[고2] 2024년 10월 – 35번: 공공 자원의 과잉 사용으로 인한 '공유지의 비극' 설명

Any new resource (e.g., a new airport, a new mall) always opens with people benefiting individually by sharing a common resource (e.g., the city or state budget). Soon, at some point, the amount of traffic grows too large for the "commons" to support. Traffic jams, overcrowding, and overuse lessen the benefits of the common resource for everyone ─ the tragedy of the commons! If the new resource cannot be expanded or provided with additional space, it becomes a problem, and you cannot solve the problem on your own, in isolation from your fellow drivers or walkers or competing users. The total activity on this new resource keeps increasing, and so does individual activity; but if the dynamic of common use and overuse continues too long, both begin to fall after a peak, leading to a crash. What makes the "tragedy of commons" tragic is the crash dynamic ─ the destruction or degeneration of the common resource's ability to regenerate itself.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Archetype 4. Tragedy of the Commons Management Principle: Continuous Increase in Use of a Common Resource Will Eventually Overstrain the Resource Until It Crashes Any new resource (e.g., a new expressway, a new airport, a new mall, a new charter school, a children's park, a new credit union) always opens with people benefiting individually by sharing a common resource (e.g., the city or state budget). Soon, at some point, the amount of traffic grows too large for the “commons” to support; congestion, overcrowding, and overuse lessen the benefits of the common resource for everyone ~ the tragedy of the commons! If the new resource cannot be expanded or replenished with additional space, it becomes a constraint, a problem, and you cannot solve the problem on your own, in isolation from your fellow drivers or pedestrians or competing users. The total activity on this new resource keeps increasing, and so does individual activity; but both begin to fall after a peak, the latter faster than the former. Eventually, if the dynamic of common use and overuse continues too long, the total activity will also hit a peak and crash. What makes the “tragedy of commons” tragic is the crash dynamic - the destruction or degeneration of the common resource's ability to regenerate itself. The tragedy of the commons, thus, is a corollary of the “limits to growth” archetype.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 36번: 뇌가 시각 정보를 단순화하고 일반화하는 방식으로 에너지를 절약

Theoretically, our brain would have the capacity to store all experiences throughout life, reaching the quality of a DVD. However, this theoretical capacity is offset by the energy demand associated with the process of storing and retrieving information in memory. As a result, the brain develops efficient strategies, becoming dependent on shortcuts. When we observe a face, the visual image captured by the eyes is highly variable, depending on the point of view, lighting conditions and other contextual factors. Nevertheless, we are able to recognize the face as the same, maintaining the underlying identity. The brain, rather than focusing on the details of visualization, creates and stores general patterns that allow for consistent recognition across diverse circumstances. This ability to match what we see with general visual memory patterns serves as an effective mechanism for optimizing brain performance and saving energy. The brain, being naturally against unnecessary effort, constantly seeks to simplify and generalize information to facilitate the cognitive process.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭) - 구글 검색 불가

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 37번: 과학 연구에서 창의적 해석이 이론 형성에 미치는 영향

Where scientific research is concerned, explanatory tales are expected to adhere closely to experimental data and to illuminate the regular and predictable features of experience. However, this paradigm sometimes conceals the fact that theories are deeply loaded with creative elements that shape the construction of research projects and the interpretations of evidence. Scientific explanations do not just relate a chronology of facts. They construct frameworks for systematically chosen data in order to provide a consistent and meaningful explanation of what is observed. Such constructions lead us to imagine specific kinds of subject matter in particular sorts of relations, and the storylines they inspire will prove more effective for analyzing some features of experience over others. When we neglect the creative contributions of such scientific imagination and treat models and interpretive explanations as straightforward facts ─ even worse, as facts including all of reality ─ we can blind ourselves to the limitations of a given model and fail to note its potential for misunderstanding a situation to which it ill applies.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Mechanistic Stories in Humane Practices Where scientific research is concerned, explanatory tales are expected to adhere closely to experimental data and to illuminate the regular and predictable features of experience. However, and as Misak has explained, this mode of operation sometimes disguises the fact that theories are deeply laden with creative elements that shape the construction of research projects and the interpretations of evidence. Scientific explanations do not just relate a chronology of facts. They construct frameworks for—they “emplot”—systematically chosen data in order to provide a coherent and meaningful explanation of what is observed. Such constructions lead us to imagine specific kinds of subject matter in particular sorts of relations, and the storylines they inspire will prove more effective for analyzing some features of experience over others. When we neglect the creative contributions of the scientific imagination and treat models and interpretive explanations as straightforward facts—even worse, as facts exhaustive of reality—we can blind ourselves to the limitations of a given model and fail to note its potential for misunderstanding a situation to which it ill applies.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 38번: 문학이 사회적 변화를 촉진하거나 방해할 수 있는 방식

We encounter contrary claims about the relation of literature to action. Theorists have maintained that literature encourages solitary reading and reflection as the way to engage with the world and thus counters the social and political activities that might produce social change. At best it encourages detachment or appreciation of complexity, and at worst passivity and acceptance of what is. But on the other hand, literature has historically been seen as dangerous: it promotes the questioning of authority and social arrangements. Plato banned poets from his ideal republic because they could only do harm, and novels have long been credited with making people dissatisfied with their lives and eager for something new. By promoting identification across divisions of class, gender, and race, books may promote a fellowship that discourages struggle; but they may also produce a keen sense of injustice that makes progressive struggles possible. Historically, works of literature are credited with producing change: Uncle Tom's Cabin, a best-seller in its day, helped create a revulsion against slavery that made possible the American Civil War.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

We also encounter contrary claims about the relation of literature to action. Theorists have maintained that literature encourages solitary reading and reflection as the way to engage with the world and thus counters the social and political activities that might produce change. At best, it encourages detachment or appreciation of complexity, and at worst passivity and acceptance of what is. But, on the other hand, literature has historically been seen as dangerous: it promotes the questioning of authority and social arrangements. Plato banned poets from his ideal republic because they could only do harm, and novels have long been credited with making people dissatisfied with the lives they inherit and eager for something new—whether life in big cities or romance or revolution. By promoting identification across divisions of class, gender, race, nation, and age, books promote a ‘fellow-feeling’ that may discourage struggle but may also produce identifications and a keen sense of injustice that make progressive struggles possible. Historically, works of literature are credited with producing change: Harriet Beecher Stowe’s *Uncle Tom’s Cabin*, a bestseller in its day, helped create a revulsion against slavery that made possible the American Civil War.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 39번: Hobbes의 자연 상태에서 인간의 본성과 도덕적 자유의 한계

According to Hobbes, man is not a being who can act morally in spite of his instinct to protect his existence in the state of nature. Hence, the only place where morality and moral liberty will begin to find an application begins in a place where a sovereign power, namely the state, emerges. Hobbes thus describes the state of nature as a circumstance in which man's life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short". It means when people live without a general power to control them all, they are indeed in a state of war. In other words, Hobbes, who accepted that human beings are not social and political beings in the state of nature, believes that without the power human beings in the state of nature are "antisocial and rational based on their selfishness". Moreover, since society is not a natural phenomenon and there is no natural force bringing people together, what will bring them together as a society is not mutual affection according to Hobbes. It is, rather, mutual fear of men's present and future that assembles them, since the cause of fear is a common drive among people in the state of nature.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

By continuing the same logic, Hobbes claims that the equality and freedom of people in terms of obtaining anything on nature leads to the enmity among individuals, for “if any two men desire the same thing, which nevertheless they cannot both enjoy, they become enemies; and in the way to their end (which is principally their own conservation, and sometimes their delectation only) endeavour to destroy or subdue one another” (Ibid). The important point that can be drawn from this Hobbesian description of the emergence of enmity among individuals in state of nature is the reality of scarce resources in nature which highly possibly lead to the enmity. In such a state of nature, for Hobbes, three principles lead to the state of war which are: “First competition; secondly, diffidence; thirdly, glory” (Ibid: 77). So, according to Hobbes, if there is no sovereign power over people, morality and so moral freedom will not be in question. Man is not a man who can act morally in spite of his instinct to protect his existence in such a state of nature. Hence, the only place where morality and moral liberty will begin to find an application begins in a place where state emerges. That is, in state of nature everyone will be always at war all against all unless there exists a sovereign power, namely state. Hobbes thus describes the state of nature as a circumstance in which man’s life is “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short” (Ibid: 78). In other words, when people live without a general power to fear them all, they are indeed in a state of war, and this war is the war of all against all (Ibid: 94). Hobbes, who accepted that human being is not social and political being in the state of nature (not zoon politikon in Aristotelian sense) (Ibid: 22), believes that human being in state of nature is an “antisocial and rational based on selfishness”. Moreover, since society is not a natural phenomenon and there is no natural force bringing people together, what will bring them together as a society is not mutual affection according to Hobbes. Rather, it is mutual fear of man’s present and future that brings them together, since the cause of fear is a common drive among people in the state of nature (Ibid: 24-25).

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 40번: 인지적 요소가 색 인식에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구

There is research that supports the idea that cognitive factors influence the phenomenology of the perceived world. Delk and Fillenbaum asked participants to match the color of figures with the color of their background. Some of the figures depicted objects associated with a particular color. These included typically red objects such as an apple, lips, and a symbolic heart. Other objects were presented that are not usually associated with red, such as a mushroom or a bell. However, all the figures were made out of the same red-orange cardboard. Participants then had to match the figure to a background varying from dark to light red. They had to make the background color match the color of the figures. The researchers found that red-associated objects required more red in the background to be judged a match than did the objects that are not associated with the color red. This implies that the cognitive association of objects to color influences how we perceive that color.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭) - 구글 검색 가능하지만 텍스트에 접근 불가능

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

The view that cognitive and emotional factors influence the phenomenology of perception is known as cognitive penetration (Marchi & Newen, 2015). Cognitive penetration means that nonperceptual factors affect what we see, hear, taste, and feel. The opposing view is that perception is not affected by cognitive factors and that only our reporting of perception is. This view is called cognitive impenetrability (Firestone & Scholl, 2016). Impenetrability implies that our perception remains the same, regardless of our cognitive and emotional state. What changes instead is attention, expectation, or our mood state, which is different than our perceptual state. The dominant view in the field is that perception is cognitive impenetrable. However, recent research supports some instances in which cognitive or emotional factors influence the phenomenology of the perceived world. Delk and Fillenbaum (1965) asked participants to match the color of figures with the color of their background. Some of the figures depicted objects associated with a particular color. These included typically red objects such as an apple, lips, and a symbolic heart. Other objects were presented that are not typically associated with red, such as a mushroom or a bell. However, all the figures were made out of the same red-orange cardboard. Participants then had to match the figure to a background varying from dark to light red. They had to make the background color the same as the color of the figures. Delk and Fillenbaum found that red-associated objects (e.g., the apple) required more red in the background to be judged a match than did the objects that were not associated with the color red. This suggests that the knowledge of the objects was influencing people to perceive them as being more red than other objects (Figure 1.22). Hansen, Olkkonen, Walter, and Gegenfurtner (2006) replicated this basic finding. They presented participants with photographs of fruit such as bananas and simple patches of colors. Participants were asked to adjust the color of the object (banana or patch) to the uniform gray background. Hansen et al. found that participants adjusted the fruits differently than the patches of equivalent color. For example, participants added more blue to the banana in order to cancel out the more perceived yellowness of it (we will discuss color cancellation more in Chapter 6). Hansen and colleagues suggest that this implies that the cognitive association of objects to color influences how we perceive that color.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 41~42번: 유전체 복제 과정에서 발생하는 돌연변이의 누적 원리 설명

In each round of genome copying in our body, there is still about a 70 percent chance that at least one pair of chromosomes will have an error. With each round of genome copying, errors accumulate. This is similar to alterations in medieval books. Each time a copy was made by hand, some changes were introduced accidentally; as changes stacked up, the copies may have acquired meanings at variance with the original. Similarly, genomes that have undergone more copying processes will have gathered more mistakes. To make things worse, mutations may damage genes responsible for error checking and repair of genomes, further accelerating the introduction of mutations. Most genome mutations do not have any noticeable effects. It is just like changing the i for a y in "kingdom" would not distort the word's readability. But sometimes a mutation to a human gene results in, for example, an eye whose iris is of two different colors. Similarly, almost everyone has birthmarks, which are due to mutations that occurred as our body's cells multiplied to form skin. If mutations are changes to the genome of one particular cell, how can a patch of cells in an iris or a whole patch of skin, consisting of many individual cells, be affected simultaneously? The answer lies in the cell lineage, the developmental history of a tissue from particular cells through to their fully differentiated state. If the mutation occurred early on in the lineage of the developing iris, then all cells in that patch have inherited that change.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

A full 1 percent of our genes are involved in proofreading and correcting chromosomes. But despite this substantial investment in error correction, DNA copying is not perfect. In each cell division, there are 6 billion letter pairs to copy, check, and correct. The chance for one specific DNA letter pair to be mutated in one such duplication round (the mutation rate) is about 1 in 10 billion. Thus, in each round of genome copying, there is still about a 70 percent chance that at least one pair of letters will have a typo. This number is optimistic, because it assumes that you lead a healthy life. Your genomes can suffer even more changes through toxic chemicals (such as those in cigarette smoke or burned meat) or exposure to ultraviolet radiation (from the sun or visits to tanning salons). Such mutations can be single letters exchanged for others, as in the example above, but in some cases, entire segments of the DNA molecule (whole stretches of letters) are removed or are duplicated and added at seemingly random places. Because of these mutations, you do not have one single genome, but instead many billions of slightly different genomes, one for each of your cells. With each round of genome copying, errors accumulate. This is analogous to alterations in medieval books, which were copied by hand. Each time a copy was made, some changes were introduced inadvertently; over time, as changes accumulated, the copies may have accrued meanings at variance with the original. Similarly, genomes that have undergone more copying processes will have accumulated more mistakes. To make things worse, mutations may damage those genes responsible for the proofreading and repair of genomes, further accelerating the introduction of mutations. Most mutations do not have any noticeable effects, just like changing the *i* for a *y* in “kingdom” would not distort the word’s legibility or meaning. But sometimes a mutation to a human gene results in, for example, an eye whose iris is of two different colors. Similarly, almost everyone has birthmarks, which are due to mutations that occurred as our body’s cells multiplied to form skin. But if mutations are changes to the genome of one particular cell, how can a patch of cells in an iris or a whole patch of skin, consisting of many individual cells, be affected simultaneously? Were all of the millions of cells in the iris of a girl with a blue patch in an otherwise brown eye struck by the same mutation? The answer lies in the cell lineage: if the mutation occurred early on in the lineage of the developing iris, then all cells in that patch have inherited that change.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

관련 자료 바로가기

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 29번: 동물이 특정 경험을 선호하거나 회피하는지 확인하는 방법

Conditioned Place Preference is a way of finding out what animals want. Researchers train them to associate one place with an experience such as food or a loud noise and another place with something completely different, usually where nothing happens. The two places are made obviously different to make it as easy as possible for the animal to associate each place with what happened to it there. The animal's preference for being in one place or another is measured both before and after its experiences in the two places. If there is a shift in where the animal chooses to spend its time for the reward, this suggests that it liked the experience and is trying to repeat it. Conversely, if it now avoids the place the stimulus appeared and starts to prefer the place it did not experience it, then this suggests that it found the stimulus unpleasant. For example, mice with cancer show a preference for the place where they have been given morphine, a drug used to relieve pain, rather than where they have received saline whereas healthy mice developed no such preference. This suggests that the mice with cancer wanted the morphine.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

While there are some situations, like the cow lying experiment, when giving an animal repeated experiences is just practically difficult and cumbersome, there are some situations where it is actually impossible for an animal to have the repeated experiences that are needed for it to give an ‘informed’ opinion of what is happening to it. For example, with a one-off medical procedure such as removal of a tumour, a question might be whether an animal (or a human) would prefer to have post-operative care with drug A or with drug B. It would be quite impossible to carry out same the operation repeatedly with different drugs and then see which one is chosen as the sequence of operations progressed. Fortunately, it is now possible to devise choice tests that avoid repeated testing but still ensure the animal has the relevant experience. Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) is a way of finding out what animals want by training them to associate one place with a single experience such as food or a loud noise and a second place with something completely different, usually where nothing happens (Dixon et al. 2013). The two places are made very obviously different, such as being painted with different colours or patterns, to make it as easy as possible for the animal to associate each place with what happened to it there. The animal’s preference for being in one place or another is measured both before and after its experiences in the two places. If there is a shift in where the animal chooses to spend its time so that it starts to spend more time where it obtained the reward, this suggests that it liked the experience and is trying to repeat it (Bardo and Bevins 2000). Conversely, if it now avoids the place where the stimulus appeared and starts to prefer the place where it did not experience it, then this suggests that it found the stimulus aversive and wanted to get away from it. The advantage of this method is that it can work with just one experience, provided that the animal is clever enough to make the association. CPP is commonly used in pharmacology to test how animals respond to different drugs (Bardo and Bevins 2000). For example, mice with bladder cancer show a preference for the place where they have been given morphine rather than where they have received saline, whereas healthy controls developed no such preference (Roughan et al. 2014). This suggests that the mice with cancer wanted the morphine. Its opposite, Conditioned Place Aversion, has been demonstrated in a number of different species, including fish. Gilt-head bream, Sparus aurata, showed a conditioned avoidance to a place where they had been chased with a dip net compared with a distinctively different place in another part of their tank where they had not been chased (Millot et al. 2014). The fish showed that they did not want to be chased with a net by choosing the place where they had not been chased.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 30번: 새들의 번식 계절이 환경에 따라 어떻게 달라지는지 설명

Near the equator, many species of bird breed all year round. But in temperate and polar regions, the breeding seasons of birds are often sharply defined. They are triggered mainly by changes in day length. If all goes well, the outcome is that birds raise their young when the food supply is at its peak. Most birds are not simply reluctant to breed at other times but they are also physically incapable of doing so. This is because their reproductive system shrinks, which helps flying birds save weight. The main exception to this rule are nomadic desert species. These can initiate their breeding cycle within days of rain. It's for making the most of the sudden breeding opportunity. Also, different species divide the breeding season up in different ways. Most seabirds raise a single brood. In warm regions, however, songbirds may raise several families in a few months. In an exceptionally good year, a pair of House Sparrows, a kind of songbird, can raise successive broods through a marathon reproductive effort.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Breeding seasons On and near the equator, many species of bird breed more or less all year round. But in the rest of the world, particularly in temperate and polar regions, the breeding seasons of birds are often sharply defined. They are triggered mainly by changes in day length, although rising temperatures also play a part. If all goes well, the outcome is that birds raise their young when the food supply is at its peak. Most birds are not simply reluctant to breed at other times—they are physically incapable of doing so. This is because their reproductive system shuts down and shrinks, an adaptation that helps flying birds save weight. The main exception to this rule are nomadic desert species, such as Zebra Finches and Budgerigars. These can “switch on” their breeding cycle within days of rain to make the most of the sudden breeding opportunity. When the breeding season is in progress, different species divide it up in different ways. Most seabirds raise a single brood, often consisting of one young. In warm regions, however, songbirds may raise several families in a few months. In an exceptionally good year, a pair of House Sparrows can raise five successive broods—a marathon reproductive effort.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 31번: 학습 자원 인식 부족이 학생들의 창의성에 미치는 영향

One factor that may hinder creativity is unawareness of the resources required in each activity in students' learning. Often students are unable to identify the resources they need to perform the task required of them. Different resources may be compulsory for specific learning tasks, and recognizing them may simplify the activity's performance. For example, it may be that students desire to conduct some experiments in their projects. There must be a prior investigation of whether the students will have access to the laboratory, equipment, and chemicals required for the experiment. It means preparation is vital for the students to succeed, and it may be about human and financial resources such as laboratory technicians, money to purchase chemicals, and equipment for their learning where applicable. Even if some of the resources required for a task may not be available, identifying them in advance may help students' creativity. It may even lead to changing the topic, finding alternative resources, and other means.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Another factor that may hinder creativity is unawareness of the resources required in each activity in students’ learning. Often students are unable to identify the resources they need to perform the task required of them. Different resources may be compulsory for specific HE learning tasks, and recognizing them may simplify the activity’s performance. For example, it may be that students desire to conduct some experiments in their projects. There must be a prior investigation of whether the students will have access to the laboratory, apparatuses, and chemicals required for the experiment. It means preparation is vital for the students to succeed, and it may be human and financial resources such as laboratory technicians, money to purchase chemicals, and apparatus for their learning where applicable. Even if some of the resources required for a task may not be available, identifying them in advance may help students’ creativity. It may even lead to changing the topic, finding alternative resources, and other means.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 32번: 번역 작업이 다양한 출처와 독자의 기대에 의존하는 방식

All translators feel some pressure from the community of readers for whom they are doing their work. And all translators arrive at their interpretations in dialogue with other people. The English poet Alexander Pope had pretty good Greek, but when he set about translating Homer's Iliad in the early 18th century he was not on his own. He had Greek commentaries to refer to, and translations that had already been done in English, Latin, and French ─ and of course he had dictionaries. Translators always draw on more than one source text. Even when the scene of translation consists of just one person with a pen, paper, and the book that is being translated, or even when it is just one person translating orally for another, that person's linguistic knowledge arises from lots of other texts and other conversations. And then his or her idea of the translation's purpose will be influenced by the expectations of the person or people it is for. In both these senses every translation is a crowd translation.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

In fact, all translators feel some pressure from the community of readers for whom they are doing their work. And all translators arrive at their interpretations in dialogue with other people. The English poet Alexander Pope had pretty good Greek, but when he set about translating Homer’s Iliad in the early 18th century he was not on his own. He had Greek commentaries to refer to, and translations that had already been done in English, Latin, and French—and of course he had dictionaries. Translators always draw on more than one source text. Even when the scene of translation consists of just one person with a pen, paper, and the book that is being translated, or even when it is just one person translating orally for another, that person’s linguistic knowledge arises from lots of other texts and other conversations. And then his or her idea of the translation’s purpose will be influenced by the expectations of the person or people it is for. In both these senses (this is our third key discovery) every translation is a crowd translation.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 33번: 읽기 행위를 단일 개념으로 정의하기 어려운 이유

Some people argue that there is a single, logically consistent concept known as reading that can be neatly set apart from everything else people do with books. Is reading really that simple? The most productive way to think about reading is as a loosely related set of behaviors that belong together owing to family resemblances, as Ludwig Wittgenstein used the phrase, without having in common a single defining trait. Consequently, efforts to distinguish reading from nonreading are destined to fail because there is no agreement on what qualifies as reading in the first place. The more one tries to figure out where the border lies between reading and not-reading, the more edge cases will be found to stretch the term's flexible boundaries. Thus, it is worth attempting to collect together these exceptional forms of reading into a single forum, one highlighting the challenges faced by anyone wishing to establish the boundaries where reading begins and ends. The attempt moves toward an understanding of reading as a spectrum that is expansive enough to accommodate the distinct reading activities.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

THE READING SPECTRUM The idea for this book came while I was finishing another one looking into debates over what counts as “real” reading. Time and again I encountered people who insisted on drawing a sharp line between reading and closely related activities they judged to be impostors (in that case, listening to audio books). It was not their verdicts that held my attention so much as the confidence that there was a single, coherent entity known as reading that could be neatly set apart from everything else people did with books. Is reading really that simple? As this book contends, the most productive way to think about reading is as a loosely related set of behaviors that belong together owing to family resemblances, in Ludwig Wittgenstein’s understanding of the phrase, without having in common a single defining trait. Consequently, efforts to cordon off reading from nonreading are doomed to fail because there is no agreement on what qualifies as reading in the first place. The more one tries to figure out where the border lies between reading and not-reading, the more edge cases will be found to stretch the term’s elastic boundaries. My book attempts to marshal together these exceptional forms of reading into a single forum, one highlighting the challenges faced by anyone wishing to patrol the boundaries over where reading begins and ends. *Reader’s Block* moves toward an understanding of reading as a spectrum that is capacious enough to accommodate the disparate activities documented in the following chapters along with any new ones that will inevitably surface beyond its pages.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 34번: Weber의 법칙으로 자극의 강도에 따른 차이 인식 설명

Weber's law concerns the perception of difference between two stimuli. It suggests that we might not be able to detect a 1-mm difference when we are looking at lines 466 mm and 467 mm in length, but we may be able to detect a 1-mm difference when we are comparing a line 2 mm long with one 3 mm long. Another example of this principle is that we can detect 1 candle when it is lit in an otherwise dark room. But when 1 candle is lit in a room in which 100 candles are already burning, we may not notice the light from this candle. Therefore, the Just-noticeable difference (JND) varies as a function of the strength of the signals. For example, the JND is greater for very loud noises than it is for much more quiet sounds. When a sound is very weak, we can tell that another sound is louder, even if it is barely louder. When a sound is very loud, to tell that another sound is even louder, it has to be much louder. Thus, Weber's law means that it is harder to distinguish between two samples when those samples are larger or stronger levels of the stimuli.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Weber, Fechner, and the Birth of Psychophysics Helmholtz and Hering both approached sensation and perception from the perspective of physiology. Around the same time as Helmholtz and Hering were looking at the relation of physiology and perception, other German scientists were doing work with a more psychological perspective. Ernst Heinrich Weber (1795-1878) discovered Weber's law (though it was Gustav Fechner, another German scientist, who named the law after Weber).  Weber's law states that a just-noticeable difference (JND) between two stimuli is related to the magnitude or strength of the stimuli. What does this mean? Well, it concerns two stimuli that are very similar. Can we detect the difference between two very close red colors, or can we detect the difference between 1.44 mg of sugar dissolved in a cup of water and 1.48 mg of sugar dissolved in a cup of water? Thus, Weber’s law concerns the perception of difference between two stimuli. For more examples, do we hear the difference between a 1,000-Hz tone and one of 1,005 Hz? Another example is whether we see the difference in length between a line 466 mm long and one that is 467 mm long.  Weber's law suggests that we might not be able to detect a 1-mm difference when we are looking at lines 466 and 467 mm in length, but we may be able to detect a 1-mm difference when we are comparing a line 2 mm long with one 3 mm long. Another example of this principle is that we can detect 1 candle when it is lit in an otherwise dark room. But when 1 candle is lit in a room in which 100 candles are already burning, we may not notice the light from this candle.  The JND is greater for very loud noises than it is for much quieter sounds. When a sound is very weak, we can tell that another sound is louder, even if it is barely louder. When a sound is very loud, to tell that another sound is even louder, it has to be much louder. Thus, Weber's law means that it is harder to distinguish between two samples when those samples are larger or stronger levels of the stimuli. To repeat, Weber's law states that a “just-noticeable difference” (JND) between two stimuli is related to the magnitude or strength of the stimuli.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

관련 자료 바로가기

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 20번: 수학적 비판적 사고를 교육과 의사결정 과정에서 강조해야 함

To be mathematically literate means to be able to think critically about societal issues on which mathematics has bearing so as to make informed decisions about how to solve these problems. Dealing with such complex problems through interdisciplinary approaches, mirroring real-world problems requires innovative ways of planning and organizing mathematical teaching methods. Navigating our world means being able to quantify, measure, estimate, classify, compare, find patterns, conjecture, justify, prove, and generalize within critical thinking and when using critical thinking. Therefore, making decisions, even qualitatively, is not possible without using mathematics and critical thinking. Thus, teaching mathematics should be done in interaction with critical thinking along with a decision-making process. They can be developed into the mathematical context, so that there is no excuse to not explicitly support students to develop them.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

3.5 Mathematics and Citizenship To be mathematically literate means to be able to reflect on societal issues on which mathematics has bearing so as to make informed decisions about how to solve these problems. Several papers focus on the fact that the demand for future citizens as well as the workforce of the future depends on educating students who can deal with complex problems that transcend traditional disciplines and make informed decisions. Dealing with complex problems through interdisciplinary approaches, mirtoring real-world problems requires innovative ways of planning and organizing teaching. Navigating our world means being able to quantify, measure, estimate, classify, compare, find patterns, conjecture, justify, prove, and generalize within critical thinking and when using critical thinking. Making decisions without using mathematics, even qualitatively, and critical thinking is not possible. Thus, teaching mathematics should be done in interaction with critical thinking along with a decision-making process. Mathematics education should provide tasks that support the development of the two citizenship competencies. With reference to Malthus and the club of Rome, the theoretical connection among decision making, interdisciplinarity, and mathematical modeling is vindicated. Thus, critical thinking and decision making can be developed into the mathematical context, so that there is no excuse to not explicitly support students to develop them.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 21번: 덕목은 일시적 충동이 아니라 지속적인 도덕적 습관에서 형성됨

Imagine that your usually stingy friend delights in buying you a Christmas present after taking a generosity booster. How would you feel? Undoubtedly, there is something praiseworthy about the action. You'd be pleased to receive the gift. You'd say 'thank you', and mean it. But his change of heart is not entirely satisfying. According to Zagzebski, an American philosopher, he is not really generous. When we praise someone's character, we use words for various virtues: 'generous', 'kind', 'courageous', etc. A person who gives one gift isn't generous. Instead, generosity is a stable part of a person's 'moral identity', an emotional habit that is part of who you are. Thus virtues, as opposed to nontypical impulse, are the result of your personal history. They are part of who you are, as they are part of how your character was formed. Instant virtue is therefore impossible. Popping a pill cannot make you a better person.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

What about the pills to make you a better person? According to Linda Zagzebski, writing in 1996, there is no recommended dose: in small amounts they are useless, in large ones fatal. Imagine that your usually stingy friend delights in buying you a Christmas present. Then you learn that they ve taken a generosity booster. How would you feel? Undoubtedly, there is something commendable about the action. You'd be pleased to receive the gift. You'd say 'thank you', and mean it. But their change of heart is not entirely satisfying. According to Zagzebski, they are not really generous. When we commend someone's character, we use words for various virtues: 'generous', 'kind', 'courageous', etc. A person who gives one gift isn't generous. Instead, generosity is a stable part of a person's 'moral identity', an emotional habit that is part of who you are. Thus virtues, as opposed to atypical whims, are the result of your personal history. They are part of who you are, as they are part of how your character was formed. Instant virtue is therefore impossible, so popping a pill cannot make you a better person.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 22번: 이중성 시스템을 활용해 별의 질량을 계산하는 방법 설명

To determine the mass of my bowling ball, I might put it onto a balance and compare it with a known mass, such as a number of metal cubes each weighing 1, 10, or 100 grams. Things get much more complicated if I want to know the mass of a distant star. How do I measure it? We can roughly say that measuring the mass of a star involves various theories. If we want to measure the mass of a binary star, we first determine a center of mass between the two stars, then their distance from that center which we can then use, together with a value for the period and a certain instance of Kepler's Third Law, to calculate the mass. In other words, in order to "measure" the star mass, we measure other quantities and use those values, together with certain equations, to calculate the mass. Measurement is not a simple and unmediated estimation of independently existing properties, but a determination of certain magnitudes before the background of a number of accepted theories.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

2.3.3 Theory-Ladenness of Measurement Suppose I want to determine the mass of my bowling ball. To that end, I might put it onto an ordinary balance and compare it with a known mass, such as a number of metal cubes each weighing 1, 10, or 100 grams. Things get more - much more - complicated if I want to know the mass of a distant star. Obviously, I cant put it onto any balance. So how do I measure it? The details are actually quite complicated, but we can roughly say that measuring the mass of a star involves various background theories. For example, if we want to measure the mass of a binary star, we first determine a center of mass between the two stars, then their distance from that center which we can then use, together with a value for the period (the time it takes to complete one orbit around each other) and a certain instance of Kepler's Third Law, to calculate the mass. In other words, in order to "measure" the star mass, we measure other quantities and use those values, together with certain equations, to calculate the mass. Obviously, the correctness of such a “measurement” not only depends on the correctness of other measurements (in this case, at least that of the period), but also on the correctness of certain background assumptions, such as Kepler's Laws. Measurement is not a simple and unmediated estimation of independently existing properties, but often a determination of certain magnitudes before the background of a number of accepted theories.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 23번: 쾌락과 고통의 균형이 신체의 항상성을 유지하는 방식

Based on discoveries in neuroscience, pain and pleasure are formed and processed in the same area of the brain. Our bodies constantly strive for homeostasis, which is defined as the balance of bodily functions. Without the body's effective compensatory mechanisms, which may cushion potential highs and lows, we would not be capable of surviving. Pleasure and pain are like two sides of the same coin; they seem to work together and are heavily reliant on one another and keep balance. If you imagine pleasure and pain as the two opposite points on a scale, you can easily understand that as one of the two points rises, the other must correspondingly fall. We've all heard the expression, "No pain, no gain." Well, according to psychiatrist Dr. Anna Lembke, there may be some truth to these words. She says that our attempts to escape being miserable are in fact making us even more miserable. This is because pain is actually an essential component of our ability to maintain a neutral state, and allowing it will in turn reset our internal scale back to balance.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭) - 구글 검색 불가

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 24번: 지속적인 제품 업그레이드 주기로 소비자의 욕구를 형성하는 방식

Manufacturers masterfully sow seeds of doubt about the adequacy of our current devices. Suddenly, the phone that was your lifeline a year ago is now a museum piece, unable to keep pace with your digital demands. And thus, the itch to upgrade begins, often before there's a genuine need. This cycle isn't just confined to our digital companions. It spills over into almost every aspect of consumer electronics, from the self-driving car to the smart fridge. Every product seems to be on an unstoppable march towards the next version, the next generation that promises to revolutionize your life. What's fascinating, or perhaps disturbing, is the utter efficacy of this cycle in shaping our desires. It's not so much that we want the newest device; we're led to believe we need it. The distinction between want and need blurs, shifting our financial priorities in favor of staying current with trends. For all the logical arguments against this ceaseless upgrading, the temptation remains compelling.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭) - 구글 검색 불가

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

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[고2] 2023 11월 – 18번: 농구 코트 소음 문제 해결을 요청하는 민원 제기

To whom it may concern, I am writing to inform you of an ongoing noise issue that I am experiencing. My apartment faces the basketball courts of the community center. While I fully support the community center's services, I am constantly being disrupted by individuals playing basketball late at night. Many nights, I struggle to fall asleep because I can hear people bouncing balls and shouting on the basketball courts well after 11 p.m.. Could you restrict the time the basketball court is open to before 9 p.m.? I'm sure I'm not the only person in the neighborhood that is affected by this noise issue. I appreciate your assistance. Sincerely, Ian Baldwin

Possible Titles:

1. Addressing Noise Concerns From Late-Night Basketball Games 

2. Request to Limit Community Center Basketball Court Hours 

3. Late-Night Noise Disruption: A Concern for Neighborhood Peace 

4. Seeking Resolution for Ongoing Noise from Basketball Courts 

Main Idea #1:

A resident requests restricting basketball court hours to reduce late-night noise disturbances. 

Main Idea #2:

Ian Baldwin expresses concern over consistent late-night noise from the community center's basketball courts and suggests limiting their operation to before 9 p.m. to maintain neighborhood peace. 

Summary:

Ian Baldwin requests limiting the operating hours of the community center’s basketball courts due to late-night noise disturbances affecting his sleep. He suggests closing the courts by 9 p.m. to address the issue for himself and other affected neighbors. 

Key Points:

1. Ian Baldwin experiences late-night noise from the community center’s basketball courts. 

2. Noise from basketball games disrupts his sleep, especially after 11 p.m. 

3. He supports the community center’s services but suggests restricting court hours to before 9 p.m. 

4. Baldwin believes other neighbors are also likely affected by the issue.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 19번: 부족 의식에서 아버지의 존재로 안정감을 얻음

Chaske, a Cherokee boy, was sitting on a tree stump. As a rite of passage for youths in his tribe, Chaske had to survive one night in the forest wearing a blindfold, not knowing he was observed by his father. After the sunset, Chaske could hear all kinds of noises. The wind blew the grass and shook his stump. A sense of dread swept through his body. What if wild beasts are looking at me? I can't stand this! Just as he was about to take off the blindfold to run away, a voice came in from somewhere. "I'm here around you. Don't give up, and complete your mission." It was his father's voice. He has been watching me from nearby! With just the presence of his father, the boy regained stability. What panicked him awfully a moment ago vanished into thin air.

Possible Titles:

1. A Cherokee Rite of Passage and the Power of Parental Support 

2. Facing Fear: Chaske’s Journey Through the Forest 

3. Overcoming Dread with Trust and Guidance in the Wild 

4. A Father’s Silent Vigil in a Cherokee Youth’s Trial 

Main Idea #1:

Chaske learns to overcome fear during a Cherokee rite of passage with the unseen support of his father. 

Main Idea #2:

In a Cherokee rite of passage, Chaske faces his fears while blindfolded in the forest, regaining courage when he hears his father’s reassuring voice, which helps him complete his trial. 

Summary:

Chaske, a Cherokee boy, participates in a rite of passage requiring him to stay blindfolded in the forest overnight. Overwhelmed by fear, he regains stability upon hearing his father’s supportive voice, realizing his father has been watching nearby. 

Key Points:

1. Chaske undergoes a Cherokee rite of passage involving an overnight stay in the forest. 

2. Fear and panic overcome him as he imagines wild beasts around him. 

3. His father’s unseen presence and voice provide reassurance and courage. 

4. Chaske successfully completes his trial, overcoming his fear with his father’s support.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 20번: 농업의 발전과 지속 가능성을 위한 해결책 필요

Agriculture includes a range of activities such as planting, harvesting, fertilizing, pest management, raising animals, and distributing food and agricultural products. It is one of the oldest and most essential human activities, dating back thousands of years, and has played a critical role in the development of human civilizations, allowing people to create stable food supplies and settle in one place. Today, agriculture remains a vital industry that feeds the world's population, supports rural communities, and provides raw materials for other industries. However, agriculture faces numerous challenges such as climate change, water scarcity, soil degradation, and biodiversity loss. As the world's population continues to grow, it is essential to find sustainable solutions to address the challenges facing agriculture and ensure the continued production of food and other agricultural products.

Possible Titles:

1. The Evolution and Challenges of Modern Agriculture 

2. Agriculture: Past, Present, and Future Sustainability Needs 

3. Balancing Food Production and Environmental Conservation in Agriculture 

4. Addressing Global Challenges in Agriculture for a Growing Population 

Main Idea #1:

Agriculture has been essential to human development, enabling stable food supplies and societal growth. 

Main Idea #2:

While agriculture continues to support global populations and industries, it faces challenges like climate change and resource scarcity, requiring sustainable solutions for future food production. 

Summary:

Agriculture, a cornerstone of human civilization, supports global food production and industries but faces critical challenges like climate change, water scarcity, and soil degradation. Sustainable solutions are essential to meet the growing demands of a rising population. 

Key Points:

1. Agriculture includes planting, harvesting, raising animals, and distributing food. 

2. It has been crucial for human development and civilization. 

3. Modern agriculture faces challenges such as climate change, resource scarcity, and biodiversity loss. 

4. Sustainable approaches are necessary to ensure future food security.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 21번: 예술은 어려운 주제를 다루며 변화를 촉진함

The arts and aesthetics offer emotional connection to the full range of human experience. "The arts can be more than just sugar on the tongue," Anjan Chatterjee, a professor at the University of Pennsylvania, says. "In art, when there's something challenging, which can also be uncomfortable, this discomfort, if we're willing to engage with it, offers the possibility of some change, some transformation. That can also be a powerful aesthetic experience." The arts, in this way, become vehicles to contend with ideas and concepts that are difficult and uncomfortable otherwise. When Picasso painted his masterpiece Guernica in 1937, he captured the heartbreaking and cruel nature of war, and offered the world a way to consider the universal suffering caused by the Spanish Civil War. When Lorraine Hansberry wrote her play A Raisin in the Sun, she gave us a powerful story of people struggling with racism, discrimination, and the pursuit of the American dream while also offering a touching portrait of family life.

Possible Titles:

1. How the Arts Transform Emotions and Challenge Perspectives 

2. Exploring Human Experience Through Aesthetic and Emotional Connections 

3. The Role of Art in Addressing Difficult and Universal Themes 

4. From Picasso to Hansberry: Art as a Catalyst for Change 

Main Idea #1:

The arts provide emotional connections that help us engage with challenging and transformative aspects of human experience. 

Main Idea #2:

Art serves as a medium for grappling with complex, uncomfortable issues, offering transformative insights, as seen in works like Picasso’s *Guernica* and Hansberry’s *A Raisin in the Sun*. 

Summary:

The arts connect us to the full spectrum of human emotions and experiences, allowing engagement with challenging ideas and offering transformative insights. Iconic works like *Guernica* and *A Raisin in the Sun* address universal themes like war and racism, illustrating the power of art to inspire reflection and change. 

Key Points:

1. The arts provide emotional connections to the range of human experiences. 

2. Challenging art offers transformative opportunities despite its discomfort. 

3. *Guernica* highlights the suffering caused by war through Picasso’s lens. 

4. *A Raisin in the Sun* explores racism, discrimination, and family dynamics.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 22번: 기계식 시계가 시간 개념과 경제 발전에 기여

Many historians have pointed to the significance of accurate time measurement to Western economic progress. The French historian Jacques Le Goff called the birth of the public mechanical clock a turning point in Western society. Until the late Middle Ages, people had sun or water clocks, which did not play any meaningful role in business activities. Market openings and activities started with the sunrise and typically ended at noon when the sun was at its peak. But when the first public mechanical clocks were introduced and spread across European cities, market times were set by the stroke of the hour. Public clocks thus greatly contributed to public life and work by providing a new concept of time that was easy for everyone to understand. This, in turn, helped facilitate trade and commerce. Interactions and transactions between consumers, retailers, and wholesalers became less irregular. Important town meetings began to follow the pace of the clock, allowing people to better plan their time and allocate resources in a more efficient manner.

Possible Titles:

1. The Role of Public Clocks in Shaping Western Economic Development 

2. How Accurate Time Measurement Revolutionized Trade and Commerce 

3. The Birth of Public Clocks and Its Impact on Western Society 

4. The Influence of Timekeeping on Economic Organization and Efficiency 

Main Idea #1:

The introduction of public mechanical clocks marked a crucial turning point in Western economic development by standardizing time. 

Main Idea #2:

Public clocks facilitated trade, business, and public life by introducing a new, standardized concept of time, allowing for more efficient planning and resource allocation. 

Summary:

The invention of public mechanical clocks in Europe was a key development in Western economic progress. It standardized time, helping businesses, markets, and public meetings become more organized and efficient, fostering smoother interactions and improving economic practices. 

Key Points:

1. Before mechanical clocks, time was measured by sun or water clocks, which had limited utility for business. 

2. Public mechanical clocks introduced a standardized concept of time, improving market operations. 

3. Time regulation made interactions between consumers, retailers, and wholesalers more regular. 

4. Public meetings and activities became more organized, enhancing resource allocation and planning.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 23번: 쇼핑카트 사용 장려를 위한 마케팅 전략 전환

Sylvan Goldman invented the shopping cart and introduced it in his stores in 1937. It was an excellent device that would make it easy for shoppers to buy as much as they wanted without getting tired or seeking others' help. But Goldman discovered that in spite of his repeated advertisements and explanations, he could not persuade his shoppers to use the wheeled carts. Men were reluctant because they thought they would appear weak if they pushed such carts instead of carrying their shopping. Women wouldn't touch them because the carts reminded them of baby carriages. It was only a few elderly shoppers who used them. That made the carts even less attractive to the majority of the shoppers. Then Goldman hit upon an idea. He hired several models, men and women, of different ages and asked them to wheel the carts in the store and shop. A young woman employee standing near the entrance told the regular shoppers, 'Look, everyone is using the carts. Why don't you?' That was the turning point. A few shills disguised as regular shoppers easily accomplished what logic, explanations, and advertisements failed to do. Within a few weeks shoppers readily accepted those carts.

Possible Titles:

1. The Shopping Cart: How an Invention Overcame Social Resistance 

2. Sylvan Goldman and the Creative Marketing of the Shopping Cart 

3. Breaking Social Barriers: The Adoption of the Shopping Cart 

4. How Models Helped Popularize a Revolutionary Shopping Tool 

Main Idea #1:

Sylvan Goldman invented the shopping cart, but initial resistance from shoppers prevented its adoption. 

Main Idea #2:

By using hired models to demonstrate the convenience of shopping carts, Goldman overcame social resistance and made the carts widely accepted by shoppers. 

Summary:

Sylvan Goldman’s invention of the shopping cart initially faced rejection due to social perceptions. By hiring models to showcase their use, he convinced shoppers of their convenience, leading to the widespread acceptance of shopping carts in stores. 

Key Points:

1. Goldman invented the shopping cart in 1937 to make shopping easier. 

2. Shoppers initially resisted due to gender norms and social perceptions. 

3. Goldman hired models to act as shoppers and demonstrate cart usage. 

4. The strategy succeeded, and carts became a popular shopping tool.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 24번: 로봇의 인간적 특성이 신뢰와 속임수 모두 유발 가능

In response to human-like care robots, critics might charge that human-robot interactions create moral hazards for dementia patients. Even if deception is sometimes allowed when it serves worthy goals, should it be allowed for vulnerable users? Just as children on the autism spectrum with robot companions might be easily fooled into thinking of robots as friends, older adults with cognitive deficits might be. According to Alexis Elder, a professor at UMD, robots are false friends, inferior to true friendship. Reasoning along similar lines, John Sullins, a professor at Sonoma State University, holds that robots should "remain iconic or cartoonish so that they are easily distinguished as synthetic even by unsophisticated users." At least then no one is fooled. Making robots clearly fake also avoids the so-called "uncanny valley," where robots are perceived as scary because they so closely resemble us, but not quite. Other critics of robot deception argue that when care recipients are deceived into thinking that robots care, this crosses a line and violates human dignity.

Possible Titles:

1. Ethical Concerns in Human-Like Care Robots for Vulnerable Populations 

2. The Debate Over Deception and Human-Robot Interaction 

3. Robots as Caregivers: Balancing Utility and Human Dignity 

4. Why Deception in Care Robots Raises Moral and Ethical Questions 

Main Idea #1:

Critics argue that human-like care robots may deceive vulnerable users, raising ethical concerns about dignity and moral hazards. 

Main Idea #2:

While some experts advocate for clearly artificial robots to avoid deception and the uncanny valley, others argue that deceiving care recipients into believing robots care violates their dignity and creates false relationships. 

Summary:

Human-like care robots raise ethical concerns about deception, especially for vulnerable users like dementia patients. Critics suggest robots should appear clearly synthetic to avoid false friendships, preserve dignity, and prevent discomfort from the uncanny valley effect. 

Key Points:

1. Critics argue that care robots may deceive vulnerable users, creating moral hazards. 

2. Elder calls robots "false friends," inferior to real human relationships. 

3. Sullins advocates for cartoonish robots to avoid deception and the uncanny valley. 

4. Deceiving care recipients into believing robots care is viewed as a violation of dignity.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 25번: 미국 연령별 온라인 광고 견해 조사 결과 분석

The graph above shows the results of a 2019 survey on the views of American age groups on targeted online advertising. In total, while 51% of the respondents said targeted ads were intrusive, 27% said they were interesting. The percentage of respondents who believed that targeted ads were interesting was the highest in the age group of 18 to 24. The percentage of respondents aged 25 to 34 who said that targeted ads were intrusive was the same as that of respondents aged 45 to 54 who said the same. Among all age groups, the gap between respondents who said targeted ads were interesting and those who believed them to be intrusive was the largest in the 35-to-44 age group. The age group of 55 and above was the only group where the percentage of respondents who believed targeted ads were intrusive was more than 50%.

Possible Titles:

1. American Age Groups’ Perceptions of Targeted Online Advertising in 2019 

2. Insights into Generational Views on Targeted Advertising 

3. Intrusion vs. Interest: How Americans View Targeted Ads by Age 

4. Generational Differences in Opinions on Online Targeted Ads 

Main Idea #1:

A 2019 survey revealed differing perceptions of targeted online ads across American age groups, with younger people finding them more interesting and older people viewing them as more intrusive. 

Main Idea #2:

While most respondents viewed targeted ads as intrusive, younger age groups (18–24) were more likely to find them interesting, and older age groups (55+) were the most critical, with over 50% finding them intrusive, highlighting a generational divide in opinions. 

Summary:

The 2019 survey showed that younger age groups, especially 18–24, found targeted ads more interesting, while older respondents, particularly those 55 and above, found them more intrusive. The 35–44 group exhibited the largest gap between interest and intrusion, and over half of respondents overall found targeted ads intrusive. 

Key Points:

1. 51% of respondents overall found targeted ads intrusive, and 27% found them interesting. 

2. The 18–24 age group had the highest percentage finding targeted ads interesting. 

3. Respondents aged 25–34 and 45–54 reported equal percentages finding targeted ads intrusive. 

4. The 55+ age group was the only one where more than 50% found targeted ads intrusive.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 26번: Maggie Walker의 금융 개혁과 커뮤니티 기여

Maggie L. Walker achieved national prominence as a businesswoman and community leader. She was among the earliest Black students to attend newly-established public schools for African Americans. After graduating, she worked as a teacher for three years at the Valley School, where she had studied. In the early 1900s, Virginia banks owned by white bankers were unwilling to do business with African American organizations or individuals. The racial discrimination by white bankers drove her to study banking and financial laws. She established a newspaper to promote closer communication between the charitable organization she belonged to and the public. Soon after, she founded the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank, which survived the Great Depression and merged with two other banks. It thrived as the oldest continually African American-operated bank until 2009. Walker achieved successes with the vision to make improvements in the way of life for African Americans.

Possible Titles:

1. Maggie L. Walker: A Pioneer in African American Banking and Leadership 

2. Breaking Barriers: Maggie L. Walker’s Legacy in Business and Community 

3. Maggie L. Walker’s Contributions to Banking and Social Equality 

4. How Maggie L. Walker Empowered African Americans Through Finance 

Main Idea #1:

Maggie L. Walker became a prominent leader by addressing racial discrimination in banking and supporting African American communities. 

Main Idea #2:

Through her leadership, Maggie L. Walker founded a bank, promoted communication via a newspaper, and worked to improve African Americans' lives, leaving a lasting legacy in finance and community empowerment. 

Summary:

Maggie L. Walker, a pioneering leader, addressed racial discrimination in banking by founding the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank, which supported African Americans and survived the Great Depression. She also used a newspaper to strengthen community ties and worked tirelessly to improve African American lives. 

Key Points:

1. Maggie L. Walker was among the first Black students to attend public schools for African Americans. 

2. Discrimination by white bankers motivated her to study banking and found her own bank. 

3. She established the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank, which survived the Great Depression. 

4. Walker used a newspaper to promote communication and improve African Americans’ lives.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 29번: 렉틴 과잉 섭취가 건강에 미치는 부정적 영향

Lectins are large proteins that serve as a crucial weapon that plants use to defend themselves. The lectins in most plants bind to carbohydrates as we consume the plant. They also bind to sugar molecules found in the gut, in the brain, between nerve endings, in joints and in all bodily fluids. According to Dr. Steven Gundry, these sticky proteins can interrupt messaging between cells and cause toxic and inflammatory reactions. Brain fog is just one result of lectins interrupting communication between nerves. An upset stomach is another common symptom of lectin overload. Dr. Gundry lists a wide range of other health problems including aching joints, dementia, headaches and infertility that have been resolved in his patients once they eliminated lectins from their diets. Dr. Paul Saladino writes that the hypothesis that lectins are involved in Parkinson's disease is also gaining support, with animal studies showing that 'lectins, once eaten, may be damaging the gut and travelling to the brain, where they appear to be toxic to dopaminergic neurons'.

Possible Titles:

1. The Potential Health Risks of Lectins in the Human Body 

2. How Plant Lectins Affect Gut, Brain, and Overall Health 

3. Exploring the Link Between Lectins and Inflammatory Disorders 

4. Lectins: Plant Defense Proteins and Their Impact on Human Health 

Main Idea #1:

Lectins, plant defense proteins, can disrupt cell communication and cause toxic and inflammatory reactions in the human body. 

Main Idea #2:

Health issues such as brain fog, upset stomachs, and neurological damage, potentially linked to lectins, have led researchers like Dr. Steven Gundry and Dr. Paul Saladino to explore their role in conditions like Parkinson’s disease and other disorders. 

Summary:

Lectins, plant defense proteins, bind to sugars in the body and may cause inflammatory reactions, disrupting nerve communication and leading to symptoms like brain fog and stomach upset. Studies suggest their involvement in diseases like Parkinson’s, as these proteins may damage the gut and affect neurons in the brain. 

Key Points:

1. Lectins are plant proteins that bind to carbohydrates and sugars in the human body. 

2. They can disrupt cell communication, causing inflammatory and toxic reactions. 

3. Symptoms linked to lectins include brain fog, stomach upset, and aching joints.

4. Research suggests lectins may contribute to Parkinson’s disease by damaging gut and brain neurons.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 30번: 기술 발전이 프라이버시 재정의의 필요성을 강조

Technology changes how individuals and societies understand the concept of privacy. The fact that someone has a new ability to access information or watch the actions of another does not justify doing so. Rather, advances in technology require citizens and policy makers to consider how privacy protections should be expanded. For example, when cameras first became available for commercial and private use, nations and citizens struggled over whether new laws should be enacted to protect individuals from being photographed without their permission. The reconsideration of privacy brought about by this new technology re-affirmed a distinction between private and public spaces. It was determined by most cultures that people automatically gave consent to being seen ― and thus recorded ― once they voluntarily stepped into a public space. Although some people might be uncomfortable with the spread of surveillance cameras, citizens in most cultures have adjusted to the fact that giving up the right not to be observed in these circumstances causes less harm to the community than failing to have surveillance.

Possible Titles:

1. How Technology Redefines Privacy and Public Spaces 

2. Balancing Privacy and Surveillance in a Technological Era 

3. The Impact of New Technologies on Privacy Protections 

4. Privacy, Consent, and the Spread of Surveillance Cameras 

Main Idea #1:

Technological advancements challenge traditional concepts of privacy, requiring citizens and policymakers to adapt protections. 

Main Idea #2:

The introduction of new technologies, such as cameras, has led societies to distinguish between private and public spaces, with many cultures accepting reduced privacy in public areas to balance individual discomfort and community safety. 

Summary:

Advancements in technology, like the spread of cameras, challenge privacy norms, prompting societies to establish boundaries between private and public spaces. Most cultures accept reduced privacy in public spaces, prioritizing community safety over individual discomfort from surveillance. 

Key Points:

1. Technology reshapes how privacy is understood and protected. 

2. The introduction of cameras required debates on privacy laws and public consent. 

3. Societies distinguish private from public spaces in privacy considerations. 

4. Many cultures accept surveillance in public spaces as a necessary trade-off for safety.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 31번: 기적은 인간 무지에서 비롯되며 탐구로 설명 가능

Coincidence that is statistically impossible seems to us like an irrational event, and some define it as a miracle. But, as Montaigne has said, "the origin of a miracle is in our ignorance, at the level of our knowledge of nature, and not in nature itself." Glorious miracles have been later on discovered to be obedience to the laws of nature or a technological development that was not widely known at the time. As the German poet, Goethe, phrased it: "Things that are mysterious are not yet miracles." The miracle assumes the intervention of a "higher power" in its occurrence that is beyond human capability to grasp. Yet there are methodical and simple ways to "cause a miracle" without divine revelation and inspiration. Instead of checking it out, investigating and finding the source of the event, we define it as a miracle. The miracle, then, is the excuse of those who are too lazy to think.

Possible Titles:

1. Rethinking Miracles: From Mysteries to Natural Laws 

2. The Thin Line Between Miracles and Misunderstood Science 

3. How Ignorance Shapes Our Perception of Miracles 

4. Exploring Miracles as Misinterpretations of Nature 

Main Idea #1:

Miracles are often perceived as divine interventions but can frequently be explained by natural laws or technological advancements. 

Main Idea #2:

Miracles stem from ignorance or lack of understanding, as mysteries are often resolved through investigation, with the label "miracle" used by those unwilling to explore the true causes of events. 

Summary:

What we call miracles are often events beyond current understanding, rooted in natural laws or unexplored phenomena. Mislabeling them as miracles arises from ignorance or unwillingness to investigate their true origins, as demonstrated by thinkers like Montaigne and Goethe. 

Key Points:

1. Miracles are often defined as events beyond human understanding or natural laws. 

2. Many perceived miracles are later explained by science or technology. 

3. Goethe and Montaigne suggest miracles arise from ignorance, not divine intervention. 

4. Labeling events as miracles can stem from a reluctance to investigate their causes.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 32번: 외부 정보가 사건 기억에 영향을 미칠 수 있음

Information encountered after an event can influence subsequent remembering. External information can easily integrate into a witness's memory, especially if the event was poorly encoded or the memory is from a distant event, in which case time and forgetting have degraded the original memory. With reduced information available in memory with which to confirm the validity of post-event misinformation, it is less likely that this new information will be rejected. Instead, especially when it fits the witness's current thinking and can be used to create a story that makes sense to him or her, it may be integrated as part of the original experience. This process can be explicit (i.e., the witness knows it is happening), but it is often unconscious. That is, the witness might find himself or herself thinking about the event differently without awareness. Over time, the witness may not even know the source of information that led to the (new) memory. Sources of misinformation in forensic contexts can be encountered anywhere, from discussions with other witnesses to social media searches to multiple interviews with investigators or other legal professionals, and even in court.

Possible Titles:

1. How Post-Event Information Alters Witness Memory 

2. The Role of Misinformation in Shaping Witness Testimonies 

3. Memory Distortion: The Unconscious Integration of External Information 

4. Sources and Impacts of Misinformation in Forensic Contexts 

Main Idea #1:

Post-event information can influence and alter a witness’s memory, particularly when the original memory is weak or distant. 

Main Idea #2:

Misinformation can unconsciously integrate into a witness’s memory, reshaping their recollection of events, with sources of distortion ranging from social media to legal proceedings, complicating forensic accuracy. 

Summary:

Post-event information can modify a witness’s memory, especially when the original event was poorly encoded or distant. Misinformation may unconsciously integrate into their recollection, with potential sources including discussions, social media, or legal proceedings, leading to altered testimonies. 

Key Points:

1. Witness memories are vulnerable to influence from post-event information. 

2. Weak or distant memories are more susceptible to misinformation. 

3. Integration of misinformation can occur unconsciously, reshaping recollections.

4. Sources of misinformation include other witnesses, social media, and legal interviews.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 33번: 상관관계는 인과관계보다 명확한 통찰을 제공

Correlations are powerful because the insights they offer are relatively clear. These insights are often covered up when we bring causality back into the picture. For instance, a used-car dealer supplied data to statisticians to predict which of the vehicles available for purchase at an auction were likely to have problems. A correlation analysis showed that orange-colored cars were far less likely to have defects. Even as we read this, we already think about why it might be so: Are orange-colored car owners likely to be car enthusiasts and take better care of their vehicles? Or, is it because orange-colored cars are more noticeable on the road and therefore less likely to be in accidents, so they're in better condition when resold? Quickly we are caught in a web of competing causal hypotheses. But our attempts to illuminate things this way only make them cloudier. Correlations exist; we can show them mathematically. We can't easily do the same for causal links. So we would do well to hold off from trying to explain the reason behind the correlations.

Possible Titles:

1. The Clarity of Correlation Versus the Complexity of Causality 

2. Why Correlations Provide Insights Without the Need for Causal Explanations 

3. The Dangers of Overthinking Correlations with Causal Hypotheses 

4. Embracing Correlation: Insights Without Causal Assumptions 

Main Idea #1:

Correlations offer clear insights, but attempts to explain them through causality often complicate understanding. 

Main Idea #2:

While correlations are mathematically demonstrable and provide actionable insights, introducing causal hypotheses often clouds clarity, as seen in the example of orange-colored cars and their lower defect rates. 

Summary:

Correlations provide clear and measurable insights, as shown in the example of orange-colored cars having fewer defects. Attempts to explain these insights with causality often lead to conflicting hypotheses, making the situation more complex and less clear. 

Key Points:

1. Correlations offer straightforward insights that are mathematically provable. 

2. Introducing causality complicates understanding and creates conflicting hypotheses. 

3. The example of orange-colored cars shows how causal assumptions can cloud correlation analysis. 

4. Focusing on correlation alone can yield actionable and clear insights.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 34번: 기후 변화가 동물 크기 감소에 영향을 미침

Most mice in the wild are eaten or die before their life span of two years is over. They die from external causes, such as disease, starvation, or predators, not due to internal causes, such as aging. That is why nature has made mice to live, on average, for no longer than two years. Now we have arrived at an important point: The average life span of an animal species, or the rate at which it ages, is determined by the average time that this animal species can survive in the wild. That explains why a bat can live to be 30 years old. In contrast to mice, bats can fly, which is why they can escape from danger much faster. Thanks to their wings, bats can also cover longer distances and are better able to find food. Every genetic change in the past that made it possible for a bat to live longer was useful, because bats are much better able than mice to flee from danger, find food, and survive.

Possible Titles:

1. How Survival in the Wild Determines Animal Life Spans 

2. The Role of Predation and Adaptation in Aging Rates of Animals 

3. Why Mice Live Short Lives and Bats Defy Longevity Expectations 

4. Natural Selection and the Evolution of Life Spans in Animals 

Main Idea #1:

The life span of an animal is shaped by its average survival time in the wild. 

Main Idea #2:

Animals like bats, which can escape predators and find food efficiently, have evolved longer life spans compared to species like mice, whose high vulnerability in the wild limits their longevity. 

Summary:

The life span of a species is influenced by its average survival time in the wild. While mice live short lives due to high predation and environmental risks, bats live longer because their ability to fly helps them escape predators and find food, making longer life spans evolutionarily advantageous. 

Key Points:

1. Most wild mice die from external causes before their natural life span of two years. 

2. Life span and aging rates are linked to average survival times in the wild. 

3. Bats, unlike mice, live longer due to their ability to escape predators and find food. 

4. Evolution favors longevity in species with better survival adaptations like flight.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 35번: 도덕적 우수성은 학습과 발달로 지속 가능

Moral excellence, according to Aristotle, is the result of habit and repetition, though modern science would also suggest that it may have an innate, genetic component. This means that moral excellence will be broadly set early in our lives, which is why the question of how early to teach it is so important. Freud suggested that we don't change our personality much after age five or thereabouts, but as in many other things, Freud was wrong. Recent psychological research shows that personality traits stabilize around age thirty in both men and women and regardless of ethnicity as the human brain continues to develop, both neuroanatomically and in terms of cognitive skills, until the mid-twenties. The advantage of this new understanding is that we can be a bit more optimistic than Aristotle and Freud about being able to teach moral excellence.

Possible Titles:

1. The Development of Moral Excellence: Aristotle, Freud, and Modern Science 

2. Teaching Morality: Insights from Ancient Philosophy and Modern Psychology 

3. How Habit, Genetics, and Development Shape Moral Excellence 

4. Rethinking Moral Development: Beyond Aristotle and Freud 

Main Idea #1:

Aristotle believed moral excellence is developed through habit, but modern research shows it is influenced by both genetics and lifelong personality development. 

Main Idea #2:

Contrary to Freud's view that personality is fixed early in life, recent research indicates personality traits stabilize by age thirty, allowing moral excellence to be cultivated well into adulthood. 

Summary:

Aristotle saw moral excellence as a result of habit, while modern research suggests it is also shaped by genetics and personality traits, which stabilize around age thirty. This understanding allows for optimism about teaching morality beyond early childhood, countering Freud's outdated theory. 

Key Points:

1. Aristotle linked moral excellence to habit and repetition. 

2. Modern science adds that genetics may also play a role in moral development. 

3. Freud wrongly claimed personality stabilizes by age five, while research shows stabilization around age thirty. 

4. Moral excellence can be cultivated into adulthood due to ongoing brain and cognitive development.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 36번: 동물 크기는 환경 적응과 생존 전략의 결과

The size of a species is not accidental. It's a fine-tuned interaction between a species and the world it inhabits. Over large periods of time, size fluctuations have often signalled significant changes in the environment. Generally speaking, over the last five hundred million years, the trend has been towards animals getting larger. It's particularly notable in marine animals, whose average body size has increased 150-fold in this time. But we are beginning to see changes in this trend. Scientists have discovered that many animals are shrinking. Around the world, species in every category have been found to be getting smaller, and one major cause appears to be the heat. Animals living in the Italian Alps, for example, have seen temperatures rise by three to four degrees Celsius since the 1980s. To avoid overheating, chamois goats now spend more of their days resting rather than searching for food, and as a result, in just a few decades, the new generations of chamois are 25 percent smaller.

Possible Titles:

1. The Evolution of Animal Size and Its Environmental Connections 

2. How Climate Change Is Shrinking Animal Species Worldwide 

3. The Historical and Modern Trends in Animal Body Size 

4. Rising Temperatures and Their Impact on Animal Size Reduction 

Main Idea #1:

Animal size is closely tied to environmental changes, with larger sizes historically dominant over millions of years. 

Main Idea #2:

Climate change is reversing historical trends, causing species like chamois goats in the Italian Alps to shrink as rising temperatures impact their behavior and access to food. 

Summary:

Animal size has historically increased over millions of years, especially in marine species. However, rising global temperatures are now causing many species to shrink, as seen in chamois goats in the Italian Alps, which have become 25% smaller due to heat-induced behavioral changes. 

Key Points:

1. Animal size reflects a long-term interaction with environmental factors. 

2. Over the last 500 million years, animal body sizes generally increased. 

3. Climate change is reversing this trend, with species shrinking globally. 

4. Chamois goats in the Italian Alps have decreased in size by 25% due to rising temperatures and reduced foraging.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 37번: 전체 데이터 사용이 샘플링보다 더 큰 통찰 제공

For a long time, random sampling was a good shortcut. It made analysis of large data problems possible in the pre-digital era. But much as converting a digital image or song into a smaller file results in loss of data, information is lost when sampling. Having the full (or close to the full) dataset provides a lot more freedom to explore, to look at the data from different angles or to look closer at certain aspects of it. A fitting example may be the light-field camera, which captures not just a single plane of light, as with conventional cameras, but rays from the entire light field, some 11 million of them. The photographers can decide later which element of an image to focus on in the digital file. There is no need to focus at the beginning, since collecting all the information makes it possible to do that afterwards. Because rays from the entire light field are included, it is closer to all the data. As a result, the information is more "reuseable" than ordinary pictures, where the photographer has to decide what to focus on before she presses the shutter.

Possible Titles:

1. The Limitations of Sampling in the Era of Big Data 

2. Why Full Datasets Are Superior to Random Sampling in Analysis 

3. The Light-Field Camera: A Metaphor for Comprehensive Data Collection 

4. Moving Beyond Sampling: The Power of Complete Data in Analysis 

Main Idea #1:

Random sampling, while useful in the past, loses information compared to full datasets, which allow for greater flexibility and reuse in analysis. 

Main Idea #2:

Comprehensive data collection, as exemplified by the light-field camera, offers the advantage of retaining all information, enabling detailed exploration and decision-making without initial constraints. 

Summary:

Random sampling, useful in the pre-digital era, sacrifices data and limits flexibility in analysis. Full datasets, like the complete light-field data captured by advanced cameras, provide greater freedom to analyze and refocus on specific aspects later, making the information more reusable and versatile. 

Key Points:

1. Random sampling was a practical solution before digital advancements but loses data. 

2. Full datasets allow for more flexibility in analysis and detailed exploration. 

3. Light-field cameras illustrate the advantage of collecting all information upfront. 

4. Comprehensive data enables reusability and eliminates the need for initial focus constraints.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 38번: 내향적 리더십의 섬김 철학이 긍정적 효과를 가짐

Introverted leaders do have to overcome the strong cultural presumption that extroverts are more effective leaders. Although the population splits into almost equal parts between introverts and extroverts, more than 96 percent of managers and executives are extroverted. In a study done in 2006, 65 percent of senior corporate executives viewed introversion as a barrier to leadership. We must reexamine this stereotype, however, as it doesn't always hold true. Regent University found that a desire to be of service to others and to empower them to grow, which is more common among introverts than extroverts, is a key factor in becoming a leader and retaining leadership. So-called servant leadership, dating back to ancient philosophical literature, adheres to the belief that a company's goals are best achieved by helping workers or customers achieve their goals. Such leaders do not seek attention but rather want to shine a light on others' wins and achievements; servant leadership requires humility, but that humility ultimately pays off.

Possible Titles:

1. Examining Introverted Leaders' Effectiveness in Modern Organizations 

2. Understanding Servant Leadership and Its Historical Roots 

3. The Role of Humility in Leadership Success 

4. Breaking Stereotypes About Introversion and Leadership 

Main Idea #1:

Cultural biases favor extroverted leaders despite introverts possessing valuable leadership traits. 

Main Idea #2:

Servant leadership, often associated with introverts, prioritizes empowering others and achieving organizational success through humility and support. 

Summary:

Although introverts are often seen as less effective leaders, their approach to servant leadership emphasizes empowering others and achieving mutual goals. This leadership style, rooted in humility, aligns with ancient philosophies and fosters long-term success. Cultural stereotypes should be challenged to recognize introverts' unique contributions. 

Key Points:

1. Most leaders are extroverts due to cultural biases about leadership effectiveness. 

2. Many executives perceive introversion as a leadership barrier. 

3. Servant leadership focuses on empowering others and achieving shared goals. 

4. Humility in leadership enhances team and organizational success.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 39번: 불완전성을 허용하면 데이터 활용 가능성 증가

By the nineteenth century, France had developed a system of precisely defined units of measurement to capture space, time, and more, and had begun to get other nations to adopt the same standards. Just half a century later, in the 1920s, the discoveries of quantum mechanics forever destroyed the dream of comprehensive and perfect measurement. And yet, outside a relatively small circle of physicists, the mindset of humankind's drive to flawlessly measure continued among engineers and scientists. In the world of business it even expanded, as the precision-oriented sciences of mathematics and statistics began to influence all areas of commerce. However, contrary to the trend of the past several decades, in many new situations that are occurring today, allowing for imprecision ― for messiness ― may be a positive feature, not a shortcoming. As a tradeoff for relaxing the standards of allowable errors, one can get a hold of much more data. It isn't just that "more is better than some," but that, in fact, sometimes "more is greater than better."

Possible Titles:

1. The Evolution of Measurement Standards and Their Impact on Society 

2. Embracing Imprecision in Modern Data Analysis and Decision-Making 

3. From Perfect Measurement to Valuing Messiness in New Contexts 

4. The Transition from Precision to Flexibility in Science and Business 

Main Idea #1:

Quantum mechanics undermined the vision of perfect measurement but did not halt humanity's pursuit of precision. 

Main Idea #2:

While precision has dominated science and business, embracing imprecision can yield broader and more effective insights in modern contexts. 

Summary:

The dream of perfect measurement faded with quantum mechanics, yet precision remained a driving force in science and business. Today, relaxing precision standards allows access to larger datasets, which can sometimes provide more valuable insights than traditional exactness. This shift marks a new approach to leveraging data in a complex world. 

Key Points:

1. France pioneered precise measurement systems and promoted global adoption. 

2. Quantum mechanics disrupted the notion of perfect measurement. 

3. Precision has strongly influenced science, engineering, and business practices.

4. Allowing for imprecision in modern contexts can lead to more valuable insights.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 40번: 협력적 행동이 공동체 내 신뢰와 지위를 강화

Multiple laboratory studies show that cooperative people tend to receive social advantages from others. One way to demonstrate this is to give people the opportunity to act positively or negatively toward contributors. For example, Pat Barclay, a professor at the University of Guelph, had participants play a cooperative game where people could contribute money toward a group fund which helped all group members, and then allowed participants to give money to other participants based on their reputations. People who contributed more to the group fund were given responsibility for more money than people who contributed less. Similar results have been found by other researchers. People who contribute toward their groups are also chosen more often as interaction partners, preferred as leaders, rated as more desirable partners for long-term relationships, and are perceived to be trustworthy and have high social status. Uncooperative people tend to receive verbal criticism or even more severe punishment. -> Studies suggest that individuals who act with generosity toward their communities are more likely to be viewed as deserving of benefit by members of that community than those who don't.

Possible Titles:

1. Social Benefits of Generosity in Cooperative Communities 

2. The Role of Cooperation in Leadership and Social Status 

3. How Generosity Shapes Perception and Interpersonal Success 

4. Cooperative Behavior as a Pathway to Social Advantage 

Main Idea #1:

Cooperative individuals gain social advantages and positive recognition from their communities. 

Main Idea #2:

Studies reveal that generous behavior leads to rewards such as leadership opportunities, enhanced trust, and higher social status, while uncooperative individuals face criticism and penalties. 

Summary:

Cooperative behavior in group settings earns individuals rewards such as trust, leadership roles, and positive social status. Experiments show that contributors are preferred as leaders and partners, while uncooperative individuals often face criticism or punishment. Generosity is a key factor in gaining social recognition and benefits. 

Key Points:

1. Cooperative individuals are entrusted with greater responsibility in group settings. 

2. Generosity is linked to higher trust, leadership selection, and desirability as partners. 

3. Uncooperative behavior often leads to verbal criticism or punishment. 

4. Social advantages are more likely for those who contribute positively to their communities.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 41~42번: 공연에서 관객 참여가 예술적 경험을 증폭

In Western society, many music performance settings make a clear distinction between performers and audience members: the performers are the "doers" and those in the audience take a decidedly passive role. The performance space itself may further reinforce the distinction with a physical separation between the stage and audience seating. Perhaps because this distinction is so common, audiences seem to greatly value opportunities to have special "access" to performers that affords understanding about performers' style of music. Some performing musicians have won great approval by regularly incorporating "audience participation" into their concerts. Whether by leading a sing-along activity or teaching a rhythm to be clapped at certain points, including audience members in the music making can boost the level of engagement and enjoyment for all involved. Performers who are uncomfortable leading audience participation can still connect with the audience simply by giving a special glimpse of the performer perspective. It is quite common in classical music to provide audiences with program notes. Typically, this text in a program gives background information about pieces of music being performed and perhaps biographical information about historically significant composers. What may be of more interest to audience members is background information about the very performers who are onstage, including an explanation of why they have chosen the music they are presenting. Such insight can make audience members feel near to the musicians onstage, both metaphorically and emotionally. This connection will likely enhance the expressive and communicative experience.

Possible Titles:

1. Bridging the Gap Between Performers and Audiences in Music 

2. Enhancing Engagement Through Audience Participation in Concerts 

3. The Role of Performer-Audience Connection in Musical Experiences 

4. Exploring the Benefits of Audience Involvement in Performances 

Main Idea #1:

Performers and audiences are traditionally divided, but bridging this gap enhances engagement and enjoyment. 

Main Idea #2:

Audience participation or insights into performers' perspectives can foster emotional connections, making the musical experience more expressive and communicative. 

Summary:

Western music performances often emphasize a division between performers and audiences, but involving audiences through participation or sharing performer perspectives strengthens engagement. Activities like sing-alongs or providing background on performers' choices enhance emotional connections and enrich the concert experience. 

Key Points:

1. Western music settings often separate performers and audiences physically and socially. 

2. Audience participation activities, like sing-alongs, boost engagement and enjoyment. 

3. Providing insight into performers' perspectives fosters emotional connections. 

4. Program notes can deepen audience understanding and enhance the concert experience.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 43~45번: 다툰 형제가 목수의 다리로 화해와 관계 회복

Once upon a time, two brothers, Robert and James, who lived on neighboring farms fell into conflict. It was the first serious fight in 40 years of farming side by side. It began with a small misunderstanding and it grew into a major argument, and finally it exploded into an exchange of bitter words followed by weeks of silence. One morning there was a knock on Robert's door. He opened it to find a carpenter with a toolbox. Looking at Robert, the carpenter said, "I'm looking for a few days' work. Do you have anything to repair?" "I have nothing to be repaired, but I have a job for you. Look across the creek at that farm. Last week, my younger brother James took his bulldozer and put that creek in the meadow between us. Well, I will do even worse. I want you to build me an 8-foot tall fence which will block him from seeing my place," said Robert. The carpenter seemed to understand the situation. Robert prepared all the materials the carpenter needed. The next day, Robert left to work on another farm, so he couldn't watch the carpenter for some days. When Robert returned and saw the carpenter's work, his jaw dropped. Instead of a fence, the carpenter had built a bridge that stretched from one side of the creek to the other. His brother was walking over, waving his hand in the air. Robert laughed and said to the carpenter, "You really can fix anything." The two brothers stood awkwardly for a moment, but soon met on the bridge and shook hands. They saw the carpenter leaving with his toolbox. "No, wait! Stay a few more days." Robert told him. "Thank you for your invitation. But I need to go build more bridges. Don't forget. The fence leads to isolation and the bridge to openness," said carpenter. The two brothers nodded at the carpenter's words.

Possible Titles:

1. The Carpenter's Lesson: From Isolation to Reconnection 

2. Building Bridges: A Tale of Forgiveness and Understanding 

3. Mending Family Ties Through Unexpected Acts of Kindness 

4. How a Bridge Rekindled a Brotherly Bond After Conflict 

Main Idea #1:

A carpenter helps two estranged brothers reconcile by building a bridge instead of a fence. 

Main Idea #2:

Through an act of creativity and wisdom, the carpenter transforms a symbol of division into one of connection, teaching the brothers the value of openness and reconciliation. 

Summary:

After a bitter conflict, two brothers on neighboring farms become estranged. One hires a carpenter to build a fence to isolate himself, but the carpenter builds a bridge instead. The bridge rekindles the brothers' relationship, teaching them the importance of connection and forgiveness. 

Key Points:

1. Robert and James' conflict leads to weeks of silence and bitterness. 

2. Robert hires a carpenter to build a fence to isolate himself from James. 

3. The carpenter builds a bridge instead, encouraging reconciliation. 

4. The brothers reunite on the bridge, learning the value of openness over division.

안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다.

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