[고2] 2024년 10월 – 35번: 공공 자원의 과잉 사용으로 인한 '공유지의 비극' 설명

Any new resource (e.g., a new airport, a new mall) always opens with people benefiting individually by sharing a common resource (e.g., the city or state budget). Soon, at some point, the amount of traffic grows too large for the "commons" to support. Traffic jams, overcrowding, and overuse lessen the benefits of the common resource for everyone ─ the tragedy of the commons! If the new resource cannot be expanded or provided with additional space, it becomes a problem, and you cannot solve the problem on your own, in isolation from your fellow drivers or walkers or competing users. The total activity on this new resource keeps increasing, and so does individual activity; but if the dynamic of common use and overuse continues too long, both begin to fall after a peak, leading to a crash. What makes the "tragedy of commons" tragic is the crash dynamic ─ the destruction or degeneration of the common resource's ability to regenerate itself.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Archetype 4. Tragedy of the Commons Management Principle: Continuous Increase in Use of a Common Resource Will Eventually Overstrain the Resource Until It Crashes Any new resource (e.g., a new expressway, a new airport, a new mall, a new charter school, a children's park, a new credit union) always opens with people benefiting individually by sharing a common resource (e.g., the city or state budget). Soon, at some point, the amount of traffic grows too large for the “commons” to support; congestion, overcrowding, and overuse lessen the benefits of the common resource for everyone ~ the tragedy of the commons! If the new resource cannot be expanded or replenished with additional space, it becomes a constraint, a problem, and you cannot solve the problem on your own, in isolation from your fellow drivers or pedestrians or competing users. The total activity on this new resource keeps increasing, and so does individual activity; but both begin to fall after a peak, the latter faster than the former. Eventually, if the dynamic of common use and overuse continues too long, the total activity will also hit a peak and crash. What makes the “tragedy of commons” tragic is the crash dynamic - the destruction or degeneration of the common resource's ability to regenerate itself. The tragedy of the commons, thus, is a corollary of the “limits to growth” archetype.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 36번: 뇌가 시각 정보를 단순화하고 일반화하는 방식으로 에너지를 절약

Theoretically, our brain would have the capacity to store all experiences throughout life, reaching the quality of a DVD. However, this theoretical capacity is offset by the energy demand associated with the process of storing and retrieving information in memory. As a result, the brain develops efficient strategies, becoming dependent on shortcuts. When we observe a face, the visual image captured by the eyes is highly variable, depending on the point of view, lighting conditions and other contextual factors. Nevertheless, we are able to recognize the face as the same, maintaining the underlying identity. The brain, rather than focusing on the details of visualization, creates and stores general patterns that allow for consistent recognition across diverse circumstances. This ability to match what we see with general visual memory patterns serves as an effective mechanism for optimizing brain performance and saving energy. The brain, being naturally against unnecessary effort, constantly seeks to simplify and generalize information to facilitate the cognitive process.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭) - 구글 검색 불가

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 37번: 과학 연구에서 창의적 해석이 이론 형성에 미치는 영향

Where scientific research is concerned, explanatory tales are expected to adhere closely to experimental data and to illuminate the regular and predictable features of experience. However, this paradigm sometimes conceals the fact that theories are deeply loaded with creative elements that shape the construction of research projects and the interpretations of evidence. Scientific explanations do not just relate a chronology of facts. They construct frameworks for systematically chosen data in order to provide a consistent and meaningful explanation of what is observed. Such constructions lead us to imagine specific kinds of subject matter in particular sorts of relations, and the storylines they inspire will prove more effective for analyzing some features of experience over others. When we neglect the creative contributions of such scientific imagination and treat models and interpretive explanations as straightforward facts ─ even worse, as facts including all of reality ─ we can blind ourselves to the limitations of a given model and fail to note its potential for misunderstanding a situation to which it ill applies.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Mechanistic Stories in Humane Practices Where scientific research is concerned, explanatory tales are expected to adhere closely to experimental data and to illuminate the regular and predictable features of experience. However, and as Misak has explained, this mode of operation sometimes disguises the fact that theories are deeply laden with creative elements that shape the construction of research projects and the interpretations of evidence. Scientific explanations do not just relate a chronology of facts. They construct frameworks for—they “emplot”—systematically chosen data in order to provide a coherent and meaningful explanation of what is observed. Such constructions lead us to imagine specific kinds of subject matter in particular sorts of relations, and the storylines they inspire will prove more effective for analyzing some features of experience over others. When we neglect the creative contributions of the scientific imagination and treat models and interpretive explanations as straightforward facts—even worse, as facts exhaustive of reality—we can blind ourselves to the limitations of a given model and fail to note its potential for misunderstanding a situation to which it ill applies.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 38번: 문학이 사회적 변화를 촉진하거나 방해할 수 있는 방식

We encounter contrary claims about the relation of literature to action. Theorists have maintained that literature encourages solitary reading and reflection as the way to engage with the world and thus counters the social and political activities that might produce social change. At best it encourages detachment or appreciation of complexity, and at worst passivity and acceptance of what is. But on the other hand, literature has historically been seen as dangerous: it promotes the questioning of authority and social arrangements. Plato banned poets from his ideal republic because they could only do harm, and novels have long been credited with making people dissatisfied with their lives and eager for something new. By promoting identification across divisions of class, gender, and race, books may promote a fellowship that discourages struggle; but they may also produce a keen sense of injustice that makes progressive struggles possible. Historically, works of literature are credited with producing change: Uncle Tom's Cabin, a best-seller in its day, helped create a revulsion against slavery that made possible the American Civil War.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

We also encounter contrary claims about the relation of literature to action. Theorists have maintained that literature encourages solitary reading and reflection as the way to engage with the world and thus counters the social and political activities that might produce change. At best, it encourages detachment or appreciation of complexity, and at worst passivity and acceptance of what is. But, on the other hand, literature has historically been seen as dangerous: it promotes the questioning of authority and social arrangements. Plato banned poets from his ideal republic because they could only do harm, and novels have long been credited with making people dissatisfied with the lives they inherit and eager for something new—whether life in big cities or romance or revolution. By promoting identification across divisions of class, gender, race, nation, and age, books promote a ‘fellow-feeling’ that may discourage struggle but may also produce identifications and a keen sense of injustice that make progressive struggles possible. Historically, works of literature are credited with producing change: Harriet Beecher Stowe’s *Uncle Tom’s Cabin*, a bestseller in its day, helped create a revulsion against slavery that made possible the American Civil War.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 39번: Hobbes의 자연 상태에서 인간의 본성과 도덕적 자유의 한계

According to Hobbes, man is not a being who can act morally in spite of his instinct to protect his existence in the state of nature. Hence, the only place where morality and moral liberty will begin to find an application begins in a place where a sovereign power, namely the state, emerges. Hobbes thus describes the state of nature as a circumstance in which man's life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short". It means when people live without a general power to control them all, they are indeed in a state of war. In other words, Hobbes, who accepted that human beings are not social and political beings in the state of nature, believes that without the power human beings in the state of nature are "antisocial and rational based on their selfishness". Moreover, since society is not a natural phenomenon and there is no natural force bringing people together, what will bring them together as a society is not mutual affection according to Hobbes. It is, rather, mutual fear of men's present and future that assembles them, since the cause of fear is a common drive among people in the state of nature.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

By continuing the same logic, Hobbes claims that the equality and freedom of people in terms of obtaining anything on nature leads to the enmity among individuals, for “if any two men desire the same thing, which nevertheless they cannot both enjoy, they become enemies; and in the way to their end (which is principally their own conservation, and sometimes their delectation only) endeavour to destroy or subdue one another” (Ibid). The important point that can be drawn from this Hobbesian description of the emergence of enmity among individuals in state of nature is the reality of scarce resources in nature which highly possibly lead to the enmity. In such a state of nature, for Hobbes, three principles lead to the state of war which are: “First competition; secondly, diffidence; thirdly, glory” (Ibid: 77). So, according to Hobbes, if there is no sovereign power over people, morality and so moral freedom will not be in question. Man is not a man who can act morally in spite of his instinct to protect his existence in such a state of nature. Hence, the only place where morality and moral liberty will begin to find an application begins in a place where state emerges. That is, in state of nature everyone will be always at war all against all unless there exists a sovereign power, namely state. Hobbes thus describes the state of nature as a circumstance in which man’s life is “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short” (Ibid: 78). In other words, when people live without a general power to fear them all, they are indeed in a state of war, and this war is the war of all against all (Ibid: 94). Hobbes, who accepted that human being is not social and political being in the state of nature (not zoon politikon in Aristotelian sense) (Ibid: 22), believes that human being in state of nature is an “antisocial and rational based on selfishness”. Moreover, since society is not a natural phenomenon and there is no natural force bringing people together, what will bring them together as a society is not mutual affection according to Hobbes. Rather, it is mutual fear of man’s present and future that brings them together, since the cause of fear is a common drive among people in the state of nature (Ibid: 24-25).

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 40번: 인지적 요소가 색 인식에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구

There is research that supports the idea that cognitive factors influence the phenomenology of the perceived world. Delk and Fillenbaum asked participants to match the color of figures with the color of their background. Some of the figures depicted objects associated with a particular color. These included typically red objects such as an apple, lips, and a symbolic heart. Other objects were presented that are not usually associated with red, such as a mushroom or a bell. However, all the figures were made out of the same red-orange cardboard. Participants then had to match the figure to a background varying from dark to light red. They had to make the background color match the color of the figures. The researchers found that red-associated objects required more red in the background to be judged a match than did the objects that are not associated with the color red. This implies that the cognitive association of objects to color influences how we perceive that color.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭) - 구글 검색 가능하지만 텍스트에 접근 불가능

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

The view that cognitive and emotional factors influence the phenomenology of perception is known as cognitive penetration (Marchi & Newen, 2015). Cognitive penetration means that nonperceptual factors affect what we see, hear, taste, and feel. The opposing view is that perception is not affected by cognitive factors and that only our reporting of perception is. This view is called cognitive impenetrability (Firestone & Scholl, 2016). Impenetrability implies that our perception remains the same, regardless of our cognitive and emotional state. What changes instead is attention, expectation, or our mood state, which is different than our perceptual state. The dominant view in the field is that perception is cognitive impenetrable. However, recent research supports some instances in which cognitive or emotional factors influence the phenomenology of the perceived world. Delk and Fillenbaum (1965) asked participants to match the color of figures with the color of their background. Some of the figures depicted objects associated with a particular color. These included typically red objects such as an apple, lips, and a symbolic heart. Other objects were presented that are not typically associated with red, such as a mushroom or a bell. However, all the figures were made out of the same red-orange cardboard. Participants then had to match the figure to a background varying from dark to light red. They had to make the background color the same as the color of the figures. Delk and Fillenbaum found that red-associated objects (e.g., the apple) required more red in the background to be judged a match than did the objects that were not associated with the color red. This suggests that the knowledge of the objects was influencing people to perceive them as being more red than other objects (Figure 1.22). Hansen, Olkkonen, Walter, and Gegenfurtner (2006) replicated this basic finding. They presented participants with photographs of fruit such as bananas and simple patches of colors. Participants were asked to adjust the color of the object (banana or patch) to the uniform gray background. Hansen et al. found that participants adjusted the fruits differently than the patches of equivalent color. For example, participants added more blue to the banana in order to cancel out the more perceived yellowness of it (we will discuss color cancellation more in Chapter 6). Hansen and colleagues suggest that this implies that the cognitive association of objects to color influences how we perceive that color.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 41~42번: 유전체 복제 과정에서 발생하는 돌연변이의 누적 원리 설명

In each round of genome copying in our body, there is still about a 70 percent chance that at least one pair of chromosomes will have an error. With each round of genome copying, errors accumulate. This is similar to alterations in medieval books. Each time a copy was made by hand, some changes were introduced accidentally; as changes stacked up, the copies may have acquired meanings at variance with the original. Similarly, genomes that have undergone more copying processes will have gathered more mistakes. To make things worse, mutations may damage genes responsible for error checking and repair of genomes, further accelerating the introduction of mutations. Most genome mutations do not have any noticeable effects. It is just like changing the i for a y in "kingdom" would not distort the word's readability. But sometimes a mutation to a human gene results in, for example, an eye whose iris is of two different colors. Similarly, almost everyone has birthmarks, which are due to mutations that occurred as our body's cells multiplied to form skin. If mutations are changes to the genome of one particular cell, how can a patch of cells in an iris or a whole patch of skin, consisting of many individual cells, be affected simultaneously? The answer lies in the cell lineage, the developmental history of a tissue from particular cells through to their fully differentiated state. If the mutation occurred early on in the lineage of the developing iris, then all cells in that patch have inherited that change.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

A full 1 percent of our genes are involved in proofreading and correcting chromosomes. But despite this substantial investment in error correction, DNA copying is not perfect. In each cell division, there are 6 billion letter pairs to copy, check, and correct. The chance for one specific DNA letter pair to be mutated in one such duplication round (the mutation rate) is about 1 in 10 billion. Thus, in each round of genome copying, there is still about a 70 percent chance that at least one pair of letters will have a typo. This number is optimistic, because it assumes that you lead a healthy life. Your genomes can suffer even more changes through toxic chemicals (such as those in cigarette smoke or burned meat) or exposure to ultraviolet radiation (from the sun or visits to tanning salons). Such mutations can be single letters exchanged for others, as in the example above, but in some cases, entire segments of the DNA molecule (whole stretches of letters) are removed or are duplicated and added at seemingly random places. Because of these mutations, you do not have one single genome, but instead many billions of slightly different genomes, one for each of your cells. With each round of genome copying, errors accumulate. This is analogous to alterations in medieval books, which were copied by hand. Each time a copy was made, some changes were introduced inadvertently; over time, as changes accumulated, the copies may have accrued meanings at variance with the original. Similarly, genomes that have undergone more copying processes will have accumulated more mistakes. To make things worse, mutations may damage those genes responsible for the proofreading and repair of genomes, further accelerating the introduction of mutations. Most mutations do not have any noticeable effects, just like changing the *i* for a *y* in “kingdom” would not distort the word’s legibility or meaning. But sometimes a mutation to a human gene results in, for example, an eye whose iris is of two different colors. Similarly, almost everyone has birthmarks, which are due to mutations that occurred as our body’s cells multiplied to form skin. But if mutations are changes to the genome of one particular cell, how can a patch of cells in an iris or a whole patch of skin, consisting of many individual cells, be affected simultaneously? Were all of the millions of cells in the iris of a girl with a blue patch in an otherwise brown eye struck by the same mutation? The answer lies in the cell lineage: if the mutation occurred early on in the lineage of the developing iris, then all cells in that patch have inherited that change.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

관련 자료 바로가기

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 29번: 동물이 특정 경험을 선호하거나 회피하는지 확인하는 방법

Conditioned Place Preference is a way of finding out what animals want. Researchers train them to associate one place with an experience such as food or a loud noise and another place with something completely different, usually where nothing happens. The two places are made obviously different to make it as easy as possible for the animal to associate each place with what happened to it there. The animal's preference for being in one place or another is measured both before and after its experiences in the two places. If there is a shift in where the animal chooses to spend its time for the reward, this suggests that it liked the experience and is trying to repeat it. Conversely, if it now avoids the place the stimulus appeared and starts to prefer the place it did not experience it, then this suggests that it found the stimulus unpleasant. For example, mice with cancer show a preference for the place where they have been given morphine, a drug used to relieve pain, rather than where they have received saline whereas healthy mice developed no such preference. This suggests that the mice with cancer wanted the morphine.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

While there are some situations, like the cow lying experiment, when giving an animal repeated experiences is just practically difficult and cumbersome, there are some situations where it is actually impossible for an animal to have the repeated experiences that are needed for it to give an ‘informed’ opinion of what is happening to it. For example, with a one-off medical procedure such as removal of a tumour, a question might be whether an animal (or a human) would prefer to have post-operative care with drug A or with drug B. It would be quite impossible to carry out same the operation repeatedly with different drugs and then see which one is chosen as the sequence of operations progressed. Fortunately, it is now possible to devise choice tests that avoid repeated testing but still ensure the animal has the relevant experience. Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) is a way of finding out what animals want by training them to associate one place with a single experience such as food or a loud noise and a second place with something completely different, usually where nothing happens (Dixon et al. 2013). The two places are made very obviously different, such as being painted with different colours or patterns, to make it as easy as possible for the animal to associate each place with what happened to it there. The animal’s preference for being in one place or another is measured both before and after its experiences in the two places. If there is a shift in where the animal chooses to spend its time so that it starts to spend more time where it obtained the reward, this suggests that it liked the experience and is trying to repeat it (Bardo and Bevins 2000). Conversely, if it now avoids the place where the stimulus appeared and starts to prefer the place where it did not experience it, then this suggests that it found the stimulus aversive and wanted to get away from it. The advantage of this method is that it can work with just one experience, provided that the animal is clever enough to make the association. CPP is commonly used in pharmacology to test how animals respond to different drugs (Bardo and Bevins 2000). For example, mice with bladder cancer show a preference for the place where they have been given morphine rather than where they have received saline, whereas healthy controls developed no such preference (Roughan et al. 2014). This suggests that the mice with cancer wanted the morphine. Its opposite, Conditioned Place Aversion, has been demonstrated in a number of different species, including fish. Gilt-head bream, Sparus aurata, showed a conditioned avoidance to a place where they had been chased with a dip net compared with a distinctively different place in another part of their tank where they had not been chased (Millot et al. 2014). The fish showed that they did not want to be chased with a net by choosing the place where they had not been chased.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 30번: 새들의 번식 계절이 환경에 따라 어떻게 달라지는지 설명

Near the equator, many species of bird breed all year round. But in temperate and polar regions, the breeding seasons of birds are often sharply defined. They are triggered mainly by changes in day length. If all goes well, the outcome is that birds raise their young when the food supply is at its peak. Most birds are not simply reluctant to breed at other times but they are also physically incapable of doing so. This is because their reproductive system shrinks, which helps flying birds save weight. The main exception to this rule are nomadic desert species. These can initiate their breeding cycle within days of rain. It's for making the most of the sudden breeding opportunity. Also, different species divide the breeding season up in different ways. Most seabirds raise a single brood. In warm regions, however, songbirds may raise several families in a few months. In an exceptionally good year, a pair of House Sparrows, a kind of songbird, can raise successive broods through a marathon reproductive effort.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Breeding seasons On and near the equator, many species of bird breed more or less all year round. But in the rest of the world, particularly in temperate and polar regions, the breeding seasons of birds are often sharply defined. They are triggered mainly by changes in day length, although rising temperatures also play a part. If all goes well, the outcome is that birds raise their young when the food supply is at its peak. Most birds are not simply reluctant to breed at other times—they are physically incapable of doing so. This is because their reproductive system shuts down and shrinks, an adaptation that helps flying birds save weight. The main exception to this rule are nomadic desert species, such as Zebra Finches and Budgerigars. These can “switch on” their breeding cycle within days of rain to make the most of the sudden breeding opportunity. When the breeding season is in progress, different species divide it up in different ways. Most seabirds raise a single brood, often consisting of one young. In warm regions, however, songbirds may raise several families in a few months. In an exceptionally good year, a pair of House Sparrows can raise five successive broods—a marathon reproductive effort.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 31번: 학습 자원 인식 부족이 학생들의 창의성에 미치는 영향

One factor that may hinder creativity is unawareness of the resources required in each activity in students' learning. Often students are unable to identify the resources they need to perform the task required of them. Different resources may be compulsory for specific learning tasks, and recognizing them may simplify the activity's performance. For example, it may be that students desire to conduct some experiments in their projects. There must be a prior investigation of whether the students will have access to the laboratory, equipment, and chemicals required for the experiment. It means preparation is vital for the students to succeed, and it may be about human and financial resources such as laboratory technicians, money to purchase chemicals, and equipment for their learning where applicable. Even if some of the resources required for a task may not be available, identifying them in advance may help students' creativity. It may even lead to changing the topic, finding alternative resources, and other means.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Another factor that may hinder creativity is unawareness of the resources required in each activity in students’ learning. Often students are unable to identify the resources they need to perform the task required of them. Different resources may be compulsory for specific HE learning tasks, and recognizing them may simplify the activity’s performance. For example, it may be that students desire to conduct some experiments in their projects. There must be a prior investigation of whether the students will have access to the laboratory, apparatuses, and chemicals required for the experiment. It means preparation is vital for the students to succeed, and it may be human and financial resources such as laboratory technicians, money to purchase chemicals, and apparatus for their learning where applicable. Even if some of the resources required for a task may not be available, identifying them in advance may help students’ creativity. It may even lead to changing the topic, finding alternative resources, and other means.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 32번: 번역 작업이 다양한 출처와 독자의 기대에 의존하는 방식

All translators feel some pressure from the community of readers for whom they are doing their work. And all translators arrive at their interpretations in dialogue with other people. The English poet Alexander Pope had pretty good Greek, but when he set about translating Homer's Iliad in the early 18th century he was not on his own. He had Greek commentaries to refer to, and translations that had already been done in English, Latin, and French ─ and of course he had dictionaries. Translators always draw on more than one source text. Even when the scene of translation consists of just one person with a pen, paper, and the book that is being translated, or even when it is just one person translating orally for another, that person's linguistic knowledge arises from lots of other texts and other conversations. And then his or her idea of the translation's purpose will be influenced by the expectations of the person or people it is for. In both these senses every translation is a crowd translation.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

In fact, all translators feel some pressure from the community of readers for whom they are doing their work. And all translators arrive at their interpretations in dialogue with other people. The English poet Alexander Pope had pretty good Greek, but when he set about translating Homer’s Iliad in the early 18th century he was not on his own. He had Greek commentaries to refer to, and translations that had already been done in English, Latin, and French—and of course he had dictionaries. Translators always draw on more than one source text. Even when the scene of translation consists of just one person with a pen, paper, and the book that is being translated, or even when it is just one person translating orally for another, that person’s linguistic knowledge arises from lots of other texts and other conversations. And then his or her idea of the translation’s purpose will be influenced by the expectations of the person or people it is for. In both these senses (this is our third key discovery) every translation is a crowd translation.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 33번: 읽기 행위를 단일 개념으로 정의하기 어려운 이유

Some people argue that there is a single, logically consistent concept known as reading that can be neatly set apart from everything else people do with books. Is reading really that simple? The most productive way to think about reading is as a loosely related set of behaviors that belong together owing to family resemblances, as Ludwig Wittgenstein used the phrase, without having in common a single defining trait. Consequently, efforts to distinguish reading from nonreading are destined to fail because there is no agreement on what qualifies as reading in the first place. The more one tries to figure out where the border lies between reading and not-reading, the more edge cases will be found to stretch the term's flexible boundaries. Thus, it is worth attempting to collect together these exceptional forms of reading into a single forum, one highlighting the challenges faced by anyone wishing to establish the boundaries where reading begins and ends. The attempt moves toward an understanding of reading as a spectrum that is expansive enough to accommodate the distinct reading activities.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

THE READING SPECTRUM The idea for this book came while I was finishing another one looking into debates over what counts as “real” reading. Time and again I encountered people who insisted on drawing a sharp line between reading and closely related activities they judged to be impostors (in that case, listening to audio books). It was not their verdicts that held my attention so much as the confidence that there was a single, coherent entity known as reading that could be neatly set apart from everything else people did with books. Is reading really that simple? As this book contends, the most productive way to think about reading is as a loosely related set of behaviors that belong together owing to family resemblances, in Ludwig Wittgenstein’s understanding of the phrase, without having in common a single defining trait. Consequently, efforts to cordon off reading from nonreading are doomed to fail because there is no agreement on what qualifies as reading in the first place. The more one tries to figure out where the border lies between reading and not-reading, the more edge cases will be found to stretch the term’s elastic boundaries. My book attempts to marshal together these exceptional forms of reading into a single forum, one highlighting the challenges faced by anyone wishing to patrol the boundaries over where reading begins and ends. *Reader’s Block* moves toward an understanding of reading as a spectrum that is capacious enough to accommodate the disparate activities documented in the following chapters along with any new ones that will inevitably surface beyond its pages.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 34번: Weber의 법칙으로 자극의 강도에 따른 차이 인식 설명

Weber's law concerns the perception of difference between two stimuli. It suggests that we might not be able to detect a 1-mm difference when we are looking at lines 466 mm and 467 mm in length, but we may be able to detect a 1-mm difference when we are comparing a line 2 mm long with one 3 mm long. Another example of this principle is that we can detect 1 candle when it is lit in an otherwise dark room. But when 1 candle is lit in a room in which 100 candles are already burning, we may not notice the light from this candle. Therefore, the Just-noticeable difference (JND) varies as a function of the strength of the signals. For example, the JND is greater for very loud noises than it is for much more quiet sounds. When a sound is very weak, we can tell that another sound is louder, even if it is barely louder. When a sound is very loud, to tell that another sound is even louder, it has to be much louder. Thus, Weber's law means that it is harder to distinguish between two samples when those samples are larger or stronger levels of the stimuli.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Weber, Fechner, and the Birth of Psychophysics Helmholtz and Hering both approached sensation and perception from the perspective of physiology. Around the same time as Helmholtz and Hering were looking at the relation of physiology and perception, other German scientists were doing work with a more psychological perspective. Ernst Heinrich Weber (1795-1878) discovered Weber's law (though it was Gustav Fechner, another German scientist, who named the law after Weber).  Weber's law states that a just-noticeable difference (JND) between two stimuli is related to the magnitude or strength of the stimuli. What does this mean? Well, it concerns two stimuli that are very similar. Can we detect the difference between two very close red colors, or can we detect the difference between 1.44 mg of sugar dissolved in a cup of water and 1.48 mg of sugar dissolved in a cup of water? Thus, Weber’s law concerns the perception of difference between two stimuli. For more examples, do we hear the difference between a 1,000-Hz tone and one of 1,005 Hz? Another example is whether we see the difference in length between a line 466 mm long and one that is 467 mm long.  Weber's law suggests that we might not be able to detect a 1-mm difference when we are looking at lines 466 and 467 mm in length, but we may be able to detect a 1-mm difference when we are comparing a line 2 mm long with one 3 mm long. Another example of this principle is that we can detect 1 candle when it is lit in an otherwise dark room. But when 1 candle is lit in a room in which 100 candles are already burning, we may not notice the light from this candle.  The JND is greater for very loud noises than it is for much quieter sounds. When a sound is very weak, we can tell that another sound is louder, even if it is barely louder. When a sound is very loud, to tell that another sound is even louder, it has to be much louder. Thus, Weber's law means that it is harder to distinguish between two samples when those samples are larger or stronger levels of the stimuli. To repeat, Weber's law states that a “just-noticeable difference” (JND) between two stimuli is related to the magnitude or strength of the stimuli.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

관련 자료 바로가기

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 20번: 수학적 비판적 사고를 교육과 의사결정 과정에서 강조해야 함

To be mathematically literate means to be able to think critically about societal issues on which mathematics has bearing so as to make informed decisions about how to solve these problems. Dealing with such complex problems through interdisciplinary approaches, mirroring real-world problems requires innovative ways of planning and organizing mathematical teaching methods. Navigating our world means being able to quantify, measure, estimate, classify, compare, find patterns, conjecture, justify, prove, and generalize within critical thinking and when using critical thinking. Therefore, making decisions, even qualitatively, is not possible without using mathematics and critical thinking. Thus, teaching mathematics should be done in interaction with critical thinking along with a decision-making process. They can be developed into the mathematical context, so that there is no excuse to not explicitly support students to develop them.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

3.5 Mathematics and Citizenship To be mathematically literate means to be able to reflect on societal issues on which mathematics has bearing so as to make informed decisions about how to solve these problems. Several papers focus on the fact that the demand for future citizens as well as the workforce of the future depends on educating students who can deal with complex problems that transcend traditional disciplines and make informed decisions. Dealing with complex problems through interdisciplinary approaches, mirtoring real-world problems requires innovative ways of planning and organizing teaching. Navigating our world means being able to quantify, measure, estimate, classify, compare, find patterns, conjecture, justify, prove, and generalize within critical thinking and when using critical thinking. Making decisions without using mathematics, even qualitatively, and critical thinking is not possible. Thus, teaching mathematics should be done in interaction with critical thinking along with a decision-making process. Mathematics education should provide tasks that support the development of the two citizenship competencies. With reference to Malthus and the club of Rome, the theoretical connection among decision making, interdisciplinarity, and mathematical modeling is vindicated. Thus, critical thinking and decision making can be developed into the mathematical context, so that there is no excuse to not explicitly support students to develop them.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 21번: 덕목은 일시적 충동이 아니라 지속적인 도덕적 습관에서 형성됨

Imagine that your usually stingy friend delights in buying you a Christmas present after taking a generosity booster. How would you feel? Undoubtedly, there is something praiseworthy about the action. You'd be pleased to receive the gift. You'd say 'thank you', and mean it. But his change of heart is not entirely satisfying. According to Zagzebski, an American philosopher, he is not really generous. When we praise someone's character, we use words for various virtues: 'generous', 'kind', 'courageous', etc. A person who gives one gift isn't generous. Instead, generosity is a stable part of a person's 'moral identity', an emotional habit that is part of who you are. Thus virtues, as opposed to nontypical impulse, are the result of your personal history. They are part of who you are, as they are part of how your character was formed. Instant virtue is therefore impossible. Popping a pill cannot make you a better person.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

What about the pills to make you a better person? According to Linda Zagzebski, writing in 1996, there is no recommended dose: in small amounts they are useless, in large ones fatal. Imagine that your usually stingy friend delights in buying you a Christmas present. Then you learn that they ve taken a generosity booster. How would you feel? Undoubtedly, there is something commendable about the action. You'd be pleased to receive the gift. You'd say 'thank you', and mean it. But their change of heart is not entirely satisfying. According to Zagzebski, they are not really generous. When we commend someone's character, we use words for various virtues: 'generous', 'kind', 'courageous', etc. A person who gives one gift isn't generous. Instead, generosity is a stable part of a person's 'moral identity', an emotional habit that is part of who you are. Thus virtues, as opposed to atypical whims, are the result of your personal history. They are part of who you are, as they are part of how your character was formed. Instant virtue is therefore impossible, so popping a pill cannot make you a better person.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 22번: 이중성 시스템을 활용해 별의 질량을 계산하는 방법 설명

To determine the mass of my bowling ball, I might put it onto a balance and compare it with a known mass, such as a number of metal cubes each weighing 1, 10, or 100 grams. Things get much more complicated if I want to know the mass of a distant star. How do I measure it? We can roughly say that measuring the mass of a star involves various theories. If we want to measure the mass of a binary star, we first determine a center of mass between the two stars, then their distance from that center which we can then use, together with a value for the period and a certain instance of Kepler's Third Law, to calculate the mass. In other words, in order to "measure" the star mass, we measure other quantities and use those values, together with certain equations, to calculate the mass. Measurement is not a simple and unmediated estimation of independently existing properties, but a determination of certain magnitudes before the background of a number of accepted theories.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

2.3.3 Theory-Ladenness of Measurement Suppose I want to determine the mass of my bowling ball. To that end, I might put it onto an ordinary balance and compare it with a known mass, such as a number of metal cubes each weighing 1, 10, or 100 grams. Things get more - much more - complicated if I want to know the mass of a distant star. Obviously, I cant put it onto any balance. So how do I measure it? The details are actually quite complicated, but we can roughly say that measuring the mass of a star involves various background theories. For example, if we want to measure the mass of a binary star, we first determine a center of mass between the two stars, then their distance from that center which we can then use, together with a value for the period (the time it takes to complete one orbit around each other) and a certain instance of Kepler's Third Law, to calculate the mass. In other words, in order to "measure" the star mass, we measure other quantities and use those values, together with certain equations, to calculate the mass. Obviously, the correctness of such a “measurement” not only depends on the correctness of other measurements (in this case, at least that of the period), but also on the correctness of certain background assumptions, such as Kepler's Laws. Measurement is not a simple and unmediated estimation of independently existing properties, but often a determination of certain magnitudes before the background of a number of accepted theories.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 23번: 쾌락과 고통의 균형이 신체의 항상성을 유지하는 방식

Based on discoveries in neuroscience, pain and pleasure are formed and processed in the same area of the brain. Our bodies constantly strive for homeostasis, which is defined as the balance of bodily functions. Without the body's effective compensatory mechanisms, which may cushion potential highs and lows, we would not be capable of surviving. Pleasure and pain are like two sides of the same coin; they seem to work together and are heavily reliant on one another and keep balance. If you imagine pleasure and pain as the two opposite points on a scale, you can easily understand that as one of the two points rises, the other must correspondingly fall. We've all heard the expression, "No pain, no gain." Well, according to psychiatrist Dr. Anna Lembke, there may be some truth to these words. She says that our attempts to escape being miserable are in fact making us even more miserable. This is because pain is actually an essential component of our ability to maintain a neutral state, and allowing it will in turn reset our internal scale back to balance.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭) - 구글 검색 불가

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 24번: 지속적인 제품 업그레이드 주기로 소비자의 욕구를 형성하는 방식

Manufacturers masterfully sow seeds of doubt about the adequacy of our current devices. Suddenly, the phone that was your lifeline a year ago is now a museum piece, unable to keep pace with your digital demands. And thus, the itch to upgrade begins, often before there's a genuine need. This cycle isn't just confined to our digital companions. It spills over into almost every aspect of consumer electronics, from the self-driving car to the smart fridge. Every product seems to be on an unstoppable march towards the next version, the next generation that promises to revolutionize your life. What's fascinating, or perhaps disturbing, is the utter efficacy of this cycle in shaping our desires. It's not so much that we want the newest device; we're led to believe we need it. The distinction between want and need blurs, shifting our financial priorities in favor of staying current with trends. For all the logical arguments against this ceaseless upgrading, the temptation remains compelling.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭) - 구글 검색 불가

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

관련 자료 바로가기

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 35번: 물 부족 문제의 정치적 원인과 그로 인한 불평등

Today, the water crisis is political ─ which is to say, not inevitable or beyond our capacity to fix ─ and, therefore, functionally elective. That is one reason it is nevertheless distressing: an abundant resource made scarce through governmental neglect and indifference, bad infrastructure and contamination, and careless urbanization. There is no need for a water crisis, in other words, but we have one anyway, and aren't doing much to address it. Some cities lose more water to leaks than they deliver to homes: even in the United States, leaks and theft account for an estimated loss of 16 percent of freshwater; in Brazil, the estimate is 40 percent. Seen in both cases, as everywhere, the selective scarcity clearly highlights have-and-have-not inequities, leaving 2.1 billion people without safe drinking water and 4.5 billion without proper sanitation worldwide.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Today, the crisis is political—which is to say, not inevitable or necessary or beyond our capacity to fix—and, therefore, functionally elective. That is one reason it is nevertheless harrowing as a climate parable: an abundant resource made scarce through governmental neglect and indifference, bad infrastructure and contamination, careless urbanization and development. There is no need for a water crisis, in other words, but we have one anyway, and aren’t doing much to address it. Some cities lose more water to leaks than they deliver to homes: even in the United States, leaks and theft account for an estimated loss of 16 percent of freshwater; in Brazil, the estimate is 40 percent. In both cases, as everywhere, scarcity plays out so nakedly on a stage defined by have-and-have-not inequities that the resulting drama of resource competition can hardly be called, truly, a competition; the deck is so stacked that water shortage looks more like a tool of inequality. The global result is that as many as 2.1 billion people around the world do not have access to safe drinking water, and 4.5 billion don’t have safely managed water for sanitation.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 36번: 사회적 압력이 자존감 및 사회적 행동에 미치는 영향

As individuals, our ability to thrive depended on how well we navigated relationships in a group. If the group valued us, we could count on support, resources, and probably a mate. If it didn't, we might get none of these merits. It was a matter of survival, physically and genetically. Over millions of years, the pressure selected for people who are sensitive to and skilled at maximizing their standing. The result was the development of a tendency to unconsciously monitor how other people in our community perceive us. We process that information in the form of self-esteem and such related emotions as pride, shame, or insecurity. These emotions compel us to do more of what makes our community value us and less of what doesn't. And, crucially, they are meant to make that motivation feel like it is coming from within. If we realized, on a conscious level, that we were responding to social pressure, our performance might come off as grudging or cynical, making it less persuasive.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Human beings are some of the most complex social animals on earth. We evolved to live in leaderless collectives far larger than those of our fellow primates: up to about 150 members. As individuals, our ability to thrive depended on how well we navigated those 149 relationships—not to mention all of our peers’ relationships with one another. If the group valued us, we could count on support, resources, and probably a mate. If it didn’t, we might get none of those. It was a matter of survival, physically and genetically. Over millions of years, those pressures selected for people who are sensitive to and skilled at maximizing their standing. It’s what the anthropologist Brian Hare called “survival of the friendliest.” The result was the development of a sociometer: a tendency to unconsciously monitor how other people in our community seem to perceive us. We process that information in the form of self-esteem and such related emotions as pride, shame, or insecurity. These emotions compel us to do more of what makes our community value us and less of what doesn’t. And, crucially, they are meant to make that motivation feel like it is coming from within. If we realized, on a conscious level, that we were responding to social pressure, our performance might come off as grudging or cynical, making it less persuasive.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 37번: 의식의 문제로 우울증의 원인을 재정의하는 설명

Conventional medicine has long believed that depression is caused by an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain. However, there is a major problem with this explanation. This is because the imbalance of substances in the brain is a consequence of depression, not its cause. In other words, depression causes a decrease in brain substances such as serotonin and noradrenaline, not a decrease in brain substances causes depression. In this revised cause-and-effect, the key is to reframe depression as a problem of consciousness. Our consciousness is a more fundamental entity that goes beyond the functioning of the brain. The brain is no more than an organ of consciousness. If it is not consciousness itself, then the root cause of depression is also a distortion of our state of consciousness: a consciousness that has lost its sense of self and the meaning of life. Such a disease of consciousness may manifest itself in the form of depression.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭) - 구글 검색 불가

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 38번: 심리학이 인간 행동을 과학적으로 연구하는 방법 설명

The common accounts of human nature that float around in society are generally a mixture of assumptions, tales and sometimes plain silliness. However, psychology is different. It is the branch of science that is devoted to understanding people: how and why we act as we do; why we see things as we do; and how we interact with one another. The key word here is 'science.' Psychologists don't depend on opinions and hearsay, or the generally accepted views of society at the time, or even the considered opinions of deep thinkers. Instead, they look for evidence, to make sure that psychological ideas are firmly based, and not just derived from generally held beliefs or assumptions. In addition to this evidence-based approach, psychology deals with fundamental processes and principles that generate our rich cultural and social diversity, as well as those shared by all human beings. These are what modern psychology is all about.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

In the Beginning The Greeks, Galen and the Influence of the East Psychology is fascinating and, in many ways, it is at the heart of being human. After all, understanding – or trying to understand – other people’s minds and behaviour is something all of us do every day. It’s how we get along in families, social groups and societies. And, quite often, we get it wrong. We might think we know what other people are like, and then we’re astounded when they don’t seem to see things as we do, or they behave in a strange (to us) way. We form ideas about human nature around what we have read or watched, which can be misleading. We often fail to appreciate that our understanding of people is rooted in our particular time, place and culture, and might not apply to others. Or we take for granted beliefs that people have held for millennia, without questioning where they came from. The common accounts of human nature that float around in society are generally a mixture of assumption, anecdote and sometimes plain silliness. Psychology is different. Psychology is the branch of science that is devoted to understanding people: how and why we act as we do; why we see things as we do; and how we interact with one another. The key word here is ‘science’. Psychologists don’t depend on opinions and hearsay, or the generally accepted views of society at the time, or even the considered opinions of deep thinkers. Instead, we look for evidence, to make sure that psychological ideas are firmly based, and not just derived from generally held beliefs or conjecture. As different as human beings are, there are processes and principles that we all have in common, and there are processes and principles that produce our wonderful cultural and social differences. These are what modern psychology is all about.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 39번: 생물학적 채널화 이론을 통한 질병과 건강의 표현 방식

Life is what physicists might call a 'high-dimensional system,' which is their fancy way of saying that there's a lot going on. In just a single cell, the number of possible interactions between different molecules is enormous. Such a system can only hope to be stable if only a smaller number of collective ways of being may emerge. For example, it is only a limited number of tissues and body shapes that may result from the development of a human embryo. In 1942, the biologist Conrad Waddington called this drastic narrowing of outcomes canalization. The organism may switch between a small number of well-defined possible states, but can't exist in random states in between them, rather as a ball in a rough landscape must roll to the bottom of one valley or another. We'll see that this is true also of health and disease: there are many causes of illness, but their manifestations at the physiological and symptomatic levels are often strikingly similar.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭) - 구글 검색 불가

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 40번: '트릭 처벌'이 아동 행동에 부정적 영향을 미치는 이유

Punishing a child may not be effective due to what Alvaro Bilbao, a neuropsychologist, calls 'trick-punishments.' A trick-punishment is a scolding, a moment of anger or a punishment in the most classic sense of the word. Instead of discouraging the child from doing something, it encourages them to do it. For example, Hugh learns that when he hits his little brother, his mother scolds him. For a child who feels lonely, being scolded is much better than feeling invisible, so he will continue to hit his brother. In this case, his mother would be better adopting a different strategy. For instance, she could congratulate Hugh when he has not hit his brother for a certain length of time. The mother clearly cannot allow the child to hit his little brother, but instead of constantly pointing out the negatives, she can choose to reward the positives. In this way, any parent can avoid trick-punishments.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Trick-punishments Another reason that punishments may not be effective is due to what I call “trick-punishments”. A trick-punishment is a reprimand, a moment of anger or a punishment in the most classic sense of the word. Instead of discouraging the child from doing something, it encourages them to do it. Trick-punishments appear when the child, usually one who does not receive enough attention from their parents, as they spend little time with their child and don’t know how to reinforce positive behaviour, learns that they receive more attention by doing things wrong. For example, Hugh learns that when he hits his little brother, his mother scolds him. For a child who feels lonely, being scolded is much better than feeling invisible, so he will continue to hit his brother. In this case, his mother would be better adopting a different strategy. For example, she could congratulate Hugh when he has not hit his brother for a certain length of time. She could also spend a little time with Hugh every day, once she has put his little brother to bed. The mother clearly cannot allow the child to hit his little brother, but instead of constantly pointing out the negatives, she can choose to reward the positives. In this way, any parent can avoid trick-punishments; they can turn the situation on its head by focusing on the positives and not giving so much “prominence” to the negatives.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 41~42번: 인간이 생존을 위해 애매한 대상에도 의도를 부여하는 경향

From an early age, we assign purpose to objects and events, preferring this reasoning to random chance. Children assume, for instance, that pointy rocks are that way because they don't want you to sit on them. When we encounter something, we first need to determine what sort of thing it is. Inanimate objects and plants generally do not move and can be evaluated from physics alone. However, by attributing intention to animals and even objects, we are able to make fast decisions about the likely behaviour of that being. This was essential in our hunter-gatherer days to avoid being eaten by predators. The anthropologist Stewart Guthrie made the point that survival in our evolutionary past meant that we interpret ambiguous objects as agents with human mental characteristics, as those are the mental processes which we understand. Ambiguous events are caused by such agents. This results in a perceptual system strongly biased towards anthropomorphism. Therefore, we tend to assume intention even where there is none. This would have arisen as a survival mechanism. If a lion is about to attack you, you need to react quickly, given its probable intention to kill you. By the time you have realized that the design of its teeth and claws could kill you, you are dead. So, assuming intent, without detailed design analysis or understanding of the physics, has saved your life.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Agency Detection and Theory of Mind Our mind functions as it does as the result of millions of years of evolution, of responding to past problems. And because all humans have similar cognitive apparatus, we are able to communicate with each other, especially through language, resulting in different humans generating similar (though not identical) mental representations of a particular concept. From an early age, we ascribe purpose to objects and events, preferring this reasoning to random chance; we create purposes for things and things for purposes. Children assume, for instance, that pointy rocks are that way because they don’t want you to sit on them. When we encounter something, we first need to determine what sort of thing it is. Inanimate objects and plants generally do not move and can be evaluated from physics alone. However, by assuming a design purpose or, even more effectively, imputing intention to animals, other humans, and even objects, we are able to make fast decisions about the likely behaviour of that being. This was essential in our hunter-gatherer days to avoid being eaten by predators. The anthropologist Stewart Guthrie made the point that survival in our evolutionary past meant that we interpret ambiguous objects as agents with human mental characteristics, as those are the mental processes which we understand. Ambiguous events are caused by such agents. This results in a perceptual system strongly biased towards anthropomorphism. As a result, we tend to assume intention even where there is none. This would have arisen as a survival mechanism, aided by a theory of mind. If a lion is about to attack you, you need to react quickly, given its likely intention to kill you. By the time you have determined that the design of its teeth and claws could kill you, or calculated the physics of the working of its body when it leaps on you, you are dead. So, assuming intent, without detailed design analysis or understanding of the physics, has saved your life.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

관련 자료 바로가기

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 29번: 디지털 기술이 어떻게 사용자의 인식을 강력하게 변화시키는지 설명

Digital technologies are essentially related to metaphors, but digital metaphors are different from linguistic ones in important ways. Linguistic metaphors are passive, in the sense that the audience needs to choose to actively enter the world proposed by metaphor. In the Shakespearean metaphor "time is a beggar," the audience is unlikely to understand the metaphor without cognitive effort and without further engaging Shakespeare's prose. Technological metaphors, on the other hand, are active (and often imposing) in the sense that they are realized in digital artifacts that are actively doing things, forcefully changing a user's meaning horizon. Technological creators cannot generally afford to require their potential audience to wonder how the metaphor works; normally the selling point is that the usefulness of the technology is obvious at first glance. Shakespeare, on the other hand, is beloved in part because the meaning of his works is not immediately obvious and requires some thought on the part of the audience.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Digital technologies are essentially related to metaphors, but digital metaphors are different from linguistic ones in important ways. Linguistic metaphors are passive, in the sense that the audience needs to choose to actively engage the world proposed by metaphor. Returning to the Shakespearean metaphor “time is a beggar,” the audience is unlikely to understand the metaphor without cognitive effort and without further engaging Shakespeare’s prose. Technological metaphors, on the other hand, are active (and often imposing) in the sense that they are realized in digital artifacts that are actively doing things, forcefully changing a user’s meaning horizon. Technological creators cannot generally afford to require their potential audience to wonder how the metaphor works; normally the selling point is that the usefulness of the technology is obvious at first glance. Shakespeare, on the other hand, is beloved in part because the meaning of his works is not superficially obvious and requires some thought on the part of the audience.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 30번: Herbert Simon의 정보 처리 한계와 집단 학습의 중요성

Herbert Simon won his Nobel Prize for recognizing our limitations in information, time, and cognitive capacity. As we lack the resources to compute answers independently, we distribute the computation across the population and solve the answer slowly, generation by generation. Then all we have to do is socially learn the right answers. You don't need to understand how your computer or toilet works; you just need to be able to use the interface and flush. All that needs to be transmitted is which button to push ─ essentially how to interact with technologies rather than how they work. And so instead of holding more information than we have mental capacity for and indeed need to know, we could dedicate our large brains to a small piece of a giant calculation. We understand things well enough to benefit from them, but all the while we are making small calculations that contribute to a larger whole. We are just doing our part in a larger computation for our societies' collective brains.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Herbert Simon won his Nobel Prize for realizing that we have limited information, limited time, and limited cognitive capacity. But long before Simon, evolution realized it too. Since we didn’t have information, time, or intelligence to compute the answers by ourselves, we distributed the computation across the population and solved the answer slowly, generation by generation. Then all we had to do was socially learn the right answers. Using this approach, we could limit our reason and causal understanding to minor tweaks with partial causal models of the world. You don’t need to understand how your computer or toilet works, you just need to be able to use the interface and flush. All that needs to be transmitted are which buttons to push - essentially how to interact with technologies rather than how they work. And so instead of holding more information than we have mental capacity for and indeed need to know, we could dedicate our large brains to a small sliver of a giant calculation. We understand things well enough to benefit from them or attempt to make improvements, but all the while we are making small calculations that contribute to a larger whole - like a wisdom of the crowds. We are just doing our part in a larger computation for our societies’ collective brains. Yet sometimes our societies’ wisdom of the crowds is instead madness of the masses.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 31번: 문어의 위장술과 이를 관찰한 사진작가들의 경험 이야기

The best defence most species of octopus have is to stay hidden as much as possible and do their own hunting at night. So to find one in full view in the shallows in daylight was a surprise for two Australian underwater photographers. Actually, what they saw at first was a flounder. It was only when they looked again that they saw a medium-sized octopus, with all eight of its arms folded and its two eyes staring upwards to create the illusion. An octopus has a big brain, excellent eyesight and the ability to change colour and pattern, and this one was using these assets to turn itself into a completely different creature. Many more of this species have been found since then, and there are now photographs of octopuses that could be said to be transforming into sea snakes. And while they mimic, they hunt ─ producing the spectacle of, say, a flounder suddenly developing an octopodian arm, sticking it down a hole and grabbing whatever's hiding there.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭) - 구글 검색 불가. 다른 경로로 검색.

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

If you are a medium-sized predator, the average octopus is one of the most edible animals in the sea. It’s substantial and meaty, and without a shell, bones, spines, poisons or any other unpleasant defence mechanisms. In fact, the best defence most species of octopus have is to stay hidden as much as possible and do their own hunting at night. So to find one in full view in the shallows in daylight was a surprise for two Australian underwater photographers, swimming off the Indonesian island of Flores in the early 1990s. Actually, what they saw at first was a flounder. It was only when they looked again that they saw a medium-sized octopus, with all eight of its arms folded and its two eyes staring upwards to create the illusion of a fishy body. An octopus has a big brain, excellent eyesight and the ability to change colour and pattern, and this one was using these assets to turn itself into a completely different creature. Many more of this species have been found since then, and there are now photographs of octopuses that could be said to be morphing into sea snakes (six arms down a hole, and two undulating menacingly), hermit crabs, stingrays, crinoids, holothurians, snake eels, brittlestars, ghost crabs, mantis shrimp, blennies, jawfish, jellyfish, lionfish and sand anemones. And while they mimic, they hunt – producing the spectacle of, say, a flounder suddenly developing an octopodian arm, sticking it down a hole and grabbing whatever’s hiding there.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 32번: 고통의 해석이 심리적 고통의 정도에 미치는 영향

How much we suffer relates to how we frame the pain in our mind. When 1500m runners push themselves into extreme pain to win a race ─ their muscles screaming and their lungs exploding with oxygen deficit, they don't psychologically suffer much. In fact, ultra-marathon runners ─ those people who are crazy enough to push themselves beyond the normal boundaries of human endurance, covering distances of 50-100km or more over many hours, talk about making friends with their pain. When a patient has paid for some form of passive back pain therapy and the practitioner pushes deeply into a painful part of a patient's back to mobilise it, the patient calls that good pain if he or she believes this type of deep pressure treatment will be of value, even though the practitioner is pushing right into the patient's sore tissues.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

How much we suffer relates to how we frame the pain in our mind. We can endure great pain if we believe at that it is purposeful. For instance, when a patient has paid for some form of passive back pain therapy and the practitioner pushes deeply into a painful part of a patient’s back to 'mobilise' it, the patient calls that 'good' pain if he or she believes this type of deep pressure treatment will be of value, even though the practitioner is pushing right into the patient’s sore tissues. When 1500m runners push themselves into extreme pain to win a race - their muscles screaming and their lungs exploding with oxygen deficit, they don’t psychologically suffer much from their pain. In fact, ultra-marathon runners - those people who are crazy enough to push themselves beyond the normal boundaries of human endurance, covering distances of 50-100km or more over many hours, talk about 'making friends' with their pain.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 33번: 다양한 가격대의 제품 제공이 소비자 선택에 미치는 영향

When I worked for a large electronics company that manufactured laser and ink-jet printers, I soon discovered why there are often three versions of many consumer goods. If the manufacturer makes only one version of its product, people who bought it might have been willing to spend more money, so the company is losing some income. If the company offers two versions, one with more features and more expensive than the other, people will compare the two models and still buy the less expensive one. But if the company introduces a third model with even more features and more expensive than the other two, sales of the second model go up; many people like the features of the most expensive model, but not the price. The middle item has more features than the least expensive one, and it is less expensive than the fanciest model. They buy the middle item, unaware that they have been manipulated by the presence of the higher-priced item.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

When I worked for a large electronics company that manufactured laser and ink-jet printers for industry and households, I soon discovered why there are often three versions of many consumer goods, especially large items such as computer printers and so-called white goods: kitchen and laundry appliances that were traditionally manufactured with white enamel finishes. If the manufacturer makes only one version of its product, people who bought it might have been willing to spend more money, so the company is losing some income. If the company offers two versions, one with more features and more expensive than the other, people will compare the two models and still buy the less expensive one. But if the company introduces a third model with even more features and more expensive than the other two, sales of the second model go up. Why? The company doesn’t expect many people to buy the third, more expensive model, but its very presence makes them choose among the alternatives. They like the features of the most expensive model, but not the price. The middle item has more features than the least expensive one, and it is less expensive than the fanciest model. They buy the middle item (bragging about how much money they have saved), unaware that they have been manipulated by the presence of the higher-priced item.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 34번: 기후 변화가 기후 소설 장르에 미치는 영향 예측

On-screen, climate disaster is everywhere you look, but the scope of the world's climate transformation may just as quickly eliminate the climate-fiction genre ─ indeed eliminate any effort to tell the story of warming, which could grow too large and too obvious even for Hollywood. You can tell stories 'about' climate change while it still seems a marginal feature of human life. But when the temperature rises by three or four more degrees, hardly anyone will be able to feel isolated from its impacts. And so as climate change expands across the horizon, it may cease to be a story. Why watch or read climate fiction about the world you can see plainly out your own window? At the moment, stories illustrating global warming can still offer an escapist pleasure, even if that pleasure often comes in the form of horror. But when we can no longer pretend that climate suffering is distant ─ in time or in place ─ we will stop pretending about it and start pretending within it.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

But the scope of the world’s transformation may just as quickly eliminate the genre—indeed eliminate any effort to tell the story of warming, which could grow too large and too obvious even for Hollywood. You can tell stories “about” climate change while it still seems a marginal feature of human life, or an overwhelming feature of lives marginal to your own. But at three degrees of warming, or four, hardly anyone will be able to feel insulated from its impacts—or want to watch it on-screen as they watch it out their windows. And so as climate change expands across the horizon—as it begins to seem inescapable, total—it may cease to be a story and become, instead, an all-encompassing setting. Why watch or read science fiction about the world you can see plainly out your own window? At the moment, stories illustrating global warming can still offer an escapist pleasure, even if that pleasure often comes in the form of horror. But when we can no longer pretend that climate suffering is distant—in time or in place—we will stop pretending about it and start pretending within it.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

관련 자료 바로가기

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 20번: 가사활동에 운동을 통합하여 건강을 증진하는 방법 제안

For many of us, making time for exercise is a continuing challenge. Between work commitments and family obligations, it often feels like there's no room in our packed schedules for a dedicated workout. But what if the workout came to you, right in the midst of your daily routine? That's where the beauty of integrating mini-exercises into household chores comes into play. Let's be realistic; chores are inevitable. Whether it's washing dishes or taking out the trash, these tasks are an essential part of daily life. But rather than viewing chores as purely obligatory activities, why not seize these moments as opportunities for physical activity? For instance, practice squats or engage in some wall push-ups as you wait for your morning kettle to boil. Incorporating quick exercises into your daily chores can improve your health.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Turn Chores into Fitness Boosters with Daily Tasks   "Take care of your body. It’s the only place you have to live" — Jim Rohm.   For many of us, carving out time for exercise is a perennial challenge. Between work commitments, family obligations, and, let’s face it, the desire for leisure, it often feels like there’s no room in our packed schedules for a dedicated workout. But what if the workout came to you, right in the midst of your daily routine? That’s where the beauty of integrating mini-exercises into household chores comes into play.   Let’s be realistic; chores are inevitable. Whether it’s washing dishes, taking out the trash, or making the bed, these tasks are part and parcel of daily life. But rather than viewing chores as purely obligatory activities, why not seize these moments as opportunities for physical activity? For instance, practice isometric squats while you brush your teeth, or engage in some standing press-ups as you wait for your morning kettle to boil.   The benefits of these mini-workouts extend beyond the mere physical. Incorporating quick exercises into your daily chores can also make these mundane tasks more engaging and enjoyable. Imagine how much quicker time would pass if, instead of lamenting over the sink full of dishes, you were focusing on tightening your core muscles or improving your posture. Research from the American Council on Exercise suggests that doing these micro exercises during chores, are practical for building strength and stability, particularly in your lower body and core.   Incorporating mini-exercises doesn’t require a complete overhaul of your routine; it just asks for a little creativity and a willingness to see opportunity where you might not have seen it before. From calf raises while doing laundry to lunges while vacuuming, the possibilities are almost endless.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 21번: 기억이 교육과 경험에 의해 재구성되는 방식과 영향 설명

When we see something, we naturally and automatically break it up into shapes, colors, and concepts that we have learned through education. We recode what we see through the lens of everything we know. We reconstruct memories rather than retrieving the video from memory. This is a useful trait. It's a more efficient way to store information ─ a bit like an optimal image compression algorithm such as JPG, rather than storing a raw bitmap image file. People who lack this ability and remember everything in perfect detail struggle to generalize, learn, and make connections between what they have learned. But representing the world as abstract ideas and features comes at a cost of seeing the world as it is. Instead, we see the world through our assumptions, motivations, and past experiences. The discovery that our memories are reconstructed through abstract representations rather than played back like a movie completely undermined the legal primacy of eyewitness testimony. Seeing is not believing.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Minds are simulators   When we see something - say a rectangular, brown desk - we naturally and automatically break it up into shapes, colors, and concepts that we have learned through education. We recode what we see through the lens of everything we know. We store in our minds not the raw image of the desk, but its features in an abstract manner. You can test yourself for how you’re mentally representing something by trying to draw it. We draw with our abstractions, not with a full picture of what we saw. We reconstruct memories rather than retrieving the video from memory. This is a useful trait. It’s a more efficient way to store information - a bit like an optimal image compression algorithm such as JPG, rather than storing a raw bitmap image file. People who lack this ability and remember everything in perfect detail, struggle to generalize, learn, and make connections between what they have learned. But representing the world as abstract ideas and features comes at a cost of seeing the world as it is. Instead, we see the world through our assumptions, motivations, and past experiences. The discovery that our memories are reconstructed through abstract representations rather than played back like a movie completely undermined the legal primacy of eyewitness testimony. Seeing is not believing.   In her now classic experiments, Elizabeth Loftus showed people a video of a car crash. She then asked people to estimate the speed of the car and whether they saw broken glass when the cars ‘contacted’, ‘hit’, ‘bumped’, ‘collided’, or ‘smashed’ into each other. Different groups were given a different description of the same video scene they all saw. The participants who were asked how fast the cars were going when they ‘smashed’ into each other drew on everything they knew about ‘smashing’ and had the highest estimates for speed and the greatest likelihood of claiming to have seen broken glass. There was no broken glass in the video. It’s because a ‘smashed’ car mentally simulates a lot more damage than one that was only ‘contacted’.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 22번: 첫 인상이 논리적 판단보다 더 정확할 수 있다는 연구 결과

In his Cornell laboratory, David Dunning conducted experimental tests of eyewitness testimony and found evidence that a careful deliberation of facial features and a detailed discussion of selection procedures can actually be a sign of an inaccurate identification. It's when people find themselves unable to explain why they recognize the person, saying things like "his face just popped out at me," that they tend to be accurate more often. Sometimes our first, immediate, automatic reaction to a situation is the truest interpretation of what our mind is telling us. That very first impression can also be more accurate about the world than the deliberative, reasoned self-narrative can be. In his book Blink, Malcolm Gladwell describes a variety of studies in psychology and behavioral economics that demonstrate the superior performance of relatively unconscious first guesses compared to logical step-by-step justifications for a decision.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

In his Cornell laboratory, David Dunning conducted experimental tests of eyewitness testimony and found evidence that a careful deliberation of facial features and a detailed discussion of selection procedures can actually be a sign of an inaccurate identification. It’s when people find themselves unable to explain why they recognize the person, saying things like “his face just popped out at me,” that they tend to be accurate more often. Sometimes our first, immediate, automatic reaction to a situation is the truest rendition of what our mind is really doing. That very first impression can also be more accurate about the world than the deliberative, reasoned self-narrative can be. In his book *Blink*, Malcolm Gladwell describes a variety of studies in psychology and behavioral economics that demonstrate the superior performance of relatively unconscious first guesses compared to logical step-by-step justifications for a decision.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 23번: 구체적인 질문으로 추상적 개념을 명확하게 만드는 방법 제안

Many forms of research lead naturally to quantitative data. A study of happiness might measure the number of times someone smiles during an interaction, and a study of memory might measure the number of items an individual can recall after one, five, and ten minutes. Asking people how many times in a year they are sad will also yield quantitative data, but it might not be reliable. Respondents' recollections may be inaccurate, and their definitions of 'sad' could vary widely. But asking "How many times in the past year were you sad enough to call in sick to work?" prompts a concrete answer. Similarly, instead of asking people to rate how bad a procrastinator they are, ask, "How many of your utility bills are you currently late in paying, even though you can afford to pay them?" Questions that seek concrete responses help make abstract concepts clearer and ensure consistency from one study to the next.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Seek concrete answers, not merely quantitative answers.   Many forms of research lead naturally to quantitative data. A study of happiness might measure the number of times someone smiles during an interaction, and a study of memory might measure the number of items an individual can recall after one, five, and ten minutes.   Asking people how many times in a year they are sad will also yield quantitative data, but it might not be reliable. Respondents’ recollections may be inaccurate, and their definitions of “sad” could vary widely. But asking “How many times in the past year were you sad enough to call in sick to work?” prompts a concrete answer. Similarly, instead of asking people to rate how bad a procrastinator they are, perhaps ask, “How many of your utility bills are you currently late in paying, even though you can afford to pay them?”   Questions that seek concrete responses can help make abstract concepts clearer and ensure consistency from one study to the next.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 24번: 인공지능과 인간 의식의 상호작용 및 AI 진화의 방향성

The evolution of AI is often associated with the concept of singularity. Singularity refers to the point at which AI exceeds human intelligence. After that point, it is predicted that AI will repeatedly improve itself and evolve at an accelerated pace. When AI becomes self-aware and pursues its own goals, it will be a conscious being, not just a machine. AI and human consciousness will then begin to evolve together. Our consciousness will evolve to new dimensions through our interactions with AI, which will provide us with intellectual stimulation and inspire new insights and creativity. Conversely, our consciousness also has a significant impact on the evolution of AI. The direction of AI's evolution will depend greatly on what values and ethics we incorporate into AI. We need to see our relationship with AI as a mutual coexistence of conscious beings, recognizing its rights and supporting the evolution of its consciousness.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭) - 구글 검색 불가

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

관련 자료 바로가기

[고2] 2024년 09월 – 36번: 너무 유능한 사람은 오히려 덜 호감 가는 이유

It would seem obvious that the more competent someone is, the more we will like that person. By "competence," I mean a cluster of qualities: smartness, the ability to get things done, wise decisions, etc. We stand a better chance of doing well at our life tasks if we surround ourselves with people who know what they're doing and have a lot to teach us. But the research evidence is paradoxical: In problem-solving groups, the participants who are considered the most competent and have the best ideas tend not to be the ones who are best liked. Why? One possibility is that, although we like to be around competent people, those who are too competent make us uncomfortable. They may seem unapproachable, distant, superhuman ― and make us look bad (and feel worse) by comparison. If this were true, we might like people more if they reveal some evidence of fallibility. For example, if your friend is a brilliant mathematician, superb athlete, and gourmet cook, you might like him or her better if, every once in a while, they screwed up.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 출처 검색 불가

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 09월 – 37번: 꿀벌의 춤과 컴퓨터 알고리즘의 차이

A computational algorithm that takes input data and generates some output from it doesn't really embody any notion of meaning. Certainly, such a computation does not generally have as its purpose its own survival and well-being. It does not, in general, assign value to the inputs. Compare, for example, a computer algorithm with the waggle dance of the honeybee, by which means a foraging bee conveys to others in the hive information about the source of food (such as nectar) it has located. The "dance" ― a series of stylized movements on the comb ― shows the bees how far away the food is and in which direction. But this input does not simply program other bees to go out and look for it. Rather, they evaluate this information, comparing it with their own knowledge of the surroundings. Some bees might not bother to make the journey, considering it not worthwhile. The input, such as it is, is processed in the light of the organism's own internal states and history; there is nothing prescriptive about its effects.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Similarly with the idea of life as computation. A computational algorithm that takes input data and generates some output from it doesn't really embody any notion of meaning either. Certainly, such a computation does not generally have as its purpose its own survival and well-being. It does not, in general, assign value to the inputs. Compare, for example, a computer algorithm with the waggle dance of the honeybee, by which means a foraging bee conveys to others in the hive information about the source of food (such as nectar) it has located. The "dance" ― a series of stylized movements on the comb ― shows the bees how far away the food is and in which direction. But this input does not simply program other bees to go out and look for it. Rather, they evaluate this information, comparing it with their own knowledge of the surroundings. Some bees might not bother to make the journey, deeming it not worthwhile. The input, such as it is, is processed in the light of the organism's own internal states and history; there is nothing prescriptive about its effects.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

considering = deeming 

consider (v) 고려하다, 여기다, 생각하다

deem (v) ~로 여기다, 생각하다

[고2] 2024년 09월 – 38번: 행동 전염과 바이러스 전염의 유사점과 차이점

There are deep similarities between viral contagion and behavioral contagion. For example, people in close or extended proximity to others infected by a virus are themselves more likely to become infected, just as people are more likely to drink excessively when they spend more time in the company of heavy drinkers. But there are also important differences between the two types of contagion. One is that visibility promotes behavioral contagion but inhibits the spread of infectious diseases. Solar panels that are visible from the street, for instance, are more likely to stimulate neighboring installations. In contrast, we try to avoid others who are visibly ill. Another important difference is that whereas viral contagion is almost always a bad thing, behavioral contagion is sometimes negative ― as in the case of smoking ― but sometimes positive, as in the case of solar installations.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

There are deep similarities between viral contagion and behavioral contagion. For example, people in close or extended proximity to others infected by a virus are themselves more likely to become infected, just as people are more likely to drink excessively when they spend more time in the company of heavy drinkers. But there are also important differences between the two types of contagion. One is that visibility promotes behavioral contagion but inhibits the spread of infectious diseases. Solar panels that are visible from the street, for instance, are more likely to stimulate neighboring installations. In contrast, we try to avoid others who are visibly ill. Another important difference is that whereas viral contagion is almost always a bad thing, behavioral contagion is sometimes negative—as in the case of smoking—but sometimes positive, as in the case of solar installations.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 09월 – 39번: 동물의 동면과 수면의 차이

Sleep is clearly about more than just resting. One curious fact is that animals that are hibernating also have periods of sleep. It comes as a surprise to most of us, but hibernation and sleep are not the same thing at all, at least not from a neurological and metabolic perspective. Hibernating is more like being anesthetized: the subject is unconscious but not actually asleep. So a hibernating animal needs to get a few hours of conventional sleep each day within the larger unconsciousness. A further surprise to most of us is that bears, the most famous of wintry sleepers, don't actually hibernate. Real hibernation involves profound unconsciousness and a dramatic fall in body temperature ― often to around 32 degrees Fahrenheit. By this definition, bears don't hibernate, because their body temperature stays near normal and they are easily awakened. Their winter sleeps are more accurately called a state of torpor.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Sleep is clearly about more than just resting.** One curious fact is that animals that are hibernating also have periods of sleep. It comes as a surprise to most of us, but hibernation and sleep are not the same thing at all, at least not from a neurological and metabolic perspective. Hibernating is more like being concussed or anesthetized: the subject is unconscious but not actually asleep. So a hibernating animal needs to get a few hours of conventional sleep each day within the larger unconsciousness. A further surprise to most of us is that bears, the most famous of wintry slumberers, don’t actually hibernate. Real hibernation involves profound unconsciousness and a dramatic fall in body temperature—often to around 0°C. By this definition, bears don’t hibernate because their body temperature stays near normal and they are easily roused. Their winter slumbers are more accurately called a state of torpor. Whatever sleep gives us, it is more than just a period of recuperative inactivity. Something must make us crave it deeply to leave ourselves so vulnerable to attack by brigands or predators, yet as far as can be told sleep does nothing for us that couldn’t equally be done while we were awake but resting. We also do not know why we pass much of the night experiencing the surreal and often unsettling hallucinations that we call dreams. Being chased by zombies or finding yourself unaccountably naked at a bus stop doesn’t seem, on the face of it, a terribly restorative way to while away the hours of darkness.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

concussed

sleepers = slumberer

awakened = roused

concuss (v) 뇌진탕을 일으키다

concussed (a) 뇌진탕이 일어난

slumber (n) 잠, 수면 (v) 잠을 자다 

slumberer (n) 잠자는 사람, 게으른 잠꾸러기

rouse (v) (특히 깊이 잠든 사람을) 깨우다

[고2] 2024년 09월 – 40번: 나이별로 타인의 평가를 의식하는 행동 차이

The concern about how we appear to others can be seen in children, though work by the psychologist Ervin Staub suggests that the effect may vary with age. In a study where children heard another child in distress, young children (kindergarten through second grade) were more likely to help the child in distress when with another child than when alone. But for older children ― in fourth and sixth grade ― the effect reversed: they were less likely to help a child in distress when they were with a peer than when they were alone. Staub suggested that younger children might feel more comfortable acting when they have the company of a peer, whereas older children might feel more concern about being judged by their peers and fear feeling embarrassed by overreacting. Staub noted that "older children seemed to discuss the distress sounds less and to react to them less openly than younger children." In other words, the older children were deliberately putting on a poker face in front of their peers.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

This concern about how we appear to others can also be seen in children, though work by the psychologist Ervin Staub suggests that the effect may vary with age. In a study where children heard another child in distress, young children (kindergarten through second grade) were more likely to help the child in distress when with another child than when alone. But for older children—in fourth and sixth grade—the effect reversed: they were less likely to help a child in distress when they were with a peer than when they were alone. Staub suggested that younger children might feel more comfortable acting when they have the company of a peer, whereas older children might feel more concern about being judged by their peers and fear feeling embarrassed by overreacting. Staub noted that "older children seemed to discuss the distress sounds less and to react to them less openly than younger children." In other words, the older children were deliberately putting on a poker face in front of their peers.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 09월 – 41~42번: 어린 시절 권위에 대한 질문의 중요성과 성인의 대응 방식

What makes questioning authority so hard? The difficulties start in childhood, when parents - the first and most powerful authority figures - show children "the way things are." This is a necessary element of learning language and socialization, and certainly most things learned in early childhood are noncontroversial: the English alphabet starts with A and ends with Z, the numbers 1 through 10 come before the numbers 11 through 20, and so on. Children, however, will spontaneously question things that are quite obvious to adults and even to older kids. The word "why?" becomes a challenge, as in, "Why is the sky blue?" Answers such as "because it just is" or "because I say so" tell children that they must unquestioningly accept what authorities say "just because," and children who persist in their questioning are likely to find themselves dismissed or yelled at for "bothering" adults with "meaningless" or "unimportant" questions. But these questions are in fact perfectly reasonable. Why is the sky blue? Many adults do not themselves know the answer. And who says the sky's color needs to be called "blue," anyway? How do we know that what one person calls "blue" is the same color that another calls "blue"? The scientific answers come from physics, but those are not the answers that children are seeking. They are trying to understand the world, and no matter how irritating the repeated questions may become to stressed and time-pressed parents, it is important to take them seriously to encourage kids to question authority to think for themselves.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

What makes questioning authority so hard? The difficulties start in childhood, when parents—the first and most powerful authority figures—show children "the way things are." This is a necessary element of learning language and socialization, and certainly most things learned in early childhood are noncontroversial: the English alphabet starts with A and ends with Z, the numbers 1 through 10 come before the numbers 11 through 20, and so on. Children, however, will spontaneously question things that are quite obvious to adults and even to older kids. The word “why?” becomes a challenge, as in, “Why is the sky blue?” Answers such as “because it just is” or “because I say so” tell children that they must unquestioningly accept what authorities say “just because,” and children who persist in their questioning are likely to find themselves dismissed or yelled at for “bothering” adults with "meaningless" or "unimportant" questions. But these questions are in fact perfectly reasonable. Why is the sky blue? Many adults do not themselves know the answer. And who says the sky’s color needs to be called "blue," anyway? How do we know that what one person calls “blue” is the same color that another calls “blue”? The scientific answers come from physics, but those are not the answers that children are seeking. They are trying to understand the world, and no matter how irritating the repeated questions may become to stressed and time-pressed parents, it is important to take them seriously to encourage kids to question authority to think for themselves.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

관련 자료 바로가기

[고2] 2024년 09월 – 29번: 경제 중심 사고에서 생태적 건강을 중시하는 관점으로의 변화

One well-known shift took place when the accepted view ― that the Earth was the center of the universe ― changed to one where we understood that we are only inhabitants on one planet orbiting the Sun. With each person who grasped the solar system view, it became easier for the next person to do so. So it is with the notion that the world revolves around the human economy. This is slowly being replaced by the view that the economy is a part of the larger system of material flows that connect all living things. When this perspective shifts into place, it will be obvious that our economic well-being requires that we account for, and respond to, factors of ecological health. Unfortunately we do not have a century or two to make the change. By clarifying the nature of the old and new perspectives, and by identifying actions on which we might cooperate to move the process along, we can help accelerate the shift.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Problems arise, however, when circumstances in the world change and conventional wisdom does not. With its multitude of individual components, and its roots reaching back centuries and millennia, conventional wisdom does not shift easily. One well-known shift took place when the accepted view — that the Earth was the center of the universe — changed to one where we understood that we are only inhabitants on one planet orbiting the Sun. With each person who grasped the solar system view, it became easier for the next person to do so. So it is with the notion that the world revolves around the human economy. This is slowly being replaced by the view that the economy is a part of the larger system of material flows that connect all living things. When this perspective shifts into place, it will be obvious that our economic well-being requires that we account for, and respond to, factors of ecological health. Unfortunately, we do not have a century or two to make the change. By clarifying the nature of the old and new perspectives, and by identifying actions on which we might cooperate to move the process along, we can help accelerate the shift. Most people seek only to lead good lives. Without dedicating a lot of time to re-imagining the world, they accept the conventional wisdom and use it to make judgments. At present, the broad perception of what is good and proper is thoroughly saturated with conventional economic views. For effective change to take place, the goal of growth, which has been primary since ancient times, must move to second place, behind living within planetary limits.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 09월 – 30번: 인류의 진화 과정에서 도구 사용과 식단 변화가 중요한 역할을 함

The first human beings probably evolved in tropical regions where survival was possible without clothing. It is likely that they had very dark skin because light skin would have given little protection against the burning rays of the sun. There is a debate about whether these people spread into other parts of the world or, instead, whether people developed independently in various parts of the world. Whichever the case, it is believed that in time they became capable of spreading out from Africa, eventually to most of the world. This was probably because their physical characteristics changed. For instance, early hominids probably did not walk upright, but when they developed that ability, they could travel more efficiently. More important, perhaps, was their development of tool making. With tools, they could hunt other animals, so they could consume more protein and fat than their low-energy vegetarian diet would have provided. Not only their bodies but also their brains would have been changed with more energy. The brain needs lots of energy to grow. As their diet expanded, hominids could physically and intellectually expand their territory.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

The first human beings, or their humanlike precursors, probably evolved in tropical regions where survival was possible without clothing. It is likely that they had very dark skin because light skin would have given little protection against the burning rays of the sun. There is debate about whether these people spread into other parts of the world or, instead, whether people developed independently in various parts of the world. Whichever the case, it is believed that in time they became capable of spreading out from Africa, eventually to most of the world. This was probably because their physical characteristics changed. For instance, early hominids probably did not walk upright, but when they developed that ability, they could travel more efficiently. More important, perhaps, was their development of tool making. With tools, they could hunt or scavenge other animals, so they could consume more protein and fat than their low-energy vegetarian diet would have provided. Not only their bodies but also their brains would have been changed with more energy. The brain needs lots of energy to grow. As their diet expanded, hominids could physically and intellectually expand their territory. Although all early hominids were probably dark-skinned, as they moved, that changed. In the most northern of the territories into which they expanded, the sun was very weak, especially in the long winters, and was often hidden by clouds or fog. Dark skin, which had been an advantage in warm, sunny climates, became a disadvantage because the sun’s rays, by penetrating human skin, help produce vitamin D, which is an essential element in nutrition. Populations that remained in these colder regions for very long periods of time—perhaps 100,000 years or more—seem gradually, through gene mutations and the process of natural selection, to have developed much lighter shades of skin.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

precursor (n) 선구자, 전임자, 전조

scavenge (v) (먹을 것 등을 찾아) 쓰레기 더미를 뒤지다, (직접 사냥한 것이 아닌) 죽은 고기를 먹다

[고2] 2024년 09월 – 31번: 불공정한 절차가 위로를 제공하는 이유와 공정한 절차의 심리적 영향

When we get an unfavorable outcome, in some ways the last thing we want to hear is that the process was fair. As outraging as the combination of an unfavorable outcome and an unfair process is, this combination also brings with it a consolation prize: the possibility of attributing the bad outcome to something other than ourselves. We may reassure ourselves by believing that our bad outcome had little to do with us and everything to do with the unfair process. If the process is fair, however, we cannot nearly as easily externalize the outcome; we got what we got "fair and square." When the process is fair we believe that our outcome is deserved, which is another way of saying that there must have been something about ourselves (what we did or who we are) that caused the outcome.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

When we get an unfavorable outcome, in some ways the last thing we want to hear is that the process was fair. As outraging as the combination of an unfavorable outcome and an unfair process is (it “multiplies insult times injury”), this combination also brings with it a consolation prize: the possibility of attributing the bad outcome to something other than ourselves. We may reassure ourselves by believing that our bad outcome had little to do with us and everything to do with the unfair process. If the process is fair, however, we cannot nearly as easily externalize the outcome; we got what we got “fair and square.” When the process is fair we believe that our outcome is deserved, which is another way of saying that there must have been something about ourselves (what we did or who we are) that caused the outcome.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 09월 – 32번: 서양 여성 드레스의 형태 변화를 분석한 연구 결과

The well-known American ethnologist Alfred Louis Kroeber made a rich and in-depth study of women's evening dress in the West, stretching back about three centuries and using reproductions of engravings. Having adjusted the dimensions of these plates due to their diverse origins, he was able to analyse the constant elements in fashion features and to come up with a study that was neither intuitive nor approximate, but precise, mathematical and statistical. He reduced women's clothing to a certain number of features: length and size of the skirt, size and depth of the neckline, height of the waistline. He demonstrated unambiguously that fashion is a profoundly regular phenomenon which is not located at the level of annual variations but on the scale of history. For practically 300 years, women's dress was subject to a very precise periodic cycle: forms reach the furthest point in their variations every fifty years. If, at any one moment, skirts are at their longest, fifty years later they will be at their shortest; thus skirts become long again fifty years after being short and a hundred years after being long.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Fashion poses a more acute and more paradoxical problematic to historians than it does to sociologists. The sort of public opinion maintained and promoted by the press and its letters pages, etc., presents fashion as an essentially capricious phenomenon, based on the creative faculty of the designer. According to public opinion, fashion is still located within a mythology of unfettered creativity that enables it to evade both the systematic and the habitual, resting upon a rather romantic notion of an inexhaustible abundance of spontaneous creativity. Isn't it said that fashion designers can do anything with nothing? Historians, or to be more accurate, ethnologists, have studied this creative aspect of fashion. The well-known American ethnologist Kroeber made a rich and in-depth study of women’s evening dress in the West, stretching back about three centuries and using reproductions of engravings. Having adjusted the dimensions of these plates due to their diverse origins, he was able to analyze the constant elements in fashion features and to come up with a study that was neither intuitive nor approximate, but precise, mathematical, and statistical. He reduced women's clothing to a certain number of features: the length and size of the skirt, the size and depth of the neckline, and the height of the waistline. He demonstrated unambiguously that fashion is a profoundly regular phenomenon, which is not located at the level of annual variations but on the scale of history. For practically 300 years, women’s dress was subject to a very precise periodic oscillation: forms reach the furthest point in their variations every fifty years. If, at any one moment, skirts are at their longest, fifty years later they will be at their shortest; thus, skirts become long again fifty years after being short, and a hundred years after being long.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

cycle = oscillation 

cycle (n) 순환, 주기

oscillation (n) (두 가지 사이의 규칙적인) 진동

[고2] 2024년 09월 – 33번: 기술 발전으로 인한 불평등과 노동 시장의 붕괴 가능성

Over the last few centuries, humanity's collective prosperity has skyrocketed, as technological progress has made us far wealthier than ever before. To share out those riches, almost all societies have settled upon the market mechanism, rewarding people in various ways for the work that they do and the things that they own. But rising inequality, itself often driven by technology, has started to put that mechanism under strain. Today, markets already provide immense rewards to some people but leave many others with very little. And now, technological unemployment threatens to become a more radical version of the same story, taking place in the particular market we rely upon the most: the labor market. As that market begins to break down, more and more people will be in danger of not receiving a share of society's prosperity at all.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Over the last few centuries, humanity’s collective prosperity has skyrocketed, as technological progress has made us far wealthier than ever before. To share out those riches, almost all societies have settled upon the market mechanism, rewarding people in various ways for the work that they do and the things that they own. But rising inequality, itself often driven by technology, has started to put that mechanism under strain. Today, markets already provide immense rewards to some people but leave many others with very little. And now, technological unemployment threatens to become a more radical version of the same story, taking place in the particular market we rely upon the most: the labour market. As that market begins to break down, more and more people will be in danger of not receiving a share of society’s prosperity at all.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 09월 – 34번: 전문가들이 기초 지식을 가르치기 어려운 이유

It's often said that those who can't do, teach. It would be more accurate to say that those who can do, can't teach the basics. A great deal of expert knowledge is implicit, not explicit. The further you progress toward mastery, the less conscious awareness you often have of the fundamentals. Experiments show that skilled golfers and wine aficionados have a hard time describing their putting and tasting techniques ― even asking them to explain their approaches is enough to interfere with their performance, so they often stay on autopilot. When I first saw an elite diver do four and a half somersaults, I asked how he managed to spin so fast. His answer: "Just go up in a ball." Experts often have an intuitive understanding of a route, but they struggle to clearly express all the steps to take. Their brain dump is partially filled with garbage.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

It's often said that those who can’t do, teach. It would be more accurate to say that those who can do, can’t teach the basics. A great deal of expert knowledge is tacit—it’s implicit, not explicit. The further you progress toward mastery, the less conscious awareness you often have of the fundamentals. Experiments show that skilled golfers and wine aficionados have a hard time describing their putting and tasting techniques—even asking them to explain their approaches is enough to interfere with their performance, so they often stay on autopilot. When I first saw an elite diver do four and a half somersaults, I asked how he managed to spin so fast. His answer: “Just go up in a ball.” Experts often have an intuitive understanding of a route, but they struggle to articulate all the steps to take. Their brain dump is partially filled with garbage.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

implicit = tacit

clearly express = articulate

implicit (a) 암시된, 내포된

tacit (a) 암묵적인, 무언의

articulate (v) (생각·감정을) 분명히 표현하다[설명하다]

[고2] 2024년 09월 – 35번: 곡물 가공과 발효 과정이 영양소 보존에 미치는 영향

Minimal processing can be one of the best ways to keep original flavors and taste, without any need to add artificial flavoring or additives, or too much salt. This would also be the efficient way to keep most nutrients, especially the most sensitive ones such as many vitamins and anti-oxidants. Milling of cereals is one of the most harsh processes which dramatically affect nutrient content. While grains are naturally very rich in micronutrients, anti-oxidants and fiber (i.e. in wholemeal flour or flakes), milling usually removes the vast majority of minerals, vitamins and fibers to raise white flour. Such a spoilage of key nutrients and fiber is no longer acceptable in the context of a sustainable diet aiming at an optimal nutrient density and health protection. In contrast, fermentation of various foodstuffs or germination of grains are traditional, locally accessible, low-energy and highly nutritious processes of sounded interest.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

3.3 Food quality, culinary skills, dietary patterns   and nutrition education As introduced before, an overall food quality is a prerequisite for optimal nutrition. Regarding produced raw food, an optimal quality lies in tasty products, with high nutrient content and no/minimal contaminations by chemical toxicants. The products raised through the agro-ecological methods such as certified organic ones generally fit these two requirements by improving the dry matter and some nutrients contents and minimizing chemical and nitrate contaminations as recently reviewed (Rembialkowska, 2007; FSA, 2009; Lairon, 2010). Minimal processing can be one of the best ways to keep original flavours and taste, without any need to add artificial flavouring or additives, or too much salt. This would also be the efficient way to keep most nutrients, especially the most sensitive ones such as many vitamins and anti-oxidants. Milling of cereals is one of the most stringent processes which dramatically affect nutrient content. While grains are naturally very rich in micronutrients, anti-oxidants and fibre (i.e. in wholemeal flour or flakes), milling usually removes the vast majority of minerals, vitamins and fibres to raise white flour.  Such a spoilage of key nutrients and fibre is no longer acceptable in the context of a sustainable diet aiming at an optimal nutrient density and health protection. In contrast, fermentation of various foodstuffs or germination of grains are traditional, locally accessible, low-energy and highly nutritious processes of sounded interest.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

harsh = stringent

harsh (a) 가혹한, 혹독한

stringent (a) 엄격한, 긴박한

관련 자료 바로가기

[고2] 2024년 09월 – 20번: 걱정은 통제 가능한 감정이라는 점을 자녀에게 가르치는 방법

Merely convincing your children that worry is senseless and that they would be more content if they didn't worry isn't going to stop them from worrying. For some reason, young people seem to believe that worry is a fact of life over which they have little or no control. Consequently, they don't even try to stop. Therefore, you need to convince them that worry, like guilt and fear, is nothing more than an emotion, and like all emotions, is subject to the power of the will. Tell them that they can eliminate worry from their lives by simply refusing to attend to it. Explain to them that if they refuse to act worried regardless of how they feel, they will eventually stop feeling worried and will begin to experience the contentment that accompanies a worry-free life.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

However, merely convincing your children that worry is senseless and that they would be more content if they didn’t worry isn’t going to stop them from worrying. For some reason, young people seem to believe that worry is a fact of life over which they have little or no control. Consequently, they don’t even try to stop. Therefore, you need to convince them that worry, like guilt and fear, is nothing more than an emotion, and like all emotions, is subject to the power of the will. Tell them that they can eliminate worry from their lives by simply refusing to attend to it. Explain to them that if they refuse to act worried regardless of how they feel, they will eventually stop feeling worried and will begin to experience the contentment that accompanies a worry-free life.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 09월 – 21번: 산업 시대에서 창의성과 속도가 더 중요한 현대 기업의 특성

In today's information age, in many companies and on many teams, the objective is no longer error prevention and replicability. On the contrary, it's creativity, speed, and keenness. In the industrial era, the goal was to minimize variation. But in creative companies today, maximizing variation is more essential. In these situations, the biggest risk isn't making a mistake or losing consistency; it's failing to attract top talent, to invent new products, or to change direction quickly when the environment shifts. Consistency and repeatability are more likely to suppress fresh thinking than to bring your company profit. A lot of little mistakes, while sometimes painful, help the organization learn quickly and are a critical part of the innovation cycle. In these situations, rules and process are no longer the best answer. A symphony isn't what you're going for. Leave the conductor and the sheet music behind. Build a jazz band instead.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

IT’S JAZZ, NOT A SYMPHONY Even during the industrial era there were pockets of the economy, such as advertising agencies, where creative thinking drove success, and they managed on the edge of chaos. Such organizations accounted for just a small percent of the economy. But now, with the growth in importance of intellectual property and creative services, the percentage of the economy that is dependent on nurturing inventiveness and innovation is much higher and continually increasing. Yet most companies are still following the paradigms of the Industrial Revolution that have dominated wealth creation for the last three hundred years. In today’s information age, in many companies and on many teams, the objective is no longer error prevention and replicability. On the contrary, it’s creativity, speed, and agility. In the industrial era, the goal was to minimize variation. But in creative companies today, maximizing variation is more essential. In these situations, the biggest risk isn’t making a mistake or losing consistency; it’s failing to attract top talent, to invent new products, or to change direction quickly when the environment shifts. Consistency and repeatability are more likely to squash fresh thinking than to bring your company profit. A lot of little mistakes, while sometimes painful, help the organization learn quickly and are a critical part of the innovation cycle. In these situations, rules and process are no longer the best answer. A symphony isn’t what you're going for. Leave the conductor and the sheet music behind. Build a jazz band instead. Jazz emphasizes individual spontaneity. The musicians know the overall structure of the song but have the freedom to improvise, riffing off one another, creating incredible music.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

keeness = agility 

suppress = squash

keenness (n) 열렬, 열심; 날카로움, 예민함

agile (a) (생각이) 재빠른, 기민한; 민첩한, 날렵한

agility (n) 기민함, 민첩함, 날렵함

suppress (v) 억압하다

squash (v) 짓누르다

[고2] 2024년 09월 – 22번: 재난 상황에서 정보 소통의 중요성과 소문이 퍼지는 이유

Any new or threatening situation may require us to make decisions and this requires information. So important is communication during a disaster that normal social barriers are often lowered. We will talk to strangers in a way we would never consider normally. Even relatively low grade disruption of our life such as a fire drill or a very late train seems to give us the permission to break normal etiquette and talk to strangers. The more important an event to a particular public, the more detailed and urgent the requirement for news becomes. Without an authoritative source of facts, whether that is a newspaper or trusted broadcast station, rumours often run riot. Rumours start because people believe their group to be in danger and so, although the rumour is unproven, feel they should pass it on. For example, if a worker heard that their employer's business was doing badly and people were going to be made redundant, they would pass that information on to colleagues.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Any new or threatening situation may require us to make decisions and this requires information. So important is communication during a disaster that normal social barriers are often lowered. We will talk to strangers in a way we would never consider normally. Even relatively low grade disruption of our life such as a fire drill or a very late train seems to give us the permission to break normal etiquette and talk to strangers. The more important an event to a particular public, the more detailed and urgent the requirement for news becomes. Without an authoritative source of facts, whether that is a newspaper or trusted broadcast station, rumours often run riot. Rumours start because people believe their group to be in danger and so, although the rumour is unproven, feel they should pass it on. For example, if a worker heard that their employer's business was doing badly and people were going to be made redundant, they would pass that information on to colleagues.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 09월 – 23번: 예술과 과학 모두가 문화적 맥락에서 이해되어야 하는 이유

People seem to recognize that the arts are cultural activities that draw on (or react against) certain cultural traditions, certain shared understanding, and certain values and ideas that are characteristic of the time and place in which the art is created. In the case of science, however, opinions differ. Some scientists, like the great biologist J. B. S. Haldane, see science in a similar light ― as a historical activity that occurs in a particular time and place, and that needs to be understood within that context. Others, however, see science as a purely "objective" pursuit, uninfluenced by the cultural viewpoint and values of those who create it. In describing this view of science, philosopher Hugh Lacey speaks of the belief that there is an underlying order of the world which is simply there to be discovered ― the world of pure "fact" stripped of any link with value. The aim of science according to this view is to represent this world of pure "fact", independently of any relationship it might bear contingently to human practices and experiences.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

People seem to recognize that the arts are cultural activities that draw on (or react against) certain cultural traditions, certain shared understanding, and certain values and ideas that are characteristic of the time and place in which the art is created. In the case of science, however, opinions differ. Some scientists, like the great biologist J. B. S. Haldane, see science in a similar light ― as a historical activity that occurs in a particular time and place, and that needs to be understood within that context. Others, however, see science as a purely "objective" pursuit, uninfluenced by the cultural viewpoint and values of those who create it. In describing this view of science, philosopher Hugh Lacey speaks of the belief that there is an underlying order of the world which is simply there to be discovered ― the world of pure "fact" stripped of any link with value. The aim of science according to this view is to represent this world of pure "fact", independently of any relationship it might bear contingently to human practices and experiences.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 09월 – 24번: 정신적 성숙과 책임감의 연령에 대한 사회적 기준의 문제

Mental development consists of individuals increasingly mastering social codes and signals themselves, which they can master only in social situations with the support of more competent individuals, typically adults. In this sense, mental development consists of internalizing social patterns and gradually becoming a responsible actor among other responsible actors. In Denmark, the age of criminal responsibility is 15 years, which means that we then say that people have developed sufficient mental maturity to be accountable for their actions at this point. And at the age of 18 people are given the right to vote and are thereby formally included in the basic democratic process. I do not know whether these age boundaries are optimal, but it is clear that mental development takes place at different rates for different individuals, and depends especially on the social and family environment they have been given. Therefore, having formal limits for responsibility from a specific age that apply to everyone is a somewhat questionable practice. But the question, of course, is whether it can be done any differently.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Mental development consists of individuals increasingly mastering social codes and signals themselves, which they can master only in social situations with the support of more competent individuals, typically adults. In this sense, mental development consists of internalizing social patterns and gradually becoming a responsible actor among other responsible actors. In Denmark, the age of criminal responsibility is 15 years, which means that we then say that people have developed sufficient mental maturity to be accountable for their actions at this point. And at the age of 18 people are given the right to vote and are thereby formally included in the basic democratic process. I do not know whether these age demarcations are optimal, but it is clear that mental development takes place at different rates for different individuals, and depends especially on the social and family environment they have been given. Therefore, having formal limits for responsibility from a specific age that apply to everyone is a somewhat questionable practice. But the question, of course, is whether it can be done any differently.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

boundary = demarcation

boundary (n) 경계

demarcation (n) 경계, 구분

관련 자료 바로가기

[고1] 2024년 09월 – 36번: 거울 뉴런이 관찰 학습에 미치는 영향

The discovery of mirror neurons has profoundly changed the way we think of a fundamental human capacity, learning by observation. As children we learn a lot by observing what our parents and friends do. Newborns, in the first week of life, have an inborn tendency to stick out their tongue if their parents stick out theirs. Such imitation is not perfect. You may not see the tongue stick out each time you stick yours out at your newborn, but if you do it many times, the tongue will come out more often than if you do something different. Babies babble and later start to imitate the sounds their parents produce. Later still, they play with vacuum cleaners and hammers in imitation of their parents. Our modern cultures, in which we write, speak, read, build spaceships and go to school, can work only because we are not restricted to the behavior we are born with or learn by trial and error. We can learn a lot by simply watching others.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

LEARNING BY OBSERVATION The discovery of mirror neurons has also profoundly changed the way we think of another fundamental human capacity, learning by observation. As children we learn a lot by observing what our parents and friends do. Newborns, in the first week of life, have an inborn tendency to stick out their tongue if their parents stick out theirs. Such imitation is not perfect. You may not see the tongue stick out each time you stick yours out at your newborn, but if you do it many times, the tongue will come out more often than if you do something different. Babies babble and later start to imitate the sounds their parents produce. Later still, they play with vacuum cleaners and hammers in imitation of their parents. Our modern cultures, in which we write, speak, read, build spaceships and go to school, can work only because we are not restricted to the behavior we are born with or learn by trial and error. We can learn a lot by simply watching others. Cultural transmission refers to this amazing capacity to acquire skills and knowledge rapidly from other people. The culture of the Stone Age, for instance, required the capacity to learn how to make a blade out of a rock.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 09월 – 37번: 자신의 목소리를 다르게 인식하는 이유

Have you ever been surprised to hear a recording of your own voice? You might have thought, "Is that really what my voice sounds like?" Maybe your accent is more pronounced in the recording than you realized, or your voice is higher than it seems to your own ears. This is of course quite a common experience. The explanation is actually fairly simple. There are two pathways through which we perceive our own voice when we speak. One is the route through which we perceive most external sounds, like waves that travel from the air through the outer, middle and inner ear. But because our vocal cords vibrate when we speak, there is a second internal path. Vibrations are conducted through our bones and stimulate our inner ears directly. Lower frequencies are emphasized along this pathway. That makes your voice sound deeper and richer to yourself than it may sound to other people.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Why our recorded voices sound so different Have you ever heard a recording of your voice and had a double take? You might have thought, “Is that really what my voice sounds like?” Maybe your accent is more pronounced in the recording than you realized, or your voice is higher than it seems to your own ears. Many of us have had that experience. Why is that? The explanation is actually fairly simple. There are two pathways through which we perceive our own voice when we speak. One is the route through which we perceive most external sounds, like waves that travel from the air through the outer, middle, and inner ear. But because our vocal cords vibrate when we speak, there is a second internal path. Vibrations are conducted through our bones and stimulate our inner ears directly. Lower frequencies are emphasized along this pathway. That makes your voice sound deeper and richer to yourself than it may sound to other people. That explanation makes sense for many people, but it doesn’t quite explain some variations in this phenomenon—like people whose voices sound higher to themselves than it does to others. These variations occur simply because every person’s hearing is different. There are more nuanced ways for sounds to be perceived by the inner ear, which creates different perceptions between ourselves and others. For example, vibrations of your voice may encounter cerebrospinal fluid, the clear liquid that sits within the brain and spine, which can influence how you perceive your voice. All these variations and many more make it so that your voice will always sound different to your own ears than it sounds to others.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 09월 – 38번: 생물의 유사성에서 아날로그와 호몰로그의 차이

Biologists distinguish two kinds of similarity. "Analogous" traits are ones that have a common function but arose on different branches of the evolutionary tree and are in an important sense not "the same" organ. The wings of birds and the wings of bees are both used for flight and are similar in some ways because anything used for flight has to be built in those ways, but they arose independently in evolution and have nothing in common beyond their use in flight. "Homologous" traits, in contrast, may or may not have a common function, but they descended from a common ancestor and hence have some common structure that indicates their being "the same" organ. The wing of a bat and the front leg of a horse have very different functions, but they are all modifications of the forelimb of the ancestor of all mammals. As a result, they share nonfunctional traits like the number of bones and the ways they are connected. To distinguish analogy from homology, biologists usually look at the overall architecture of the organs and focus on their most useless properties.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Biologists distinguish two kinds of similarity. “Analogous” traits are ones that have a common function but arose on different branches of the evolutionary tree and are in an important sense not “the same” organ. The wings of birds and the wings of bees are a textbook example; they are both used for flight and are similar in some ways because anything used for flight has to be built in those ways, but they arose independently in evolution and have nothing in common beyond their use in flight. “Homologous” traits, in contrast, may or may not have a common function, but they descended from a common ancestor and hence have some common structure that bespeaks their being “the same” organ. The wing of a bat, the front leg of a horse, the flipper of a seal, the claw of a mole, and the hand of a human have very different functions, but they are all modifications of the forelimb of the ancestor of all mammals, and as a result they share nonfunctional traits like the number of bones and the ways they are connected. To distinguish analogy from homology, biologists usually look at the overall architecture of the organs and focus on their most useless properties—the useful ones could have arisen independently in two lineages because they are useful (a nuisance to taxonomists called convergent evolution). We deduce that bat wings are really hands because we can see the wrist and count the joints in the fingers, and because that is not the only way that nature could have built a wing.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 09월 – 39번: 기후 변화로 인한 해양 산소 감소의 위험성

Seawater contains an abundance of dissolved oxygen that all marine animals breathe to stay alive. It has long been established in physics that cold water holds more dissolved oxygen than warm water does ― this is one reason that cold polar seas are full of life while tropical oceans are blue, clear, and relatively poorly populated with living creatures. Thus, as global warming raises the temperature of marine waters, it is self-evident that the amount of dissolved oxygen will decrease. This is a worrisome and potentially disastrous consequence if allowed to continue to an ecosystem-threatening level. Now scientists have analyzed data indicating that the amount of dissolved oxygen in the oceans has been declining for more than a half century. The data show that the ocean oxygen level has been falling more rapidly than the corresponding rise in water temperature. Falling oxygen levels in water have the potential to impact the habitat of marine organisms worldwide and in recent years this has led to more frequent anoxic events that killed or displaced populations of fish, crabs, and many other organisms.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

3.7.3 Declining Oxygen Content Seawater contains an abundance of dissolved oxygen that all marine animals breathe to stay alive. It has long been established in physics that cold water holds more dissolved oxygen than warm water does—this is one reason that cold polar seas are teeming with life while tropical oceans are blue, clear, and relatively poorly populated with living creatures. Thus, as global warming raises the temperature of marine waters, it is self-evident that the amount of dissolved oxygen will decrease. This is a worrisome and potentially disastrous consequence if allowed to continue to an ecosystem-threatening level. Now scientists have analyzed data indicating that the amount of dissolved oxygen in the oceans has been declining for more than a half-century (Figure 3.27). The data show that the ocean oxygen level has been falling more rapidly than the corresponding rise in water temperature. Falling oxygen levels in water have the potential to impact the habitat of marine organisms worldwide and in recent years has led to more frequent anoxic events that killed or displaced populations of fish, crabs, and many other organisms.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 09월 – 40번: 원숭이 실험에서 불공정한 대우에 대한 반응

Capuchins ― New World Monkeys that live in large social groups ― will, in captivity, trade with people all day long, especially if food is involved. I give you this rock and you give me a treat to eat. If you put two monkeys in cages next to each other, and offer them both slices of cucumber for the rocks they already have, they will happily eat the cucumbers. If, however, you give one monkey grapes instead ― grapes being universally preferred to cucumbers ― the monkey that is still receiving cucumbers will begin to throw them back at the experimenter. Even though she is still getting "paid" the same amount for her effort of sourcing rocks, and so her particular situation has not changed, the comparison to another makes the situation unfair. Furthermore, she is now willing to abandon all gains ― the cucumbers themselves ― to communicate her displeasure to the experimenter. 

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

One thing that theory of mind provides potential access to is a sense of fairness. The concept of what's "fair" didn’t originate with philosophers. It didn’t emerge with city-states, or with agriculture. It wasn’t new to hunter-gatherers, either, or to our first bipedal ancestors. Monkeys keep track of what's fair, and what's not, and they have decided opinions about unfair practices in their social realm. Capuchins—New World Monkeys that live in large social groups—will, in captivity, barter with people all day long, especially if food is involved. I give you this rock and you give me a treat to eat. If you put two monkeys in cages next to each other, and offer them both slices of cucumber for the rocks they already have, they will happily eat the cucumbers. If, however, you give one monkey grapes instead—grapes being universally preferred to cucumbers—the monkey that is still receiving cucumbers will begin to hurl them back at the experimenter. Even though she is still getting “paid” the same amount for her effort of sourcing rocks, and so her particular situation has not changed, the comparison to another renders the situation unfair. Furthermore, she is now willing to forfeit all gains—the cucumbers themselves—to communicate her displeasure to the experimenter. Markets prey on our sense of fairness. They fool us into thinking that everyone else is getting grapes, while we are stuck with cucumber. If other people already have those better things, why don’t we? Our sense of fairness is thus kept off balance, always threatened by the invisible other consumers who already have the next big thing, and thus must be doing better than we are. We are still trying to keep up with the Joneses, but the Joneses are no longer our neighbors. They are now a tiny fraction of the world’s elite piped into our screens, and photoshopped to boot.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 09월 – 41~42번: 고등 교육의 확산과 그로 인한 평가 시스템의 모순

Higher education has grown from an elite to a mass system across the world. In Europe and the USA, increased rates of participation occurred in the decades after the Second World War. Between 2000 and 2014, rates of participation in higher education almost doubled from 19% to 34% across the world among the members of the population in the school-leaving age category (typically 18-23). The dramatic expansion of higher education has been marked by a wider range of institutions of higher learning and a more diverse demographic of students. Changes from an elite system to a mass higher education system are associated with political needs to build a specialized workforce for the economy. In theory, the expansion of higher education to develop a highly skilled workforce should diminish the role of examinations in the selection and control of students, initiating approaches to assessment which enable lifelong learning: assessment for learning and a focus on feedback for development. In reality, socio-political changes to expand higher education have set up a 'field of contradictions' for assessment in higher education. Mass higher education requires efficient approaches to assessment, such as examinations and multiple-choice quizzes, with minimalist, impersonal, or standardised feedback, often causing students to focus more on grades than feedback. In contrast, the relatively small numbers of students in elite systems in the past allowed for closer relationships between students and their teachers, with formative feedback shaping the minds, academic skills, and even the characters of students.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Factor #1: Mass Higher Education Higher education has grown from an elite to a mass system across the world. In Europe, the USA, and high-income countries, increased rates of participation occurred in the decades after the Second World War (UNESCO 2017). Between 2000 and 2014, rates of participation in higher education almost doubled from 19% to 34% across the world among the members of the population in the school-leaving age bracket (typically 18-23). While there are huge disparities globally in participation rates, women and men now attend Bachelors’ and Masters’ programmes at the same rate. The dramatic expansion of higher education has been marked by a wider range of institutions of higher learning, a more diverse demographic of students, changing modes of delivery, and diverse and sometimes conflicting interests between the state, the economy, industry, and even universities themselves (Willetts 2017). Changes from an elite system to a mass higher education system are associated with political imperatives to build a skilled and specialized workforce for the economy (Dearing 1997; Department for Education 2021; Kvale 2007). In theory, the expansion of higher education to develop a highly skilled workforce should diminish the role of examinations in the selection and control of students, initiating approaches to assessment which enable lifelong learning: assessment for learning, innovation in assessment, and a focus on feedback for development. In reality, socio-political changes to expand higher education have set up a ‘field of contradictions’ for assessment in higher education (Kvale 2007, p. 57). Mass higher education requires efficient approaches to assessment, such as examinations and multiple-choice quizzes, with minimalist, impersonal, or standardized feedback, often causing students to focus more on grades than feedback. In contrast, the relatively small numbers of students in elite systems in the past allowed for closer relationships between students and their teachers, with formative feedback shaping the minds, academic skills, and even the characters of students (Quinlan 2016). However, reflecting further on the ‘field of contradictions’ should prevent a romanticized view of elite higher education as a golden age. In elite systems, traditional examinations were the most common form of assessment, and their authoritarian, selective, secretive, and anxiety-provoking tendencies brought their own forms of alienation to student learning.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

관련 자료 바로가기

[고1] 2024년 09월 – 32번: 새로운 매체가 인간의 사고 방식을 변화시키는 과정

Every time a new medium comes along ─ whether it's the invention of the printed book, or TV, or SNS ─ and you start to use it, it's like you are putting on a new kind of goggles, with their own special colors and lenses. Each set of goggles you put on makes you see things differently. So when you start to watch television, before you absorb the message of any particular TV show ─ whether it's Wheel of Fortune or The Wire ─ you start to see the world as being shaped like television itself. That's why Marshall McLuhan said that every time a new medium comes along ─ a new way for humans to communicate ─ it has buried in it a message. It is gently guiding us to see the world according to a new set of codes. The way information gets to you, McLuhan argued, is more important than the information itself. TV teaches you that the world is fast; that it's about surfaces and appearances.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

As I wandered the streets of Provincetown contemplating some of these questions, I found myself thinking back over a famous idea that I now realised I had never really understood before - one that was also mulled, in a different way, by Nicholas Carr in his book. In the 1960s, the Canadian professor Marshall McLuhan talked a lot about how the arrival of television was transforming the way we see the world. He said these changes were so deep and so profound that it was hard to really see them. When he tried to distil this down into a phrase, he explained that ‘the medium is the message.’ What he meant, I think, was that when a new technology comes along, you think of it as like a pipe - somebody pours in information at one end, and you receive it unfiltered at the other. But it’s not like that. Every time a new medium comes along - whether it’s the invention of the printed book, or TV, or Twitter - and you start to use it, it’s like you are putting on a new kind of goggles, each with their own special colours and lenses. Each set of goggles you put on makes you see things differently. So (for example) when you start to watch television, before you absorb the message of any particular TV show - whether it’s Wheel of Fortune or The Wire - you start to see the world as being shaped like television itself. That's why McLuhan said that every time a new medium comes along - a new way for humans to communicate - it has buried in it a message. It is gently guiding us to see the world according to a new set of codes. The way information gets to you, McLuhan argued, is more important than the information itself. TV teaches you that the world is fast; that it’s about surfaces and appearances; that everything in the world is happening all at once.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 09월 – 33번: 개념의 중요성과 잘못된 개념이 과학적 오류를 초래할 수 있는 위험성

Concepts are vital to human survival, but we must also be careful with them because concepts open the door to essentialism. They encourage us to see things that aren't present. Stuart Firestein opens his book, Ignorance, with an old proverb, "It is very difficult to find a black cat in a dark room, especially when there is no cat." This statement beautifully sums up the search for essences. History has many examples of scientists who searched fruitlessly for an essence because they used the wrong concept to guide their hypotheses. Firestein gives the example of luminiferous ether, a mysterious substance that was thought to fill the universe so that light would have a medium to move through. The ether was a black cat, writes Firestein, and physicists had been theorizing in a dark room, and then experimenting in it, looking for evidence of a cat that did not exist.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Concepts are vital to human survival, but we must also be careful with them because concepts open the door to essentialism. They encourage us to see things that aren’t present. Firestein opens Ignorance with an old proverb, “It is very difficult to find a black cat in a dark room, especially when there is no cat.” This statement beautifully sums up the search for essences. History has many examples of scientists who searched fruitlessly for an essence because they used the wrong concept to guide their hypotheses. Firestein gives the example of luminiferous ether, a mysterious substance that was thought to fill the universe so that light would have a medium to move through. The ether was a black cat, writes Firestein, and physicists had been theorizing in a dark room, and then experimenting in it, looking for evidence of a cat that did not exist. The same applies to the classical view of emotion, whose mental organs are a human invention that mistakes the question for the answer. Concepts also encourage us not to see things that are present. One illusory stripe of a rainbow contains an infinite number of frequencies, but your concepts for “Red,” “Blue,” and other colors cause your brain to ignore the variability. Likewise, the frowny-faced stereotype of “Sadness” is a concept that downplays the great variation in that emotion category.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 09월 – 34번: 소셜미디어에서의 '일반적 유명인'과 전통적 유명인의 차이

While social media attention is potentially an instrument to achieve ends like elite celebrity, some content creators desire ordinary fame as a social end in itself. Not unlike reality television stars, social media celebrities are often criticized for not having skills and talents associated with traditional, elite celebrity, such as acting or singing ability. This criticism highlights the fact that digital content creators face real barriers to crossing over to the sphere of elite celebrity. However, the criticism also misses the point that the phenomenon of ordinary celebrity reconstructs the meaning of fame. The elite celebrity is symbolized by the metaphor of the star, characterized by mystery and hierarchical distance and associated with naturalized qualities of talent and class. The ordinary celebrity attracts attention through regular and frequent interactions with other ordinary people. Achieving ordinary fame as a social media celebrity is like doing well at a game, because in this sphere, fame is nothing more nor less than relatively high scores on attention scales, the metrics of subscribers, followers, Likes, or clicks built into social media applications.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

While social media attention is potentially an instrument to achieve ends like elite celebrity, some content creators desire ordinary fame as a social end in itself. Not unlike reality television stars, social media celebrities are often criticized for not having skills and talents associated with traditional, elite celebrity, such as acting or singing ability. This criticism highlights the fact that digital content creators face real barriers to crossing over to the sphere of elite celebrity. However, the criticism also misses the point that the phenomenon of ordinary celebrity reconstructs the meaning of fame. The elite celebrity is symbolized by the metaphor of the star, characterized by mystery and hierarchical distance and associated with naturalized qualities of talent and class. The ordinary celebrity attracts attention through regular and frequent interactions with other ordinary people. Achieving ordinary fame as a social media celebrity is like doing well at a game, because in this sphere, fame is nothing more nor less than relatively high scores on attention scales, the metrics of subscribers, followers, Likes, or clicks built into social media applications.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 09월 – 35번: 시험 준비에서 벼락치기가 효과적이지 않은 이유

Why do we have the illusion that cramming for an exam is the best learning strategy? Because we are unable to differentiate between the various sections of our memory. Immediately after reading our textbook or our class notes, information is fully present in our mind. It sits in our conscious working memory, in an active form. We feel as if we know it, because it is present in our short-term storage space ... but this short-term section has nothing to do with the long-term memory that we will need in order to recall the same information a few days later. After a few seconds or minutes, working memory already starts disappearing, and after a few days, the effect becomes enormous: unless you retest your knowledge, memory vanishes. To get information into long-term memory, it is essential to study the material, then test yourself, rather than spend all your time studying.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Why do we have the illusion that cramming for an exam is the best learning strategy? Because we are unable to differentiate between the various compartments of our memory. Immediately after reading our textbook or our class notes, information is fully present in our mind. It sits in our conscious working memory, in an active form. We feel as if we know it, because it is present in our short-term storage space... but this short-term compartment has nothing to do with the long-term memory that we will need in order to retrieve the same information a few days later. After a few seconds or minutes, working memory already starts dissipating, and after a few days, the effect becomes enormous: unless you retest your knowledge, memory vanishes. To get information into long-term memory, it is essential to study the material, then test yourself, rather than spend all your time studying.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

관련 자료 바로가기

[고1] 2024년 09월 – 29번: 조직 내 다양한 부서들이 갈등을 일으키는 구조적 요인

From an organizational viewpoint, one of the most fascinating examples of how any organization may contain many different types of culture is to recognize the functional operations of different departments within the organization. The varying departments and divisions within an organization will inevitably view any given situation from their own biased and prejudiced perspective. A department and its members will acquire "tunnel vision" which disallows them to see things as others see them. The very structure of organizations can create conflict. The choice of whether the structure is "mechanistic" or "organic" can have a profound influence on conflict management. A mechanistic structure has a vertical hierarchy with many rules, many procedures, and many levels of management involved in decision making. Organic structures are more horizontal in nature, where decision making is less centralized and spread across the plane of the organization.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Organizational culture and conflict From an organizational viewpoint, one of the most fascinating examples of how any organization may contain many different types of culture is to recognize the functional operations of different departments within the organization. The varying departments and divisions within an organization will inevitably view any given situation from their own biased and prejudiced perspective. A department and its members will acquire "tunnel vision" which disallows them to see things as others see them. The very structure of organizations can create conflict. The choice of whether the structure is "mechanistic" or "organic" can have a profound influence on conflict management. A mechanistic structure has a vertical hierarchy with many rules and procedures and many levels of management involved in decision making. Organic structures are more horizontal in nature, where decision making is less centralized and spread across the plane of the organization. Employees in a mechanistic structure are burdened with more rules and regulations than in an organic structure. This inevitably restricts innovation and creativity. Because there are expected behavior patterns in mechanistic structures, it is often difficult for employees to adjust to new situations. New ideas and processes are therefore more difficult to implement.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 09월 – 30번: 자전거 전용 도로 확장으로 교통을 줄이는 도시 계획의 이점

An excellent alternative to calming traffic is removing it. Some cities reserve an extensive network of lanes and streets for bikes, pedestrians, and the occasional service vehicle. This motivates people to travel by bike rather than by car, making streets safer for everyone. As bicycles become more popular in a city, planners can convert more automobile lanes and entire streets to accommodate more of them. Nevertheless, even the most bikeable cities still require motor vehicle lanes for taxis, emergency vehicles, and delivery trucks. Delivery vehicles are frequently a target of animus, but they are actually an essential component to making cities greener. A tightly packed delivery truck is a far more efficient transporter of goods than several hybrids carrying a few shopping bags each. Distributing food and other goods to neighborhood vendors allows them to operate smaller stores close to homes so that residents can walk, rather than drive, to get their groceries.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

An excellent alternative to calming traffic is removing it. Some cities reserve an extensive grid of lanes and streets for bikes, pedestrians, and the occasional service vehicle. This motivates people to travel by bike rather than by car, making streets safer for everyone. As bicycles become more popular in a city, planners can convert more automobile lanes and entire streets to accommodate more of them. Nevertheless, even the most bikeable cities still require motor vehicle lanes for taxis, emergency vehicles, and delivery trucks. Delivery vehicles are frequently a target of animus, but they are actually an essential component to making cities greener. A tightly packed delivery truck is a far more efficient transporter of goods than several hybrids carrying a few shopping bags each. Distributing food and other goods to neighborhood vendors allows them to operate smaller outlets close to homes so that residents can walk, rather than drive, to get their groceries.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 09월 – 31번: 유명 작곡가들의 초기 작품이 받아들여지기 어려웠던 이유

You hear again and again that some of the greatest composers were misunderstood in their own day. Not everyone could understand the compositions of Beethoven, Brahms, or Stravinsky in their day. The reason for this initial lack of acceptance is unfamiliarity. The musical forms, or ideas expressed within them, were completely new. And yet, this is exactly one of the things that makes them so great. Effective composers have their own ideas. Have you ever seen the classic movie Amadeus? The composer Antonio Salieri is the "host" of this movie; he's depicted as one of the most famous non-great composers ― he lived at the time of Mozart and was completely overshadowed by him. Now, Salieri wasn't a bad composer; in fact, he was a very good one. But he wasn't one of the world's great composers because his work wasn't original. What he wrote sounded just like what everyone else was composing at the time.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

They’re creative and original You hear again and again that some of the greatest composers — even those whose works sound tame and easily accessible to us — were misunderstood in their own day. Not everyone could relate to the compositions of Ludwig van Beethoven, Johannes Brahms, Gustav Mahler, Richard Strauss, Claude Debussy, Stravinsky, or Charles Ives in their day. (Actually, that’s the understatement of the year; the audience at Stravinsky’s The Rite of Spring actually rioted, trashing the theater and bolting for the exits.) The reason for this original lack of acceptance is unfamiliarity. The musical forms, or ideas expressed within them, were completely new. And yet, this is exactly one of the things that makes them so great. Effective composers have their own ideas. Have you ever seen the classic movie Amadeus, which won eight Oscars including Best Picture in 1984? The composer Antonio Salieri is the “host” of this movie; he’s depicted as one of the most famous non-great composers — he lived at the time of Mozart and was completely overshadowed by him. Now, Salieri wasn’t a bad composer; in fact, he was a very good one. But he wasn’t one of the world’s great composers because his work wasn’t original. What he wrote sounded just like what everyone else was composing at the time.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

관련 자료 바로가기

[고1] 2024년 09월 – 21번: 부정적 상황에서 자조 그룹의 긍정적 에너지의 중요성

One valuable technique for getting out of helplessness, depression, and situations which are predominantly being run by the thought, "I can't," is to choose to be with other persons who have resolved the problem with which we struggle. This is one of the great powers of self-help groups. When we are in a negative state, we have given a lot of energy to negative thought forms, and the positive thought forms are weak. Those who are in a higher vibration are free of the energy from their negative thoughts and have energized positive thought forms. Merely to be in their presence is beneficial. In some self-help groups, this is called "hanging out with the winners." The benefit here is on the psychic level of consciousness, and there is a transfer of positive energy and relighting of one's own latent positive thought forms.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

The Company We Keep Another valuable technique for getting out of apathy, depression, and situations which are predominantly being run by the thought, "I can't," is to choose to be with other persons who have resolved the problem with which we struggle. This is one of the great powers of self-help groups. When we are in a negative state, we have given a lot of energy to negative thought forms, and the positive thought forms are weak. Those who are in a higher vibration are free of the energy from their negative thoughts and have energized positive thought forms. Merely to be in their presence is beneficial. In some self-help groups, this is called "hanging out with the winners." The benefit here is on the psychic level of consciousness, and there is a transfer of positive energy and relighting of one's own latent positive thought forms. In some self-help groups this is called "getting it by osmosis." It is not necessary to know how it happens, but merely that it does happen.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

helplessness = apathy

helplessness (n) 무력감, 난감함

apathy (n) 무관심, 냉담함

[고1] 2024년 09월 – 22번: 인간의 감정이 생존에 기여한 진화적 역할

Our emotions are thought to exist because they have contributed to our survival as a species. Fear has helped us avoid dangers, expressing anger helps us scare off threats, and expressing positive emotions helps us bond with others. From an evolutionary perspective, an emotion is a kind of "program" that, when triggered, directs many of our activities (including attention, perception, memory, movement, expressions, etc.). For example, fear makes us very attentive, narrows our perceptual focus to threatening stimuli, will cause us either to face a situation (fight) or avoid it (flight), and may cause us to remember an experience more acutely (so that we avoid the threat in the future). Regardless of the specific ways in which they activate our systems, the specific emotions we possess are thought to exist because they have helped us (as a species) survive challenges within our environment long ago. If they had not helped us adapt and survive, they would not have evolved with us.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Evolution and Emotional Experience and Expression Our nonverbal messages are strongly linked to our emotions (Anderson & Guerrero, 1998). And these emotions are thought to exist because they have contributed to our survival as a species. Fear has helped us avoid dangers, expressing anger helps us ward off threats, and expressing positive emotions helps us bond with others. From an evolutionary perspective, an emotion is a kind of “program” that, when elicited, directs many of our activities (including attention, perception, memory, movement, expressions, etc.) (Cosmides & Tooby, 2000). For example, fear makes us very attentive, narrows our perceptual focus to threatening stimuli, will cause us either to address a situation head on (fight) or avoid it (flight), and may cause us to remember an experience more acutely (so that we avoid the threat in the future). Regardless of the specific ways in which they activate our systems, the specific emotions we possess are thought to exist because they have helped us (as a species) survive challenges within our environment long ago. If they had not helped us adapt and survive, they would not have evolved with us (Anderson & Guerrero, 1998).

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

scare off = ward off

trigger = elicit

face = address + O + head on 

scare off 겁을 주어 ~를 쫓아 버리다

ward off 피하다, 물리치다, 가까이 오지 못하게 하다

trigger (v) 촉발시키다, 작동시키다

elicit (v) (정보·반응을 어렵게) 끌어내다

face (v) 대면하다, 마주하다

address (v) (문제·상황 등에 대해) 고심하다[다루다]

head on 정면으로

[고1] 2024년 09월 – 23번: AI 기술이 장애인을 포함한 노동 시장에서의 포용성 증대

By improving accessibility of the workplace for workers that are typically at a disadvantage in the labour market, AI can improve inclusiveness in the workplace. AI-powered assistive devices to aid workers with visual, speech or hearing difficulties are becoming more widespread, improving the access to, and the quality of work for people with disabilities. For example, speech recognition solutions for people with dysarthric voices, or live captioning systems for deaf and hard of hearing people can facilitate communication with colleagues and access to jobs where inter-personal communication is necessary. AI can also enhance the capabilities of low-skilled workers, with potentially positive effects on their wages and career prospects. For example, AI's capacity to translate written and spoken word in real-time can improve the performance of non-native speakers in the workplace. Moreover, recent developments in AI-powered text generators can instantly improve the performance of lower-skilled individuals in domains such as writing, coding or customer service.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

4.4.1. AI can improve inclusiveness for some disadvantaged groups but not for others By improving accessibility of the workplace for workers that are typically at a disadvantage in the labour market, AI can improve inclusiveness in the workplace. AI-powered assistive devices to aid workers with visual, speech or hearing impairments, or prosthetic limbs, are becoming more widespread, improving the access to, and the quality of work for people with disabilities (Smith and Smith, 2021[50]; Touzet, forthcoming[51]). For example, speech recognition solutions for people with dysarthric voices, or live captioning systems for deaf and hard of hearing people can facilitate communication with colleagues and access to jobs where inter-personal communication is necessary. AI can also enhance the capabilities of low-skilled workers, with potentially positive effects on their wages and career prospects. For example, AI's capacity to translate written and spoken word in real-time can improve the performance of non-native speakers in the workplace. Moreover, recent developments in AI-powered text generators, such as ChatGPT, can instantly improve the performance of lower-skilled individuals in domains such as writing, coding or customer service (see Box 4.2).

텍스트 비교 (문제 vs. 원문 )

hearing difficulties = hearing impairments 청각 장애

prosthetic limbs 의수, 의족

[고1] 2024년 09월 – 24번: 고래가 기후 변화 완화에 기여하는 방식과 그 가치

Whales are highly efficient at carbon storage. When they die, each whale sequesters an average of 30 tons of carbon dioxide, taking that carbon out of the atmosphere for centuries. For comparison, the average tree absorbs only 48 pounds of CO₂ a year. From a climate perspective, each whale is the marine equivalent of thousands of trees. Whales also help sequester carbon by fertilizing the ocean as they release nutrient-rich waste, in turn increasing phytoplankton populations, which also sequester carbon ― leading some scientists to call them the "engineers of marine ecosystems." In 2019, economists from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimated the value of the ecosystem services provided by each whale at over $2 million USD. They called for a new global program of economic incentives to return whale populations to preindustrial whaling levels as one example of a "nature-based solution" to climate change. Calls are now being made for a global whale restoration program, to slow down climate change.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Visalli points out that when ships slow down, the wider community benefits; slower ships not only hit fewer whales but also create less noise pollution, release fewer environmental pollutants, and emit less carbon dioxide. Saving whales from ship strikes also benefits the global environment by helping mitigate climate change. Whales are highly efficient at carbon storage. When they die, each whale sequesters an average of 30 tons of carbon dioxide, taking that carbon out of the atmosphere for centuries. For comparison, the average tree absorbs only 48 pounds of CO₂ a year. From a climate perspective, each whale is the marine equivalent of thousands of trees. Whales also help sequester carbon by fertilizing the ocean as they excrete nutrient-rich waste, in turn increasing phytoplankton populations, which also sequester carbon—leading some scientists to call them the “engineers of marine ecosystems.” In 2019, economists from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimated the value of the ecosystem services provided by each whale at over $2 million USD. They called for a new global program of economic incentives to return whale populations to preindustrial whaling levels as one example of a “nature-based solution” to climate change. Calls are now being made for a global whale restoration program, to support both marine biodiversity and climate change mitigation. Researchers are currently developing the governance architecture that would extend bioacoustics monitoring, and protected areas, across the entirety of the world’s oceans. Today, bioacoustics whale protection systems exist in isolated areas. But in the future, a network of bioacoustics listening stations could create flexible “whale lanes” across the world’s oceans, controlled by the whales themselves.

텍스트 비교 (문제 vs. 원문 )

release = excrete

excrete (v) 방출하다; 분비하다, 배설하다

biodiversity (n) 종 다양성

climate change 기후 변화

mitigation (n) 완화, 경감

관련 자료 바로가기