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여러분의 작은 도움이 큰 힘이 됩니다! 

감사합니다~~♡

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[고3] 2023년 09월 – 18번: 학교 앞 도로 공사로 인한 교통 안전 자원봉사 요청

① Dear Parents,

① 학부모님께

② My name is Danielle Hamilton, and I am the principal of Techville High School.

② 제 이름은 Danielle Hamilton이고 저는 Techville 고등학교 교장입니다.

③ As you may know, there is major road construction scheduled to take place in front of our school next month.

③ 아시다시피, 다음 달에 우리 학교 앞에서 큰 도로 공사가 있을 것으로 예정되어 있습니다.

④ This raises safety concerns.

④ 이것이 안전에 대한 염려를 불러일으킵니다.

⑤ Therefore, we are asking for parent volunteers to help with directing traffic.

⑤ 그래서 우리는 교통정리를 도와주실 학부모 자원봉사자를 요청하고자 합니다.

⑥ The volunteer hours are from 8:00 to 8:30 a.m. and from 4:30 to 5:00 p.m. on school days.

⑥ 자원봉사 시간은 등교일 오전 8시부터 8시 30분, 오후 4시 30분부터 5시까지입니다.

⑦ If you are willing to take part in the traffic safety volunteer group, please email us with your preferred schedule at info@techville.edu.

⑦ 교통안전 자원 봉사단에 참여하실 의사가 있으시면, info@techville.edu로 저희에게 원하시는 일정을 이메일로 보내주시기 바랍니다.

⑧ Your participation will be helpful in building a safer school environment for our students.

⑧ 여러분의 참여는 우리 학생들을 위해 더 안전한 학교 환경을 만드는 데 도움이 될 것입니다.

⑨ Thank you in advance for your contributions.

⑨ 여러분의 기여에 미리 감사드립니다.

⑩ Sincerely, Danielle Hamilton

⑩ Danielle Hamilton 드림

[고3] 2023년 09월 – 19번: 폭설로 취소된 여행 대신 동물원 방문으로 기쁨을 되찾은 Nancy

① The day trip to Midtown scheduled for today was canceled because the road leading there was blocked by heavy snow.

① 오늘 예정된 Midtown으로 가는 당일치기 여행은 그곳으로 가는 도로가 폭설로 막혀 취소되었다.

② "Luck just didn't run my way.

② "나한테 운이 따르지 않는군.

③ Sightseeing in Midtown was why I signed up for this trip ..."

③ Midtown 관광이 내가 이 여행을 신청한 이유였는데 ..."

④ Nancy said to herself, with a long sigh.

④ Nancy는 긴 한숨을 내쉬며 혼잣말을 했다.

⑤ She was thinking of all the interesting sights she wouldn't be able to enjoy.

⑤ 그녀는 자신이 즐길 수 없을 온갖 흥미로운 명소들에 대해 생각하고 있었다.

⑥ All of a sudden, there was a knock at the door.

⑥ 갑자기 문을 두드리는 소리가 났다.

⑦ "News! We are going to the Pland Zoo near the hotel.

⑦ "뉴스입니다! 우리는 호텔 근처에 있는 Pland 동물원에 갈 겁니다.

⑧ We will meet in the lobby soon."

⑧ 곧 로비에서 모일 겁니다."

⑨ It was the voice of her tour guide.

⑨ 그건 그녀의 여행 가이드의 목소리였다.

⑩ She sprung off the couch and started putting on her coat in a hurry.

⑩ 그녀는 소파에서 벌떡 일어나 서둘러 외투를 입기 시작했다.

⑪ "The Pland Zoo! That's on my bucket list!

⑪ "Pland 동물원이라고! 그건 내 버킷 리스트에 있는 거잖아!

⑫ What a turn of fortune!" shouted Nancy.

⑫ 이런 행운이 찾아오다니!"라고 Nancy는 소리쳤다.

[고3] 2023년 09월 – 20번: 자신감을 키우기 위해 불안과 공존해야 함

① Confident is not the same as comfortable.

① 자신감이 있다는 것은 맘이 편하다는 것과 같지 않다.

② One of the biggest misconceptions about becoming self-confident is that it means living fearlessly.

② 자신감을 갖게 되는 것에 관한 가장 큰 오해 중 하나는 그것이 두려움 없이 사는 것을 의미한다는 것이다.

③ The key to building confidence is quite the opposite.

③ 자신감 구축의 핵심은 오히려 그 반대이다.

④ It means we are willing to let fear be present as we do the things that matter to us.

④ 이는 우리가 우리에게 중요한 일을 할 때 두려움이 존재하도록 기꺼이 두는 것을 의미한다.

⑤ When we establish some self-confidence in something, it feels good.

⑤ 무언가에 대한 어느 정도의 자신감이 생기면 기분이 좋다.

⑥ We want to stay there and hold on to it.

⑥ 우리는 거기에 머물러서 고수하고 싶어 한다.

⑦ But if we only go where we feel confident, then confidence never expands beyond that.

⑦ 하지만 우리가 자신감을 느끼는 곳으로만 간다면, 그런 경우 자신감은 그 이상으로 절대 확장되지 않는다.

⑧ If we only do the things we know we can do well, fear of the new and unknown tends to grow.

⑧ 우리가 잘할 수 있다고 알고 있는 일만 한다면, 새롭고 미지의 것에 대한 두려움은 커지는 경향이 있다.

⑨ Building confidence inevitably demands that we make friends with vulnerability because it is the only way to be without confidence for a while.

⑨ 자신감을 키우려면 필연적으로 취약성과 친구가 되어야 하는데 그것이 한동안 자신감 없이 지낼 수 있는 유일한 방법이기 때문이다.

⑩ But the only way confidence can grow is when we are willing to be without it.

⑩ 하지만 자신감이 커질 수 있는 유일한 방법은 기꺼이 자신감 없이 지낼 때이다.

⑪ When we can step into fear and sit with the unknown, it is the courage of doing so that builds confidence from the ground up.

⑪ 우리가 두려움 속으로 들어가 미지의 것과 어울릴 수 있을 때, 바닥에서부터 자신감을 쌓는 것은 바로 그렇게 하는 용기이다.

[고3] 2023년 09월 – 21번: 프로젝트에서 불필요한 작업을 추가하는 'Gold plating'의 문제

① Gold plating in the project means needlessly enhancing the expected results, namely, adding characteristics that are costly, not required, and that have low added value with respect to the targets ― in other words, giving more with no real justification other than to demonstrate one's own talent.

① 프로젝트에서 금도금은 예상되는 결과를 불필요하게 향상하는 것, 즉 비용이 많이 들고 필요하지 않으며 목표와 관련하여 부가 가치가 낮은 특성을 추가하는 것으로, 다시 말해 자신의 재능을 입증하는 것 외에는 실질적인 명분이 없는 더 많은 것을 제공하는 것을 의미한다.

② Gold plating is especially interesting for project team members, as it is typical of projects with a marked professional component ― in other words, projects that involve specialists with proven experience and extensive professional autonomy.

② 금도금은 특히 프로젝트팀원들에 대해서 흥미로운데, 이는 전문적인 요소가 뚜렷한 프로젝트, 다시 말해 검증된 경험과 폭넓은 전문적 자율성을 갖춘 전문가가 참여하는 프로젝트에서 일반적이기 때문이다.

③ In these environments specialists often see the project as an opportunity to test and enrich their skill sets.

③ 이러한 환경에서 전문가들은 종종 프로젝트를 자신의 다양한 능력을 테스트하고 강화할 기회로 여긴다.

④ There is therefore a strong temptation, in all good faith, to engage in gold plating, namely, to achieve more or higher-quality work that gratifies the professional but does not add value to the client's requests, and at the same time removes valuable resources from the project.

④ 따라서 선의로 금도금에 참여하려는 유혹, 즉 전문가를 만족시키지만, 고객의 요청에 가치를 더하지 않는 동시에 프로젝트에서 귀중한 자원을 없애는 더 많은 또는 더 높은 품질의 성과를 달성하려는유혹이 있다.

⑤ As the saying goes, "The best is the enemy of the good."

⑤ 속담에 있듯이, '최고는 좋음의 적'이다.

[고3] 2023년 09월 – 22번: 이민자들이 주류 문화에 동화되는 과정에서 겪는 갈등

① The need to assimilate values and lifestyle of the host culture has become a growing conflict.

① 주류 문화의 가치와 생활방식에 동화되어야 하는 필요성 때문에 갈등이 커지고 있다.

② Multiculturalists suggest that there should be a model of partial assimilation in which immigrants retain some of their customs, beliefs, and language.

② 다문화주의자들은 이민자들이 자신의 관습, 신념, 언어 중 일부를 유지하는 부분 동화 모델이 있어야 한다고 제안한다.

③ There is pressure to conform rather than to maintain their cultural identities, however, and these conflicts are greatly determined by the community to which one migrates.

③ 그러나 그들의 문화적 정체성을 유지하기보다는 순응해야 한다는 압력이 있는데, 이러한 갈등은 대개 이민자가 이주하는 커뮤니티에 따라 결정된다.

④ These experiences are not new; many Europeans experienced exclusion and poverty during the first two waves of immigration in the 19th and 20th centuries.

④ 이러한 경험은 새로운 것이 아니며, 많은 유럽인이 19세기와 20세기의 첫 두 차례의 이민 물결 동안 배제와 빈곤을 경험했다.

⑤ Eventually, these immigrants transformed this country with significant changes that included enlightenment and acceptance of diversity.

⑤ 결국 이 이민자들은 계몽과 다양성 수용을 포함한 중대한 변화로 이 나라를 탈바꿈시켰다.

⑥ People of color, however, continue to struggle for acceptance.

⑥ 그러나 유색인종들은 계속 받아들여지기 위해 안간힘을 쓰고 있다.

⑦ Once again, the challenge is to recognize that other cultures think and act differently and that they have the right to do so.

⑦ 거듭 말하자면, 어려운 과제는 다른 문화는 다르게 생각하고 행동하며 그들이 그렇게 할 권리가 있다는 것을 인정하는 것이다.

⑧ Perhaps, in the not too distant future, immigrants will no longer be strangers among us.

⑧ 아마도, 그리 머지않아 이민자들이 우리 사이에서 더는 이방인이 아닐 것이다.

[고3] 2023년 09월 – 23번: 상업 라디오 방송의 주 목적과 인기 음악의 중요성

① The primary purpose of commercial music radio broadcasting is to deliver an audience to a group of advertisers and sponsors.

① 상업적 음악 라디오 방송의 주된 목적은 청취자를 광고주와 후원자 집단에 인도하는 것이다.

② To achieve commercial success, that audience must be as large as possible.

② 상업적 성공을 달성하기 위해서는, 그 청취자는 가능한 한 대규모여야 한다.

③ More than any other characteristics (such as demographic or psychographic profile, purchasing power, level of interest, degree of satisfaction, quality of attention or emotional state), the quantity of an audience aggregated as a mass is the most significant metric for broadcasters seeking to make music radio for profitable ends.

③ (인구 통계학적 또는 심리 통계학적 개요, 구매력, 관심 수준, 만족도, 주목의 질, 또는 정서 상태 같은) 다른 어떤 특성보다도, 집단으로 모인 청취자의 크기는 음악 라디오가 수익 목적에 이바지하게하고자 하는 방송 진행자에게 가장 중요한 측정 기준이다.

④ As a result, broadcasters attempt to maximise their audience size by playing music that is popular, or ― at the very least ― music that can be relied upon not to cause audiences to switch off their radio or change the station.

④ 결과적으로 방송 진행자는 인기 있는 음악, 또는 - 적어도 - 청취자가 라디오를 끄거나 방송국을 바꾸게 하지 않을 것으로 믿기는 음악을 틀어 청취자의 규모를 극대화하려고 애쓴다.

⑤ Audience retention is a key value (if not the key value) for many music programmers and for radio station management.

⑤ 청취자 보유는 많은 음악 프로그램 제작자에게, 그리고 라디오 방송국 경영진에 (유일한 핵심 가치는 아니더라도) 하나의 핵심 가치이다.

⑥ In consequence, a high degree of risk aversion frequently marks out the 'successful' radio music programmer.

⑥ 그 결과 높은 수준의 모험 회피는 흔히 '성공한' 라디오 음악 프로그램 제작자를 구분 짓는다.

⑦ Playlists are restricted, and often very small.

⑦ 방송 목록은 한정되고 흔히 매우 적다.

[고3] 2023년 09월 – 24번: 인터넷 뉴스의 등장으로 뉴스 아카이브 접근성이 향상됨

① Before the web, newspaper archives were largely the musty domain of professional researchers and journalism students.

① 웹 이전에 신문 기록 보관소는 주로 전문적 연구원과 언론학과 학생의 곰팡내 나는 영역이었다.

② Journalism was, by definition, current.

② 저널리즘은 당연히 최신에 관한 것이었다.

③ The general accessibility of archives has greatly extended the shelf life of journalism, with older stories now regularly cited to provide context for more current ones.

③ 자료 보관소의 일반적 접근 가능성은 더 오래된 기사가 이제는 자주 더 최신 기사에 맥락을 제공하기 위해 인용되면서, 저널리즘의 유통 기한을 크게 늘리게 되었다.

④ With regard to how meaning is made of complex issues encountered in the news, this departure can be understood as a readiness by online news consumers to engage with the underlying issues and contexts of the news that was not apparent in, or even possible for, print consumers.

④ 뉴스에서 마주치는 복잡한 이슈에 관해 의미가 어떻게 형성되는가와 관련하여, 이 새로운 출발은 온라인 뉴스 소비자가 인쇄물 소비자에게는 명백하지 않았던, 또는 심지어 가능하지 않았던, 뉴스의기저 이슈와 맥락에 관여할 준비로 이해될 수 있다.

⑤ One of the emergent qualities of online news, determined in part by the depth of readily accessible online archives, seems to be the possibility of understanding news stories as the manifest outcomes of larger economic, social and cultural issues rather than short-lived and unconnected media spectacles.

⑤ 온라인 뉴스의 떠오르는 특성 중 하나는, 부분적으로는 쉽게 접근할 수 있는 온라인 기록 보관소의 깊이로 결정되는데, 뉴스 기사가 수명이 짧고 연결성이 없는 미디어 구경거리가 아니라 더 큰 경제적, 사회적, 문화적 이슈의 분명한 결과로 이해될 가능성인 듯 보인다.

[고3] 2023년 09월 – 25번: 2011, 2016, 2021년 미국 18-24세 인종별 대학 진학률 비교

① The table above shows the college enrollment rates of 18- to 24-year-olds from five racial/ethnic groups in the U.S. in 2011, 2016, and 2021.

① 위 표는 미국 내 다섯 인종/민족 집단의 18세에서 24세 사람들의 2011년, 2016년, 그리고 2021년 대학 등록률을 보여 준다.

② Among the five groups, Asians exhibited the highest college enrollment rate with more than 50% in each year listed in the table.

② 다섯 집단 중에서 아시아인은 표에 열거된 연도마다 50퍼센트를 넘는 가장 높은 대학 등록률을 보였다.

③ Whites were the second highest in terms of the college enrollment rate among all the groups in all three years, while the rate dropped below 40% in 2021.

③ 백인은 3년 내내 모든 집단 중에서 대학 등록률이 두 번째로 높았지만, 2021년에 그 비율은 40퍼센트 아래로 떨어졌다.

④ The college enrollment rates of both Blacks and Hispanics were higher than 35% but lower than 40% in 2011 and in 2021.

④ 흑인과 히스패닉 모두 2011년과 2021년에 대학 등록률이 35퍼센트 보다 높았지만 40퍼센트 보다 낮았다.

⑤ Among the years displayed in the table, 2016 was the only year when the college enrollment rate of Hispanics was higher than that of Blacks.

⑤ 표에 나타난 연도 중, 2016년은 히스패닉의 대학 등록률이 흑인의 등록률보다 높았던 유일한 해였다.

⑥ In each year, American Indians/Alaska Natives showed the lowest college enrollment rate.

⑥ 매년, 아메리칸 인디언/알래스카 원주민은 가장 낮은 대학 등록률을 보여 주었다.

[고3] 2023년 09월 – 26번: 피아니스트이자 작가인 Charles Rosen의 생애와 업적

① Charles Rosen, a virtuoso pianist and distinguished writer, was born in New York in 1927.

① 거장 피아니스트이자 저명한 작가인 Charles Rosen은 1927년 뉴욕에서 태어났다.

② Rosen displayed a remarkable talent for the piano from his early childhood.

② Rosen은 어린 시절부터 피아노에 주목할 만한 재능을 보였다.

③ In 1951, the year he earned his doctoral degree in French literature at Princeton University, Rosen made both his New York piano debut and his first recordings.

③ 프린스턴 대학교에서 불문학 박사 학위를 받은 1951년, Rosen은 뉴욕에서 피아노 데뷔도 했고 첫 음반의 녹음도 했다.

④ To glowing praise, he appeared in numerous recitals and orchestral concerts around the world.

④ 열렬한 찬사 속에, 그는 전 세계적으로 수많은 독주회와 오케스트라 연주회에 출연했다.

⑤ Rosen's performances impressed some of the 20th century's most well-known composers, who invited him to play their music.

⑤ Rosen의 연주는 20세기의 가장 유명한 작곡가들 중 일부에게 감명을 주었고, 그들은 Rosen에게 자기들의 곡을 연주해 달라고 요청했다.

⑥ Rosen was also the author of many widely admired books about music.

⑥ Rosen은 또한 널리 칭송받는 많은 음악 저서의 저자였다.

⑦ His most famous book, The Classical Style, was first published in 1971 and won the U.S. National Book Award the next year.

⑦ 그의 가장 유명한 책은 The Classical Style은 1971년에 처음 출판되었고 이듬해에 U.S. National Book Award를 수상했다.

⑧ This work, which was reprinted in an expanded edition in 1997, remains a landmark in the field.

⑧ 이 저작은 1997년에 증보판으로 재판(再版)되었고, 이 분야에서 획기적인 것으로 남아있다.

⑨ While writing extensively, Rosen continued to perform as a pianist for the rest of his life until he died in 2012.

⑨ 폭넓게 글쓰기를 하면서, Rosen은 2012년 사망할 때까지 여생 동안 피아니스트로서 공연을 계속했다.

[고3] 2023년 09월 – 29번: 스트레스 반응을 긍정적으로 받아들이는 것이 도움이 됨

① Viewing the stress response as a resource can transform the physiology of fear into the biology of courage.

① 스트레스 반응을 자원으로 보는 것은 두려움이라는 생리 기능을 용기라는 생명 작용으로 바꿀 수 있다.

② It can turn a threat into a challenge and can help you do your best under pressure.

② 그것은 위협을 도전으로 바꿀 수 있고 여러분이 압박감 속에서도 최선을 다하도록 도울 수 있다.

③ Even when the stress doesn't feel helpful ― as in the case of anxiety ― welcoming it can transform it into something that is helpful: more energy, more confidence, and a greater willingness to take action.

③ 불안감의 경우에서처럼 스트레스가 도움이 되지 않는다고 느껴질 때조차도 그것을 기꺼이 받아들이는 것은 그것을 도움이 되는 것, 즉, 더 많은 에너지, 더 많은 자신감, 그리고 더 기꺼이 행동을 취하려는 마음으로 바꿀 수 있다.

④ You can apply this strategy in your own life anytime you notice signs of stress.

④ 스트레스의 징후를 알아차릴 때마다 이 전략을 여러분의 삶에 적용할 수 있다.

⑤ When you feel your heart beating or your breath quickening, realize that it is your body's way of trying to give you more energy.

⑤ 여러분의 심장 박동이나 호흡이 빨라지는 것을 느낄 때 그것은 여러분에게 더 많은 에너지를 주려고 노력하는 여러분의 몸의 방식이라는 것을 깨달으라.

⑥ If you notice tension in your body, remind yourself that the stress response gives you access to your strength.

⑥ 여러분의 몸에서 긴장을 감지한다면 스트레스 반응이 여러분에게 자신의 힘을 이용할 기회를 준다는 점을 상기하라.

⑦ Sweaty palms?

⑦ 손바닥에 땀이 나는가?

⑧ Remember what it felt like to go on your first date ― palms sweat when you're close to something you want.

⑧ 첫 데이트에 나갔을 때 어떤 기분이었는지를 기억하라. 즉, 여러분이 원하는 것에 가까이 있을 때 손바닥에 땀이 난다.

[고3] 2023년 09월 – 30번: 섬유 생산의 역사적 변화와 장소의 가치

① Why is the value of place so important?

① '장소'의 가치는 왜 그렇게 중요한가?

② From a historical perspective, until the 1700s textile production was a hand process using the fibers available within a particular geographic region, for example, cotton, wool, silk, and flax.

② 역사적 관점에서 볼 때, 1700년대까지 직물 생산은 지리적으로 특정한 지역 내에서 이용 가능한 섬유, 예를 들면, 면, 양모, 실크, 아마 섬유를 사용하는 수작업 공정이었다.

③ Trade among regions increased the availability of these fibers and associated textiles made from the fibers.

③ 지역 간 무역은 이러한 섬유들과 그 섬유들로 만들어진 관련 직물의 가용성을 증가시켰다.

④ The First Industrial Revolution and subsequent technological advancements in manufactured fibers added to the fact that fibers and textiles were no longer "place-bound."

④ 1차 산업혁명과 그 뒤에 이어진 제조 섬유에서의 기술 발달은 섬유와 직물이 더 이상 '장소에 구애받지' 않게 되었다는 사실을 증가시켰다.

⑤ Fashion companies created and consumers could acquire textiles and products made from textiles with little or no connection to where, how, or by whom the products were made.

⑤ 제품이 어디서, 어떻게, 또는 누구에 의해 만들어졌는지에 대해 거의 또는 전혀 관련 없이 직물들과 직물들로 만들어진 제품들을 패션 회사들은 만들었고 소비자들은 얻을 수 있었다.

⑥ This resulted in a disconnect between consumers and the products they use on a daily basis, a loss of understanding and appreciation in the skills and resources necessary to create these products, and an associated disregard for the human and natural resources necessary for the products' creation.

⑥ 이것이 소비자와 그들이 매일 사용하는 제품 간의 단절, 이러한 제품을 만드는 데 필요한 기술과 자원에 대한 이해와 평가의 상실, 그리고 제품 창조에 필요한 인간과 천연 자원에 대한 연관된 경시를초래했다.

⑦ Therefore, renewing a value on place reconnects the company and the consumer with the people, geography, and culture of a particular location.

⑦ 따라서 '장소'의 가치를 새롭게 하는 것은 회사와 소비자를 특정 장소의 사람과 지리, 문화와 다시 연결한다.

[고3] 2023년 09월 – 31번: 제2차 세계대전 후 교외 지역으로의 이동과 자동차 의존 증가

① In the post-World War II years after 1945, unparalleled economic growth fueled a building boom and a massive migration from the central cities to the new suburban areas.

① 1945년 이후 제2차 세계대전 이후 시절에 유례없는 경제 성장은 건축 붐과 중심 도시에서 새로운 교외 지역으로의 대규모 이주를 부추겼다.

② The suburbs were far more dependent on the automobile, signaling the shift from primary dependence on public transportation to private cars.

② 교외 지역은 자동차에 훨씬 더 많이 의존했고, 대중교통에 대한 주된 의존에서 자가용으로의 전환을 알렸다.

③ Soon this led to the construction of better highways and freeways and the decline and even loss of public transportation.

③ 이것은 곧 더 나은 고속도로와 초고속도로의 건설과 대중교통의 감소, 심지어 쇠퇴까지로 이어졌다.

④ With all of these changes came a privatization of leisure.

④ 이러한 모든 변화와 함께 여가의 사유화가 이루어졌다.

⑤ As more people owned their own homes, with more space inside and lovely yards outside, their recreation and leisure time was increasingly centered around the home or, at most, the neighborhood.

⑤ 더 많은 사람이 내부 공간은 더 넓어지고 외부 정원은 더 아름다운 자신의 집을 소유함에 따라 그들의 휴양과 여가 시간은 점점 더 집이나 기껏해야 이웃에 집중되었다.

⑥ One major activity of this home-based leisure was watching television.

⑥ 이러한 가정에 기반한 여가의 한 가지 주요 활동은 TV를 시청하는 것이었다.

⑦ No longer did one have to ride the trolly to the theater to watch a movie; similar entertainment was available for free and more conveniently from television.

⑦ 더 이상 영화를 보기 위해 전차를 타고 극장까지 갈 필요가 없었고, 유사한 오락(물)이 텔레비전을 통해 무료로 그리고 더 편리하게 이용 가능하게 되었다.

[고3] 2023년 09월 – 32번: 인터넷에서 이미지 검색의 어려움과 태그 시스템의 한계

① Many people create and share pictures and videos on the Internet.

① 많은 사람이 인터넷에서 사진과 비디오를 만들고 공유한다.

② The difficulty is finding what you want.

② 어려운 점은 여러분이 원하는 것을 찾는 것이다.

③ Typically, people want to search using words (rather than, say, example sketches).

③ 일반적으로 사람들은 (가령, 예시 스케치 대신) 단어를 사용하여 검색하기를 원한다.

④ Because most pictures don't come with words attached, it is natural to try and build tagging systems that tag images with relevant words.

④ 대부분의 사진에는 단어가 첨부되어 있지 않기 때문에 이미지에 관련 단어를 태그하는 태그 시스템을 시도하고 만들려는 것은 자연스러운 일이다.

⑤ The underlying machinery is straightforward ― we apply image classification and object detection methods and tag the image with the output words.

⑤ 기본적인 시스템은 간단한데, 이미지 분류와 개체 감지 방법을 적용하고 출력된 단어로 이미지를 태그한다.

⑥ But tags aren't a comprehensive description of what is happening in an image.

⑥ 하지만 태그는 이미지에서 일어나고 있는 일에 대한 포괄적인 설명이 아니다.

⑦ It matters who is doing what, and tags don't capture this.

⑦ 누가 무엇을 하고 있는지가 중요한데, 태그는 이것을 포착하지 못한다.

⑧ For example, tagging a picture of a cat in the street with the object categories "cat", "street", "trash can" and "fish bones" leaves out the information that the cat is pulling the fish bones out of an open trash can on the street.

⑧ 예를 들어, 거리에 있는 고양이의 사진을 '고양이', '거리', '쓰레기통', '물고기 뼈'의 개체 범주로 태그하는 것은 그 고양이가 거리에 있는 열린 쓰레기통에서 물고기 뼈를 빼내고 있다는 정보를 빠뜨리게 된다.

[고3] 2023년 09월 – 33번: 너무 앞선 발명이나 발견의 무가치함과 시기의 중요성

① An invention or discovery that is too far ahead of its time is worthless; no one can follow.

① 시대를 너무 앞서간 발명이나 발견은 가치가 없는데, 누구도 따라갈 수 없기 때문이다.

② Ideally, an innovation opens up only the next step from what is known and invites the culture to move forward one hop.

② 이상적으로, 혁신은 알려진 것으로부터 단지 다음 단계만을 가능하게 하고, 그 문화가 한 걸음 앞으로 나아가도록 요청한다.

③ An overly futuristic, unconventional, or visionary invention can fail initially (it may lack essential not-yet-invented materials or a critical market or proper understanding) yet succeed later, when the ecology of supporting ideas catches up.

③ 지나치게 미래지향적이거나 관행을 벗어나는 혹은 비현실적인 발명은 처음에는 실패할 수도 있지만(아직 발명되지 않은 필수적인 재료나 중요한 시장 또는 적절한 이해가 부족할 수 있다) 아이디어를뒷받침하는 생태 환경이 따라잡을 때 나중에 성공할 수도 있다.

④ Gregor Mendel's 1865 theories of genetic heredity were correct but ignored for 35 years.

④ Gregor Mendel의 1865년 유전 이론은 옳았지만 35년 동안 무시되었다.

⑤ His sharp insights were not accepted because they did not explain the problems biologists had at the time, nor did his explanation operate by known mechanisms, so his discoveries were out of reach even for the early adopters.

⑤ 그의 날카로운 통찰력은 생물학자들이 그 당시에 가졌던 문제들을 설명하지 않았기 때문에 받아들여지지 않았고, 그의 설명 역시 알려진 메커니즘에 의해 작동하지 않았기 때문에 그의 발견은 얼리 어답터들에게도 이해하기 어려웠다.

⑥ Decades later science faced the urgent questions that Mendel's discoveries could answer.

⑥ 수십 년 후 과학은 Mendel의 발견이 답할 수 있는 긴급한 질문에 직면했다.

⑦ Now his insights were only one step away.

⑦ 이제 그의 통찰력은 단 한 걸음만 떨어져 있었다.

⑧ Within a few years of one another, three different scientists each independently rediscovered Mendel's forgotten work, which of course had been there all along.

⑧ 서로 몇 년 간격으로, 세 명의 다른 과학자들이 각각 독립적으로 Mendel의 잊혀진 연구를 재발견했는데, 물론 그 연구는 줄곧 그곳에 있었다.

[고3] 2023년 09월 – 34번: 사진술의 발전과 장소의 대중적 접근성 향상

① Prior to photography, places did not travel well.

① 사진이 나오기 전에는 장소들이 잘 이동하지 않았다.

② While painters have always lifted particular places out of their 'dwelling' and transported them elsewhere, paintings were time-consuming to produce, relatively difficult to transport and one-of-a-kind.

② 화가들이 항상 특정한 장소를 그것의 '거주지'에서 벗어나게 해 다른 곳으로 이동시켜 왔지만, 그림은 제작에 시간이 많이 걸렸고, 상대적으로 운반이 어려웠고, 단품 수주 생산이었다.

③ The multiplication of photographs especially took place with the introduction of the half-tone plate in the 1880s that made possible the mechanical reproduction of photographs in newspapers, periodicals, books and advertisements.

③ 사진의 증가는 특히, 신문, 정기간행물, 책 그리고 광고에서 사진의 기계적인 복제를 가능하게 한 1880년대 하프톤 판의 도입으로 이루어졌다.

④ Photography became coupled to consumer capitalism and the globe was now offered 'in limitless quantities, figures, landscapes, events which had not previously been utilised either at all, or only as pictures for one customer'.

④ 사진은 소비자 자본주의와 결합하게 되었고 이제 세계는 '이전에는 전혀 사용되지 않았거나 단 한 명의 고객을 위한 그림으로만 사용되었던 인물, 풍경, 사건들을 무제한의 양으로 제공받았다'.

⑤ With capitalism's arrangement of the world as a 'department store', 'the proliferation and circulation of representations ... achieved a spectacular and virtually inescapable global magnitude'.

⑤ 자본주의가 세계를 '백화점'으로 정리함에 따라, '표현물의 확산과 유통은... 극적이고 사실상 피할 수 없는 세계적 규모를 달성했다'.

⑥ Gradually photographs became cheap massproduced objects that made the world visible, aesthetic and desirable.

⑥ 점차 사진은 세계를 가시적이고, 미적이며, 탐나게 만드는 값싼 대량생산품이 되었다.

⑦ Experiences were 'democratised' by translating them into cheap images.

⑦ 경험들은 그것을 저렴한 이미지로 바꿈으로써 '대중화'되었다.

⑧ Light, small and mass-produced photographs became dynamic vehicles for the spatiotemporal circulation of places.

⑧ 가볍고 작고 대량으로 제작된 사진은 장소의 시공간적 순환을 위한 역동적인 수단이 되었다.

[고3] 2023년 09월 – 35번: 재택근무 프로그램의 제한 요소와 장래 전망

① Although organizations are offering telecommuting programs in greater numbers than ever before, acceptance and use of these programs are still limited by a number of factors.

① 조직들이 과거 어느 때보다 더 많은 수의 재택근무 프로그램을 제공하고 있지만, 이러한 프로그램의 수용과 이용은 여전히 많은 요인에 의해 제한된다.

② These factors include manager reliance on face-to-face management practices, lack of telecommuting training within an organization, misperceptions of and discomfort with flexible workplace programs, and a lack of information about the effects of telecommuting on an organization's bottom line.

② 이들 요인에는 대면 관리 관행에 대한 관리자의 의존, 조직 내 재택근무 교육 부족, 유연한 직장 프로그램에 대한 오해와 불편함, 그리고 재택근무가 조직의 최종 결산 결과에 미치는 영향에 대한 정보부족 등이 있다.

③ Despite these limitations, at the beginning of the 21st century, a new "anytime, anywhere" work culture is emerging.

③ 이러한 한계에도 불구하고, 21세기 초에는, '언제 어디서나' 일할 수 있는 새로운 업무 문화가 등장하고 있다.

④ Continuing advances in information technology, the expansion of a global workforce, and increased desire to balance work and family are only three of the many factors that will gradually reduce the current barriers to telecommuting as a dominant workforce development.

④ 정보 기술의 지속적인 발전, 글로벌 노동력의 확대, 일과 가정 사이에서 균형을 이루려는 욕구의 증가는 지배적인 노동력 개발로서 재택근무에 대한 현재의 장벽을 점진적으로 낮출 많은 요인 중 세가지에 불과하다.

⑤ With implications for organizational cost savings, especially with regard to lower facility costs, increased employee flexibility, and productivity, telecommuting is increasingly of interest to many organizations.

⑤ 특히 더 낮은 시설 비용, 증가된 직원의 유연성, 그리고 생산성과 관련하여 조직 비용 절감에 대한 영향과 함께, 재택근무는 점점 더 많은 조직의 관심사가 되고 있다.

[고3] 2023년 09월 – 36번: 일반화와 분류의 유용성과 고정관념의 위험성

① The intuitive ability to classify and generalize is undoubtedly a useful feature of life and research, but it carries a high cost, such as in our tendency to stereotype generalizations about people and situations.

① 분류하고 일반화하는 직관적인 능력은 의심할 여지 없이 삶과 연구에 유용한 특징이지만, 그것은 사람과 상황에 대한 일반화를 고정 관념화하는 경향에 있어서와 같이 많은 대가를 수반한다.

② For most people, the word stereotype arouses negative connotations: it implies a negative bias.

② 대부분 사람에게, 고정 관념이라는 단어는 부정적인 함축을 불러일으키는데, 즉 그것은 부정적인 편견을 암시한다.

③ But, in fact, stereotypes do not differ in principle from all other generalizations; generalizations about groups of people are not necessarily always negative.

③ 그러나 사실 고정 관념은 원칙적으로 모든 다른 일반화와 다르지 않으며, 사람들의 집단에 대한 일반화가 반드시 항상 부정적인 것은 아니다.

④ Intuitively and quickly, we mentally sort things into groups based on what we perceive the differences between them to be, and that is the basis for stereotyping.

④ 직관적이고 빠르게, 우리는 사물 간에 차이가 있다고 인식하는 것에 기초해 정신적으로 그들을 그룹으로 분류하며, 그것이 고정관념의 기초이다.

⑤ Only afterwards do we examine (or not examine) more evidence of how things are differentiated, and the degree and significance of the variations.

⑤ 그 후에야 우리는 사물이 어떻게 차별화되는지, 그리고 그 차이의 정도와 중요성에 대한 더 많은 증거를 조사한다(또는 조사하지 않는다).

⑥ Our brain performs these tasks efficiently and automatically, usually without our awareness.

⑥ 우리의 뇌는, 대개 우리가 인식하지 못하는 사이에, 이러한 일을 효율적이고 자동으로 수행한다.

⑦ The real danger of stereotypes is not their inaccuracy, but their lack of flexibility and their tendency to be preserved, even when we have enough time to stop and consider.

⑦ 고정 관념이 진정 위험한 것은 그것들의 부정확성이 아니라, 우리가 멈추어 생각할 시간이 충분할 때조차도, 그것들의 유연성 부족과 유지되려는 경향이다.

[고3] 2023년 09월 – 37번: 영양이 부족할 때 식물의 적응 반응