonies.

 예를 들어성직자들은 언제 종교적인 의식을 수행해야 하는지 알고 싶었다.

⑥ This was when people first invented clocks ― devices that show, measure, and keep track of passing time.

 이때 사람들이 시간을 보여 주고측정하고흐르는 시간을 추적하는 장치인 시계를 처음으로 발명했다.

⑦ Clocks have been important ever since.

 시계는  이후로도 중요했다.

⑧ Today, clocks are used for important things such as setting busy airport timetables ― if the time is incorrect, aeroplanes might crash into each other when taking off or landing!

 오늘날시계는 바쁜 공항 시간표를 설정하는 것과 같은 중요한 일에 사용된다 ― 만약 시간이 부정확하다면비행기는 이륙하거나 착륙할  서로 충돌할지도 모른다!

 

[1] 2023 06 – 37분업을 통한 생산성 향상 방안  

① Managers are always looking for ways to increase productivity, which is the ratio of costs to output in production.

 관리자들은 항상 생산성을 높일  있는 방법을 찾고 있는데생산성은 생산에서 비용 대비 생산량의 비율이다.

② Adam Smith, writing when the manufacturing industry was new, described a way that production could be made more efficient, known as the "division of labor."

 제조 산업이 새로 등장했을  저술한 Adam Smith 생산이  효율적으로   있는 방식을 설명했고, "노동 분업"으로 알려져 있다.

③ Making most manufactured goods involves several different processes using different skills.

 대부분의 공산품을 만드는 것은 다른 기술을 사용하는 여러 가지 다른 과정을 포함한다.

④ Smith's example was the manufacture of pins: the wire is straightened, sharpened, a head is put on, and then it is polished.

 Smith 예는 핀의 제조였다철사는 곧게 펴지고뾰족해지고상부가 놓이고그러고 나서 그것이 다듬어진다.

⑤ One worker could do all these tasks, and make 20 pins in a day.

  명의 노동자가  모든 작업들을   있고하루에 20개의 핀을 만들 수도 있다.

⑥ But this work can be divided into its separate processes, with a number of workers each performing one task.

 그러나  일은 많은 노동자가 각각  가지 작업을 수행하며 별개의 과정으로 분리될  있다.

⑦ Because each worker specializes in one job, he or she can work much faster without changing from one task to another.

  노동자는  가지 작업을 전문으로 하기 때문에  또는 그녀는  작업에서 다른 작업으로 변경하지 않고도 훨씬  빠르게 일할  있다.

⑧ Now 10 workers can produce thousands of pins in a day ─ a huge increase in productivity from the 200 they would have produced before.

 이제 10명의 노동자가 하루에 수천 개의 핀을 생산할  있다이는 이전에 그들이 생산했던 200개로부터 생산성 측면에서 크게 증가한 것이다.

 

[1] 2023 06 – 38시간이 지남에 따라 우리 모습도 변화함

① Sometimes the pace of change is far slower.

 때때로 변화의 속도는 훨씬  느리다.

② The face you saw reflected in your mirror this morning probably appeared no different from the face you saw the day before ― or a week or a month ago.

 오늘 아침 거울 속에 비춰진 당신이  얼굴은 아마도 당신이  전날 또는 일주일이나   전에  얼굴과 다르지 않은 것처럼 보였을 것이다.

③ Yet we know that the face that stares back at us from the glass is not the same, cannot be the same, as it was 10 minutes ago.

 그러나 우리는 거울로부터 우리를 쳐다보는 얼굴이 10 전에 그랬던 것과 같지 않고같을  없다는 것을 안다.

④ The proof is in your photo album:

 증거는 당신의 사진 앨범에 있다:

⑤ Look at a photograph taken of yourself 5 or 10 years ago and you see clear differences between the face in the snapshot and the face in your mirror.

 5 또는 10 전에 찍힌 당신의 사진을 보면 당신은 스냅사진 속의 얼굴과 거울  얼굴 사이의 명확한 차이를 보게  것이다.

⑥ If you lived in a world without mirrors for a year and then saw your reflection, you might be surprised by the change.

 만약 당신이  년간 거울이 없는 세상에 살고  이후 (거울에비친 당신의 모습을 본다면당신은  변화 때문에 깜짝 놀랄지도 모른다.

⑦ After an interval of 10 years without seeing yourself, you might not at first recognize the person peering from the mirror.

 당신 자신을 보지 않고 10년의 기간이 지난 당신은 거울에서 쳐다보고 있는 사람을 처음에는 알아보지 못할지도 모른다.

⑧ Even something as basic as our own face changes from moment to moment.

 심지어 우리 자신의 얼굴같이 아주 기본적인 것조차도 순간순간 변한다.

 

[1] 2023 06 – 39아이의 호기심이 점차 줄어드는 이유

① According to educational psychologist Susan Engel, curiosity begins to decrease as young as four years old.

 교육 심리학자 Susan Engel 따르면호기심은   정도의 어린 나이에 줄어들기 시작한다.

② By the time we are adults, we have fewer questions and more default settings.

 우리가 어른이  무렵질문은  적어지고 기본값은  많아진다.

③ As Henry James put it, "Disinterested curiosity is past, the mental grooves and channels set."

 Henry James 말했듯이, "흥미를 유발하지 않는 호기심은 없어지고정신의 고랑과 경로가 자리잡는다."

④ The decline in curiosity can be traced in the development of the brain through childhood.

 호기심의 감소는 유년 시절을 통한 뇌의 발달에서 원인을 찾을  있다.

⑤ Though smaller than the adult brain, the infant brain contains millions more neural connections.

 비록 성인의 뇌보다 작지만유아의 뇌는 수백만   많은 신경 연결을 가지고 있다.

⑥ The wiring, however, is a mess; the lines of communication between infant neurons are far less efficient than between those in the adult brain.

 그러나 연결 상태는 엉망이다유아의 뉴런 간의 전달은 성인 뇌의 그것들 간의 전달보다 훨씬  효율적이다.

⑦ The baby's perception of the world is consequently both intensely rich and wildly disordered.

 결과적으로 세상에 대한 아기의 인식은 매우 풍부하면서도 상당히 무질서하다.

⑧ As children absorb more evidence from the world around them, certain possibilities become much more likely and more useful and harden into knowledge or beliefs.

 아이들이 그들 주변의 세상으로부터  많은 증거를 흡수함에 따라특정한 가능성들이 훨씬  커지게 되고  유용하게 되며 지식이나 믿음으로 굳어진다.

⑨ The neural pathways that enable those beliefs become faster and more automatic, while the ones that the child doesn't use regularly are pruned away.

 그러한 믿음을 가능하게 하는 신경 경로는  빠르고 자동적으로 이루어지게 되고 반면에아이가 주기적으로 사용하지 않는 경로는 제거된다.

 

[1] 2023 06 – 40건강한 식단을 위해서는 식품 분류가 아닌 균형 잡힌 섭취가 중요함

① Nearly eight of ten U.S. adults believe there are "good foods" and "bad foods."

 미국 성인 10  거의 8명이 "좋은 음식" "나쁜 음식" 있다고 믿는다.

② Unless we're talking about spoiled stew, poison mushrooms, or something similar, however, no foods can be labeled as either good or bad.

 하지만우리가 상한 스튜 버섯또는 이와 유사한 것에 대해 이야기하고 있지 않는 어떤 음식도 좋고 나쁨으로 분류될  없다.

③ There are, however, combinations of foods that add up to a healthful or unhealthful diet.

 하지만결국 건강에 좋은 식단이나 건강에 좋지 않은 식단이 되는 음식들의 조합이 있다.

④ Consider the case of an adult who eats only foods thought of as "good" ― for example, raw broccoli, apples, orange juice, boiled tofu, and carrots.

 "좋은음식이라고 생각되는 음식만 먹는 성인의 경우를 생각해보라 ― 예를 들어생브로콜리사과오렌지 주스삶은 두부와 당근.

⑤ Although all these foods are nutrient-dense, they do not add up to a healthy diet because they don't supply a wide enough variety of the nutrients we need.

 비록  모든 음식들이 영양이 풍부하지만그것들은 우리가 필요로 하는 충분히 다양한 영양소를 공급하지 않기 때문에 그것들은 결국 건강한 식단이 되지 않는다.

⑥ Or take the case of the teenager who occasionally eats fried chicken, but otherwise stays away from fried foods.

 또는 튀긴 치킨을 가끔 먹지만그렇지 않으면 튀긴 음식을 멀리하는 십대의 경우를 예로 들어보자.

⑦ The occasional fried chicken isn't going to knock his or her diet off track.

 가끔 먹는 튀긴 치킨은 그나 그녀의 식단을 궤도에서 벗어나게 하지 않을 것이다.

⑧ But the person who eats fried foods every day, with few vegetables or fruits, and loads up on supersized soft drinks, candy, and chips for snacks has a bad diet.

 하지만 채소나 과일을 거의 먹지 않으면서 매일 튀긴 음식을 먹고간식으로 초대형 탄산음료사탕그리고 감자 칩으로 배를 가득 채우는 사람은 나쁜 식단을 가지고 있다.

 

[1] 2023 06 – 41~42농업 발달로 잉여 식량이 생기면서 전문 직업이 생겨남

① Early hunter-gatherer societies had minimal structure.

 초기 수렵 채집 사회는 최소한의 구조만 가지고 있었다.

② A chief or group of elders usually led the camp or village.

 추장이나 장로 그룹이 주로 캠프나 마을을 이끌었다.

③ Most of these leaders had to hunt and gather along with the other members because the surpluses of food and other vital resources were seldom sufficient to support a full-time chief or village council.

 식량과 기타 필수 자원의 잉여분이 전임 추장이나 마을 의회를 지원할 만큼 거의 충분하지 않았기 때문에 대부분의 이러한 지도자들은 다른 구성원들과 함께 사냥과 채집을 해야 했다.

④ The development of agriculture changed work patterns.

 농업의 발전은 작업 패턴을 변화시켰다.

⑤ Early farmers could reap 3-10 kg of grain from each 1 kg of seed planted.

 초기 농부들은 심은 씨앗 1kg마다 3-10kg 곡물을 수확할  있었다.

⑥ Part of this food/energy surplus was returned to the community and provided support for nonfarmers such as chieftains, village councils, men who practice medicine, priests, and warriors.

  식량/에너지 잉여분의 일부는 지역 사회에 환원되었고 족장마을 의회의술가사제전사와 같은 비농민에 대한 지원을 제공했다.

⑦ In return, the nonfarmers provided leadership and security for the farming population, enabling it to continue to increase food/energy yields and provide ever larger surpluses.

  대가로비농민들은 농업 인구에게 리더십과 안보를 제공하여그들이 식량/에너지 생산량을 지속적으로 늘리고 항상  많은 잉여를 제공할  있게 하였다.

⑧ With improved technology and favorable conditions, agriculture produced consistent surpluses of the basic necessities, and population groups grew in size.

 개선된 기술과 유리한 조건으로농업은 기본 생필품의 지속적인 흑자를 창출했고인구 집단은 규모가 커졌다.

⑨ These groups concentrated in towns and cities, and human tasks specialized further.

 이러한 집단은 마을과 도시에 집중되었고인간의 업무는 더욱 전문화되었다.

⑩ Specialists such as carpenters, blacksmiths, merchants, traders, and sailors developed their skills and became more efficient in their use of time and energy.

 목수대장장이상인무역업자선원과 같은 전문가들은 기술을 발전시키고 자신의 시간과 에너지 사용을  효율적으로 하게 되었다.

⑪ The goods and services they provided brought about an improved quality of life, a higher standard of living, and, for most societies, increased stability.

 그들이 제공한 재화와 서비스로 인해 향상된 삶의  높은 생활 수준그리고대부분의 사회에서향상된 안정성을 가져왔다.

 

[1] 2023 06 – 43~45아들을 간호하며 임종을 지켜준 병사의 인간애 실화

① A nurse took a tired, anxious soldier to the bedside.

  간호사가 피곤하고 불안해하는 군인을 침대 곁으로 데려갔다.

② "Jack, your son is here," the nurse said to an old man lying on the bed.

 "Jack, 당신 아들이 왔어요."라고 간호사가 침대에 누워있는 노인에게 말했다.

③ She had to repeat the words several times before the old man's eyes opened.

  노인이 눈을 뜨기 전에 그녀는  말을 여러  반복해야 했다.

④ Suffering from the severe pain because of heart disease, he barely saw the young uniformed soldier standing next to him.

 심장병 때문에 극심한 고통을 겪고 있어그는 제복을 입은 젊은 군인이 그의 옆에  있는 것을 간신히 보았다.

⑤ He reached out his hand to the soldier.

 그는 손을  군인에게 뻗었다.

⑥ The soldier gently wrapped his fingers around the weak hand of the old man.

  군인은 노인의 병약한 손을 부드럽게 감쌌다.

⑦ The nurse brought a chair so that the soldier could sit beside the bed.

 간호사는 군인이 침대 옆에 앉을  있도록 의자를 가져왔다.

⑧ All through the night the young soldier sat there, holding the old man's hand and offering him words of support and comfort.

 밤새 젊은 군인은 거기에 앉아노인의 손을 잡고 그에게 지지와 위로의 말을 건넸다.

⑨ Occasionally, she suggested that the soldier take a rest for a while.

 가끔그녀는 군인에게 잠시 쉬라고 제안했다.

⑩ He politely said no.

 그는 정중하게 거절했다.

⑪ Whenever the nurse came into the room, she heard the soldier say a few gentle words.

 간호사가 병실에 들어올 때마다그녀는  군인이 부드러운  마디의 말을 하는 것을 들었다.

⑫ The old man said nothing, only held tightly to him all through the night.

 밤새도록 그에게 손이  쥐어진 채로 노인은 아무 말도 하지 않았다.

⑬ Just before dawn, the old man died.

 동트기 직전에 노인은 죽었다.

⑭ The soldier released the old man's hand and left the room to find the nurse.

  군인은 노인의 손을 놓고 간호사를 찾기 위해 병실을 나갔다.

⑮ After she was told what happened, she went back to the room with him.

 그녀가 무슨 일이 있었는지 들은 그녀는 그와 함께 병실로 돌아갔다.

⑯ The soldier hesitated for a while and asked, "Who was this man?"

 군인은 잠시 머뭇거리고는 " 남자는 누구였나요?"라고 물었다.

⑰ She was surprised and asked, "Wasn't he your father?"

 그녀는 깜짝 놀라서 물었다. "그가 당신의 아버지가 아니었나요?"

⑱ "No, he wasn't. I've never met him before," the soldier replied.

 "아니요그는 아니었어요저는 그를 이전에 만난 적이 없어요."라고 군인이 대답했다.

⑲ She asked, "Then why didn't you say something when I took you to him?"

 그녀는 물었다, "그러면 내가 당신을 그에게 데리고 갔을   아무 말도 하지 않았나요?"

⑳ He said, "I knew there had been a mistake, but when I realized that he was too sick to tell whether or not I was his son, I could see how much he needed me. So, I stayed."

 그가 말했다, "저는 실수가 있었다는 것을 알았지만그가 위독해서 제가 그의 아들인지 아닌지 구별할  없다는  알게 되었을 저는 그가 얼마나 저를 필요로 하는지   있었습니다그래서저는 머물렀습니다."

 

 

 

 

 

오늘은 <2024년도 5월 고3 영어 모의고사>의 지문 요약 자료를 올립니다.

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ps.

블로그 콘텐츠가 마음에 드신다면, '좋아요' 클릭과 광고 지원으로 응원해 주세요. 

여러분의 작은 도움이 큰 힘이 됩니다! 

감사합니다~~

 

 

 

 

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[고3] 2024년 5월 모의고사 - 한줄해석

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[3] 2024 05 – 18: 영화 촬영 허가 요청서

 

My name is Rohan Kaul, the producer of the upcoming film 'Upagrah.' I am reaching out to you regarding a matter of importance concerning the shooting of some scenes for our film. We have identified Gulab Park, Mumbai, as an ideal location for these scenes. We are hoping to conduct this shoot on 3rd June 2024, from 1 p.m. to 6 p.m. We have chosen Monday for the shooting day to minimize traffic issues and disruption to the public. During the shoot, our team promises to follow all rules and regulations, ensuring no inconvenience is caused to the public. We would be so grateful if you granted permission for the shoot so that we can put the beautiful scenery of the park in our film. We look forward to your response.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Request for Film Shooting Permission at Gulab Park, Mumbai

2. Application to Shoot Key Film Scenes in Gulab Park on a Weekday

3. Rohan Kaul's Proposal for Filming 'Upagrah' in Gulab Park, Mumbai

4. Ensuring Minimal Public Disruption During Filming in Gulab Park

 

Main Idea #1:

Rohan Kaul seeks permission to shoot scenes for the film 'Upagrah' at Gulab Park in Mumbai.

 

Main Idea #2:

The producer Rohan Kaul plans to shoot important scenes for 'Upagrah' on a Monday at Gulab Park to reduce interference with public activities and traffic.

 

Summary:

Rohan Kaul, producer of 'Upagrah,' requests to film scenes at Gulab Park, Mumbai, on 3rd June 2024, promising minimal disruption by adhering to regulations and selecting a low-traffic day.

 

Key Points:

1. Rohan Kaul is the producer of the film 'Upagrah.'

2. The requested shooting location is Gulab Park, Mumbai.

3. Proposed shooting date and time: 3rd June 2024, from 1 p.m. to 6 p.m.

4. Commitment to follow all local rules and ensure public convenience.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 19: 잘못된 퀴즈로 인한 학생의 긴장 해소

 

Charles was taking a quiz in his math class. He stared at the questions, but they looked completely unfamiliar. Charles flipped through the pages of the quiz for a while. His palms grew sweaty as he realized that he didn't know a single answer. A moment later, a few other students began raising their hands. One said, "I don't think we ever learned about the stuff on this quiz, Mrs. Smith." The teacher quickly looked over a copy of the quiz and announced, "I'm sorry, class. It appears that I have given you the wrong quiz by mistake. We'll take the right quiz next class." As Charles heard what the teacher said, the tension in his shoulders began to melt away.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. A Mix-Up in the Classroom: Charles' Experience with the Wrong Quiz

2. Mistaken Quiz Distribution Leads to Unexpected Classroom Confusion

3. The Relief of a Rescheduled Quiz After a Teacher's Mistake

4. Students Face Unfamiliar Questions Due to Incorrect Quiz Handout

 

Main Idea #1:

Charles experienced stress during a quiz when he realized the questions were unfamiliar.

 

Main Idea #2:

The teacher mistakenly handed out the wrong quiz, causing confusion among the students until she recognized and addressed the error.

 

Summary:

Charles felt anxious upon encountering unfamiliar quiz questions, but was relieved when the teacher acknowledged distributing the wrong quiz and postponed it to the next class.

 

Key Points:

1. Charles was initially confused and stressed by the unfamiliar quiz questions.

2. Other students also recognized that the quiz content was unfamiliar.

3. The teacher admitted to giving out the wrong quiz and decided to reschedule.

4. The situation resolved with plans to take the correct quiz in the next class.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 20: 중년의 연결 조직 부상에 대한 근육 훈련 권장

 

When you are middle-aged, the risk of connective tissue injuries peaks as decreased load tolerance combines with continued high activity levels. The path of least resistance is to stop doing the things that hurt ― avoid uncomfortable movements and find easier forms of exercise. However, that's the exact opposite of what you should do. There is a path forward. But it doesn't involve following the typical pain management advice of rest, ice, and medicine, which multiple reviews have shown is not effective for treating age-related joint pain and dysfunction. These methods do nothing more than treat superficial symptoms. The only practical solution is to strengthen your body with muscle training. Whether you've been training for a few years or a few decades, or haven't ever stepped foot in the weight room, it's not too late to restore your body, build real strength, and achieve your physical potential.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Overcoming Age-Related Connective Tissue Injuries with Strength Training

2. The Importance of Muscle Training for Managing Middle-Aged Joint Pain

3. Why Rest and Medication Fall Short in Treating Age-Related Joint Issues

4. Building Strength to Restore Function and Reduce Pain in Middle Age

 

Main Idea #1:

Middle-aged individuals face increased risks of connective tissue injuries due to decreased load tolerance and ongoing activity.

 

Main Idea #2:

Rather than avoiding activity, the effective solution for age-related joint pain and dysfunction is to engage in muscle training to strengthen the body.

 

Summary:

Middle-aged adults experiencing joint pain should prioritize muscle training over traditional pain management methods like rest and medication, which often fail to address the root cause of their symptoms.

 

Key Points:

1. Connective tissue injuries peak in middle age due to reduced tolerance for physical loads.

2. Traditional pain management techniques are largely ineffective for age-related joint issues.

3. Strength training is crucial for rebuilding strength and improving joint function.

4. It is never too late to start muscle training, regardless of previous experience.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 21: 눈을 통한 시각적 인식의 메커니즘 설명

 

Turn the lights out and point the beam of a small flashlight up into one of your eyes. Shake the beam around while moving your gaze up and down. You should catch glimpses of what look like delicate branches. These branches are shadows of the blood vessels that lie on top of your retina. The vessels constantly cast shadows as light streams into the eye, but because these shadows never move, the brain ceases responding to them. Moving the flashlight beam around shifts the shadows just enough to make them momentarily visible. Now you might wonder if you could cause an image to fade just by staring at something unmoving. But that is not possible because the visual system constantly jiggles the eye muscles, which prevents the perfect stabilization of images of the world. These muscle movements are unbelievably small, but their effect is huge. Without them, we would go blind by tuning out what we see shortly after fixating our gaze! It's an interesting notion: Approximate perfection is better than perfect perfection.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Exploring the Visual Phenomenon of Retinal Blood Vessel Shadows

2. How Tiny Eye Movements Prevent Visual Fade and Maintain Perception

3. The Role of Eye Muscle Jiggles in Continuous Visual Awareness

4. Uncovering the Invisible: How Blood Vessel Shadows Impact Vision

 

Main Idea #1:

Shining a flashlight into the eye reveals normally unseen shadows of retinal blood vessels, illustrating an unusual visual phenomenon.

 

Main Idea #2:

The constant, minute jiggles of eye muscles prevent images from fading by continuously adjusting the retina’s exposure to visual stimuli.

 

Summary:

Using a flashlight to manipulate eye lighting can reveal the shadowy outlines of retinal blood vessels, showcasing how subtle eye movements are crucial in preventing the visual system from tuning out static images.

 

Key Points:

1. Flashlight manipulation reveals shadows of retinal blood vessels, normally invisible.

2. The brain ignores these shadows under normal lighting due to their stability.

3. Micro-movements of eye muscles prevent images from fading out.

4. These tiny adjustments ensure continuous visual perception and prevent sensory adaptation.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 22: 경제적 이익과 야생 보호 간의 대립

 

Most opposition to wilderness preservation doesn't come from environmentalists but from corporate interests and developers. When wild places are designated as wilderness, they are closed to most commercial activities and residential or infrastructure development. There is thus frequently an economic cost to wilderness preservation. Some critics claim that when wilderness and economic interests clash, economic interests should normally prevail. This argument, even if it is sound, won't exclude all wilderness preservation efforts, because some wilderness areas have little economic value. But a deeper problem with the argument is that it views nature from a human-focused and excessively economic point of view. Allowing economic considerations to outweigh all other forms of value is inconsistent with the biocentric reasons that support wilderness preservation. Thus, while it certainly makes sense to weigh the economic costs of wilderness protection, especially when such costs are high, the biocentric values underlying wilderness preservation exclude viewing economic considerations as the most important.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Conflict Between Economic Interests and Wilderness Preservation

2. Reevaluating the Role of Economic Value in Wilderness Protection Efforts

3. Beyond Economics: Embracing Biocentric Values in Wilderness Preservation

4. The Limitations of an Economic Perspective on Nature and Wilderness

 

Main Idea #1:

Opposition to wilderness preservation primarily stems from corporate interests and developers rather than environmentalists, due to restrictions on commercial activities.

 

Main Idea #2:

While economic considerations are important in wilderness preservation debates, they should not overshadow the biocentric values that fundamentally justify protecting these areas.

 

Summary:

Critics often prioritize economic interests in wilderness preservation debates, but this approach overlooks the biocentric values essential to the concept of wilderness, which argue against reducing nature to mere economic resource.

 

Key Points:

1. Corporate and development interests are the main opponents of wilderness preservation.

2. Wilderness areas are often restricted from commercial exploitation, causing economic debates.

3. Economic perspectives are challenged by biocentric values that prioritize nature's intrinsic worth.

4. While economic impacts are a valid consideration, they should not dominate preservation decisions.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 23: 카페인 섭취가  화학에 미치는 영향

 

During the day, a molecule called adenosine builds up in your brain. Adenosine binds with receptors on nerve cells, or neurons, slowing down their activity and making you feel drowsy. But caffeine is also able to bind with these receptors, and by doing so it blocks adenosine's effect, making your neurons fire more and keeping you alert. Caffeine also activates a gland at the base of your brain. This releases hormones that tell the adrenal glands on your kidneys to produce adrenaline, causing your heart to beat faster and your blood pressure to rise. If, however, your daily caffeine intake is consistent, your brain will adapt to it. Your brain is like, 'Okay, every morning I'm getting this caffeine that's binding to these receptors and blocking adenosine from binding to them.' So your brain creates extra receptors to give adenosine more of an opportunity to bind with them and have its usual effect. And more adenosine is also produced to counteract the caffeine. That's why it takes more and more caffeine to have the same effect.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Interplay of Caffeine, Adenosine, and Brain Adaptation: How Alertness is Maintained

2. Understanding Caffeine’s Mechanism of Action and Its Effects on Brain Chemistry

3. The Science Behind Caffeine Tolerance: Adenosine Receptors and Neuronal Activity

4. How Caffeine Works to Keep You Alert and How the Brain Adapts Over Time

 

Main Idea #1:

Caffeine keeps you alert by binding to adenosine receptors in the brain, blocking the drowsiness-inducing effects of adenosine.

 

Main Idea #2:

With consistent caffeine intake, the brain adapts by creating more adenosine receptors and producing more adenosine, which diminishes caffeine's effectiveness and increases tolerance.

 

Summary:

Caffeine blocks the effects of adenosine, a molecule that induces drowsiness, by binding to its receptors, which keeps you alert. Over time, consistent caffeine consumption leads the brain to compensate by increasing adenosine receptors and production, necessitating higher doses of caffeine for the same alertness effect.

 

Key Points:

1. Adenosine accumulates during the day, promoting sleepiness by slowing neuronal activity.

2. Caffeine competes with adenosine for the same receptors, preventing drowsiness and increasing alertness.

3. Caffeine stimulates the production of adrenaline, raising heart rate and blood pressure.

4. Regular caffeine use leads to increased adenosine receptors and production, reducing its effectiveness and requiring higher consumption for the same alertness.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 24: 대양의 푸른색 발생 원인 설명

 

When viewed from space, one of the Earth's most commanding features is the blueness of its vast oceans. Small amounts of water do not indicate the color of these large bodies of water; when pure drinking water is examined in a glass, it appears clear and colorless. Apparently a relatively large volume of water is required to reveal the blue color. Why is this so? When light penetrates water, it experiences both absorption and scattering. Water molecules strongly absorb infrared and, to a lesser degree, red light. At the same time, water molecules are small enough to scatter shorter wavelengths, giving water its blue-green color. The amount of long-wavelength absorption is a function of depth; the deeper the water, the more red light is absorbed. At a depth of 15m, the intensity of red light drops to 25% of its original value and falls to zero beyond a depth of 30m. Any object viewed at this depth is seen in a blue-green light. For this reason, red inhabitants of the sea, such as lobsters and crabs, appear black to divers not carrying a lamp.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Exploring the Blue Color of the Ocean: Absorption and Scattering of Light in Water

2. Why the Ocean Appears Blue: The Role of Light Penetration and Wavelength Absorption

3. The Science Behind Ocean Color: Light Absorption and Scattering at Various Depths

4. Understanding the Depth-Dependent Color Changes in the Ocean's Waters

 

Main Idea #1:

The blue color of the ocean is primarily due to the absorption of longer wavelengths and the scattering of shorter wavelengths by water molecules.

 

Main Idea #2:

In deep waters, red light is absorbed more efficiently, diminishing in intensity with depth, which affects how colors are perceived underwater.

 

Summary:

The vast blue appearance of the ocean from space results from selective light absorption and scattering by water molecules, which absorb red and infrared light while scattering shorter, blue-green wavelengths. Deeper water intensifies this effect, causing red light to weaken significantly, which alters the apparent color of objects submerged at depth.

 

Key Points:

1. Small volumes of water appear clear, while larger bodies exhibit a blue color due to the volume required for effective light absorption and scattering.

2. Water molecules absorb infrared and red light, but scatter blue-green wavelengths, giving the ocean its characteristic color.

3. The absorption of red light increases with water depth, diminishing its intensity and influencing how submerged objects are perceived.

4. At significant depths, red sea creatures appear black unless illuminated by an artificial light source.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 25: 세대별 챗봇 플랫폼 선호도 차이

 

The above graph shows the percentage of preferable chatbot platforms by age categorized by Generation Z, Millennials, and Generation X. Millennials and Generation X had the highest percentage of respondents who preferred Desktop Websites while Generation Z had the highest percentage for Messenger Apps. In Generation Z, the percentage of respondents who preferred Mobile Apps was more than twice that of those who preferred Voice Assistant Devices. Messenger Apps was the only platform where the percentage of respondents' preference for it sank lower and lower from Generation Z, to Millennials, to Generation X. The percentage point gap between Millennial and Generation X respondents who preferred Mobile Apps was larger than the percentage point gap between the same two groups for Voice Assistant Devices. The percentage of respondents who preferred Mobile Websites was the lowest in all the age groups.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Generational Preferences for Chatbot Platforms: A Comparative Analysis

2. Trends in Chatbot Platform Preferences Across Generation Z, Millennials, and Generation X

3. The Shift in Chatbot Usage: From Desktop to Mobile and Messenger Apps Among Different Generations

4. Analyzing the Decline in Messenger App Preferences from Generation Z to Generation X

 

Main Idea #1:

Millennials and Generation X show a strong preference for desktop websites, whereas Generation Z favors messenger apps.

 

Main Idea #2:

While messenger apps are most popular with Generation Z, their preference drops markedly among older generations, showing a clear generational divide in chatbot platform choices.

 

Summary:

The preferences for chatbot platforms vary significantly by age, with Millennials and Generation X opting for desktop websites, and Generation Z preferring messenger apps. The use of mobile apps is notably higher in Generation Z than voice assistant devices, and messenger app preference decreases progressively with older generations. Among all age groups, mobile websites are the least favored option.

 

Key Points:

1. Desktop websites are the preferred chatbot platform for Millennials and Generation X.

2. Generation Z predominantly prefers messenger apps over other platforms.

3. The preference for messenger apps decreases with each older generation.

4. Mobile apps are more popular among Generation Z compared to voice assistants, which are less favored.

5. Mobile websites have the lowest preference rate across all generations.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 26: José Saramago 문학적 경력과 영향

 

José Saramago was born in 1922 to a family of farmers in a little village north of Lisbon. For financial reasons he abandoned his high-school studies and worked as a mechanic. At this time, he acquired a taste for reading and started to frequent a public library in Lisbon in his free time. After trying different jobs in the civil service, he worked for a publishing company for twelve years and then as an editor of the newspaper 'Diario de Noticias.' Between 1975 and 1980 Saramago supported himself as a translator, but after his literary successes in the 1980s he devoted himself to his own writing. He achieved worldwide recognition in 1982 with the humorous love story Baltasar and Blimunda, a novel set in 18th-century Portugal. Saramago's oeuvre totals 30 works, and comprises not only novels but also poetry, essays and drama.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. José Saramago: From Mechanic to Internationally Acclaimed Author

2. The Evolution of José Saramago: Early Struggles to Literary Stardom

3. The Life and Works of José Saramago: Portugal's Literary Treasure

4. From Humble Beginnings to Literary Greatness: The Journey of José Saramago

 

Main Idea #1:

José Saramago rose from a modest upbringing to become a celebrated writer, initially working as a mechanic and later devoting himself to writing after various jobs.

 

Main Idea #2:

Saramago gained international fame with his novel "Baltasar and Blimunda," which marked a turning point in his career, leading him to focus solely on his literary pursuits.

 

Summary:

José Saramago, born in a small village north of Lisbon in 1922, transitioned from a mechanic to a globally recognized author. He explored different vocations before achieving literary success with "Baltasar and Blimunda" in 1982. His diverse body of work, totaling 30 publications including novels, poetry, essays, and drama, reflects his profound impact on literature.

 

Key Points:

1. Born to a farming family in 1922, José Saramago faced early financial hardships that led him to drop out of high school.

2. He developed a passion for reading while working as a mechanic and visiting a public library in Lisbon.

3. Saramago held various jobs, including working in civil service and publishing, before dedicating himself to writing.

4. His breakthrough came with the novel "Baltasar and Blimunda," after which he focused entirely on writing.

5. Saramago's extensive oeuvre includes novels, poetry, essays, and drama, showcasing his versatility as a writer.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 29: 새로운 병원균의 적응과 전파 과정

 

When a new pathogen emerges, one way it transitions from wherever it has been living into a new host may be the acquisition of new traits. Imagine that in its hourly struggle to survive over long periods of time and many generations, a fungus species might acquire a protective capsule ― a bit of coating ― that shields it or even masks it from other microbes or cells. Then it acquires some enzymes that enable it to survive whatever chemicals other microbes might throw at it. If it can overcome these chemicals, it may also overcome the same or similar chemicals used as antifungal drugs. Maybe it also evolves to tolerate warmer temperatures. Now we've got a yeast that once made its home in an apple tree or in a wetland but that at this point can live quite happily in our body, hide from our immune system, and disarm our drugs. Then some of us carry it from one country to another and then another, and eventually it finds a host in a hospital patient who has recently received an organ transplant or is elderly with a weakened immune system.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Evolutionary Journey of Pathogens from Nature to Human Hosts

2. Adapting to Survive: How Pathogens Develop Traits for Host Transition

3. The Emergence of Drug-Resistant Pathogens Through Natural Adaptations

4. From Environmental Niches to Human Hosts: The Adaptation of Yeast Pathogens

 

Main Idea #1:

Pathogens like certain fungi can acquire new traits such as protective coatings and enzymes to survive environmental challenges and antimicrobial substances.

 

Main Idea #2:

Through evolutionary adaptations, these pathogens become capable of living in human hosts, evading the immune system, and resisting antifungal drugs, posing significant risks especially in vulnerable populations.

 

Summary:

Pathogens evolve over time, gaining traits that allow them to survive harsh conditions and resist antimicrobial drugs, which can enable them to infect and thrive in human hosts, including those with compromised immune systems, such as hospital patients or the elderly.

 

Key Points:

1. Pathogens acquire protective traits and enzymes that help them survive environmental and chemical challenges.

2. These adaptations can also make pathogens resistant to drugs used in medical treatment.

3. Originally non-human pathogens can evolve to live in human bodies and evade immune defenses.

4. Global travel can spread such pathogens, leading to infections in vulnerable populations like transplant recipients or the elderly.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 30: 감정이 기억 형성에 미치는 영향

 

Memory is shaped by emotions connected to an experience. For this reason, inaccuracies often hide the full picture of what happened. For example, a company might decide to hire a consultant to assist with a major project. During this project, the consultant demonstrated some personality traits that clashed with a couple of the executives involved. Through the course of the project, they were able to put aside the personality conflicts in order to see their vision become a reality. Ultimately, the project was a success, enabling the company to move forward and profit. At a later date, the company, remembering the previous success, expressed an interest in hiring the same consultant for another large project. The executives who struggled with his personality last time may most vividly remember their difficulty in overcoming his personality and related emotions. In this case, the success of the project fades into the background as they focus on their previous experience, colored by their feelings of discomfort. As a result, they convince the company to exclude the consultant, making project completion more difficult.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Impact of Emotional Memory on Professional Decisions and Project Outcomes

2. How Emotions Influence Memory Recall in Business Environments

3. The Role of Emotional Experiences in Shaping Business Decision-Making

4. Navigating Personality Conflicts in the Workplace: A Case Study on Memory Bias

 

Main Idea #1:

Emotions linked to experiences can significantly influence memory recall, potentially leading to biased decision-making in professional settings.

 

Main Idea #2:

In the case of hiring a consultant, previous conflicts overshadowed memories of project success, affecting future hiring decisions and possibly hindering project completion.

 

Summary:

Emotionally charged memories, such as the discomfort from personality clashes with a consultant, can overshadow the success of past collaborations, influencing future business decisions negatively and complicating project executions.

 

Key Points:

1. Emotional experiences can shape and sometimes distort the memory of events in a business context.

2. Successful outcomes may be overshadowed by negative interpersonal memories, affecting future decisions.

3. In the given scenario, past personality conflicts with a consultant led executives to focus on negative aspects, despite previous project success.

4. This selective memory recall resulted in the decision not to rehire the consultant, complicating the completion of a new project.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 31: 색상의 사회적 의미와 규제

 

As colors came to take on meanings and cultural significance within societies, attempts were made to restrict their use. The most extreme example of this phenomenon was the sumptuary laws. While these were passed in ancient Greece and Rome, and examples can be found in ancient China and Japan, they found their fullest expressions in Europe from the mid-twelfth century, before slowly disappearing in the early modern period. Such laws could touch on anything from diet to dress and furnishings, and sought to enforce social boundaries by encoding the social classes into a clear visual system: the peasants, in other words, should eat and dress like peasants; craftsmen should eat and dress like craftsmen. Color was a vital signifier in this social language ― dull, earthy colors like russet were explicitly confined to the poorest rural peasants, while bright ones like scarlet were the preserve of a select few.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Role of Color in Enforcing Social Hierarchies Through Sumptuary Laws

2. Color and Class: The Impact of Sumptuary Laws on Social Stratification

3. Historical Uses of Color to Define Social Boundaries and Class Distinctions

4. Sumptuary Laws: How Colors Signified Social Status from Ancient Times to the Early Modern Period

 

Main Idea #1:

Sumptuary laws utilized color as a key element to enforce social boundaries, dictating what colors different social classes could wear or display.

 

Main Idea #2:

These laws, peaking in Europe during the medieval period, regulated not only clothing but also diet and furnishings to maintain a clear visual distinction between social classes.

 

Summary:

Sumptuary laws historically used color to enforce social hierarchies, restricting vibrant colors like scarlet to the elite, while confining peasants to earthy tones. These regulations extended beyond attire to include diet and home decor, clearly delineating social classes through visual means.

 

Key Points:

1. Sumptuary laws were used to enforce social boundaries by controlling the use of color in clothing and other aspects of life.

2. These laws were prevalent in ancient Greece, Rome, China, Japan, and notably in medieval Europe.

3. Colors played a critical role in these laws, with bright colors reserved for the upper classes and dull colors for the lower classes.

4. The laws also regulated other aspects of daily life, such as diet and furnishings, to maintain visual distinctions between classes.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 32: 뇌가 외부 세계를 인식하는 방식

 

John Douglas Pettigrew, a professor of psychology at the University of Queensland, found that the brain manages the external world by dividing it into separate regions, the peripersonal and the extrapersonal ― basically, near and far. Peripersonal space includes whatever is in arm's reach; things you can control right now by using your hands. This is the world of what's real, right now. Extrapersonal space refers to everything else ― whatever you can't touch unless you move beyond your arm's reach, whether it's three feet or three million miles away. This is the realm of possibility. With those definitions in place, another fact follows, obvious but useful: any interaction in the extrapersonal space must occur in the future. Or, to put it another way, distance is linked to time. For instance, if you're in the mood for a peach, but the closest one is sitting in a bin at the corner market, you can't enjoy it now. You can only enjoy it in the future, after you go get it.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Understanding the Brain's Division of the World: Peripersonal and Extrapersonal Spaces

2. The Psychological Concepts of Near and Far: Insights from John Douglas Pettigrew

3. Spatial Divisions in the Brain: Immediate Realities and Distant Possibilities

4. How Distance Influences Perception and Interaction: A Psychological Perspective

 

Main Idea #1:

John Douglas Pettigrew discovered that the brain categorizes the external world into peripersonal (near) and extrapersonal (far) spaces, determining how we interact with our environment.

 

Main Idea #2:

This spatial division implies that anything within the extrapersonal space, or beyond immediate reach, involves future interactions, linking distance directly to time.

 

Summary:

John Douglas Pettigrew's research shows that the brain divides the world into peripersonal and extrapersonal spaces, the former being within arm's reach and the latter beyond it. This division highlights that interactions with distant objects or events, located in the extrapersonal space, are inherently linked to future actions.

 

Key Points:

1. Peripersonal space includes everything within arm's reach, directly controllable and tangible in the present.

2. Extrapersonal space encompasses all that lies beyond immediate reach, requiring movement and planning to interact.

3. The brain's spatial division reflects how we perceive and interact with our environment, affecting our psychological and physical responses.

4. The concept that interactions in extrapersonal space must occur in the future underscores the relationship between distance and time.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 33: 곤충을 잡는 식충식물의 독특한 메커니즘

 

Insect-eating plants' unique strategies for catching live prey have long captured the public imagination. But even within this strange group, in which food-trapping mechanisms have evolved multiple times independently, some unusual ones stand out. According to Ulrike Bauer, an evolutionary biologist, the visually striking pitcher plant Nepenthes gracilis, for example, can exploit external energy for a purpose. This species' pitcher has a rigid, horizontal lid with an exposed underside that produces nectar, luring insects to land on it. When a raindrop strikes the lid's top, the lid jolts downward and throws any unsuspecting visitor into digestive juices below. Researchers used x-ray scans to analyze cross sections of the pitchers when the lid is raised, lowered, and in a neutral position. Their results revealed a structural weak point in the pitcher's neck: when a raindrop hits the lid, the weak spot folds in and forces the lid to quickly move downward, similar to a diving board. The weak point makes the pitcher's body bend and bounce back in a specific, consistent way, so the lid rises back up without bouncing too far ― unlike a typical leaf's chaotic vibration when struck by rain.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Ingenious Trap Mechanism of Nepenthes gracilis: Utilizing Raindrops as a Catalyst

2. Evolutionary Innovation in Carnivorous Plants: How Nepenthes gracilis Catches Its Prey

3. Rain-Triggered Prey Capture in the Pitcher Plant Nepenthes gracilis

4. Harnessing External Forces: The Unique Prey-Capturing Strategy of Nepenthes gracilis

 

Main Idea #1:

Nepenthes gracilis, a type of pitcher plant, has evolved a unique mechanism that uses the energy from raindrops to capture insects by causing its lid to snap shut.

 

Main Idea #2:

The plant's lid acts like a diving board, with a structural weak point that folds when hit by a raindrop, propelling unsuspecting insects into the pitcher for digestion.

 

Summary:

Nepenthes gracilis, a pitcher plant, exploits raindrops to catch prey by having a specialized lid that snaps shut when struck. Researchers discovered a weak point in the plant's structure that allows this rapid motion, efficiently trapping insects without excessive bouncing or vibration.

 

Key Points:

1. Nepenthes gracilis attracts insects with nectar on its horizontal lid.

2. The plant’s lid snaps shut when a raindrop hits, throwing insects into the digestive juices below.

3. X-ray scans reveal a structural weak point that facilitates this quick lid movement.

4. This mechanism is highly efficient, avoiding the chaotic vibrations typical of other leaves when impacted by rain.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 34: 어류의 자체 발광 기능과 생존 전략

 

Many fish generate their own light in a biological firework display called bioluminescence. The lanternfish creates beams that sweep the sea like headlamps. The dragonfish produces wavelengths that only it can see, leaving its victims unaware of the approaching threat. In contrast, the anglerfish hopes its prey will notice and be lured toward its rod-like bioluminescent barbel; its fierce jaws stay hidden in the shadows. Bioluminescence is also used to frustrate predators. A species from the spookfish family relies on a bellyful of symbiotic, glowing bacteria to save it from becoming a meal. It uses the same concept developed by the US Navy during World War II to make bomber aircraft difficult to see. Just as Project Yehudi designed planes with under-wing spotlights, the fish's glowing belly conceals its silhouette against sunlight to hide it from watching eyes below. In this fish-eat-fish world, survival is a game of hide-and-seek that prioritizes the sense of sight.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Art of Illumination: Bioluminescence in Marine Life for Predation and Defense

2. Natural Glow: How Marine Species Use Bioluminescence for Survival

3. Bioluminescent Tactics: Defensive and Offensive Strategies in Deep Sea Creatures

4. The Role of Bioluminescence in Marine Predator-Prey Dynamics

 

Main Idea #1:

Many fish species employ bioluminescence, creating their own light for various survival strategies, including predation and defense against predators.

 

Main Idea #2:

Bioluminescence is used by different species to either attract prey or camouflage themselves from predators, demonstrating its versatility as a survival tool in the ocean's depths.

 

Summary:

Bioluminescence serves as a critical survival tool in marine ecosystems, allowing species like lanternfish, dragonfish, and anglerfish to either hunt or hide. This natural phenomenon is adapted for offense in some species by attracting unsuspecting prey, while others use it defensively, mimicking wartime camouflage techniques to avoid predators.

 

Key Points:

1. Lanternfish use bioluminescence like headlamps to illuminate the deep sea and spot prey.

2. Dragonfish produce unique light wavelengths that are invisible to other species, making it a stealthy predator.

3. Anglerfish attract prey with a glowing lure, while hiding their dangerous jaws in the darkness.

4. Spookfish use glowing bacteria in their bellies to camouflage themselves against the light from above, similar to military counter-illumination tactics.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 35: 인류의 공통 조상과 생존 경쟁

 

The human race traces back to a surprisingly small number of common ancestors. It has been documented that the entire human race can be traced back to only seven different mothers, and one of these women is a common ancestor to roughly 40% of the human species. Why is this? The simple answer is that humans are extremely good at dying and at wiping each other out. History has had many successful rulers and conquerors who have got rid of entire populations, and even beyond that, our species has wiped out plenty of similar humanoid lines that existed on this earth. Scientific finds have so far discovered a number of other humanoid species that once shared the earth with us, some of which include Neanderthals and Denisovans. Yet of these lines, only homo sapiens have survived, only the modern humans. That itself shows how difficult it is for a species to survive and thrive long-term on this planet.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Genetic Bottlenecks and Ancestral Roots of Modern Humans

2. Tracing Humanity: From Seven Mothers to Global Domination

3. Survival of the Fittest: How Homo Sapiens Outlasted Other Humanoids

4. The Remarkable Resilience and Ruthlessness of Human Ancestors

 

Main Idea #1:

Humanity's lineage can be traced back to a surprisingly small group of ancestors, including seven maternal progenitors, with one woman being an ancestor to a significant portion of today's population.

 

Main Idea #2:

The dominance of Homo sapiens over other humanoid species, such as Neanderthals and Denisovans, highlights the harsh realities of survival and competition that have characterized human history.

 

Summary:

The human race originates from a small number of maternal ancestors, with extensive evidence suggesting one woman is a common ancestor to about 40% of all humans. This genetic bottleneck reflects the harsh history of human survival, where many other humanoid species were wiped out, leaving only Homo sapiens to continue the lineage.

 

Key Points:

1. Genetic studies have identified that all humans share a remarkably small number of common maternal ancestors.

2. One of these ancestors is particularly significant, contributing genetically to 40% of the modern human population.

3. Historical patterns of conquest and extinction have played a crucial role in shaping the current human gene pool.

4. Homo sapiens are the sole survivors among several humanoid species that once inhabited Earth, emphasizing the harsh conditions and competitive nature of human evolution.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 36: 시간 여행의 개념에 대한 철학적 탐구

 

Philosophers who seek to understand the nature of time might consider the possibility of time travel. But there are no real-life cases of time travel. In situations such as this, philosophers often construct thought experiments ―imagined scenarios that bring out the thoughts and presuppositions underlying people's judgments. Sometimes these scenarios are drawn from books, movies, and television. Other times, philosophers just make up their own scenarios. Either way, the point is to put such concepts to the test. In the case of time travel, for example, a common thought experiment is to imagine what would happen if you went back in time and found yourself in a position to interfere in such a way that you were never born. It seems that something must happen to prevent you from doing this, because if you were to succeed, you would not exist and so you would not have been able to go back in time. As a result of thinking through these sorts of cases, some philosophers claim that the very notion of time travel makes no sense.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Exploring the Paradoxes of Time Travel Through Philosophical Thought Experiments

2. The Logical Conundrums of Time Travel: A Philosophical Inquiry

3. Time Travel in Philosophy: Examining the Grandfather Paradox

4. Testing the Boundaries of Time Travel with Thought Experiments

 

Main Idea #1:

Philosophers use thought experiments to explore the theoretical possibility of time travel and the logical problems associated with it.

 

Main Idea #2:

A common philosophical scenario involves the paradox where time travelers might prevent their own existence, leading some philosophers to question the coherence of time travel as a concept.

 

Summary:

Philosophers utilize thought experiments, including hypothetical scenarios drawn from popular culture or their own imaginations, to probe the complexities and paradoxes of time travel. One notable experiment involves the contradiction of altering past events in such a way that the time traveler never exists, challenging the logical possibility of time travel itself.

 

Key Points:

1. Philosophers employ thought experiments to understand and test the concept of time travel.

2. Scenarios often involve altering past events with significant personal consequences, such as preventing one's own birth.

3. These experiments reveal inherent logical contradictions, such as the impossibility of performing an action in the past that would negate the traveler's future existence.

4. The examination of these paradoxes often leads philosophers to conclude that time travel might be conceptually flawed.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 37: 수면  감각 정보의 차단 과정

 

A universal indicator of sleep is the loss of external awareness. You are no longer conscious of all that surrounds you, at least not explicitly. In actual fact, your ears are still 'hearing'; your eyes, though closed, are still capable of 'seeing.' All these signals still flood into the center of your brain while you sleep, but they are blocked by a perceptual barricade set up in a structure called the thalamus. The thalamus decides which sensory signals are allowed through its gate, and which are not. Should they be granted its permission to pass, they are sent to the cortex at the top of your brain, where they are consciously perceived. By locking its gates shut, the thalamus imposes a sensory blackout in the brain, preventing onward travel of those signals to the cortex. As a result, you are no longer consciously aware of the information broadcasts being transmitted from your outer sense organs. At this moment, your brain has lost waking contact with the outside world. Said another way, you are now asleep.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. How the Thalamus Controls Sensory Input During Sleep

2. The Role of the Thalamus in Sensory Processing and Sleep Awareness

3. Understanding the Mechanism of Sensory Blackout in Sleep

4. The Thalamus: Gatekeeper of Conscious Awareness in Sleep

 

Main Idea #1:

During sleep, the thalamus acts as a gatekeeper by selectively blocking sensory signals from reaching the cortex, resulting in a loss of external awareness.

 

Main Idea #2:

This sensory blockade ensures that although the brain continues to receive inputs from the senses, these do not reach the consciousness, thereby maintaining the state of sleep.

 

Summary:

In sleep, the thalamus prevents sensory signals from passing to the cortex, effectively cutting off conscious awareness of the external world. This mechanism ensures that, despite ongoing sensory activity, the brain remains detached from waking perceptions and fully engaged in the sleep state.

 

Key Points:

1. Loss of external awareness is a key indicator of sleep, characterized by a sensory blackout.

2. The thalamus plays a crucial role by filtering sensory information received during sleep.

3. Only signals approved by the thalamus are forwarded to the cortex for conscious perception.

4. By blocking most sensory inputs, the thalamus helps maintain the unconscious state necessary for sleep.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 38: 윤리적 의사결정에서의 감정적 요소

 

Emotional response to the world is an inherent part of ethics. In ethics, appeals to compassion and empathy can and should be part of rational arguments about ethical decisions. Moreover, the best practices of objectivity often combine partiality and impartiality. In a trial, the partiality of the prosecutor and the defense attorney (and the parties they represent) occurs within a larger impartial context. A judge or jury puts partial arguments to the test of objective evidence and to the impartial rules of law. Ideally, what is fair and objective emerges during a trial where partialities make their case and are judged by objective norms. The norms of objectivity were constructed not because their creators thought most humans could be 'empty' of bias. The reverse is true: the norms were constructed because of an acute awareness of human bias, because it is evident. Rather than conclude that objectivity is impossible because bias is universal, scientists, journalists, and others concluded the opposite: we biased humans need the discipline of objectivity to reduce the ineliminable presence of bias.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Role of Emotional Intelligence in Ethical Decision-Making

2. Balancing Partiality and Impartiality in Ethical Judgments

3. The Construct of Objectivity in Response to Human Bias

4. Ethics, Emotions, and Objectivity: A Framework for Rational Decisions

 

Main Idea #1:

Emotional responses such as compassion and empathy are integral to forming rational ethical arguments and decisions.

 

Main Idea #2:

Objectivity in ethics is achieved by acknowledging and balancing both partial and impartial elements, as seen in legal trials where objective norms assess partial arguments.

 

Summary:

Ethical decision-making incorporates both emotional responses and objectivity, acknowledging human bias while striving for impartiality. In legal contexts, the interplay of partiality and impartiality helps reveal what is fair through the application of objective norms, demonstrating that objectivity is necessary despite inherent biases.

 

Key Points:

1. Compassion and empathy are essential components of ethical reasoning, complementing rational analysis.

2. Objectivity in ethics involves a synthesis of partial and impartial perspectives to achieve fairness.

3. Legal trials exemplify how objective evidence and impartial laws assess partial arguments from opposing sides.

4. The norms of objectivity were developed not from an unrealistic expectation of bias-free humans but from a recognition of the ubiquity of bias and the need for a systematic approach to mitigate it.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 39: 고양이의 야간 시력과 생물학적 적응

 

The fact that cats' eyes glow in the dark is part of their enhanced light-gathering efficiency; there is a reflective layer behind the retina, so light can hit the retina when it enters the eye, or when it is reflected from behind the retina. Light that manages to miss the retina exits the eye and creates that ghostly glow. When cats' light-gathering ability is combined with the very large population of rods in their eyes, the result is a predator that can see exceptionally well in the dark. Cats 'pay' for this nighttime accuracy with less accurate daytime vision and an inability to focus on close objects. This may seem counterproductive; what is the point of seeing a mouse in the dark if, in that final, close moment, the cat can't focus on it? Tactile information comes into play at this time; cats can move their whiskers forward and use them to get information about objects within the grasp of their jaws. So the next time you see a cat seeming to nap in the bright sunlight, eyes half-closed, remember that it may simply be shielding its retina from a surplus of light.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Science Behind Cats' Night Vision and Its Trade-offs

2. How Cats See: Nighttime Predators with Compromised Day Vision

3. The Dual Nature of Feline Vision: Superior Night Sight at a Cost

4. Understanding the Mechanisms and Limitations of Cat Vision

 

Main Idea #1:

Cats' eyes contain a reflective layer behind the retina which enhances their ability to gather light, enabling them to see exceptionally well in the dark.

 

Main Idea #2:

While cats excel in nighttime vision due to their eye structure and a high density of rods, they experience less accurate vision in daylight and difficulty focusing on close objects.

 

Summary:

Cats have evolved to have excellent night vision, supported by a reflective layer behind the retina and numerous rods in their eyes, which allows them to see in low light. However, this adaptation comes at the cost of less precise vision during the day and difficulty focusing on nearby objects, which they compensate for using their whiskers to gather tactile information.

 

Key Points:

1. Cats' eyes have a reflective layer called the tapetum lucidum that enhances night vision by reflecting light that passes through the retina back into it.

2. This structure allows cats to see well in low-light conditions, making them effective nocturnal hunters.

3. Their daytime vision is compromised, and they have a limited ability to focus on objects close to them.

4. Cats use their whiskers as tactile sensors to compensate for their near-focus limitations, helping them detect nearby objects effectively.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 40: 미술관 방문  대화 감소가 감정 반응 증가

 

In one study, researchers gave more than five hundred visitors to an art museum a special glove that reported their movement patterns along with physiological data such as their heart rates. The data showed that when people were not distracted by chatting with companions, they actually had a stronger emotional response to the art. Of course, there's nothing wrong with chatting and letting the art slide past, but think of the inspiration those museum visitors missed out on. Then apply that to life in general. When we surround ourselves with other people, we're not just missing out on the finer details of an art exhibition. We're missing out on the chance to reflect and understand ourselves better. In fact, studies show that if we never allow ourselves to be alone, it's just plain harder for us to learn. Other research found that young people who cannot stand being alone were less likely to develop creative skills like playing an instrument or writing because the most effective practice of these abilities is often done while alone. [요약문] The study above shows avoiding conversation with companions while exploring an art museum intensifies emotional response to art, suggesting that absence of alone time may inhibit personal growth and learning.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Enhancing Emotional Responses to Art Through Solitude: Insights from a Museum Study

2. The Impact of Social Interaction on Art Appreciation and Personal Growth

3. The Benefits of Solitary Experiences in Enhancing Art Perception and Creativity

4. Exploring the Link Between Solitude and Emotional Engagement with Art

 

Main Idea #1:

Research involving art museum visitors with monitoring gloves showed that individuals had stronger emotional responses to art when they were not distracted by conversation.

 

Main Idea #2:

The study suggests that solitude not only enhances art appreciation but also plays a crucial role in personal development and the acquisition of creative skills.

 

Summary:

A study monitoring museum visitors found that those who explored art alone had heightened emotional responses compared to those who chatted with companions. This highlights the broader benefits of solitude, which includes deeper personal reflection and better learning outcomes, as well as the development of creative abilities like music and writing, which require significant alone time.

 

Key Points:

1. Visitors to an art museum who wore special gloves showed more intense emotional reactions to art when not conversing with others.

2. The absence of distractions allows for a deeper connection with art, suggesting that solitude can enhance sensory and emotional experiences.

3. Solitude is not only beneficial for appreciating art but is also crucial for personal growth and learning.

4. Independent activities, such as practicing musical instruments or writing, are most effectively developed in solitude,

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 41~42: 색맹의 생물학적  진화적 측면

 

There are a number of human characteristics that would seem to be disadvantageous yet continue to survive, generation after generation. One example is color blindness. Most color blindness is associated with genes on the X chromosome. Women have two X chromosomes, so if this problem occurs on one of them, the other can compensate. But men have only one X chromosome. If the mutation occurs there, that male is color blind. We might ask why such a deficiency would survive and not die out. To understand this, we can consider ancient hunter-gatherers, with the men doing most of the hunting for meat and the women doing most of the gathering of fruits and nuts. Gathering fruits, especially berries, and nuts is much more productive if it is easy to distinguish the red or purple fruit from the green leaves of the plant. If red-green color blindness were common among women, the resulting lack of productivity would likely cause this trait to die out relatively quickly. On the other hand, the men out hunting don't much rely on being able to contrast red from green. Most of the animals they are hunting have fur or feathers that help them hide. Rather than relying on color, the hunter relies on an acute ability to detect motion. It is conceivable that a reduction in color contrast in these circumstances might actually enhance one's ability to detect subtle motions. Given that a hunted animal blends into its surroundings, less background color variation would be less of a visual distraction.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Survival of Color Blindness: A Genetic Trait Shaped by Evolutionary Needs

2. Color Blindness in Humans: An Evolutionary Perspective on its Persistence

3. The Role of Color Perception in Hunter-Gatherer Societies and the Evolution of Color Blindness

4. Understanding Why Color Blindness Has Not Been Eliminated Through Evolution

 

Main Idea #1:

Color blindness, predominantly linked to the X chromosome, persists in human populations despite its seeming disadvantages, especially in males who only have one X chromosome.

 

Main Idea #2:

Evolutionary roles in ancient societies, where men primarily hunted and women gathered, may explain the survival of color blindness, as the mutation could have had minimal impact on hunting success while being more disadvantageous for gathering tasks.

 

Summary:

Color blindness continues to exist in humans due to its genetic basis and potentially advantageous implications in historical contexts. While it could pose a disadvantage in tasks like fruit gathering, where color differentiation is crucial, it may have offered benefits to hunters by reducing color distractions and enhancing motion detection.

 

Key Points:

1. Color blindness is linked to the X chromosome, with men at higher risk because they possess only one X chromosome.

2. The trait's persistence may be explained through the distinct roles of men and women in ancient hunter-gatherer societies.

3. While potentially detrimental for women gatherers who needed to distinguish colorful fruits, color blindness might have aided male hunters by minimizing visual distractions and enhancing their ability to spot movement.

4. This evolutionary perspective suggests that color blindness was not sufficiently disadvantageous to be selected against in human populations, particularly among men.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 43~45: 서로 다른 관점이 모두 옳을  있음을 깨달은 쌍둥이 자매

 

Pamela and Maggie were identical twins. Even their parents found it hard to tell them apart. But although they looked identical, they were different in every other way. They didn't have anything in common, so they fought all the time. Pamela thought that her sister was weird and incomprehensible, and of course Maggie felt the same way. For example, Pamela was always upset at her sister waking up early in the morning. She didn't understand why her sister couldn't finish what she needed to do at night and sleep peacefully the next morning. To Maggie, staying up past the time she began to feel sleepy was exhausting. Besides, she loved the fresh morning air. They had fights about simple things like this every day. Tired of the endless arguments, their mother Rachel decided to put an end to them. She would make them understand that each of their points of view could be correct. One day, the twins were brought to the dining table where a big board stood in the middle. Pamela sat on one side of the board and her twin on the other. Rachel asked Pamela what the color of the board was. "Black," she said. After hearing Pamela's answer, Rachel asked the same question to the other daughter. She replied it was white. Predictably, they began arguing. Rachel then asked them to switch seats. Each sitting on a new chair, they were surprised to realize the board was black on one side and white on the other. Understanding what their mother wanted to say, they promised they would never insist the other was wrong again.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Tale of Two Perspectives: A Lesson in Understanding from Identical Twins

2. Seeing Both Sides: How Identical Twins Learned the Value of Perspective

3. Black or White: A Mother's Strategy to End Twin Rivalry

4. The Two Sides of the Board: Teaching Twins About Perspective

 

Main Idea #1:

Pamela and Maggie, identical twins with differing preferences and habits, frequently argued due to their inability to understand each other’s perspectives.

 

Main Idea #2:

Their mother, Rachel, devised an educational exercise using a two-colored board to teach the twins that both perspectives could be valid, leading to a resolution in their conflicts.

 

Summary:

Identical in appearance but divergent in personality, Pamela and Maggie clashed over daily routines until their mother intervened with a lesson in perspective. Using a board painted black on one side and white on the other, she demonstrated that both twins' viewpoints could be correct depending on their perspective, resolving their conflicts by fostering mutual understanding.

 

Key Points:

1. Pamela and Maggie are identical twins who constantly fought over their differing lifestyles and perspectives.

2. Their mother, Rachel, tired of their endless bickering, planned an exercise to teach them about perspective.

3. During the exercise, each twin saw the board as a different color from opposite sides, leading to an argument.

4. By switching seats, they realized the board had two different colors, understanding that both of their views were correct.

5. This experience taught them the importance of acknowledging and respecting different perspectives, promising to not dismiss each other's viewpoints in the future.

 

 

 

 

 

<2024년도 5월 고3 영어 모의고사>의 한줄해석(좌지문 우해석) 자료 올립니다.
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ps.

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여러분의 작은 도움이 큰 힘이 됩니다! 

감사합니다~~

 

 

 

 

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[3] 2024 05 – 18영화 촬영 허가 요청서
① My name is Rohan Kaul, the producer of the upcoming film 'Upagrah.' 제 이름은 Rohan Kaul이고 곧 개봉할 영화'Upagrah'의 제작자입니다.
② I am reaching out to you regarding a matter of importance concerning the shooting of some scenes for our film. 저희 영화를 위한 일부 장면의 촬영과 관련하여 중요한 사항에 관해 당신에게 연락을 드립니다.
③ We have identified Gulab Park, Mumbai, as an ideal location for these scenes. 저희는 이 장면들을 위한 이상적인 장소로 Mumbai의 Gulab 공원을 찾았습니다.
④ We are hoping to conduct this shoot on 3rd June 2024, from 1 p.m. to 6 p.m. 저희는 2024년 6월 3일 오후 1시부터 오후 6시까지 이 촬영을 수행하기를 희망하고 있습니다.
⑤ We have chosen Monday for the shooting day to minimize traffic issues and disruption to the public. 저희는 교통 문제와 대중에게 끼칠 혼란을 최소화하기 위해 월요일을 촬영일로 선택했습니다.
⑥ During the shoot, our team promises to follow all rules and regulations, ensuring no inconvenience is caused to the public. 촬영 동안에, 저희 팀은 대중에게 어떠한 불편도 야기되지 않을 것을 확실히 하면서 모든 규칙과 규정을 준수할 것을 약속드립니다.
⑦ We would be so grateful if you granted permission for the shoot so that we can put the beautiful scenery of the park in our film. 저희 영화에 공원의 아름다운 배경을 담을 수 있도록 촬영을 위한 허가를 해 주신다면 우리는 매우 감사할 것입니다.
⑧ We look forward to your response. 당신의 답변을 고대합니다.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 19잘못된 퀴즈로 인한 학생의 긴장 해소
① Charles was taking a quiz in his math class. Charles는 수학 시간에 퀴즈를 보고 있었다.
② He stared at the questions, but they looked completely unfamiliar. 그는 그 문제들을 유심히 살펴보았지만 그것들은 완전히 낯설게 보였다.
③ Charles flipped through the pages of the quiz for a while. Charles는 한동안 퀴즈 문제지를 넘겨 보았다.
④ His palms grew sweaty as he realized that he didn't know a single answer. 그가 하나의 정답도 알지 못한다는 것을 깨닫고 그의 손바닥에서 땀이 났다.
⑤ A moment later, a few other students began raising their hands. 잠시 후 몇몇 다른 학생들이 손을 들기 시작했다.
⑥ One said, "I don't think we ever learned about the stuff on this quiz, Mrs. Smith." 한 학생이 "Smith 선생님, 제 생각에 저희는 이 퀴즈에 나오는 것들을 한 번도 배운 적이 없는 것 같아요."라고 말했다.
⑦ The teacher quickly looked over a copy of the quiz and announced, "I'm sorry, class. 선생님은 퀴즈 문제지를 빠르게 살펴보고 "미안해요, 여러분.
⑧ It appears that I have given you the wrong quiz by mistake. 실수로 여러분에게 잘못된 문제지를 준 것 같아요.
⑨ We'll take the right quiz next class." 우리는 다음 시간에 올바른 퀴즈를 보겠습니다."라고 알렸다.
⑩ As Charles heard what the teacher said, the tension in his shoulders began to melt away. Charles는 선생님이 말씀하신 것을 듣자 어깨의 긴장이 차츰 사라지기 시작했다.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 20중년의 연결 조직 부상에 대한 근육 훈련 권장
① When you are middle-aged, the risk of connective tissue injuries peaks as decreased load tolerance combines with continued high activity levels. 여러분이 중년이 되면 하중을 견디는 힘이 감소되고 그것이 계속된 높은 활동 수준과 결합하면서 결합 조직 부상의 위험이 최고조에 달한다.
② The path of least resistance is to stop doing the things that hurt ― avoid uncomfortable movements and find easier forms of exercise. 가장 무난한 방법은 아프게 하는 일들을 그만두는것인데 이를테면 불편한 움직임들을 피하며 더 쉬운 형태의 운동을 찾는 것이다.
③ However, that's the exact opposite of what you should do. 그러나 그것은 여러분이 해야 하는 것의 정확한 반대다.
④ There is a path forward. 앞으로 나아가는 길이 있다.
⑤ But it doesn't involve following the typical pain management advice of rest, ice, and medicine, which multiple reviews have shown is not effective for treating age-related joint pain and dysfunction. 하지만 그것은 휴식, 얼음찜질 및 의약품의 전형적인 통증 관리 조언을 따르는 것을 포함하지 않는데, 다수의 비평은 이것이 나이와 관련된 관절 통증과기능 장애를 치료하는 데 효과적이지 않다는 것을보여 주었다.
⑥ These methods do nothing more than treat superficial symptoms. 이 방법들은 표면적인 증상을 치료하는 것에 지나지 않는다.
⑦ The only practical solution is to strengthen your body with muscle training. 유일한 실질적인 해결책은 근육 훈련으로 여러분의신체를 강화하는 것이다.
⑧ Whether you've been training for a few years or a few decades, or haven't ever stepped foot in the weight room, it's not too late to restore your body, build real strength, and achieve your physical potential. 여러분이 몇 년이나 몇십 년 동안 운동을 해 왔든지혹은 체력 단련실에 발을 디딘 적이 전혀 없든지 간에 여러분의 몸을 회복하고, 실질적인 힘을 기르고,신체적인 잠재력을 실현하는 것은 너무 늦지 않다.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 21눈을 통한 시각적 인식의 메커니즘 설명
① Turn the lights out and point the beam of a small flashlight up into one of your eyes. 조명을 끄고 작은 손전등의 빛줄기가 여러분의 한쪽 눈 안을 향하게 하라.
② Shake the beam around while moving your gaze up and down. 여러분의 시선을 위아래로 움직이면서 빛줄기를 이리저리 흔들어라.
③ You should catch glimpses of what look like delicate branches. 여러분은 미세한 가지들처럼 보이는 것을 얼핏 보게 될 것이다.
④ These branches are shadows of the blood vessels that lie on top of your retina. 이 가지들은 여러분의 망막 위에 있는 혈관의 그림자들이다.
⑤ The vessels constantly cast shadows as light streams into the eye, but because these shadows never move, the brain ceases responding to them. 그 혈관들은 빛이 눈으로 흘러 들어오는 동안 끊임없이 그림자를 드리우지만, 이 그림자들은 절대 움직이지 않기 때문에 뇌가 이것들에 반응하는 것을멈춘다.
⑥ Moving the flashlight beam around shifts the shadows just enough to make them momentarily visible. 손전등 빛줄기를 이리저리 움직이는 것은 그림자가잠깐 눈에 보이게 할 만큼만 그림자를 이동시킨다.
⑦ Now you might wonder if you could cause an image to fade just by staring at something unmoving. 이제 여러분은 움직이지 않는 무언가를 단지 응시하는 것만으로도 이미지가 사라지도록 할 수 있는지 궁금해할지도 모른다.
⑧ But that is not possible because the visual system constantly jiggles the eye muscles, which prevents the perfect stabilization of images of the world. 그러나 시각 체계가 끊임없이 눈의 근육을 가볍게흔들고 있고 이것이 세상의 이미지들의 완벽한 안정화를 막기 때문에 그것은 불가능하다.
⑨ These muscle movements are unbelievably small, but their effect is huge. 이 근육의 움직임들은 믿을 수 없을 정도로 작지만그 효과는 엄청나다.
⑩ Without them, we would go blind by tuning out what we see shortly after fixating our gaze! 그것들이 없으면 우리는 시선을 고정한 직후에 보고 있는 것을 무시함으로써 보지 못하게 될 것이다!
⑪ It's an interesting notion: 이것은 흥미로운 개념이다.
⑫ Approximate perfection is better than perfect perfection. 근사치의 완벽함이 완벽한 완벽함보다 더 낫다.

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 22경제적 이익과 야생 보호 간의 대립
① Most opposition to wilderness preservation doesn't come from environmentalists but from corporate interests and developers. 야생 보호 구역 보존에 대한 대부분의 반대는 환경론자들로부터가 아니라 기업 관계자와 개발자들로부터 나온다.
② When wild places are designated as wilderness, they are closed to most commercial activities and residential or infrastructure development. 야생의 지역이 야생 보호 구역으로 지정되면 그 지역은 대부분의 상업 활동 및 주거 또는 기반 시설개발이 금지된다.
③ There is thus frequently an economic cost to wilderness preservation. 따라서 야생 보호 구역 보존에는 흔히 경제적인 비용이 존재한다.
④ Some critics claim that when wilderness and economic interests clash, economic interests should normally prevail. 일부 비평가들은 야생 보호 구역과 경제적 이익이충돌할 때 경제적 이익이 일반적으로 우세해야 한다고 주장한다.
⑤ This argument, even if it is sound, won't exclude all wilderness preservation efforts, because some wilderness areas have little economic value. 이러한 주장은, 비록 타당할지라도, 일부 야생 보호구역은 경제적인 가치가 거의 없기 때문에 모든 야생 보호 구역 보존 노력을 배제하지는 않을 것이다.
⑥ But a deeper problem with the argument is that it views nature from a human-focused and excessively economic point of view. 그러나 이 주장의 더 심층적인 문제점은 그것이 자연을 인간 중심적이고 지나치게 경제적인 관점에서본다는 것이다.
⑦ Allowing economic considerations to outweigh all other forms of value is inconsistent with the biocentric reasons that support wilderness preservation. 경제적인 고려 사항이 모든 다른 형태의 가치를 능가하도록 두는 것은 야생 보호 구역 보존을 지지하는 생명 중심적인 이유들에 부합하지 않는다.
⑧ Thus, while it certainly makes sense to weigh the economic costs of wilderness protection, especially when such costs are high, the biocentric values underlying wilderness preservation exclude viewing economic considerations as the most important. 따라서 특히 그러한 비용이 높을 때 야생 보호 구역보호의 경제적 비용을 따져 보는 것이 분명히 타당하지만, 야생 보호 구역 보존의 근본이 되는 생명중심적인 가치는 경제적인 고려를 가장 중요한 것으로 여기는 것을 배제한다.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 23카페인 섭취가  화학에 미치는 영향
① During the day, a molecule called adenosine builds up in your brain. 낮 동안에 아데노신이라고 불리는 분자가 여러분의뇌에 쌓인다.
② Adenosine binds with receptors on nerve cells, or neurons, slowing down their activity and making you feel drowsy. 아데노신은 신경 세포들, 다시 말해 뉴런들의 수용체들과 결합해 그것들의 활동을 늦추고 여러분이나른함을 느끼게 한다.
③ But caffeine is also able to bind with these receptors, and by doing so it blocks adenosine's effect, making your neurons fire more and keeping you alert. 그러나 카페인 역시 이 수용체들과 결합할 수 있고, 그렇게 함으로써 그것이 아데노신의 효과를 차단하여 뉴런을 더 활성화시키고 여러분이 깨어 있도록유지시킨다.
④ Caffeine also activates a gland at the base of your brain. 카페인은 또한 뇌 기저부의 분비선을 활성화시킨다.
⑤ This releases hormones that tell the adrenal glands on your kidneys to produce adrenaline, causing your heart to beat faster and your blood pressure to rise. 이것은 신장에 있는 부신이 아드레날린을 생산하도록 하는 호르몬을 분비시켜 여러분의 심장을 더욱빨리 뛰게 하고 혈압이 올라가게 한다.
⑥ If, however, your daily caffeine intake is consistent, your brain will adapt to it. 하지만 여러분의 하루 카페인 섭취량이 일정하다면뇌가 이에 적응할 것이다.
⑦ Your brain is like, 'Okay, every morning I'm getting this caffeine that's binding to these receptors and blocking adenosine from binding to them.' 여러분의 뇌는 이와 같다. '그래, 매일 아침 나는 이수용체들과 결합해서 아데노신이 그것들과 결합하는 것을 막는 이 카페인을 섭취하고 있군.'
⑧ So your brain creates extra receptors to give adenosine more of an opportunity to bind with them and have its usual effect. 그래서 여러분의 뇌는 아데노신에게 그것들(수용체)과 결합하여 평소의 효과를 낼 더 많은 기회를주기 위해 추가의 수용체들을 만들어 낸다.
⑨ And more adenosine is also produced to counteract the caffeine. 그리고 카페인에 대응하기 위해 더 많은 아데노신이 또한 생성된다.
⑩ That's why it takes more and more caffeine to have the same effect. 그것이 같은 효과를 내기 위해서 점점 더 많은 카페인이 필요한 이유다.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 24대양의 푸른색 발생 원인 설명
① When viewed from space, one of the Earth's most commanding features is the blueness of its vast oceans. 우주에서 보았을 때 지구의 가장 인상적인 특징들중 하나는 드넓은 바다의 푸르름이다.
② Small amounts of water do not indicate the color of these large bodies of water; when pure drinking water is examined in a glass, it appears clear and colorless. 적은 양의 물은 이러한 많은 양의 물의 색을 나타내지 않고, 깨끗한 식수가 유리잔 속에서 검사될 때그것은 맑고 무색인 것처럼 보인다.
③ Apparently a relatively large volume of water is required to reveal the blue color. 파란색을 드러내기 위해서는 분명 비교적 많은 양의 물이 필요하다.
④ Why is this so? 이것은 왜 그런 것일까?
⑤ When light penetrates water, it experiences both absorption and scattering. 빛이 물을 관통할 때 그것은 흡수와 산란 둘 다를겪는다.
⑥ Water molecules strongly absorb infrared and, to a lesser degree, red light. 물 분자는 적외선을 강하게 흡수하고 더 적은 정도로 붉은빛을 흡수한다.
⑦ At the same time, water molecules are small enough to scatter shorter wavelengths, giving water its blue-green color. 동시에 물 분자는 더 짧은 파장을 산란시키기에 충분히 작아서 물에 청록색을 부여한다.
⑧ The amount of long-wavelength absorption is a function of depth; the deeper the water, the more red light is absorbed. 장파장 흡수의 양은 수심의 작용이다. 즉, 물이 더깊을수록 더 많은 붉은빛이 흡수된다.
⑨ At a depth of 15m, the intensity of red light drops to 25% of its original value and falls to zero beyond a depth of 30m. 15미터 수심에서는 붉은빛의 강도가 기존 값의25%로 떨어지고 30미터 이상의 수심에서는 0으로떨어진다.
⑩ Any object viewed at this depth is seen in a blue-green light. 이 수심에서 보이는 모든 물체는 청록빛 내에서 보인다.
⑪ For this reason, red inhabitants of the sea, such as lobsters and crabs, appear black to divers not carrying a lamp. 이러한 이유로 바닷가재와 게와 같은 바다의 붉은색 서식 동물들은 램프를 들고 있지 않은 잠수부들에게는 검게 보인다.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 25세대별 챗봇 플랫폼 선호도 차이
① The above graph shows the percentage of preferable chatbot platforms by age categorized by Generation Z, Millennials, and Generation X. 위 그래프는 Z세대, 밀레니얼 세대 그리고 X세대로분류된 연령대별로 선호하는 챗봇 플랫폼의 비율을보여 준다.
② Millennials and Generation X had the highest percentage of respondents who preferred Desktop Websites while Generation Z had the highest percentage for Messenger Apps. 밀레니얼 세대와 X세대는 데스크톱 웹사이트를 선호하는 응답자의 가장 높은 비율을 가진 반면 Z세대는 메신저 앱에 대해 가장 높은 비율을 가졌다.
③ In Generation Z, the percentage of respondents who preferred Mobile Apps was more than twice that of those who preferred Voice Assistant Devices. Z세대 내에서, 모바일 앱을 선호하는 응답자의 비율은 음성 지원 장치를 선호하는 응답자 비율의 두배보다 더 높았다.
④ Messenger Apps was the only platform where the percentage of respondents' preference for it sank lower and lower from Generation Z, to Millennials, to Generation X. 메신저 앱은 Z세대, 밀레니얼 세대, X세대로 갈수록 그것에 대한 응답자의 선호 비율이 점점 더 낮아진 유일한 플랫폼이었다.
⑤ The percentage point gap between Millennial and Generation X respondents who preferred Mobile Apps was larger than the percentage point gap between the same two groups for Voice Assistant Devices. 모바일 앱을 선호하는 밀레니얼 세대와 X세대의 응답자의 비율 수치 격차는 음성 지원 장치에 대한 동일한 두 집단 사이의 비율 수치 격차보다 더 컸다.
⑥ The percentage of respondents who preferred Mobile Websites was the lowest in all the age groups. 모바일 웹사이트를 선호하는 응답자들의 비율은 모든 연령 집단에서 가장 낮았다.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 26: José Saramago 문학적 경력과 영향
① José Saramago was born in 1922 to a family of farmers in a little village north of Lisbon. José Saramago는 1922년에 Lisbon 북쪽의 작은마을에 있는 농부의 가정에서 태어났다.
② For financial reasons he abandoned his high-school studies and worked as a mechanic. 그는 재정적인 이유로 고등학교 공부를 그만두었고정비공으로 일을 했다.
③ At this time, he acquired a taste for reading and started to frequent a public library in Lisbon in his free time. 이때, 그는 독서에 흥미가 생겨 여가 시간에 Lisbon에 있는 공립 도서관을 자주 방문하기 시작했다.
④ After trying different jobs in the civil service, he worked for a publishing company for twelve years and then as an editor of the newspaper 'Diario de Noticias.' 공직에서 여러 가지 일을 해 본 뒤에 그는 출판사에서 12년간 일한 후, 신문사 'Diario de Noticias'의편집자로 일했다.
⑤ Between 1975 and 1980 Saramago supported himself as a translator, but after his literary successes in the 1980s he devoted himself to his own writing. 1975년부터 1980년까지 Saramago는 번역가로생계를 유지했지만 1980년대의 문학적인 성공 이후로는 자신의 글쓰기에 몰두했다.
⑥ He achieved worldwide recognition in 1982 with the humorous love story Baltasar and Blimunda, a novel set in 18th-century Portugal. 그는 18세기 포르투갈을 배경으로 한 소설인 해학적인 사랑 이야기 'Baltasar and Blimunda'로1982년에 세계적인 인정을 받았다.
⑦ Saramago's oeuvre totals 30 works, and comprises not only novels but also poetry, essays and drama. Saramago의 전체 작품은 총 30편에 이르고 소설뿐만 아니라 시, 수필, 희곡 등도 포함한다.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 29새로운 병원균의 적응과 전파 과정
① When a new pathogen emerges, one way it transitions from wherever it has been living into a new host may be the acquisition of new traits. 새로운 병원균이 출현할 때, 어디였든지 간에 그것이 살고 있던 곳으로부터 새로운 숙주로 전이하는한 가지 방법은 새로운 특성의 습득일 수 있다.
② Imagine that in its hourly struggle to survive over long periods of time and many generations, a fungus species might acquire a protective capsule ― a bit of coating ― that shields it or even masks it from other microbes or cells. 오랜 기간과 많은 세대를 거쳐 살아남기 위한 그것(균류종)의 매시간의 분투에서 균류종이 자신을 보호하거나 심지어 다른 미생물이나 세포로부터 자신을 숨기는 약간의 코팅인 보호용 피막을 얻을지도모른다는 것을 상상해 보라.
③ Then it acquires some enzymes that enable it to survive whatever chemicals other microbes might throw at it. 그다음에 그것은 다른 미생물들이 그것에게 던지는그 어떤 화학 물질로부터도 그것이 살아남게 해 주는 어떤 효소들을 얻는다.
④ If it can overcome these chemicals, it may also overcome the same or similar chemicals used as antifungal drugs. 만약 그것이 이러한 화학 물질들을 이겨낼 수 있다면, 그것은 항진균제로써 사용되는 똑같거나 비슷한 화학 물질들 또한 이겨낼 수 있다.
⑤ Maybe it also evolves to tolerate warmer temperatures. 아마도 그것은 또한 더 따뜻한 온도를 견디도록 진화한다.
⑥ Now we've got a yeast that once made its home in an apple tree or in a wetland but that at this point can live quite happily in our body, hide from our immune system, and disarm our drugs. 이제 우리는 한때 사과나무나 습지에 서식지를 만들었지만 이 시점에서는 우리의 몸속에서 꽤 행복하게 살고, 우리의 면역 체계로부터 숨고, 우리의약을 무장 해제시킬 수 있는 효모를 갖게 되었다.
⑦ Then some of us carry it from one country to another and then another, and eventually it finds a host in a hospital patient who has recently received an organ transplant or is elderly with a weakened immune system. 그러고 나서 우리 중 일부가 한 나라에서 다른 나라그리고 또 다른 나라로 그것을 옮기고 결국 그것은장기 이식을 최근에 받았거나 약해진 면역 체계를가진 노인인 병원 환자에서 숙주를 찾는다.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 30감정이 기억 형성에 미치는 영향
① Memory is shaped by emotions connected to an experience. 기억은 경험과 연결된 감정에 의해 형성된다.
② For this reason, inaccuracies often hide the full picture of what happened. 이러한 이유로 부정확성은 일어났던 일의 전체적인상황을 종종 숨긴다.
③ For example, a company might decide to hire a consultant to assist with a major project. 예를 들어 한 회사가 중대한 프로젝트를 조력할 한자문 위원을 고용하기로 결정했을 수 있다.
④ During this project, the consultant demonstrated some personality traits that clashed with a couple of the executives involved. 이 프로젝트 동안 그 자문 위원은 몇 명의 관여된경영진들과 부딪치는 몇몇 성격 특성들을 보여 주었다.
⑤ Through the course of the project, they were able to put aside the personality conflicts in order to see their vision become a reality. 프로젝트의 과정 동안 그들은 자신들의 비전이 실현되는 것을 보기 위해 그 성격 갈등을 한쪽으로 제쳐둘 수 있었다.
⑥ Ultimately, the project was a success, enabling the company to move forward and profit. 결국 프로젝트는 성공해서 회사가 진보하고 이익을얻는 것을 가능하게 했다.
⑦ At a later date, the company, remembering the previous success, expressed an interest in hiring the same consultant for another large project. 후일 그 회사는 이전의 성공을 기억하여 또 다른 큰프로젝트를 위해 같은 자문 위원을 고용하는 데 관심을 표했다.
⑧ The executives who struggled with his personality last time may most vividly remember their difficulty in overcoming his personality and related emotions. 지난번 그의 성격으로 고생했던 경영진들은 그의성격을 극복하는 것에 대한 그들의 어려움 및 연관된 감정들을 가장 생생히 기억할지 모른다.
⑨ In this case, the success of the project fades into the background as they focus on their previous experience, colored by their feelings of discomfort. 이런 경우에 그들이 불편이라는 감정에 의해 물든이전의 경험에 집중하기 때문에 프로젝트의 성공에대한 기억은 희미해진다.
⑩ As a result, they convince the company to exclude the consultant, making project completion more difficult. 결과적으로 그들은 회사가 그 자문 위원을 배제하도록 설득하여 프로젝트 완성을 더욱 어렵게 만든다.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 31색상의 사회적 의미와 규제
① As colors came to take on meanings and cultural significance within societies, attempts were made to restrict their use. 색들이 사회 내에서 의미와 문화적인 의의를 갖게됨에 따라 그것들의 사용을 제한하는 시도들이 이루어졌다.
② The most extreme example of this phenomenon was the sumptuary laws. 이 현상의 가장 극단적인 예시는 사치 금지법이었다.
③ While these were passed in ancient Greece and Rome, and examples can be found in ancient China and Japan, they found their fullest expressions in Europe from the mid-twelfth century, before slowly disappearing in the early modern period. 이것은 고대 그리스와 로마에서 통과되었고 실례들이 고대 중국과 일본에서 발견될 수 있지만, 그것은초기 근대에 서서히 사라지기 전에 12세기 중반부터 유럽에서 가장 완전하게 표출되었다.
④ Such laws could touch on anything from diet to dress and furnishings, and sought to enforce social boundaries by encoding the social classes into a clear visual system: 그러한 법들은 식단에서 의복과 가구까지 어떤 것에도 관여할 수 있었고 사회적인 계층을 분명한 시각적 체계로 부호화함으로써 사회적인 경계선을 강요하는 것을 추구했다.
⑤ the peasants, in other words, should eat and dress like peasants; craftsmen should eat and dress like craftsmen. 즉, 다시 말해서 농부는 농부처럼 먹고 입어야 하고기술자는 기술자처럼 먹고 입어야 한다.
⑥ Color was a vital signifier in this social language ― dull, earthy colors like russet were explicitly confined to the poorest rural peasants, while bright ones like scarlet were the preserve of a select few. 색은 이 사회적 언어에서 중대한 기표였는데, 황갈색과 같은 칙칙한 흙색은 가장 가난한 시골 농부들에게 명시적으로 국한된 반면 진홍색과 같은 밝은색들은 선택된 소수의 전유물이었다.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 32뇌가 외부 세계를 인식하는 방식
① John Douglas Pettigrew, a professor of psychology at the University of Queensland, found that the brain manages the external world by dividing it into separate regions, the peripersonal and the extrapersonal ― basically, near and far. Queensland 대학의 심리학 교수인 John Douglas Pettigrew는 뇌가 그것(외부 세계)을 '주변의'와 '외부의', 요컨대 '가깝다'와 '멀다'라는 별개의 부분들로 나눔으로써 외부 세계를 다룬다는 것을 알아냈다.
② Peripersonal space includes whatever is in arm's reach; things you can control right now by using your hands. 주변 공간은 팔이 닿는 범위 내에 있는 모든 것, 즉여러분의 손을 사용함으로써 당장 여러분이 통제할수 있는 것들을 포함한다.
③ This is the world of what's real, right now. 이것은 지금 당장 실제의 세계이다.
④ Extrapersonal space refers to everything else ― whatever you can't touch unless you move beyond your arm's reach, whether it's three feet or three million miles away. 외부 공간은 그 외 모든 것을 가리키는데, 즉 3피트든 3백만 마일 밖이든 여러분이 자신의 팔이 닿는범위를 넘어서서 움직이지 않으면 만질 수 없는 모든 것이다.
⑤ This is the realm of possibility. 이것은 가능성의 영역이다.
⑥ With those definitions in place, another fact follows, obvious but useful: any interaction in the extrapersonal space must occur in the future. 그러한 정의들이 자리 잡힌 상태에서 뻔하지만 유용한 또 하나의 사실이 따라온다. 즉, 외부 공간에서의모든 상호 작용은 미래에 일어나야만 한다는 것이다.
⑦ Or, to put it another way, distance is linked to time. 또는, 달리 말하면, 거리는 시간과 연관되어 있다.
⑧ For instance, if you're in the mood for a peach, but the closest one is sitting in a bin at the corner market, you can't enjoy it now. 예를 들어 만약 여러분이 복숭아를 원하지만 가장가까운 것이 모퉁이 가게의 상자에 있다면, 여러분은 지금 그것을 즐길 수 없다.
⑨ You can only enjoy it in the future, after you go get it. 여러분은 오직 미래에 즉 그것을 사러 간 후에 즐길수 있다.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 33곤충을 잡는 식충식물의 독특한 메커니즘
① Insect-eating plants' unique strategies for catching live prey have long captured the public imagination. 식충 식물의 살아 있는 먹이를 잡기 위한 독특한 전략들은 오랫동안 대중의 상상력을 사로잡아 왔다.
② But even within this strange group, in which food-trapping mechanisms have evolved multiple times independently, some unusual ones stand out. 그러나 심지어 먹이를 가두는 기제가 여러 번 독립적으로 진화해 온 이 이상한 무리 안에서조차 몇몇특이한 것들이 두드러진다.
③ According to Ulrike Bauer, an evolutionary biologist, the visually striking pitcher plant Nepenthes gracilis, for example, can exploit external energy for a purpose. 진화 생물학자인 Ulrike Bauer에 따르면 예를 들어시각적으로 인상적인 낭상엽 식물인 'Nepenthes gracilis'는 어떤 목적을 위해 외부의 에너지를 이용할 수 있다.
④ This species' pitcher has a rigid, horizontal lid with an exposed underside that produces nectar, luring insects to land on it. 이 종의 주머니 모양의 잎은 꿀을 생산하는 노출된아랫면을 지닌 단단하고 수평으로 된 뚜껑을 갖고있는데, 그것은 곤충들이 그 면에 앉도록 유혹한다.
⑤ When a raindrop strikes the lid's top, the lid jolts downward and throws any unsuspecting visitor into digestive juices below. 빗방울이 뚜껑의 윗면을 칠 때, 뚜껑은 아래쪽으로흔들려서 의심하지 않고 있는 어떤 방문객도 아래의소화액으로 떨구어 버린다.
⑥ Researchers used x-ray scans to analyze cross sections of the pitchers when the lid is raised, lowered, and in a neutral position. 연구원들은 뚜껑이 올려질 때, 내려질 때 그리고 중립 위치에 있을 때의 주머니 모양의 잎의 단면을 분석하기 위해 엑스선 정밀 검사를 사용했다.
⑦ Their results revealed a structural weak point in the pitcher's neck: when a raindrop hits the lid, the weak spot folds in and forces the lid to quickly move downward, similar to a diving board. 그것의 결과는 주머니 모양의 잎의 목 부분에서 구조상의 약한 부분을 밝혀냈다. 즉 빗방울이 뚜껑을칠 때 그 약한 지점은 안으로 접히고, 뚜껑이 아래로빠르게 움직이도록 만드는데, 그것은 다이빙 보드와비슷하다.
⑧ The weak point makes the pitcher's body bend and bounce back in a specific, consistent way, so the lid rises back up without bouncing too far ― unlike a typical leaf's chaotic vibration when struck by rain. 그 약한 부분은 주머니 모양의 잎의 몸통을 휘었다가 특정하고 일관된 방식으로 튀어서 되돌아오도록해서, 비에 맞을 때 보통의 잎의 무질서한 흔들림과달리 그 뚜껑은 너무 멀리 튀지 않고 다시 올라온다.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 34어류의 자체 발광 기능과 생존 전략
① Many fish generate their own light in a biological firework display called bioluminescence. 많은 물고기들은 생체 발광이라고 불리는 생물학적인 불꽃놀이로 자체의 빛을 생성한다.
② The lanternfish creates beams that sweep the sea like headlamps. 랜턴피시는 헤드라이트처럼 바다를 싹 비추는 빛줄기를 만들어 낸다.
③ The dragonfish produces wavelengths that only it can see, leaving its victims unaware of the approaching threat. 드래곤피시는 자신만이 볼 수 있는 파장을 생산해서 다가오는 위협을 먹잇감들이 인식하지 못하게한다.
④ In contrast, the anglerfish hopes its prey will notice and be lured toward its rod-like bioluminescent barbel; its fierce jaws stay hidden in the shadows. 대조적으로 앵글러피시는 먹이가 자신의 막대 모양의 생체 발광 수염을 알아채고 그것에 유인되기를바라는데, 그것(앵글러피시)의 사나운 턱이 그림자에 감춰져 있다.
⑤ Bioluminescence is also used to frustrate predators. 생체 발광은 또한 포식자들을 좌절시키는 데 사용된다.
⑥ A species from the spookfish family relies on a bellyful of symbiotic, glowing bacteria to save it from becoming a meal. 스푸크피시과(科)의 한 종은 식사거리가 되는 것으로부터 그것을 지켜주는 배에 가득 찬 공생하는 빛나는 박테리아에 의존한다.
⑦ It uses the same concept developed by the US Navy during World War II to make bomber aircraft difficult to see. 그것은 폭격기를 보기 어렵게 만들기 위해 제2차세계 대전 중에 미국 해군에 의해 개발된 동일한 발상을 사용한다.
⑧ Just as Project Yehudi designed planes with under-wing spotlights, the fish's glowing belly conceals its silhouette against sunlight to hide it from watching eyes below. Yehudi 프로젝트가 날개 아랫면에 환한 조명이 있는 비행기를 설계한 것처럼, 그 물고기의 빛나는 복부는 태양 빛에 대비되는 자신의 실루엣을 감춰서아래에서 주시하는 눈들로부터 그것을 숨긴다.
⑨ In this fish-eat-fish world, survival is a game of hide-and-seek that prioritizes the sense of sight. 물고기가 물고기를 잡아먹는 이 세상에서 생존은시각을 우선시하는 숨바꼭질 게임이다.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 35인류의 공통 조상과 생존 경쟁
① The human race traces back to a surprisingly small number of common ancestors. 인류는 놀랄 만큼 적은 수의 공통 조상으로 거슬러올라간다.
② It has been documented that the entire human race can be traced back to only seven different mothers, and one of these women is a common ancestor to roughly 40% of the human species. 전체 인류가 단 7명의 다른 어머니들로 거슬러 올라갈 수 있고 이 여성들 중 한 명은 대략 인간 종의40%의 공통 조상이라고 밝혀졌다.
③ Why is this? The simple answer is that humans are extremely good at dying and at wiping each other out. 이것은 왜일까? 간단한 답은 인간이 죽는 것과 서로를 몰살하는 것에 몹시 능숙하다는 것이다.
④ History has had many successful rulers and conquerors who have got rid of entire populations, and even beyond that, our species has wiped out plenty of similar humanoid lines that existed on this earth. 역사적으로 전체 인구를 제거한 많은 성공적인 통치자들과 정복자들이 존재해 왔으며, 심지어 그것을 넘어 우리 종은 이 지구에 존재했던 수많은 비슷한 인간에 가까운 계통들을 몰살해 왔다.
⑤ Scientific finds have so far discovered a number of other humanoid species that once shared the earth with us, some of which include Neanderthals and Denisovans. 과학적 발견들은 지금까지 한때 우리와 지구를 공유했던 많은 인간에 가까운 종들을 발견해 왔는데, 그들 중 몇몇은 네안데르탈인과 데니소바인을 포함한다.
⑥ Yet of these lines, only homo sapiens have survived, only the modern humans. 그러나 이 계통들 중에서 오직 호모사피엔스, 즉 현대의 인간들만이 살아남았다.
⑦ That itself shows how difficult it is for a species to survive and thrive long-term on this planet. 그 자체가 한 종이 이 행성에서 살아남아 장기적으로 번영하는 것이 얼마나 어려운지를 보여 준다.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 36시간 여행의 개념에 대한 철학적 탐구
① Philosophers who seek to understand the nature of time might consider the possibility of time travel. 시간의 본질을 이해하고자 하는 철학자들은 시간여행의 가능성을 고려할지도 모른다.
② But there are no real-life cases of time travel. 그러나 시간 여행의 실제 사례는 없다.
③ In situations such as this, philosophers often construct thought experiments ―imagined scenarios that bring out the thoughts and presuppositions underlying people's judgments. 이와 같은 상황들에서 철학자들은 사고 실험, 즉 사람들의 판단의 기초가 되는 생각과 전제를 끌어내는 상상의 시나리오를 종종 구성한다.
④ Sometimes these scenarios are drawn from books, movies, and television. 때때로 이러한 시나리오들은 책, 영화 그리고 텔레비전으로부터 얻어진다.
⑤ Other times, philosophers just make up their own scenarios. 다른 때에는 철학자들이 그냥 자신들만의 시나리오를 지어낸다.
⑥ Either way, the point is to put such concepts to the test. 어느 쪽이든, 요점은 그러한 개념들을 시험해 보는것이다.
⑦ In the case of time travel, for example, a common thought experiment is to imagine what would happen if you went back in time and found yourself in a position to interfere in such a way that you were never born. 예를 들어 시간 여행의 경우 일반적인 사고 실험은만약 여러분이 시간을 거슬러 가서 여러분이 결코태어나지 않았다는 식으로 개입할 위치에 있는 자신을 발견한다면 어떤 일이 일어났을지를 상상하는것이다.
⑧ It seems that something must happen to prevent you from doing this, because if you were to succeed, you would not exist and so you would not have been able to go back in time. 여러분이 그렇게 하는 것을 막기 위해 무슨 일이 일어나야 하는 것처럼 보이는데, 왜냐하면 만약 여러분이 성공한다면, 여러분은 존재하지 않을 것이고그래서 여러분은 시간을 거슬러 갈 수 없었을 것이기 때문이다.
⑨ As a result of thinking through these sorts of cases, some philosophers claim that the very notion of time travel makes no sense. 이러한 종류의 사례들을 통해 생각한 결과, 일부 철학자들은 시간 여행이라는 바로 그 개념이 말이 되지 않는다고 주장한다.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 37수면  감각 정보의 차단 과정
① A universal indicator of sleep is the loss of external awareness. 수면의 한 보편적인 지표는 외부 인식의 상실이다.
② You are no longer conscious of all that surrounds you, at least not explicitly. 여러분은 자신을 둘러싸고 있는 모든 것을, 최소한겉으로 보기에는, 더 이상 의식하지 않는다.
③ In actual fact, your ears are still 'hearing'; your eyes, though closed, are still capable of 'seeing.' 실상은 여러분의 귀는 여전히 '듣고' 있고, 눈은, 감겨 있지만, 여전히 '보는 것'이 가능하다.
④ All these signals still flood into the center of your brain while you sleep, but they are blocked by a perceptual barricade set up in a structure called the thalamus. 이 모든 신호들은 여러분이 자는 동안 여전히 뇌의중심부로 흘러들어 가지만, 그것들은 시상이라고불리는 조직에 설치된 지각의 바리케이드에 의해차단된다.
⑤ The thalamus decides which sensory signals are allowed through its gate, and which are not. 시상은 그것의 문을 통해 어떤 감각 신호들이 들여보내질지, 어떤 것들이 그렇지 않을지를 결정한다.
⑥ Should they be granted its permission to pass, they are sent to the cortex at the top of your brain, where they are consciously perceived. 그것들이 그것(시상)의 통행 허가를 받게 된다면, 그것들은 여러분의 뇌 상부에 있는 대뇌피질로 보내지는데, 거기서 그것들은 의식적으로 지각된다.
⑦ By locking its gates shut, the thalamus imposes a sensory blackout in the brain, preventing onward travel of those signals to the cortex. 그것의 문을 닫아 잠금으로써 시상은 뇌에 감각 정전을 가하고, 그 신호들의 대뇌피질을 향한 전진 이동을 막는다.
⑧ As a result, you are no longer consciously aware of the information broadcasts being transmitted from your outer sense organs. 그 결과 여러분은 외부 감각 기관으로부터 전송되고 있는 정보 방송을 더 이상 의식적으로 인식하지못한다.
⑨ At this moment, your brain has lost waking contact with the outside world. 이 순간 여러분의 뇌는 외부 세계와의 깨어 있는 접촉을 잃었다.
⑩ Said another way, you are now asleep. 다른 말로 하면, 여러분은 지금 잠이 든 것이다.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 38윤리적 의사결정에서의 감정적 요소
① Emotional response to the world is an inherent part of ethics. 세상에 대한 감정적 반응은 윤리학의 내재적인 부분이다.
② In ethics, appeals to compassion and empathy can and should be part of rational arguments about ethical decisions. 윤리학에서 연민과 공감에 대한 호소는 윤리적 결정에 대한 합리적인 주장의 일부가 될 수 있고 또그래야 한다.
③ Moreover, the best practices of objectivity often combine partiality and impartiality. 더욱이 객관성의 가장 좋은 실천들은 종종 편파성과 공정성을 결합한다.
④ In a trial, the partiality of the prosecutor and the defense attorney (and the parties they represent) occurs within a larger impartial context. 재판에서 검사와 변호인(및 그들이 대리하는 당사자들)의 편파성은 더 큰 공정한 맥락 안에서 발생한다.
⑤ A judge or jury puts partial arguments to the test of objective evidence and to the impartial rules of law. 판사나 배심원은 편파적인 주장들을 객관적인 증거의 시험대와 공정한 법 원칙에 맡긴다.
⑥ Ideally, what is fair and objective emerges during a trial where partialities make their case and are judged by objective norms. 이상적으로, 공정하고 객관적인 것은 편파성이 자신의 주장을 하고 객관적인 규범에 의해 판단되는재판 동안 드러난다.
⑦ The norms of objectivity were constructed not because their creators thought most humans could be 'empty' of bias. 객관성의 규범은 그것을 만든 사람들이 대부분의인간은 편견이 '없을' 수 있다고 생각했기 때문에 만들어진 것이 아니다.
⑧ The reverse is true: the norms were constructed because of an acute awareness of human bias, because it is evident. 그 반대가 사실인데, 그 규범은 인간의 편견에 대한예리한 인식 때문에, 즉 그것이 명백하게 나타나기때문에 만들어졌다.
⑨ Rather than conclude that objectivity is impossible because bias is universal, scientists, journalists, and others concluded the opposite: 편견이 보편적이기 때문에 객관성이 불가능하다고결론을 내리기보다는 과학자, 언론인 그리고 다른이들은 반대의 결론을 내렸다.
⑩ we biased humans need the discipline of objectivity to reduce the ineliminable presence of bias. 즉 우리 편향된 인간은 제거할 수 없는 편견의 존재를 줄이기 위해 객관성의 규율을 필요로 한다는 것이다.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 39고양이의 야간 시력과 생물학적 적응
① The fact that cats' eyes glow in the dark is part of their enhanced light-gathering efficiency; there is a reflective layer behind the retina, so light can hit the retina when it enters the eye, or when it is reflected from behind the retina. 고양이의 눈이 어둠 속에서 빛난다는 사실은 그것의 강화된 집광 효율성의 일부인데, 망막 뒤에는 반사 층이 있어서 빛이 눈에 들어올 때나 망막 뒤에서반사될 때 그것이 망막에 닿을 수 있다.
② Light that manages to miss the retina exits the eye and creates that ghostly glow. 망막을 어떤 식으로든 벗어난 빛은 눈을 빠져나와그 유령 같은 빛을 만들어 낸다.
③ When cats' light-gathering ability is combined with the very large population of rods in their eyes, the result is a predator that can see exceptionally well in the dark. 고양이의 집광 능력이 고양이의 눈 속 매우 많은 간상체의 개체 수와 결합될 때, 그 결과는 어둠 속에서 유난히 잘 볼 수 있는 포식자이다.
④ Cats 'pay' for this nighttime accuracy with less accurate daytime vision and an inability to focus on close objects. 고양이는 덜 정확한 주간 시력과 가까운 물체에 초점을 못 맞추는 것으로 이러한 야간의 정확성에 대한 '대가를 지불한다.'
⑤ This may seem counterproductive; what is the point of seeing a mouse in the dark if, in that final, close moment, the cat can't focus on it? 이것은 비생산적으로 보일 수 있는데, 만약 고양이가 그 마지막, 아슬아슬한 순 간에 그것(쥐)에 초점을 맞출 수 없다면 어둠 속에서 쥐를 보는 것이 무슨 의미가 있을까?
⑥ Tactile information comes into play at this time; cats can move their whiskers forward and use them to get information about objects within the grasp of their jaws. 이때 촉각 정보가 작용하기 시작하는데, 고양이들은 콧수염을 앞으로 움직여서 그들의 턱으로 물 수있는 범위 내의 물체들에 대한 정보를 얻는 데 사용할 수 있다.
⑦ So the next time you see a cat seeming to nap in the bright sunlight, eyes half-closed, remember that it may simply be shielding its retina from a surplus of light. 그러므로 다음번에 여러분이 밝은 햇빛 속에서, 눈이 반쯤 감긴 채로, 낮잠을 자고 있는 것처럼 보이는 고양이를 보면, 그것이 단순히 과도한 빛으로부터 망막을 보호하고 있을 뿐일 수도 있다는 것을 기억하라.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 40미술관 방문  대화 감소가 감정 반응 증가
① In one study, researchers gave more than five hundred visitors to an art museum a special glove that reported their movement patterns along with physiological data such as their heart rates. 한 연구에서 연구자들은 500명 이상의 한 미술관방문객들에게 심박수와 같은 생리학적인 데이터와함께 그들의 움직임 패턴을 보고하는 특별한 장갑을 주었다.
② The data showed that when people were not distracted by chatting with companions, they actually had a stronger emotional response to the art. 그 데이터는 사람들이 동행자들과 수다를 떠는 것에 의해 주의를 빼앗기지 않을 때 그들이 실제로 예술품에 더 강한 감정적인 반응을 가진다는 것을 보여 주었다.
③ Of course, there's nothing wrong with chatting and letting the art slide past, but think of the inspiration those museum visitors missed out on. 물론 수다를 떨고 예술품을 지나치는 것은 잘못된것이 아니지만 그 미술관 방문객들이 놓친 영감을생각해 보라.
④ Then apply that to life in general. 그다음에 그것을 일반적인 삶에 적용하라.
⑤ When we surround ourselves with other people, we're not just missing out on the finer details of an art exhibition. 우리가 다른 사람들과 함께 있을 때 우리는 단지 미술 전시회의 더 세부적인 사항을 놓치고 있는 것만이 아니다.
⑥ We're missing out on the chance to reflect and understand ourselves better. 우리는 자신을 더 잘 성찰하고 이해할 수 있는 기회를 놓치고 있는 것이다.
⑦ In fact, studies show that if we never allow ourselves to be alone, it's just plain harder for us to learn. 실제로 연구들은 만약 우리가 혼자 있는 것을 결코허용하지 않는다면, 우리가 배우는 것이 분명히 더어렵다는 것을 보여 준다.
⑧ Other research found that young people who cannot stand being alone were less likely to develop creative skills like playing an instrument or writing because the most effective practice of these abilities is often done while alone. 다른 연구는 혼자 있는 것을 견디지 못하는 젊은이들이 악기 연주나 글쓰기와 같은 창의적인 기술을개발할 가능성이 적었는데 왜냐하면 이러한 능력들의 가장 효과적인 연습이 대체로 혼자 있을 때 행해지기 때문이라는 것을 발견했다.
⑨ [요약문] The study above shows avoiding conversation with companions while exploring an art museum intensifies emotional response to art, suggesting that absence of alone time may inhibit personal growth and learning. [요약문] 위의 연구는 미술관을 관람하면서 동행자와의 대화를 피하는 것이 예술품에 대한 정서적 반응을 강화한다는 것을 보여 주며, 혼자만의 시간의부재가 개인의 성장과 배움을 저해할 수 있음을 시사한다.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 41~42색맹의 생물학적  진화적 측면
① There are a number of human characteristics that would seem to be disadvantageous yet continue to survive, generation after generation. 불리해 보일지 모르지만 대대로 계속해서 살아남는많은 인간의 특징들이 있다.
② One example is color blindness. 한 가지 예가 색맹이다.
③ Most color blindness is associated with genes on the X chromosome. 대부분의 색맹은 X염색체의 유전자와 관련이 있다.
④ Women have two X chromosomes, so if this problem occurs on one of them, the other can compensate. 여성은 2개의 X염색체를 가지고 있어서 만약 이 문제가 그중 한 개에서 발생하면 다른 하나가 상쇄할수 있다.
⑤ But men have only one X chromosome. 하지만 남성은 단 하나의 X염색체를 가지고 있다.
⑥ If the mutation occurs there, that male is color blind. 만약 돌연변이가 거기서 일어난다면, 그 남자는 색맹이다.
⑦ We might ask why such a deficiency would survive and not die out. 우리는 왜 그런 결점이 살아남아서 사라지지 않는지 질문할지 모른다.
⑧ To understand this, we can consider ancient hunter-gatherers, with the men doing most of the hunting for meat and the women doing most of the gathering of fruits and nuts. 이것을 이해하기 위해 고대의 수렵 채집인들을 살펴볼 수 있는데, 남성은 고기를 위한 사냥의 대부분을, 여성은 과일과 견과류 채집의 대부분을 한다.
⑨ Gathering fruits, especially berries, and nuts is much more productive if it is easy to distinguish the red or purple fruit from the green leaves of the plant. 만약 식물의 녹색 잎으로부터 빨간색이나 보라색과일을 구별하는 것이 쉽다면 과일, 특히 베리류와견과류를 채집하는 것은 훨씬 더 생산적이다.
⑩ If red-green color blindness were common among women, the resulting lack of productivity would likely cause this trait to die out relatively quickly. 만약 여성들 사이에 적록 색맹이 흔하다면, 그로 인한 생산성의 부족은 이 특성이 비교적 빨리 소멸하도록 만들 가능성이 있다.
⑪ On the other hand, the men out hunting don't much rely on being able to contrast red from green. 반면 사냥에 나간 남성들은 초록색으로부터 빨간색을 대조시킬 수 있는 것에 크게 의존하지 않는다.
⑫ Most of the animals they are hunting have fur or feathers that help them hide. 그들이 사냥하는 대부분의 동물들은 그것들이 숨는것을 도와주는 털이나 깃털을 가지고 있다.
⑬ Rather than relying on color, the hunter relies on an acute ability to detect motion. 색에 의존하기보다는 사냥꾼은 움직임을 감지하는예리한 능력에 의존한다.
⑭ It is conceivable that a reduction in color contrast in these circumstances might actually enhance one's ability to detect subtle motions. 이러한 상황에서 색 대비의 감소는 미묘한 움직임을 감지하는 사람의 능력을 실제로 향상시킬지 모른다고 생각할 만하다.
⑮ Given that a hunted animal blends into its surroundings, less background color variation would be less of a visual distraction. 사냥당하는 동물이 주변 환경에 섞여 들어가 있다는 것을 고려할 때, 배경색의 더 적은 변동은 더 적은 시각적인 방해가 될 것이다.

 

 

 

[3] 2024 05 – 43~45서로 다른 관점이 모두 옳을  있음을 깨달은 쌍둥이 자매
① Pamela and Maggie were identical twins. Pamela와 Maggie는 일란성 쌍둥이였다.
② Even their parents found it hard to tell them apart. 심지어 그들의 부모도 그들을 구별하는 것을 어려워했다.
③ But although they looked identical, they were different in every other way. 비록 그들이 똑같아 보였지만 그들은 다른 모든 부분에서 달랐다.
④ They didn't have anything in common, so they fought all the time. 그들은 공통점이 없었고, 그래서 그들은 항상 싸웠다.
⑤ Pamela thought that her sister was weird and incomprehensible, and of course Maggie felt the same way. Pamela는 그녀의 자매(Maggie)가 이상하며 이해할 수 없다고 생각했고 물론 Maggie도 똑같이 느꼈다.
⑥ For example, Pamela was always upset at her sister waking up early in the morning. 예를 들어 Pamela는 그녀의 자매가 이른 아침에일어나는 것에 대해 항상 기분이 언짢았다.
⑦ She didn't understand why her sister couldn't finish what she needed to do at night and sleep peacefully the next morning. 그녀(Pamela)는 그녀의 자매가 왜 해야 할 일을 밤에 끝내고 다음 날 아침에 편히 잘 수 없는지 이해하지 못했다.
⑧ To Maggie, staying up past the time she began to feel sleepy was exhausting. Maggie에게는 그녀(Maggie)가 졸린 것을 느끼기시작한 시간이 지나고도 깨어 있는 것은 매우 피곤한 일이었다.
⑨ Besides, she loved the fresh morning air. 게다가 그녀는 상쾌한 아침 공기를 좋아했다.
⑩ They had fights about simple things like this every day. 그들은 이와 같은 단순한 일들로 매일 싸웠다.
⑪ Tired of the endless arguments, their mother Rachel decided to put an end to them. 끝없는 언쟁에 지친 그들의 어머니 Rachel은 그것을 끝내기로 결심했다.
⑫ She would make them understand that each of their points of view could be correct. 그녀는 그들의 관점 각각이 옳을 수 있다는 것을 그들이 이해하게 만들려 했다.
⑬ One day, the twins were brought to the dining table where a big board stood in the middle. 하루는 쌍둥이들이 큰 판자가 가운데 세워져 있는식탁으로 불려 왔다.
⑭ Pamela sat on one side of the board and her twin on the other. Pamela는 판자의 한쪽에, 그녀의 쌍둥이(Maggie)는 다른 한쪽에 앉았다.
⑮ Rachel asked Pamela what the color of the board was. Rachel은 Pamela에게 판자의 색깔이 무엇이냐고물었다.
⑯ "Black," she said. "검은색이요."라고 그녀가 대답했다.
⑰ After hearing Pamela's answer, Rachel asked the same question to the other daughter. Pamela의 대답을 들은 후에 Rachel은 다른 딸(Maggie)에게 똑같은 질문을 했다.
⑱ She replied it was white. 그녀는 그것이 하얀색이라고 대답했다.
⑲ Predictably, they began arguing. 예상대로 그들은 언쟁을 시작했다.
⑳ Rachel then asked them to switch seats. 그러자 Rachel은 그들에게 자리를 바꾸도록 요청했다.
㉑ Each sitting on a new chair, they were surprised to realize the board was black on one side and white on the other. 각자 새로운 의자에 앉자 그들은 그 판자의 한쪽이검은색이고 다른 한쪽이 하얀색이라는 것을 깨닫고놀랐다.
㉒ Understanding what their mother wanted to say, they promised they would never insist the other was wrong again. 그들의 어머니가 하고자 했던 말을 이해하고, 그들은 다시는 서로가 틀렸다고 주장하지 않겠다고 약속했다.

 

 

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