In 1900, at the close of the first decade in which electric systems had become a practical alternative for manufacturers, less than 5 percent of the power used in factories came from electricity. But the technological advances of suppliers made electric systems and electric motors ever more affordable and reliable, and the suppliers' intensive marketing programs also sped the adoption of the new technology. Further accelerating the shift was the rapid expansion in the number of skilled electrical engineers, who provided the expertise needed to install and run the new systems. In short order, electric power had gone from exotic to commonplace. But one thing didn't change. Factories continued to build their own power-supply systems on their own premises. Few manufacturers considered buying electricity from the small central stations. Designed to supply lighting to local homes and shops, the central stations had neither the size nor the skill to serve the needs of big factories. And the factory owners, having always supplied their own power, were loath to assign such a critical function to an outsider. They knew that a glitch in power supply would bring their operations to a halt─and that a lot of glitches might well mean bankruptcy. As the new century began, a survey found that there were already 50,000 private electric plants in operation, far surpassing the 3,600 central stations.
구분
내용
원문
주장
1900년경 공장 전력의 5% 미만이 전기로 공급되었음
In 1900, at the close of the first decade in which electric systems had become a practical alternative for manufacturers, less than 5 percent of the power used in factories came from electricity.
근거
기술 발전과 전기 시스템의 신뢰성 향상으로 채택 가속화
But the technological advances of suppliers made electric systems and electric motors ever more affordable and reliable, and the suppliers' intensive marketing programs also sped the adoption of the new technology.
전환
숙련된 전기 엔지니어 수 증가로 전환 가속화
Further accelerating the shift was the rapid expansion in the number of skilled electrical engineers, who provided the expertise needed to install and run the new systems.
예시
전기는 이국적에서 일상적으로 변화
In short order, electric power had gone from exotic to commonplace.
반박
공장들은 자체 전력 공급 시스템을 계속 구축
But one thing didn't change. Factories continued to build their own power-supply systems on their own premises.
근거
중앙 발전소는 대형 공장 요구를 충족할 능력 부족
Few manufacturers considered buying electricity from the small central stations. Designed to supply lighting to local homes and shops, the central stations had neither the size nor the skill to serve the needs of big factories.
근거
공장주들은 전력 공급 중단이 운영에 미치는 영향 우려
And the factory owners, having always supplied their own power, were loath to assign such a critical function to an outsider. They knew that a glitch in power supply would bring their operations to a halt ─ and that a lot of glitches might well mean bankruptcy.
증거
1900년 조사에서 50,000개의 개인 전력 설비 운영 확인
As the new century began, a survey found that there were already 50,000 private electric plants in operation, far surpassing the 3,600 central stations.
마지막 도표에서 private plants와 central stations의 위치가 서로 바뀌어야 하네요ㅠ.ㅠ
문제 지문
원문 비문
1
In 1900, at the close of the first decade in which electric systems had become a practical alternative for manufacturers, less than 5 percent of the power used in factories came from electricity.
In 1900, at the close of the first decade in which electric systems had become a practical alternative for manufacturers, less than 5 percent of the power used in factories came from electricity.
2
But the technological advances of suppliers made electric systems and electric motors ever more affordable and reliable, and the suppliers' intensive marketing programs also sped the adoption of the new technology.
But the technological advances of suppliers like General Electric and Westinghouse made electric systems and electric motors ever more affordable and reliable, and the suppliers’ intensive marketing programs also sped the adoption of the new technology.
3
Further accelerating the shift was the rapid expansion in the number of skilled electrical engineers, who provided the expertise needed to install and run the new systems.
Further accelerating the shift was the rapid expansion in the number of skilled electrical engineers, who provided the expertise needed to install and run the new systems.
4
In short order, electric power had gone from exotic to commonplace.
By 1905, a writer for Engineering magazine felt comfortable declaring that “no one would now think of planning a new plant with other than electric driving.” In short order, electric power had gone from exotic to commonplace.
5
But one thing didn't change. Factories continued to build their own power-supply systems on their own premises.
But one thing didn’t change. Factories continued to build their own power-supply systems on their own premises.
6
Few manufacturers considered buying electricity from the small central stations.
Few manufacturers considered buying electricity from the small central stations, like Edison’s Pearl Street plant, that were popping up across the country.
7
Designed to supply lighting to local homes and shops, the central stations had neither the size nor the skill to serve the needs of big factories.
Designed to supply lighting to local homes and shops, the central stations had neither the size nor the skill to serve the needs of big factories.
8
And the factory owners, having always supplied their own power, were loath to assign such a critical function to an outsider.
And the factory owners, having always supplied their own power, were loath to entrust such a critical function to an outsider.
9
They knew that a glitch in power supply would bring their operations to a halt ─ and that a lot of glitches might well mean bankruptcy.
They knew that a glitch in power supply would bring their operations to a halt ─ and that a lot of glitches might well mean bankruptcy.
10
As the new century began, a survey found that there were already 50,000 private electric plants in operation, far surpassing the 3,600 central stations.
“In the early years,” as Louis Hunter puts it, “the presumption would be that a manufacturer electrifying his machinery would use his own power plant.” That presumption is evident in the statistics. As the new century began, a survey by the Census Bureau found that there were already 50,000 private electric plants in operation, far outstripping the 3,600 central stations.
Quite often the interaction between groups is socially unequal, and this is reflected in the fact that in many cases borrowing of words or constructions goes mostly or entirely in one direction, from the more powerful or prestigious group to the less favored one. The languages of socially subordinated groups may from quite an early period of contact provide terminology for objects or practices with which speakers of the more powerful group were previously unfamiliar, but the effects of contact in that direction may not progress any further than this. In some cases, as with the Dharug language of Sydney, Australia, the source of some of the earliest loans from Indigenous Australian languages into English, the fate of the language system is extinction after the obliteration of many of its speakers. The remainder shifted to varieties of English, the language of the people who had suppressed them.
구분
내용
원문
주장
사회적으로 불평등한 집단 간의 언어 차용은 주로 권력 있는 집단에서 덜 유리한 집단으로 이루어진다.
Quite often the interaction between groups is socially unequal, and this is reflected in the fact that in many cases borrowing of words or constructions goes mostly or entirely in one direction, from the more powerful or prestigious group to the less favored one.
예시
사회적으로 열위에 있는 집단의 언어는 초기 접촉 시 더 강한 집단에 새로운 용어를 제공하지만, 그 이상의 영향은 제한적일 수 있다.
The languages of socially subordinated groups may from quite an early period of contact provide terminology for objects or practices with which speakers of the more powerful group were previously unfamiliar, but the effects of contact in that direction may not progress any further than this.
증거
시드니의 Dharug 언어는 초기 영어에 차용어를 제공했지만, 결국 멸종되었다.
In some cases, as with the Dharug language of Sydney, Australia, the source of some of the earliest loans from Indigenous Australian languages into English, the fate of the language system is extinction after the obliteration of many of its speakers.
결론
남은 화자들은 그들을 억압한 사람들의 언어인 영어로 전환했다.
The remainder shifted to varieties of English, the language of the people who had suppressed them.
문제 지문
원문 지문
1
Quite often the interaction between groups is socially unequal, and this is reflected in the fact that in many cases borrowing of words or constructions goes mostly or entirely in one direction, from the more powerful or prestigious group to the less favored one.
Quite often the interaction between the groups is socially unequal, and this is reflected in the fact that in many cases borrowing of words or constructions goes mostly or entirely in one direction, from the more powerful or prestigious group to the less favored one.
2
The languages of socially subordinated groups may from quite an early period of contact provide terminology for objects or practices with which speakers of the more powerful group were previously unfamiliar, but the effects of contact in that direction may not progress any further than this.
The languages of socially subordinated groups may from quite an early period of contact provide terminology for realia or practices with which speakers of the more powerful group were previously unfamiliar, but the effects of contact in that direction may not progress any further than this.
3
In some cases, as with the Dharug language of Sydney, Australia, the source of some of the earliest loans from Indigenous Australian languages into English, the fate of the language system is extinction after the obliteration of many of its speakers.
In some cases, as with the Dharug language of Sydney, Australia, the source of some of the earliest loans from Indigenous Australian languages into English, the fate of the language system that provided such terms (in this case, including the etyma of boomerang and wombat) is extinction after the obliteration of many of its speakers.
4
The remainder shifted to varieties of English, the language of the people who had suppressed them.
The remainder shifted to varieties of English, the language of the people who had slain their kinfolk.
* 원문 참고 어휘
realia 현실적 사물, 실물 (= objects)
term 용어
etyma (다른 단어의) 원형, 어근
boomerang 부메랑
wombat 웜뱃 (작은 곰같이 생긴 오스트레일리아 동물. 캥거루처럼 새끼를 육아낭에 넣어서 기름)
As a general rule, it's better if your definition corresponds as closely as possible to the way in which the term is ordinarily used in the kinds of debates to which your claims are pertinent. There will be, however, occasions where it is appropriate, even necessary, to coin special uses through what philosophers call stimulative definition. This would be the case where the current lexicon is not able to make distinctions that you think are philosophically important. For example, we do not have a term in ordinary language that describes a memory that is not necessarily a memory of something the person having it has experienced. Such a thing would occur, for example, if I could somehow share your memories: I would have a memory-type experience, but this would not be of something that I had actually experienced. To call this a memory would be misleading. For this reason, philosophers have coined the special term 'quasi-memory' to refer to these hypothetical memory-like experiences.
구분
내용
원문
주장
용어의 정의는 해당 논의에서 일반적으로 사용되는 방식과 최대한 일치해야 한다.
As a general rule, it's better if your definition corresponds as closely as possible to the way in which the term is ordinarily used in the kinds of debates to which your claims are pertinent.
전환
그러나 특별한 경우에는 철학자들이 '자극적 정의'라고 부르는 방식으로 새로운 용어를 만들어야 할 필요가 있다.
There will be, however, occasions where it is appropriate, even necessary, to coin special uses through what philosophers call stimulative definition.
근거
현재의 어휘로는 철학적으로 중요한 구별을 하지 못하는 경우가 있기 때문이다.
This would be the case where the current lexicon is not able to make distinctions that you think are philosophically important.
예시
타인의 기억을 공유하는 경우를 설명하기 위해 '준기억'이라는 용어가 만들어졌다.
For example, we do not have a term in ordinary language that describes a memory that is not necessarily a memory of something the person having it has experienced. Such a thing would occur, for example, if I could somehow share your memories: I would have a memory-type experience, but this would not be of something that I had actually experienced. To call this a memory would be misleading. For this reason, philosophers have coined the special term 'quasimemory' to refer to these hypothetical memory-like experiences.
그림의 'quasimemory' -> 'quasi-memory'로 하이픈이 들어가야 합니다
It is important to recognize that although science is a rule-based procedure, it is very much a creative process. A conjecture is a philosophical invention, cooked up rather mystically by the mind through the mental computation we call careful contemplation. However, until the hypothesis is tested against reality, it is not yet truly knowledge; it is just information that represents speculation. Knowledge is information that has demonstrated its usefulness. It is what is left over after cycles of experimental testing have eliminated false theories. As scientists continually test their hypotheses and modify their models to account for new and surprising data, a kind of "learning loop" emerges that statisticians call Bayesian updating. Based on Bayes' Rule, developed by eighteenth-century English statistician and philosopher Thomas Bayes, Bayesian updating refers to a mathematical process whereby an accepted theory or predictive model gets increasingly accurate through the repetitive testing of competing variants of that theory.
구분
내용
원문
주장
과학은 규칙 기반 절차이지만, 창의적인 과정이기도 하다.
It is important to recognize that although science is a rule-based procedure, it is very much a creative process.
정의
가설은 신중한 숙고를 통해 마음속에서 만들어진 철학적 발명품이다.
A conjecture is a philosophical invention, cooked up rather mystically by the mind through the mental computation we call careful contemplation.
설명
가설은 현실에 대한 검증을 통해 지식이 되며, 이는 유용성이 입증된 정보이다.
However, until the hypothesis is tested against reality, it is not yet truly knowledge; it is just information that represents speculation. Knowledge is information that has demonstrated its usefulness.
과정 설명
과학자들은 가설을 지속적으로 검증하고 모델을 수정하며, 이를 통해 '학습 루프'가 형성된다.
As scientists continually test their hypotheses and modify their models to account for new and surprising data, a kind of "learning loop" emerges that statisticians call Bayesian updating.
정의
베이즈 규칙은 18세기 통계학자 토마스 베이즈가 개발한 것으로, 반복적인 검증을 통해 이론이나 예측 모델의 정확도를 향상시키는 수학적 과정이다.
Based on Bayes' Rule, developed by eighteenth-century English statistician and philosopher Thomas Bayes, Bayesian updating refers to a mathematical process whereby an accepted theory or predictive model gets increasingly accurate through the repetitive testing of competing variants of that theory.
문제 지문
원문 지문
1
It is important to recognize that although science is a rule-based procedure, it is very much a creative process.
It is important to recognize that although science is a rule-based procedure, it is very much a creative process.
2
A conjecture is a philosophical invention, cooked up rather mystically by the mind through the mental computation we call careful contemplation.
A conjecture is a philosophical invention, cooked up rather mystically by the mind through the mental computation we call careful contemplation.
3
However, until the hypothesis is tested against reality, it is not yet truly knowledge; it is just information that represents speculation.
However, until the hypothesis is tested against reality, it is not yet truly knowledge; it is just information that represents speculation.
4
Knowledge is information that has demonstrated its usefulness.
Knowledge is information that has demonstrated its usefulness.
5
It is what is left over after cycles of experimental testing have eliminated false theories.
It is what is left over after cycles of experimental testing have eliminated false theories.
6
As scientists continually test their hypotheses and modify their models to account for new and surprising data, a kind of "learning loop" emerges that statisticians call Bayesian updating.
As scientists continually test their hypotheses and tweak their models to account for new and surprising data, a kind of “learning loop” emerges that statisticians call Bayesian updating.
7
Based on Bayes' Rule, developed by eighteenth-century English statistician and philosopher Thomas Bayes, Bayesian updating refers to a mathematical process whereby an accepted theory or predictive model gets increasingly accurate through the repetitive testing of competing variants of that theory.
Based on Bayes’ theorem, developed by eighteenth-century English statistician, philosopher, and Presbyterian minister Thomas Bayes, Bayesian updating refers to a mathematical process whereby an accepted theory or predictive model gets increasingly accurate through the iterative testing of competing variants of that theory.
Stress not only affects physical disease but also the very structure of our brains, making us even more likely to experience a drained brain. A number of studies have been done to reveal what happens in healthy people's brains when they go through something stressful. One study demonstrated a link between a smaller hippocampus and people who had experienced long-lasting stress. Why does this matter? This part of the brain helps you remain resilient in the face of stress and is involved in mood regulation. It also helps you to monitor the safety of your environment and store dangerous images in your long-term memory so you can avoid them in the future. It does all these things as part of its duties of regulating your sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. But chronic stress can confuse the hippocampus and lead to turning signals for cortisol "on" instead of "off," which can trap you in a constant state of fight, flight, or freeze.
구분
내용
원문
주장
스트레스는 신체 질환뿐만 아니라 뇌의 구조에도 영향을 미쳐, '소진된 뇌' 상태를 유발할 수 있다.
Stress not only affects physical disease but also the very structure of our brains, making us even more likely to experience a drained brain.
증거
연구에 따르면, 장기간의 스트레스를 경험한 사람들은 해마 크기가 더 작은 경향이 있다.
A number of studies have been done to reveal what happens in healthy people's brains when they go through something stressful. One study demonstrated a link between a smaller hippocampus and people who had experienced long-lasting stress.
근거
해마는 스트레스에 대한 회복력 유지, 기분 조절, 환경의 안전성 모니터링, 위험한 이미지의 장기 기억 저장 등 다양한 기능을 수행한다.
This part of the brain helps you remain resilient in the face of stress and is involved in mood regulation. It also helps you to monitor the safety of your environment and store dangerous images in your long-term memory so you can avoid them in the future.
설명
해마는 교감신경계와 부교감신경계를 조절하는 역할을 하며, 만성 스트레스는 해마의 기능을 혼란시켜 코르티솔 신호를 지속적으로 '켜진' 상태로 만들어, 지속적인 '투쟁-도피-동결' 상태에 빠지게 할 수 있다.
It does all these things as part of its duties of regulating your sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. But chronic stress can confuse the hippocampus and lead to turning signals for cortisol "on" instead of "off," which can trap you in a constant state of fight, flight, or freeze.
문제 지문
원문 지문
1
Stress not only affects physical disease but also the very structure of our brains, making us even more likely to experience a drained brain.
Stress not only affects physical disease but also the very structure of our brains, making us even more likely to experience a drained brain.
2
A number of studies have been done to reveal what happens in healthy people's brains when they go through something stressful.
A number of studies have been done to shed light onto what happens in healthy people’s brains when they go through something stressful.
3
One study demonstrated a link between a smaller hippocampus and people who had experienced long-lasting stress.
One study demonstrated a link between a smaller hippocampus in people who experienced long-lasting stress like childhood abuse.
4
Why does this matter?
Why does this matter?
5
This part of the brain helps you remain resilient in the face of stress and is involved in mood regulation.
This part of the brain helps you remain resilient in the face of stress and is involved in mood regulation.
6
It also helps you to monitor the safety of your environment and store dangerous images in your long-term memory so you can avoid them in the future.
It also helps you to monitor the safety of your environment and store dangerous images in your long-term memory so you can avoid them in the future.
7
It does all these things as part of its duties of regulating your sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
It does all these things as part of its duties of regulating your sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
8
But chronic stress can confuse the hippocampus and lead to turning signals for cortisol "on" instead of "off," which can trap you in a constant state of fight, flight, or freeze.
But chronic stress can confuse the hippocampus and lead to turning signals for cortisol “on” instead of “off,” which can hardwire you into a constant state of fight, flight, or freeze.
* 원문 참고 어휘
shed light onto~을 비추다, 밝히다, 해명하다 (= reveal)
child abuse 아동 학대
hardwire(보고 듣고 하는 것에서) <행동 양식을> 고정화시키다, 굳어버리게 하다 (= trap)
The governments of virtually every country on the planet attach great importance to achieving food security and a wide variety of mechanisms have been developed to realize this goal. The first issue governments face in achieving national food security is the problem of insuring that adequate amounts of food are available to the resident population. Some governments have set goals of food self-sufficiency, which means most if not all of the food available in a country comes from the domestic farming system. However, food security does not require food self-sufficiency because countries can import food items not easily produced within the country. Agricultural products are, after all, highly sensitive to climatic, soil and other conditions that tend to vary around the world. Even countries with extremely productive agricultural sectors are not fully self-sufficient in all food items. The United States, for example, depends on imports for its supply of coffee, tea, bananas and other tropical products. In general, the problem of assuring adequate food supplies is solved by relying on both domestic production and imports.
구분
내용
원문
주장
대부분의 국가들은 식량 안보 달성을 중시하며 다양한 메커니즘을 개발해왔다.
The governments of virtually every country on the planet attach great importance to achieving food security and a wide variety of mechanisms have been developed to realize this goal.
문제 제기
정부가 직면한 첫 번째 과제는 주민들에게 충분한 식량을 제공하는 것이다.
The first issue governments face in achieving national food security is the problem of insuring that adequate amounts of food are available to the resident population.
해결책 제안
일부 정부는 국내 농업 시스템을 통해 식량 자급자족을 목표로 설정했다.
Some governments have set goals of food self-sufficiency, which means most if not all of the food available in a country comes from the domestic farming system.
반론
그러나 식량 안보는 반드시 식량 자급자족을 필요로 하지 않으며, 수입을 통해 국내에서 생산하기 어려운 식품을 확보할 수 있다.
However, food security does not require food self-sufficiency because countries can import food items not easily produced within the country.
근거
농산물은 기후, 토양 등 다양한 조건에 민감하며, 생산성이 높은 국가들도 모든 식품을 자급하지는 않는다. 예를 들어, 미국은 커피, 차, 바나나 등 열대 제품을 수입에 의존한다.
Agricultural products are, after all, highly sensitive to climatic, soil and other conditions that tend to vary around the world. Even countries with extremely productive agricultural sectors are not fully self-sufficient in all food items. The United States, for example, depends on imports for its supply of coffee, tea, bananas and other tropical products.
결론
일반적으로 충분한 식량 공급을 보장하는 문제는 국내 생산과 수입을 모두 활용하여 해결된다.
In general, the problem of assuring adequate food supplies is solved by relying on both domestic production and imports.
문제 지문
원문 지문
1
The governments of virtually every country on the planet attach great importance to achieving food security and a wide variety of mechanisms have been developed to realize this goal.
The governments of virtually every country on the planet attach great importance to achieving food security and a wide variety of mechanisms have been developed to realize this goal.
2
The first issue governments face in achieving national food security is the problem of insuring that adequate amounts of food are available to the resident population.
The first issue governments face in achieving national food security is the problem of insuring that adequate amounts of food are available to the resident population.
3
Some governments have set goals of food self-sufficiency, which means most if not all of the food available in a country comes from the domestic farming system.
Some governments have set goals of food self-sufficiency, which means most if not all of the food available in a country comes from the domestic farming system.
4
However, food security does not require food self-sufficiency because countries can import food items not easily produced within the country.
However, food security does not require food self-sufficiency because countries can import food items not easily produced within the country.
5
Agricultural products are, after all, highly sensitive to climatic, soil and other conditions that tend to vary around the world.
Agricultural products are, after all, highly sensitive to climatic, topographic, soil and other conditions that tend to vary around the world.
6
Even countries with extremely productive agricultural sectors are not fully self-sufficient in all food items.
Even countries with extremely productive agricultural sectors (e.g. the United States, Canada, France, Australia, Brazil, etc.) are not fully self-sufficient in all food items.
7
The United States, for example, depends on imports for its supply of coffee, tea, bananas and other tropical products.
The United States, for example, depends on imports for its supply of coffee, tea, bananas and other tropical products.
8
In general, the problem of assuring adequate food supplies is solved by relying on both domestic production and imports.
In general, the problem of assuring adequate food supplies is solved by relying on both domestic production and imports.
Dictionaries are relatively good resources for anyone interested in finding out what a word means. Using one set of words to define another word is called a lexical definition. But it's important to understand the limits of dictionary definitions. More often than not, a definition in a dictionary requires readers to have a fairly robust understanding of the language already at their disposal. In other words, a dictionary functions in many cases as a cross-reference or translator between words one knows and words that one doesn't yet know. Even the most obscure words in a dictionary, say, for example, "pulchritudinous" or "kalokagathia," must be defined using words that the reader already knows and understands. Otherwise, the dictionary isn't very helpful.
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사전은 단어의 의미를 찾는 데 유용하지만, 그 한계를 이해하는 것이 중요하다.
Dictionaries are relatively good resources for anyone interested in finding out what a word means. Using one set of words to define another word is called a lexical definition. But it's important to understand the limits of dictionary definitions.
근거
사전의 정의는 독자가 이미 언어에 대한 충분한 이해를 가지고 있어야 이해할 수 있는 경우가 많다.
More often than not, a definition in a dictionary requires readers to have a fairly robust understanding of the language already at their disposal.
예시
사전은 독자가 아는 단어와 모르는 단어 사이의 교차 참조나 번역자로 기능하며, 'pulchritudinous'나 'kalokagathia'와 같은 어려운 단어도 독자가 이미 알고 있는 단어로 정의되어야 한다.
In other words, a dictionary functions in many cases as a cross-reference or translator between words one knows and words that one doesn't yet know. Even the most obscure words in a dictionary, say, for example, "pulchritudinous" or "kalokagathia," must be defined using words that the reader already knows and understands.
Despite the difference between the past and the future, between what has happened and what is to come, it can be suggested, that our sense of the past has always been influenced by our view of the future. Revolutionaries have always looked to the past to frame their future cause, as is amply illustrated by examples from nationalism to communism. The future has often been seen as variously a recovery of a lost time, as a replication of what is established, or as a model bequeathed by a heroic age long gone. The writing of history is based on understanding or explaining future outcomes that were not known to contemporaries, since the historian has the benefit of hindsight and the past is nothing more than the accumulation of futures that are now our past. So, rather than see the hand of the past always shaping the future, perhaps it can be seen in reverse, with the past─in the sense of our understanding of it─being shaped by our orientation to the future.
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과거와 미래의 차이에도 불구하고, 우리의 과거에 대한 인식은 미래에 대한 관점에 의해 영향을 받아왔다고 제안할 수 있다.
Despite the difference between the past and the future, between what has happened and what is to come, it can be suggested, that our sense of the past has always been influenced by our view of the future.
예시
혁명가들은 항상 그들의 미래 명분을 정립하기 위해 과거를 참고해 왔으며, 이는 민족주의에서 공산주의에 이르는 예시들로 충분히 입증된다.
Revolutionaries have always looked to the past to frame their future cause, as is amply illustrated by examples from nationalism to communism.
근거
미래는 종종 잃어버린 시간을 회복하거나, 확립된 것을 복제하거나, 오래 전 영웅적인 시대가 남긴 모델로 간주되어 왔다.
The future has often been seen as variously a recovery of a lost time, as a replication of what is established, or as a model bequeathed by a heroic age long gone.
근거
역사의 서술은 당시 사람들은 알지 못했던 미래의 결과를 이해하거나 설명하는 데 기반을 두며, 역사가들은 후견지명을 가지고 과거를 바라본다.
The writing of history is based on understanding or explaining future outcomes that were not known to contemporaries, since the historian has the benefit of hindsight and the past is nothing more than the accumulation of futures that are now our past.
결론
따라서, 항상 과거가 미래를 형성한다고 보기보다는, 반대로 우리의 미래에 대한 지향이 우리의 과거에 대한 이해를 형성한다고 볼 수 있다.
So, rather than see the hand of the past always shaping the future, perhaps it can be seen in reverse, with the past ─ in the sense of our understanding of it ─ being shaped by our orientation to the future.
When we realize we've said something in error and we pause to go back to correct it, we stop gesturing a couple of hundred milliseconds before we stop speaking. Such sequences suggest the startling notion that our hands "know" what we're going to say before our conscious minds do, and in fact this is often the case. Gesture can mentally prime a word so that the right term comes to our lips. When people are prevented from gesturing, they talk less fluently; their speech becomes halting because their hands are no longer able to supply them with the next word, and the next. Not being able to gesture has other deleterious effects: without gesture to help our mental processes along, we remember less useful information, we solve problems less well, and we are less able to explain our thinking. Far from tagging along as speech's clumsy companion, gesture represents the leading edge of our thought.
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오류를 수정할 때, 말보다 제스처가 먼저 멈추는 것은 손이 의식보다 먼저 말할 내용을 '안다'는 것을 시사한다.
When we realize we've said something in error and we pause to go back to correct it, we stop gesturing a couple of hundred milliseconds before we stop speaking. Such sequences suggest the startling notion that our hands "know" what we're going to say before our conscious minds do, and in fact this is often the case.
근거
제스처는 단어를 떠올리는 데 도움을 주며, 제스처를 하지 못하면 말이 더듬거리고 유창성이 떨어진다.
Gesture can mentally prime a word so that the right term comes to our lips. When people are prevented from gesturing, they talk less fluently; their speech becomes halting because their hands are no longer able to supply them with the next word, and the next.
근거
제스처를 하지 못하면 정보 기억, 문제 해결, 사고 과정 설명 능력이 저하된다.
Not being able to gesture has other deleterious effects: without gesture to help our mental processes along, we remember less useful information, we solve problems less well, and we are less able to explain our thinking.
결론
제스처는 단순한 말의 동반자가 아니라, 사고의 선두에 있다.
Far from tagging along as speech's clumsy companion, gesture represents the leading edge of our thought.
Great scientists are seldom one-hit wonders. Newton is a prime example: beyond the Newtonian mechanics, he developed the theory of gravitation, calculus, laws of motion, and optimization. In fact, well-known scientists are often involved in multiple discoveries, a phenomenon potentially explained by the Matthew effect. Indeed, an initial success may offer a scientist legitimacy, improve peer perception, provide knowledge of how to score and win, enhance social status, and attract resources and quality collaborators, each of these payoffs further increasing her odds of scoring another win. Yet, there is an appealing alternative explanation: Great scientists have multiple hits and consistently succeed in their scientific endeavors simply because they're exceptionally talented. Therefore, future success again goes to those who have had success earlier, not because of advantages offered by the previous success, but because the earlier success was indicative of a hidden talent. The Matthew effect posits that success alone increases the future probability of success, raising the question: Does status dictate outcomes, or does it simply reflect an underlying talent or quality? In other words, is there really a Matthew effect after all?
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위대한 과학자들은 드물게 한 번의 성공에 그치지 않는다.
Great scientists are seldom one-hit wonders.
예시
뉴턴은 역학 외에도 중력 이론, 미적분학, 운동 법칙 등을 개발했다.
Newton is a prime example: beyond the Newtonian mechanics, he developed the theory of gravitation, calculus, laws of motion, and optimization.
근거
초기 성공은 과학자에게 정당성을 부여하고, 동료들의 인식을 향상시키며, 자원과 우수한 협력자를 끌어들여 추가적인 성공의 가능성을 높인다.
Indeed, an initial success may offer a scientist legitimacy, improve peer perception, provide knowledge of how to score and win, enhance social status, and attract resources and quality collaborators, each of these payoffs further increasing her odds of scoring another win.
반론
대안적 설명으로, 위대한 과학자들은 단순히 예외적으로 재능이 뛰어나기 때문에 여러 번의 성공을 거둔다고 볼 수 있다.
Yet, there is an appealing alternative explanation: Great scientists have multiple hits and consistently succeed in their scientific endeavors simply because they're exceptionally talented.
문제 제기
성공이 미래 성공의 확률을 증가시키는가, 아니면 초기 성공이 숨겨진 재능을 나타내는가?
The Matthew effect posits that success alone increases the future probability of success, raising the question: Does status dictate outcomes, or does it simply reflect an underlying talent or quality?
The explosion of popular music in the second half of the twentieth century as well as the global circulation and dissemination of music by the creative industries propelled a new understanding of accessibility in relation to music. Suddenly, in the 1950s, anyone could pick up spoons, a couple of pans, a second-hand guitar and start a band. This led to specific genres such as skiffle, but also, more generally, reflected a much more relaxed and inclusive attitude to music making. While ordinary people had always sung and made music, the popular music movement was driven by a spirit of rebellion and freedom. This approach led to the punk movement, whose musicians even made it a condition for their music to be non-virtuosic and accessible to all in the 1970s. Groups who had been entirely excluded from music revelled in opportunities to create. This led to a sense of novelty and empowerment in and beyond the music sphere.
구분
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원문
배경 설명
20세기 후반 대중음악의 폭발적 성장과 창의 산업의 글로벌 확산이 음악의 접근성에 대한 새로운 이해를 촉진했다.
The explosion of popular music in the second half of the twentieth century as well as the global circulation and dissemination of music by the creative industries propelled a new understanding of accessibility in relation to music.
예시
1950년대에 누구나 숟가락, 냄비, 중고 기타로 밴드를 시작할 수 있었다.
Suddenly, in the 1950s, anyone could pick up spoons, a couple of pans, a second-hand guitar and start a band.
근거
이는 스키플과 같은 특정 장르를 탄생시켰으며, 전반적으로 음악 제작에 대한 더 자유롭고 포용적인 태도를 반영했다.
This led to specific genres such as skiffle, but also, more generally, reflected a much more relaxed and inclusive attitude to music making.
근거
일반인들은 항상 노래하고 음악을 만들어왔지만, 대중음악 운동은 반항과 자유의 정신에 의해 추진되었다.
While ordinary people had always sung and made music, the popular music movement was driven by a spirit of rebellion and freedom.
예시
이러한 접근 방식은 1970년대에 펑크 운동으로 이어졌으며, 그 음악가들은 심지어 그들의 음악이 비전문적이고 모두에게 접근 가능하도록 만들었다.
This approach led to the punk movement, whose musicians even made it a condition for their music to be non-virtuosic and accessible to all in the 1970s.
근거
이전에 음악에서 완전히 배제되었던 그룹들이 창작의 기회를 누렸다.
Groups who had been entirely excluded from music revelled in opportunities to create.
결론
이는 음악 분야 안팎에서 새로움과 권한 부여의 감각을 이끌어냈다.
This led to a sense of novelty and empowerment in and beyond the music sphere.
문제 지문
원문 지문
1
The explosion of popular music in the second half of the twentieth century as well as the global circulation and dissemination of music by the creative industries propelled a new understanding of accessibility in relation to music.
The explosion of popular music in the second half of the twentieth century as well as the global circulation and dissemination of music by the creative industries propelled a new understanding of accessibility in relation to music.
2
Suddenly, in the 1950s, anyone could pick up spoons, a couple of pans, a second-hand guitar and start a band.
Suddenly, in the 1950s, anyone could pick up spoons, a couple of pans, a second-hand guitar and start a band.
3
This led to specific genres such as skiffle, but also, more generally, reflected a much more relaxed and inclusive attitude to music making.
This led to specific genres such as skiffle, but also, more generally, reflected a much more relaxed and inclusive attitude to music making.
4
While ordinary people had always sung and made music, the popular music movement was driven by a spirit of rebellion and freedom.
While ordinary people had always sung and made music, the popular music movement was driven by a spirit of transgression and freedom.
5
This approach led to the punk movement, whose musicians even made it a condition for their music to be non-virtuosic and accessible to all in the 1970s.
This approach led to the punk movement, whose musicians even made it a condition for their music to be non-virtuosic and accessible to all in the 1970s.
6
Groups who had been entirely excluded from music revelled in opportunities to create.
Groups who had been entirely excluded from music revelled in opportunities to create.
7
This led to a sense of novelty and empowerment in and beyond the music sphere.
As Pete Dale (2012) has shown, this led to a sense of novelty and empowerment in and beyond the music sphere.
There are reasons why science is not fully trusted and why healthy skepticism and critical thinking are essential. In spite of professional standards, claims of objectivity, and the peer review process, the conduct of science can be biased. All experts are not the same, nor do they submit their work to the same scrutiny. Knowing the source of funding can be important in evaluating scientific claims. For example, the Harvard researchers who made claims in the late 1960s about the problems with dietary fat, leading the nation away from perceiving sugar as one of the main causes in health problems, were funded in part by the sugar industry. The authors did not reveal their funding source to the New England Journal of Medicine, where their influential article appeared. Their article shaped a generation of changes in eating patterns that appears to have fostered higher use of sugar, now widely implicated as a source of the rise in obesity and diabetes. Stories such as this one fuel suspicion─but also lead to further safeguards in the scientific process. Funding disclosures, although not required five decades ago, have since been made compulsory.
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과학에 대한 완전한 신뢰가 부족한 이유와 비판적 사고의 필요성.
There are reasons why science is not fully trusted and why healthy skepticism and critical thinking are essential.
근거
과학의 수행이 편향될 수 있으며, 모든 전문가가 동일한 검증을 받는 것은 아니다.
In spite of professional standards, claims of objectivity, and the peer review process, the conduct of science can be biased. All experts are not the same, nor do they submit their work to the same scrutiny.
근거
연구 자금 출처를 아는 것은 과학적 주장 평가에 중요하다.
Knowing the source of funding can be important in evaluating scientific claims.
예시
1960년대 후반 하버드 연구자들은 설탕 산업의 자금을 받아 지방의 문제를 강조하는 연구를 했으며, 이는 설탕 섭취 증가와 비만, 당뇨병 상승에 영향을 미쳤다.
For example, the Harvard researchers who made claims in the late 1960s about the problems with dietary fat, leading the nation away from perceiving sugar as one of the main causes in health problems, were funded in part by the sugar industry. The authors did not reveal their funding source to the New England Journal of Medicine, where their influential article appeared. Their article shaped a generation of changes in eating patterns that appears to have fostered higher use of sugar, now widely implicated as a source of the rise in obesity and diabetes.
결론
이러한 사례들은 의심을 불러일으키지만, 과학적 절차에 대한 추가적인 안전장치로 이어지며, 현재는 자금 공개가 의무화되었다.
Stories such as this one fuel suspicion ─ but also lead to further safeguards in the scientific process. Funding disclosures, although not required five decades ago, have since been made compulsory.
문제 지문
원문 지문
1
There are reasons why science is not fully trusted and why healthy skepticism and critical thinking are essential.
There are also reasons why science is not fully trusted and why healthy skepticism and critical thinking are essential.
2
In spite of professional standards, claims of objectivity, and the peer review process, the conduct of science can be biased.
In spite of professional standards, claims of objectivity, and the peer review process, the conduct of science is also imperfect and can be biased.
3
All experts are not the same, nor do they submit their work to the same scrutiny.
All experts are not the same, nor do they submit their work to the same scrutiny.
4
Knowing the source of funding can be important in evaluating scientific claims.
Knowing the source of funding can be particularly important in evaluating scientific claims.
5
For example, the Harvard researchers who made claims in the late 1960s about the problems with dietary fat, leading the nation away from perceiving sugar as one of the main causes in health problems, were funded in part by the sugar industry.
For example, the Harvard researchers who made claims in the late 1960s about the problems with dietary fat, steering the nation away from perceiving sugar as a culprit in health problems, were funded in part by the sugar industry, through the Sugar Research Foundation.
6
The authors did not reveal their funding source to the New England Journal of Medicine, where their influential article appeared.
The authors did not disclose their funding source to the New England Journal of Medicine, where their influential article appeared,
7
Their article shaped a generation of changes in eating patterns that appears to have fostered higher use of sugar, now widely implicated as a source of the rise in obesity and diabetes.
shaping a generation of changes in eating patterns that appears to have fostered higher use of sugar, now widely implicated as a source of the rise in obesity and diabetes.
8
Stories such as this one fuel suspicion ─ but also lead to further safeguards in the scientific process.
Stories such as this one fuel suspicion — but also lead to further safeguards in the scientific process.
9
Funding disclosures, although not required five decades ago, have since been made compulsory.
Funding disclosures, although not required five decades ago, have since been mandated.
The prominence of the social dimension in food writing might suggest that the flavor of food is taking a back seat. I suspect that most people view flavor as of secondary importance in social settings where food is served. Although our social gatherings coalesce around food, the meaning of these gatherings does not seem to depend on flavor. Flavor assists with the narrow purpose of filling the belly, and once that is accomplished it provides the backdrop for whatever social dynamics characterize the gathering. These can be understood independently of the flavor of the food on offer, the appreciation of which is understood to be personal and subjective. According to this conventional wisdom, the ceremonies and rituals around food, the social events that supply food with its meaning, do not depend on the quality of sensations provided by the food. To focus excessively on flavor is to miss the larger significance of these social relations.
구분
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원문
문제 제기
음식 글쓰기에서 사회적 측면의 두드러짐이 음식의 풍미를 부차적으로 만드는가?
The prominence of the social dimension in food writing might suggest that the flavor of food is taking a back seat.
주장
대부분의 사람들은 사회적 모임에서 풍미를 부차적으로 여긴다.
I suspect that most people view flavor as of secondary importance in social settings where food is served.
근거
모임은 음식 중심으로 이루어지지만, 그 의미는 풍미에 의존하지 않는다.
Although our social gatherings coalesce around food, the meaning of these gatherings does not seem to depend on flavor.
근거
풍미는 배를 채우는 목적을 돕고, 이후에는 사회적 역학의 배경이 된다.
Flavor assists with the narrow purpose of filling the belly, and once that is accomplished it provides the backdrop for whatever social dynamics characterize the gathering.
근거
이러한 사회적 역학은 제공된 음식의 풍미와 무관하게 이해될 수 있다.
These can be understood independently of the flavor of the food on offer, the appreciation of which is understood to be personal and subjective.
통념
의식과 의례는 음식이 제공하는 감각의 질에 의존하지 않는다.
According to this conventional wisdom, the ceremonies and rituals around food, the social events that supply food with its meaning, do not depend on the quality of sensations provided by the food.
결론
풍미에 과도하게 집중하면 이러한 사회적 관계의 더 큰 의미를 놓칠 수 있다.
To focus excessively on flavor is to miss the larger significance of these social relations.
Since their start in the early 1950s U.S. television sitcoms have charted many of the social conflicts in U.S. society: civil rights, women's rights in the home and in the workplace, children's rights, immigration and multiculturalism, as well as evolving conceptions of the family. Each of these issues has been addressed through humour in a way that has helped to make more progressive values more acceptable than previously. Often a character, usually someone marked as a bigot, resisted one or more of these developments and was then made to appear ridiculous. They were cut down either through their own stupidity, a brief scolding from others, or both. In this way, the humour of sitcoms acted as a cost-effective means to encourage acceptance of a more pluralistic and tolerant society.
구분
내용
원문
배경 설명
1950년대 초반부터 미국 시트콤은 사회적 갈등을 다루어 왔다.
Since their start in the early 1950s U.S. television sitcoms have charted many of the social conflicts in U.S. society: civil rights, women's rights in the home and in the workplace, children's rights, immigration and multiculturalism, as well as evolving conceptions of the family.
주장
시트콤은 유머를 통해 진보적 가치를 더 수용 가능하게 만들었다.
Each of these issues has been addressed through humour in a way that has helped to make more progressive values more acceptable than previously.
예시
편견을 가진 캐릭터가 변화에 저항하며 우스꽝스럽게 묘사된다.
Often a character, usually someone marked as a bigot, resisted one or more of these developments and was then made to appear ridiculous.
근거
이러한 캐릭터는 자신의 어리석음이나 타인의 짧은 꾸짖음을 통해 조롱당한다.
They were cut down either through their own stupidity, a brief scolding from others, or both.
결론
시트콤의 유머는 다원적이고 관용적인 사회에 대한 수용을 촉진하는 비용 효율적인 수단으로 작용했다.
In this way, the humour of sitcoms acted as a cost-effective means to encourage acceptance of a more pluralistic and tolerant society.
문제 지문
원문 지문
1
Since their start in the early 1950s U.S. television sitcoms have charted many of the social conflicts in U.S. society: civil rights, women's rights in the home and in the workplace, children's rights, immigration and multiculturalism, as well as evolving conceptions of the family.
Since their inception in the early 1950s they have charted many of the social conflicts in US society: civil rights, women’s rights in the home and in the workplace, children’s rights, immigration and multiculturalism, as well as evolving conceptions of the family.
2
Each of these issues has been addressed through humour in a way that has helped to make more progressive values more acceptable than previously.
Each of these issues has been addressed through humour in a way that has helped to make more progressive values more acceptable than hitherto.
3
Often a character, usually someone marked as a bigot, resisted one or more of these developments and was then made to appear ridiculous.
Often a character, usually someone marked as a bigot, resisted one or more of these developments and was then made to appear ridiculous.
4
They were cut down either through their own stupidity, a brief scolding from others, or both.
They were cut down either through their own stupidity, the one-liner chiding of others, or both.
5
In this way, the humour of sitcoms acted as a cost-effective means to encourage acceptance of a more pluralistic and tolerant society.
In this way, the humour of sitcoms acted as a cost-effective means to encourage acceptance of a more pluralistic and tolerant society.
* 원문 참고 어휘
inception 시작 (= start)
hitherto 지금까지 (= previously)
the one-liner chiding of others = a brief scolding from others
one-liner 짤막한 농담, 웃기는 말 (line은 '대사'를 의미하며, one-liner는 한줄짜리 짧은 대사를 의미함)
If the brain has already stored someone's face and name, why do we still end up remembering one and not the other? This is because the brain has something of a two-tier memory system at work when it comes to retrieving memories, and this gives rise to a common yet infuriating sensation: recognising someone, but not being able to remember how or why, or what their name is. This happens because the brain differentiates between familiarity and recall. To clarify, familiarity (or recognition) is when you encounter someone or something and you know you've done so before. But beyond that, you've got nothing; all you can say is this person/thing is already in your memories. Recall is when you can access the original memory of how and why you know this person; recognition is just flagging up the fact that the memory exists.
구분
내용
원문
문제 제기
얼굴과 이름을 모두 저장했음에도 불구하고, 왜 하나만 기억하는 경우가 발생하는가?
If the brain has already stored someone's face and name, why do we still end up remembering one and not the other?
근거
뇌는 기억을 검색할 때 친숙함과 회상을 구별하는 이중 체계를 가지고 있다.
This is because the brain has something of a two-tier memory system at work when it comes to retrieving memories, and this gives rise to a common yet infuriating sensation: recognising someone, but not being able to remember how or why, or what their name is.
정의
친숙함(또는 인식)은 이전에 만난 적이 있다는 것을 아는 것이지만, 그 외의 정보는 없다.
To clarify, familiarity (or recognition) is when you encounter someone or something and you know you've done so before. But beyond that, you've got nothing; all you can say is this person/thing is already in your memories.
정의
회상은 그 사람을 어떻게, 왜 아는지에 대한 원래의 기억에 접근하는 것이다.
Recall is when you can access the original memory of how and why you know this person; recognition is just flagging up the fact that the memory exists.
Commitment is the glue holding together characteristically human forms of social life. Commitments make individuals' behavior predictable in the face of fluctuations in their desires and interests, thereby facilitating the planning and coordination of joint actions involving multiple agents. Moreover, commitments make people willing to perform actions that they would not otherwise perform. For example, a taxi driver picks up his clients and transports them to their desired destination because they are committed to paying him afterwards for the service, and a construction worker performs her job every day because her employer has made a credible commitment to pay her at the end of the month. Indeed, the taxi driver and the construction worker are willing to accept money as payment only because a network of other agents (notably the central bank) is committed to taking various measures to sustain the currency in question. Thus, social objects and institutions such as jobs, money, government, scientific collaborations and marriage depend for their origin and stability upon the credibility of commitments.
구분
내용
원문
주장
헌신은 인간 사회생활의 핵심 요소로, 개인의 행동을 예측 가능하게 하여 공동 행동의 계획과 조정을 촉진한다.
Commitment is the glue holding together characteristically human forms of social life. Commitments make individuals' behavior predictable in the face of fluctuations in their desires and interests, thereby facilitating the planning and coordination of joint actions involving multiple agents.
근거
헌신은 사람들이 평소 하지 않을 행동을 하게 만든다.
Moreover, commitments make people willing to perform actions that they would not otherwise perform.
예시
택시 기사는 고객이 요금을 지불할 것이라는 헌신 때문에 승객을 목적지까지 태워주며, 건설 노동자는 고용주의 월말 급여 지급 약속으로 매일 일한다.
For example, a taxi driver picks up his clients and transports them to their desired destination because they are committed to paying him afterwards for the service, and a construction worker performs her job every day because her employer has made a credible commitment to pay her at the end of the month.
근거
택시 기사와 건설 노동자는 중앙은행 등 다른 주체들이 통화를 유지하겠다는 헌신이 있기 때문에 돈을 지급 수단으로 받아들인다.
Indeed, the taxi driver and the construction worker are willing to accept money as payment only because a network of other agents (notably the central bank) is committed to taking various measures to sustain the currency in question.
결론
직업, 화폐, 정부, 과학적 협력, 결혼과 같은 사회적 제도와 기관은 헌신의 신뢰성에 그 기원과 안정성이 달려 있다.
Thus, social objects and institutions such as jobs, money, government, scientific collaborations and marriage depend for their origin and stability upon the credibility of commitments.
The concept of ecosystem states should be familiar to anyone with a home vegetable garden. The garden is a small ecosystem that the grower attempts to keep in a specific state, namely the maximization of fruit and vegetable production. To achieve this, the grower is almost always intervening in the dynamics of the ecosystem; they remove unwanted plants that begin to grow and perhaps spray insecticides and fence off the patch to stop insects and other animals from consuming the vegetables. Since maximizing vegetable growth is an inherently unstable state for the ecosystem, the grower is effectively keeping the ball on a slope. If the grower stops intervening, even for a day, the ecosystem, that small patch of ground, will naturally begin to shift to a more stable state. Vegetables may still grow, but yield will almost certainly be lower as other plants crowd out the vegetables and wildlife consume the produce.
구분
내용
원문
비유
가정 채소밭은 작은 생태계로, 재배자는 최대한의 생산을 위해 특정 상태를 유지하려 한다.
The concept of ecosystem states should be familiar to anyone with a home vegetable garden. The garden is a small ecosystem that the grower attempts to keep in a specific state, namely the maximization of fruit and vegetable production.
예시
재배자는 원치 않는 식물을 제거하고 살충제를 사용하며 동물의 접근을 막아 생산을 극대화한다.
To achieve this, the grower is almost always intervening in the dynamics of the ecosystem; they remove unwanted plants that begin to grow and perhaps spray insecticides and fence off the patch to stop insects and other animals from consuming the vegetables.
주장
최대한의 채소 생산 상태는 본질적으로 불안정하며, 재배자의 지속적인 개입이 필요하다.
Since maximizing vegetable growth is an inherently unstable state for the ecosystem, the grower is effectively keeping the ball on a slope.
근거
재배자가 개입을 멈추면, 작은 땅의 생태계는 더 안정적인 상태로 자연스럽게 변화하기 시작한다.
If the grower stops intervening, even for a day, the ecosystem, that small patch of ground, will naturally begin to shift to a more stable state.
결론
다른 식물이 채소를 밀어내고 야생 동물이 작물을 소비하여 수확량이 감소할 수 있다.
Vegetables may still grow, but yield will almost certainly be lower as other plants crowd out the vegetables and wildlife consume the produce.
대사 중복이 발생하고, wildlife를 wiilife로 표기했네요ㅠ.ㅠ
문제 지문
원문 지문
1
The concept of ecosystem states should be familiar to anyone with a home vegetable garden.
The concept of ecosystem states should be familiar to anyone with a home vegetable garden.
2
The garden is a small ecosystem that the grower attempts to keep in a specific state, namely the maximization of fruit and vegetable production.
The garden is a small ecosystem that the grower attempts to keep in a specific state, namely the maximization of fruit and vegetable production.
3
To achieve this, the grower is almost always intervening in the dynamics of the ecosystem; they remove unwanted plants that begin to grow and perhaps spray insecticides and fence off the patch to stop insects and other animals from consuming the vegetables.
To achieve this, the grower is almost always intervening in the dynamics of the ecosystem; they remove unwanted plants that begin to grow and perhaps spray insecticides and fence off the patch to stop insects and other animals from consuming the vegetables.
4
Since maximizing vegetable growth is an inherently unstable state for the ecosystem, the grower is effectively keeping the ball on a slope.
Since maximizing vegetable growth is an inherently unstable state for the ecosystem, in our analogy, the grower is effectively keeping the ball on a slope.
5
If the grower stops intervening, even for a day, the ecosystem, that small patch of ground, will naturally begin to shift to a more stable state.
If the grower stops intervening, even for a day, the ecosystem, that small patch of ground, will naturally begin to shift to a more stable state.
6
Vegetables may still grow, but yield will almost certainly be lower as other plants crowd out the vegetables and wildlife consume the produce.
Vegetables may still grow, but yield will almost certainly be lower as other plants crowd out the vegetables and wildlife consume the produce.
Fans who are inclined to spend a lot of time thinking about what athletes owe them as fans should also think about the corresponding obligations that fans might have as fans. One who thinks only about what they are entitled to receive from their friends without ever giving a moment's thought to what they owe their friends is, to put it mildly, not a very good friend. Similarly, fans who only think about what athletes owe them without ever thinking about what they owe to athletes have failed to take the fan/athlete relationship all that seriously. As in nearly every other area of human life, whatever special rights fans may possess are limited by a corresponding set of obligations, and fans who never think about how they can be better fans even as they confidently opine about what athletes owe them are hardly fulfilling their end of the bargain.
구분
내용
원문
주장
팬들은 선수들에게 요구하는 것만큼 자신들이 선수들에게 어떤 의무를 지는지 고려해야 한다.
Fans who are inclined to spend a lot of time thinking about what athletes owe them as fans should also think about the corresponding obligations that fans might have as fans.
비유
친구 관계에서 일방적인 기대만 하는 사람은 좋은 친구가 아니듯, 팬과 선수의 관계에서도 마찬가지이다.
One who thinks only about what they are entitled to receive from their friends without ever giving a moment's thought to what they owe their friends is, to put it mildly, not a very good friend.
근거
팬들이 선수들에게 기대하는 특별한 권리는 그에 상응하는 의무로 제한된다.
As in nearly every other area of human life, whatever special rights fans may possess are limited by a corresponding set of obligations,
결론
선수들에게 요구하는 것만 생각하고 자신들의 역할을 고려하지 않는 팬들은 팬과 선수의 관계를 진지하게 받아들이지 않는 것이다.
and fans who never think about how they can be better fans even as they confidently opine about what athletes owe them are hardly fulfilling their end of the bargain.
아직 ChatGPT 이미지 생성이 완벽하지 않아요ㅠ.ㅠ (두번째 그림과 세번째 그림의 내용이 일치ㅠ)
* 원문 지문과 문제 지문이 일치해 원문 비교는 생략함
(원문의 문법적 오류를 문제 지문으로 옮기면서 수정해서 올림: ... has failed to take the ... -> ... have failed to take the ...)
Any new resource (e.g., a new airport, a new mall) always opens with people benefiting individually by sharing a common resource (e.g., the city or state budget). Soon, at some point, the amount of traffic grows too large for the "commons" to support. Traffic jams, overcrowding, and overuse lessen the benefits of the common resource for everyone ─ the tragedy of the commons! If the new resource cannot be expanded or provided with additional space, it becomes a problem, and you cannot solve the problem on your own, in isolation from your fellow drivers or walkers or competing users. The total activity on this new resource keeps increasing, and so does individual activity; but if the dynamic of common use and overuse continues too long, both begin to fall after a peak, leading to a crash. What makes the "tragedy of commons" tragic is the crash dynamic ─ the destruction or degeneration of the common resource's ability to regenerate itself.
Management Principle: Continuous Increase in Use of a Common Resource Will Eventually Overstrain the Resource Until It Crashes
Any new resource (e.g., a new expressway, a new airport, a new mall, a new charter school, a children's park, a new credit union) always opens with people benefiting individually by sharing a common resource (e.g., the city or state budget). Soon, at some point, the amount of traffic grows too large for the “commons” to support; congestion, overcrowding, and overuse lessen the benefits of the common resource for everyone ~ the tragedy of the commons! If the new resource cannot be expanded or replenished with additional space, it becomes a constraint, a problem, and you cannot solve the problem on your own, in isolation from your fellow drivers or pedestrians or competing users. The total activity on this new resource keeps increasing, and so does individual activity; but both begin to fall after a peak, the latter faster than the former. Eventually, if the dynamic of common use and overuse continues too long, the total activity will also hit a peak and crash. What makes the “tragedy of commons” tragic is the crash dynamic - the destruction or degeneration of the common resource's ability to regenerate itself. The tragedy of the commons, thus, is a corollary of the “limits to growth” archetype.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고2] 2024년10월– 36번:뇌가시각정보를단순화하고일반화하는방식으로에너지를절약
Theoretically, our brain would have the capacity to store all experiences throughout life, reaching the quality of a DVD. However, this theoretical capacity is offset by the energy demand associated with the process of storing and retrieving information in memory. As a result, the brain develops efficient strategies, becoming dependent on shortcuts. When we observe a face, the visual image captured by the eyes is highly variable, depending on the point of view, lighting conditions and other contextual factors. Nevertheless, we are able to recognize the face as the same, maintaining the underlying identity. The brain, rather than focusing on the details of visualization, creates and stores general patterns that allow for consistent recognition across diverse circumstances. This ability to match what we see with general visual memory patterns serves as an effective mechanism for optimizing brain performance and saving energy. The brain, being naturally against unnecessary effort, constantly seeks to simplify and generalize information to facilitate the cognitive process.
문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭) - 구글 검색 불가
원문 텍스트 및 OCR
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고2] 2024년10월– 37번:과학연구에서창의적해석이이론형성에미치는영향
Where scientific research is concerned, explanatory tales are expected to adhere closely to experimental data and to illuminate the regular and predictable features of experience. However, this paradigm sometimes conceals the fact that theories are deeply loaded with creative elements that shape the construction of research projects and the interpretations of evidence. Scientific explanations do not just relate a chronology of facts. They construct frameworks for systematically chosen data in order to provide a consistent and meaningful explanation of what is observed. Such constructions lead us to imagine specific kinds of subject matter in particular sorts of relations, and the storylines they inspire will prove more effective for analyzing some features of experience over others. When we neglect the creative contributions of such scientific imagination and treat models and interpretive explanations as straightforward facts ─ even worse, as facts including all of reality ─ we can blind ourselves to the limitations of a given model and fail to note its potential for misunderstanding a situation to which it ill applies.
Where scientific research is concerned, explanatory tales are expected to adhere closely to experimental data and to illuminate the regular and predictable features of experience. However, and as Misak has explained, this mode of operation sometimes disguises the fact that theories are deeply laden with creative elements that shape the construction of research projects and the interpretations of evidence. Scientific explanations do not just relate a chronology of facts. They construct frameworks for—they “emplot”—systematically chosen data in order to provide a coherent and meaningful explanation of what is observed. Such constructions lead us to imagine specific kinds of subject matter in particular sorts of relations, and the storylines they inspire will prove more effective for analyzing some features of experience over others. When we neglect the creative contributions of the scientific imagination and treat models and interpretive explanations as straightforward facts—even worse, as facts exhaustive of reality—we can blind ourselves to the limitations of a given model and fail to note its potential for misunderstanding a situation to which it ill applies.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고2] 2024년10월– 38번:문학이사회적변화를촉진하거나방해할수있는방식
We encounter contrary claims about the relation of literature to action. Theorists have maintained that literature encourages solitary reading and reflection as the way to engage with the world and thus counters the social and political activities that might produce social change. At best it encourages detachment or appreciation of complexity, and at worst passivity and acceptance of what is. But on the other hand, literature has historically been seen as dangerous: it promotes the questioning of authority and social arrangements. Plato banned poets from his ideal republic because they could only do harm, and novels have long been credited with making people dissatisfied with their lives and eager for something new. By promoting identification across divisions of class, gender, and race, books may promote a fellowship that discourages struggle; but they may also produce a keen sense of injustice that makes progressive struggles possible. Historically, works of literature are credited with producing change: Uncle Tom's Cabin, a best-seller in its day, helped create a revulsion against slavery that made possible the American Civil War.
We also encounter contrary claims about the relation of literature to action. Theorists have maintained that literature encourages solitary reading and reflection as the way to engage with the world and thus counters the social and political activities that might produce change. At best, it encourages detachment or appreciation of complexity, and at worst passivity and acceptance of what is. But, on the other hand, literature has historically been seen as dangerous: it promotes the questioning of authority and social arrangements. Plato banned poets from his ideal republic because they could only do harm, and novels have long been credited with making people dissatisfied with the lives they inherit and eager for something new—whether life in big cities or romance or revolution. By promoting identification across divisions of class, gender, race, nation, and age, books promote a ‘fellow-feeling’ that may discourage struggle but may also produce identifications and a keen sense of injustice that make progressive struggles possible. Historically, works of literature are credited with producing change: Harriet Beecher Stowe’s *Uncle Tom’s Cabin*, a bestseller in its day, helped create a revulsion against slavery that made possible the American Civil War.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고2] 2024년10월– 39번: Hobbes의자연상태에서인간의본성과도덕적자유의한계
According to Hobbes, man is not a being who can act morally in spite of his instinct to protect his existence in the state of nature. Hence, the only place where morality and moral liberty will begin to find an application begins in a place where a sovereign power, namely the state, emerges. Hobbes thus describes the state of nature as a circumstance in which man's life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short". It means when people live without a general power to control them all, they are indeed in a state of war. In other words, Hobbes, who accepted that human beings are not social and political beings in the state of nature, believes that without the power human beings in the state of nature are "antisocial and rational based on their selfishness". Moreover, since society is not a natural phenomenon and there is no natural force bringing people together, what will bring them together as a society is not mutual affection according to Hobbes. It is, rather, mutual fear of men's present and future that assembles them, since the cause of fear is a common drive among people in the state of nature.
By continuing the same logic, Hobbes claims that the equality and freedom of people in terms of obtaining anything on nature leads to the enmity among individuals, for “if any two men desire the same thing, which nevertheless they cannot both enjoy, they become enemies; and in the way to their end (which is principally their own conservation, and sometimes their delectation only) endeavour to destroy or subdue one another” (Ibid). The important point that can be drawn from this Hobbesian description of the emergence of enmity among individuals in state of nature is the reality of scarce resources in nature which highly possibly lead to the enmity. In such a state of nature, for Hobbes, three principles lead to the state of war which are: “First competition; secondly, diffidence; thirdly, glory” (Ibid: 77). So, according to Hobbes, if there is no sovereign power over people, morality and so moral freedom will not be in question. Man is not a man who can act morally in spite of his instinct to protect his existence in such a state of nature. Hence, the only place where morality and moral liberty will begin to find an application begins in a place where state emerges. That is, in state of nature everyone will be always at war all against all unless there exists a sovereign power, namely state. Hobbes thus describes the state of nature as a circumstance in which man’s life is “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short” (Ibid: 78). In other words, when people live without a general power to fear them all, they are indeed in a state of war, and this war is the war of all against all (Ibid: 94). Hobbes, who accepted that human being is not social and political being in the state of nature (not zoon politikon in Aristotelian sense) (Ibid: 22), believes that human being in state of nature is an “antisocial and rational based on selfishness”. Moreover, since society is not a natural phenomenon and there is no natural force bringing people together, what will bring them together as a society is not mutual affection according to Hobbes. Rather, it is mutual fear of man’s present and future that brings them together, since the cause of fear is a common drive among people in the state of nature (Ibid: 24-25).
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고2] 2024년10월– 40번:인지적요소가색인식에미치는영향에대한연구
There is research that supports the idea that cognitive factors influence the phenomenology of the perceived world. Delk and Fillenbaum asked participants to match the color of figures with the color of their background. Some of the figures depicted objects associated with a particular color. These included typically red objects such as an apple, lips, and a symbolic heart. Other objects were presented that are not usually associated with red, such as a mushroom or a bell. However, all the figures were made out of the same red-orange cardboard. Participants then had to match the figure to a background varying from dark to light red. They had to make the background color match the color of the figures. The researchers found that red-associated objects required more red in the background to be judged a match than did the objects that are not associated with the color red. This implies that the cognitive association of objects to color influences how we perceive that color.
문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭) - 구글 검색 가능하지만 텍스트에 접근 불가능
원문 텍스트 및 OCR
The view that cognitive and emotional factors influence the phenomenology of perception is known as cognitive penetration (Marchi & Newen, 2015). Cognitive penetration means that nonperceptual factors affect what we see, hear, taste, and feel. The opposing view is that perception is not affected by cognitive factors and that only our reporting of perception is. This view is called cognitive impenetrability (Firestone & Scholl, 2016). Impenetrability implies that our perception remains the same, regardless of our cognitive and emotional state. What changes instead is attention, expectation, or our mood state, which is different than our perceptual state. The dominant view in the field is that perception is cognitive impenetrable. However, recent research supports some instances in which cognitive or emotional factors influence the phenomenology of the perceived world.
Delk and Fillenbaum (1965) asked participants to match the color of figures with the color of their background. Some of the figures depicted objects associated with a particular color. These included typically red objects such as an apple, lips, and a symbolic heart. Other objects were presented that are not typically associated with red, such as a mushroom or a bell. However, all the figures were made out of the same red-orange cardboard. Participants then had to match the figure to a background varying from dark to light red. They had to make the background color the same as the color of the figures. Delk and Fillenbaum found that red-associated objects (e.g., the apple) required more red in the background to be judged a match than did the objects that were not associated with the color red. This suggests that the knowledge of the objects was influencing people to perceive them as being more red than other objects (Figure 1.22). Hansen, Olkkonen, Walter, and Gegenfurtner (2006) replicated this basic finding. They presented participants with photographs of fruit such as bananas and simple patches of colors. Participants were asked to adjust the color of the object (banana or patch) to the uniform gray background. Hansen et al. found that participants adjusted the fruits differently than the patches of equivalent color. For example, participants added more blue to the banana in order to cancel out the more perceived yellowness of it (we will discuss color cancellation more in Chapter 6). Hansen and colleagues suggest that this implies that the cognitive association of objects to color influences how we perceive that color.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고2] 2024년10월– 41~42번:유전체복제과정에서발생하는돌연변이의누적원리설명
In each round of genome copying in our body, there is still about a 70 percent chance that at least one pair of chromosomes will have an error. With each round of genome copying, errors accumulate. This is similar to alterations in medieval books. Each time a copy was made by hand, some changes were introduced accidentally; as changes stacked up, the copies may have acquired meanings at variance with the original. Similarly, genomes that have undergone more copying processes will have gathered more mistakes. To make things worse, mutations may damage genes responsible for error checking and repair of genomes, further accelerating the introduction of mutations. Most genome mutations do not have any noticeable effects. It is just like changing the i for a y in "kingdom" would not distort the word's readability. But sometimes a mutation to a human gene results in, for example, an eye whose iris is of two different colors. Similarly, almost everyone has birthmarks, which are due to mutations that occurred as our body's cells multiplied to form skin. If mutations are changes to the genome of one particular cell, how can a patch of cells in an iris or a whole patch of skin, consisting of many individual cells, be affected simultaneously? The answer lies in the cell lineage, the developmental history of a tissue from particular cells through to their fully differentiated state. If the mutation occurred early on in the lineage of the developing iris, then all cells in that patch have inherited that change.
A full 1 percent of our genes are involved in proofreading and correcting chromosomes. But despite this substantial investment in error correction, DNA copying is not perfect. In each cell division, there are 6 billion letter pairs to copy, check, and correct. The chance for one specific DNA letter pair to be mutated in one such duplication round (the mutation rate) is about 1 in 10 billion. Thus, in each round of genome copying, there is still about a 70 percent chance that at least one pair of letters will have a typo. This number is optimistic, because it assumes that you lead a healthy life. Your genomes can suffer even more changes through toxic chemicals (such as those in cigarette smoke or burned meat) or exposure to ultraviolet radiation (from the sun or visits to tanning salons). Such mutations can be single letters exchanged for others, as in the example above, but in some cases, entire segments of the DNA molecule (whole stretches of letters) are removed or are duplicated and added at seemingly random places. Because of these mutations, you do not have one single genome, but instead many billions of slightly different genomes, one for each of your cells.
With each round of genome copying, errors accumulate. This is analogous to alterations in medieval books, which were copied by hand. Each time a copy was made, some changes were introduced inadvertently; over time, as changes accumulated, the copies may have accrued meanings at variance with the original. Similarly, genomes that have undergone more copying processes will have accumulated more mistakes. To make things worse, mutations may damage those genes responsible for the proofreading and repair of genomes, further accelerating the introduction of mutations.
Most mutations do not have any noticeable effects, just like changing the *i* for a *y* in “kingdom” would not distort the word’s legibility or meaning. But sometimes a mutation to a human gene results in, for example, an eye whose iris is of two different colors. Similarly, almost everyone has birthmarks, which are due to mutations that occurred as our body’s cells multiplied to form skin.
But if mutations are changes to the genome of one particular cell, how can a patch of cells in an iris or a whole patch of skin, consisting of many individual cells, be affected simultaneously? Were all of the millions of cells in the iris of a girl with a blue patch in an otherwise brown eye struck by the same mutation? The answer lies in the cell lineage: if the mutation occurred early on in the lineage of the developing iris, then all cells in that patch have inherited that change.
Conditioned Place Preference is a way of finding out what animals want. Researchers train them to associate one place with an experience such as food or a loud noise and another place with something completely different, usually where nothing happens. The two places are made obviously different to make it as easy as possible for the animal to associate each place with what happened to it there. The animal's preference for being in one place or another is measured both before and after its experiences in the two places. If there is a shift in where the animal chooses to spend its time for the reward, this suggests that it liked the experience and is trying to repeat it. Conversely, if it now avoids the place the stimulus appeared and starts to prefer the place it did not experience it, then this suggests that it found the stimulus unpleasant. For example, mice with cancer show a preference for the place where they have been given morphine, a drug used to relieve pain, rather than where they have received saline whereas healthy mice developed no such preference. This suggests that the mice with cancer wanted the morphine.
While there are some situations, like the cow lying experiment, when giving an animal repeated experiences is just practically difficult and cumbersome, there are some situations where it is actually impossible for an animal to have the repeated experiences that are needed for it to give an ‘informed’ opinion of what is happening to it. For example, with a one-off medical procedure such as removal of a tumour, a question might be whether an animal (or a human) would prefer to have post-operative care with drug A or with drug B. It would be quite impossible to carry out same the operation repeatedly with different drugs and then see which one is chosen as the sequence of operations progressed. Fortunately, it is now possible to devise choice tests that avoid repeated testing but still ensure the animal has the relevant experience.
Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) is a way of finding out what animals want by training them to associate one place with a single experience such as food or a loud noise and a second place with something completely different, usually where nothing happens (Dixon et al. 2013). The two places are made very obviously different, such as being painted with different colours or patterns, to make it as easy as possible for the animal to associate each place with what happened to it there. The animal’s preference for being in one place or another is measured both before and after its experiences in the two places.
If there is a shift in where the animal chooses to spend its time so that it starts to spend more time where it obtained the reward, this suggests that it liked the experience and is trying to repeat it (Bardo and Bevins 2000). Conversely, if it now avoids the place where the stimulus appeared and starts to prefer the place where it did not experience it, then this suggests that it found the stimulus aversive and wanted to get away from it. The advantage of this method is that it can work with just one experience, provided that the animal is clever enough to make the association.
CPP is commonly used in pharmacology to test how animals respond to different drugs (Bardo and Bevins 2000). For example, mice with bladder cancer show a preference for the place where they have been given morphine rather than where they have received saline, whereas healthy controls developed no such preference (Roughan et al. 2014). This suggests that the mice with cancer wanted the morphine.
Its opposite, Conditioned Place Aversion, has been demonstrated in a number of different species, including fish. Gilt-head bream, Sparus aurata, showed a conditioned avoidance to a place where they had been chased with a dip net compared with a distinctively different place in another part of their tank where they had not been chased (Millot et al. 2014). The fish showed that they did not want to be chased with a net by choosing the place where they had not been chased.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고2] 2024년10월– 30번:새들의번식계절이환경에따라어떻게달라지는지설명
Near the equator, many species of bird breed all year round. But in temperate and polar regions, the breeding seasons of birds are often sharply defined. They are triggered mainly by changes in day length. If all goes well, the outcome is that birds raise their young when the food supply is at its peak. Most birds are not simply reluctant to breed at other times but they are also physically incapable of doing so. This is because their reproductive system shrinks, which helps flying birds save weight. The main exception to this rule are nomadic desert species. These can initiate their breeding cycle within days of rain. It's for making the most of the sudden breeding opportunity. Also, different species divide the breeding season up in different ways. Most seabirds raise a single brood. In warm regions, however, songbirds may raise several families in a few months. In an exceptionally good year, a pair of House Sparrows, a kind of songbird, can raise successive broods through a marathon reproductive effort.
Breeding seasons On and near the equator, many species of bird breed more or less all year round. But in the rest of the world, particularly in temperate and polar regions, the breeding seasons of birds are often sharply defined. They are triggered mainly by changes in day length, although rising temperatures also play a part. If all goes well, the outcome is that birds raise their young when the food supply is at its peak. Most birds are not simply reluctant to breed at other times—they are physically incapable of doing so. This is because their reproductive system shuts down and shrinks, an adaptation that helps flying birds save weight. The main exception to this rule are nomadic desert species, such as Zebra Finches and Budgerigars. These can “switch on” their breeding cycle within days of rain to make the most of the sudden breeding opportunity. When the breeding season is in progress, different species divide it up in different ways. Most seabirds raise a single brood, often consisting of one young. In warm regions, however, songbirds may raise several families in a few months. In an exceptionally good year, a pair of House Sparrows can raise five successive broods—a marathon reproductive effort.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고2] 2024년10월– 31번:학습자원인식부족이학생들의창의성에미치는영향
One factor that may hinder creativity is unawareness of the resources required in each activity in students' learning. Often students are unable to identify the resources they need to perform the task required of them. Different resources may be compulsory for specific learning tasks, and recognizing them may simplify the activity's performance. For example, it may be that students desire to conduct some experiments in their projects. There must be a prior investigation of whether the students will have access to the laboratory, equipment, and chemicals required for the experiment. It means preparation is vital for the students to succeed, and it may be about human and financial resources such as laboratory technicians, money to purchase chemicals, and equipment for their learning where applicable. Even if some of the resources required for a task may not be available, identifying them in advance may help students' creativity. It may even lead to changing the topic, finding alternative resources, and other means.
Another factor that may hinder creativity is unawareness of the resources required in each activity in students’ learning. Often students are unable to identify the resources they need to perform the task required of them. Different resources may be compulsory for specific HE learning tasks, and recognizing them may simplify the activity’s performance. For example, it may be that students desire to conduct some experiments in their projects. There must be a prior investigation of whether the students will have access to the laboratory, apparatuses, and chemicals required for the experiment. It means preparation is vital for the students to succeed, and it may be human and financial resources such as laboratory technicians, money to purchase chemicals, and apparatus for their learning where applicable. Even if some of the resources required for a task may not be available, identifying them in advance may help students’ creativity. It may even lead to changing the topic, finding alternative resources, and other means.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고2] 2024년10월– 32번:번역작업이다양한출처와독자의기대에의존하는방식
All translators feel some pressure from the community of readers for whom they are doing their work. And all translators arrive at their interpretations in dialogue with other people. The English poet Alexander Pope had pretty good Greek, but when he set about translating Homer's Iliad in the early 18th century he was not on his own. He had Greek commentaries to refer to, and translations that had already been done in English, Latin, and French ─ and of course he had dictionaries. Translators always draw on more than one source text. Even when the scene of translation consists of just one person with a pen, paper, and the book that is being translated, or even when it is just one person translating orally for another, that person's linguistic knowledge arises from lots of other texts and other conversations. And then his or her idea of the translation's purpose will be influenced by the expectations of the person or people it is for. In both these senses every translation is a crowd translation.
In fact, all translators feel some pressure from the community of readers for whom they are doing their work. And all translators arrive at their interpretations in dialogue with other people. The English poet Alexander Pope had pretty good Greek, but when he set about translating Homer’s Iliad in the early 18th century he was not on his own. He had Greek commentaries to refer to, and translations that had already been done in English, Latin, and French—and of course he had dictionaries. Translators always draw on more than one source text. Even when the scene of translation consists of just one person with a pen, paper, and the book that is being translated, or even when it is just one person translating orally for another, that person’s linguistic knowledge arises from lots of other texts and other conversations. And then his or her idea of the translation’s purpose will be influenced by the expectations of the person or people it is for. In both these senses (this is our third key discovery) every translation is a crowd translation.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고2] 2024년10월– 33번:읽기행위를단일개념으로정의하기어려운이유
Some people argue that there is a single, logically consistent concept known as reading that can be neatly set apart from everything else people do with books. Is reading really that simple? The most productive way to think about reading is as a loosely related set of behaviors that belong together owing to family resemblances, as Ludwig Wittgenstein used the phrase, without having in common a single defining trait. Consequently, efforts to distinguish reading from nonreading are destined to fail because there is no agreement on what qualifies as reading in the first place. The more one tries to figure out where the border lies between reading and not-reading, the more edge cases will be found to stretch the term's flexible boundaries. Thus, it is worth attempting to collect together these exceptional forms of reading into a single forum, one highlighting the challenges faced by anyone wishing to establish the boundaries where reading begins and ends. The attempt moves toward an understanding of reading as a spectrum that is expansive enough to accommodate the distinct reading activities.
The idea for this book came while I was finishing another one looking into debates over what counts as “real” reading. Time and again I encountered people who insisted on drawing a sharp line between reading and closely related activities they judged to be impostors (in that case, listening to audio books). It was not their verdicts that held my attention so much as the confidence that there was a single, coherent entity known as reading that could be neatly set apart from everything else people did with books. Is reading really that simple?
As this book contends, the most productive way to think about reading is as a loosely related set of behaviors that belong together owing to family resemblances, in Ludwig Wittgenstein’s understanding of the phrase, without having in common a single defining trait. Consequently, efforts to cordon off reading from nonreading are doomed to fail because there is no agreement on what qualifies as reading in the first place. The more one tries to figure out where the border lies between reading and not-reading, the more edge cases will be found to stretch the term’s elastic boundaries. My book attempts to marshal together these exceptional forms of reading into a single forum, one highlighting the challenges faced by anyone wishing to patrol the boundaries over where reading begins and ends. *Reader’s Block* moves toward an understanding of reading as a spectrum that is capacious enough to accommodate the disparate activities documented in the following chapters along with any new ones that will inevitably surface beyond its pages.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고2] 2024년10월– 34번: Weber의법칙으로자극의강도에따른차이인식설명
Weber's law concerns the perception of difference between two stimuli. It suggests that we might not be able to detect a 1-mm difference when we are looking at lines 466 mm and 467 mm in length, but we may be able to detect a 1-mm difference when we are comparing a line 2 mm long with one 3 mm long. Another example of this principle is that we can detect 1 candle when it is lit in an otherwise dark room. But when 1 candle is lit in a room in which 100 candles are already burning, we may not notice the light from this candle. Therefore, the Just-noticeable difference (JND) varies as a function of the strength of the signals. For example, the JND is greater for very loud noises than it is for much more quiet sounds. When a sound is very weak, we can tell that another sound is louder, even if it is barely louder. When a sound is very loud, to tell that another sound is even louder, it has to be much louder. Thus, Weber's law means that it is harder to distinguish between two samples when those samples are larger or stronger levels of the stimuli.
Helmholtz and Hering both approached sensation and perception from the perspective of physiology. Around the same time as Helmholtz and Hering were looking at the relation of physiology and perception, other German scientists were doing work with a more psychological perspective. Ernst Heinrich Weber (1795-1878) discovered Weber's law (though it was Gustav Fechner, another German scientist, who named the law after Weber).
Weber's law states that a just-noticeable difference (JND) between two stimuli is related to the magnitude or strength of the stimuli. What does this mean? Well, it concerns two stimuli that are very similar. Can we detect the difference between two very close red colors, or can we detect the difference between 1.44 mg of sugar dissolved in a cup of water and 1.48 mg of sugar dissolved in a cup of water? Thus, Weber’s law concerns the perception of difference between two stimuli. For more examples, do we hear the difference between a 1,000-Hz tone and one of 1,005 Hz? Another example is whether we see the difference in length between a line 466 mm long and one that is 467 mm long.
Weber's law suggests that we might not be able to detect a 1-mm difference when we are looking at lines 466 and 467 mm in length, but we may be able to detect a 1-mm difference when we are comparing a line 2 mm long with one 3 mm long. Another example of this principle is that we can detect 1 candle when it is lit in an otherwise dark room. But when 1 candle is lit in a room in which 100 candles are already burning, we may not notice the light from this candle.
The JND is greater for very loud noises than it is for much quieter sounds. When a sound is very weak, we can tell that another sound is louder, even if it is barely louder. When a sound is very loud, to tell that another sound is even louder, it has to be much louder. Thus, Weber's law means that it is harder to distinguish between two samples when those samples are larger or stronger levels of the stimuli. To repeat, Weber's law states that a “just-noticeable difference” (JND) between two stimuli is related to the magnitude or strength of the stimuli.
To be mathematically literate means to be able to think critically about societal issues on which mathematics has bearing so as to make informed decisions about how to solve these problems. Dealing with such complex problems through interdisciplinary approaches, mirroring real-world problems requires innovative ways of planning and organizing mathematical teaching methods. Navigating our world means being able to quantify, measure, estimate, classify, compare, find patterns, conjecture, justify, prove, and generalize within critical thinking and when using critical thinking. Therefore, making decisions, even qualitatively, is not possible without using mathematics and critical thinking. Thus, teaching mathematics should be done in interaction with critical thinking along with a decision-making process. They can be developed into the mathematical context, so that there is no excuse to not explicitly support students to develop them.
To be mathematically literate means to be able to reflect on societal issues on which mathematics has bearing so as to make informed decisions about how to solve these problems. Several papers focus on the fact that the demand for future citizens as well as the workforce of the future depends on educating students who can deal with complex problems that transcend traditional disciplines and make informed decisions. Dealing with complex problems through interdisciplinary approaches, mirtoring real-world problems requires innovative ways of planning and organizing teaching. Navigating our world means being able to quantify, measure, estimate, classify, compare, find patterns, conjecture, justify, prove, and generalize within critical thinking and when using critical thinking. Making decisions without using mathematics, even qualitatively, and critical thinking is not possible. Thus, teaching mathematics should be done in interaction with critical thinking along with a decision-making process. Mathematics education should provide tasks that support the development of the two citizenship competencies. With reference to Malthus and the club of Rome, the theoretical connection among decision making, interdisciplinarity, and mathematical modeling is vindicated. Thus, critical thinking and decision making can be developed into the mathematical context, so that there is no excuse to not explicitly support students to develop them.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고2] 2024년10월– 21번:덕목은일시적충동이아니라지속적인도덕적습관에서형성됨
Imagine that your usually stingy friend delights in buying you a Christmas present after taking a generosity booster. How would you feel? Undoubtedly, there is something praiseworthy about the action. You'd be pleased to receive the gift. You'd say 'thank you', and mean it. But his change of heart is not entirely satisfying. According to Zagzebski, an American philosopher, he is not really generous. When we praise someone's character, we use words for various virtues: 'generous', 'kind', 'courageous', etc. A person who gives one gift isn't generous. Instead, generosity is a stable part of a person's 'moral identity', an emotional habit that is part of who you are. Thus virtues, as opposed to nontypical impulse, are the result of your personal history. They are part of who you are, as they are part of how your character was formed. Instant virtue is therefore impossible. Popping a pill cannot make you a better person.
What about the pills to make you a better person? According to Linda Zagzebski, writing in 1996, there is no recommended dose: in small amounts they are useless, in large ones fatal. Imagine that your usually stingy friend delights in buying you a Christmas present. Then you learn that they ve taken a generosity booster. How would you feel? Undoubtedly, there is something commendable about the action. You'd be pleased to receive the gift. You'd say 'thank you', and mean it. But their change of heart is not entirely satisfying. According to Zagzebski, they are not really generous. When we commend someone's character, we use words for various virtues: 'generous', 'kind', 'courageous', etc. A person who gives one gift isn't generous. Instead, generosity is a stable part of a person's 'moral identity', an emotional habit that is part of who you are. Thus virtues, as opposed to atypical whims, are the result of your personal history. They are part of who you are, as they are part of how your character was formed. Instant virtue is therefore impossible, so popping a pill cannot make you a better person.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고2] 2024년10월– 22번:이중성시스템을활용해별의질량을계산하는방법설명
To determine the mass of my bowling ball, I might put it onto a balance and compare it with a known mass, such as a number of metal cubes each weighing 1, 10, or 100 grams. Things get much more complicated if I want to know the mass of a distant star. How do I measure it? We can roughly say that measuring the mass of a star involves various theories. If we want to measure the mass of a binary star, we first determine a center of mass between the two stars, then their distance from that center which we can then use, together with a value for the period and a certain instance of Kepler's Third Law, to calculate the mass. In other words, in order to "measure" the star mass, we measure other quantities and use those values, together with certain equations, to calculate the mass. Measurement is not a simple and unmediated estimation of independently existing properties, but a determination of certain magnitudes before the background of a number of accepted theories.
Suppose I want to determine the mass of my bowling ball. To that end, I might put it onto an ordinary balance and compare it with a known mass, such as a number of metal cubes each weighing 1, 10, or 100 grams. Things get more - much more - complicated if I want to know the mass of a distant star. Obviously, I cant put it onto any balance. So how do I measure it? The details are actually quite complicated, but we can roughly say that measuring the mass of a star involves various background theories. For example, if we want to measure the mass of a binary star, we first determine a center of mass between the two stars, then their distance from that center which we can then use, together with a value for the period (the time it takes to complete one orbit around each other) and a certain instance of Kepler's Third Law, to calculate the mass. In other words, in order to "measure" the star mass, we measure other quantities and use those values, together with certain equations, to calculate the mass. Obviously, the correctness of such a “measurement” not only depends on the correctness of other measurements (in this case, at least that of the period), but also on the correctness of certain background assumptions, such as Kepler's Laws. Measurement is not a simple and unmediated estimation of independently existing properties, but often a determination of certain magnitudes before the background of a number of accepted theories.
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고2] 2024년10월– 23번:쾌락과고통의균형이신체의항상성을유지하는방식
Based on discoveries in neuroscience, pain and pleasure are formed and processed in the same area of the brain. Our bodies constantly strive for homeostasis, which is defined as the balance of bodily functions. Without the body's effective compensatory mechanisms, which may cushion potential highs and lows, we would not be capable of surviving. Pleasure and pain are like two sides of the same coin; they seem to work together and are heavily reliant on one another and keep balance. If you imagine pleasure and pain as the two opposite points on a scale, you can easily understand that as one of the two points rises, the other must correspondingly fall. We've all heard the expression, "No pain, no gain." Well, according to psychiatrist Dr. Anna Lembke, there may be some truth to these words. She says that our attempts to escape being miserable are in fact making us even more miserable. This is because pain is actually an essential component of our ability to maintain a neutral state, and allowing it will in turn reset our internal scale back to balance.
문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭) - 구글 검색 불가
원문 텍스트 및 OCR
텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)
[고2] 2024년10월– 24번:지속적인제품업그레이드주기로소비자의욕구를형성하는방식
Manufacturers masterfully sow seeds of doubt about the adequacy of our current devices. Suddenly, the phone that was your lifeline a year ago is now a museum piece, unable to keep pace with your digital demands. And thus, the itch to upgrade begins, often before there's a genuine need. This cycle isn't just confined to our digital companions. It spills over into almost every aspect of consumer electronics, from the self-driving car to the smart fridge. Every product seems to be on an unstoppable march towards the next version, the next generation that promises to revolutionize your life. What's fascinating, or perhaps disturbing, is the utter efficacy of this cycle in shaping our desires. It's not so much that we want the newest device; we're led to believe we need it. The distinction between want and need blurs, shifting our financial priorities in favor of staying current with trends. For all the logical arguments against this ceaseless upgrading, the temptation remains compelling.
To whom it may concern, I am writing to inform you of an ongoing noise issue that I am experiencing. My apartment faces the basketball courts of the community center. While I fully support the community center's services, I am constantly being disrupted by individuals playing basketball late at night. Many nights, I struggle to fall asleep because I can hear people bouncing balls and shouting on the basketball courts well after 11 p.m.. Could you restrict the time the basketball court is open to before 9 p.m.? I'm sure I'm not the only person in the neighborhood that is affected by this noise issue. I appreciate your assistance. Sincerely, Ian Baldwin
Possible Titles:
1. Addressing Noise Concerns From Late-Night Basketball Games
2. Request to Limit Community Center Basketball Court Hours
3. Late-Night Noise Disruption: A Concern for Neighborhood Peace
4. Seeking Resolution for Ongoing Noise from Basketball Courts
Main Idea #1:
A resident requests restricting basketball court hours to reduce late-night noise disturbances.
Main Idea #2:
Ian Baldwin expresses concern over consistent late-night noise from the community center's basketball courts and suggests limiting their operation to before 9 p.m. to maintain neighborhood peace.
Summary:
Ian Baldwin requests limiting the operating hours of the community center’s basketball courts due to late-night noise disturbances affecting his sleep. He suggests closing the courts by 9 p.m. to address the issue for himself and other affected neighbors.
Key Points:
1. Ian Baldwin experiences late-night noise from the community center’s basketball courts.
2. Noise from basketball games disrupts his sleep, especially after 11 p.m.
3. He supports the community center’s services but suggests restricting court hours to before 9 p.m.
4. Baldwin believes other neighbors are also likely affected by the issue.
[고2] 2023 11월– 19번:부족의식에서아버지의존재로안정감을얻음
Chaske, a Cherokee boy, was sitting on a tree stump. As a rite of passage for youths in his tribe, Chaske had to survive one night in the forest wearing a blindfold, not knowing he was observed by his father. After the sunset, Chaske could hear all kinds of noises. The wind blew the grass and shook his stump. A sense of dread swept through his body. What if wild beasts are looking at me? I can't stand this! Just as he was about to take off the blindfold to run away, a voice came in from somewhere. "I'm here around you. Don't give up, and complete your mission." It was his father's voice. He has been watching me from nearby! With just the presence of his father, the boy regained stability. What panicked him awfully a moment ago vanished into thin air.
Possible Titles:
1. A Cherokee Rite of Passage and the Power of Parental Support
2. Facing Fear: Chaske’s Journey Through the Forest
3. Overcoming Dread with Trust and Guidance in the Wild
4. A Father’s Silent Vigil in a Cherokee Youth’s Trial
Main Idea #1:
Chaske learns to overcome fear during a Cherokee rite of passage with the unseen support of his father.
Main Idea #2:
In a Cherokee rite of passage, Chaske faces his fears while blindfolded in the forest, regaining courage when he hears his father’s reassuring voice, which helps him complete his trial.
Summary:
Chaske, a Cherokee boy, participates in a rite of passage requiring him to stay blindfolded in the forest overnight. Overwhelmed by fear, he regains stability upon hearing his father’s supportive voice, realizing his father has been watching nearby.
Key Points:
1. Chaske undergoes a Cherokee rite of passage involving an overnight stay in the forest.
2. Fear and panic overcome him as he imagines wild beasts around him.
3. His father’s unseen presence and voice provide reassurance and courage.
4. Chaske successfully completes his trial, overcoming his fear with his father’s support.
[고2] 2023 11월– 20번:농업의발전과지속가능성을위한해결책필요
Agriculture includes a range of activities such as planting, harvesting, fertilizing, pest management, raising animals, and distributing food and agricultural products. It is one of the oldest and most essential human activities, dating back thousands of years, and has played a critical role in the development of human civilizations, allowing people to create stable food supplies and settle in one place. Today, agriculture remains a vital industry that feeds the world's population, supports rural communities, and provides raw materials for other industries. However, agriculture faces numerous challenges such as climate change, water scarcity, soil degradation, and biodiversity loss. As the world's population continues to grow, it is essential to find sustainable solutions to address the challenges facing agriculture and ensure the continued production of food and other agricultural products.
Possible Titles:
1. The Evolution and Challenges of Modern Agriculture
2. Agriculture: Past, Present, and Future Sustainability Needs
3. Balancing Food Production and Environmental Conservation in Agriculture
4. Addressing Global Challenges in Agriculture for a Growing Population
Main Idea #1:
Agriculture has been essential to human development, enabling stable food supplies and societal growth.
Main Idea #2:
While agriculture continues to support global populations and industries, it faces challenges like climate change and resource scarcity, requiring sustainable solutions for future food production.
Summary:
Agriculture, a cornerstone of human civilization, supports global food production and industries but faces critical challenges like climate change, water scarcity, and soil degradation. Sustainable solutions are essential to meet the growing demands of a rising population.
Key Points:
1. Agriculture includes planting, harvesting, raising animals, and distributing food.
2. It has been crucial for human development and civilization.
3. Modern agriculture faces challenges such as climate change, resource scarcity, and biodiversity loss.
4. Sustainable approaches are necessary to ensure future food security.
[고2] 2023 11월– 21번:예술은어려운주제를다루며변화를촉진함
The arts and aesthetics offer emotional connection to the full range of human experience. "The arts can be more than just sugar on the tongue," Anjan Chatterjee, a professor at the University of Pennsylvania, says. "In art, when there's something challenging, which can also be uncomfortable, this discomfort, if we're willing to engage with it, offers the possibility of some change, some transformation. That can also be a powerful aesthetic experience." The arts, in this way, become vehicles to contend with ideas and concepts that are difficult and uncomfortable otherwise. When Picasso painted his masterpiece Guernica in 1937, he captured the heartbreaking and cruel nature of war, and offered the world a way to consider the universal suffering caused by the Spanish Civil War. When Lorraine Hansberry wrote her play A Raisin in the Sun, she gave us a powerful story of people struggling with racism, discrimination, and the pursuit of the American dream while also offering a touching portrait of family life.
Possible Titles:
1. How the Arts Transform Emotions and Challenge Perspectives
2. Exploring Human Experience Through Aesthetic and Emotional Connections
3. The Role of Art in Addressing Difficult and Universal Themes
4. From Picasso to Hansberry: Art as a Catalyst for Change
Main Idea #1:
The arts provide emotional connections that help us engage with challenging and transformative aspects of human experience.
Main Idea #2:
Art serves as a medium for grappling with complex, uncomfortable issues, offering transformative insights, as seen in works like Picasso’s *Guernica* and Hansberry’s *A Raisin in the Sun*.
Summary:
The arts connect us to the full spectrum of human emotions and experiences, allowing engagement with challenging ideas and offering transformative insights. Iconic works like *Guernica* and *A Raisin in the Sun* address universal themes like war and racism, illustrating the power of art to inspire reflection and change.
Key Points:
1. The arts provide emotional connections to the range of human experiences.
2. Challenging art offers transformative opportunities despite its discomfort.
3. *Guernica* highlights the suffering caused by war through Picasso’s lens.
4. *A Raisin in the Sun* explores racism, discrimination, and family dynamics.
[고2] 2023 11월– 22번:기계식시계가시간개념과경제발전에기여
Many historians have pointed to the significance of accurate time measurement to Western economic progress. The French historian Jacques Le Goff called the birth of the public mechanical clock a turning point in Western society. Until the late Middle Ages, people had sun or water clocks, which did not play any meaningful role in business activities. Market openings and activities started with the sunrise and typically ended at noon when the sun was at its peak. But when the first public mechanical clocks were introduced and spread across European cities, market times were set by the stroke of the hour. Public clocks thus greatly contributed to public life and work by providing a new concept of time that was easy for everyone to understand. This, in turn, helped facilitate trade and commerce. Interactions and transactions between consumers, retailers, and wholesalers became less irregular. Important town meetings began to follow the pace of the clock, allowing people to better plan their time and allocate resources in a more efficient manner.
Possible Titles:
1. The Role of Public Clocks in Shaping Western Economic Development
2. How Accurate Time Measurement Revolutionized Trade and Commerce
3. The Birth of Public Clocks and Its Impact on Western Society
4. The Influence of Timekeeping on Economic Organization and Efficiency
Main Idea #1:
The introduction of public mechanical clocks marked a crucial turning point in Western economic development by standardizing time.
Main Idea #2:
Public clocks facilitated trade, business, and public life by introducing a new, standardized concept of time, allowing for more efficient planning and resource allocation.
Summary:
The invention of public mechanical clocks in Europe was a key development in Western economic progress. It standardized time, helping businesses, markets, and public meetings become more organized and efficient, fostering smoother interactions and improving economic practices.
Key Points:
1. Before mechanical clocks, time was measured by sun or water clocks, which had limited utility for business.
2. Public mechanical clocks introduced a standardized concept of time, improving market operations.
3. Time regulation made interactions between consumers, retailers, and wholesalers more regular.
4. Public meetings and activities became more organized, enhancing resource allocation and planning.
[고2] 2023 11월– 23번:쇼핑카트사용장려를위한마케팅전략전환
Sylvan Goldman invented the shopping cartand introduced it in his stores in 1937. It was an excellent device that would make it easy for shoppers to buy as much as they wanted without getting tired or seeking others' help. But Goldman discovered that in spite of his repeated advertisements and explanations, he could not persuade his shoppers to use the wheeled carts. Men were reluctant because they thought they would appear weak if they pushed such carts instead of carrying their shopping. Women wouldn't touch them because the carts reminded them of baby carriages. It was only a few elderly shoppers who used them. That made the carts even less attractive to the majority of the shoppers. Then Goldman hit upon an idea. He hired several models, men and women, of different ages and asked them to wheel the carts in the store and shop. A young woman employee standing near the entrance told the regular shoppers, 'Look, everyone is using the carts. Why don't you?' That was the turning point. A few shills disguised as regular shoppers easily accomplished what logic, explanations, and advertisements failed to do. Within a few weeks shoppers readily accepted those carts.
Possible Titles:
1. The Shopping Cart: How an Invention Overcame Social Resistance
2. Sylvan Goldman and the Creative Marketing of the Shopping Cart
3. Breaking Social Barriers: The Adoption of the Shopping Cart
4. How Models Helped Popularize a Revolutionary Shopping Tool
Main Idea #1:
Sylvan Goldman invented the shopping cart, but initial resistance from shoppers prevented its adoption.
Main Idea #2:
By using hired models to demonstrate the convenience of shopping carts, Goldman overcame social resistance and made the carts widely accepted by shoppers.
Summary:
Sylvan Goldman’s invention of the shopping cart initially faced rejection due to social perceptions. By hiring models to showcase their use, he convinced shoppers of their convenience, leading to the widespread acceptance of shopping carts in stores.
Key Points:
1. Goldman invented the shopping cart in 1937 to make shopping easier.
2. Shoppers initially resisted due to gender norms and social perceptions.
3. Goldman hired models to act as shoppers and demonstrate cart usage.
4. The strategy succeeded, and carts became a popular shopping tool.
[고2] 2023 11월– 24번:로봇의인간적특성이신뢰와속임수모두유발가능
In response to human-like care robots, critics might charge that human-robot interactions create moral hazards for dementia patients. Even if deception is sometimes allowed when it serves worthy goals, should it be allowed for vulnerable users? Just as children on the autism spectrum with robot companions might be easily fooled into thinking of robots as friends, older adults with cognitive deficits might be. According to Alexis Elder, a professor at UMD, robots are false friends, inferior to true friendship. Reasoning along similar lines, John Sullins, a professor at Sonoma State University, holds that robots should "remain iconic or cartoonish so that they are easily distinguished as synthetic even by unsophisticated users." At least then no one is fooled. Making robots clearly fake also avoids the so-called "uncanny valley," where robots are perceived as scary because they so closely resemble us, but not quite. Other critics of robot deception argue that when care recipients are deceived into thinking that robots care, this crosses a line and violates human dignity.
Possible Titles:
1. Ethical Concerns in Human-Like Care Robots for Vulnerable Populations
2. The Debate Over Deception and Human-Robot Interaction
3. Robots as Caregivers: Balancing Utility and Human Dignity
4. Why Deception in Care Robots Raises Moral and Ethical Questions
Main Idea #1:
Critics argue that human-like care robots may deceive vulnerable users, raising ethical concerns about dignity and moral hazards.
Main Idea #2:
While some experts advocate for clearly artificial robots to avoid deception and the uncanny valley, others argue that deceiving care recipients into believing robots care violates their dignity and creates false relationships.
Summary:
Human-like care robots raise ethical concerns about deception, especially for vulnerable users like dementia patients. Critics suggest robots should appear clearly synthetic to avoid false friendships, preserve dignity, and prevent discomfort from the uncanny valley effect.
Key Points:
1. Critics argue that care robots may deceive vulnerable users, creating moral hazards.
2. Elder calls robots "false friends," inferior to real human relationships.
3. Sullins advocates for cartoonish robots to avoid deception and the uncanny valley.
4. Deceiving care recipients into believing robots care is viewed as a violation of dignity.
[고2] 2023 11월– 25번:미국연령별온라인광고견해조사결과분석
The graph above shows the results of a 2019 survey on the views of American age groups on targeted online advertising. In total, while 51% of the respondents said targeted ads were intrusive, 27% said they were interesting. The percentage of respondents who believed that targeted ads were interesting was the highest in the age group of 18 to 24. The percentage of respondents aged 25 to 34 who said that targeted ads were intrusive was the same as that of respondents aged 45 to 54 who said the same. Among all age groups, the gap between respondents who said targeted ads were interesting and those who believed them to be intrusive was the largest in the 35-to-44 age group. The age group of 55 and above was the only group where the percentage of respondents who believed targeted ads were intrusive was more than 50%.
Possible Titles:
1. American Age Groups’ Perceptions of Targeted Online Advertising in 2019
2. Insights into Generational Views on Targeted Advertising
3. Intrusion vs. Interest: How Americans View Targeted Ads by Age
4. Generational Differences in Opinions on Online Targeted Ads
Main Idea #1:
A 2019 survey revealed differing perceptions of targeted online ads across American age groups, with younger people finding them more interesting and older people viewing them as more intrusive.
Main Idea #2:
While most respondents viewed targeted ads as intrusive, younger age groups (18–24) were more likely to find them interesting, and older age groups (55+) were the most critical, with over 50% finding them intrusive, highlighting a generational divide in opinions.
Summary:
The 2019 survey showed that younger age groups, especially 18–24, found targeted ads more interesting, while older respondents, particularly those 55 and above, found them more intrusive. The 35–44 group exhibited the largest gap between interest and intrusion, and over half of respondents overall found targeted ads intrusive.
Key Points:
1. 51% of respondents overall found targeted ads intrusive, and 27% found them interesting.
2. The 18–24 age group had the highest percentage finding targeted ads interesting.
4. The 55+ age group was the only one where more than 50% found targeted ads intrusive.
[고2] 2023 11월– 26번: Maggie Walker의금융개혁과커뮤니티기여
Maggie L. Walker achieved national prominence as a businesswoman and community leader. She was among the earliest Black students to attend newly-established public schools for African Americans. After graduating, she worked as a teacher for three years at the Valley School, where she had studied. In the early 1900s, Virginia banks owned by white bankers were unwilling to do business with African American organizations or individuals. The racial discrimination by white bankers drove her to study banking and financial laws. She established a newspaper to promote closer communication between the charitable organization she belonged to and the public. Soon after, she founded the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank, which survived the Great Depression and merged with two other banks. It thrived as the oldest continually African American-operated bank until 2009. Walker achieved successes with the vision to make improvements in the way of life for African Americans.
Possible Titles:
1. Maggie L. Walker: A Pioneer in African American Banking and Leadership
2. Breaking Barriers: Maggie L. Walker’s Legacy in Business and Community
3. Maggie L. Walker’s Contributions to Banking and Social Equality
4. How Maggie L. Walker Empowered African Americans Through Finance
Main Idea #1:
Maggie L. Walker became a prominent leader by addressing racial discrimination in banking and supporting African American communities.
Main Idea #2:
Through her leadership, Maggie L. Walker founded a bank, promoted communication via a newspaper, and worked to improve African Americans' lives, leaving a lasting legacy in finance and community empowerment.
Summary:
Maggie L. Walker, a pioneering leader, addressed racial discrimination in banking by founding the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank, which supported African Americans and survived the Great Depression. She also used a newspaper to strengthen community ties and worked tirelessly to improve African American lives.
Key Points:
1. Maggie L. Walker was among the first Black students to attend public schools for African Americans.
2. Discrimination by white bankers motivated her to study banking and found her own bank.
3. She established the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank, which survived the Great Depression.
4. Walker used a newspaper to promote communication and improve African Americans’ lives.
[고2] 2023 11월– 29번:렉틴과잉섭취가건강에미치는부정적영향
Lectins are large proteins that serve as a crucial weapon that plants use to defend themselves. The lectins in most plants bind to carbohydrates as we consume the plant. They also bind to sugar molecules found in the gut, in the brain, between nerve endings, in joints and in all bodily fluids. According to Dr. Steven Gundry, these sticky proteins can interrupt messaging between cells and cause toxic and inflammatory reactions. Brain fog is just one result of lectins interrupting communication between nerves. An upset stomach is another common symptom of lectin overload. Dr. Gundry lists a wide range of other health problems including aching joints, dementia, headaches and infertility that have been resolved in his patients once they eliminated lectins from their diets. Dr. Paul Saladino writes that the hypothesis that lectins are involved in Parkinson's disease is also gaining support, with animal studies showing that 'lectins, once eaten, may be damaging the gut and travelling to the brain, where they appear to be toxic to dopaminergic neurons'.
Possible Titles:
1. The Potential Health Risks of Lectins in the Human Body
2. How Plant Lectins Affect Gut, Brain, and Overall Health
3. Exploring the Link Between Lectins and Inflammatory Disorders
4. Lectins: Plant Defense Proteins and Their Impact on Human Health
Main Idea #1:
Lectins, plant defense proteins, can disrupt cell communication and cause toxic and inflammatory reactions in the human body.
Main Idea #2:
Health issues such as brain fog, upset stomachs, and neurological damage, potentially linked to lectins, have led researchers like Dr. Steven Gundry and Dr. Paul Saladino to explore their role in conditions like Parkinson’s disease and other disorders.
Summary:
Lectins, plant defense proteins, bind to sugars in the body and may cause inflammatory reactions, disrupting nerve communication and leading to symptoms like brain fog and stomach upset. Studies suggest their involvement in diseases like Parkinson’s, as these proteins may damage the gut and affect neurons in the brain.
Key Points:
1. Lectins are plant proteins that bind to carbohydrates and sugars in the human body.
2. They can disrupt cell communication, causing inflammatory and toxic reactions.
3. Symptoms linked to lectins include brain fog, stomach upset, and aching joints.
4. Research suggests lectins may contribute to Parkinson’s disease by damaging gut and brain neurons.
[고2] 2023 11월– 30번:기술발전이프라이버시재정의의필요성을강조
Technology changes how individuals and societies understand the concept of privacy. The fact that someone has a new ability to access information or watch the actions of another does not justify doing so. Rather, advances in technology require citizens and policy makers to consider how privacy protections should be expanded. For example, when cameras first became available for commercial and private use, nations and citizens struggled over whether new laws should be enacted to protect individuals from being photographed without their permission. The reconsideration of privacy brought about by this new technology re-affirmed a distinction between private and public spaces. It was determined by most cultures that people automatically gave consent to being seen ― and thus recorded ― once they voluntarily stepped into a public space. Although some people might be uncomfortable with the spread of surveillance cameras, citizens in most cultures have adjusted to the fact that giving up the right not to be observed in these circumstances causes less harm to the community than failing to have surveillance.
Possible Titles:
1. How Technology Redefines Privacy and Public Spaces
2. Balancing Privacy and Surveillance in a Technological Era
3. The Impact of New Technologies on Privacy Protections
4. Privacy, Consent, and the Spread of Surveillance Cameras
Main Idea #1:
Technological advancements challenge traditional concepts of privacy, requiring citizens and policymakers to adapt protections.
Main Idea #2:
The introduction of new technologies, such as cameras, has led societies to distinguish between private and public spaces, with many cultures accepting reduced privacy in public areas to balance individual discomfort and community safety.
Summary:
Advancements in technology, like the spread of cameras, challenge privacy norms, prompting societies to establish boundaries between private and public spaces. Most cultures accept reduced privacy in public spaces, prioritizing community safety over individual discomfort from surveillance.
Key Points:
1. Technology reshapes how privacy is understood and protected.
2. The introduction of cameras required debates on privacy laws and public consent.
3. Societies distinguish private from public spaces in privacy considerations.
4. Many cultures accept surveillance in public spaces as a necessary trade-off for safety.
[고2] 2023 11월– 31번:기적은인간무지에서비롯되며탐구로설명가능
Coincidence that is statistically impossible seems to us like an irrational event, and some define it as a miracle. But, as Montaigne has said, "the origin of a miracle is in our ignorance, at the level of our knowledge of nature, and not in nature itself." Glorious miracles have been later on discovered to be obedience to the laws of nature or a technological development that was not widely known at the time. As the German poet, Goethe, phrased it: "Things that are mysterious are not yet miracles." The miracle assumes the intervention of a "higher power" in its occurrence that is beyond human capability to grasp. Yet there are methodical and simple ways to "cause a miracle" without divine revelation and inspiration. Instead of checking it out, investigating and finding the source of the event, we define it as a miracle. The miracle, then, is the excuse of those who are too lazy to think.
Possible Titles:
1. Rethinking Miracles: From Mysteries to Natural Laws
2. The Thin Line Between Miracles and Misunderstood Science
3. How Ignorance Shapes Our Perception of Miracles
4. Exploring Miracles as Misinterpretations of Nature
Main Idea #1:
Miracles are often perceived as divine interventions but can frequently be explained by natural laws or technological advancements.
Main Idea #2:
Miracles stem from ignorance or lack of understanding, as mysteries are often resolved through investigation, with the label "miracle" used by those unwilling to explore the true causes of events.
Summary:
What we call miracles are often events beyond current understanding, rooted in natural laws or unexplored phenomena. Mislabeling them as miracles arises from ignorance or unwillingness to investigate their true origins, as demonstrated by thinkers like Montaigne and Goethe.
Key Points:
1. Miracles are often defined as events beyond human understanding or natural laws.
2. Many perceived miracles are later explained by science or technology.
3. Goethe and Montaigne suggest miracles arise from ignorance, not divine intervention.
4. Labeling events as miracles can stem from a reluctance to investigate their causes.
[고2] 2023 11월– 32번:외부정보가사건기억에영향을미칠수있음
Information encountered after an event can influence subsequent remembering. External information can easily integrate into a witness's memory, especially if the event was poorly encoded or the memory is from a distant event, in which case time and forgetting have degraded the original memory. With reduced information available in memory with which to confirm the validity of post-event misinformation, it is less likely that this new information will be rejected. Instead, especially when it fits the witness's current thinking and can be used to create a story that makes sense to him or her, it may be integrated as part of the original experience. This process can be explicit (i.e., the witness knows it is happening), but it is often unconscious. That is, the witness might find himself or herself thinking about the event differently without awareness. Over time, the witness may not even know the source of information that led to the (new) memory. Sources of misinformation in forensic contexts can be encountered anywhere, from discussions with other witnesses to social media searches to multiple interviews with investigators or other legal professionals, and even in court.
Possible Titles:
1. How Post-Event Information Alters Witness Memory
2. The Role of Misinformation in Shaping Witness Testimonies
3. Memory Distortion: The Unconscious Integration of External Information
4. Sources and Impacts of Misinformation in Forensic Contexts
Main Idea #1:
Post-event information can influence and alter a witness’s memory, particularly when the original memory is weak or distant.
Main Idea #2:
Misinformation can unconsciously integrate into a witness’s memory, reshaping their recollection of events, with sources of distortion ranging from social media to legal proceedings, complicating forensic accuracy.
Summary:
Post-event information can modify a witness’s memory, especially when the original event was poorly encoded or distant. Misinformation may unconsciously integrate into their recollection, with potential sources including discussions, social media, or legal proceedings, leading to altered testimonies.
Key Points:
1. Witness memories are vulnerable to influence from post-event information.
2. Weak or distant memories are more susceptible to misinformation.
3. Integration of misinformation can occur unconsciously, reshaping recollections.
4. Sources of misinformation include other witnesses, social media, and legal interviews.
[고2] 2023 11월– 33번:상관관계는인과관계보다명확한통찰을제공
Correlations are powerful because the insights they offer are relatively clear. These insights are often covered up when we bring causality back into the picture. For instance, a used-car dealer supplied data to statisticians to predict which of the vehicles available for purchase at an auction were likely to have problems. A correlation analysis showed that orange-colored cars were far less likely to have defects. Even as we read this, we already think about why it might be so: Are orange-colored car owners likely to be car enthusiasts and take better care of their vehicles? Or, is it because orange-colored cars are more noticeable on the road and therefore less likely to be in accidents, so they're in better condition when resold? Quickly we are caught in a web of competing causal hypotheses. But our attempts to illuminate things this way only make them cloudier. Correlations exist; we can show them mathematically. We can't easily do the same for causal links. So we would do well to hold off from trying to explain the reason behind the correlations.
Possible Titles:
1. The Clarity of Correlation Versus the Complexity of Causality
2. Why Correlations Provide Insights Without the Need for Causal Explanations
3. The Dangers of Overthinking Correlations with Causal Hypotheses
4. Embracing Correlation: Insights Without Causal Assumptions
Main Idea #1:
Correlations offer clear insights, but attempts to explain them through causality often complicate understanding.
Main Idea #2:
While correlations are mathematically demonstrable and provide actionable insights, introducing causal hypotheses often clouds clarity, as seen in the example of orange-colored cars and their lower defect rates.
Summary:
Correlations provide clear and measurable insights, as shown in the example of orange-colored cars having fewer defects. Attempts to explain these insights with causality often lead to conflicting hypotheses, making the situation more complex and less clear.
Key Points:
1. Correlations offer straightforward insights that are mathematically provable.
2. Introducing causality complicates understanding and creates conflicting hypotheses.
3. The example of orange-colored cars shows how causal assumptions can cloud correlation analysis.
4. Focusing on correlation alone can yield actionable and clear insights.
[고2] 2023 11월– 34번:기후변화가동물크기감소에영향을미침
Most mice in the wild are eaten or die before their life span of two years is over. They die from external causes, such as disease, starvation, or predators, not due to internal causes, such as aging. That is why nature has made mice to live, on average, for no longer than two years. Now we have arrived at an important point: The average life span of an animal species, or the rate at which it ages, is determined by the average time that this animal species can survive in the wild. That explains why a bat can live to be 30 years old. In contrast to mice, bats can fly, which is why they can escape from danger much faster. Thanks to their wings, bats can also cover longer distances and are better able to find food. Every genetic change in the past that made it possible for a bat to live longer was useful, because bats are much better able than mice to flee from danger, find food, and survive.
Possible Titles:
1. How Survival in the Wild Determines Animal Life Spans
2. The Role of Predation and Adaptation in Aging Rates of Animals
3. Why Mice Live Short Lives and Bats Defy Longevity Expectations
4. Natural Selection and the Evolution of Life Spans in Animals
Main Idea #1:
The life span of an animal is shaped by its average survival time in the wild.
Main Idea #2:
Animals like bats, which can escape predators and find food efficiently, have evolved longer life spans compared to species like mice, whose high vulnerability in the wild limits their longevity.
Summary:
The life span of a species is influenced by its average survival time in the wild. While mice live short lives due to high predation and environmental risks, bats live longer because their ability to fly helps them escape predators and find food, making longer life spans evolutionarily advantageous.
Key Points:
1. Most wild mice die from external causes before their natural life span of two years.
2. Life span and aging rates are linked to average survival times in the wild.
3. Bats, unlike mice, live longer due to their ability to escape predators and find food.
4. Evolution favors longevity in species with better survival adaptations like flight.
[고2] 2023 11월– 35번:도덕적우수성은학습과발달로지속가능
Moral excellence, according to Aristotle, is the result of habit and repetition, though modern science would also suggest that it may have an innate, genetic component. This means that moral excellence will be broadly set early in our lives, which is why the question of how early to teach it is so important. Freud suggested that we don't change our personality much after age five or thereabouts, but as in many other things, Freud was wrong. Recent psychological research shows that personality traits stabilize around age thirty in both men and women and regardless of ethnicity as the human brain continues to develop, both neuroanatomically and in terms of cognitive skills, until the mid-twenties. The advantage of this new understanding is that we can be a bit more optimistic than Aristotle and Freud about being able to teach moral excellence.
Possible Titles:
1. The Development of Moral Excellence: Aristotle, Freud, and Modern Science
2. Teaching Morality: Insights from Ancient Philosophy and Modern Psychology
3. How Habit, Genetics, and Development Shape Moral Excellence
4. Rethinking Moral Development: Beyond Aristotle and Freud
Main Idea #1:
Aristotle believed moral excellence is developed through habit, but modern research shows it is influenced by both genetics and lifelong personality development.
Main Idea #2:
Contrary to Freud's view that personality is fixed early in life, recent research indicates personality traits stabilize by age thirty, allowing moral excellence to be cultivated well into adulthood.
Summary:
Aristotle saw moral excellence as a result of habit, while modern research suggests it is also shaped by genetics and personality traits, which stabilize around age thirty. This understanding allows for optimism about teaching morality beyond early childhood, countering Freud's outdated theory.
Key Points:
1. Aristotle linked moral excellence to habit and repetition.
2. Modern science adds that genetics may also play a role in moral development.
3. Freud wrongly claimed personality stabilizes by age five, while research shows stabilization around age thirty.
4. Moral excellence can be cultivated into adulthood due to ongoing brain and cognitive development.
[고2] 2023 11월– 36번:동물크기는환경적응과생존전략의결과
The size of a species is not accidental. It's a fine-tuned interaction between a species and the world it inhabits. Over large periods of time, size fluctuations have often signalled significant changes in the environment. Generally speaking, over the last five hundred million years, the trend has been towards animals getting larger. It's particularly notable in marine animals, whose average body size has increased 150-fold in this time. But we are beginning to see changes in this trend. Scientists have discovered that many animals are shrinking. Around the world, species in every category have been found to be getting smaller, and one major cause appears to be the heat. Animals living in the Italian Alps, for example, have seen temperatures rise by three to four degrees Celsius since the 1980s. To avoid overheating, chamois goats now spend more of their days resting rather than searching for food, and as a result, in just a few decades, the new generations of chamois are 25 percent smaller.
Possible Titles:
1. The Evolution of Animal Size and Its Environmental Connections
2. How Climate Change Is Shrinking Animal Species Worldwide
3. The Historical and Modern Trends in Animal Body Size
4. Rising Temperatures and Their Impact on Animal Size Reduction
Main Idea #1:
Animal size is closely tied to environmental changes, with larger sizes historically dominant over millions of years.
Main Idea #2:
Climate change is reversing historical trends, causing species like chamois goats in the Italian Alps to shrink as rising temperatures impact their behavior and access to food.
Summary:
Animal size has historically increased over millions of years, especially in marine species. However, rising global temperatures are now causing many species to shrink, as seen in chamois goats in the Italian Alps, which have become 25% smaller due to heat-induced behavioral changes.
Key Points:
1. Animal size reflects a long-term interaction with environmental factors.
2. Over the last 500 million years, animal body sizes generally increased.
3. Climate change is reversing this trend, with species shrinking globally.
4. Chamois goats in the Italian Alps have decreased in size by 25% due to rising temperatures and reduced foraging.
[고2] 2023 11월– 37번:전체데이터사용이샘플링보다더큰통찰제공
For a long time, random sampling was a good shortcut. It made analysis of large data problems possible in the pre-digital era. But much as converting a digital image or song into a smaller file results in loss of data, information is lost when sampling. Having the full (or close to the full) dataset provides a lot more freedom to explore, to look at the data from different angles or to look closer at certain aspects of it. A fitting example may be the light-field camera, which captures not just a single plane of light, as with conventional cameras, but rays from the entire light field, some 11 million of them. The photographers can decide later which element of an image to focus on in the digital file. There is no need to focus at the beginning, since collecting all the information makes it possible to do that afterwards. Because rays from the entire light field are included, it is closer to all the data. As a result, the information is more "reuseable" than ordinary pictures, where the photographer has to decide what to focus on before she presses the shutter.
Possible Titles:
1. The Limitations of Sampling in the Era of Big Data
2. Why Full Datasets Are Superior to Random Sampling in Analysis
3. The Light-Field Camera: A Metaphor for Comprehensive Data Collection
4. Moving Beyond Sampling: The Power of Complete Data in Analysis
Main Idea #1:
Random sampling, while useful in the past, loses information compared to full datasets, which allow for greater flexibility and reuse in analysis.
Main Idea #2:
Comprehensive data collection, as exemplified by the light-field camera, offers the advantage of retaining all information, enabling detailed exploration and decision-making without initial constraints.
Summary:
Random sampling, useful in the pre-digital era, sacrifices data and limits flexibility in analysis. Full datasets, like the complete light-field data captured by advanced cameras, provide greater freedom to analyze and refocus on specific aspects later, making the information more reusable and versatile.
Key Points:
1. Random sampling was a practical solution before digital advancements but loses data.
2. Full datasets allow for more flexibility in analysis and detailed exploration.
3. Light-field cameras illustrate the advantage of collecting all information upfront.
4. Comprehensive data enables reusability and eliminates the need for initial focus constraints.
[고2] 2023 11월– 38번:내향적리더십의섬김철학이긍정적효과를가짐
Introverted leaders do have to overcome the strong cultural presumption that extroverts are more effective leaders. Although the population splits into almost equal parts between introverts and extroverts, more than 96 percent of managers and executives are extroverted. In a study done in 2006, 65 percent of senior corporate executives viewed introversion as a barrier to leadership. We must reexamine this stereotype, however, as it doesn't always hold true. Regent University found that a desire to be of service to others and to empower them to grow, which is more common among introverts than extroverts, is a key factor in becoming a leader and retaining leadership. So-called servant leadership, dating back to ancient philosophical literature, adheres to the belief that a company's goals are best achieved by helping workers or customers achieve their goals. Such leaders do not seek attention but rather want to shine a light on others' wins and achievements; servant leadership requires humility, but that humility ultimately pays off.
Possible Titles:
1. Examining Introverted Leaders' Effectiveness in Modern Organizations
2. Understanding Servant Leadership and Its Historical Roots
3. The Role of Humility in Leadership Success
4. Breaking Stereotypes About Introversion and Leadership
Servant leadership, often associated with introverts, prioritizes empowering others and achieving organizational success through humility and support.
Summary:
Although introverts are often seen as less effective leaders, their approach to servant leadership emphasizes empowering others and achieving mutual goals. This leadership style, rooted in humility, aligns with ancient philosophies and fosters long-term success. Cultural stereotypes should be challenged to recognize introverts' unique contributions.
Key Points:
1. Most leaders are extroverts due to cultural biases about leadership effectiveness.
2. Many executives perceive introversion as a leadership barrier.
3. Servant leadership focuses on empowering others and achieving shared goals.
4. Humility in leadership enhances team and organizational success.
[고2] 2023 11월– 39번:불완전성을허용하면데이터활용가능성증가
By the nineteenth century, France had developed a system of precisely defined units of measurement to capture space, time, and more, and had begun to get other nations to adopt the same standards. Just half a century later, in the 1920s, the discoveries of quantum mechanics forever destroyed the dream of comprehensive and perfect measurement. And yet, outside a relatively small circle of physicists, the mindset of humankind's drive to flawlessly measure continued among engineers and scientists. In the world of business it even expanded, as the precision-oriented sciences of mathematics and statistics began to influence all areas of commerce. However, contrary to the trend of the past several decades, in many new situations that are occurring today, allowing for imprecision ― for messiness ― may be a positive feature, not a shortcoming. As a tradeoff for relaxing the standards of allowable errors, one can get a hold of much more data. It isn't just that "more is better than some," but that, in fact, sometimes "more is greater than better."
Possible Titles:
1. The Evolution of Measurement Standards and Their Impact on Society
2. Embracing Imprecision in Modern Data Analysis and Decision-Making
3. From Perfect Measurement to Valuing Messiness in New Contexts
4. The Transition from Precision to Flexibility in Science and Business
Main Idea #1:
Quantum mechanics undermined the vision of perfect measurement but did not halt humanity's pursuit of precision.
Main Idea #2:
While precision has dominated science and business, embracing imprecision can yield broader and more effective insights in modern contexts.
Summary:
The dream of perfect measurement faded with quantum mechanics, yet precision remained a driving force in science and business. Today, relaxing precision standards allows access to larger datasets, which can sometimes provide more valuable insights than traditional exactness. This shift marks a new approach to leveraging data in a complex world.
Key Points:
1. France pioneered precise measurement systems and promoted global adoption.
2. Quantum mechanics disrupted the notion of perfect measurement.
3. Precision has strongly influenced science, engineering, and business practices.
4. Allowing for imprecision in modern contexts can lead to more valuable insights.
[고2] 2023 11월– 40번:협력적행동이공동체내신뢰와지위를강화
Multiple laboratory studies show that cooperative people tend to receive social advantages from others. One way to demonstrate this is to give people the opportunity to act positively or negatively toward contributors. For example, Pat Barclay, a professor at the University of Guelph, had participants play a cooperative game where people could contribute money toward a group fund which helped all group members, and then allowed participants to give money to other participants based on their reputations. People who contributed more to the group fund were given responsibility for more money than people who contributed less. Similar results have been found by other researchers. People who contribute toward their groups are also chosen more often as interaction partners, preferred as leaders, rated as more desirable partners for long-term relationships, and are perceived to be trustworthy and have high social status. Uncooperative people tend to receive verbal criticism or even more severe punishment. -> Studies suggest that individuals who act with generosity toward their communities are more likely to be viewed as deserving of benefit by members of that community than those who don't.
Possible Titles:
1. Social Benefits of Generosity in Cooperative Communities
2. The Role of Cooperation in Leadership and Social Status
3. How Generosity Shapes Perception and Interpersonal Success
4. Cooperative Behavior as a Pathway to Social Advantage
Main Idea #1:
Cooperative individuals gain social advantages and positive recognition from their communities.
Main Idea #2:
Studies reveal that generous behavior leads to rewards such as leadership opportunities, enhanced trust, and higher social status, while uncooperative individuals face criticism and penalties.
Summary:
Cooperative behavior in group settings earns individuals rewards such as trust, leadership roles, and positive social status. Experiments show that contributors are preferred as leaders and partners, while uncooperative individuals often face criticism or punishment. Generosity is a key factor in gaining social recognition and benefits.
Key Points:
1. Cooperative individuals are entrusted with greater responsibility in group settings.
2. Generosity is linked to higher trust, leadership selection, and desirability as partners.
3. Uncooperative behavior often leads to verbal criticism or punishment.
4. Social advantages are more likely for those who contribute positively to their communities.
[고2] 2023 11월– 41~42번:공연에서관객참여가예술적경험을증폭
In Western society, many music performance settings make a clear distinction between performers and audience members: the performers are the "doers" and those in the audience take a decidedly passive role. The performance space itself may further reinforce the distinction with a physical separation between the stage and audience seating. Perhaps because this distinction is so common, audiences seem to greatly value opportunities to have special "access" to performers that affords understanding about performers' style of music. Some performing musicians have won great approval by regularly incorporating "audience participation" into their concerts. Whether by leading a sing-along activity or teaching a rhythm to be clapped at certain points, including audience members in the music making can boost the level of engagement and enjoyment for all involved. Performers who are uncomfortable leading audience participation can still connect with the audience simply by giving a special glimpse of the performer perspective. It is quite common in classical music to provide audiences with program notes. Typically, this text in a program gives background information about pieces of music being performed and perhaps biographical information about historically significant composers. What may be of more interest to audience members is background information about the very performers who are onstage, including an explanation of why they have chosen the music they are presenting. Such insight can make audience members feel near to the musicians onstage, both metaphorically and emotionally. This connection will likely enhance the expressive and communicative experience.
Possible Titles:
1. Bridging the Gap Between Performers and Audiences in Music
2. Enhancing Engagement Through Audience Participation in Concerts
3. The Role of Performer-Audience Connection in Musical Experiences
4. Exploring the Benefits of Audience Involvement in Performances
Main Idea #1:
Performers and audiences are traditionally divided, but bridging this gap enhances engagement and enjoyment.
Main Idea #2:
Audience participation or insights into performers' perspectives can foster emotional connections, making the musical experience more expressive and communicative.
Summary:
Western music performances often emphasize a division between performers and audiences, but involving audiences through participation or sharing performer perspectives strengthens engagement. Activities like sing-alongs or providing background on performers' choices enhance emotional connections and enrich the concert experience.
Key Points:
1. Western music settings often separate performers and audiences physically and socially.
2. Audience participation activities, like sing-alongs, boost engagement and enjoyment.
3. Providing insight into performers' perspectives fosters emotional connections.
4. Program notes can deepen audience understanding and enhance the concert experience.
[고2] 2023 11월– 43~45번:다툰형제가목수의다리로화해와관계회복
Once upon a time, two brothers, Robert and James, who lived on neighboring farms fell into conflict. It was the first serious fight in 40 years of farming side by side. It began with a small misunderstanding and it grew into a major argument, and finally it exploded into an exchange of bitter words followed by weeks of silence. One morning there was a knock on Robert's door. He opened it to find a carpenter with a toolbox. Looking at Robert, the carpenter said, "I'm looking for a few days' work. Do you have anything to repair?" "I have nothing to be repaired, but I have a job for you. Look across the creek at that farm. Last week, my younger brother James took his bulldozer and put that creek in the meadow between us. Well, I will do even worse. I want you to build me an 8-foot tall fence which will block him from seeing my place," said Robert. The carpenter seemed to understand the situation. Robert prepared all the materials the carpenter needed. The next day, Robert left to work on another farm, so he couldn't watch the carpenter for some days. When Robert returned and saw the carpenter's work, his jaw dropped. Instead of a fence, the carpenter had built a bridge that stretched from one side of the creek to the other. His brother was walking over, waving his hand in the air. Robert laughed and said to the carpenter, "You really can fix anything." The two brothers stood awkwardly for a moment, but soon met on the bridge and shook hands. They saw the carpenter leaving with his toolbox. "No, wait! Stay a few more days." Robert told him. "Thank you for your invitation. But I need to go build more bridges. Don't forget. The fence leads to isolation and the bridge to openness," said carpenter. The two brothers nodded at the carpenter's words.
Possible Titles:
1. The Carpenter's Lesson: From Isolation to Reconnection
2. Building Bridges: A Tale of Forgiveness and Understanding
3. Mending Family Ties Through Unexpected Acts of Kindness
4. How a Bridge Rekindled a Brotherly Bond After Conflict
Main Idea #1:
A carpenter helps two estranged brothers reconcile by building a bridge instead of a fence.
Main Idea #2:
Through an act of creativity and wisdom, the carpenter transforms a symbol of division into one of connection, teaching the brothers the value of openness and reconciliation.
Summary:
After a bitter conflict, two brothers on neighboring farms become estranged. One hires a carpenter to build a fence to isolate himself, but the carpenter builds a bridge instead. The bridge rekindles the brothers' relationship, teaching them the importance of connection and forgiveness.
Key Points:
1. Robert and James' conflict leads to weeks of silence and bitterness.
2. Robert hires a carpenter to build a fence to isolate himself from James.
3. The carpenter builds a bridge instead, encouraging reconciliation.
4. The brothers reunite on the bridge, learning the value of openness over division.
⑥Could you restrict the time the basketball court is open to before 9 p.m.?
당신은농구코트를여는시간을밤9시이전으로제한해주실수있으십니까?
⑦I'm sure I'm not the only person in the neighborhood that is affected by this noise issue.
저는이근처에서이소음문제에의해영향받는유일한사람이아님을확신합니다.
⑧I appreciate your assistance.
당신의협조에감사드립니다.
⑨Sincerely, Ian Baldwin
진심을담아, Ian Baldwin
[고2] 2023 11월– 19번:부족의식에서아버지의존재로안정감을얻음
①Chaske, a Cherokee boy, was sitting on a tree stump.
체로키족소년인Chaske는나무그루터기에앉아있었다.
②As a rite of passage for youths in his tribe, Chaske had to survive one night in the forest wearing a blindfold, not knowing he was observed by his father.
③After the sunset, Chaske could hear all kinds of noises.
해가지고난후에, Chaske는모든종류의소리를들을수있었다.
④The wind blew the grass and shook his stump.
바람이풀을휘저으며그의그루터기를흔들었다.
⑤A sense of dread swept through his body.
두려움이그의몸을휩쓸었다.
⑥What if wild beasts are looking at me? I can't stand this!
'만약야생짐승들이나를바라보고있다면어떡하지?나는이것을견딜수가없어!'
⑦Just as he was about to take off the blindfold to run away, a voice came in from somewhere.
그가도망가기위해눈가리개를막벗으려고했을때어디선가한음성이들려왔다.
⑧"I'm here around you. Don't give up, and complete your mission."
"나는여기네주변에있어.포기하지말고너의임무를완수해."
⑨It was his father's voice.
그것은그의아버지의목소리였다.
⑩He has been watching me from nearby!
'그가근처에서나를지켜보고있었구나!'
⑪With just the presence of his father, the boy regained stability.
그의아버지의존재만으로도소년은안정을되찾았다.
⑫What panicked him awfully a moment ago vanished into thin air.
조금전까지그를끔찍하게겁에질리게한것들이온데간데없이사라졌다.
[고2] 2023 11월– 20번:농업의발전과지속가능성을위한해결책필요
①Agriculture includes a range of activities such as planting, harvesting, fertilizing, pest management, raising animals, and distributing food and agricultural products.
②It is one of the oldest and most essential human activities, dating back thousands of years, and has played a critical role in the development of human civilizations, allowing people to create stable food supplies and settle in one place.
③Today, agriculture remains a vital industry that feeds the world's population, supports rural communities, and provides raw materials for other industries.
④However, agriculture faces numerous challenges such as climate change, water scarcity, soil degradation, and biodiversity loss.
그러나,농업은기후변화,물부족,토질저하,생물다양성손실과같은수많은문제에직면하고있다.
⑤As the world's population continues to grow, it is essential to find sustainable solutions to address the challenges facing agriculture and ensure the continued production of food and other agricultural products.
③"In art, when there's something challenging, which can also be uncomfortable, this discomfort, if we're willing to engage with it, offers the possibility of some change, some transformation.
④That can also be a powerful aesthetic experience."
그것은또한강력한미적경험이될수있다."
⑤The arts, in this way, become vehicles to contend with ideas and concepts that are difficult and uncomfortable otherwise.
예술은,이런방식으로,그렇지않았더라면어렵고불편한아이디어및개념들과싸우는매개체가된다.
⑥When Picasso painted his masterpiece Guernica in 1937, he captured the heartbreaking and cruel nature of war, and offered the world a way to consider the universal suffering caused by the Spanish Civil War.
⑦When Lorraine Hansberry wrote her play A Raisin in the Sun, she gave us a powerful story of people struggling with racism, discrimination, and the pursuit of the American dream while also offering a touching portrait of family life.
Lorraine Hansberry가그녀의희곡A Raisin in the Sun을썼을때,그녀는또한가족생활에대한감동적인초상화를제공하면서인종차별,차별,아메리칸드림의추구를위해고군분투하는사람들의강력한이야기를우리에게주었다.
[고2] 2023 11월– 22번:기계식시계가시간개념과경제발전에기여
①Many historians have pointed to the significance of accurate time measurement to Western economic progress.
많은역사가들은서양의경제적진보에있어서정확한시간측정의중요성을시사해왔다.
②The French historian Jacques Le Goff called the birth of the public mechanical clock a turning point in Western society.
프랑스역사가Jacques Le Goff는공공기계시계의탄생을서구사회에서의전환점이라고불렀다.
③Until the late Middle Ages, people had sun or water clocks, which did not play any meaningful role in business activities.
⑦This, in turn, helped facilitate trade and commerce.
그결과,이것은무역과상업을촉진하는데도움을주었다.
⑧Interactions and transactions between consumers, retailers, and wholesalers became less irregular.
소비자,소매업자,그리고도매업자간의상호작용과거래는덜불규칙해졌다.
⑨Important town meetings began to follow the pace of the clock, allowing people to better plan their time and allocate resources in a more efficient manner.
③Just as children on the autism spectrum with robot companions might be easily fooled into thinking of robots as friends, older adults with cognitive deficits might be.
④According to Alexis Elder, a professor at UMD, robots are false friends, inferior to true friendship.
UMD의교수인Alexis Elder에따르면,로봇은진정한우정보다,열등한'가짜'친구이다.
⑤Reasoning along similar lines, John Sullins, a professor at Sonoma State University, holds that robots should "remain iconic or cartoonish so that they are easily distinguished as synthetic even by unsophisticated users."
⑦Making robots clearly fake also avoids the so-called "uncanny valley," where robots are perceived as scary because they so closely resemble us, but not quite.
⑧Other critics of robot deception argue that when care recipients are deceived into thinking that robots care, this crosses a line and violates human dignity.
③The percentage of respondents who believed that targeted ads were interesting was the highest in the age group of 18 to 24.
표적광고들이흥미롭다고믿는응답자들의비율은18세에서24세연령층에서가장높았다.
④The percentage of respondents aged 25 to 34 who said that targeted ads were intrusive was the same as that of respondents aged 45 to 54 who said the same.
⑤Among all age groups, the gap between respondents who said targeted ads were interesting and those who believed them to be intrusive was the largest in the 35-to-44 age group.
⑤The racial discrimination by white bankers drove her to study banking and financial laws.
백인은행가들에의한인종차별은그녀로하여금은행금융법을공부하게만들었다.
⑥She established a newspaper to promote closer communication between the charitable organization she belonged to and the public.
그녀는그녀가속한자선단체와대중간의더긴밀한소통을장려하고자신문사를설립했다.
⑦Soon after, she founded the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank, which survived the Great Depression and merged with two other banks.
곧이어,그녀는St. Luke Penny Savings Bank를설립했는데,그것은대공황에서살아남아두개의다른은행들과합병했다.
⑧It thrived as the oldest continually African American-operated bank until 2009.
그것은2009년까지지속적으로아프리카계미국인에의해운영되는가장오래된은행으로서번창했다.
⑨Walker achieved successes with the vision to make improvements in the way of life for African Americans.
Walker는아프리카계미국인들을위한삶의방식에서개선을이루고자하는비전으로성공을거두었다.
[고2] 2023 11월– 29번:렉틴과잉섭취가건강에미치는부정적영향
①Lectins are large proteins that serve as a crucial weapon that plants use to defend themselves.
렉틴은식물들이그들스스로를방어하기위해사용하는중요한무기로서역할을하는커다란단백질이다.
②The lectins in most plants bind to carbohydrates as we consume the plant.
대부분의식물에있는렉틴은우리가식물을섭취할때탄수화물과결합한다.
③They also bind to sugar molecules found in the gut, in the brain, between nerve endings, in joints and in all bodily fluids.
그것들은또한장,뇌,신경말단사이,관절및모든체액에서발견되는당분자들과결합한다.
④According to Dr. Steven Gundry, these sticky proteins can interrupt messaging between cells and cause toxic and inflammatory reactions.
Dr. Steven Gundry에따르면,이러한끈적끈적한단백질은세포들간의메시지전달을방해하고독성및염증성의반응을일으킬수있다.
⑤Brain fog is just one result of lectins interrupting communication between nerves.
뇌피로현상은렉틴이신경들간의소통을방해하는단지하나의결과에지나지않는다.
⑥An upset stomach is another common symptom of lectin overload.
위장장애는렉틴과다의또다른흔한증상이다.
⑦Dr. Gundry lists a wide range of other health problems including aching joints, dementia, headaches and infertility that have been resolved in his patients once they eliminated lectins from their diets.
Dr. Gundry는그의환자들이자신의식단에서렉틴을제거하였을때해결되어왔던관절통,치매,두통,그리고불임을포함한광범위한다양한건강문제들을나열한다.
⑧Dr. Paul Saladino writes that the hypothesis that lectins are involved in Parkinson's disease is also gaining support, with animal studies showing that 'lectins, once eaten, may be damaging the gut and travelling to the brain, where they appear to be toxic to dopaminergic neurons'.
Dr. Paul Saladino는렉틴이파킨슨병과관련이있다는가설이'렉틴이일단섭취되면,장에손상을입히고뇌로이동해그곳에서그것들이도파민작동성신경세포에독성을일으키는것처럼보인다.'는것을보여주는동물연구들과함께또한지지를얻고있다고기록한다.
[고2] 2023 11월– 30번:기술발전이프라이버시재정의의필요성을강조
①Technology changes how individuals and societies understand the concept of privacy.
기술은개인들과사회가사생활의개념을이해하는방식을변화시킨다.
②The fact that someone has a new ability to access information or watch the actions of another does not justify doing so.
③Rather, advances in technology require citizens and policy makers to consider how privacy protections should be expanded.
오히려,기술의발전은시민들과정책입안자들이어떻게사생활보호가확장되어야하는지고려할것을요구한다.
④For example, when cameras first became available for commercial and private use, nations and citizens struggled over whether new laws should be enacted to protect individuals from being photographed without their permission.
⑤The reconsideration of privacy brought about by this new technology re-affirmed a distinction between private and public spaces.
이새로운기술이가져온사생활에대한재고는사적및공적공간의구별을재확인했다.
⑥It was determined by most cultures that people automatically gave consent to being seen ― and thus recorded ― once they voluntarily stepped into a public space.
⑦Although some people might be uncomfortable with the spread of surveillance cameras, citizens in most cultures have adjusted to the fact that giving up the right not to be observed in these circumstances causes less harm to the community than failing to have surveillance.
①Coincidence that is statistically impossible seems to us like an irrational event, and some define it as a miracle.
통계적으로불가능한우연은우리에게비이성적인사건처럼보이고,어떤이들은그것을기적으로정의한다.
②But, as Montaigne has said, "the origin of a miracle is in our ignorance, at the level of our knowledge of nature, and not in nature itself."
그러나, Montaigne가말했듯이, "기적의기원은자연그자체가아니라자연에대한우리의지식수준에서,우리의무지에있다."
③Glorious miracles have been later on discovered to be obedience to the laws of nature or a technological development that was not widely known at the time.
④As the German poet, Goethe, phrased it: "Things that are mysterious are not yet miracles."
독일시인Goethe가그것을표현했듯이, "'신비한'것들은아직'기적'이'아니다'."
⑤The miracle assumes the intervention of a "higher power" in its occurrence that is beyond human capability to grasp.
기적은그것의발생에있어서인간이이해할수있는능력너머의'더높은힘'의개입을가정한다.
⑥Yet there are methodical and simple ways to "cause a miracle" without divine revelation and inspiration.
하지만,신적인계시와영감없이'기적을일으키는'체계적이고간단한방법들이있다.
⑦Instead of checking it out, investigating and finding the source of the event, we define it as a miracle.
그것을확인하는것,즉,그사건의근원을조사하고찾는것대신에,우리는그것을기적으로정의한다.
⑧The miracle, then, is the excuse of those who are too lazy to think.
그렇다면,기적은생각하는데너무게으른사람들의핑계이다.
[고2] 2023 11월– 32번:외부정보가사건기억에영향을미칠수있음
①Information encountered after an event can influence subsequent remembering.
사건후에마주친정보는이후의기억하는것에영향을미칠수있다.
②External information can easily integrate into a witness's memory, especially if the event was poorly encoded or the memory is from a distant event, in which case time and forgetting have degraded the original memory.
③With reduced information available in memory with which to confirm the validity of post-event misinformation, it is less likely that this new information will be rejected.
④Instead, especially when it fits the witness's current thinking and can be used to create a story that makes sense to him or her, it may be integrated as part of the original experience.
⑤This process can be explicit (i.e., the witness knows it is happening), but it is often unconscious.
이과정은명시적일수있지만(즉,목격자는그것이일어나고있다는것을알고있다),그것은흔히무의식적이다.
⑥That is, the witness might find himself or herself thinking about the event differently without awareness.
즉,목격자는의식하지못한채그사건에대해다르게생각하는그자신또는그녀자신을발견할지도모른다.
⑦Over time, the witness may not even know the source of information that led to the (new) memory.
시간이지남에따라,목격자는(새로운)기억으로이끄는정보의출처조차모를지도모른다.
⑧Sources of misinformation in forensic contexts can be encountered anywhere, from discussions with other witnesses to social media searches to multiple interviews with investigators or other legal professionals, and even in court.
①Correlations are powerful because the insights they offer are relatively clear.
상관관계는그것들이제공하는통찰력이비교적명확하기때문에강력하다.
②These insights are often covered up when we bring causality back into the picture.
이러한통찰력은종종우리가인과관계를그상황으로다시가져올때가려진다.
③For instance, a used-car dealer supplied data to statisticians to predict which of the vehicles available for purchase at an auction were likely to have problems.
④A correlation analysis showed that orange-colored cars were far less likely to have defects.
한상관관계분석은주황색차들이결함이있을가능성이훨씬적다는것을보여줬다.
⑤Even as we read this, we already think about why it might be so:
심지어우리가이것을읽으면서도,우리는이미왜그럴지에대해생각한다.
⑥Are orange-colored car owners likely to be car enthusiasts and take better care of their vehicles?
주황색차를소유한사람들이자동차애호가여서그들의차량을더잘관리할가능성이있는가?
⑦Or, is it because orange-colored cars are more noticeable on the road and therefore less likely to be in accidents, so they're in better condition when resold?
③That is why nature has made mice to live, on average, for no longer than two years.
그것이자연이쥐를평균적으로2년이상살지못하게만든이유이다.
④Now we have arrived at an important point:
이제우리는중요한지점에도달했다.
⑤The average life span of an animal species, or the rate at which it ages, is determined by the average time that this animal species can survive in the wild.
동물종의평균수명,또는그것이노화하는속도는이동물종이야생에서생존할수있는평균시간에의해결정된다.
⑥That explains why a bat can live to be 30 years old.
그것은왜박쥐가30세까지살수있는지를설명해준다.
⑦In contrast to mice, bats can fly, which is why they can escape from danger much faster.
쥐와대조적으로박쥐는날수있고,이것은그들이위험에서훨씬더빨리도망칠수있는이유이다.
⑧Thanks to their wings, bats can also cover longer distances and are better able to find food.
그들의날개덕분에,박쥐들은또한더긴거리를이동할수있고먹이를더잘찾을수있다.
⑨Every genetic change in the past that made it possible for a bat to live longer was useful, because bats are much better able than mice to flee from danger, find food, and survive.
①Moral excellence, according to Aristotle, is the result of habit and repetition, though modern science would also suggest that it may have an innate, genetic component.
④Recent psychological research shows that personality traits stabilize around age thirty in both men and women and regardless of ethnicity as the human brain continues to develop, both neuroanatomically and in terms of cognitive skills, until the mid-twenties.
⑩To avoid overheating, chamois goats now spend more of their days resting rather than searching for food, and as a result, in just a few decades, the new generations of chamois are 25 percent smaller.
④Having the full (or close to the full) dataset provides a lot more freedom to explore, to look at the data from different angles or to look closer at certain aspects of it.
⑤A fitting example may be the light-field camera, which captures not just a single plane of light, as with conventional cameras, but rays from the entire light field, some 11 million of them.
⑥The photographers can decide later which element of an image to focus on in the digital file.
사진사들은디지털파일에서이미지의어느요소에초점을맞출지를나중에결정할수있다.
⑦There is no need to focus at the beginning, since collecting all the information makes it possible to do that afterwards.
모든정보를수집하는것은그것을나중에하는것을가능하게만들기때문에,처음에초점을맞출필요는없다.
⑧Because rays from the entire light field are included, it is closer to all the data.
전체라이트필드의빛이포함되기때문에,그것은모든데이터에더가깝다.
⑨As a result, the information is more "reuseable" than ordinary pictures, where the photographer has to decide what to focus on before she presses the shutter.
①Introverted leaders do have to overcome the strong cultural presumption that extroverts are more effective leaders.
내향적인리더들은외향적인사람들이더유능한리더라는강력한문화적억측을극복해야한다.
②Although the population splits into almost equal parts between introverts and extroverts, more than 96 percent of managers and executives are extroverted.
③In a study done in 2006, 65 percent of senior corporate executives viewed introversion as a barrier to leadership.
2006년에실시된한연구에서,기업고위임원의65%가내향성을리더십의장애물로간주했다.
④We must reexamine this stereotype, however, as it doesn't always hold true.
하지만그것이항상맞는것은아니기때문에우리는이고정관념을재검토해야한다.
⑤Regent University found that a desire to be of service to others and to empower them to grow, which is more common among introverts than extroverts, is a key factor in becoming a leader and retaining leadership.
⑥So-called servant leadership, dating back to ancient philosophical literature, adheres to the belief that a company's goals are best achieved by helping workers or customers achieve their goals.
⑦Such leaders do not seek attention but rather want to shine a light on others' wins and achievements; servant leadership requires humility, but that humility ultimately pays off.
①By the nineteenth century, France had developed a system of precisely defined units of measurement to capture space, time, and more, and had begun to get other nations to adopt the same standards.
②Just half a century later, in the 1920s, the discoveries of quantum mechanics forever destroyed the dream of comprehensive and perfect measurement.
불과반세기후, 1920년대에,양자역학의발견은포괄적이고완벽한측정에대한꿈을영원히깨버렸다.
③And yet, outside a relatively small circle of physicists, the mindset of humankind's drive to flawlessly measure continued among engineers and scientists.
⑤However, contrary to the trend of the past several decades, in many new situations that are occurring today, allowing for imprecision ― for messiness ― may be a positive feature, not a shortcoming.
①Multiple laboratory studies show that cooperative people tend to receive social advantages from others.
여러실험실연구들은협력적인사람들이다른사람들로부터사회적인혜택들을받는경향이있다는것을보여준다.
②One way to demonstrate this is to give people the opportunity to act positively or negatively toward contributors.
이것을증명하는한가지방법은사람들에게기여자들을향해긍정적이거나부정적으로행동할기회를주는것이다.
③For example, Pat Barclay, a professor at the University of Guelph, had participants play a cooperative game where people could contribute money toward a group fund which helped all group members, and then allowed participants to give money to other participants based on their reputations.
예를들어, Guelph대학교의교수인, Pat Barclay는참가자들로하여금모든집단구성원들을도와주는집단기금에사람들이돈을기부할수있는협동게임을하도록한다음,참가자들이그들의평판을바탕으로다른참가자들에게돈을줄수있도록허락했다.
④People who contributed more to the group fund were given responsibility for more money than people who contributed less.
집단기금에더많이기부한사람들은덜기부한사람들보다더많은돈에대한책임이주어졌다.
⑤Similar results have been found by other researchers.
유사한결과들이다른연구자들에의해발견되었다.
⑥People who contribute toward their groups are also chosen more often as interaction partners, preferred as leaders, rated as more desirable partners for long-term relationships, and are perceived to be trustworthy and have high social status.
⑦Uncooperative people tend to receive verbal criticism or even more severe punishment.
비협조적인사람들은언어적인비판이나심지어더심한벌을받는경향이있다.
⑧-> Studies suggest that individuals who act with generosity toward their communities are more likely to be viewed as deserving of benefit by members of that community than those who don't.
①In Western society, many music performance settings make a clear distinction between performers and audience members: the performers are the "doers" and those in the audience take a decidedly passive role.
②The performance space itself may further reinforce the distinction with a physical separation between the stage and audience seating.
공연공간그자체가무대와청중석사이의물리적분리로구분을더강화할수있다.
③Perhaps because this distinction is so common, audiences seem to greatly value opportunities to have special "access" to performers that affords understanding about performers' style of music.
④Some performing musicians have won great approval by regularly incorporating "audience participation" into their concerts.
일부공연음악가는정기적으로그들의콘서트에'청중참여'를포함함으로써큰호응을받아왔다.
⑤Whether by leading a sing-along activity or teaching a rhythm to be clapped at certain points, including audience members in the music making can boost the level of engagement and enjoyment for all involved.
⑥Performers who are uncomfortable leading audience participation can still connect with the audience simply by giving a special glimpse of the performer perspective.
⑦It is quite common in classical music to provide audiences with program notes.
클래식음악에서는청중에게프로그램해설을제공하는것이상당히흔하다.
⑧Typically, this text in a program gives background information about pieces of music being performed and perhaps biographical information about historically significant composers.
⑨What may be of more interest to audience members is background information about the very performers who are onstage, including an explanation of why they have chosen the music they are presenting.
⑩Such insight can make audience members feel near to the musicians onstage, both metaphorically and emotionally.
그러한통찰력은청중들이무대위에있는음악가들에게비유적이고감정적으로더가까이느끼게만들수있다.
⑪This connection will likely enhance the expressive and communicative experience.
이러한연결은표현적이고소통적인경험을아마향상시킬것이다.
[고2] 2023 11월– 43~45번:다툰형제가목수의다리로화해와관계회복
①Once upon a time, two brothers, Robert and James, who lived on neighboring farms fell into conflict.
옛날옛적에,가까운농장에사는두형제인Robert와James가갈등에빠졌다.
②It was the first serious fight in 40 years of farming side by side.
그것은함께나란히농사를지은지40년만에최초의심각한싸움이었다.
③It began with a small misunderstanding and it grew into a major argument, and finally it exploded into an exchange of bitter words followed by weeks of silence.
⑥Could you restrict the time the basketball court is open to before 9 p.m.?
⑥당신은농구코트를여는시간을밤9시이전으로제한해주실수있으십니까?
⑦I'm sure I'm not the only person in the neighborhood that is affected by this noise issue.
⑦저는이근처에서이소음문제에의해영향받는유일한사람이아님을확신합니다.
⑧I appreciate your assistance.
⑧당신의협조에감사드립니다.
⑨Sincerely, Ian Baldwin
⑨진심을담아, Ian Baldwin
[고2] 2023 11월– 19번:부족의식에서아버지의존재로안정감을얻음
①Chaske, a Cherokee boy, was sitting on a tree stump.
①체로키족소년인Chaske는나무그루터기에앉아있었다.
②As a rite of passage for youths in his tribe, Chaske had to survive one night in the forest wearing a blindfold, not knowing he was observed by his father.
③After the sunset, Chaske could hear all kinds of noises.
③해가지고난후에, Chaske는모든종류의소리를들을수있었다.
④The wind blew the grass and shook his stump.
④바람이풀을휘저으며그의그루터기를흔들었다.
⑤A sense of dread swept through his body.
⑤두려움이그의몸을휩쓸었다.
⑥What if wild beasts are looking at me? I can't stand this!
⑥'만약야생짐승들이나를바라보고있다면어떡하지?나는이것을견딜수가없어!'
⑦Just as he was about to take off the blindfold to run away, a voice came in from somewhere.
⑦그가도망가기위해눈가리개를막벗으려고했을때어디선가한음성이들려왔다.
⑧"I'm here around you. Don't give up, and complete your mission."
⑧"나는여기네주변에있어.포기하지말고너의임무를완수해."
⑨It was his father's voice.
⑨그것은그의아버지의목소리였다.
⑩He has been watching me from nearby!
⑩'그가근처에서나를지켜보고있었구나!'
⑪With just the presence of his father, the boy regained stability.
⑪그의아버지의존재만으로도소년은안정을되찾았다.
⑫What panicked him awfully a moment ago vanished into thin air.
⑫조금전까지그를끔찍하게겁에질리게한것들이온데간데없이사라졌다.
[고2] 2023 11월– 20번:농업의발전과지속가능성을위한해결책필요
①Agriculture includes a range of activities such as planting, harvesting, fertilizing, pest management, raising animals, and distributing food and agricultural products.
②It is one of the oldest and most essential human activities, dating back thousands of years, and has played a critical role in the development of human civilizations, allowing people to create stable food supplies and settle in one place.
③Today, agriculture remains a vital industry that feeds the world's population, supports rural communities, and provides raw materials for other industries.
④However, agriculture faces numerous challenges such as climate change, water scarcity, soil degradation, and biodiversity loss.
④그러나,농업은기후변화,물부족,토질저하,생물다양성손실과같은수많은문제에직면하고있다.
⑤As the world's population continues to grow, it is essential to find sustainable solutions to address the challenges facing agriculture and ensure the continued production of food and other agricultural products.
③"In art, when there's something challenging, which can also be uncomfortable, this discomfort, if we're willing to engage with it, offers the possibility of some change, some transformation.
④That can also be a powerful aesthetic experience."
④그것은또한강력한미적경험이될수있다."
⑤The arts, in this way, become vehicles to contend with ideas and concepts that are difficult and uncomfortable otherwise.
⑤예술은,이런방식으로,그렇지않았더라면어렵고불편한아이디어및개념들과싸우는매개체가된다.
⑥When Picasso painted his masterpiece Guernica in 1937, he captured the heartbreaking and cruel nature of war, and offered the world a way to consider the universal suffering caused by the Spanish Civil War.
⑦When Lorraine Hansberry wrote her play A Raisin in the Sun, she gave us a powerful story of people struggling with racism, discrimination, and the pursuit of the American dream while also offering a touching portrait of family life.
⑦Lorraine Hansberry가그녀의희곡A Raisin in the Sun을썼을때,그녀는또한가족생활에대한감동적인초상화를제공하면서인종차별,차별,아메리칸드림의추구를위해고군분투하는사람들의강력한이야기를우리에게주었다.
[고2] 2023 11월– 22번:기계식시계가시간개념과경제발전에기여
①Many historians have pointed to the significance of accurate time measurement to Western economic progress.
①많은역사가들은서양의경제적진보에있어서정확한시간측정의중요성을시사해왔다.
②The French historian Jacques Le Goff called the birth of the public mechanical clock a turning point in Western society.
②프랑스역사가Jacques Le Goff는공공기계시계의탄생을서구사회에서의전환점이라고불렀다.
③Until the late Middle Ages, people had sun or water clocks, which did not play any meaningful role in business activities.
⑦This, in turn, helped facilitate trade and commerce.
⑦그결과,이것은무역과상업을촉진하는데도움을주었다.
⑧Interactions and transactions between consumers, retailers, and wholesalers became less irregular.
⑧소비자,소매업자,그리고도매업자간의상호작용과거래는덜불규칙해졌다.
⑨Important town meetings began to follow the pace of the clock, allowing people to better plan their time and allocate resources in a more efficient manner.
③Just as children on the autism spectrum with robot companions might be easily fooled into thinking of robots as friends, older adults with cognitive deficits might be.
④According to Alexis Elder, a professor at UMD, robots are false friends, inferior to true friendship.
④UMD의교수인Alexis Elder에따르면,로봇은진정한우정보다,열등한'가짜'친구이다.
⑤Reasoning along similar lines, John Sullins, a professor at Sonoma State University, holds that robots should "remain iconic or cartoonish so that they are easily distinguished as synthetic even by unsophisticated users."
⑦Making robots clearly fake also avoids the so-called "uncanny valley," where robots are perceived as scary because they so closely resemble us, but not quite.
⑧Other critics of robot deception argue that when care recipients are deceived into thinking that robots care, this crosses a line and violates human dignity.
③The percentage of respondents who believed that targeted ads were interesting was the highest in the age group of 18 to 24.
③표적광고들이흥미롭다고믿는응답자들의비율은18세에서24세연령층에서가장높았다.
④The percentage of respondents aged 25 to 34 who said that targeted ads were intrusive was the same as that of respondents aged 45 to 54 who said the same.
⑤Among all age groups, the gap between respondents who said targeted ads were interesting and those who believed them to be intrusive was the largest in the 35-to-44 age group.
⑤The racial discrimination by white bankers drove her to study banking and financial laws.
⑤백인은행가들에의한인종차별은그녀로하여금은행금융법을공부하게만들었다.
⑥She established a newspaper to promote closer communication between the charitable organization she belonged to and the public.
⑥그녀는그녀가속한자선단체와대중간의더긴밀한소통을장려하고자신문사를설립했다.
⑦Soon after, she founded the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank, which survived the Great Depression and merged with two other banks.
⑦곧이어,그녀는St. Luke Penny Savings Bank를설립했는데,그것은대공황에서살아남아두개의다른은행들과합병했다.
⑧It thrived as the oldest continually African American-operated bank until 2009.
⑧그것은2009년까지지속적으로아프리카계미국인에의해운영되는가장오래된은행으로서번창했다.
⑨Walker achieved successes with the vision to make improvements in the way of life for African Americans.
⑨Walker는아프리카계미국인들을위한삶의방식에서개선을이루고자하는비전으로성공을거두었다.
[고2] 2023 11월– 29번:렉틴과잉섭취가건강에미치는부정적영향
①Lectins are large proteins that serve as a crucial weapon that plants use to defend themselves.
①렉틴은식물들이그들스스로를방어하기위해사용하는중요한무기로서역할을하는커다란단백질이다.
②The lectins in most plants bind to carbohydrates as we consume the plant.
②대부분의식물에있는렉틴은우리가식물을섭취할때탄수화물과결합한다.
③They also bind to sugar molecules found in the gut, in the brain, between nerve endings, in joints and in all bodily fluids.
③그것들은또한장,뇌,신경말단사이,관절및모든체액에서발견되는당분자들과결합한다.
④According to Dr. Steven Gundry, these sticky proteins can interrupt messaging between cells and cause toxic and inflammatory reactions.
④Dr. Steven Gundry에따르면,이러한끈적끈적한단백질은세포들간의메시지전달을방해하고독성및염증성의반응을일으킬수있다.
⑤Brain fog is just one result of lectins interrupting communication between nerves.
⑤뇌피로현상은렉틴이신경들간의소통을방해하는단지하나의결과에지나지않는다.
⑥An upset stomach is another common symptom of lectin overload.
⑥위장장애는렉틴과다의또다른흔한증상이다.
⑦Dr. Gundry lists a wide range of other health problems including aching joints, dementia, headaches and infertility that have been resolved in his patients once they eliminated lectins from their diets.
⑧Dr. Paul Saladino writes that the hypothesis that lectins are involved in Parkinson's disease is also gaining support, with animal studies showing that 'lectins, once eaten, may be damaging the gut and travelling to the brain, where they appear to be toxic to dopaminergic neurons'.
⑧Dr. Paul Saladino는렉틴이파킨슨병과관련이있다는가설이'렉틴이일단섭취되면,장에손상을입히고뇌로이동해그곳에서그것들이도파민작동성신경세포에독성을일으키는것처럼보인다.'는것을보여주는동물연구들과함께또한지지를얻고있다고기록한다.
[고2] 2023 11월– 30번:기술발전이프라이버시재정의의필요성을강조
①Technology changes how individuals and societies understand the concept of privacy.
①기술은개인들과사회가사생활의개념을이해하는방식을변화시킨다.
②The fact that someone has a new ability to access information or watch the actions of another does not justify doing so.
③Rather, advances in technology require citizens and policy makers to consider how privacy protections should be expanded.
③오히려,기술의발전은시민들과정책입안자들이어떻게사생활보호가확장되어야하는지고려할것을요구한다.
④For example, when cameras first became available for commercial and private use, nations and citizens struggled over whether new laws should be enacted to protect individuals from being photographed without their permission.
⑤The reconsideration of privacy brought about by this new technology re-affirmed a distinction between private and public spaces.
⑤이새로운기술이가져온사생활에대한재고는사적및공적공간의구별을재확인했다.
⑥It was determined by most cultures that people automatically gave consent to being seen ― and thus recorded ― once they voluntarily stepped into a public space.
⑦Although some people might be uncomfortable with the spread of surveillance cameras, citizens in most cultures have adjusted to the fact that giving up the right not to be observed in these circumstances causes less harm to the community than failing to have surveillance.
③Glorious miracles have been later on discovered to be obedience to the laws of nature or a technological development that was not widely known at the time.
④As the German poet, Goethe, phrased it: "Things that are mysterious are not yet miracles."
④독일시인Goethe가그것을표현했듯이, "'신비한'것들은아직'기적'이'아니다'."
⑤The miracle assumes the intervention of a "higher power" in its occurrence that is beyond human capability to grasp.
⑤기적은그것의발생에있어서인간이이해할수있는능력너머의'더높은힘'의개입을가정한다.
⑥Yet there are methodical and simple ways to "cause a miracle" without divine revelation and inspiration.
⑥하지만,신적인계시와영감없이'기적을일으키는'체계적이고간단한방법들이있다.
⑦Instead of checking it out, investigating and finding the source of the event, we define it as a miracle.
⑦그것을확인하는것,즉,그사건의근원을조사하고찾는것대신에,우리는그것을기적으로정의한다.
⑧The miracle, then, is the excuse of those who are too lazy to think.
⑧그렇다면,기적은생각하는데너무게으른사람들의핑계이다.
[고2] 2023 11월– 32번:외부정보가사건기억에영향을미칠수있음
①Information encountered after an event can influence subsequent remembering.
①사건후에마주친정보는이후의기억하는것에영향을미칠수있다.
②External information can easily integrate into a witness's memory, especially if the event was poorly encoded or the memory is from a distant event, in which case time and forgetting have degraded the original memory.
③With reduced information available in memory with which to confirm the validity of post-event misinformation, it is less likely that this new information will be rejected.
④Instead, especially when it fits the witness's current thinking and can be used to create a story that makes sense to him or her, it may be integrated as part of the original experience.
⑥That is, the witness might find himself or herself thinking about the event differently without awareness.
⑥즉,목격자는의식하지못한채그사건에대해다르게생각하는그자신또는그녀자신을발견할지도모른다.
⑦Over time, the witness may not even know the source of information that led to the (new) memory.
⑦시간이지남에따라,목격자는(새로운)기억으로이끄는정보의출처조차모를지도모른다.
⑧Sources of misinformation in forensic contexts can be encountered anywhere, from discussions with other witnesses to social media searches to multiple interviews with investigators or other legal professionals, and even in court.
①Correlations are powerful because the insights they offer are relatively clear.
①상관관계는그것들이제공하는통찰력이비교적명확하기때문에강력하다.
②These insights are often covered up when we bring causality back into the picture.
②이러한통찰력은종종우리가인과관계를그상황으로다시가져올때가려진다.
③For instance, a used-car dealer supplied data to statisticians to predict which of the vehicles available for purchase at an auction were likely to have problems.
④A correlation analysis showed that orange-colored cars were far less likely to have defects.
④한상관관계분석은주황색차들이결함이있을가능성이훨씬적다는것을보여줬다.
⑤Even as we read this, we already think about why it might be so:
⑤심지어우리가이것을읽으면서도,우리는이미왜그럴지에대해생각한다.
⑥Are orange-colored car owners likely to be car enthusiasts and take better care of their vehicles?
⑥주황색차를소유한사람들이자동차애호가여서그들의차량을더잘관리할가능성이있는가?
⑦Or, is it because orange-colored cars are more noticeable on the road and therefore less likely to be in accidents, so they're in better condition when resold?
③That is why nature has made mice to live, on average, for no longer than two years.
③그것이자연이쥐를평균적으로2년이상살지못하게만든이유이다.
④Now we have arrived at an important point:
④이제우리는중요한지점에도달했다.
⑤The average life span of an animal species, or the rate at which it ages, is determined by the average time that this animal species can survive in the wild.
⑤동물종의평균수명,또는그것이노화하는속도는이동물종이야생에서생존할수있는평균시간에의해결정된다.
⑥That explains why a bat can live to be 30 years old.
⑥그것은왜박쥐가30세까지살수있는지를설명해준다.
⑦In contrast to mice, bats can fly, which is why they can escape from danger much faster.
⑦쥐와대조적으로박쥐는날수있고,이것은그들이위험에서훨씬더빨리도망칠수있는이유이다.
⑧Thanks to their wings, bats can also cover longer distances and are better able to find food.
⑧그들의날개덕분에,박쥐들은또한더긴거리를이동할수있고먹이를더잘찾을수있다.
⑨Every genetic change in the past that made it possible for a bat to live longer was useful, because bats are much better able than mice to flee from danger, find food, and survive.
①Moral excellence, according to Aristotle, is the result of habit and repetition, though modern science would also suggest that it may have an innate, genetic component.
④Recent psychological research shows that personality traits stabilize around age thirty in both men and women and regardless of ethnicity as the human brain continues to develop, both neuroanatomically and in terms of cognitive skills, until the mid-twenties.
⑩To avoid overheating, chamois goats now spend more of their days resting rather than searching for food, and as a result, in just a few decades, the new generations of chamois are 25 percent smaller.
④Having the full (or close to the full) dataset provides a lot more freedom to explore, to look at the data from different angles or to look closer at certain aspects of it.
⑤A fitting example may be the light-field camera, which captures not just a single plane of light, as with conventional cameras, but rays from the entire light field, some 11 million of them.
⑥The photographers can decide later which element of an image to focus on in the digital file.
⑥사진사들은디지털파일에서이미지의어느요소에초점을맞출지를나중에결정할수있다.
⑦There is no need to focus at the beginning, since collecting all the information makes it possible to do that afterwards.
⑦모든정보를수집하는것은그것을나중에하는것을가능하게만들기때문에,처음에초점을맞출필요는없다.
⑧Because rays from the entire light field are included, it is closer to all the data.
⑧전체라이트필드의빛이포함되기때문에,그것은모든데이터에더가깝다.
⑨As a result, the information is more "reuseable" than ordinary pictures, where the photographer has to decide what to focus on before she presses the shutter.
①Introverted leaders do have to overcome the strong cultural presumption that extroverts are more effective leaders.
①내향적인리더들은외향적인사람들이더유능한리더라는강력한문화적억측을극복해야한다.
②Although the population splits into almost equal parts between introverts and extroverts, more than 96 percent of managers and executives are extroverted.
③In a study done in 2006, 65 percent of senior corporate executives viewed introversion as a barrier to leadership.
③2006년에실시된한연구에서,기업고위임원의65%가내향성을리더십의장애물로간주했다.
④We must reexamine this stereotype, however, as it doesn't always hold true.
④하지만그것이항상맞는것은아니기때문에우리는이고정관념을재검토해야한다.
⑤Regent University found that a desire to be of service to others and to empower them to grow, which is more common among introverts than extroverts, is a key factor in becoming a leader and retaining leadership.
⑥So-called servant leadership, dating back to ancient philosophical literature, adheres to the belief that a company's goals are best achieved by helping workers or customers achieve their goals.
⑦Such leaders do not seek attention but rather want to shine a light on others' wins and achievements; servant leadership requires humility, but that humility ultimately pays off.
①By the nineteenth century, France had developed a system of precisely defined units of measurement to capture space, time, and more, and had begun to get other nations to adopt the same standards.
②Just half a century later, in the 1920s, the discoveries of quantum mechanics forever destroyed the dream of comprehensive and perfect measurement.
②불과반세기후, 1920년대에,양자역학의발견은포괄적이고완벽한측정에대한꿈을영원히깨버렸다.
③And yet, outside a relatively small circle of physicists, the mindset of humankind's drive to flawlessly measure continued among engineers and scientists.
⑤However, contrary to the trend of the past several decades, in many new situations that are occurring today, allowing for imprecision ― for messiness ― may be a positive feature, not a shortcoming.
①Multiple laboratory studies show that cooperative people tend to receive social advantages from others.
①여러실험실연구들은협력적인사람들이다른사람들로부터사회적인혜택들을받는경향이있다는것을보여준다.
②One way to demonstrate this is to give people the opportunity to act positively or negatively toward contributors.
②이것을증명하는한가지방법은사람들에게기여자들을향해긍정적이거나부정적으로행동할기회를주는것이다.
③For example, Pat Barclay, a professor at the University of Guelph, had participants play a cooperative game where people could contribute money toward a group fund which helped all group members, and then allowed participants to give money to other participants based on their reputations.
③예를들어, Guelph대학교의교수인, Pat Barclay는참가자들로하여금모든집단구성원들을도와주는집단기금에사람들이돈을기부할수있는협동게임을하도록한다음,참가자들이그들의평판을바탕으로다른참가자들에게돈을줄수있도록허락했다.
④People who contributed more to the group fund were given responsibility for more money than people who contributed less.
④집단기금에더많이기부한사람들은덜기부한사람들보다더많은돈에대한책임이주어졌다.
⑤Similar results have been found by other researchers.
⑤유사한결과들이다른연구자들에의해발견되었다.
⑥People who contribute toward their groups are also chosen more often as interaction partners, preferred as leaders, rated as more desirable partners for long-term relationships, and are perceived to be trustworthy and have high social status.
⑦Uncooperative people tend to receive verbal criticism or even more severe punishment.
⑦비협조적인사람들은언어적인비판이나심지어더심한벌을받는경향이있다.
⑧-> Studies suggest that individuals who act with generosity toward their communities are more likely to be viewed as deserving of benefit by members of that community than those who don't.
①In Western society, many music performance settings make a clear distinction between performers and audience members: the performers are the "doers" and those in the audience take a decidedly passive role.
②The performance space itself may further reinforce the distinction with a physical separation between the stage and audience seating.
②공연공간그자체가무대와청중석사이의물리적분리로구분을더강화할수있다.
③Perhaps because this distinction is so common, audiences seem to greatly value opportunities to have special "access" to performers that affords understanding about performers' style of music.
④Some performing musicians have won great approval by regularly incorporating "audience participation" into their concerts.
④일부공연음악가는정기적으로그들의콘서트에'청중참여'를포함함으로써큰호응을받아왔다.
⑤Whether by leading a sing-along activity or teaching a rhythm to be clapped at certain points, including audience members in the music making can boost the level of engagement and enjoyment for all involved.
⑥Performers who are uncomfortable leading audience participation can still connect with the audience simply by giving a special glimpse of the performer perspective.
⑦It is quite common in classical music to provide audiences with program notes.
⑦클래식음악에서는청중에게프로그램해설을제공하는것이상당히흔하다.
⑧Typically, this text in a program gives background information about pieces of music being performed and perhaps biographical information about historically significant composers.
⑨What may be of more interest to audience members is background information about the very performers who are onstage, including an explanation of why they have chosen the music they are presenting.
⑩Such insight can make audience members feel near to the musicians onstage, both metaphorically and emotionally.
⑩그러한통찰력은청중들이무대위에있는음악가들에게비유적이고감정적으로더가까이느끼게만들수있다.
⑪This connection will likely enhance the expressive and communicative experience.
⑪이러한연결은표현적이고소통적인경험을아마향상시킬것이다.
[고2] 2023 11월– 43~45번:다툰형제가목수의다리로화해와관계회복
①Once upon a time, two brothers, Robert and James, who lived on neighboring farms fell into conflict.
①옛날옛적에,가까운농장에사는두형제인Robert와James가갈등에빠졌다.
②It was the first serious fight in 40 years of farming side by side.
②그것은함께나란히농사를지은지40년만에최초의심각한싸움이었다.
③It began with a small misunderstanding and it grew into a major argument, and finally it exploded into an exchange of bitter words followed by weeks of silence.
Dear Executive Manager Schulz, It is a week before the internship program starts. I am writing to bring your attention to a matter that requires immediate consideration regarding the issue my department has. As the coordinator, it is becoming apparent to me that the budget, previously approved by your department, needs some adjustments in order to meet the emerging modifications. Since my department has hired three more interns than planned initially, the most expensive need is for additional funding to cover their wages, training costs, and materials. I kindly request an additional budget allocation for these expenses. Please refer to the attachment for details. Thank you for your attention. Best regards, Matt Perry
Possible Titles:
1. Request for Additional Budget Allocation for Internship Program
2. Budget Adjustment Needed Due to Increase in Intern Hires
3. Urgent Request for Budget Revisions for Upcoming Interns
4. Additional Funding Required for Expanded Internship Program
Main Idea #1:
The coordinator is requesting a budget adjustment for the internship program due to an increase in the number of interns.
Main Idea #2:
With three more interns hired than originally planned, additional funds are needed to cover their wages, training, and materials, prompting the coordinator to seek extra budget allocation from the executive manager.
Summary:
The coordinator requests additional budget allocation to accommodate three extra interns hired for the upcoming program. More funds are needed to cover their wages, training, and materials, and details are provided in the attachment.
Key Points:
1. The budget needs adjustment due to increased intern hires.
2. Three additional interns have been recruited.
3. Extra funds are required for wages, training, and materials.
4. The coordinator has attached details for the manager's consideration.
[고2] 2024년10월– 19번:이름철자실수로인해예약확인이지연된경험
Katie approached the hotel front desk to check-in but an unexpected event unfolded. The receptionist couldn't find her reservation under the name 'Katie'. I'm sorry, but I can't seem to locate a reservation under that name, the receptionist said. No way, I definitely made a reservation on the phone, Katie said, puzzled. The receptionist asked, "Can you tell me your phone number?" and Katie told it to him, thinking 'What happened? Did I make a mistake?' Just a moment, the receptionist said, typing deliberately on the keyboard. I found it! It seems there was a small misspelling. Your reservation is under 'K-A-T-Y', the receptionist explained. With a sense of ease, Katie watched her reservation appearing on the screen. With her heart slowing to a gentle rhythm, she proceeded with her check-in, thinking that a simple misspelling might have ruined her plans.
Possible Titles:
1. A Minor Spelling Error Causes Confusion at Hotel Check-In
2. How a Simple Misspelling Almost Ruined Katie's Reservation
3. The Unexpected Check-In Mix-Up: A Story of a Name Error
4. Resolving a Hotel Reservation Error Due to a Misspelled Name
Main Idea #1:
Katie encountered an issue at the hotel check-in when the receptionist couldn’t find her reservation due to a misspelling.
Main Idea #2:
After providing her phone number, the receptionist discovered that Katie’s reservation was listed under a misspelled name, resolving the issue and allowing her to check-in without further problems.
Summary:
Katie’s hotel check-in was delayed because the receptionist couldn’t find her reservation due to a name misspelling. After verifying her phone number, the receptionist located the booking, and Katie checked in, relieved that the issue was resolved.
Key Points:
1. Katie’s reservation was not found under the expected name.
2. She confirmed her phone number to help locate the booking.
3. The issue was due to a simple misspelling of her name.
4. The reservation was found, allowing Katie to proceed with check-in.
[고2] 2024년10월– 20번:수학적비판적사고를교육과의사결정과정에서강조해야함
To be mathematically literate means to be able to think critically about societal issues on which mathematics has bearing so as to make informed decisions about how to solve these problems. Dealing with such complex problems through interdisciplinary approaches, mirroring real-world problems requires innovative ways of planning and organizing mathematical teaching methods. Navigating our world means being able to quantify, measure, estimate, classify, compare, find patterns, conjecture, justify, prove, and generalize within critical thinking and when using critical thinking. Therefore, making decisions, even qualitatively, is not possible without using mathematics and critical thinking. Thus, teaching mathematics should be done in interaction with critical thinking along with a decision-making process. They can be developed into the mathematical context, so that there is no excuse to not explicitly support students to develop them.
Possible Titles:
1. The Importance of Critical Thinking in Mathematical Literacy
2. Integrating Mathematics and Critical Thinking for Real-World Problem Solving
3. Why Teaching Math Requires More Than Just Numbers: A Critical Approach
4. Developing Decision-Making Skills Through Mathematical and Critical Thinking
Main Idea #1:
Mathematical literacy involves the ability to use critical thinking to address real-world problems and make informed decisions.
Main Idea #2:
Teaching mathematics should incorporate critical thinking and decision-making processes, reflecting real-world interdisciplinary challenges and encouraging students to develop these skills within a mathematical context.
Summary:
Mathematical literacy means applying critical thinking to real-world problems for informed decision-making. Effective math teaching should integrate critical thinking and decision-making skills, helping students navigate complex problems by quantifying, analyzing, and generalizing within a mathematical framework.
Key Points:
1. Mathematical literacy requires critical thinking for problem-solving.
2. Real-world issues demand an interdisciplinary approach to math.
3. Teaching math should involve planning that integrates decision-making.
4. Students should develop critical thinking skills within mathematical contexts.
[고2] 2024년10월– 21번:덕목은일시적충동이아니라지속적인도덕적습관에서형성됨
Imagine that your usually stingy friend delights in buying you a Christmas present after taking a generosity booster. How would you feel? Undoubtedly, there is something praiseworthy about the action. You'd be pleased to receive the gift. You'd say 'thank you', and mean it. But his change of heart is not entirely satisfying. According to Zagzebski, an American philosopher, he is not really generous. When we praise someone's character, we use words for various virtues: 'generous', 'kind', 'courageous', etc. A person who gives one gift isn't generous. Instead, generosity is a stable part of a person's 'moral identity', an emotional habit that is part of who you are. Thus virtues, as opposed to nontypical impulse, are the result of your personal history. They are part of who you are, as they are part of how your character was formed. Instant virtue is therefore impossible. Popping a pill cannot make you a better person.
2. The Difference Between Genuine Virtue and Momentary Acts of Kindness
3. Understanding Virtue: Why Character Cannot Be Changed Instantly
4. The Impossibility of Instant Moral Transformation Through Quick Fixes
Main Idea #1:
Genuine virtues like generosity are stable parts of one's character, not the result of temporary actions or impulses.
Main Idea #2:
According to philosopher Zagzebski, virtues are formed through one's personal history and emotional habits, making instant transformations impossible; actions influenced by quick solutions, like a 'generosity booster,' do not reflect true moral character.
Summary:
Virtue, such as generosity, is a stable trait developed through a person's history and habits, not a fleeting impulse. Zagzebski argues that instant changes, like taking a 'generosity booster,' cannot produce true moral transformation, as genuine virtues are part of one's established character.
Key Points:
1. Genuine virtues are consistent traits, not occasional actions.
2. Temporary impulses do not reflect a person's true character.
3. Virtues are formed through personal history and emotional habits.
4. Instant solutions, like pills, cannot create real moral virtues.
[고2] 2024년10월– 22번:이중성시스템을활용해별의질량을계산하는방법설명
To determine the mass of my bowling ball, I might put it onto a balance and compare it with a known mass, such as a number of metal cubes each weighing 1, 10, or 100 grams. Things get much more complicated if I want to know the mass of a distant star. How do I measure it? We can roughly say that measuring the mass of a star involves various theories. If we want to measure the mass of a binary star, we first determine a center of mass between the two stars, then their distance from that center which we can then use, together with a value for the period and a certain instance of Kepler's Third Law, to calculate the mass. In other words, in order to "measure" the star mass, we measure other quantities and use those values, together with certain equations, to calculate the mass. Measurement is not a simple and unmediated estimation of independently existing properties, but a determination of certain magnitudes before the background of a number of accepted theories.
Possible Titles:
1. How to Measure Star Masses: Beyond Simple Weight Comparisons
2. Understanding the Complex Process of Determining Star Mass
3. The Role of Theories in Measuring the Mass of Distant Stars
4. From Bowling Balls to Stars: Different Approaches to Mass Measurement
Main Idea #1:
Measuring the mass of a distant star requires indirect methods, relying on various theories and calculations.
Main Idea #2:
Unlike simple weight measurements, determining star mass involves calculating other values, such as distance and orbital period, and applying theoretical models, demonstrating that measurements are guided by accepted scientific principles rather than direct estimations.
Summary:
Measuring the mass of a star, unlike that of everyday objects, involves indirect calculations using theories like Kepler's laws. Scientists determine other quantities, such as distance and period, and use equations to estimate the mass, showing that scientific measurement depends on established models and not direct comparisons.
Key Points:
1. Measuring star mass differs from weighing common objects.
2. Binary star mass estimation uses distance, period, and theoretical models.
3. Kepler's Third Law helps calculate mass from other observed quantities.
4. Measurements rely on accepted theories, not direct, simple estimations.
[고2] 2024년10월– 23번:쾌락과고통의균형이신체의항상성을유지하는방식
Based on discoveries in neuroscience, pain and pleasure are formed and processed in the same area of the brain. Our bodies constantly strive for homeostasis, which is defined as the balance of bodily functions. Without the body's effective compensatory mechanisms, which may cushion potential highs and lows, we would not be capable of surviving. Pleasure and pain are like two sides of the same coin; they seem to work together and are heavily reliant on one another and keep balance. If you imagine pleasure and pain as the two opposite points on a scale, you can easily understand that as one of the two points rises, the other must correspondingly fall. We've all heard the expression, "No pain, no gain." Well, according to psychiatrist Dr. Anna Lembke, there may be some truth to these words. She says that our attempts to escape being miserable are in fact making us even more miserable. This is because pain is actually an essential component of our ability to maintain a neutral state, and allowing it will in turn reset our internal scale back to balance.
Possible Titles:
1. The Interconnected Relationship Between Pain and Pleasure in the Brain
2. How Pain and Pleasure Work Together to Maintain Balance
3. Understanding Homeostasis: Why Pain is Essential for Emotional Balance
4. Dr. Anna Lembke on the Necessity of Pain for Mental Well-Being
Main Idea #1:
Pain and pleasure are processed in the same brain area, working together to maintain bodily balance or homeostasis.
Main Idea #2:
According to Dr. Anna Lembke, avoiding pain can disrupt our internal balance, as pain is a necessary part of resetting the body's equilibrium; attempts to escape discomfort may lead to greater misery by preventing this essential recalibration.
Summary:
Pain and pleasure are interconnected, processed in the same brain region, and essential for maintaining homeostasis. Dr. Anna Lembke explains that pain helps reset our internal balance, suggesting that avoiding discomfort can lead to more significant imbalance and misery.
Key Points:
1. Pain and pleasure are processed in the same area of the brain.
2. They function together to maintain homeostasis.
3. Avoiding pain can disrupt internal balance and lead to greater discomfort.
4. Experiencing pain may be necessary to reset and restore equilibrium.
[고2] 2024년10월– 24번:지속적인제품업그레이드주기로소비자의욕구를형성하는방식
Manufacturers masterfully sow seeds of doubt about the adequacy of our current devices. Suddenly, the phone that was your lifeline a year ago is now a museum piece, unable to keep pace with your digital demands. And thus, the itch to upgrade begins, often before there's a genuine need. This cycle isn't just confined to our digital companions. It spills over into almost every aspect of consumer electronics, from the self-driving car to the smart fridge. Every product seems to be on an unstoppable march towards the next version, the next generation that promises to revolutionize your life. What's fascinating, or perhaps disturbing, is the utter efficacy of this cycle in shaping our desires. It's not so much that we want the newest device; we're led to believe we need it. The distinction between want and need blurs, shifting our financial priorities in favor of staying current with trends. For all the logical arguments against this ceaseless upgrading, the temptation remains compelling.
Possible Titles:
1. The Never-Ending Upgrade Cycle: How Manufacturers Shape Consumer Desires
2. Blurring the Line Between Want and Need in Consumer Electronics
3. The Psychology Behind Constant Upgrades: Why We Feel the Need to Update
4. How Manufacturers Manipulate Consumer Demand Through Perpetual Innovation
Main Idea #1:
Manufacturers create a cycle of constant upgrades, making consumers feel their current devices are inadequate and leading to unnecessary purchases.
Main Idea #2:
This cycle effectively blurs the distinction between wants and needs, compelling consumers to prioritize staying up-to-date with the latest trends despite logical reasons to resist, ultimately shifting financial priorities towards continuous upgrading.
Summary:
Manufacturers drive a cycle of upgrades by making consumers doubt the adequacy of their current devices, leading to a blurred line between wants and needs. This effective strategy pushes consumers to prioritize staying current, even if the upgrades are unnecessary.
Key Points:
1. Manufacturers create doubt about the adequacy of existing devices.
2. The upgrade cycle extends to various consumer electronics.
3. The distinction between want and need becomes blurred.
4. This cycle compels consumers to prioritize staying current with trends.
[고2] 2024년10월– 25번: 2023년과2027년제품카테고리별온라인판매비율예측
The graph above shows the shares of online sales out of total sales by each of five product categories in 2023 and the estimated ones in 2027. The shares of all five categories are expected to increase by 2027 respectively, while not surpassing 50%. Based on the selected categories, consumer electronics is anticipated to show the biggest gap in the share of online sales between 2023 and 2027. DIY and furniture showed the same share of online sales with 29% in 2023 but the share of DIY online sales is estimated to exceed that of furniture online sales by 2027. The share of beauty care online sales was lower than 20% by 2 percentage points in 2023, but is estimated to be higher than 20% in 2027. In 2023, food showed the lowest share of online sales among the categories, but that share is projected to more than double by 2027.
Possible Titles:
1. Projected Growth in Online Sales Across Key Product Categories by 2027
2. Increasing Trends in Online Sales for Consumer Goods: 2023 vs. 2027
3. Rising Shares of Online Sales: Consumer Electronics Leads the Growth
4. Future of Online Sales: Anticipated Increases Across Various Categories
Main Idea #1:
Online sales shares for all five product categories are expected to grow by 2027, with none surpassing the 50% mark.
Main Idea #2:
Consumer electronics is projected to have the largest increase in online sales share, while DIY sales are set to surpass furniture sales by 2027. Beauty care is expected to rise above 20%, and food, initially the lowest in 2023, is projected to more than double its share.
Summary:
The shares of online sales for all five categories are expected to increase by 2027, with consumer electronics showing the largest rise. DIY sales are projected to surpass furniture, while beauty care is estimated to exceed 20%. Food sales, initially the lowest, are set to more than double by 2027.
Key Points:
1. Online sales shares are projected to grow across all categories by 2027.
2. Consumer electronics will have the largest increase in share.
3. DIY sales are expected to surpass those of furniture by 2027.
4. Food, with the lowest share in 2023, is anticipated to more than double.
[고2] 2024년10월– 26번: Helen Suzman의인종차별반대운동과평생에걸친업적
Helen Suzman was an activist against apartheid, a racist political and social system in the Republic of South Africa. Suzman was born to Jewish immigrant parents in Germiston in the Union of South Africa in 1917. While working as a lecturer on economic history at Witwatersrand University, she joined the South African Institute of Race Relations. In 1953, she joined the United Party and was elected to Parliament, but when the United Party adopted a more moderate stance on apartheid, Suzman and other progressive members left it and formed the Progressive Party in 1959. Suzman tirelessly fought against apartheid, exposing the government's abuses and challenging its laws for a total of 36 years in Parliament. Even after her retirement in 1989, she continued to advocate for a multi-racial democracy in the Republic of South Africa and influenced the drafting of the country's new constitution after the end of apartheid. She remained an active voice for human rights and democracy until her death in 2009.
Possible Titles:
1. Helen Suzman: A Tireless Fighter Against Apartheid in South Africa
2. From Parliament to Advocacy: Helen Suzman’s Legacy of Human Rights
3. The Life and Legacy of Helen Suzman: Champion of Democracy
4. How Helen Suzman Challenged Apartheid and Advocated for Equality
Main Idea #1:
Helen Suzman was a prominent activist who opposed apartheid and fought for democracy in South Africa throughout her political career.
Main Idea #2:
After leaving the United Party, Suzman dedicated 36 years in Parliament to challenging apartheid laws, exposing abuses, and advocating for a multi-racial democracy, continuing her efforts even after retirement, influencing South Africa’s new constitution and remaining a voice for human rights until her death.
Summary:
Helen Suzman, born in 1917, was a key figure in the fight against apartheid in South Africa. She served 36 years in Parliament, opposing discriminatory laws and advocating for a multi-racial democracy. Even after retiring in 1989, she continued to promote human rights and influenced the new constitution, remaining active until her death in 2009.
Key Points:
1. Suzman was a strong opponent of apartheid in South Africa.
2. She left the United Party to form the Progressive Party in 1959.
3. Suzman served 36 years in Parliament, challenging apartheid laws.
4. She continued advocating for democracy and human rights after retirement.
[고2] 2024년10월– 29번:동물이특정경험을선호하거나회피하는지확인하는방법
Conditioned Place Preference is a way of finding out what animals want. Researchers train them to associate one place with an experience such as food or a loud noise and another place with something completely different, usually where nothing happens. The two places are made obviously different to make it as easy as possible for the animal to associate each place with what happened to it there. The animal's preference for being in one place or another is measured both before and after its experiences in the two places. If there is a shift in where the animal chooses to spend its time for the reward, this suggests that it liked the experience and is trying to repeat it. Conversely, if it now avoids the place the stimulus appeared and starts to prefer the place it did not experience it, then this suggests that it found the stimulus unpleasant. For example, mice with cancer show a preference for the place where they have been given morphine, a drug used to relieve pain, rather than where they have received saline whereas healthy mice developed no such preference. This suggests that the mice with cancer wanted the morphine.
Possible Titles:
1. Understanding Animal Preferences Through Conditioned Place Preference Experiments
2. How Conditioned Place Preference Reveals Animals' Desires and Aversions
3. Measuring Animal Behavior: Using Conditioned Place Preference to Assess Preferences
4. The Role of Conditioned Place Preference in Studying Pain and Reward in Animals
Main Idea #1:
Conditioned Place Preference is a method used to determine animals' preferences by associating different environments with specific experiences.
Main Idea #2:
By training animals to associate one place with a positive or negative stimulus, researchers can measure changes in the animals' location preferences, revealing whether they seek or avoid certain experiences, such as mice with cancer preferring a place associated with pain-relief from morphine.
Summary:
Conditioned Place Preference helps researchers determine animals' likes and dislikes by associating different environments with experiences. If animals shift their location preference, it indicates their reaction to the stimuli. For instance, cancer-afflicted mice prefer places where they receive morphine, showing their desire for pain relief.
Key Points:
1. Conditioned Place Preference associates environments with experiences to study animal behavior.
2. Animals' preference changes can indicate whether they found the experience pleasant or unpleasant.
3. The method measures shifts in location preference before and after the experiences.
4. Mice with cancer show preference for morphine-associated places, suggesting pain relief seeking.
[고2] 2024년10월– 30번:새들의번식계절이환경에따라어떻게달라지는지설명
Near the equator, many species of bird breed all year round. But in temperate and polar regions, the breeding seasons of birds are often sharply defined. They are triggered mainly by changes in day length. If all goes well, the outcome is that birds raise their young when the food supply is at its peak. Most birds are not simply reluctant to breed at other times but they are also physically incapable of doing so. This is because their reproductive system shrinks, which helps flying birds save weight. The main exception to this rule are nomadic desert species. These can initiate their breeding cycle within days of rain. It's for making the most of the sudden breeding opportunity. Also, different species divide the breeding season up in different ways. Most seabirds raise a single brood. In warm regions, however, songbirds may raise several families in a few months. In an exceptionally good year, a pair of House Sparrows, a kind of songbird, can raise successive broods through a marathon reproductive effort.
Possible Titles:
1. The Seasonal Breeding Patterns of Birds Across Different Climates
2. How Birds Adapt Their Breeding Cycles to Environmental Conditions
3. From Polar Regions to Deserts: Variations in Bird Breeding Seasons
4. Understanding the Impact of Environment on Bird Reproduction
Main Idea #1:
Birds' breeding seasons vary based on climate, with many temperate and polar species breeding during specific seasons, triggered by changes in day length.
Main Idea #2:
While most birds are physically incapable of breeding outside their usual season due to their shrinking reproductive systems, exceptions like nomadic desert species can breed quickly after rain. Breeding patterns also differ among species, with seabirds raising one brood, while songbirds in warmer climates may raise multiple families in a season.
Summary:
Birds' breeding seasons are influenced by climate, with many species in temperate and polar regions breeding at specific times of the year. Some birds, like nomadic desert species, can breed opportunistically after rain. Different species have varied breeding patterns, from single broods to multiple families in a season.
Key Points:
1. Birds in temperate and polar regions breed based on changes in day length.
2. Reproductive systems shrink outside the breeding season to reduce weight.
3. Nomadic desert birds can breed soon after rainfall.
4. Breeding patterns vary: seabirds raise one brood, while songbirds may have several.
[고2] 2024년10월– 31번:학습자원인식부족이학생들의창의성에미치는영향
One factor that may hinder creativity is unawareness of the resources required in each activity in students' learning. Often students are unable to identify the resources they need to perform the task required of them. Different resources may be compulsory for specific learning tasks, and recognizing them may simplify the activity's performance. For example, it may be that students desire to conduct some experiments in their projects. There must be a prior investigation of whether the students will have access to the laboratory, equipment, and chemicals required for the experiment. It means preparation is vital for the students to succeed, and it may be about human and financial resources such as laboratory technicians, money to purchase chemicals, and equipment for their learning where applicable. Even if some of the resources required for a task may not be available, identifying them in advance may help students' creativity. It may even lead to changing the topic, finding alternative resources, and other means.
Possible Titles:
1. The Importance of Resource Awareness in Enhancing Student Creativity
2. How Identifying Learning Resources Can Boost Creativity in Students
3. Overcoming Barriers to Creativity Through Proper Resource Management
4. The Role of Preparation and Resource Awareness in Student Projects
Main Idea #1:
Lack of awareness about necessary resources can hinder students' creativity and performance in learning tasks.
Main Idea #2:
Proper preparation, including identifying and securing required resources, is essential for successful task completion. Recognizing resources in advance can enhance creativity by allowing students to plan, find alternatives, or modify their approach if needed.
Summary:
Unawareness of necessary resources can limit students' creativity. Identifying and preparing required resources in advance, such as equipment and funding, helps students plan effectively and explore alternatives, boosting creativity and success in learning tasks.
Key Points:
1. Unawareness of resources can hinder students' learning and creativity.
3. Preparation may involve securing equipment, funding, and personnel.
4. Early identification allows for alternative solutions, enhancing creativity.
[고2] 2024년10월– 32번:번역작업이다양한출처와독자의기대에의존하는방식
All translators feel some pressure from the community of readers for whom they are doing their work. And all translators arrive at their interpretations in dialogue with other people. The English poet Alexander Pope had pretty good Greek, but when he set about translating Homer's Iliad in the early 18th century he was not on his own. He had Greek commentaries to refer to, and translations that had already been done in English, Latin, and French ─ and of course he had dictionaries. Translators always draw on more than one source text. Even when the scene of translation consists of just one person with a pen, paper, and the book that is being translated, or even when it is just one person translating orally for another, that person's linguistic knowledge arises from lots of other texts and other conversations. And then his or her idea of the translation's purpose will be influenced by the expectations of the person or people it is for. In both these senses every translation is a crowd translation.
Possible Titles:
1. The Collaborative Nature of Translation: More Than a Solo Effort
2. How Every Translation Is Influenced by Multiple Voices and Sources
3. Translation as a Collective Process: Insights From Alexander Pope's Work
4. Understanding Translation: A Dialogue Between Texts, Knowledge, and Readers
Main Idea #1:
Translators draw on multiple sources and influences, making translation a collaborative process, even if it seems like a solo task.
Main Idea #2:
Alexander Pope's translation of Homer's Iliad illustrates how translators rely on various texts, commentaries, and linguistic knowledge. Additionally, translators' choices are shaped by the expectations of the readers, making every translation a product of collective input and interpretation.
Summary:
Translation is inherently collaborative, as translators rely on multiple sources, past translations, and linguistic knowledge. Alexander Pope's Iliad translation shows this process, and the expectations of readers further shape the final outcome, making every translation a collective effort.
Key Points:
1. Translators use multiple sources, including dictionaries and past translations.
2. Alexander Pope’s translation work exemplifies this collaborative approach.
3. Translators’ linguistic knowledge is built on many texts and conversations.
4. Reader expectations influence the final translation, making it a collective process.
[고2] 2024년10월– 33번:읽기행위를단일개념으로정의하기어려운이유
Some people argue that there is a single, logically consistent concept known as reading that can be neatly set apart from everything else people do with books. Is reading really that simple? The most productive way to think about reading is as a loosely related set of behaviors that belong together owing to family resemblances, as Ludwig Wittgenstein used the phrase, without having in common a single defining trait. Consequently, efforts to distinguish reading from nonreading are destined to fail because there is no agreement on what qualifies as reading in the first place. The more one tries to figure out where the border lies between reading and not-reading, the more edge cases will be found to stretch the term's flexible boundaries. Thus, it is worth attempting to collect together these exceptional forms of reading into a single forum, one highlighting the challenges faced by anyone wishing to establish the boundaries where reading begins and ends. The attempt moves toward an understanding of reading as a spectrum that is expansive enough to accommodate the distinct reading activities.
Possible Titles:
1. Redefining Reading: Understanding It as a Spectrum of Behaviors
2. The Complexity of Reading: Beyond a Single, Fixed Definition
3. Why Reading Cannot Be Neatly Separated From Other Book Interactions
4. Exploring the Flexible Boundaries and Spectrum of Reading
Main Idea #1:
Reading is not a single, easily defined concept but a set of related behaviors with overlapping characteristics, making it difficult to separate from other activities involving books.
Main Idea #2:
Efforts to clearly define reading are challenging due to its flexible boundaries, which encompass a spectrum of activities. Instead of trying to set rigid borders, it is more productive to acknowledge the diverse and interconnected forms of reading, as Wittgenstein's idea of family resemblances suggests.
Summary:
Reading cannot be narrowly defined as a single activity but is better understood as a spectrum of related behaviors. Attempts to draw clear distinctions between reading and nonreading often fail, highlighting the need to view reading as a set of diverse practices with overlapping traits.
Key Points:
1. Reading is not a single, clearly defined behavior.
2. Wittgenstein’s concept of family resemblances explains the flexible nature of reading.
3. Efforts to define strict boundaries of reading are often unsuccessful.
4. Understanding reading as a spectrum accommodates its diverse activities.
[고2] 2024년10월– 34번: Weber의법칙으로자극의강도에따른차이인식설명
Weber's law concerns the perception of difference between two stimuli. It suggests that we might not be able to detect a 1-mm difference when we are looking at lines 466 mm and 467 mm in length, but we may be able to detect a 1-mm difference when we are comparing a line 2 mm long with one 3 mm long. Another example of this principle is that we can detect 1 candle when it is lit in an otherwise dark room. But when 1 candle is lit in a room in which 100 candles are already burning, we may not notice the light from this candle. Therefore, the Just-noticeable difference (JND) varies as a function of the strength of the signals. For example, the JND is greater for very loud noises than it is for much more quiet sounds. When a sound is very weak, we can tell that another sound is louder, even if it is barely louder. When a sound is very loud, to tell that another sound is even louder, it has to be much louder. Thus, Weber's law means that it is harder to distinguish between two samples when those samples are larger or stronger levels of the stimuli.
Possible Titles:
1. Understanding Weber's Law: Perception of Differences in Stimuli
2. How Weber's Law Explains the Just-Noticeable Difference in Senses
3. Why Detecting Differences Becomes Harder With Stronger Stimuli: Weber's Law
4. The Principle Behind Perceiving Changes in Sound, Light, and Size: Weber's Law
Main Idea #1:
Weber's law explains how the ability to detect differences between stimuli depends on the strength of those stimuli, with larger or stronger stimuli making it harder to perceive small differences.
Main Idea #2:
The concept of the Just-noticeable difference (JND) illustrates that the perception of changes is more sensitive when the initial stimulus is weak. As the strength of the stimulus increases, the difference between two samples must be larger for the change to be noticeable, as seen in examples of line lengths, light intensity, and sound levels.
Summary:
Weber's law states that the perception of differences between stimuli varies with their strength; detecting small changes is easier when the stimuli are weak, but harder as they grow stronger. This principle is evident in the Just-noticeable difference (JND), where larger or louder stimuli require greater changes to be perceived as different.
Key Points:
1. Weber's law concerns detecting differences between two stimuli.
2. The Just-noticeable difference (JND) depends on the strength of the signals.
3. Smaller or weaker stimuli allow for easier detection of slight changes.
4. As stimuli become larger or stronger, the differences must be greater to be noticed.
[고2] 2024년10월– 35번:공공자원의과잉사용으로인한'공유지의비극'설명
Any new resource (e.g., a new airport, a new mall) always opens with people benefiting individually by sharing a common resource (e.g., the city or state budget). Soon, at some point, the amount of traffic grows too large for the "commons" to support. Traffic jams, overcrowding, and overuse lessen the benefits of the common resource for everyone ─ the tragedy of the commons! If the new resource cannot be expanded or provided with additional space, it becomes a problem, and you cannot solve the problem on your own, in isolation from your fellow drivers or walkers or competing users. The total activity on this new resource keeps increasing, and so does individual activity; but if the dynamic of common use and overuse continues too long, both begin to fall after a peak, leading to a crash. What makes the "tragedy of commons" tragic is the crash dynamic ─ the destruction or degeneration of the common resource's ability to regenerate itself.
Possible Titles:
1. The Tragedy of the Commons: Overuse and Its Consequences
2. Understanding How Shared Resources Lead to Overcrowding and Decline
3. From Growth to Collapse: The Dynamics of Common Resource Overuse
4. Why Unchecked Use of Shared Resources Leads to the Tragedy of the Commons
Main Idea #1:
The tragedy of the commons occurs when shared resources are overused, leading to congestion and reduced benefits for everyone.
Main Idea #2:
As more people use a common resource, individual and total activities increase, but if overuse continues without managing expansion or additional space, the resource's ability to regenerate declines, eventually causing a crash. This dynamic makes the situation tragic because it leads to the degradation or destruction of the resource.
Summary:
The tragedy of the commons describes how the overuse of shared resources leads to overcrowding and decreased benefits. If overuse continues unchecked, the resource's ability to regenerate diminishes, causing a decline and eventual crash, highlighting the need for sustainable management.
Key Points:
1. Shared resources benefit individuals but can suffer from overuse.
2. Overcrowding and congestion reduce the resource's effectiveness.
3. Continued overuse without expansion can lead to a crash.
4. The tragedy lies in the resource's inability to sustain itself under heavy use.
[고2] 2024년10월– 36번:뇌가시각정보를단순화하고일반화하는방식으로에너지를절약
Theoretically, our brain would have the capacity to store all experiences throughout life, reaching the quality of a DVD. However, this theoretical capacity is offset by the energy demand associated with the process of storing and retrieving information in memory. As a result, the brain develops efficient strategies, becoming dependent on shortcuts. When we observe a face, the visual image captured by the eyes is highly variable, depending on the point of view, lighting conditions and other contextual factors. Nevertheless, we are able to recognize the face as the same, maintaining the underlying identity. The brain, rather than focusing on the details of visualization, creates and stores general patterns that allow for consistent recognition across diverse circumstances. This ability to match what we see with general visual memory patterns serves as an effective mechanism for optimizing brain performance and saving energy. The brain, being naturally against unnecessary effort, constantly seeks to simplify and generalize information to facilitate the cognitive process.
Possible Titles:
1. How the Brain Optimizes Memory Through Generalization and Efficiency
2. The Brain’s Energy-Saving Strategies: Simplifying Visual Memory
3. Recognizing Faces: Efficient Memory Use in the Human Brain
4. From Detail to Pattern: How the Brain Simplifies Memory Storage
Main Idea #1:
The brain optimizes its memory storage by creating general patterns, which allows it to recognize information consistently across varying conditions while conserving energy.
Main Idea #2:
Due to the high energy demand of storing detailed visual information, the brain simplifies the process by focusing on general patterns. This enables consistent recognition, such as identifying faces, despite changes in context, lighting, or perspective, highlighting the brain's efficiency in minimizing cognitive effort.
Summary:
The brain conserves energy by storing general patterns instead of detailed information, enabling consistent recognition across diverse conditions. This efficient strategy allows for reliable face recognition and other memory tasks, simplifying cognitive processes and minimizing effort.
Key Points:
1. The brain’s theoretical memory capacity is offset by energy demands.
2. It develops strategies to conserve energy, relying on general patterns.
4. Simplification allows the brain to minimize cognitive effort efficiently.
[고2] 2024년10월– 37번:과학연구에서창의적해석이이론형성에미치는영향
Where scientific research is concerned, explanatory tales are expected to adhere closely to experimental data and to illuminate the regular and predictable features of experience. However, this paradigm sometimes conceals the fact that theories are deeply loaded with creative elements that shape the construction of research projects and the interpretations of evidence. Scientific explanations do not just relate a chronology of facts. They construct frameworks for systematically chosen data in order to provide a consistent and meaningful explanation of what is observed. Such constructions lead us to imagine specific kinds of subject matter in particular sorts of relations, and the storylines they inspire will prove more effective for analyzing some features of experience over others. When we neglect the creative contributions of such scientific imagination and treat models and interpretive explanations as straightforward facts ─ even worse, as facts including all of reality ─ we can blind ourselves to the limitations of a given model and fail to note its potential for misunderstanding a situation to which it ill applies.
Possible Titles:
1. The Role of Creativity in Shaping Scientific Theories and Explanations
2. Beyond Data: How Imagination Influences Scientific Research
3. Understanding the Creative Elements Behind Scientific Models and Theories
4. The Limits of Scientific Models: Recognizing the Role of Imagination
Main Idea #1:
Scientific explanations are not just straightforward reports of facts but are shaped by creative frameworks that organize data into meaningful narratives.
Main Idea #2:
While scientific models provide structured interpretations, they rely on imaginative elements that influence how data is organized and understood. Overlooking this creativity can lead to misconceptions, as treating models as absolute facts risks missing their limitations and misapplying them to situations they may not accurately describe.
Summary:
Scientific explanations involve creative frameworks that shape how data is organized and understood. Ignoring this creativity can lead to misinterpretations, as models are not absolute facts but structured narratives with limitations that must be acknowledged.
Key Points:
1. Scientific explanations rely on creative frameworks, not just data.
2. Models are constructed to give consistent and meaningful interpretations.
3. Overlooking the imaginative aspect risks misapplying scientific models.
4. Recognizing the limitations of models prevents misconceptions.
[고2] 2024년10월– 38번:문학이사회적변화를촉진하거나방해할수있는방식
We encounter contrary claims about the relation of literature to action. Theorists have maintained that literature encourages solitary reading and reflection as the way to engage with the world and thus counters the social and political activities that might produce social change. At best it encourages detachment or appreciation of complexity, and at worst passivity and acceptance of what is. But on the other hand, literature has historically been seen as dangerous: it promotes the questioning of authority and social arrangements. Plato banned poets from his ideal republic because they could only do harm, and novels have long been credited with making people dissatisfied with their lives and eager for something new. By promoting identification across divisions of class, gender, and race, books may promote a fellowship that discourages struggle; but they may also produce a keen sense of injustice that makes progressive struggles possible. Historically, works of literature are credited with producing change: Uncle Tom's Cabin, a best-seller in its day, helped create a revulsion against slavery that made possible the American Civil War.
Possible Titles:
1. The Dual Role of Literature in Social Change and Reflection
2. Literature’s Influence: A Source of Both Detachment and Activism
3. The Contradictory Impact of Literature on Social Engagement
4. How Literature Encourages Both Reflection and Revolutionary Change
Main Idea #1:
Literature can promote solitary reflection, detachment, and passive acceptance.
Main Idea #2:
Literature can also provoke social change by challenging authority and inspiring action against injustices.
Summary:
Literature has been viewed both as a force for passive contemplation and as a catalyst for social change. While it may encourage detachment, it also has the power to question authority and inspire action. Historical examples, such as Uncle Tom's Cabin, demonstrate its role in sparking significant societal shifts.
Key Points:
1. Literature is seen as encouraging solitary reading and reflection, which can lead to detachment.
2. Some believe literature discourages political action by fostering acceptance of the status quo.
3. Historically, literature has been viewed as dangerous for its ability to question authority and inspire change.
4. Works like Uncle Tom's Cabin show how literature can provoke social movements and bring about progressive struggles.
[고2] 2024년10월– 39번: Hobbes의자연상태에서인간의본성과도덕적자유의한계
According to Hobbes, man is not a being who can act morally in spite of his instinct to protect his existence in the state of nature. Hence, the only place where morality and moral liberty will begin to find an application begins in a place where a sovereign power, namely the state, emerges. Hobbes thus describes the state of nature as a circumstance in which man's life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short". It means when people live without a general power to control them all, they are indeed in a state of war. In other words, Hobbes, who accepted that human beings are not social and political beings in the state of nature, believes that without the power human beings in the state of nature are "antisocial and rational based on their selfishness". Moreover, since society is not a natural phenomenon and there is no natural force bringing people together, what will bring them together as a society is not mutual affection according to Hobbes. It is, rather, mutual fear of men's present and future that assembles them, since the cause of fear is a common drive among people in the state of nature.
Possible Titles:
1. Hobbes' View on Morality and the Role of the State in Society
2. The Role of Fear and Sovereign Power in Hobbesian Society
3. Hobbes' Theory: From Antisocial Instincts to State-Imposed Order
4. Understanding the Necessity of Sovereign Authority in Hobbes' Philosophy
Main Idea #1:
Hobbes argues that humans in their natural state are driven by selfishness and antisocial instincts.
Main Idea #2:
According to Hobbes, a sovereign power is essential to impose order, as fear and self-preservation drive people to form societies rather than natural affection.
Summary:
Hobbes believes that in the state of nature, humans act based on selfishness and lack natural social inclinations. Without a sovereign power, they exist in a state of war, driven by mutual fear. Society, according to Hobbes, emerges not from mutual affection but from the necessity of order imposed by a central authority to ensure survival.
Key Points:
1. In the state of nature, humans are not moral and act to protect their own survival.
2. Hobbes describes life in the natural state as "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short."
3. Human beings are antisocial and rationally selfish in the state of nature.
4. Society forms due to mutual fear and the need for order, not natural social tendencies.
[고2] 2024년10월– 40번:인지적요소가색인식에미치는영향에대한연구
There is research that supports the idea that cognitive factors influence the phenomenology of the perceived world. Delk and Fillenbaum asked participants to match the color of figures with the color of their background. Some of the figures depicted objects associated with a particular color. These included typically red objects such as an apple, lips, and a symbolic heart. Other objects were presented that are not usually associated with red, such as a mushroom or a bell. However, all the figures were made out of the same red-orange cardboard. Participants then had to match the figure to a background varying from dark to light red. They had to make the background color match the color of the figures. The researchers found that red-associated objects required more red in the background to be judged a match than did the objects that are not associated with the color red. This implies that the cognitive association of objects to color influences how we perceive that color.
Possible Titles:
1. The Influence of Cognitive Associations on Color Perception
2. How Knowledge of Object Colors Affects Perceptual Judgment
3. Cognitive Factors and Their Role in Perceiving Colors
4. The Effect of Prior Knowledge on Color Matching Tasks
Main Idea #1:
Cognitive associations with certain colors affect how individuals perceive and judge those colors.
Main Idea #2:
Research by Delk and Fillenbaum showed that participants required more red in the background to match typically red objects, indicating that prior knowledge influences perceptual judgments.
Summary:
Research indicates that cognitive associations affect color perception. Participants in a study matched colors by adding more red to the background when viewing objects typically associated with red. This finding suggests that knowledge about object colors can influence perceptual judgment.
Key Points:
1. Cognitive factors can alter the way people perceive colors.
2. Delk and Fillenbaum's study involved matching figure colors with background colors.
3. Objects typically associated with red required more red to be perceived as matching.
4. The findings suggest that prior knowledge about an object's usual color affects perceptual decisions.
[고2] 2024년10월– 41~42번:유전체복제과정에서발생하는돌연변이의누적원리설명
In each round of genome copying in our body, there is still about a 70 percent chance that at least one pair of chromosomes will have an error. With each round of genome copying, errors accumulate. This is similar to alterations in medieval books. Each time a copy was made by hand, some changes were introduced accidentally; as changes stacked up, the copies may have acquired meanings at variance with the original. Similarly, genomes that have undergone more copying processes will have gathered more mistakes. To make things worse, mutations may damage genes responsible for error checking and repair of genomes, further accelerating the introduction of mutations. Most genome mutations do not have any noticeable effects. It is just like changing the i for a y in "kingdom" would not distort the word's readability. But sometimes a mutation to a human gene results in, for example, an eye whose iris is of two different colors. Similarly, almost everyone has birthmarks, which are due to mutations that occurred as our body's cells multiplied to form skin. If mutations are changes to the genome of one particular cell, how can a patch of cells in an iris or a whole patch of skin, consisting of many individual cells, be affected simultaneously? The answer lies in the cell lineage, the developmental history of a tissue from particular cells through to their fully differentiated state. If the mutation occurred early on in the lineage of the developing iris, then all cells in that patch have inherited that change.
Possible Titles:
1. The Accumulation of Errors in Genome Copying and Its Effects
2. How Genome Copying Errors Lead to Mutations and Variations
3. Understanding the Role of Cell Lineage in Genetic Mutations
4. The Similarities Between Medieval Text Alterations and Genome Mutations
Main Idea #1:
Errors accumulate in genomes during the copying process, similar to changes in handwritten medieval books.
Main Idea #2:
Mutations may disrupt error-checking genes, accelerating changes, and the effects can manifest in tissues if mutations occur early in cell lineage development.
Summary:
Genome copying errors accumulate over time, akin to changes introduced in hand-copied medieval texts. Most mutations are harmless, but some can lead to visible changes, like birthmarks or iris color differences. If mutations happen early in cell development, the resulting traits can appear across patches of cells due to shared cell lineage.
Key Points:
1. Genome copying introduces errors, which accumulate over time.
2. Mutations may disrupt genes responsible for error correction, increasing the rate of new mutations.
3. Most mutations have no noticeable effects, but some can lead to visible changes.
4. Mutations early in cell lineage development can affect patches of cells, explaining traits like birthmarks.
[고2] 2024년10월– 43~45번:완벽주의에대한부담과문제해결능력을배운이야기
Max awoke to the gentle sunlight of an autumn day. Right on schedule, he swung his legs off the bed and took a deep, satisfying breath. He began his morning the same way he usually did, getting dressed and going to school. Today was going to be another perfect day until he ran into Mr. Kapoor, his science teacher. Just to remind you. Science fair projects are due next Wednesday. Don't forget to submit your final draft on time," Mr. Kapoor said. Max froze. What? It can't be! It was due next Friday! After school, he came home worrying that his whole perfectly planned week was going to be ruined. Without his usual greeting, Max headed to his room in haste. What's wrong Max?, Jeremy, his dad, followed Max, worrying about him. Max furiously browsed through his planner without answering him, only to find the wrong date written in it. Fighting through tears, Max finally managed to explain the unending pressure to be perfect to his dad. To his surprise, Jeremy laughed. Max, guess what? Perfect is a great goal, but nobody gets there all the time. What matters is what we do when things get messy." That made him feel a little better. You are saying I can fix this? Absolutely, try to deal with problems in a logical way, Jeremy said. Max thought for a moment. I guess.... I can do that by rescheduling tonight's baseball lesson. Jeremy beamed. See? That's you finding a solution. Max felt a genuine smile spreading. The next Wednesday, he successfully handed in the final draft on time with satisfaction. From then on, he still loved order and routines, but also embraced the messy, unpredictable bits of life too.
Possible Titles:
1. Learning to Embrace Imperfection: Max’s Lesson on Flexibility
2. How Max Overcame His Fear of Imperfection and Found Balance
3. The Importance of Adaptability: Max’s Journey Beyond Perfection
4. Finding Solutions in Chaos: Max Learns to Cope with Unexpected Challenges
Main Idea #1:
Max struggles with the pressure to be perfect when he realizes he made a mistake with his science project deadline.
Main Idea #2:
With his dad's support, Max learns that perfection isn’t always achievable and discovers the value of adapting to unexpected situations.
Summary:
Max panicked upon realizing he misjudged the deadline for his science project, fearing it would disrupt his perfect plans. With his dad's guidance, he learned that it's okay to make mistakes and focused on finding a solution. This experience helped Max appreciate the importance of adaptability while still valuing order.
Key Points:
1. Max’s usual routine was disrupted by an unexpected mistake in his planner.
2. He felt immense pressure to maintain perfection but found comfort in his dad’s advice.
3. Jeremy encouraged Max to focus on solving the problem rather than dwelling on the mistake.
4. Max successfully adjusted his plans, learning to balance order with flexibility.
②It is a week before the internship program starts.
인턴십 프로그램을 시작하기 일주일 전입니다.
③I am writing to bring your attention to a matter that requires immediate consideration regarding the issue my department has.
저희 부서의 사안과 관련하여 즉각적인 고려가 필요한 문제에 대해 당신의 관심을 환기하기 위해 이 글을 씁니다.
④As the coordinator, it is becoming apparent to me that the budget, previously approved by your department, needs some adjustments in order to meet the emerging modifications.
업무 담당자로서 최근 생겨난 수정 사항을 충족시키기 위해서,이전에 당신의 부서로부터 승인받은 예산은 약간의 조정이 필요함이 분명해지고 있습니다.
⑤Since my department has hired three more interns than planned initially, the most expensive need is for additional funding to cover their wages, training costs, and materials.
우리 부서에서 처음에 계획됐던 것보다 세 명의 인턴을 더 고용했기 때문에,가장 비용이 많이 드는 부족한 부분은 그들의 임금,훈련 비용,물품들을 다루기 위한 추가적인 자금입니다.
⑥I kindly request an additional budget allocation for these expenses.
이 비용들을 위해 추가적인 예산 배당을 정중하게 요청합니다.
⑦Please refer to the attachment for details.
자세한 사항은 첨부물을 참고해 주세요.
⑧Thank you for your attention.
당신의 관심에 감사 드립니다.
⑨Best regards, Matt Perry
Matt Perry드림
[고2] 2024년10월–19번:이름철자실수로인해예약확인이지연된경험
①Katie approached the hotel front desk to check-in but an unexpected event unfolded.
Katie는 체크인을 하기 위해 호텔 안내 데스크에 다가갔으나 예상하지 못한 사건이 전개되었다.
②The receptionist couldn't find her reservation under the name 'Katie'.
접수 담당자는'Katie'라는 이름으로 된 예약을 찾을 수 없었다.
③I'm sorry, but I can't seem to locate a reservation under that name, the receptionist said.
죄송하지만,그 이름으로 된 예약을 찾을 수 없는 것 같습니다.라고 접수 담당자가 말했다.
④No way, I definitely made a reservation on the phone, Katie said, puzzled.
말도 안 돼요,저는 분명히 전화로 예약했어요.라고Katie가 어리둥절해하며 말했다.
⑤The receptionist asked, "Can you tell me your phone number?" and Katie told it to him, thinking 'What happened? Did I make a mistake?'
접수 담당자가"당신의 전화번호를 말해 주실 수 있을까요?"라고 물어 보았고, Katie가'무슨 일이지?내가 실수를 저질렀나?'라고 생각하며 전화번호를 그에게 알려 주었다.
⑥Just a moment, the receptionist said, typing deliberately on the keyboard.
잠시만요.라고 접수 담당자가 키보드를 신중하게 치면서 말했다.
⑦I found it! It seems there was a small misspelling. Your reservation is under 'K-A-T-Y', the receptionist explained.
알아냈습니다!작은 오타가 있었던 것 같습니다.당신의 예약은'K-A-T-Y'로 되어 있어요.라고 접수 담당자가 설명했다.
⑧With a sense of ease, Katie watched her reservation appearing on the screen.
편안한 기분으로Katie는 그녀의 예약이 화면에 나타나는 것을 지켜봤다.
⑨With her heart slowing to a gentle rhythm, she proceeded with her check-in, thinking that a simple misspelling might have ruined her plans.
그녀의 심장이 완만한 리듬으로 느려지면서,그녀는 단순한 오타가 그녀의 계획들을 망쳤을지도 모른다고 생각하며 체크인을 진행했다.
[고2] 2024년10월–20번:수학적비판적사고를교육과의사결정과정에서강조해야함
①To be mathematically literate means to be able to think critically about societal issues on which mathematics has bearing so as to make informed decisions about how to solve these problems.
수학적 문해력이 있다는 것은 수학과 관련된 사회적 이슈에 대해 이러한 문제들을 어떻게 해결할지에 대한 정보에 입각한 결정을 하기 위해서 비판적으로 생각할 수 있다는 것을 의미한다.
②Dealing with such complex problems through interdisciplinary approaches, mirroring real-world problems requires innovative ways of planning and organizing mathematical teaching methods.
범교과적인 접근법을 통해 그러한 복잡한 문제들을 다루는 과정에서 실생활 문제들을 반영하는 것은 수학적 교수 방법을 계획하고 조직하는 혁신적인 방법들을 요구한다.
③Navigating our world means being able to quantify, measure, estimate, classify, compare, find patterns, conjecture, justify, prove, and generalize within critical thinking and when using critical thinking.
우리의 세계를 탐색한다는 것은 비판적 사고 안에서 그리고 비판적 사고를 사용할 때 수량화하고,측정하고,추산하고,분류하고,비교하고,패턴을 찾고,추측하고,근거를 제시하고,증명하고,일반화할 수 있다는 것을 의미한다.
④Therefore, making decisions, even qualitatively, is not possible without using mathematics and critical thinking.
그러므로,수학과 비판적 사고를 사용하지 않고 의사 결정을 하는 것은 질적 인 경우에라도 가능하지 않다.
⑤Thus, teaching mathematics should be done in interaction with critical thinking along with a decision-making process.
따라서,수학을 가르치는 것은 의사 결정 과정과 함께 비판적 사고와의 상호 작용 안에서 이루어져야 한다.
⑥They can be developed into the mathematical context, so that there is no excuse to not explicitly support students to develop them.
그것들은 수학적인 맥락 안에서 발전될 수 있고,학생들이 그것들을 발전시킬 수 있도록 명시적으로 도움을 주지 않을 경우 변명의 여지가 없다.
[고2] 2024년10월–21번:덕목은일시적충동이아니라지속적인도덕적습관에서형성됨
①Imagine that your usually stingy friend delights in buying you a Christmas present after taking a generosity booster.
평소에 인색한 여러분의 친구가 관대함 효능 촉진제를 먹고 난 이후에 여러분에게 크리스마스 선물을 사 주며 매우 기뻐한다고 상상해 보라.
②How would you feel?
여러분은 어떻게 느끼겠는가?
③Undoubtedly, there is something praiseworthy about the action.
의심할 여지없이,그 행동에는 칭찬할 만한 점이 있다.
④You'd be pleased to receive the gift.
여러분은 선물을 받아서 기뻐할 것이다.
⑤You'd say 'thank you', and mean it.
여러분은'고마워'라고 말하고,그것은 진심일 것이다.
⑥But his change of heart is not entirely satisfying.
하지만 그의 마음의 변화는 완전히 만족스럽지는 않다.
⑦According to Zagzebski, an American philosopher, he is not really generous.
미국의 철학자인Zagzebski에 따르면,그는 진정으로 관대한 것이 아니다.
⑧When we praise someone's character, we use words for various virtues: 'generous', 'kind', 'courageous', etc.
우리가 누군가의 인품을 칭찬할 때'관대한,' '친절한,' '용기있는'등 다양한 미덕에 대한 단어를 사용한다.
⑨A person who gives one gift isn't generous.
선물을 하나 준 사람이 관대한 것은 아니다.
⑩Instead, generosity is a stable part of a person's 'moral identity', an emotional habit that is part of who you are.
대신에,관대함은 누군가의'도덕적 정체성'의 안정된 일부인데 그것은 여러분의 모습의 일부인 정서적 습관이다.
⑪Thus virtues, as opposed to nontypical impulse, are the result of your personal history.
따라서 미덕은,비전형적인 충동과는 달리,여러분 개인 역사의 결과이다.
⑫They are part of who you are, as they are part of how your character was formed.
그것들이 여러분의 인품이 형성되었던 방식의 일부이기 때문에 그것들은 여러분의 모습 중 일부이다.
⑬Instant virtue is therefore impossible.
그러므로 즉각적인 미덕은 있을 수 없다.
⑭Popping a pill cannot make you a better person.
약 한 알을 먹는 것이 여러분을 더 나은 사람으로 만들 수는 없다.
[고2] 2024년10월–22번:이중성시스템을활용해별의질량을계산하는방법설명
①To determine the mass of my bowling ball, I might put it onto a balance and compare it with a known mass, such as a number of metal cubes each weighing 1, 10, or 100 grams.
볼링공 질량을 측정하기 위해,나는 그것을 저울에 올려놓고 각1g, 10g,또는100g이 나가는 여러 개의 금속 큐브 같은 이미 알고 있는 질량과 그것을 비교할 수 있다.
②Things get much more complicated if I want to know the mass of a distant star.
만약 내가 먼 별의 질량을 알고 싶다면 상황은 훨씬 더 복잡해진다.
③How do I measure it?
나는 어떻게 그것을 측정할까?
④We can roughly say that measuring the mass of a star involves various theories.
우리는 별의 질량을 측정하는 것은 다양한 이론을 포함한다고 대략적으로 말할 수 있다.
⑤If we want to measure the mass of a binary star, we first determine a center of mass between the two stars, then their distance from that center which we can then use, together with a value for the period and a certain instance of Kepler's Third Law, to calculate the mass.
우리가 쌍성의 질량을 측정하기를 원한다면,질량을 계산하기 위해 우리는 먼저 두 별들 사이의 질량 중심을,그 다음에 우리가 그제서야 사용할 수 있는 그 중심으로부터 떨어진 그것들의 거리를 공전 주기의 값과 케플러 제3법칙의 특정한 사례를 가지고 측정한다.
⑥In other words, in order to "measure" the star mass, we measure other quantities and use those values, together with certain equations, to calculate the mass.
다시 말해서,별의 질량을'측정'하기 위해서 우리는 다양한 수치들을 측정하고 그 값들을 특정 방정식들과 함께 사용하여 질량을 계산한다.
⑦Measurement is not a simple and unmediated estimation of independently existing properties, but a determination of certain magnitudes before the background of a number of accepted theories.
측정은 독립적으로 존재하는 값들의 단순하고 중재되지 않은 측정이 아니라,이미 정립된 여러 이론들을 바탕으로 특정 크기들을 계산하는 것이다.
[고2] 2024년10월–23번:쾌락과고통의균형이신체의항상성을유지하는방식
①Based on discoveries in neuroscience, pain and pleasure are formed and processed in the same area of the brain.
뇌 과학의 발견들에 따르면,고통과 쾌락은 뇌의 같은 영역에서 형성되고 처리된다.
②Our bodies constantly strive for homeostasis, which is defined as the balance of bodily functions.
우리 몸은 끊임없이 항상성을 추구하는데,그것은 몸의 기능들의 균형이라고 정의된다.
③Without the body's effective compensatory mechanisms, which may cushion potential highs and lows, we would not be capable of surviving.
잠재적인 변동을 완화시킬 수 있는 몸의 효과적인 보상 기제가 없다면 우리는 생존할 수 없을 것이다.
④Pleasure and pain are like two sides of the same coin; they seem to work together and are heavily reliant on one another and keep balance.
쾌락과 고통은 동일한 동전의 두 면과 같아서 그들은 함께 작동하는 것 같으며 서로 상당히 의존하고 있고 균형을 유지한다.
⑤If you imagine pleasure and pain as the two opposite points on a scale, you can easily understand that as one of the two points rises, the other must correspondingly fall.
만약에 여러분이 쾌락과 고통을 저울 위의 두 반대 지점으로 상상한다면,여러분은 두 지점 중 한 지점이 올라가면 다른 한 지점이 상응하여 틀림없이 내려갈 것임을 쉽게 이해할 수 있을 것이다.
⑥We've all heard the expression, "No pain, no gain."
우리는'고통 없이는,얻는 것도 없다.'라는 표현을 모두 들어본 적이 있다.
⑦Well, according to psychiatrist Dr. Anna Lembke, there may be some truth to these words.
자,정신과 의사인Dr. Anna Lembke에 따르면,이 말에는 어느 정도의 진실이 있을 수 있다.
⑧She says that our attempts to escape being miserable are in fact making us even more miserable.
그녀는 우리가 비참함에서 벗어나려는 우리의 시도가 사실 우리를 훨씬 더 비참하게 만들고 있다고 말한다.
⑨This is because pain is actually an essential component of our ability to maintain a neutral state, and allowing it will in turn reset our internal scale back to balance.
이는 고통이 실제로 중립적인 상태를 유지하기 위한 우리 능력의 필수적인 구성 요소이기 때문이고,그것을 허용하는 것은 결과적으로 우리의 내부 저울을 균형 상태로 다시 맞출 것이다.
[고2] 2024년10월–24번:지속적인제품업그레이드주기로소비자의욕구를형성하는방식
①Manufacturers masterfully sow seeds of doubt about the adequacy of our current devices.
생산자들은 노련하게 우리의 현재 기기들의 적절성에 대한 의심의 씨앗을 뿌린다.
②Suddenly, the phone that was your lifeline a year ago is now a museum piece, unable to keep pace with your digital demands.
갑자기, 1년 전의 당신의 목숨줄이었던 휴대폰이 지금은 당신의 디지털 수요를 따라가지 못하는,시대에 뒤떨어진 것이 되었다.
③And thus, the itch to upgrade begins, often before there's a genuine need.
그래서 종종 진짜 필요가 있기 이전에 업그레이드에 대한 욕구가 시작된다.
④This cycle isn't just confined to our digital companions.
이러한 순환은 단지 우리의 디지털 용품에 국한되지 않는다.
⑤It spills over into almost every aspect of consumer electronics, from the self-driving car to the smart fridge.
이것은 자율 주행 자동차부터 스마트 냉장고에 이르기까지 소비자 전자 기기들의 거의 모든 영역까지 번져나간다.
⑥Every product seems to be on an unstoppable march towards the next version, the next generation that promises to revolutionize your life.
모든 제품은 다음 버전,즉,당신의 삶에 변혁을 일으키겠다는 약속을 하는 다음 세대를 향한 멈출 수 없는 행진을 하는 것으로 보인다.
⑦What's fascinating, or perhaps disturbing, is the utter efficacy of this cycle in shaping our desires.
흥미로운 점,또는 어쩌면 당황스러운 점은 우리의 욕구를 형성하는 이 순환의 절대적인 효과이다.
⑧It's not so much that we want the newest device; we're led to believe we need it.
우리가 가장 최신기기를 원하는 것이 아니라,우리가 그것을 원한다고 믿도록 유도된 것이다.
⑨The distinction between want and need blurs, shifting our financial priorities in favor of staying current with trends.
최신 트렌드를 유지하는 것을 선호하는 쪽으로 우리의 재정적인 우선순위를 바꾸면서,원하는 것과 필요한 것 사이의 구분이 흐릿해진다.
⑩For all the logical arguments against this ceaseless upgrading, the temptation remains compelling.
이런 끊임없는 업그레이드를 하는 것에 대한 논리적인 논쟁에도 불구하고,매력은 여전히 강력하다.
[고2] 2024년10월–25번: 2023년과2027년제품카테고리별온라인판매비율예측
①The graph above shows the shares of online sales out of total sales by each of five product categories in 2023 and the estimated ones in 2027.
위 그래프는5개 제품군별2023년 전체 판매 중 온라인 판매의 점유율과2027년의 추정 점유율을 나타낸 것이다.
②The shares of all five categories are expected to increase by 2027 respectively, while not surpassing 50%.
5개 제품군 모두의 점유율은2027년까지 각각 증가할 것으로 예상되나50%를 넘기지는 못할 것으로 예상된다.
③Based on the selected categories, consumer electronics is anticipated to show the biggest gap in the share of online sales between 2023 and 2027.
선정된 제품군 중에서 소비자 가전은2023년과2027년의 온라인 판매 점유율에서 가장 큰 격차를 보일 것으로 예상된다.
④DIY and furniture showed the same share of online sales with 29% in 2023 but the share of DIY online sales is estimated to exceed that of furniture online sales by 2027.
DIY와 가구는2023년에29%로 동일한 온라인 판매 점유율을 나타냈지만, 2027년에는DIY온라인 판매 점유율이 가구 온라인 판매 점유율을 넘어설 것으로 추정된다.
⑤The share of beauty care online sales was lower than 20% by 2 percentage points in 2023, but is estimated to be higher than 20% in 2027.
뷰티 케어 온라인 판매 점유율은2023년에20%보다2퍼센티지포인트 낮았지만2027년에는20%보다 높을 것으로 추정된다.
⑥In 2023, food showed the lowest share of online sales among the categories, but that share is projected to more than double by 2027.
2023년에 식품은 제품군 중 가장 낮은 온라인 판매 점유율을 보였지만 그 점유율은2027년에는 두 배 이상 증가할 것으로 예상된다.
[고2] 2024년10월–26번: Helen Suzman의인종차별반대운동과평생에걸친업적
①Helen Suzman was an activist against apartheid, a racist political and social system in the Republic of South Africa.
Helen Suzman은 남아프리카 공화국의 인종 차별적인 정치 및 사회 체제인 아파르트헤이트에 대항하는 운동가였다.
②Suzman was born to Jewish immigrant parents in Germiston in the Union of South Africa in 1917.
1917년에 남아프리카 연방의Germiston에서 유대인 이민자 부모 밑에서 태어났다.
③While working as a lecturer on economic history at Witwatersrand University, she joined the South African Institute of Race Relations.
Witwaterstand대학에서 경제사 강사로 일하던 중 그녀는 남아프리카 인종 관계 연구소에 들어갔다.
④In 1953, she joined the United Party and was elected to Parliament, but when the United Party adopted a more moderate stance on apartheid, Suzman and other progressive members left it and formed the Progressive Party in 1959.
1953년에 그녀는 통합당에 가입했고 의회에 선출되었지만 통합당이 아파르트헤이트에 대해 더 온건한 입장을 채택했을 때, Suzman과 다른 진보적인 구성원들은 탈당하여1959년에 진보당을 만들었다.
⑤Suzman tirelessly fought against apartheid, exposing the government's abuses and challenging its laws for a total of 36 years in Parliament.
Suzman은 의회에서 총36년 동안 정권의 남용을 폭로하고 그것의 법에 도전하며 아파르트헤이트에 맞서 지칠 줄 모르고 싸웠다.
⑥Even after her retirement in 1989, she continued to advocate for a multi-racial democracy in the Republic of South Africa and influenced the drafting of the country's new constitution after the end of apartheid.
1989년에 그녀가 은퇴한 후에도,그녀는 남아프리카 공화국의 다인종 민주주의를 계속해서 지지했고 아파르트헤이트가 끝난 후 그 나라의 새 헌법의 작성에 영향을 주었다.
⑦She remained an active voice for human rights and democracy until her death in 2009.
그녀는2009년에 사망할 때까지 인권과 민주주의의 적극적인 대변자로 남아 있었다.
[고2] 2024년10월–29번:동물이특정경험을선호하거나회피하는지확인하는방법
①Conditioned Place Preference is a way of finding out what animals want.
조건부 장소 선호도는 동물들이 무엇을 원하는지 알아내는 하나의 방법이다.
②Researchers train them to associate one place with an experience such as food or a loud noise and another place with something completely different, usually where nothing happens.
연구자들은 그것들이 한 장소를 음식이나 시끄러운 소리와 같은 경험과 연관시키고 또 다른 장소를 완벽히 다른 어떤 것과 연관시키도록 훈련시키는데 대개 그곳에서는 아무것도 일어나지 않는다.
③The two places are made obviously different to make it as easy as possible for the animal to associate each place with what happened to it there.
그 두 장소는 그 동물이 각 장소를 거기에서 그것에게 일어난 일과 연관시키는 것을 가능한 한 쉽게 만들기 위해 명백히 다르게 만들어진다.
④The animal's preference for being in one place or another is measured both before and after its experiences in the two places.
한 장소나 다른 장소에 있는 것에 대한 그 동물의 선호도는 두 장소에서 경험하기 전과 후에 모두 측정된다.
⑤If there is a shift in where the animal chooses to spend its time for the reward, this suggests that it liked the experience and is trying to repeat it.
만약 동물이 보상을 위해 어디에서 시간을 보내기로 선택하는지에 변화가 있다면,이것은 그것이 그 경험을 좋아했고 그것을 반복하려고 노력하는 중이라는 것을 시사한다.
⑥Conversely, if it now avoids the place the stimulus appeared and starts to prefer the place it did not experience it, then this suggests that it found the stimulus unpleasant.
반대로,만약 그것이 이제 자극이 나타났던 장소를 피하고 그것이 그것을 경험하지 않았던 장소를 선호하기 시작한다면,그러면 이것은 그것이 그 자극을 불쾌하게 느꼈다는 것을 시사한다.
⑦For example, mice with cancer show a preference for the place where they have been given morphine, a drug used to relieve pain, rather than where they have received saline whereas healthy mice developed no such preference.
예를 들어,암에 걸린 쥐가 식염수를 받아 왔었던 곳보다 통증을 완화시키는 데 사용되는 약인 모르핀이 주어졌었던 장소에 대한 선호를 보여 준 반면,건강한 쥐는 그러한 선호가 생기지 않았다.
⑧This suggests that the mice with cancer wanted the morphine.
이것은 암에 걸린 쥐가 그 모르핀을 원했음을 시사한다.
[고2] 2024년10월–30번:새들의번식계절이환경에따라어떻게달라지는지설명
①Near the equator, many species of bird breed all year round.
적도 근처에서,새의 많은 종들은 일 년 내내 번식한다.
②But in temperate and polar regions, the breeding seasons of birds are often sharply defined.
하지만 온대와 극지방에서는 새들의 번식기들이 대개 뚜렷하게 정해진다.
③They are triggered mainly by changes in day length.
그것들은 주로 낮의 길이의 변화에 의해 촉발된다.
④If all goes well, the outcome is that birds raise their young when the food supply is at its peak.
만약에 모든 것이 잘 진행된다면,결과는 새들이 먹이 공급이 최고조에 이를 때 새끼들을 기르는 것이다.
⑤Most birds are not simply reluctant to breed at other times but they are also physically incapable of doing so.
대부분의 새들은 다른 때에 번식하기를 단지 꺼리는 것뿐만 아니라 또한 신체적으로 그렇게 할 수 없는 것이다.
⑥This is because their reproductive system shrinks, which helps flying birds save weight.
이것은 왜냐하면 그들의 번식 기관이 줄어들기 때문이고,이 사실은 나는 새들이 몸무게를 줄일 수 있도록 도와준다.
⑦The main exception to this rule are nomadic desert species.
유목성 사막 종은 이 규칙의 주요 예외이다.
⑧These can initiate their breeding cycle within days of rain.
이들은 비가 오는 날들에 번식 주기를 시작할 수 있다.
⑨It's for making the most of the sudden breeding opportunity.
그것은 갑작스러운 번식 기회를 최대한으로 활용하기 위한 것이다.
⑩Also, different species divide the breeding season up in different ways.
또한,다른 종들은 번식 기간을 다른 방식으로 나눈다.
⑪Most seabirds raise a single brood.
대부분의 바닷새들은 한 무리의 함께 태어난 새끼를 기른다.
⑫In warm regions, however, songbirds may raise several families in a few months.
그러나,따뜻한 지역에서는,명금(鳴禽)들이 몇 달 안에 여러 자녀들을 기를 수도 있다.
⑬In an exceptionally good year, a pair of House Sparrows, a kind of songbird, can raise successive broods through a marathon reproductive effort.
유난히 좋은 해에는 명금(鳴禽)의 한 종류인 참새 한 쌍은 마라톤과 같은 번식 노력을 통해 잇따라 태어난 여러 무리의 함께 태어난 새끼들을 기를 수 있다.
[고2] 2024년10월–31번:학습자원인식부족이학생들의창의성에미치는영향
①One factor that may hinder creativity is unawareness of the resources required in each activity in students' learning.
창의성을 방해할 수도 있는 한 가지 요소는 학생들의 학습에서 각 활동에 요구되는 자원에 대한 인식이 없다는 것이다.
②Often students are unable to identify the resources they need to perform the task required of them.
종종 학생들은 그들에게 요구되는 과제를 수행하는 데 필요한 자원들을 식별할 수 없다.
③Different resources may be compulsory for specific learning tasks, and recognizing them may simplify the activity's performance.
여러 가지의 자원들이 특정 학습 과제들에 대해 필수적일 수 있어서 그것들을 인식하는 것은 활동의 수행을 평이하게 해 줄 수도 있다.
④For example, it may be that students desire to conduct some experiments in their projects.
예를 들어,학생들이 프로젝트에서 어떤 실험을 수행하기를 원할 수도 있다.
⑤There must be a prior investigation of whether the students will have access to the laboratory, equipment, and chemicals required for the experiment.
학생들이 실험에 요구되는 실험실,장비,그리고 화학 물질에 접근할 수 있을지 여부에 대한 사전 조사가 있어야 한다.
⑥It means preparation is vital for the students to succeed, and it may be about human and financial resources such as laboratory technicians, money to purchase chemicals, and equipment for their learning where applicable.
그것은 학생들이 성공하기 위해 준비가 필수적이라는 것을 의미하며,그들의 학습을 위해 적용할 수 있는 경우에 그것은 실험실 기술자,화학 물질 구입 자금,그리고 장비와 같은 인적 그리고 재정적 자원에 대한 것일 수도 있다.
⑦Even if some of the resources required for a task may not be available, identifying them in advance may help students' creativity.
과제에 요구되는 자원들 중 일부가 이용 가능하지 않을 수도 있지만,사전에 그것들을 식별하는 것은 학생들의 창의성에 도움이 될 수도 있다.
⑧It may even lead to changing the topic, finding alternative resources, and other means.
그것은 심지어 주제 변경,대체 자원들 찾기,그리고 다른 방법으로 이어질 수도 있다.
[고2] 2024년10월–32번:번역작업이다양한출처와독자의기대에의존하는방식
①All translators feel some pressure from the community of readers for whom they are doing their work.
모든 번역가들은 그들이 대상으로 작업하고 있는 독자들의 공동체로부터 약간의 압박을 느낀다.
②And all translators arrive at their interpretations in dialogue with other people.
그리고 모든 번역가들은 다른 사람들과의 대화에서 그들의 해석에 도달한다.
③The English poet Alexander Pope had pretty good Greek, but when he set about translating Homer's Iliad in the early 18th century he was not on his own.
영국의 시인 알렉산더 포프는 그리스어를 꽤 잘했지만, 18세기 초에 호머의'Iliad'를 번역하는 것에 대해 착수했을 때 그는 혼자 한 것이 아니었다.
④He had Greek commentaries to refer to, and translations that had already been done in English, Latin, and French─and of course he had dictionaries.
그는 참고할 그리스어 해설과 이미 영어,라틴어,프랑스어로 된 번역본을 가지고 있었고,물론 사전도 가지고 있었다.
⑤Translators always draw on more than one source text.
번역가들은 항상 한 가지 이상의 원문을 활용한다.
⑥Even when the scene of translation consists of just one person with a pen, paper, and the book that is being translated, or even when it is just one person translating orally for another, that person's linguistic knowledge arises from lots of other texts and other conversations.
심지어 번역 현장이 하나의 펜,종이,그리고 번역 중인 책을 가진 단 한 사람으로 구성되어 있거나,한 사람이 다른 사람을 위해 구두로 번역 중일 때에도,그 사람의 언어적 지식은 많은 다른 텍스트와 다른 대화에서 발생한다.
⑦And then his or her idea of the translation's purpose will be influenced by the expectations of the person or people it is for.
그러고 나서 번역의 목적에 대한 그 또는 그녀의 생각은 이것의 대상이 되는 사람 또는 사람들의 기대에 의해 영향을 받는다.
⑧In both these senses every translation is a crowd translation.
이 두 가지 의미에서 모든 번역은 군중 번역이다.
[고2] 2024년10월–33번:읽기행위를단일개념으로정의하기어려운이유
①Some people argue that there is a single, logically consistent concept known as reading that can be neatly set apart from everything else people do with books.
몇몇 사람들은 사람들이 책을 가지고 하는 모든 다른 행동들로부터 깔끔하게 분리될 수 있는,읽기로 알려진 유일하고 논리적으로 일관성 있는 개념이 있다고 주장한다.
②Is reading really that simple?
읽기는 정말로 그렇게 단순할까?
③The most productive way to think about reading is as a loosely related set of behaviors that belong together owing to family resemblances, as Ludwig Wittgenstein used the phrase, without having in common a single defining trait.
읽기에 대해 생각하는 가장 생산적인 방식은 하나의 명백한 특성을 공통적으로 가지지 않은 채Ludwig Wittgenstein이 그 어구를 사용한 것처럼 가족 유사성 때문에 함께 속하게 되는 헐겁게 연결된 행동의 묶음으로서이다.
④Consequently, efforts to distinguish reading from nonreading are destined to fail because there is no agreement on what qualifies as reading in the first place.
결론적으로,읽기와 읽기가 아닌 것을 구분하려는 노력은 실패로 돌아가는데,왜냐하면 애초에 무엇이 읽기로서의 자격을 주는가에 대한 동의가 없기 때문이다.
⑤The more one tries to figure out where the border lies between reading and not-reading, the more edge cases will be found to stretch the term's flexible boundaries.
읽기와 읽기가 아닌 것 사이의 경계가 어디에 있는가를 알려고 하면 할수록,더욱 많은 특이 사례들이 그 용어의 유연한 경계를 확장하고 있다는 것이 밝혀질 것이다.
⑥Thus, it is worth attempting to collect together these exceptional forms of reading into a single forum, one highlighting the challenges faced by anyone wishing to establish the boundaries where reading begins and ends.
그러므로,이러한 예외적인 읽기의 형태들을 모두 함께 하나의 토론의 장으로 모으려는 시도는 해 볼 가치가 있으며,그 토론의 장은 어디서 읽기가 시작되고 끝나는가에 대한 경계를 정하기를 원하는 누구나에 의해 마주하게 될 어려움들을 돋보이게 한다.
⑦The attempt moves toward an understanding of reading as a spectrum that is expansive enough to accommodate the distinct reading activities.
그러한 시도는 별개의 읽기 활동들을 다 수용할 만큼 충분히 광범위한 스펙트럼으로서 읽기를 이해하는 것으로 발전한다.
[고2] 2024년10월–34번: Weber의법칙으로자극의강도에따른차이인식설명
①Weber's law concerns the perception of difference between two stimuli.
베버의 법칙은 두 자극 사이의 차이에 대한 감지에 관한 것이다.
②It suggests that we might not be able to detect a 1-mm difference when we are looking at lines 466 mm and 467 mm in length, but we may be able to detect a 1-mm difference when we are comparing a line 2 mm long with one 3 mm long.
이것은 우리가466mm와467mm길이인 선들을 볼 때1mm의 차이를 감지할 수 없지만,우리가2mm길이와3mm길이인 선을 비교할 때는1mm의 차이를 감지할 수 있을지도 모른다는 것을 암시한다.
③Another example of this principle is that we can detect 1 candle when it is lit in an otherwise dark room.
이 원리의 또 다른 예는 촛불이 켜지지 않았으면 어두웠을 방안에 하나의 촛불이 켜졌을 때 이것을 감지할 수 있다는 것이다.
④But when 1 candle is lit in a room in which 100 candles are already burning, we may not notice the light from this candle.
그러나100개의 촛불이 이미 타고 있는 방에 하나의 촛불이 켜졌을 때,우리는 이 촛불의 빛을 알아차리지 못할지도 모른다.
⑤Therefore, the Just-noticeable difference (JND) varies as a function of the strength of the signals.
그러므로,겨우 알아차릴 수 있는 차이(JND)는 신호의 세기에 대한 함수에 의해 달라진다.
⑥For example, the JND is greater for very loud noises than it is for much more quiet sounds.
예를 들어, JND는 훨씬 더 작은 소리에 대한 것보다 매우 큰 소음에 대해 더 크다.
⑦When a sound is very weak, we can tell that another sound is louder, even if it is barely louder.
한 소리가 매우 약할 때,우리는 그것이 간신히 더 클지라도,또 다른 소리가 더 크다는 것을 구분할 수 있다.
⑧When a sound is very loud, to tell that another sound is even louder, it has to be much louder.
어떤 소리가 매우 클 때,다른 소리가 훨씬 더 크다는 것을 구분하기 위해서는,그 소리는 훨씬 더 커야 한다.
⑨Thus, Weber's law means that it is harder to distinguish between two samples when those samples are larger or stronger levels of the stimuli.
그러므로,베버의 법칙은 그 표본들이 자극의 수준이 더 크거나 강할 때 두 표본을 구별하기가 더 어렵다는 것을 의미한다.
[고2] 2024년10월–35번:공공자원의과잉사용으로인한'공유지의비극'설명
①Any new resource (e.g., a new airport, a new mall) always opens with people benefiting individually by sharing a common resource (e.g., the city or state budget).
어떤 새로운 자원(예를 들어,새로운 공항,새로운 쇼핑센터)은 항상 공동의 자원(예를 들어,시 또는 주 예산)을 공유함으로써 사람들이 개별적으로 이익을 얻으면서 시작된다.
②Soon, at some point, the amount of traffic grows too large for the "commons" to support.
곧,어느 시점에서,교통량은'공유지'가 견디기에 너무 커진다.
③Traffic jams, overcrowding, and overuse lessen the benefits of the common resource for everyone─the tragedy of the commons!
교통 체증,과밀,그리고 과도한 사용은 모두를 위한 공유 자원의 혜택을 줄이는데,이것은 즉 공유지의 비극이다!
④If the new resource cannot be expanded or provided with additional space, it becomes a problem, and you cannot solve the problem on your own, in isolation from your fellow drivers or walkers or competing users.
만약 새로운 자원이 확장될 수 없거나 추가적인 공간이 제공될 수 없다면,이것은 문제가 되고,여러분은 여러분의 동료 운전자나 보행자 또는 경쟁 사용자들로부터 고립된 상태로 혼자서 문제를 해결할 수 없다.
⑤The total activity on this new resource keeps increasing, and so does individual activity; but if the dynamic of common use and overuse continues too long, both begin to fall after a peak, leading to a crash.
이 새로운 자원에 대한 총활동은 계속 증가하고,개인 활동도 증가한다.그러나 만약 공동 사용과 과도한 사용의 역학이 너무 오래 지속되면,둘 다 정점 이후에 떨어지기 시작하고,몰락으로 이어진다.
⑥What makes the "tragedy of commons" tragic is the crash dynamic─the destruction or degeneration of the common resource's ability to regenerate itself.
'공유지의 비극'을 더 비극적이게 만드는 것은 몰락 역학,즉 그 스스로를 재생산할 수 있는 공동 자원의 능력의 파괴 또는 퇴보이다.
[고2] 2024년10월–36번:뇌가시각정보를단순화하고일반화하는방식으로에너지를절약
①Theoretically, our brain would have the capacity to store all experiences throughout life, reaching the quality of a DVD.
이론적으로는 우리의 뇌는DVD의 품질에 도달할 정도로,삶의 모든 경험들을 저장할 수 있는 수용력을 가지고 있을 것이다.
②However, this theoretical capacity is offset by the energy demand associated with the process of storing and retrieving information in memory.
그러나,이 이론상의 수용력은 기억에 정보를 저장하고 상기하는 과정과 관련된 에너지 수요로 인해 상쇄된다.
③As a result, the brain develops efficient strategies, becoming dependent on shortcuts.
그 결과,뇌는 효율적인 전략들을 수립하고,지름길에 의존하게 된다.
④When we observe a face, the visual image captured by the eyes is highly variable, depending on the point of view, lighting conditions and other contextual factors.
우리가 얼굴을 관찰할 때,눈에 의해 포착되는 시각적 이미지는 시점,조명 조건 및 기타 상황적 요인들에 따라 매우 다양하다.
⑤Nevertheless, we are able to recognize the face as the same, maintaining the underlying identity.
그럼에도 불구하고,우리는 근본적인 정체성을 유지하면서 얼굴을 같은 것으로 인식할 수 있다.
⑥The brain, rather than focusing on the details of visualization, creates and stores general patterns that allow for consistent recognition across diverse circumstances.
뇌는 시각화의 세부 사항에 집중하기보다 다양한 상황들에서 일관된 인식을 가능하게 하는 일반적인 패턴을 생성하고 저장한다.
⑦This ability to match what we see with general visual memory patterns serves as an effective mechanism for optimizing brain performance and saving energy.
우리가 보는 것과 일반적인 시각 기억 패턴을 일치시키는 이 능력은 뇌의 수행을 최적화하고 에너지를 절약하는 효과적인 기제로 작용한다.
⑧The brain, being naturally against unnecessary effort, constantly seeks to simplify and generalize information to facilitate the cognitive process.
불필요한 노력에 자연스럽게 대항하는 뇌는 인지 과정을 돕기 위해서 끊임없이 정보를 단순화하고 일반화하는 것을 추구한다.
[고2] 2024년10월–37번:과학연구에서창의적해석이이론형성에미치는영향
①Where scientific research is concerned, explanatory tales are expected to adhere closely to experimental data and to illuminate the regular and predictable features of experience.
과학 연구에 관해서는,설명하는 이야기들이 실험의 데이터에 엄밀히 충실할 것으로 기대되고 경험의 규칙적이고 예측 가능한 특징들을 밝힐 것으로 기대된다.
②However, this paradigm sometimes conceals the fact that theories are deeply loaded with creative elements that shape the construction of research projects and the interpretations of evidence.
그러나,이러한 패러다임은 때때로 이론들이 연구 프로젝트의 구성과 증거의 해석을 형성하는 창의적인 요소들로 철저히 채워져 있다는 사실을 감춘다.
③Scientific explanations do not just relate a chronology of facts.
과학적 설명들은 단순히 사실들의 연대기를 말하는 것은 아니다.
④They construct frameworks for systematically chosen data in order to provide a consistent and meaningful explanation of what is observed.
그것들은 관찰된 것에 대한 일관적이고 의미 있는 설명을 제공하기 위해 체계적으로 선택된 데이터에 대한 틀을 구축한다.
⑤Such constructions lead us to imagine specific kinds of subject matter in particular sorts of relations, and the storylines they inspire will prove more effective for analyzing some features of experience over others.
그러한 구성들은 우리가 특정한 유형의 관계에서 구체적인 종류의 주제를 상상하도록 하며,그것들이 고취하는 줄거리는 다른 것들보다 경험의 일부 특징을 분석하는 데 더 효과적일 것으로 판명될 것이다.
⑥When we neglect the creative contributions of such scientific imagination and treat models and interpretive explanations as straightforward facts─even worse, as facts including all of reality─we can blind ourselves to the limitations of a given model and fail to note its potential for misunderstanding a situation to which it ill applies.
우리가 그러한 과학적 상상의 창의적 기여를 무시하고 모델과 해석적 설명을 단순한 사실,훨씬 더 심하게는 현실을 전부 포괄하는 사실로 간주할 때,우리는 주어진 모델의 한계에 대해 우리 스스로를 눈멀게 하며 그것이 잘못 적용되는 상황에 대해 오해할 가능성을 알아차리지 못할 수 있다.
[고2] 2024년10월–38번:문학이사회적변화를촉진하거나방해할수있는방식
①We encounter contrary claims about the relation of literature to action.
우리는 문학과 행동의 관계에 대한 상반된 주장들과 마주한다.
②Theorists have maintained that literature encourages solitary reading and reflection as the way to engage with the world and thus counters the social and political activities that might produce social change.
이론가들은 문학이 세상과 관계를 맺는 방법으로써 고독한 독서와 성찰을 장려하고 따라서 사회 변화를 일으킬 수 있을지도 모르는 사회적이고 정치적인 활동들에 거스른다고 주장해 왔다.
③At best it encourages detachment or appreciation of complexity, and at worst passivity and acceptance of what is.
기껏해야 이것은 단절 또는 복잡성에 대한 인정을,최악의 경우 수동성과 있는 그대로에 대한 수용을 조장한다.
④But on the other hand, literature has historically been seen as dangerous: it promotes the questioning of authority and social arrangements.
그러나 다른 한편으로,문학은 역사적으로 권위와 사회적 합의에 대한 의문을 제기하는 것을 조장하므로 위험하다고 여겨져 왔다.
⑤Plato banned poets from his ideal republic because they could only do harm, and novels have long been credited with making people dissatisfied with their lives and eager for something new.
플라톤은 그들이 해를 끼치는 것만 할 수 있기 때문에 그의 이상적인 공화국으로부터 시인들을 추방했고,소설은 사람들이 그들의 삶에 불만을 품게 만들고 새로운 무언가를 갈망하도록 하는 것으로 오랫동안 믿어져 왔다.
⑥By promoting identification across divisions of class, gender, and race, books may promote a fellowship that discourages struggle; but they may also produce a keen sense of injustice that makes progressive struggles possible.
계급,성별,그리고 인종의 경계를 넘어 동일시를 촉진함으로써,책들은 투쟁을 단념시키는 동료 의식을 장려할 수 있을지 모르지만,이것들은 또한 진보적인 투쟁들을 가능하게 만드는 강한 불의의 감정을 일으킬 수 있다.
⑦Historically, works of literature are credited with producing change:Uncle Tom's Cabin, a best-seller in its day, helped create a revulsion against slavery that made possible the American Civil War.
역사적으로,문학 작품은 변화를 만드는 것으로 믿어져 왔는데 그 시대의 베스트셀러인'톰 아저씨의 오두막'은 미국 남북 전쟁을 가능하게 만든 노예제에 대한 혐오감을 조성하는 것을 도왔다.
[고2] 2024년10월–39번: Hobbes의자연상태에서인간의본성과도덕적자유의한계
①According to Hobbes, man is not a being who can act morally in spite of his instinct to protect his existence in the state of nature.
홉스에 따르면,인간은 자연 상태에서 자신의 존재를 보호하려는 그의 본능을 무릅쓰고 도덕적으로 행동할 수 있는 존재가 아니다.
②Hence, the only place where morality and moral liberty will begin to find an application begins in a place where a sovereign power, namely the state, emerges.
따라서,도덕과 도덕적 자유가 적용을 찾기 시작하는 유일한 곳은 군림하는 권력,즉 국가가 출현하는 곳에서 나타난다.
③Hobbes thus describes the state of nature as a circumstance in which man's life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short".
따라서 홉스는 자연 상태를 인간의 삶이'고독하고,가난하며,불결하고,잔인하고,짧은'상황으로 묘사한다.
④It means when people live without a general power to control them all, they are indeed in a state of war.
그것은 사람들이 그들 모두를 통제할 일반적인 권력 없이 살아갈 때,그들은 실로 전쟁 상태에 놓여 있는 것임을 의미한다.
⑤In other words, Hobbes, who accepted that human beings are not social and political beings in the state of nature, believes that without the power human beings in the state of nature are "antisocial and rational based on their selfishness".
즉 다시 말해,자연 상태에 있는 인간은 사회적이고 정치적인 존재가 아니라는 것을 인정한 홉스는 그 권력이 없이 자연 상태에 있는 인간은'이기심에 기초해 반사회적이고 이성적'이라고 믿는다.
⑥Moreover, since society is not a natural phenomenon and there is no natural force bringing people together, what will bring them together as a society is not mutual affection according to Hobbes.
게다가,사회는 자연적인 현상이 아니며 사람들을 하나로 모으는 자연적인 힘도 없기 때문에,홉스에 따르면 그들을 사회로 함께 모이게 하는 것은 상호 간의 애정이 아니다.
⑦It is, rather, mutual fear of men's present and future that assembles them, since the cause of fear is a common drive among people in the state of nature.
두려움으로부터의 동기가 자연 상태에 있는 사람들 사이의 공통된 추진력이기 때문에,오히려,그들을 모으는 것은 인간의 현재와 미래에 대한 상호 간의 두려움이다.
[고2] 2024년10월–40번:인지적요소가색인식에미치는영향에대한연구
①There is research that supports the idea that cognitive factors influence the phenomenology of the perceived world.
인지적 요인들이 지각된 세계의 현상학에 영향을 미친다는 생각을 뒷받침하는 연구가 있다.
②Delk and Fillenbaum asked participants to match the color of figures with the color of their background.
Delk와Fillenbaum은 참가자들에게 형상들의 색상을 배경 색상과 맞추도록 요청했다.
③Some of the figures depicted objects associated with a particular color.
몇몇 형상들은 특정 색상과 연관된 물체들을 묘사했다.
④These included typically red objects such as an apple, lips, and a symbolic heart.
그것들은 사과,입술,상징적인 하트 모양과 같이 전형적인 빨간색 물체를 포함했다.
⑤Other objects were presented that are not usually associated with red, such as a mushroom or a bell.
버섯이나 종과 같이 빨간색과 일반적으로 연관이 되지 않는 다른 물체들도 제시되었다.
⑥However, all the figures were made out of the same red-orange cardboard.
그러나,모든 형상들은 동일한 다홍색 판지로 만들어졌다.
⑦Participants then had to match the figure to a background varying from dark to light red.
그러고 나서 참가자들은 그 형상을 진한 빨간색에서 연한 빨간색까지 다양한 배경색과 맞춰야 했다.
⑧They had to make the background color match the color of the figures.
그들은 배경색이 형상들의 색과 일치하게 해야 했다.
⑨The researchers found that red-associated objects required more red in the background to be judged a match than did the objects that are not associated with the color red.
연구자들은 빨간색과 연관된 물체들이 빨간색과 연관이 없는 물체가 그러한 것보다 배경과 일치한다고 판단되기 위해서 배경에서 더 빨간 색을 요구한다는 것을 발견했다.
⑩This implies that the cognitive association of objects to color influences how we perceive that color.
이것은 색과 물체의 인지적 연관성이 우리가 그 색을 어떻게 지각하는가에 영향을 미친다는 것을 함의한다.
⑪[Summary] In one study, participants chose greater redness when asked to match the color of objects that are usually red to a background with the same color, which showed that their knowledge about the colors of objects influenced their perceptual judgment.
[Summary]한 연구에서,참가자들은 일반적으로 빨간색인 물체의 색상과 같은 색상의 배경을 일치시키도록 요청받았을 때,더 진한 빨강을 선택했는데,이는 물체들의 색상에 대한 그들의 지식이 그들의 지각적 판단에 영향을 미쳤다는 것을 보여 준다.
[고2] 2024년10월–41~42번:유전체복제과정에서발생하는돌연변이의누적원리설명
①In each round of genome copying in our body, there is still about a 70 percent chance that at least one pair of chromosomes will have an error.
우리 몸속 게놈 복제의 각 과정마다,적어도 한 쌍의 염색체들이 오류를 가질 확률이 여전히 약70%이다.
②With each round of genome copying, errors accumulate.
게놈 복제의 각 과정마다,오류들이 쌓인다.
③This is similar to alterations in medieval books.
이것은 중세 서적에 있어서의 변화와 유사하다.
④Each time a copy was made by hand, some changes were introduced accidentally; as changes stacked up, the copies may have acquired meanings at variance with the original.
하나의 복사본이 사람 손으로 만들어질 때마다,일부 변화들이 우연히 도입되었고,변화들이 쌓이면서,복사본은 원본과 불일치하는 의미를 축적했을 것이다.
⑤Similarly, genomes that have undergone more copying processes will have gathered more mistakes.
마찬가지로,더 많은 복제 과정들을 거친 게놈은 더 많은 실수들을 축적하게 될 것이다.
⑥To make things worse, mutations may damage genes responsible for error checking and repair of genomes, further accelerating the introduction of mutations.
설상가상으로,변이들은 게놈의 오류 확인과 복구를 책임지는 유전자를 훼손해 변이들의 도입을 더욱 가속할 수도 있다.
⑦Most genome mutations do not have any noticeable effects.
대부분의 게놈 변이들은 어떠한 뚜렷한 영향이 없다.
⑧It is just like changing the i for a y in "kingdom" would not distort the word's readability.
그것은 마치'kingdom'에서'i'를'y'로 변경하는 것이 그 단어의 가독성을 왜곡하지 않는 것과 같다.
⑨But sometimes a mutation to a human gene results in, for example, an eye whose iris is of two different colors.
그러나 예를 들어,때때로 인간 유전자에 대한 변이는 홍채가 두 가지 다른 색을 띠는 눈을 초래하기도 한다.
⑩Similarly, almost everyone has birthmarks, which are due to mutations that occurred as our body's cells multiplied to form skin.
마찬가지로,거의 모두가 모반이 있는데,이는 우리 몸의 세포가 피부를 형성하기 위하여 증식하면서 발생한 변이들 때문이다.
⑪If mutations are changes to the genome of one particular cell, how can a patch of cells in an iris or a whole patch of skin, consisting of many individual cells, be affected simultaneously?
만약 변이들이 하나의 특정 세포의 게놈에 대한 변화라면,많은 개별적인 세포들로 구성된 홍채의 세포 집단이나 피부 전체 세포 집단이 어떻게 동시에 영향을 받을 수 있을까?
⑫The answer lies in the cell lineage, the developmental history of a tissue from particular cells through to their fully differentiated state.
그 대답은 세포 계보,즉 특정 세포에서 그들의 완전히 차별화된 상태까지의 조직 발달 변천에 있다.
⑬If the mutation occurred early on in the lineage of the developing iris, then all cells in that patch have inherited that change.
만약 발달 중인 홍채의 계보 초기에 변이가 발생했다면,그렇다면 그 세포 집단의 모든 세포는 그 변화를 물려받아 왔을 것이다.
[고2] 2024년10월–43~45번:완벽주의에대한부담과문제해결능력을배운이야기
①Max awoke to the gentle sunlight of an autumn day.
Max는 가을날의 부드러운 햇빛에 잠에서 깼다.
②Right on schedule, he swung his legs off the bed and took a deep, satisfying breath.
시간에 맞추어 그는 다리를 침대 밖으로 휙 내려 놓았고 깊고 만족스러운 숨을 내쉬었다.
③He began his morning the same way he usually did, getting dressed and going to school.
그는 평소와 똑같은 방식으로 아침을 시작했고 옷을 입고 학교에 갔다.
④Today was going to be another perfect day until he ran into Mr. Kapoor, his science teacher.
오늘은 과학 선생님인Kapoor선생님을 만나기 전까지는 또 다른 완벽한 날이 될 예정이었다.
⑤Just to remind you. Science fair projects are due next Wednesday.
그냥 너(Max)에게 알려 주는 거야.과학 박람회 프로젝트가 다음 주 수요일까지야.
⑥Don't forget to submit your final draft on time," Mr. Kapoor said.
제 시간에 최종안을 제출하는 것을 잊어 버리지 마."라고Kapoor선생님이 말했다.
⑦Max froze.
Max는 얼어붙었다.
⑧What? It can't be! It was due next Friday!
'뭐라고?그럴 순 없어!이건 다음 주 금요일까지였다고!'
⑨After school, he came home worrying that his whole perfectly planned week was going to be ruined.
학교를 마친 후에,그는 그의 완벽히 계획된 일주일이 망쳐질 것을 걱정하며 집으로 돌아왔다.
⑩Without his usual greeting, Max headed to his room in haste.
그의 일상적인 인사 없이, Max는 급하게 그의 방으로 향했다.
⑪What's wrong Max?, Jeremy, his dad, followed Max, worrying about him.
무슨 일이니Max?그의 아버지인Jeremy는 그를 걱정하며Max를 따라갔다.
⑫Max furiously browsed through his planner without answering him, only to find the wrong date written in it.
Max는 그(Jeremy)에게 대답하지 않고 열성적으로 그의 일정표를 뒤적거렸지만,거기에 잘못 적힌 날짜를 발견할 뿐이었다.
⑬Fighting through tears, Max finally managed to explain the unending pressure to be perfect to his dad.
울음을 참으며, Max는 마침내 가까스로 그의(Max)아버지에게 완벽해야 한다는 끝나지 않는 압박에 대해 설명했다.
⑭To his surprise, Jeremy laughed.
놀랍게도, Jeremy는 웃었다.
⑮Max, guess what? Perfect is a great goal, but nobody gets there all the time.
Max,있잖아?완벽은 훌륭한 목표지만,누구도 항상 거기에 도달할 수는 없단다.
⑯What matters is what we do when things get messy."
중요한 건 일이 어질러졌을 때 우리가 무엇을 하는가야."
⑰That made him feel a little better.
그것이 그의 기분을 조금 더 나아지게 만들어 주었다.
⑱You are saying I can fix this?
아빠는 제가(Max)이것을 해결할 수 있다고 말씀하시는 거예요?
⑲Absolutely, try to deal with problems in a logical way, Jeremy said.
물론이지.논리적인 방식으로 문제를 처리해봐.라고Jeremy가 말했다.
⑳Max thought for a moment.
Max는 잠시 동안 생각했다.
㉑I guess.... I can do that by rescheduling tonight's baseball lesson.
아마....제가 오늘 밤 야구 레슨 일정을 변경함으로써 그렇게 할 수 있을 것 같아요.
㉒Jeremy beamed.
Jeremy가 활짝 웃었다.
㉓See? That's you finding a solution.
봤지?네가 해결책을 찾아냈잖니.
㉔Max felt a genuine smile spreading.
Max는 진심 어린 미소가 퍼지는 것을 느꼈다.
㉕The next Wednesday, he successfully handed in the final draft on time with satisfaction.
다음 주 수요일에 그(Max)는 만족하며 성공적으로 최종안을 제시간에 제출했다.
㉖From then on, he still loved order and routines, but also embraced the messy, unpredictable bits of life too.
그 이후로 그는 여전히 순서와 정해진 일과를 좋아했지만,또한 어지럽고 예측 불가능한 삶의 부분들도 기꺼이 맞이했다.
