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[고2] 2023년 6월 모의고사 - 한줄해석 (좌지문 우해석)
오늘은 2023년도 6월 고2 영어 모의고사>의 한줄해석(좌지문 우해석) 자료 올립니다.설명문/실용문을 제외한 전지문 작업했습니다.PDF와 워드 파일 모두 올립니다. 필요에 따라 변형해서
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[고2] 2023년 6월 모의고사 - 지문 요약 by ChatGPT 4.0
[고2 2023년 06월 – 18번: 결석 사유 제출 안내 및 협조 요청 공문]
Dear parents, Regular attendance at school is essential in maximizing student potential. Recently, we've become concerned about the number of unapproved absences across all grades. I would like to further clarify that your role as a parent is to approve any school absence. Parents must provide an explanation for absences to the school within 7 days from the first day of any period of absence. Where an explanation has not been received within the 7-day time frame, the school will record the absence as unjustified on the student's record. Please ensure that you go to the parent portal site and register the reason any time your child is absent. Please approve all absences, so that your child will not be at a disadvantage. Many thanks for your cooperation. Sincerely, Natalie Brown, Vice Principal
Possible Titles:
1. Ensuring Student Success: Importance of Approving School Absences
2. Clarifying Absence Policies: How Parents Can Help Ensure Justified Attendance
3. Parental Role in School Absences: Procedures for Providing Timely Justification
4. Preventing Unjustified Absences: Why Regular School Attendance Matters
Main Idea #1:
Parents are reminded to provide timely explanations for their child's school absences to prevent them from being recorded as unjustified.
Main Idea #2:
Parents should use the school's parent portal to register and approve their child's absence within 7 days to ensure accurate attendance records and prevent potential disadvantages.
Summary:
Vice Principal Natalie Brown emphasizes the importance of regular school attendance and asks parents to approve their child's absences within 7 days using the parent portal. This ensures that unjustified absences aren't recorded, preventing students from facing any disadvantages due to inaccurate records.
Key Points:
1. Regular attendance is crucial for maximizing student potential.
2. Parents must provide absence explanations within 7 days to avoid unjustified records.
3. The parent portal is the platform for registering and justifying absences.
4. Ensuring all absences are approved prevents students from being disadvantaged.
[고2 2023년 06월 – 19번: 우편물 수령 후 기쁨의 상황 묘사]
Ester stood up as soon as she heard the hum of a hover engine outside. "Mail," she shouted and ran down the third set of stairs and swung open the door. It was pouring now, but she ran out into the rain. She was facing the mailbox. There was a single, unopened letter inside. She was sure this must be what she was eagerly waiting for. Without hesitation, she tore open the envelope. She pulled out the paper and unfolded it. The letter said, 'Thank you for applying to our company. We would like to invite you to our internship program. We look forward to seeing you soon.' She jumped up and down and looked down at the letter again. She couldn't wait to tell this news to her family.
Possible Titles:
1. Ester's Anticipation: The Excitement of Receiving a Long-Awaited Letter
2. A Life-Changing Letter: Ester's Joy After Receiving Internship News
3. From Hope to Reality: Ester's Enthusiastic Response to a Dream Opportunity
4. The Power of an Invitation: How Ester's Internship Acceptance Transformed Her Day
Main Idea #1:
Ester eagerly anticipated a letter that could shape her future, immediately recognizing its significance upon receiving it.
Main Idea #2:
The letter contained an invitation to an internship program, bringing Ester immense joy as she couldn't wait to share the exciting news with her family.
Summary:
Ester sprinted through the pouring rain to retrieve a long-awaited letter that confirmed her acceptance into an internship program. Filled with excitement, she jumped up and down and looked forward to sharing this life-changing news with her family.
Key Points:
1. Ester anxiously anticipated a letter from a company, rushing out to get it.
2. The letter confirmed her acceptance into the company's internship program.
3. Her excitement was palpable as she eagerly prepared to share the news with her family.
[고2 2023년 06월 – 20번: 새로운 기술의 지속가능한 발전을 위한 영향 평가의 필요성]
The introduction of new technologies clearly has both positive and negative impacts for sustainable development. Good management of technological resources needs to take them fully into account. Technological developments in sectors such as nuclear energy and agriculture provide examples of how not only environmental benefits but also risks to the environment or human health can accompany technological advances. New technologies have profound social impacts as well. Since the industrial revolution, technological advances have changed the nature of skills needed in workplaces, creating certain types of jobs and destroying others, with impacts on employment patterns. New technologies need to be assessed for their full potential impacts, both positive and negative.
Possible Titles:
1. Navigating the Dual Impact of New Technologies on Sustainable Development
2. Balancing Benefits and Risks: How Technology Affects the Environment and Society
3. The Role of Technology in Sustainable Development: Managing Both Positive and Negative Impacts
4. Technological Innovation and Its Complex Impacts on Sustainability and Employment
Main Idea #1:
New technologies impact sustainable development in both positive and negative ways, necessitating careful management.
Main Idea #2:
Technological advances bring environmental and social risks alongside benefits, influencing sustainability and employment patterns, so their impacts must be comprehensively evaluated.
Summary:
New technologies can positively and negatively affect sustainable development, requiring careful management. While sectors like nuclear energy and agriculture offer environmental benefits, they also pose risks to the environment and human health. Technological advancements profoundly affect social aspects, creating and eliminating job types, thus impacting employment patterns. Comprehensive impact assessments are needed to fully understand these changes.
Key Points:
1. New technologies bring both positive and negative effects for sustainable development.
2. Technological advances in sectors like nuclear energy and agriculture can both help and harm the environment.
3. Social impacts include shifts in employment patterns, as technological advances create and eliminate jobs.
4. Full assessments are necessary to manage the broad impacts of new technologies.
[고2 2023년 06월 – 21번: 미국 전통 음식 문화의 상실 우려]
North America's native cuisine met the same unfortunate fate as its native people, save for a few relics like the Thanksgiving turkey. Certainly, we still have regional specialties, but the Carolina barbecue will almost certainly have California tomatoes in its sauce, and the Louisiana gumbo is just as likely to contain Indonesian farmed shrimp. If either of these shows up on a fast-food menu with lots of added fats or HFCS, we seem unable either to discern or resist the corruption. We have yet to come up with a strong set of generalized norms, passed down through families, for savoring and sensibly consuming what our land and climate give us. We have, instead, a string of fad diets convulsing our bookstores and bellies, one after another, at the scale of the national best seller. Nine out of ten nutritionists view this as evidence that we have entirely lost our marbles.
Possible Titles:
1. The Decline of North America's Native Cuisine: From Regional Specialties to Fad Diets
2. Native Culinary Heritage vs. Fast Food Culture: How Tradition Lost to Convenience
3. The Erosion of Authentic Cuisine: Regional Foods, Imported Ingredients, and Dietary Fads
4. Navigating a Culinary Identity Crisis: How Imported Ingredients and Fads Overtook Native Cuisine
Main Idea #1:
North America's native cuisine has largely disappeared, replaced by regional dishes containing imported ingredients and fast food options high in fats and sugars.
Main Idea #2:
Without strong, family-based food norms that emphasize local produce, North American cuisine has succumbed to dietary fads and convenience foods, which nutritionists consider a troubling trend.
Summary:
North America's native cuisine has largely vanished, leaving behind regional specialties that often rely on imported ingredients or appear on fast-food menus. Lacking solid, family-based norms for enjoying local produce, the continent has embraced fad diets that dominate bookstores and are criticized by nutritionists, who see this trend as an abandonment of traditional culinary values.
Key Points:
1. North America's native cuisine is mostly gone, replaced by regional dishes with imported ingredients.
2. Fast food options often corrupt traditional flavors with excessive fats and high-fructose corn syrup.
3. Dietary fads and best-selling diet books have replaced traditional food norms passed down through families.
4. Nutritionists worry that this reliance on fads shows a loss of sensible culinary practices.
[고2 2023년 06월 – 22번: AI 시대에 인간의 감정 지능 역량이 중요해질 것]
Perhaps, the advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the workplace may bode well for Emotional Intelligence (EI). As AI gains momentum and replaces people in jobs at every level, predictions are, there will be a premium placed on people who have high ability in EI. The emotional messages people send and respond to while interacting are, at this point, far beyond the ability of AI programs to mimic. As we get further into the age of the smart machine, it is likely that sensing and managing emotions will remain one type of intelligence that puzzles AI. This means people and jobs involving EI are safe from being taken over by machines. In a survey, almost three out of four executives see EI as a "must-have" skill for the workplace in the future as the automatizing of routine tasks bumps up against the impossibility of creating effective AI for activities that require emotional skill.
Possible Titles:
1. Emotional Intelligence in the Age of AI: Why Soft Skills Will Remain Essential
2. The Growing Importance of Emotional Intelligence Amid AI Automation
3. Why Emotional Intelligence Will Be a Vital Workplace Skill in the AI Era
4. Navigating Automation: How Emotional Intelligence Outshines AI in Human Interaction
Main Idea #1:
The increasing prevalence of AI in the workplace is expected to enhance the value of Emotional Intelligence (EI).
Main Idea #2:
As AI automates routine tasks, jobs requiring emotional skills will remain secure due to the difficulty AI faces in understanding and managing emotions, making EI a highly sought-after skill by executives.
Summary:
The rise of AI in the workplace is predicted to elevate the importance of Emotional Intelligence, as AI cannot effectively mimic emotional interactions. Executives widely recognize EI as crucial for future workplaces, as AI struggles with activities that require nuanced emotional skills. Thus, jobs involving EI will remain safe from automation.
Key Points:
1. AI will elevate the demand for workers with strong Emotional Intelligence (EI) skills.
2. Emotional messages in human interactions remain beyond AI's current capabilities.
3. Jobs requiring emotional skills are unlikely to be automated by AI.
4. Nearly 75% of executives consider EI a crucial skill in the future workplace.
[고2 2023년 06월 – 23번: 교육 과정에서 분야 간 용어 통일의 필요성]
Education must focus on the trunk of the tree of knowledge, revealing the ways in which the branches, twigs, and leaves all emerge from a common core. Tools for thinking stem from this core, providing a common language with which practitioners in different fields may share their experience of the process of innovation and discover links between their creative activities. When the same terms are employed across the curriculum, students begin to link different subjects and classes. If they practice abstracting in writing class, if they work on abstracting in painting or drawing class, and if, in all cases, they call it abstracting, they begin to understand how to think beyond disciplinary boundaries. They see how to transform their thoughts from one mode of conception and expression to another. Linking the disciplines comes naturally when the terms and tools are presented as part of a universal imagination.
Possible Titles:
1. Creating Connections in Education: The Importance of a Common Core in Learning
2. Breaking Down Disciplinary Boundaries: How a Universal Imagination Links Subjects
3. Building a Common Core: How Unified Terminology Enhances Cross-Disciplinary Thinking
4. Cultivating Universal Thinking: How Linking Educational Terms Encourages Innovation
Main Idea #1:
Education should emphasize a shared core that connects different disciplines, enabling students to see the links between various subjects.
Main Idea #2:
Using the same terminology across the curriculum allows students to recognize connections between different disciplines, transforming their thinking and helping them apply creativity and innovation beyond specific subjects.
Summary:
Education should focus on a shared core that connects all branches of knowledge, allowing students to see interdisciplinary links. When similar terminology is used across subjects, students better understand how to transform and apply their thinking beyond specific disciplines, fostering innovation and creativity.
Key Points:
1. The trunk of knowledge links different branches and disciplines through shared core ideas.
2. Consistent terminology across subjects allows students to recognize interdisciplinary connections.
3. Students practicing similar concepts like "abstracting" in writing, art, and other subjects understand how to think across disciplines.
4. This common language encourages innovative thinking and cross-disciplinary creativity.
[고2 2023년 06월 – 24번: 언어는 시대와 함께 지속적으로 변화함]
New words and expressions emerge continually in response to new situations, ideas and feelings. The Oxford English Dictionary publishes supplements of new words and expressions that have entered the language. Some people deplore this kind of thing and see it as a drift from correct English. But it was only in the eighteenth century that any attempt was made to formalize spelling and punctuation of English at all. The language we speak in the twenty-first century would be virtually unintelligible to Shakespeare, and so would his way of speaking to us. Alvin Toffler estimated that Shakespeare would probably only understand about 250,000 of the 450,000 words in general use in the English language now. In other words, so to speak, if Shakespeare were to materialize in London today he would understand, on average, only five out of every nine words in our vocabulary.
Possible Titles:
1. The Evolution of Language: How New Words and Expressions Shape Modern English
2. From Shakespeare to Today: The Dynamic Transformation of English Vocabulary
3. New Words, New Era: The Ever-Changing Nature of the English Language
4. Adapting English: How New Vocabulary Reflects Modern Ideas and Situations
Main Idea #1:
New words and expressions constantly emerge in response to changing ideas, situations, and emotions, altering the English language over time.
Main Idea #2:
Since English was only standardized in the 18th century, modern vocabulary has evolved so much that Shakespeare would understand just a fraction of today's words, demonstrating the dynamic and ever-changing nature of language.
Summary:
The English language evolves constantly as new words and expressions are created to reflect changing circumstances, ideas, and feelings. This continual transformation, since formalized in the 18th century, has left Shakespeare understanding only about five out of every nine words in modern English, emphasizing the significant vocabulary shift over time.
Key Points:
1. The Oxford English Dictionary tracks the continual emergence of new words.
2. Critics view these changes as a departure from correct English.
3. English was only standardized for spelling and punctuation in the 18th century.
4. Shakespeare would struggle to understand much of modern English due to vocabulary shifts.
[고2 2023년 06월 – 25번: 2019년 기준 국가별 학생 교사 비율 그래프]
The graph above shows the average number of students per teacher in public elementary and secondary schools across selected countries in 2019. Belgium was the only country with a smaller number of students per teacher than the OECD average in both public elementary and secondary schools. In both public elementary and secondary schools, the average number of students per teacher was the largest in Mexico. In public elementary schools, there was a smaller number of students per teacher on average in Germany than in Japan, whereas the reverse was true in public secondary schools. The average number of students per teacher in public secondary schools in Germany was less than half that in the United Kingdom. Of the five countries, Mexico was the only country with more students per teacher in public secondary schools than in public elementary schools.
Possible Titles:
1. Teacher-Student Ratios in Public Schools Across Selected Countries in 2019
2. Comparing Student-to-Teacher Ratios in Elementary and Secondary Schools Globally
3. Global Teacher-Student Ratios: Understanding Differences in Public Schools Across Countries
4. Teacher-Student Ratios in 2019: Analyzing Trends in Public Education Across Nations
Main Idea #1:
Belgium was the only country with a smaller number of students per teacher than the OECD average in both public elementary and secondary schools.
Main Idea #2:
Mexico had the largest number of students per teacher, and was the only country where secondary schools had more students per teacher than elementary schools.
Summary:
In 2019, Belgium had fewer students per teacher than the OECD average in both public elementary and secondary schools, while Mexico had the highest student-to-teacher ratios overall. In Germany, elementary schools had fewer students per teacher than in Japan, but this trend was reversed in secondary schools. Mexico stood out as the only country where secondary schools had more students per teacher than elementary schools.
Key Points:
1. Belgium had fewer students per teacher than the OECD average in both school levels.
2. Mexico had the largest student-to-teacher ratios, with more students per teacher in secondary schools.
3. In Germany, elementary schools had fewer students per teacher than in Japan, but secondary schools had more.
4. Germany's secondary schools had less than half the number of students per teacher compared to the UK.
[고2 2023년 06월 – 26번: 식물학자 존 레이의 생애 소개]
Born in 1627 in Black Notley, Essex, England, John Ray was the son of the village blacksmith. At 16, he went to Cambridge University, where he studied widely and lectured on topics from Greek to mathematics, before joining the priesthood in 1660. To recover from an illness in 1650, he had taken to nature walks and developed an interest in botany. Accompanied by his wealthy student and supporter Francis Willughby, Ray toured Britain and Europe in the 1660s, studying and collecting plants and animals. He married Margaret Oakley in 1673 and, after leaving Willughby's household, lived quietly in Black Notley to the age of 77. He spent his later years studying samples in order to assemble plant and animal catalogues. He wrote more than twenty works on theology and his travels, as well as on plants and their form and function.
Possible Titles:
1. John Ray: The Botanist Who Pioneered Plant and Animal Cataloging
2. From Cambridge Scholar to Naturalist: John Ray's Journey in Science and Theology
3. The Life of John Ray: A Blacksmith's Son Who Transformed Natural History
4. John Ray: His Contributions to Botany, Zoology, and Theological Studies
Main Idea #1:
John Ray, the son of a blacksmith, became a renowned scholar, naturalist, and theologian who dedicated his later years to studying plants and animals.
Main Idea #2:
Ray traveled Europe and Britain collecting specimens with his supporter Francis Willughby, later spending his final years cataloging plants and animals, while writing extensively on theology and his travels.
Summary:
John Ray, born in 1627, became a scholar and priest who was drawn to botany after recovering from illness. With support from Francis Willughby, he traveled extensively to collect plants and animals. He later returned to Black Notley, where he wrote over twenty works on theology and natural history, contributing significantly to the cataloging of plant and animal species.
Key Points:
1. Ray studied at Cambridge University and initially joined the priesthood.
2. His interest in botany grew after illness led him to explore nature walks.
3. He traveled with Francis Willughby, studying plants and animals across Europe.
4. Ray returned to Black Notley and spent his later years assembling plant and animal catalogues while writing extensively on theology and natural history.
[고2 2023년 06월 – 29번: 자기보고식 설문조사의 한계와 사회적 동기 편향]
Research psychologists often work with self-report data, made up of participants' verbal accounts of their behavior. This is the case whenever questionnaires, interviews, or personality inventories are used to measure variables. Self-report methods can be quite useful. They take advantage of the fact that people have a unique opportunity to observe themselves full-time. However, self-reports can be plagued by several kinds of distortion. One of the most problematic of these distortions is the social desirability bias, which is a tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself. Subjects who are influenced by this bias work overtime trying to create a favorable impression, especially when subjects are asked about sensitive issues. For example, many survey respondents will report that they voted in an election or gave to a charity when in fact it is possible to determine that they did not.
Possible Titles:
1. The Challenges of Self-Report Data: Understanding Social Desirability Bias
2. Navigating Self-Report Distortions in Psychological Research
3. The Reliability of Self-Report Data: How Social Desirability Bias Impacts Responses
4. Research Challenges in Self-Reporting: Why Social Approval Skews Survey Data
Main Idea #1:
Self-report data provides valuable insights but is often affected by social desirability bias, leading participants to offer socially approved answers.
Main Idea #2:
In surveys and interviews, social desirability bias distorts self-reported data, particularly on sensitive topics, as participants tend to misrepresent their behavior to create a favorable impression.
Summary:
Research psychologists frequently rely on self-report data from questionnaires and interviews, benefiting from participants' full-time self-observation. However, these data are prone to social desirability bias, where respondents provide socially approved answers to appear favorable. For instance, participants may claim they voted or donated to charity even when it can be verified that they did not.
Key Points:
1. Self-report data is obtained through questionnaires, interviews, and personality inventories.
2. Social desirability bias causes participants to give socially favorable responses, particularly on sensitive topics.
3. Participants often inaccurately report behavior, such as voting or donating, to fit social norms.
4. This bias remains a significant challenge for research psychologists using self-report methods.
[고2 2023년 06월 – 30번: 비관세 장벽이 개발도상국 수출에 미치는 어려움]
Over the past several decades, there have been some agreements to reduce the debt of poor nations, but other economic challenges (like trade barriers) remain. Nontariff trade measures, such as quotas, subsidies, and restrictions on exports, are increasingly prevalent and may be enacted for policy reasons having nothing to do with trade. However, they have a discriminatory effect on exports from countries that lack the resources to comply with requirements of nontariff measures imposed by rich nations. For example, the huge subsidies that rich nations give to their farmers make it very difficult for farmers in the rest of the world to compete with them. Another example would be domestic health or safety regulations, which, though not specifically targeting imports, could impose significant costs on foreign manufacturers seeking to conform to the importer's market. Industries in developing markets may have more difficulty absorbing these additional costs.
Possible Titles:
1. The Economic Impact of Trade Barriers on Developing Nations
2. How Nontariff Measures Disadvantage Developing Countries in Global Trade
3. Trade Challenges for Poor Nations: The Burden of Subsidies and Regulations
4. Reducing Debt but Raising Barriers: How Nontariff Measures Hinder Developing Economies
Main Idea #1:
While debt reduction efforts exist, nontariff trade measures continue to disadvantage developing nations in global trade.
Main Idea #2:
Quotas, subsidies, and domestic regulations create discriminatory barriers that poorer nations struggle to overcome due to limited resources, making it difficult for them to compete with subsidized farmers and conform to costly safety and health standards.
Summary:
Despite debt reduction agreements, developing nations face discriminatory nontariff measures like quotas, subsidies, and domestic regulations that inhibit their exports. Rich nations' subsidies make competition challenging, while health and safety regulations impose significant costs, especially on industries in poorer countries with fewer resources to absorb these expenses.
Key Points:
1. Trade barriers beyond tariffs disadvantage poorer nations in the global market.
2. Rich nations' agricultural subsidies hinder competition from developing markets.
3. Domestic health and safety regulations create extra costs for foreign manufacturers.
4. Developing nations often lack the resources to comply with these costly trade measures.
[고2 2023년 06월 – 31번: 환경 규제가 혁신을 촉진한 사례]
In the course of his research on business strategy and the environment, Michael Porter noticed a peculiar pattern: Businesses seemed to be profiting from regulation. He also discovered that the stricter regulations were prompting more innovation than the weaker ones. The Dutch flower industry provides an illustration. For many years, the companies producing Holland's world-renowned tulips and other cut flowers were also contaminating the country's water and soil with fertilizers and pesticides. In 1991, the Dutch government adopted a policy designed to cut pesticide use in half by 2000 ― a goal they ultimately achieved. Facing increasingly strict regulation, greenhouse growers realized they had to develop new methods if they were going to maintain product quality with fewer pesticides. In response, they shifted to a cultivation method that circulates water in closed-loop systems and grows flowers in a rock wool substrate. The new system not only reduced the pollution released into the environment; it also increased profits by giving companies greater control over growing conditions.
Possible Titles:
1. How Stricter Regulations Drive Innovation: The Case of the Dutch Flower Industry
2. Profiting from Regulation: Michael Porter's Insight into Environmental Business Strategy
3. The Role of Regulation in Business Innovation: Lessons from Dutch Greenhouse Growers
4. Environmental Regulations and Innovation: How the Dutch Flower Industry Transformed Itself
Main Idea #1:
Michael Porter observed that stricter environmental regulations often lead to business innovation and profitability.
Main Idea #2:
The Dutch flower industry adapted to strict pesticide regulations by developing a closed-loop water system and rock wool substrate, which reduced pollution while improving profitability through better control of growing conditions.
Summary:
Michael Porter's research found that businesses often profit from stricter regulations. For instance, Dutch flower companies adapted to pesticide reduction targets by developing closed-loop water systems and rock wool substrates. These innovations reduced environmental pollution while increasing profitability by allowing greater control over growing conditions.
Key Points:
1. Strict regulations can lead to innovation and increased profitability for businesses.
2. The Dutch flower industry developed innovative, eco-friendly cultivation methods to meet pesticide reduction goals.
3. Closed-loop water systems and rock wool substrates reduced pollution and improved profits.
4. Michael Porter's observations highlight the unexpected benefits of strict environmental regulation on business strategy.
[고2 2023년 06월 – 32번: 노력보다 결과를 중요시하는 경향에 대한 비판]
It's hard to pay more for the speedy but highly skilled person, simply because there's less effort being observed. Two researchers once did a study in which they asked people how much they would pay for data recovery. They found that people would pay a little more for a greater quantity of rescued data, but what they were most sensitive to was the number of hours the technician worked. When the data recovery took only a few minutes, willingness to pay was low, but when it took more than a week to recover the same amount of data, people were willing to pay much more. Think about it: They were willing to pay more for the slower service with the same outcome. Fundamentally, when we value effort over outcome, we're paying for incompetence. Although it is actually irrational, we feel more rational, and more comfortable, paying for incompetence.
Possible Titles:
1. The Perception of Value: Why We Pay More for Slower Services
2. Misjudging Efficiency: How Time Spent Affects Perceived Value in Data Recovery
3. Valuing Effort Over Outcome: The Irrationality Behind Paying for Incompetence
4. Speed vs. Skill: Understanding Why Longer Work Times Command Higher Prices
Main Idea #1:
People tend to value effort over outcome, often willing to pay more for slower services despite receiving the same results.
Main Idea #2:
A study found that people were more willing to pay for data recovery when it took longer, revealing an irrational bias that associates longer working time with greater value, even if it reflects incompetence.
Summary:
Despite the irrationality, people tend to pay more for slower data recovery services due to an inherent bias valuing effort over results. Research shows that people are more willing to pay higher prices for the same outcome when it takes longer to achieve, mistakenly associating extended work time with higher value and competence.
Key Points:
1. People value effort over outcome, often willing to pay more for slower services.
2. A study revealed people would pay more for data recovery that took longer.
3. This bias leads to an irrational willingness to pay for slower, less efficient services.
4. It reflects a misplaced belief that longer working times equate to higher value.
[고2 2023년 06월 – 33번: 환경과 교류를 통해 지적 성장이 일어남]
In adolescence many of us had the experience of falling under the sway of a great book or writer. We became entranced by the novel ideas in the book, and because we were so open to influence, these early encounters with exciting ideas sank deeply into our minds and became part of our own thought processes, affecting us decades after we absorbed them. Such influences enriched our mental landscape, and in fact our intelligence depends on the ability to absorb the lessons and ideas of those who are older and wiser. Just as the body tightens with age, however, so does the mind. And just as our sense of weakness and vulnerability motivated the desire to learn, so does our creeping sense of superiority slowly close us off to new ideas and influences. Some may advocate that we all become more skeptical in the modern world, but in fact a far greater danger comes from the increasing closing of the mind that burdens us as individuals as we get older, and seems to be burdening our culture in general.
Possible Titles:
1. The Open Adolescent Mind: How Youthful Curiosity Shapes Lifelong Thinking
2. Embracing New Ideas: How Age Closes Our Minds to Novel Influences
3. The Closing of the Mind: Navigating Age-Related Declines in Intellectual Openness
4. Lifelong Learning at Risk: Overcoming Intellectual Rigidity as We Age
Main Idea #1:
During adolescence, our open minds absorb new ideas deeply, influencing our thought processes for decades.
Main Idea #2:
With age, our sense of superiority often closes us off to new influences, posing a greater danger than skepticism by limiting intellectual growth both individually and culturally.
Summary:
As adolescents, we are highly receptive to new ideas that shape our thinking for years to come. However, as we age, the mind tightens like the body, and feelings of superiority close us off to new influences. This closing of the mind threatens intellectual growth and poses a greater danger than skepticism, affecting individuals and society as a whole.
Key Points:
1. Adolescents are deeply influenced by great books and writers due to their openness.
2. This openness allows young minds to absorb valuable lessons from older generations.
3. Aging brings about a sense of superiority that limits new intellectual influences.
4. Closing the mind with age endangers individual growth and burdens cultural progress.
[고2 2023년 06월 – 34번: 대중 여론이 반드시 옳지 않을 수 있음]
Many people look for safety and security in popular thinking. They figure that if a lot of people are doing something, then it must be right. It must be a good idea. If most people accept it, then it probably represents fairness, equality, compassion, and sensitivity, right? Not necessarily. Popular thinking said the earth was the center of the universe, yet Copernicus studied the stars and planets and proved mathematically that the earth and the other planets in our solar system revolved around the sun. Popular thinking said surgery didn't require clean instruments, yet Joseph Lister studied the high death rates in hospitals and introduced antiseptic practices that immediately saved lives. Popular thinking said that women shouldn't have the right to vote, yet people like Emmeline Pankhurst and Susan B. Anthony fought for and won that right. We must always remember there is a huge difference between acceptance and intelligence. People may say that there's safety in numbers, but that's not always true.
Possible Titles:
1. The Danger of Popular Thinking: Why Following the Crowd Isn't Always Right
2. Challenging Popular Beliefs: How History Shows the Flaws in Majority Opinion
3. Safety in Numbers: Separating Acceptance from Intelligence in Popular Thinking
4. The Pitfalls of Popular Opinion: Learning from Copernicus, Lister, and Anthony
Main Idea #1:
Many people find safety in popular thinking, believing it represents fairness and truth, but historical examples show that widely accepted beliefs are often flawed.
Main Idea #2:
Copernicus, Lister, and women's suffrage activists like Emmeline Pankhurst challenged popular thinking to uncover truths that transformed society, demonstrating that acceptance doesn't always equate to intelligence.
Summary:
Although popular thinking is often seen as safe and fair, historical figures like Copernicus, Lister, and Pankhurst showed that widely accepted beliefs can be flawed. They challenged these norms to bring about transformative changes, proving that following the crowd doesn't always lead to intelligent or correct outcomes.
Key Points:
1. People assume popular thinking is fair and intelligent, but this isn't always the case.
2. Copernicus disproved the belief that the Earth was the center of the universe.
3. Lister saved lives by challenging the idea that surgery didn't require clean instruments.
4. Pankhurst and Anthony fought against the belief that women shouldn't vote.
5. There is a significant difference between acceptance and intelligence.
[고2 2023년 06월 – 35번: 런던 택시 운전사 자격 취득의 어려움과 그 이유]
Before getting licensed to drive a cab in London, a person has to pass an incredibly difficult test with an intimidating name ─ "The Knowledge." The test involves memorizing the layout of more than 20,000 streets in the Greater London area - a feat that involves an incredible amount of memory resources. In fact, fewer than 50 percent of the people who sign up for taxi driver training pass the test, even after spending two or three years studying for it! And as it turns out, the brains of London cabbies are different from non-cab-driving humans in ways that reflect their herculean memory efforts. In fact, the part of the brain that has been most frequently associated with spatial memory, the tail of the sea horse-shaped brain region called the hippocampus, is bigger than average in these taxi drivers.
Possible Titles:
1. Navigating London: How "The Knowledge" Transforms Taxi Drivers' Brains
2. The Rigorous Challenge of "The Knowledge": Mapping London's Streets and Changing Minds
3. London Cabbies and Their Brain Power: Understanding the Impact of "The Knowledge" Test
4. The Cognitive Demands of Driving in London: How Taxi Drivers Develop Superior Spatial Memory
Main Idea #1:
"The Knowledge" test requires London taxi drivers to memorize the city's layout, with fewer than half of trainees passing after years of preparation.
Main Idea #2:
The intense memorization required for "The Knowledge" test changes London cabbies' brains, enlarging the hippocampus region associated with spatial memory.
Summary:
To be a licensed London cab driver, one must pass "The Knowledge," a challenging test that requires memorizing over 20,000 streets. Less than half of those who attempt it succeed, even after years of studying. This intense preparation alters the brain structure, resulting in a larger hippocampus, the region responsible for spatial memory.
Key Points:
1. "The Knowledge" test demands memorizing the layout of London's 20,000+ streets.
2. Less than 50% of taxi driver trainees pass after years of study.
3. The hippocampus, associated with spatial memory, is significantly enlarged in London cabbies.
4. London cabbies' brains reflect the intense cognitive demands of their training.
[고2 2023년 06월 – 36번: 정책 수립 시 의도치 않은 결과에 대한 고려 필요성]
When evaluating a policy, people tend to concentrate on how the policy will fix some particular problem while ignoring or downplaying other effects it may have. Economists often refer to this situation as The Law of Unintended Consequences. For instance, suppose that you impose a tariff on imported steel in order to protect the jobs of domestic steelworkers. If you impose a high enough tariff, their jobs will indeed be protected from competition by foreign steel companies. But an unintended consequence is that the jobs of some autoworkers will be lost to foreign competition. Why? The tariff that protects steelworkers raises the price of the steel that domestic automobile makers need to build their cars. As a result, domestic automobile manufacturers have to raise the prices of their cars, making them relatively less attractive than foreign cars. Raising prices tends to reduce domestic car sales, so some domestic autoworkers lose their jobs.
Possible Titles:
1. Understanding the Law of Unintended Consequences in Economic Policies
2. The Impact of Tariffs on Domestic Industries and Employment
3. Balancing Policy Decisions with Their Unintended Economic Effects
4. How Protectionist Policies Can Have Ripple Effects Across Industries
Main Idea #1:
Implementing a tariff on imported steel to protect domestic steelworkers' jobs can inadvertently lead to job losses in the domestic auto industry.
Main Idea #2:
Imposing tariffs on imported steel raises costs for domestic car manufacturers, making their cars more expensive and less competitive, ultimately reducing domestic car sales and leading to layoffs.
Summary:
Tariffs on imported steel may safeguard domestic steel jobs but also increase car production costs. Higher prices make domestic cars less competitive internationally, reducing sales and causing domestic autoworkers to lose jobs. Such outcomes exemplify the Law of Unintended Consequences.
Key Points:
1. People often overlook unintended consequences when evaluating policies.
2. Tariffs on imported steel protect domestic steelworkers' jobs but increase costs for automakers.
3. Higher car prices reduce domestic auto sales, causing job losses among domestic autoworkers.
[고2 2023년 06월 – 37번: 기후 변화로 인한 멸종 위기 동식물 사례 ]
Species that are found in only one area are called endemic species and are especially vulnerable to extinction. They exist on islands and in other unique small areas, especially in tropical rain forests where most species are highly specialized. One example is the brilliantly colored golden toad once found only in a small area of lush rain forests in Costa Rica's mountainous region. Despite living in the country's well-protected Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve, by 1989, the golden toad had apparently become extinct. Much of the moisture that supported its rain forest habitat came in the form of moisture-laden clouds blowing in from the Caribbean Sea. But warmer air from global climate change caused these clouds to rise, depriving the forests of moisture, and the habitat for the golden toad and many other species dried up. The golden toad appears to be one of the first victims of climate change caused largely by global warming.
Possible Titles:
1. Climate Change and the Vulnerability of Endemic Species to Extinction
2. How Global Warming Impacts Endemic Wildlife in Tropical Rain Forests
3. The Fragile Existence of Endemic Species in Unique Habitats
4. The Golden Toad: A Cautionary Tale of Climate Change Effects
Main Idea #1:
Endemic species, found in unique areas like islands and tropical rain forests, are especially susceptible to extinction due to their specialized habitats.
Main Idea #2:
The golden toad, once native to a specific region of Costa Rica's rain forest, went extinct due to climate change that dried up its cloud forest habitat by reducing moisture-laden clouds.
Summary:
Endemic species, like the golden toad once found only in Costa Rica's rain forest, are particularly prone to extinction. Climate change altered the cloud patterns that previously provided moisture to their habitat, causing the forest to dry up and leading to the toad's extinction. This highlights the threat of global warming to specialized species.
Key Points:
1. Endemic species are at higher risk of extinction because of their specialized habitats.
2. The golden toad lived exclusively in Costa Rica's Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve.
3. Climate change disrupted the moisture patterns that sustained its habitat, causing the forest to dry up.
4. The extinction of the golden toad exemplifies the harmful effects of global warming on biodiversity.
[고2 2023년 06월 – 38번: 통제된 실험 환경의 중요성]
The fundamental nature of the experimental method is manipulation and control. Scientists manipulate a variable of interest, and see if there's a difference. At the same time, they attempt to control for the potential effects of all other variables. The importance of controlled experiments in identifying the underlying causes of events cannot be overstated. In the real-uncontrolled-world, variables are often correlated. For example, people who take vitamin supplements may have different eating and exercise habits than people who don't take vitamins. As a result, if we want to study the health effects of vitamins, we can't merely observe the real world, since any of these factors (the vitamins, diet, or exercise) may affect health. Rather, we have to create a situation that doesn't actually occur in the real world. That's just what scientific experiments do. They try to separate the naturally occurring relationship in the world by manipulating one specific variable at a time, while holding everything else constant.
Possible Titles:
1. The Critical Role of Manipulation and Control in Scientific Experiments
2. Understanding Controlled Experiments: Separating Variables to Identify Causal Effects
3. Isolating Variables to Identify Causes: The Foundation of Experimental Research
4. Manipulation and Control: How Experiments Clarify Variable Relationships
Main Idea #1:
The experimental method relies on manipulating a specific variable while controlling for other factors to establish causal relationships.
Main Idea #2:
Controlled experiments are essential because real-world observations often involve correlated variables, which makes identifying the direct impact of a single variable difficult without isolating it.
Summary:
The experimental method is based on manipulating one variable while controlling others to identify causal effects. Controlled experiments are crucial because, in the uncontrolled real world, correlated factors can obscure the true causes of events. By isolating one variable at a time, scientists can uncover direct relationships.
Key Points:
1. Scientists manipulate one variable and control for others to find causal relationships.
2. Controlled experiments reveal causes by eliminating correlations that confuse real-world observations.
3. Manipulating one variable at a time while controlling others creates unique experimental conditions.
4. This process helps identify specific effects that would otherwise be hidden in natural settings.
[고2 2023년 06월 – 39번: 지중해식 식단의 건강상 이점]
Why do people in the Mediterranean live longer and have a lower incidence of disease? Some people say it's because of what they eat. Their diet is full of fresh fruits, fish, vegetables, whole grains, and nuts. Individuals in these cultures drink red wine and use great amounts of olive oil. Why is that food pattern healthy? One reason is that they are eating a palette of colors. More and more research is surfacing that shows us the benefits of the thousands of colorful "phytochemicals"(phyto=plant) that exist in foods. These healthful, non‑nutritive compounds in plants provide color and function to the plant and add to the health of the human body. Each color connects to a particular compound that serves a specific function in the body. For example, if you don't eat purple foods, you are probably missing out on anthocyanins, important brain protection compounds. Similarly, if you avoid green‑colored foods, you may be lacking chlorophyll, a plant antioxidant that guards your cells from damage.
Possible Titles:
1. How the Mediterranean Diet Promotes Longevity and Reduces Disease
2. The Role of Plant Phytochemicals in the Mediterranean Diet's Health Benefits
3. The Colorful Secrets of the Mediterranean Diet for a Longer Life
4. Exploring the Health Benefits of Phytochemicals in Mediterranean Foods
Main Idea #1:
The Mediterranean diet, rich in fruits, vegetables, fish, whole grains, and olive oil, is linked to longer life and lower disease rates.
Main Idea #2:
Phytochemicals, non-nutritive compounds that give plants their vibrant colors, are essential to health and found abundantly in the Mediterranean diet. Each color relates to a unique compound that serves a crucial function in the human body, protecting organs and cells.
Summary:
People in the Mediterranean live longer and have fewer diseases, partly due to their diet, which is rich in phytochemicals. These colorful compounds offer various health benefits, like anthocyanins for brain protection from purple foods and chlorophyll for cellular protection from green foods. The diverse colors in their diet directly support health.
Key Points:
1. The Mediterranean diet is linked to lower disease rates and longer life.
2. It includes many colorful foods that contain phytochemicals.
3. Each phytochemical color corresponds to compounds with specific health functions.
4. Purple foods provide anthocyanins for brain protection, and green foods offer chlorophyll for cellular health.
[고2 2023년 06월 – 40번: 행동이 생각에 영향을 미치는 사례]
People behave in highly predictable ways when they experience certain thoughts. When they agree, they nod their heads. So far, no surprise, but according to an area of research known as "proprioceptive psychology," the process also works in reverse. Get people to behave in a certain way and you cause them to have certain thoughts. The idea was initially controversial, but fortunately it was supported by a compelling experiment. Participants in a study were asked to fixate on various products moving across a large computer screen and then indicate whether the items appealed to them. Some of the items moved vertically (causing the participants to nod their heads while watching), and others moved horizontally (resulting in a side-to-side head movement). Participants preferred vertically moving products without being aware that their "yes" and "no" head movements had played a key role in their decisions. -> In one study, participants responded favorably to products on a computer screen when they moved their heads up and down, which showed that their decisions were unconsciously influenced by their behavior.
Possible Titles:
1. Proprioceptive Psychology: How Behavior Influences Thought
2. Understanding How Head Movements Affect Decision-Making
3. The Reverse Influence of Actions on Thoughts in Proprioceptive Psychology
4. Linking Behavior and Thought: Insights from Proprioceptive Psychology Research
Main Idea #1:
People's thoughts and decisions can be influenced by their physical actions, such as nodding their heads up and down or moving them side to side.
Main Idea #2:
A study demonstrated that participants favored products more when their head movements mimicked a nodding "yes," showing that unconscious physical behavior can affect preferences and decisions.
Summary:
People's physical actions influence their thoughts in predictable ways. A study showed that participants favored products more when their head movements resembled nodding "yes," revealing the unconscious influence of behavior on decision-making.
Key Points:
1. People's behaviors, like nodding or shaking their heads, affect their thoughts and decisions.
2. Proprioceptive psychology studies how physical actions can shape mental processes.
3. In an experiment, participants preferred products that caused them to nod their heads up and down.
4. These findings reveal how unconscious behaviors can significantly influence decision-making.
[고2 2023년 06월 – 41~42번: 일상적 경험은 기억하기 어렵고 특별한 경험은 기억하기 쉬움]
Events or experiences that are out of ordinary tend to be remembered better because there is nothing competing with them when your brain tries to access them from its storehouse of remembered events. In other words, the reason it can be difficult to remember what you ate for breakfast two Thursdays ago is that there was probably nothing special about that Thursday or that particular breakfast ― consequently, all your breakfast memories combine together into a sort of generic impression of a breakfast. Your memory merges similar events not only because it's more efficient to do so, but also because this is fundamental to how we learn things ― our brains extract abstract rules that tie experiences together. This is especially true for things that are routine. If your breakfast is always the same ― cereal with milk, a glass of orange juice, and a cup of coffee for instance ― there is no easy way for your brain to extract the details from one particular breakfast. Ironically, then, for behaviors that are routinized, you can remember the generic content of the behavior (such as the things you ate, since you always eat the same thing), but particulars to that one instance can be very difficult to call up (such as the sound of a garbage truck going by or a bird that passed by your window) unless they were especially distinctive. On the other hand, if you did something unique that broke your routine ― perhaps you had leftover pizza for breakfast and spilled tomato sauce on your dress shirt ― you are more likely to remember it.
Possible Titles:
1. Understanding How Unique Events Stand Out in Our Memory
2. How the Brain Blurs Routine Memories and Highlights the Unusual
3. The Role of Routine and Novelty in Memory Formation
4. Why Our Memory Blends Routine Events but Highlights Unique Experiences
Main Idea #1:
Our brains remember unique or out-of-the-ordinary experiences better because they have fewer similar events to compete with in memory.
Main Idea #2:
Routine activities, like eating the same breakfast daily, blur together in our memory as the brain combines similar events to extract common patterns. Only distinct details, like unusual meals or accidents, stand out clearly.
Summary:
Unusual events are easier to recall because they don't compete with similar memories. Routine experiences blend together, as the brain extracts patterns from similar events. Unique instances, like a spilled breakfast or an unexpected meal, stand out and are more memorable.
Key Points:
1. Unique events are easier to recall due to a lack of competing memories.
2. Routine events blur together in memory because the brain extracts abstract patterns.
3. Routine activities, like repetitive breakfasts, are stored as generic impressions.
4. Breaking routine, like eating a different meal or encountering an accident, helps specific memories stand out.
[고2 2023년 06월 – 43~45번: 유명한 가수인 Henrietta가 과거 경쟁자인 Amelia를 도와주는 인도적인 행동에 대한 이야기]
Henrietta is one of the greatest "queens of song." She had to go through a severe struggle before she attained the enviable position as the greatest singer Germany had produced. At the beginning of her career she was hissed off a Vienna stage by the friends of her rival, Amelia. But in spite of this defeat, Henrietta endured until all Europe was at her feet. Many years later, when Henrietta was at the height of her fame, one day she was riding through the streets of Berlin. Soon she came across a little girl leading a blind woman. She was touched by the woman's helplessness, and she impulsively beckoned the child to her, saying "Come here, my child. Who is that you are leading by the hand?" The answer was, "That's my mother, Amelia Steininger. She used to be a great singer, but she lost her voice, and she cried so much about it that now she can't see anymore." Henrietta inquired their address and then told the child, "Tell your mother an old acquaintance will call on her this afternoon." She searched out their place and undertook the care of both mother and daughter. At her request, a skilled doctor tried to restore Amelia's sight, but it was in vain. But Henrietta's kindness to her former rival did not stop here. The next week she gave a benefit concert for the poor woman, and it was said that on that occasion Henrietta sang as she had never sung before. And who can doubt that with the applause of that vast audience there was mingled the applause of the angels in heaven who rejoice over the good deeds of those below?
Possible Titles:
1. Triumph and Compassion: Henrietta's Journey from Rivalry to Kindness
2. From Defeat to Fame: Henrietta's Generosity Toward Her Former Rival
3. Henrietta's Legacy: Overcoming Adversity and Showing Compassion in Song
4. How Henrietta Transformed Rivalry into Support and Compassion
Main Idea #1:
Henrietta rose to prominence as one of Germany's greatest singers despite early struggles, including being jeered off stage by her rival's supporters.
Main Idea #2:
After becoming famous, Henrietta showed compassion to her former rival, Amelia, who had become blind, providing financial support and organizing a benefit concert to help her.
Summary:
Henrietta, once defeated by her rival Amelia's supporters, rose to fame and extended kindness to the now-blind Amelia by organizing a benefit concert to support her. Henrietta's journey from rivalry to generosity reflects her remarkable triumph and compassion.
Key Points:
1. Henrietta faced early career struggles but became one of Germany's greatest singers.
2. Despite their rivalry, Henrietta cared for her blind former competitor, Amelia.
3. She organized a benefit concert to support Amelia and her daughter.
4. Henrietta's act of generosity showed her ability to rise above past conflicts.
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