[2025년 개정판] EBS 올림포스 영어독해 기본 2 (2022 개정교육과정) - 한줄해석 (좌지문 우해석)

 

 

 

안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다.

2024년 10월 EBS 대표 기본 개념서 <올림포스>가 새로운 교육과정에 맞춰 개정판이 출간되었습니다. 

 

올림포스 구성

• 국어: 공통국어1, 공통국어2, 문학1 현대문학, 문학2 현대문학
• 영어: 영어독해 기본1, 영어독해 기본2, 영어독해 9대 변별유형
• 수학: 공통수학1, 공통수학2

올림포스 교재 특징

• 2022 개정 교육과정 반영
• 내신과 수능 대비를 위한 기본 개념 및 다양한 문제 유형 제공
• 수행평가 대비 아이템 포함

 

오늘은 기존 <EBS 올림포스 독해의 기본 2>를 대체할 <EBS 올림포스 영어독해 기본 2 (2022 개정)>의 한줄해석 (좌지문 우해석) 자료 올립니다.

 

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[2025년 개정판] EBS 올림포스 영어독해 기본 2 (2022 개정교육과정) - 한줄해석

 

 

전체 내용

 

[Ch.01 Unit 01 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 가게 이전 안내
① Dear Bloom Cookie customers,	Bloom Cookie 고객 여러분께
② With our lease coming to an end, we've finally made the decision.	저희의 임대 계약이 종료됨에 따라, 저희는 마침내 결정을내렸습니다.
③ While we've loved our time on 125th Street, our business has changed a lot in the last few years and we realized we wanted a location with more baking space that would better serve the community we live in.	125번가에서의 시간도 좋았지만, 지난 몇 년 동안 저희의사업은 많이 변했고, 저희는 저희가 살고 있는 지역 사회에더 나은 서비스를 제공할 더 넓은 제빵 공간을 갖춘 장소를원한다는 것을 깨달았습니다.
④ We're so excited to announce we'll be moving to a new spot on 50th Street.	저희가 50번가의 새로운 장소로 이전할 것이라는 소식을알리게 되어 매우 기쁩니다.
⑤ We will continue to offer the same delicious cookies and coffee at our new location.	새로운 장소에서도 변함없이 맛있는 쿠키와 커피를 계속해서 제공할 것입니다.
⑥ While it feels scary to move away from our current location, we're confident that this move will allow us to enhance our service to you.	지금의 장소에서 옮겨가는 것이 두렵게 느껴지기도 하지만, 이번 이전으로 저희가 여러분께 더 나은 서비스를 제공할 수 있게 될 것이라 확신합니다.
⑦ Thank you for your continued support, and we look forward to welcoming you to our new home!	여러분의 지속적인 성원에 감사드리며, 새로운 보금자리에서 여러분을 맞이할 수 있기를 고대합니다!
⑧ Warm regards, Becky Bloom	Becky Bloom 드림

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 01 - 1번] 음악 저작권 침해
① Dear valued players,	소중한 이용자 여러분께
② Recently, we at Silver Lining Studio discovered that two songs in our "Behind the Frame" game soundtrack might have been used without permission from their creators, thus violating the rights of others' works.	최근 저희 Silver Lining Studio는 "Behind the Frame" 게임 사운드트랙의 두 곡이 원작자의 허락 없이사용되어 타인의 저작물에 대한 권리를 침해했을 수도 있다는 것을 발견했습니다.
③ We extend our deepest apologies for this matter and sincerely regret any harm or disappointment this may have caused to the original composers and all of you who play our game.	이 문제에 대해 깊은 사과의 뜻을 표하며, 이로 인해 원 작곡가와 저희 게임을 하는 모든 분께 야기되었을 수도 있는손해와 실망에 대해 진심으로 유감스럽게 생각합니다.
④ We understand the importance of respecting intellectual property rights and taking immediate steps to address this issue.	저희는 지식 재산권을 존중하고 이 문제를 해결하기 위해즉각적인 조치를 하는 것의 중요성을 알고 있습니다.
⑤ The songs have been promptly removed from the game and related videos, and we promise to make sure this doesn't happen again.	그 곡들은 게임 및 관련 영상에서 신속하게 삭제되었으며, 다시는 이런 일이 발생하지 않도록 확실히 할 것을 약속드립니다.
⑥ Once again, we extend our sincerest apologies for this matter.	다시 한번 이 문제에 대해 진심 어린 사과의 뜻을 표합니다.
⑦ Thank you for your patience and continued support.	기다려 주시고 계속 성원해 주셔서 감사합니다.
⑧ Sincerely, Silver Lining Studio	Silver Lining Studio 드림

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 01 - 2번] 앱 무료 체험 기간 만료 알림
① Dear Mr. Lewis,	Lewis 씨께
② We trust this message finds you in good spirits!	저희는 이 메시지가 귀하에게 좋은 기분으로 전해지리라 믿습니다!
③ We want to express our heartfelt gratitude for choosing the JoyfulPiano app and for starting this musical journey with us.	JoyfulPiano 앱을 선택해 주시고 저희와 함께 이 음악 여행을 시작해 주신 것에 진심 어린 감사를 전하고 싶습니다.
④ As your free trial period draws to a close, we want to ensure you have all the necessary details before it concludes.	귀하의 무료 체험 기간이 끝나 감에 따라, 그것이 종료되기전에 귀하가 필요한 모든 세부 사항을 아시도록 확실히 하고자 합니다.
⑤ Your free access to JoyfulPiano will expire in just five days.	귀하의 JoyfulPiano의 무료 이용이 불과 5일 후에 만료될 것입니다.
⑥ Following this, access to our app will be limited unless you choose to subscribe to one of our premium plans.	이후에는, 귀하께서 당사의 프리미엄 요금제 중 하나에 가입하지 않으면 앱 이용이 제한될 것입니다.
⑦ We sincerely hope you've enjoyed exploring its features during your trial period.	체험 기간 동안에 귀하께서 앱의 특징적 기능들을 탐색하는것을 즐기셨기를 진심으로 바랍니다.
⑧ Should you have any questions or require further assistance, please don't hesitate to reach out to us at www.joyfulpianoapp.com.	궁금한 점이 있거나 추가적인 도움이 필요하시면, 주저하지마시고 www.joyfulpianoapp.com으로 저희에게 연락해 주시기 바랍니다.
⑨ We're here to support you every step of the way.	저희는 모든 과정을 지원하기 위해 준비하고 있습니다.
⑩ Thank you once again for choosing JoyfulPiano.	JoyfulPiano를 선택해 주셔서 다시 한번 감사드립니다.
⑪ Sincerely, Rachel Garcia Customer Support Manager	고객 지원 매니저 Rachel Garcia 드림

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 01 - 3번] 제품 색상 오류
① Dear Valued Customer,	소중한 고객님께
② We at May Summer Online Clothing Store thank you for choosing our new fall sweater.	저희의 신상품 가을 스웨터를 선택해 주셔서 우리 May Summer 온라인 의류점은 감사드립니다.
③ We are truly grateful for your purchase and overwhelmed by the popularity of our latest collection.	저희는 귀하의 구매에 진심으로 감사드리며, 최신 컬렉션의 인기에 압도되고 있습니다.
④ However, we also deeply regret any disappointment you may feel due to the color difference between the clothes displayed on our website (dark red) and the actual product (bright scarlet).	그러나 저희는 또한 웹사이트에 게시된 옷(어두운 빨간색)과 실제 제품(밝은 주황색) 사이의 색상 차이로 인해 귀하가 느꼈을 어떤 실망감도 매우 유감스럽게 생각하고 있습니다.
⑤ We understand the disappointment this may have caused upon delivery.	배송 시 이로 인해 생겼을 수도 있는 실망감을 저희는 이해합니다.
⑥ Your satisfaction is our priority, and we are committed to making things right.	고객님의 만족이 저희의 최우선 사항이며 저희는 문제를바로잡는 것에 전념하고 있습니다.
⑦ Please provide your address and preferred pick-up date on our website, and we will promptly arrange for the return of the item and process your refund accordingly.	저희 웹사이트에 귀하의 주소와 원하는 수거 날짜를 알려주시면 신속하게 그 물품의 반송을 처리하고 그에 따라 환불을 처리해 드리겠습니다.
⑧ We sincerely apologize for any inconvenience this has caused and assure you that we are taking steps to ensure accurate representation of our products in the future.	이 일이 초래한 불편에 진심으로 사과드리며, 향후 정확한제품 표시를 확실히 하기 위해 저희가 조치하고 있음을 보장해 드립니다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 02 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 감기로 인한 결근과 직장 동료의 친절
① Fiona woke up with the worst cough, a sore throat, and a headache.	Fiona는 최악의 기침과 인후통, 두통과 함께 잠에서 깼다.
② She had to take time off from work, but she knew that taking off today would mean facing a ton of paperwork on her desk tomorrow.	그녀는 직장을 쉬어야 했지만, 오늘 쉬는 것은 내일 책상위의 수많은 서류와 마주한다는 것을 의미한다는 걸 알고있었다.
③ Just thinking about it made her headache even worse.	그것에 대해 생각하는 것만으로도 그녀의 두통이 훨씬 더심해졌다.
④ Then, the doorbell rang.	그때 초인종이 울렸다.
⑤ It was Chandra, her colleague.	그녀의 직장 동료인 Chandra였다.
⑥ "No worries, Fiona. I took care of the phone calls and messages, and I even told everyone to think twice before putting any paper on your desk,"	"걱정하지 마, Fiona. 내가 전화와 메시지를 처리했고, 모두에게 너의 책상 위에 서류를 올려 놓기 전에 다시 한번생각하라고 말하기까지 했어."
⑦ Chandra said.	Chandra가 말했다.
⑧ Surprised, Fiona stared blankly at Chandra.	놀라서 Fiona는 멍하니 Chandra를 쳐다보았다.
⑨ "Here's some chicken noodle soup,"	"여기 닭고기 국수 수프를 가져왔어."
⑩ Chandra said as she passed Fiona the brown bag she was carrying.	Chandra가 Fiona에게 들고 있던 갈색 봉투를 건네며말했다.
⑪ "And I bought throat spray and cough drops for you."	"그리고 너를 위해 인후 스프레이와 기침약도 사 왔어."
⑫ Fiona wanted to say thanks, but her sore throat held her back.	Fiona는 고맙다는 말을 하고 싶었지만, 목이 아파서 할수 없었다.
⑬ However, Chandra knew exactly what she wanted to say.	하지만 Chandra는 그녀가 하고 싶은 말이 무엇인지 정확히 알고 있었다.
⑭ "No problem, Fiona. I've got your back."	"괜찮아, Fiona. 내가 도와줄게."

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 02 - 1번] 강아지와 아버지
① When I saw Mr. Grear talking to my father in front of our house, my heart sank.	나는 Grear 씨가 우리 집 앞에서 아버지와 이야기하는 것을 보고 내 심장이 철렁 내려앉았다.
② "He must be here for one of the puppies!"	"그는 강아지 중 한 마리 때문에 여기 온 게 분명해!"
③ My family lived in a very small town, and my best and only friends were our dog, Blackie, and her two newborn puppies.	우리 가족은 아주 작은 마을에 살고 있었고, 나의 가장 친한, 유일한 친구는 우리 집 개 Blackie와 그녀의 갓 태어난 강아지 두 마리뿐이었다.
④ My father had mentioned that we couldn't afford to keep them all and should find them new homes.	아버지는 이들을 모두 키울 형편이 안 되니 새집을 찾아 줘야 한다고 언급했었다.
⑤ I dashed toward the house to stop my father, but I overheard him saying, "You don't quite catch my meaning, Mr. Grear. I'm not asking for a higher price for this puppy."	나는 아버지를 말리려고 집으로 달려갔지만, 아버지가 "제뜻을 잘 이해하지 못하셨군요, Grear 씨. 저는 이 강아지에게 더 높은 가격을 요구하는 게 아닙니다."라고 말하는것을 우연히 들었다.
⑥ Mr. Grear frowned in perplexity.	Grear 씨는 당혹감에 얼굴을 찌푸렸다.
⑦ My father continued, "I'm saying there isn't any price on him because he belongs to my son. We are keeping both of them."	아버지는 말을 이어 나갔다. "저는 이 강아지가 제 아들의것이기 때문에 그것에 가격을 붙일 수 없다고 말하고 있는겁니다. 우리 가족은 두 마리 모두 키울 겁니다."
⑧ I just stood there and I tried to understand what he said.	나는 그냥 거기 서서 아버지가 말한 것을 이해하려고 노력했다.
⑨ When my eyes met his eyes, he simply grinned and I did the same.	아버지와 눈이 마주쳤을 때 아버지는 그저 씩 웃으셨고 나도 똑같이 했다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 02 - 2번] 낡은 집 방문
① Sarah approached the old, falling-apart house.	Sarah는 낡고 허물어져 가는 집으로 다가갔다.
② Her heart was pounding in her chest as she imagined all the horrors that could be hiding in its dark hallways.	어두운 복도에 숨어 있을지도 모르는 모든 공포를 상상하자 그녀의 가슴 속에서 심장이 쿵쾅거렸다.
③ Sarah took a deep breath, paused for a moment, then gathered her courage to push open the squeaky door and enter the mysterious house.	Sarah는 깊은숨을 들이마시고, 잠시 멈춰 선 다음, 용기를 모아 삐걱거리는 문을 밀어젖혀 불가사의한 집 안으로들어갔다.
④ As she stepped inside and felt the warmth of sunlight filtering through the dusty windows, a sense of wonder and interest washed over her.	안으로 들어가 먼지투성이인 창문을 통해 스며드는 따스한햇살을 느꼈을 때, 경이로움과 흥미로움이 그녀에게 밀려왔다.
⑤ The squeaky floors under her feet didn't seem to whisper tales of ghosts; instead, they sang a song of history and forgotten memories.	그녀 발밑의 삐걱거리는 마루는 유령의 이야기를 속삭이는것이 아니라 오히려 역사와 잊혀진 추억의 노래를 부르는듯했다.
⑥ With each step, Sarah's initial fear melted away, revealing an unstoppable desire to uncover the secrets hidden within the walls of this old house.	한 걸음씩 걸을 때마다, 이 낡은 집의 벽 안에 숨겨진 비밀을 알아내고자 하는 멈출 수 없는 열망을 드러내면서, Sarah의 처음의 두려움은 차츰 사라졌다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 02 - 3번] 태피 사탕 만들기
① The wagons full of young friends started arriving.	젊은 친구들로 가득 찬 마차가 도착하기 시작했다.
② Everyone in and around the neighborhood knew the Jensen family, and was pleased to have been invited.	동네와 인근의 모든 사람이 Jensen 가족을 알고 있었고, 초대받은 것을 기뻐했다.
③ Katie and Dolly were perfect hosts welcoming each guest.	Katie와 Dolly는 각각의 손님을 맞이하는 완벽한 주인이었다.
④ When everyone had arrived, they gathered in the kitchen for the taffy making.	모두가 도착하자, 그들은 태피 만들기를 위해 주방에 모였다.
⑤ Katie mixed all the ingredients for the taffy candy, while the young men carried in wood for the old cook stove.	Katie는 태피 사탕을 위한 모든 재료를 섞었고, 젊은 남자들은 오래된 조리용 화덕에 사용할 땔감을 가져왔다.
⑥ She placed the ingredients in the huge iron frying pans, and soon the delicious smell of candy floated throughout the house.	그녀가 커다란 철제 프라이팬에 재료를 넣자 곧 맛있는 사탕 냄새가 집 안 가득 퍼졌다.
⑦ There was a glass of cold water for testing the doneness of the candy.	사탕의 완성도를 테스트하기 위한 찬물 한 잔이 놓여 있었다.
⑧ If the candy formed a soft ball when dropped in the glass of water, it was time to take it out of the frying pans and start beating it with a wooden spoon.	사탕을 물잔에 떨어뜨렸을 때, 부드러운 공 모양을 만들면, 그것을 프라이팬에서 꺼내 나무 숟가락으로 두드리기시작할 때였다.
⑨ When the candy finally formed the perfect ball, cheers of excitement and joy echoed through the kitchen.	마침내 사탕이 완벽한 공 모양을 만들었을 때, 흥분과 기쁨의 환호성이 주방에 울려 퍼졌다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 03 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 환자의 문화적 차이와 다양성
① The concept of justice is not the law in the narrow sense.	정의의 개념은 좁은 의미의 법이 아니다.
② Rather, this principle involves ensuring that everyone benefits from treatment, as well as the distribution of access to it.	오히려, 이 원칙은 모든 사람이 치료의 혜택을 받을 수 있도록 보장하고, 그것에 대한 접근성을 분배하는 것을 포함한다.
③ To apply this principle, we need to accept and value differences and diversity in our patients.	이 원칙을 적용하려면, 우리는 환자의 차이와 다양성을 인정하고 가치 있게 여겨야 한다.
④ Patients come from different cultural, racial and religious backgrounds.	환자는 다양한 문화적, 인종적, 종교적 배경을 가지고 있다.
⑤ Therefore, fairness and justice in this respect involves respecting and recognising their differences, not acting in a way that disadvantages the patient.	따라서, 이러한 측면에서 공정성과 정의는 환자에게 불이익을 주는 방식으로 행동하는 것이 아니라, 그들의 차이를존중하고 인정하는 것을 포함한다.
⑥ In this regard, we need to consider other people's cultural differences when treating them.	이러한 점에서, 우리는 다른 사람을 대할 때 그들의 문화적 차이를 고려해야 한다.
⑦ Importantly, justice is about advocating on behalf of all patients, whether they come in with a Western philosophical perspective or another philosophical perspective.	중요한 것은 정의란 환자가 서양의 철학적 관점을 가지고오든 혹은 다른 철학적 관점을 가지고 오든 모든 환자를대신하여 옹호하는 것에 관련된다는 것이다.
⑧ Justice is not about treating all patients the same because it is not possible to justifiably treat all patients the same, since all patients are different and present with different ailments or complaints.	정의는 모든 환자를 똑같이 치료하는 것이 아닌데, 이는모든 환자는 다르고 다양한 질병이나 고충을 나타내므로, 모든 환자를 똑같이 정당하게 치료하는 것은 불가능하기때문이다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 03 - 1번] 친환경 도시 조성의 중요성
① Why have cities only recently seen a sudden increase in "greening" ─ from green roofs to new parks to tree planting to more energy efficient buses ─ despite the fact that sweeping federal environmental legislation was enacted more than 30 years ago?	포괄적인 연방 환경 법률이 법제화된지 30년이 넘었다는사실에도 불구하고 최근에서야 녹색 지붕부터 새로운 공원, 나무 심기, 에너지 효율이 더 높은 버스에 이르기까지도시에서 '친환경화'가 갑자기 증가한 이유가 무엇일까?
② Quite simply, city leaders are recognizing that a cleaner environment is needed both to provide residents with a good quality of life and to compete in the global economy.	간단히 말해, 도시의 지도자는 주민에게 좋은 삶의 질을제공하고 동시에 글로벌 경제에서 경쟁하기 위해 더 깨끗한 환경이 필요하다는 것을 인식하고 있다.
③ America's manufacturing-based economy of the twentieth century has been transformed into a service-based knowledge economy.	20세기 제조업 기반의 미국 경제는 서비스 기반의 지식경제로 변모했다.
④ For the information age economy, environmental quality is a major economic asset.	정보화 시대 경제에서, 환경의 질은 주요한 경제적 자산이다.
⑤ Skilled workers are increasingly footloose, able to settle just about anywhere there is broadband Internet access, and they are drawn to healthy. aesthetically pleasing environments.	숙련된 근로자는 점점 더 매인 데가 없어져서, 광대역 인터넷 접속이 가능한 곳이라면 거의 어디든 정착할 수 있으며, 건강하고 미적으로 쾌적한 환경에 끌린다.
⑥ Moreover, green cities are demonstrating that the alleged trade-off between jobs and the environment is a false dichotomy.	게다가, 녹색 도시는 일자리와 환경 사이에 상충 관계가있다고 주장하는 것이 잘못된 이분법이라는 것을 보여 주고 있다.
⑦ A quality environment produces jobs; a polluted environment costs jobs.	양질의 환경은 일자리를 창출하고, 오염된 환경은 일자리를 잃게 한다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 03 - 2번] 필수 정보를 포함하는 메모
① The brevity of memos can be wonderful, but you do need to make sure you communicate everything, or you'll just end up creating more work for yourself.	메모의 간결함은 훌륭할 수 있지만, 정말로 반드시 모든것을 전달해야 하며, 그렇지 않으면 결국 자신에게 더 많은 일거리만 만들게 될 것이다.
② For example, if you're using a memo to take a telephone message, make sure you include who called and when, what their message was, and how to call them back.	예를 들어, 여러분이 전화 메시지를 기록하기 위해 메모를사용하고 있다면, 누가 언제 전화했는지, 그들의 메시지가무엇이었는지, 어떻게 다시 전화할 수 있는지를 반드시 포함하라.
③ If you forget any of these details, your memo will be practically pointless.	이러한 세부 사항 중 하나라도 잊어버리면, 여러분의 메모는 사실상 무의미할 것이다.
④ As you can see, it's very important not to sacrifice the content of your memo simply because memos are normally brief.	여러분이 알 수 있듯이, 메모가 보통 간결하다는 이유만으로 메모의 내용을 희생시키지 않는 것이 매우 중요하다.
⑤ If you can't fit all of the information you need into a memo, opt instead to write a letter or an e-mail.	만일 여러분이 필요한 모든 정보를 메모에 담을 수 없다면, 대신에 편지나 이메일 쓰는 것을 선택하라.
⑥ It's better to include all of the information you need to transmit than it is to omit critical details simply for the sake of making your message short.	단지 메시지를 간결하게 만들기 위해 중요한 세부 사항을빠뜨리는 것보다, 여러분이 전달해야 하는 모든 정보를 포함하는 것이 더 낫다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 03 - 3번] 남녀 간의 뇌 차이
① It is relatively uncontroversial that there are small structural and functional differences between male and female brains, perhaps contributing to some performance differences on tests of spatial and verbal abilities.	남성과 여성의 뇌에는 작은 구조적, 기능적 차이가 있어, 아마도 이는 공간 및 언어 능력 테스트에서 일부 수행 차이의 원인이 되리라는 것은 비교적 논란의 여지가 없다.
② Of paramount importance, but usually overlooked, is that similarities between the sexes far outweigh differences: differences between men and women are not as large as differences among members of the same sex.	최고로 중요하나 일반적으로 간과되는 것은 남녀 간의 유사성이 차이보다 훨씬 더 중요하다는 것인데, 남성과 여성간의 차이는 동성의 구성원 간 차이만큼 크지 않다.
③ Even those scientists who have discovered functional performance differences between the brains of males and females are careful to point out that their research is tentative and suggestive, and that while their research attends to differences, similarities abound:	남성과 여성의 뇌 사이에서 기능적 수행 차이를 발견한 그과학자들조차도 자신들의 연구가 잠정적이고 암시적이며, 그들의 연구가 차이에 주목하기는 하지만 유사성도 많다는점을 조심스럽게 지적한다.
④ "Fundamentally, the brains of men and women are more similar than different."	"근본적으로 남성과 여성의 뇌는 서로 다르기보다는 비슷하다."

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 04 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 주식 시장의 무작위성
① "Human nature likes order," wrote the economist Burton Malkiel in his seminal book A Random Walk Down Wall Street.	"인간의 본성은 질서를 좋아한다."라고 경제학자 Burton Malkiel은 그의 영향력이 큰 책 A Random Walk Down Wall Street에 썼다.
② "People find it hard to accept the notion of randomness."	"사람들은 무작위성이라는 개념을 받아들이기 힘들어한다."
③ Malkiel popularized the idea that the movement of any individual stock in the market is essentially random ─ it's impossible to know why a stock is doing what it's doing.	Malkiel은 시장에서 어떠한 개별 주식의 움직임도 본질적으로 무작위적이라는 개념을 대중화했는데, 어떤 한 주식이 왜 그런 행위를 하고 있는지 아는 것은 불가능하다는 것이다.
④ People who reliably make money from the market are those who own a diverse portfolio of different kinds of investments, which spreads out the risk, with the broader principle that the market, over the long haul, will eventually increase in value.	시장에서 확실하게 돈을 버는 사람들은 시장이 장기간에걸쳐 결국에는 가치가 상승할 것이라는 더 폭넓은 원칙을가지고, 위험을 분산시키는 여러 다른 종류의 투자를 담은다양한 포트폴리오를 보유한 사람들이다.
⑤ Picking individual stocks, or betting on certain trends, is much closer to gambling than science.	개별 종목을 선택하는 것, 즉 특정 동향에 돈을 거는 것은과학이라기보다는 도박에 훨씬 더 가깝다.
⑥ Which is why we shouldn't be too surprised that a cat is just as likely to make a killing on Wall Street as a day trader.	그것이 바로 고양이가 월스트리트에서 단타 매매자만큼이나 큰돈을 벌 가능성이 있다는 것에 우리가 너무 놀라지 말아야 하는 이유이다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 04 - 1번] 야생 동물의 공격으로 인한 사고
① In the complex story of nature's ways, people exploring the wild's twisting paths often discover themselves caught in dangerous situations.	자연의 길에 관한 복잡한 이야기에서, 야생의 구불구불한길을 탐험하는 사람들은 자주 위험한 상황에 처해진 자신을 발견한다.
② Bears, cougars, and other wild animals sometimes remind us of their formidable presence.	곰, 쿠거, 그리고 다른 야생 동물은 때때로 자신의 무시무시한 존재감을 우리에게 상기시킨다.
③ Despite the infrequency, there are a considerable number of accumulated instances where these guardians of the wilderness become aggressors, resulting in tragic outcomes for unsuspecting explorers.	비록 드물기는 하지만, 이러한 야생의 수호자들은 공격자가 되어, 이상한 눈치를 못 채는 탐험가에게 비극적인 결과를 초래하는 상당히 많은 수의 누적된 사례가 있다.
④ Yet amid these serious situations, a remarkable turn of events occurs, like unexpected notes in a familiar song.	그러나 이러한 심각한 상황 속에서도, 마치 익숙한 노래속의 예상치 못한 음표처럼, 사건의 놀라운 반전이 발생한다.
⑤ In Oregon's forests in 1995, a man was found dead, initially blamed on a cougar, but subsequent investigation revealed otherwise.	1995년 오리건주의 숲에서, 한 남자가 죽은 채 발견되었는데, 처음에는 쿠거의 탓으로 여겨졌지만, 후속 조사에서그렇지 않은 것으로 밝혀졌다.
⑥ Similarly, in 2015, a comparable incident occurred, with initial suspicions falling on a nearby wolf pack.	마찬가지로, 2015년에 비슷한 사건이 발생했는데, 처음에는 인근 늑대 무리에게 의심이 쏠렸다.
⑦ However, upon closer investigation, it became apparent that the wolves were innocent bystanders in the man's tragic fate, emphasizing the complexity inherent in such wilderness tragedies.	그러나 더 면밀한 조사를 하자, 늑대는 그 남자의 비극적인 운명에서 무고한 구경꾼이었음이 분명해졌고, 이는 이러한 야생의 비극에 내재한 복잡성을 강조한다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 04 - 2번] 건축 공모전에 대한 상반된 시각
① Architects are ambivalent about competitions.	건축가들은 공모전에 대해 상반된 감정을 가지고 있다.
② On a practical level, competitions are extremely expensive: entering a large competition can cost millions of dollars.	현실적인 측면에서, 공모전은 비용이 매우 많이 들어서, 대규모 공모전에 참가하는 데 수백만 달러의 비용이 들 수있다.
③ More important, competitions oblige the architect to work in a vacuum.	더 중요한 것은 공모전이 건축가를 외부와 단절된 상태에서 작업하게 한다는 점이다.
④ In later life, I. M. Pei refused to enter competitions, since he considered that the best architecture could emerge only from a considered dialogue between architect and client.	말년에, I. M. Pei는 공모전에 참가하기를 거부했는데, 건축가와 의뢰인 간의 신중한 대화를 통해서만 최고의 건축물이 나올 수 있다고 생각했기 때문이다.
⑤ Nevertheless, the public favors competitions, since they provide an opportunity for young talent to be recognized in a field that tends to privilege age and experience.	그럼에도 불구하고, 대중은 공모전을 선호하는데, 공모전은 나이와 경력에 특권을 부여하는 경향이 있는 분야에서젊은 인재가 인정받을 기회를 제공하기 때문이다.
⑥ Clients like competitions, since they provide an opportunity to choose between several designs ─ and several architects ─ while fund-raisers use competitions as a way to raise public interest in a building project.	의뢰인은 공모전을 좋아하는데, 공모전이 여러 설계안과여러 건축가 중에서 선택할 기회를 제공하기 때문이며, 한편 기금 모금자는 건축 프로젝트에 대한 대중의 관심을 높이는 방법으로 공모전을 활용한다.
⑦ Everyone loves a horse race ─ except, perhaps, the horses.	아마도 말을 제외하고는, 모두가 경마를 좋아하는 것 같다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 04 - 3번] 무의식이 주는 신호
① In an experiment conducted by Antoine Bechara, participants were given $2,000 in play money and four decks of cards and were told that they were to use them in a game.	Antoine Bechara가 실시한 실험에서 참가자들은2,000달러의 게임용 돈과 네 벌의 카드를 받았고, 그것을게임에 사용하게 될 것이라는 말을 들었다.
② Different individual cards won or lost different sums of money.	서로 다른 개별 카드마다 따거나 잃는 총금액이 달랐다.
③ They should just go ahead and turn the cards and try to win as much money as they could.	참가자들은 그저 카드를 뒤집기 시작하여 가능한 한 많은돈을 따려고 노력해야 했다.
④ But the cards were not random.	그러나 카드는 무작위가 아니었다.
⑤ In fact, some of the piles were far more profitable than others.	사실, 일부 (카드) 더미는 다른 것들보다 훨씬 더 많은 이익을 가져다주었다.
⑥ On average, it took the gamblers around fifty card-turns before they began to report a conscious 'hunch' that some of the decks were more profitable.	평균적으로 도박에 참여한 사람들은 약 50번 카드를 뒤집은 후에야 일부 카드 벌이 더 이득이 된다는 의식적인 '직감'을 보고하기 시작했다.
⑦ But when their behaviour was analysed, Bechara discovered something remarkable.	하지만 그들의 행동이 분석되었을 때 Bechara는 놀라운사실을 발견했다.
⑧ Measurements of the electrical conductance of their skin, which can reveal levels of anxiety and nervousness, indicated that their emotions were subtly warning them against the bad decks after just ten turns.	불안과 초조함의 수준을 드러낼 수 있는 피부의 전기 전도도 측정 결과, '단지 열 번의 뒤집기' 후에 좋지 않은 카드벌에 대해 그들의 감정이 미묘하게 경고하고 있었던 것으로 나타났다.
⑨ Their unconscious mind had worked out what was happening far quicker than their conscious minds and had warned them with a hit of bad feeling.	그들의 무의식적 마음이 의식적 마음보다 훨씬 더 빨리 무슨 일이 일어나고 있는지 파악하고 그들에게 '좋지 않은 감정'을 주어 경고했던 것이었다.
⑩ They knew before they knew.	그들은 자신이 알기 전에 알고 있었다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 05 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 과학적 방법 도입과 의료 전문직의 지위 상승
① The introduction of scientific methods into medical practice transformed the profession as well as its object.	과학적 방법이 의료 행위에 도입되면서 그것의 목적뿐만아니라 (의료) 전문직도 바뀌였다.
② Until the late nineteenth century, doctors were not required to have studied medicine and were relied on mainly to provide comfort and guidance to their patients.	19세기 후반까지 의사들은 의학 공부를 요구받지 않았고, 주로 환자들에게 위안과 지침을 제공하기 위해 의지되었다.
③ As the practice of medicine shifted from cure to prevention, doctors were now expected to provide results based on scientific evidence.	의료 행위가 치료에서 예방으로 옮겨 가면서 의사들은 이제 과학적 증거에 기반한 결과를 제공하도록 기대되었다.
④ As a result of this access to forms of knowledge beyond the understanding of the general public, more authority and power was granted to the medical profession, and the nature of the doctor/patient relationship changed.	일반 대중의 이해 범위를 벗어나는 형태의 지식에 이렇게접근할 수 있게 됨에 따라 의료 전문직은 더 많은 권위와권한을 부여받았고, 의사/환자 관계의 본질이 바뀌었다.
⑤ Once the source of a disease was identified, patients expected that doctors should be able to cure them.	질병의 원인이 확인되면 환자들은 의사가 자신을 치료할수 있을 것으로 기대했다.
⑥ Additionally, those doctors with scientific training were now distinguished from a range of alternative healers, from homeopaths to midwives, resulting in an elevation in the eyes of the public of the status of the profession as compared with other healing practices, which persists today.	게다가 과학적 훈련을 받은 의사들은 이제 유사 요법 의사부터 조산사에 이르기까지 다양한 대체 치료사와 구별되어, 대중들이 보기에 다른 치료 행위에 비해 의료 전문직의 지위가 상승하는 결과를 낳았으며, 이는 오늘날까지 지속되고 있다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 05 - 1번] 해안 도시 불빛이 바다거북에 미치는 영향
① For millions of years, sea turtles would come to the beaches of Florida to spawn and their hatchlings would head toward the sea ─ to live a life far away ─ and to return to Florida years later.	수백만 년 동안 바다거북은 알을 낳기 위해 플로리다 해변에 왔고, 갓 부화한 새끼들은 바다를 향해 나아가 먼 곳에서 삶을 살다가 몇 년 후 플로리다로 돌아오곤 했다.
② It turns out that the way the young turtles knew to head toward the direction of the ocean was based on light glimmering off the sea at night.	어린 거북들이 바다가 있는 방향을 향해 나아가기 위해 알았던 방법은 밤에 바다에서 반사되어 나오는 희미하게 빛나는 빛에 근거하고 있었음이 밝혀졌다.
③ The sea beautifully reflects the light of the moon and the stars, and for millions of years, a simple algorithm of "head toward the light at night" allowed the turtles to effectively head toward the sea to pursue an effective life strategy.	바다는 달과 별의 빛을 아름답게 반사하고, 수백만 년 동안"밤에는 빛을 향해 나아가라."라는 간단한 알고리즘은 거북들이 바다를 향해 효과적으로 나아가 효과적인 삶의 전략을 추구할 수 있게 했다.
④ Well, then came Miami.	그런데 이후에 Miami가 등장했다.
⑤ Miami and the other big cities on the coast of Florida are filled with lots of bright lights at night, so this led to an ecological disaster for the sea turtles.	Miami와 플로리다 해안가의 다른 대도시들은 밤에 많은밝은 불빛으로 가득 차 있어서, 이는 바다거북에 생태학적재앙을 초래했다.
⑥ Shaped by evolution to head toward light at night, hatchlings started toward the highways and cities by the millions ─ meeting premature death instead of a long sea-dwelling life.	진화에 의해 밤에 빛을 향해 나아가도록 만들어진 갓 부화한 새끼들은 수백만 마리가 고속 도로와 도시로 향하기 시작했고, 바다에서 살며 장수를 누리는 대신 때 이른 죽음을맞이했다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 05 - 2번] 일자리 창출에 대한 이민자의 기여
① Those who migrate out of poor countries today need to have the money to afford the cost of travel and have the grit (or the advanced degrees) required to overcome a system of immigration control typically loaded against them.	오늘날 가난한 나라로부터 이주하는 사람들은 이동 비용을감당할 수 있는 돈이 있어야 하고, 일반적으로 그들에게부담을 주는 출입국 관리 시스템을 극복하는 데 필요한 근성(또는 고급 학위)이 있어야 한다.
② For this reason, a lot of them bring exceptional talents ─ skills, ambition, patience, and stamina ─ that help them become job creators, or raise children who will be job creators.	이러한 이유로 그들 중 상당수는 기술, 야망, 인내심, 체력등 그들이 일자리 창출자가 되거나 일자리 창출자가 될 자녀를 양육하는 데 도움이 되는 뛰어난 재능을 가져온다.
③ A report by the Center for American Entrepreneurship found that, in 2017, out of the largest five hundred US companies by revenue, 43 percent were founded or co-founded by immigrants or the children of immigrants.	미국 기업가 정신 센터의 보고서에 따르면, 2017년 수입기준 미국에서 가장 큰 500개 회사 중 43퍼센트는 이민자 또는 이민자의 자녀가 설립했거나 공동 설립했음이 밝혀졌다.
④ Moreover, immigrant-founded firms account for 52 percent of the top twenty-five firms, 57 percent of the top thirty-five firms, and nine of the top thirteen most valuable brands.	게다가, 이민자가 설립한 기업은 상위 25개 기업 중 52퍼센트, 상위 35개 기업 중 57퍼센트, 가장 가치 있는 브랜드 상위 13개 중 9개를 차지한다.
⑤ Henry Ford was the son of an Irish immigrant.	Henry Ford는 아일랜드 이민자의 아들이었다.
⑥ Steve Jobs's biological father was from Syria.	Steve Jobs의 친아버지는 시리아 출신이었다.
⑦ Sergey Brin was born in Russia.	Sergey Brin은 러시아에서 태어났다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 05 - 3번] 쓰레기를 활용하는 예술가
① Traditionally, garbage is considered the detritus of consumer and industrial practices.	전통적으로 쓰레기는 소비자 및 산업 관행의 부산물로 여겨진다.
② It is the stuff that is no longer useful, that we no longer wish to have in our homes or personal spaces, that we want to throw away.	그것은 더 이상 유용하지 않고, 우리가 집이나 개인 공간에 더 이상 두고 싶지 않으며, 우리가 버리고 싶은 것이다.
③ Perhaps precisely due to the proliferation of trash in material space, it has arguably also become a resource ─ something that has value and can be sold on at a profit.	아마 바로 물질적 공간에서의 쓰레기의 급증 때문에, 그것은 또한 거의 틀림없이 자원, 즉 가치가 있고 이윤을 남겨팔 수 있는 무언가가 되었다.
④ Artists ─ most often at the leading edge of rethinking materiality, value, and beauty ─ are among the first social actors to have taken seriously the possibility of reusing trash to make new things.	예술가들은 가장 자주 물질성, 가치, 아름다움을 재고하는데 있어서 최첨단에 있는데, 쓰레기를 재사용하여 새로운것을 만들 수 있다는 가능성을 가장 먼저 진지하게 받아들인 사회적 행위자 중 하나이다.
⑤ Taking the discarded objects of others as found materials, many artists work with trash in order to create new aesthetic objects while at the same time making a commentary on the place of trash in the social and cultural world.	다른 사람의 버려진 물건을 재활용 재료로 삼아, 많은 예술가는 새로운 미적 대상을 만들기 위해 쓰레기를 가지고작업하는 동시에 사회적, 문화적 세계에서의 쓰레기의 지위에 대해 논평하기도 한다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 - 서술형 Practice] 끊임없이 변화하는 의식의 흐름
① The contents of your consciousness are continually changing.	의식의 내용은 끊임없이 변화하고 있다.
② Rarely does consciousness come to a standstill.	의식이 정지하는 경우는 거의 없다.
③ It moves, it flows, it fluctuates, it wanders.	그것은 움직이고, 흐르고, 계속 변화하고, 방황한다.
④ For example, in one study, 2,250 adults were contacted randomly during waking hours and asked whether their mind was wandering from their current activity.	예를 들어, 한 연구에서 2,250명의 성인에게 깨어 있는시간 동안 무작위로 연락하여, 현재 하는 활동으로부터 자신의 마음이 산란해지고 있는지 물었다.
⑤ Almost half (47%) of the times they were asked to report, the participants said their mind was wandering.	의견을 달라고 요청받은 횟수의 거의 절반(47퍼센트)의경우에, 참가자는 자신의 마음이 산란해지고 있다고 말했다.
⑥ Another study concluded that mind wandering was more likely when subjects were bored, anxious, tired, or stressed.	또 다른 연구는 피험자가 지루하거나 불안하거나 피곤하거나 스트레스를 받을 때 마음이 산란해질 가능성이 더 크다는 결론을 내렸다.
⑦ Recognizing that consciousness fluctuates continuously, William James long ago named this flow the stream of consciousness.	William James는 의식이 끊임없이 계속 변화한다는 사실을 인식하고, 오래전에 이 흐름을 '의식의 흐름'이라고명명했다.
⑧ If you could tape-record your thoughts, you would find an endless flow of ideas that zigzag in all directions.	만약 여러분의 생각을 테이프에 녹음할 수 있다면, 사방으로 지그재그로 나아가는 끝없는 생각의 흐름을 발견할 수있을 것이다.
⑨ Even when you sleep, your consciousness moves through a series of transitions.	여러분이 잠을 자는 동안에도, 여러분의 의식은 일련의 변화를 통해 움직인다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 - 논술형 Practice] 레스토랑에서의 나쁜 식사 경험
① Dear Manager,	관리자님께
② I hope this letter finds you well.	이 편지가 잘 전달되길 바랍니다.
③ I am writing to complain about a meal we had at your restaurant yesterday.	저는 어제 귀하의 레스토랑에서 먹은 식사에 대해 항의하기 위해 편지를 씁니다.
④ We had booked a table for six, but when we arrived there were no free tables and we had to wait for more than 45 minutes to sit down.	우리는 6인용 테이블을 예약했지만, 도착했을 때 빈 테이블이 없어서 자리에 앉기 위해 45분 넘게 기다려야 했습니다.
⑤ Among the 12 dishes on the menu, only four were available, and the ones we ordered were not prepared well.	메뉴에 있는 12가지 요리 중 4개만 이용할 수 있었고, 우리가 주문한 요리는 제대로 준비되지 않았습니다.
⑥ In particular, the fish did not taste fresh, and the waiter was even rude when we told him about this.	특히, 생선 맛이 신선하지 않았고, 웨이터는 우리가 이에관해 이야기했을 때 무례하기까지 했습니다.
⑦ We have eaten at your restaurant several times in the past, but this is the first time we have received such bad service.	우리는 과거에 귀하의 레스토랑에서 여러 번 식사를 한 적이 있지만, 이렇게 나쁜 서비스를 받은 것은 처음입니다.
⑧ I am not requesting a refund, but I would appreciate if you could address these issues and improve the quality of your dishes and service.	제가 환불을 요구하는 것은 아니지만, 귀하께서 이 문제를처리하고 요리와 서비스의 질을 개선해 주시면 감사하겠습니다.
⑨ Yours faithfully, Sarah Thompson	Sarah Thompson 드림

 

 

 

[Ch.02 Unit 06 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 나이 집단별 인구 점유율
① The graph above shows the share of the population of people in young, working age, and older groups in four selected countries in 2021.	위 도표는 2021년 선별된 4개국의 유소년층, 경제 활동연령층, 고령층의 인구 점유율을 보여 준다.
② Among the countries, Japan exhibited the lowest proportion of young individuals and the highest proportion of older individuals, indicating its status as an aging society.	그 국가들 중, 일본은 가장 낮은 유소년층 비율과 가장 높은 고령자 비율을 나타냈는데, 이는 고령화 사회 상황을보여 주었다.
③ In contrast, Kenya stood out with 38 percent of its population falling into the young age group and only 3 percent in the older group, making it the country with the largest percentage point difference between these two age groups.	반면에, 케냐는 인구의 38퍼센트가 유소년층에 속하고 단지 3퍼센트만이 고령층에 속한다는 것이 두드러졌는데, 이는 그것(케냐)을 이 두 연령 집단 간의 퍼센트포인트 차가가장 큰 국가로 만들었다.
④ Of the four countries, the United States displayed the smallest gap between the percentage of young and older groups, with just a 1 percentage point difference.	4개국 중에, 미국은 유소년층과 고령층 비율 간 가장 작은격차를 보였는데, 1퍼센트포인트 차이에 불과했다.
⑤ Across all four countries, the working age group accounted for the largest proportion, exceeding 50 percent in each country.	4개국 모두에 걸쳐, 경제 활동 연령층이 가장 큰 비율을차지했는데, 이는 모든 나라에서 50퍼센트를 넘었다.
⑥ Italy had the highest percentage of working age people among the four countries, at 64 percent.	이탈리아는 4개국 중 가장 높은 경제 활동 연령인의 비율을 보였는데, 64퍼센트였다.

 

 

 

[Ch.02 Unit 06 - 1번] Concertoi 피아노 수업
① ⟪Concertoi Piano Lessons by Tammy Keller⟫	⟪Tammy Keller의 Concertoi 피아노 수업⟫
② Accepting Only 8 Students!	단 여덟 명의 학생만 받습니다!
③ Registration Fee: $40 (includes the first week's lesson, lesson books, theory books, and supplemental materials)	등록비: 40달러 (첫 주 수업, 수업 교재와 이론서, 보충자료가 포함되어 있습니다)
④ Weekly Lesson Fee	주 1회 수업료
⑤ - Ages 4-6: $10 per 30 minutes	- 4~6세: 30분당 10달러
⑥ - Ages 7-Adult: $15 per hour	- 7세~성인: 시간당 15달러
⑦ Lesson Schedule	수업 일정
⑧ - Lessons are held on Mondays during the Summer.	- 여름 동안에는 월요일마다 수업이 진행됩니다.
⑨ - Summer Lessons begin Monday, July 14.	- 여름 수업은 7월 14일 월요일에 시작됩니다.
⑩ Available Lesson Times: 11:30 AM-6:30 PM	가능한 수업 시간: 오전 11시 30분~오후 6시 30분
⑪ Location: 143 Grove Street, Midtown, 12511	위치: 143 Grove Street, Midtown, 12511
⑫ To secure your spot, call 500-6134.	자리를 확보하려면, 500-6134로 전화 주세요.

 

 

 

[Ch.02 Unit 06 - 2번] 스마트폰이 미국 십 대의 삶에 미치는 영향
① The above graph shows U.S. teens' perceptions of how using smartphones affects five specific aspects of life.	위 도표는 스마트폰을 사용하는 것이 삶의 5가지 특정 측면에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지에 관한 미국 십 대의 인식을보여 준다.
② More than two-thirds of teens said using smartphones makes it easier for people their age to pursue hobbies and interests.	3분의 2가 넘는 십 대가 스마트폰을 사용하는 것은 나이또래들이 취미와 관심사를 추구하기 더 쉽게 만든다고 말했다.
③ When it comes to being creative, less than 20% of teens responded that the use of smartphones makes the process harder.	창의력을 발휘하는 것에 대해서는 십 대의 20퍼센트 미만이 스마트폰 사용이 그 과정을 더 어렵게 만든다고 응답했다.
④ The percentage of teens who said smartphones make it easier for teens to do well in school was 45%, which is 15 percentage points higher than that of teens who said smartphones make it neither easier nor harder to do so.	스마트폰이 십 대가 학교생활을 잘하는 데 있어 더 쉽게만들어 준다고 말했던 십 대의 비율은 45퍼센트로, 스마트폰이 그렇게 하는 데 있어 더 쉽게도 더 어렵게도 만들지 않는다고 말했던 십 대의 비율보다 15퍼센트포인트 더높다.
⑤ The percentage of U.S. teens who said using smartphones makes it easier to develop healthy friendships was the same as that of those who said it makes the process harder.	스마트폰을 사용하는 것이 건강한 우정을 형성하는 것을더 쉽게 만든다고 말했던 미국 십대의 비율은 그것이 그과정을 더 어렵게 만든다고 말했던 미국 십 대의 비율과같다.
⑥ A larger percentage of U.S. teens said using smartphones makes learning good social skills harder than easier.	더 높은 비율의 미국 십 대들이 스마트폰을 사용하는 것이좋은 사회성 기술을 배우는 것을 더 쉽게 만드는 것보다더 어렵게 만든다고 말했다.

 

 

 

[Ch.02 Unit 06 - 3번] Pelton 고등학교의 제로 탄소 발자국 캠프 안내
① ⟪Zero Carbon Footprint Camp⟫	⟪제로 탄소 발자국 캠프⟫
② Join us for the Zero Carbon Footprint Camp, an exciting opportunity for Pelton High School students to explore the importance of taking action on climate change.	Pelton 고등학교 학생들이 기후 변화에 대해 행동하는 것의 중요성을 탐구할 흥미로운 기회인, 제로 탄소 발자국 캠프에 참여하세요.
③ Camp Program Includes:	캠프 프로그램은 다음을 포함합니다:
④ 1) Listening to a guest speaker's presentation on climate change	1) 기후 변화에 관한 초청 연사의 발표 듣기
⑤ 2) Participating in discussions about climate change and its impact on our planet	2) 기후 변화와 그것이 우리 지구에 미치는 영향에 관한 토론에 참여하기
⑥ 3) Calculating your own carbon footprint using online tools	3) 온라인 도구를 활용하여 자신의 탄소 발자국 계산하기
⑦ 4) Contributing to our campus garden by planting trees	4) 나무를 심어서 본교 캠퍼스 정원에 기여하기
⑧ (In case of rain, the gardening session will be replaced with craft activities.)	(비가 올 경우, 원예 시간은 공예 활동으로 대체될 것입니다.)
⑨ Date: May 18 (Saturday)	날짜: 5월 18일 (토요일)
⑩ Time: 10:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m.	시간: 오전 10시~오후 5시
⑪ Location: Pelton High School	장소: Pelton 고등학교
⑫ Participation Fee: $10 per person (includes lunch)	참가비: 1인당 10달러 (점심 식사 포함)
⑬ Reserve your spot online at www.peltonhighschool.org by May 8.	5월 8일까지 www.peltonhighschool.org에서 온라인으로 자리를 예약하세요.
⑭ Hurry, as spots are limited!	자리가 한정되어 있으니, 서두르세요!

 

 

 

[Ch.02 Unit 07 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 고대 중국의 구기 경기, 축국
① Cuju, an ancient Chinese ball game, holds a significant place in sporting history.	고대 중국의 구기 경기인 축국은 스포츠 역사에서 중요한위치를 차지한다.
② It was recognized by FIFA as one of the earliest foot-based sports.	그것은 국제 축구 연맹에 의해 발을 사용하는 최초의 스포츠 중 하나로 인정되었다.
③ However, Cuju's influence on modern football was not direct.	그러나 축국이 현대 축구에 직접적인 영향을 주지 않았다.
④ In Cuju, players aimed to kick the ball through a central hoop without letting it touch the ground, all while following the rule of not using their hands.	축국에서 선수들은 손을 사용하지 않는다는 규칙을 내내따르는 가운데, 공을 땅에 닿지 않게 하면서 공을 차서 중앙의 둥근 테를 통과시키는 것을 목표로 했다.
⑤ Traditionally, the ball was crafted from leather, and matches took place on fields with two teams of equal size.	전통적으로, 공은 가죽으로 만들어졌으며, 경기는 같은 크기의 두 팀이 있는 경기장에서 열렸다.
⑥ Players wore light and flexible clothes to move easily during the game.	선수들은 경기 중에 쉽게 움직이기 위해 가볍고 신축성 있는 옷을 입었다.
⑦ Beyond its sporting aspect, Cuju holds cultural significance in China, often included in celebratory occasions and events, highlighting its deep-rooted history in the country's heritage.	스포츠적인 측면을 넘어서, 축국은 중국에서 문화적 중요성을 지니고 있으며, 축하 의식과 행사에 자주 포함되어중국 유산의 뿌리 깊은 역사를 강조한다.

 

 

 

[Ch.02 Unit 07 - 1번] 풍경 화가 Albert Lorey Groll
① Born in New York City, Albert Lorey Groll was an etcher and also a landscape painter specializing in Western scenes.	뉴욕시에서 태어난 Albert Lorey Groll은 에칭 화가이자 서양 풍경을 전문으로 하는 풍경 화가였다.
② He was elected to the National Academy of Design in 1910.	그는 1910년 국립 디자인 아카데미에 선발되었다.
③ He became a landscape painter, it is said, because he was then too poor to pay for models.	그는 풍경 화가가 되었는데, 전해지기로는 당시 너무 가난해서 모델료를 지급할 수 없었기 때문이라고 한다.
④ In 1899, he studied at the Royal Academy in Munich under N. Gysis and Loefftz as well as in London.	1899년, 그는 뮌헨의 왕립 아카데미에서 N. Gysis와Loefftz 아래에서 공부했고 런던에서도 공부했다.
⑤ He painted landscapes in the vicinity of New York until about 1904.	그는 1904년경까지 뉴욕 인근에서 풍경을 그렸다.
⑥ He then went West and sketched desert and mountain scenes in Arizona and New Mexico.	그는 그 후 서부로 가서 애리조나와 뉴멕시코의 사막과 산악 풍경을 스케치했다.
⑦ The resulting painting "Arizona" won a gold medal at the Penn Academy of Fine Art (PAFA) in 1906.	그 결과 1906년 펜실베이니아 미술 아카데미(PAFA)에서 'Arizona'라는 그림으로 금메달을 수상했다.
⑧ Groll was the rare painter in northern New Mexico before World War I, choosing "bare mesas and towering cloud formations" rather than mountains.	Groll은 제1차 세계 대전 이전 뉴멕시코 북부에서 산보다는 '아무것도 안 덮인 메사와 우뚝 솟은 구름층'을 선택한보기 드문 화가였다.
⑨ One of his paintings can be seen at the Octavia Fellin Public Library in Gallup.	그의 그림 중 하나는 갤럽의 옥타비아 펠린 공립 도서관에서 볼 수 있다.
⑩ He died in New York City in 1952.	그는 1952년 뉴욕시에서 사망했다.

 

 

 

[Ch.02 Unit 07 - 2번] Hibiscus mutabilis
① Hibiscus mutabilis, also known as the cotton rose, is a plant cultivated for its showy flowers.	목화 장미라고도 알려진 Hibiscus mutabilis는 그것의화려한 꽃을 위해 재배되는 식물이다.
② Originally native to southern China, it is now found in all continents except Antarctica.	원래 중국 남부가 원산지인 이 식물은 현재 남극 대륙을 제외한 모든 대륙에서 발견된다.
③ The plant grows rapidly, and its flowers are 4-6 inch in diameter, blooming late summer right through autumn.	이 식물은 빠르게 자라며 그것의 꽃의 지름은 4~6인치로늦여름부터 가을까지 줄곧 피어난다.
④ The species name mutabilis means 'change' in Latin, referring to the changing color of the flowers from white in the morning through light pink during noon to a deep rosy red colour all in one day.	종명 'mutabilis'는 라틴어로 '변화'라는 뜻으로, 아침에는 흰색에서 한낮에는 연분홍색으로 되었다가, 진한 장밋빛 붉은색까지 모두 하루 안에 꽃의 색이 변하는 것을 일컫는다.
⑤ Temperature is thought as an important factor affecting the rate of colour change as white flowers kept in the refrigerator remain white until they are taken out to warm, whereupon they slowly turn pink.	온도가 색상 변화 속도에 영향을 미치는 중요한 요인으로여겨지는데 왜냐하면 냉장고에 보관된 흰색 꽃은 따뜻하게하려고 꺼낼 때까지 흰색을 유지하다가 꺼낸 후에 천천히분홍색으로 변하기 때문이다.
⑥ This plant is best grown in well-drained soils and is quite drought tolerant.	이 식물은 물이 잘 빠지는 토양에서 가장 잘 자라며 가뭄을잘 견딘다.

 

 

 

[Ch.02 Unit 07 - 3번] 노벨 평화상 수상자 Ralph J. Bunche
① Ralph J. Bunche was born on August 7, 1904, into a poor household.	Ralph J. Bunche는 1904년 8월 7일 가난한 가정에서 태어났다.
② After his parents died, Bunche's grandmother moved the family to Los Angeles, California.	그의 부모님이 돌아가신 후 Bunche의 할머니는 가족을캘리포니아주 로스앤젤레스로 이주시켰다.
③ The only African American in his class, he earned the highest grades and graduated from his high school with honors, and was easily admitted to UCLA.	자신의 반에서 유일한 아프리카계 미국인이었던 그는 최고성적을 받으며 고등학교를 우등으로 졸업하고 UCLA에 쉽게 입학 허가를 받았다.
④ Although he graduated with honors, a lack of money stood in the way of his dreams of attending Harvard Law School.	그는 우등으로 졸업했지만 돈이 부족하다는 것이 하버드로스쿨에 다니려는 그의 꿈을 가로막았다.
⑤ Fortunately, a women's club in the area raised the money to help him pay for tuition.	다행히도 지역의 한 여성 모임에서 그가 학비 내는 것을 돕기 위해 모금을 했다.
⑥ During World War II, Bunche was asked to work for the State Department, and he helped to found the United Nations.	제2차 세계 대전 중 Bunche는 국무부에서 일해 달라고요청받았고, 그는 국제 연합의 설립을 도왔다.
⑦ His first important negotiating job came during the 1948 war between the Arabs and Israelis.	그의 첫 번째 중요한 협상 업무는 1948년 아랍과 이스라엘 간의 전쟁 중에 생겼다.
⑧ Much to his and the world's relief, a peace treaty was finally signed.	Bunche와 전 세계가 무척 다행스럽게도 마침내 평화 조약이 체결되었다.
⑨ In 1950, he was awarded the Nobel peace prize.	1950년 그는 노벨 평화상을 수상했다.
⑩ Ralph Bunche was the first African American to win this honor.	Ralph Bunche는 아프리카계 미국인으로서는 최초로 이영예를 안았다.

 

 

 

[Ch.02 - 서술형 Practice] Fanny Blankers-Koen의 생애
① Fanny Blankers-Koen, a Dutch mother of two, made history at the 1948 Olympics.	네덜란드의 두 아이 엄마인 Fanny Blankers-Koen은1948년 올림픽에서 역사를 썼다.
② She won four gold medals in track and field although she was not allowed to compete in more than three individual events.	그녀는 세 개별 종목을 초과해 출전하는 것이 허용되지 않았음에도 불구하고 육상 종목에서 네 개의 금메달을 땄다.
③ She held over 20 world records but had her career interrupted by World War II.	그녀는 20개가 넘는 세계 기록을 보유했지만 제2차 세계대전으로 인해 선수 경력이 중단되었다.
④ After the war, she returned to competition, winning more titles and setting a world record in the pentathlon in 1951.	전쟁 후, 그녀는 다시 대회에 복귀하여 더 많온 타이틀을거머쥐었고 1951년에는 5종 경기에서 세계 기록을 세웠다.
⑤ Her impressive achievements helped advance women's sports, and she defied conventional expectations about combining family life with an athletic career.	그녀의 인상적인 업적은 여성 스포츠를 발전시키는 데 기여했으며, 그녀는 가정생활과 선수 경력을 병행하는 것에대한 관습적인 기대에 저항했다.
⑥ In recognition of her remarkable career, she was named the woman athlete of the twentieth century by the IAAF in 1999.	뛰어난 경력을 인정받아 그녀는 1999년 IAAF에 의해20세기를 대표하는 여자 선수로 선정되었다.

 

 

 

[Ch.02 - 논술형 Practice] 탄소세 도입이 경제에 미치는 영향
① A 2016 report by the Heritage Foundation that analyzed a carbon tax in the United States at one-third the rate paid by Swedish industrial firms argued that the tax would have "disastrous economic costs."	스웨덴 산업 기업들이 내는 (탄소세) 세율의 3분의 1인 미국의 탄소세를 분석한 Heritage Foundation의 2016년 보고서는 이 세금이 '재앙적인 경제적 비용'을 초래할것이라고 주장했다.
② Has Sweden been severely harmed by its carbon tax?	스웨덴은 탄소세로 심각하게 피해를 입었는가?
③ Hardly.	거의 그렇지 않다.
④ Prior to enacting the tax, Sweden's economy grew between 1961 and 1990 at an annual rate of 2.9 percent while the US economy grew at 3.7 percent.	탄소세를 법제화하기 전에, 1961년부터 1990년 사이에스웨덴 경제는 연 2.9퍼센트의 비율로 성장했고, 반면에미국 경제는 3.7퍼센트 성장했다.
⑤ The gap between the Swedish and US growth rates fell after the tax was enacted.	스웨덴과 미국의 성장률 격차는 탄소세가 법제화된 후 감소했다.
⑥ Sweden's GDP grew between 1991 and 2015 at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent, just a bit lower than the US growth rate of 2.4 percent.	1991년부터 2015년 사이에 스웨덴의 GDP(국내 총생산)는 연평균 2.1퍼센트의 비율로 성장했으며, 이는 미국의 2.4퍼센트 성장률보다 약간 더 낮은 수치이다.
⑦ This is not to argue that Sweden closed the gap between its growth rate and the US growth rate because of its carbon tax.	스웨덴이 탄소세 '때문에' 자국 성장률과 미국의 성장률 사이의 격차를 줄였다고 주장하려는 것은 아니다.
⑧ But it is hard to argue that the country has suffered a great deal due to its carbon tax.	하지만 스웨덴이 탄소세로 인해 많은 피해를 입었다고 주장하기는 어렵다.
⑨ In fact, Sweden's growth rate has exceeded the US growth rate since 2000.	실제로 2000년 이후 스웨덴의 성장률은 미국의 성장률을넘어섰다.

 

 

 

[Ch.03 Unit 08 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 비례 대표제에 대한 우려
① Critics sometimes worry that by making it easier for small parties to win seats, proportional representation will encourage the growth of extremist groups standing on hateful or anti-democratic platforms.	비평가들은 비례 대표제가 군소 정당이 의석을 확보하는것을 쉽게 만듦으로써 혐오 또는 반민주적 공약을 내세우는 극단주의 단체의 성장을 부추길 것이라고 때때로 우려한다.
② Of course, no one committed to liberal and democratic values wants to see these kinds of parties taking seats in the legislature.	물론 자유주의와 민주적 가치에 전념하는 사람이라면 누구도 이런 종류의 정당이 주 의회에서 의석을 거머쥐는 것을보고 싶어 하지 않는다.
③ But it would be wrong to rig our political system to exclude them just because we disagree with their views.	하지만 우리가 단지 그들의 견해에 동의하지 않는다고 해서 그들을 배제하도록 우리의 정치 시스템을 조작하는 것은 잘못된 일일 것이다.
④ Proportional voting systems provide a democratic vent for populist anger and discontent, creating clear incentives for mainstream parties to address underlying social problems and to win back votes.	비례 투표제는 대중 영합주의적 분노와 불만에 대한 민주적인 배출구를 제공하고, 주류 정당이 근본적인 사회 문제를 처리하고 표를 되찾을 확실한 동기를 창출한다.
⑤ We also have to remember that small parties can play a value role in highlighting specific issues that have been overlooked, as has often been the case with 'Green' parties.	또한 '녹색'당에서 보통 흔히 일어난 일인데, 간과되어 온특정 문제를 부각하는 데 있어 군소 정당이 가치 있는 역할을 할 수 있다는 점 또한 우리는 기억해야 한다.
⑥ In any case, the European experience suggests that there is no overall tendency for extremist parties to increase their numbers over time under proportional systems.	어쨌든 유럽의 경험이 시사하는 바에 따르면, 비례제 아래에서 극단주의 정당이 시간이 지남에 따라 의석수를 늘리는 전반적인 경향은 존재하지 않는다.

 

 

 

[Ch.03 Unit 08 - 1번] 역할 놀이
① Role-playing is an extension of representational skills.	역할 놀이는 표현 능력의 확장이다.
② Children role-play when they use not only materials and objects but also voice and actions to represent others during play.	아이들이 놀이 중에 다른 사람을 표현하기 위해 용구와 물건뿐만 아니라 목소리와 행동을 사용할 때 역할 놀이를 하는 것이다.
③ Infants and toddlers begin to play a role when they imitate adults' language, dress, or actions.	영아와 유아는 어른의 언어, 옷차림 또는 행동을 모방할때 역할 놀이를 시작한다.
④ An older child expands on this role by imitating familiar roles, such as a parent or doctor.	더 나이 든 아이는 부모나 의사와 같은 친숙한 역할을 모방함으로써 0| 역할을 더 상세히 서술한다.
⑤ The child uses gestures and language to communicate his understanding of what this role represents.	아이는 몸짓과 언어를 사용하여 이 역할이 무엇을 표현하는지에 대한 자신의 이해를 전달한다.
⑥ He uses the doctor kit or kitchen playthings as props to support his actions while he plays.	아이는 놀이를 하는 동안 자신의 행동을 뒷받침하기 위해의사 키트나 주방 장난감을 소품으로 사용한다.
⑦ For instance, he may use a cylinder-shaped block as a syringe when pretending to be a doctor.	예를 들어 아이는 의사인 척을 할 때, 원통 모양의 블록을주사기로 사용할 수도 있다.
⑧ As he becomes familiar with other people and their roles, he may imitate them with the actions and verbalizations of a grocer, waiter, or firefighter.	아이가 다른 사람과 그들의 역할에 익숙해지면서 아이는식료품점 직원, 웨이터, 혹은 소방관의 행동과 발화와 함께 그들을 모방할 수 있다.
⑨ Playing fantasy characters, such as a monster or a superhero, becomes common once a child is able to engage in more abstract thinking.	아이가 좀 더 추상적인 사고를 할 수 있게 되면 괴물이나슈퍼히어로와 같은 판타지 캐릭터를 연기하는 것이 흔해진다.

 

 

 

[Ch.03 Unit 08 - 2번] 언어와 문화의 관계
① People are inherently social creatures, and in order to connect and regulate their social interactions, they must internalize their cultures.	인간은 본질적으로 사회적 동물이고, 사회적 상호 작용을연결하고 조절하기 위해, 자신의 문화를 내면화해야 한다.
② But cultures cannot be internalized without language.	그러나 문화는 언어 없이 내면화될 수 없다.
③ Indeed, language is the vehicle through which we learn about our social world, discover its rules and values, and express our personal natures, allowing us to connect with others, both in relationships of exchange and of caring.	실제로, 언어는 우리가 사회 세계에 대해 배우고, 그 규칙과 가치관을 발견하며, 우리 개인의 본성을 표현하는 수단인데, 이는 교류와 배려의 관계 모두에서, 우리가 다른 이들과 연결되게 해 준다.
④ Cultures themselves interact.	문화 자체는 상호 작용한다.
⑤ As far back as the origins of human history, groups of individuals sharing a common culture and language made contact with other groups, each unified by their own shared tongue.	인류 역사의 기원으로까지 멀리 거슬러 올라가면, 공통된문화와 언어를 공유하는 사람들의 집단이 다른 집단과 접촉했는데, 그 집단 각각은 자신만의 공통 언어로 통합되어있다.
⑥ Of great value was anyone who could ably facilitate those intergroup contacts ─ those people who were multilingual.	그러한 집단 사이의 접촉을 능숙하게 원활히 진행할 수 있는 사람, 즉 다국어를 구사하는 사람이 큰 가치가 있었다.
⑦ Today we humans exist in a globally interconnected world.	오늘날 우리 인간은 전 세계적으로 상호 연결된 세상에 존재한다.
⑧ We can transact with people from anywhere in seconds through the internet, or visit them through rapid means of travel, and in doing so experience a bit of their cultures.	우리는 인터넷을 통해 어디서든 몇 초 안에 사람들과 교류하거나 빠른 이동 수단을 통해 그들을 방문할 수 있고, 그렇게 함으로써 그들의 문화를 얼마간 경험할 수 있다.

 

 

 

[Ch.03 Unit 08 - 3번] 발견 학습을 위한 미술·디자인 수업 구상
① To make art and design irresistible, the teacher must commit to providing opportunities that incite feelings of surprise and, thus motivational discovery and learning.	미술과 디자인을 매우 매력적이게 만들기 위해 교사는 놀라움의 감정과 그에 따라 동기 부여가 되는 발견과 학습을불러일으키는 기회를 제공하는 데 전념해야 한다.
② This teaching approach is exciting ─ it allows the practitioner to consider what is tempting in learning, what drives an individual to find out and discover.	이러한 교육 접근 방식은 흥미진진한데, 그것은 종사자(교사)가 학습에서 무엇이 매력적인지, 무엇이 개인으로 하여금 알아내고 발견하게 만드는지 고려할 수 있게 해 준다.
③ The teacher needs to remember what it is about learning that makes it irresistible, and then design their lessons, their spaces of learning and their teaching materials accordingly.	교사는 학습에 대하여 그것을 매우 매력적이게 만드는 것이 무엇인지 기억하고, 그런 다음 그에 맞게 자신의 수업, 학습 공간, 수업 자료를 고안해야 한다.
④ This is not teaching that rigidly conforms to an instructional, target-bound paradigm.	이것은 교육적이고 목표에 얽매인 패러다임을 엄격하게 따르는 가르침이 아니다.
⑤ It is essential to provide classrooms that have no ceiling when creative minds are operating and finding out.	창의적인 사고가 작동하여 발견하고 있을 때 한계가 없는교실을 제공하는 것이 필수적이다.
⑥ Classrooms of young children should be alive, dynamic and changeable, encouraged by a theme of the moment or an interest that pervades children's imaginations.	어린아이들의 교실은 순간의 주제나 아이들의 상상력에 고루 미치는 관심사에 의해 촉진되면서, 살아 있고, 역동적이면서 변화할 수 있어야 한다.

 

 

 

[Ch.03 Unit 09 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 직접 투자의 한계점
① When investors decide to buy physical goods, they follow a direct approach.	투자자가 물리적 상품을 구매하기로 결정하면, 그들은 직접적인 접근 방식을 따른다.
② This approach provides the purest exposure to the commodity's price, but involves a cost.	이 접근 방식은 상품의 가격에 대한 가장 순전한 노출을제공하지만, 비용을 수반한다.
③ When investors buy commodities, they need to understand the quality of the goods and the problems that can exist if that quality is lacking.	투자자가 상품을 구매할 때, 그들은 상품의 품질과 그 품질이 부족한 경우 존재할 수 있는 문제를 이해할 필요가있다.
④ Another problem is the presence of different costs relating to storage, insurance, and cash opportunity costs.	또 다른 문제는 보관, 보험, 현금기회비용과 관련된 다양한 비용의 존재이다.
⑤ These costs affect the management of the physical good.	이러한 비용은 물리적 상품의 관리에 영향을 준다.
⑥ As a result of the disadvantages of direct investment, investors typically prefer to indirectly assume a position in commodity markets to avoid the problems linked to the management of physical goods.	직접 투자의 단점의 결과로, 투자자들은 일반적으로 물리적 상품 관리와 관련된 문제를 피하기 위해 상품 시장에서간접적으로 입장을 취하는 것을 선호한다.

 

 

 

[Ch.03 Unit 09 - 1번] 자연법의 정의와 비판
① According to natural law theory, moral principles are not simply the result of human convention or social agreement, but are based on fundamental principles of nature, including human nature.	자연법 이론에 따르면, 도덕적 원칙은 단순히 인간의 관습이나 사회적 합의의 결과가 아니라, 인간의 본성을 포함하여 자연의 근본적인 원칙에 기초한다.
② The term "natural law" refers to a set of ethical and moral principles that are thought to be inherent in the natural world and applicable to all human beings.	'자연법'이라는 용어는 자연계에 내재하고 있고 모든 인간에게 적용할 수 있다고 생각되는 일련의 윤리적, 도덕적원칙을 말한다.
③ These principles are considered to be objective, universal, and immutable, and are often seen as a source of guidance for human behaviour.	이러한 원칙은 객관적이고 보편적이며 불변한다고 여겨지며, 인간 행동에 대한 지침의 원천으로 이해되는 경우가많다.
④ Natural law theorists believe that the natural world operates according to a set of rational principles, and that these principles can be discovered through human reason and observation.	자연법 이론가들은 자연계가 일련의 합리적인 원칙에 따라작동하며, 이러한 원칙은 인간의 이성과 관찰을 통해 발견될 수 있다고 믿는다.
⑤ They argue that these principles provide a foundation for moral and legal systems, and that they are binding on all individuals, regardless of their cultural or social background.	그들은 이러한 원칙이 도덕적, 법적인 체계의 기초를 제공하고, 문화적 또는 사회적 배경과 관계없이 모든 개인에게구속력이 있다고 주장한다.
⑥ Critics of natural law theory argue that it relies too heavily on unprovable assumptions about the existence of a divine purpose, and that it fails to account for the diversity of moral beliefs and practices across cultures and historical periods.	자연법 이론에 대한 비판론자들은 그것이 신성한 목적의존재에 관한 증명할 수 없는 가정에 너무 많이 의존하고, 문화와 역사 시대 전반에 걸친 도덕적 신념과 관행의 다양성을 설명하지 못한다고 주장한다.

 

 

 

[Ch.03 Unit 09 - 2번] 학술적 글쓰기
① Most academic writing involves constructing an argument or supporting a position about some question or topic.	대부분의 학술적 글쓰기는 어떤 질문이나 주제에 관한 주장을 구성하거나 입장을 뒷받침하는 것을 포함한다.
② This requires clear organization with all your points directly connected to your argument or position.	이것은 여러분의 모든 요점이 여러분의 주장이나 입장과직접적으로 연결되도록 하면서 명확한 구조화를 필요로 한다.
③ In Western academic writing, a 'linear' style is preferred, where one point leads directly and unambiguously to the next, with little room for digressions.	서양의 학술적 글쓰기에서, '선형적' 방식이 선호되는데, 여기서는 하나의 요점이 직접적이고 모호하지 않게 다음으로 이어지면서 주제에서 벗어날 여지가 거의 없다.
④ The organization will depend on the purpose of the composition; a literary critique will have a different structure from a chemistry report.	구성은 작문의 목적에 따라 달라질 것이므로, 문학 비평은화학 보고서와는 다른 구조를 갖게 마련이다.
⑤ Part of learning a discipline is learning the writing organization appropriately to that discipline.	어떤 학문 분야를 배우는 것의 일부는 그 학문 분야에 적합하게 글을 구성하는 것을 배우는 것이다.
⑥ For example, academic papers in my discipline (Applied Linguistics) usually have sections (e.g., Introduction, Literature review, Discussion, Conclusion), which are typically signposted with headings that make the organization of the paper explicit.	예를 들어, 내 학문 분야(응용 언어학)의 학술 논문에는일반적으로 단원(예컨대 서론, 문헌 조사, 토론, 결론)이있는데, 이것에는 일반적으로 논문의 구성을 명시적이도록만드는 제목으로 방향이 표시된다.

 

 

 

[Ch.03 Unit 09 - 3번] 나쁜 습관의 개선
① Habits are part of our everyday lives and therefore, when we don't clean our teeth, eat breakfast, have our morning coffee or have biscuits in the afternoon, we feel unsettled and a little bit stressed.	습관은 우리 일상생활의 일부이며, 따라서 이를 닦지 않거나, 아침을 먹지 않거나, 모닝커피를 마시지 않거나, 오후에 비스킷을 먹지 않으면 불안하고 약간 스트레스를 받는느낌이 든다.
② This feeling is unpleasant and we quickly learn that it can be avoided by carrying on with our habit.	이러한 느낌은 불쾌하며, 습관을 계속함으로써 이를 회피할 수 있다는 것을 우리는 곧 알게 된다.
③ Therefore, not eating biscuits feels unusual, but this can all be made OK with a few biscuits.	따라서 비스킷을 먹지 않는 것은 예외적인 것으로 느껴질수 있지만, 몇 개의 비스킷으로 이것은 전부 괜찮아질 수있다.
④ And the habit carries on as it becomes the solution to the problem created when trying to change it.	그리고 습관이 그것을 바꾸려고 할 때 생긴 문제에 대한해결책이 됨에 따라 그 습관은 계속된다.
⑤ It's a vicious circle.	이는 악순환이다.
⑥ But it's the change in the habit which makes us feel stressed, not the absence of the actual behaviour.	하지만 우리에게 스트레스를 느끼게 하는 것은 실제 (습관) 행동의 부재가 아니라 습관의 변화이다.
⑦ And if we start to realise that the feeling of stress or worry is just 'withdrawal' and will only be made worse in the longer term if we give in and use the habit to get rid of it, then we can start to break the habit itself.	그리고 만약 스트레스나 걱정의 느낌이 단지 '금단 현상'이며, 우리가 굴복하고 습관을 이용하여 그것을 없애려고 하면 더 장기적으로 더 나빠질 뿐이라는 것을 깨닫기 시작한다면, 우리는 그 습관 자체를 버리기 시작할 수 있다.

 

 

 

[Ch.03 - 서술형 Practice] 비싼 물건의 마케팅 기법
① You might notice that if you compare two products with the same function, but in very different price ranges, you'll tend to find that the more expensive the product is, the more likely it is to be sold in a way that emphasizes how it makes you feel, rather than its inherent function and properties.	여러분이 기능은 같지만 가격대가 매우 다른 두 제품을 비교하면 가격이 비싼 제품일수록 그것의 고유 기능이나 특성보다는 여러분이 어떻게 느끼게 만드는지를 강조하는 방식으로 팔릴 가능성이 더 있다고 생각하는 경향이 있으리라는 것을 눈치챌 것이다.
② There is a huge economic advantage to creating this feel-good associated value, which is a product of advertising and often, advertising alone.	이러한 기분을 좋게 하는 것과 관련된 가치를 창출하는 것에는 엄청난 경제적 이점이 있으며, 이는 광고의, 그리고흔히 광고만의 산물이다.
③ The economic advantage is simple to state: people will pay more for this extra kick.	경제적인 이득은 설명하기 간단한데, 사람들은 이 추가 효과에 대해 더 많은 비용을 낼 거라는 것이다.
④ This might seem like trickery ─ the consumer is fooled by the advertiser into believing that the product is more than it is, and is induced to pay more for it as a result.	이것은 속임수처럼 보일 수도 있는데 소비자는 광고주의속임수에 속아 제품이 실제 그 이상의 것이라고 믿게 되고그래서 결과적으로 그것을 위해 더 많이 지불하도록 유도된다.
⑤ But the advertisers may well argue that these added associations create not just apparent ─ but real ─ added value for the product, that they change the consumer's experience of the product into something more.	그러나 광고주들은 아마도 이러한 추가 연상이 제품에 대한 외형적인 부가 가치뿐만 아니라 그 물건에 대한 실질적인 부가 가치를 창출한다, 즉 그것들이 소비자의 제품 경험을 더한 무언가로 변화시킨다고 주장할 것이다.

 

 

 

[Ch.03 - 논술형 Practice] 우리에게 내재한 얼굴 인식 능력과 고정 관념
① We seem to have developed a visual language of facial recognition that influences our emotional judgement of people, before we are even consciously aware of what those things really mean.	우리는 우리가 그것이 진짜 무엇을 의미하는지 의식적으로인식하기도 전에 사람에 대한 감정적 판단에 영향을 미치는 얼굴 인식이라는 시각적 언어를 발달시킨 것으로 보인다.
② And because it's evolutionarily wired in us to do this, there's no escaping it ─ humans are such a social species that it makes sense for us to be able to quickly assess if someone is friend or foe.	그리고 이렇게 하도록 우리 안에 진화적으로 연결되어 있기 때문에, 이를 피할 수는 없다. 인간은 너무나 사회적 종이어서 우리가 누군가가 친구인지 적인지 빠르게 판단할수 있는 것은 당연한 일이다.
③ The problem, though, is that our snap judgements and prejudices are often wrong.	하지만 문제는 우리의 성급한 판단과 편견이 자주 틀린다는 것이다.
④ People with chiselled jaws aren't all competent, and round-faced individuals are certainly not all trustworthy.	깎아 놓은 듯한 턱을 가지고 있는 사람이 모두 유능한 것은아니며, 얼굴이 둥근 사람이 당연히 모두 신뢰할 수 있는것은 아니다.
⑤ Professor Alexander Todorov from Princeton University explains that, perhaps because we're now exposed to so many faces, our visual cortices have gone for the simplest groupings and attributed certain features to certain personality traits, but as a result we're susceptible to the worst type of visual stereotyping.	Princeton 대학교의 Alexander Todorov 교수는 아마도 우리가 매우 많은 얼굴을 접해서 시각 피질이 가장 단순한 집단 분류를 택하게 되었고 어떤 특징을 어떤 성격 특성의 결과로 보게 되었으나, 결과적으로 우리는 가장 나쁜형태의 시각적 고정 관념의 영향을 받기 쉽다고 설명한다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 Unit 10 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 뇌의 감각 자극 인식
① It takes on average half a second for the unconscious mind to process incoming sensory stimuli into conscious perceptions.	무의식이 들어오는 감각 자극을 의식적 지각으로 처리하는데에는 평균적으로 0.5초가 걸린다.
② Yet we are not aware of this time delay ─ you think you see things move as they move, and when you stub your toe you get the impression of knowing about it right away.	하지만 우리는 이 시간 지연을 인지하지 못한다. 여러분은사물이 움직일 때 움직이는 것을 보고 있다고 생각하고, 발가락이 차였을 때 그것을 즉시 알아차린다는 인상을 받는다.
③ This illusion of immediacy is created by an ingenious mechanism, which backdates conscious perceptions to the time when the stimulus first entered the brain.	이러한 즉시성의 착각은 한 기발한 기제에 의해 만들어지는데, 이것은 의식적 지각을 자극이 처음 뇌에 들어온 시점으로 소급해서 적용한다.
④ On the face of it, this seems impossible because cortical signals take the same "real" time to process to consciousness, but somehow we are tricked into thinking we feel things earlier.	겉으로 보기에는 이것이 불가능해 보인다. 왜냐하면 대뇌피질 신호는 의식으로 처리되는 데 동일한 '실제' 시간이걸리지만, 어떻게든 우리는 상황을 더 일찍 느끼는 것처럼속게 되기 때문이다.
⑤ One way it might be explained is that consciousness consists of many parallel streams and that the brain jumps from one to another, revising them and redrafting them.	이를 설명하는 한 가지 방법은 의식이 많은 병렬적인 (의식의) 흐름으로 구성되어 있으며 뇌가 하나에서 다른 하나로 재빨리 이동하면서 그것들을 수정하고 다시 작성한다는것이다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 Unit 10 - 1번] 협력과 태만의 기준
① We not only absorb' our moral codes and definitions of right and wrong from the group; the group also transmits cues about cooperation and defection and what it means to act in a trustworthy manner.	우리는 도덕 규범과 옳고 그름에 대한 정의를 집단으로부터 흡수할 뿐만 아니라, 집단은 협력과 태만, 그리고 신뢰할 수 있는 방식으로 행동하는 것이 무엇을 의미하는지에대한 단서를 전달하기도 한다.
② People are more likely to suppress their self-interest in favor of the group interest if they feel that others are doing so as well, and they're less likely to do so if they feel that others are taking advantage of them.	사람들은 다른 사람들도 그렇게 하고 있다고 느끼면 집단의 이익을 위해 자신의 이기심을 억제할 가능성이 더 높고,다른 사람이 자신을 이용하고 있다고 느끼면 그렇게 할가능성이 더 낮다.
③ The psychological mechanism for this is unclear, but certainly it is related to our innate sense of fairness.	이에 대한 심리적 메커니즘은 명확하지 않지만, 우리의 타고난 공정성 감각과 확실히 관련이 있다.
④ We generally don't mind sacrificing for the group, as long as we're all sacrificing equally.	우리는 일반적으로 모두가 동등하게 희생하는 한, 집단을위해 희생하는 것을 싫어하지 않는다.
⑤ But if we feel like we're being taken advantage of by others who are defecting, we're more likely to defect as well.	하지만 우리가 태만한 다른 사람들에게 이용당하고 있다고느끼면 우리도 태만할 가능성이 더 높다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 Unit 10 - 2번] 야생 동물과 초기 인간의 관계
① In their pre-predatory stage, our primate ancestors had moved through the world among other creatures that did not fear them.	포식 이전 단계에, 우리 영장류 조상은 자신들을 두려워하지 않았던 다른 동물 사이에서 세상을 돌아다녔다.
② Once they adopted carnivory, the prey they were interested in learned to allow close approaches at their own risk.	그들이 육식을 채택했을 때, 그들이 관심을 가졌던 사냥감은 자신의 위험을 감수하며 가까이 접근하도록 하는 법을배웠다.
③ But unlike big cats or terrifying wolves that were obvious predators, upright primates didn't automatically fit the predator template for most animals.	그러나 명백한 포식자인 큰 고양잇과 동물이나 무서운 늑대와 달리, 직립 영장류는 대부분 동물에 자동적으로 포식자 틀에 들어맞은 것은 아니었다.
④ Numerous examples from around the world during the past five centuries testify that upon initially encountering humans, many wild creatures did not associate us with a threat.	지난 5세기 동안 전 세계의 수많은 사례는 많은 야생 동물이 처음 인간을 마주쳤을 때, 우리를 위협과 연관 짓지 않았다는 것을 증명한다.
⑤ In their first encounters with humans, scores of species reacted with trust and tameness.	인간과의 첫 만남에서, 많은 종은 신뢰와 온순함으로 반응했다.
⑥ There is a term of art for this: biological first contact.	이에 대한 전문 용어가 있는데, 생물학적 최초 접촉이다.
⑦ When we appeared in new geographies for the first time, wild animals had to learn to be afraid of us.	우리가 새로운 지역에 처음 나타났을 때, 야생 동물은 우리를 두려워하는 법을 배워야 했다.
⑧ Many died standing and looking, never absorbing the lesson.	많은 동물은 그러한 교훈을 전혀 받아들이지 못한 채, 서서 바라보다가 죽었다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 Unit 10 - 3번] 일상 언어에서의 은유
① Consider the following two everyday linguistic expressions: "The election is ahead of us" and "the long Winter is now behind us."	다음 두 가지 일상 언어 표현, 예를 들어 "선거가 우리 '앞에' 있다."와 "긴 겨울이 이제 우리 '뒤에' 있다."를 생각해 보라.
② Literally, these expressions do not make any sense.	문자 그대로는, 이러한 표현은 이치에 전혀 맞지 않는다.
③ "An election" is not something that can physically be "ahead" of us in any measurable or observable way, and the "Winter" is not something that can be physically "behind" us.	'선거'는 어떤 측정 가능하거나 관찰 가능한 방식으로도 물리적으로 우리보다 '앞에' 있을 수 있는 것이 아니고, '겨울'은 물리적으로 우리보다 '뒤에' 있을 수 있는 것이 아니다.
④ Hundreds of thousands of these expressions, whose meaning is not literal but metaphorical, can be observed in human everyday language: "he is a cold person," "she has strong opinions," "the market is quite depressed."	수십만 개의 이러한 표현은 그 의미가 문자 그대로가 아니라 '은유적인' 것으로, 인간의 일상 언어에서 관찰될 수 있는데, 예를 들면 "그'는 '차가운 사람이다.", "그녀는 '강한' 의견을 가지고 있다.", "시장은 상당히 '침체되어' 있다."와 같은 것들이다.
⑤ Metaphor, in this sense, is not just a figure of speech, or an exceptional communicational tool in the hands of poets and artists.	이런 의미에서, 은유는 단지 수사적 표현, 혹은 시인이나예술가들의 특별한 의사소통 도구인 것만이 아니다.
⑥ It is an ordinary mechanism of thought.	그것은 평범한 사고의 기제이다.
⑦ Usually operating unconsciously and effortlessly, it permeates nearly every aspect of human everyday (and technical) language, making imagination possible.	그것은 보통 무의식적으로 쉽게 작동하며, 인간의 일상적(그리고 기술적) 언어의 거의 모든 측면에 스며들어 상상을 가능하게 한다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 Unit 11 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 물의 가변적인 성격
① Water essentially has no persona of its own, but has an extraordinary quality.	물은 본질적으로 자신만의 페르소나는 없지만, 놀라운 특성을 가지고 있다.
② Water as a liquid has no shape, yet it is readily defined by its surroundings.	액체로서의 물은 형태가 없지만, 그것의 주변 환경에 의해쉽게 정의된다.
③ Water has no hardness; it is completely yielding to the touch, yet is hard as concrete when impacted at high speed.	물은 단단함이 없어, 만지면 전적으로 순응하지만, 빠른속도로 충돌하면 콘크리트처럼 단단하다.
④ Water has no color when viewed in a transparent container, yet becomes vividly green or blue as an ocean, and readily reflects at its surface everything around it.	투명한 용기 안에서 보이는 물은 색이 없지만, 바다에서는선명하게 녹색이나 파란색이 되고, 그것 주변의 모든 것을그것의 표면에서 쉽게 반사한다.
⑤ Pure water has no taste, yet it readily absorbs and transmits the taste of any suspended or dissolved substances.	순수한 물은 맛이 없지만, 부유하거나 용해된 물질의 맛은어떠한 것도 쉽게 흡수하고 전달한다.
⑥ It has no smell, yet, as atmospheric humidity, readily distributes the aromas of its surroundings.	그것은 냄새는 없지만, 대기의 습기로 주변 환경의 향기를쉽게 퍼뜨린다.
⑦ This ubiquitous part of our environment truly has a variable personality, readily changing to assimilate its surroundings.	우리 주위의 어디에나 있는 이러한 성분은 쉽게 그것의 주변 환경에 동화되기 위해 변화하는, 실로 가변적인 성격을지니고 있다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 Unit 11 - 1번] 심상 지도의 특징
① I suppose everyone has at one time or another drawn a mental map, and it offers little conceptual difficulty.	나는 누구나 한 번쯤은 심상 지도를 그려본 적이 있을 것이고, 그것은 개념상의 어려움을 거의 주지 않는다고 생각한다.
② In my classes, I ask students to draw a map by hand, in just five minutes, showing their route to and from class.	내 수업 시간에 나는 학생들에게 단 5분 안에, 수업을 오가는 경로를 보여 주는 지도를 손으로 그려 보라고 요청한다.
③ No two maps are ever entirely the same, of course, and none are to scale.	물론 두 지도가 완전히 똑같은 경우는 없으며, 어느 것도축척대로 설계될 수 없다.
④ Nevertheless, most of the maps are easily understood.	그럼에도 불구하고, 대부분의 지도는 쉽게 이해된다.
⑤ This shows that while we all produce our own versions of spatial reality, we can see particular landmarks that communicate to all of us in a social community.	이는 우리가 모두 자기만의 버전의 공간적 현실을 만들어내지만, 사회적 공동체에 있는 우리 모두에게 소통되는 특정한 지형지물을 볼 수 있다는 것을 보여 준다.
⑥ Mental maps tend to highlight important parts of a route, with streets labeled to indicate where to turn.	심상 지도는 어디에서 돌아야 하는지 나타내기 위해 도로가 표시되면서 어떤 경로의 중요한 부분을 강조하는 경향이 있다.
⑦ Such maps tend to include informal but understood cultural references.	그런 지도는 비공식적이지만 이해가 되는 문화적 참조 표시를 포함하는 경향이 있다.
⑧ Where a professionally made street map might give you numbered addresses, a mental map is more likely to describe a route by referencing visible features like "a giant blue gorilla" outside a car dealership or "that old pink Victorian house. "	전문적으로 제작된 거리 지도는 숫자로 표시된 주소를 제공하는 반면, 심상 지도는 자동차 판매 대리점 밖에 있는'거대한 파란색 고릴라'나 '그 오래된 분홍색 빅토리아풍집'과 같이 눈에 띄는 특징을 참조하여 경로를 설명할 가능성이 더 크다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 Unit 11 - 2번] 익숙한 것과 익숙하지 않은 것
① People tend to pay less attention to familiar things, whether it's a possession or even a person.	사람들은 소유물이든 사람이든 간에, 익숙한 것에 주의를덜 기울이는 경향이 있다.
② On the whole, this adaptive behavior is biologically useful (for objects, events, and situations), because it is usually the novel, unexpected things in life that require the most attention.	전반적으로 이러한 적응 행동은 (사물, 사건 및 상황에 대해) 생물학적으로 유용한데, 왜냐하면 가장 주의가 필요한것은 대개 인생에서 새롭고, 예상치 못한 것이기 때문이다.
③ The brain naturally adapts to repeated experiences.	뇌는 반복된 경험에 자연스럽게 적응한다.
④ If I were to show you a series of repeated images and measure your brain responses, the activity would diminish with the repetitions.	만약 내가 여러분에게 일련의 반복된 이미지를 보여 주고뇌의 반응을 측정한다면, (뇌의) 활동은 반복할수록 감소할 것이다.
⑤ Your brain would respond again only when something new was presented.	뇌는 새로운 것이 제시될 때만 다시 반응할 것이다.
⑥ Scientists have shown that the biggest responses always come with the least expected event.	과학자들은 가장 큰 반응은 항상 가장 예상치 못한 사건에서 온다는 것을 보여 주었다.
⑦ A simple sentence such as, "He picked up the hammer and nail" gives a tiny response; change the last few words, "He picked up the hammer and ate it," and you'll see a much larger one.	"그는 망치와 못을 집어 들었다."와 같은 간단한 문장은아주 작은 반응을 보이지만, 마지막 몇 단어를 바꿔서 "그는 망치를 집어서 그것을 먹었다."가 되면 훨씬 더 큰 반응을 보게 된다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 Unit 11 - 3번] 후회감이 향후 과제 수행에 미치는 영향
① In one experiment, Keith Markman and two colleagues gave participants ten anagrams to solve.	한 실험에서, Keith Markman과 두 명의 동료는 참가자들에게 풀어야 할 10개의 철자 순서를 바꾸어 만든 말을주었다.
② After supposedly "grading" the results, they told participants that they'd found only half of the available words.	겉으로 보기에 결과를 '채점'한 후, 그들은 참가자들에게가능한 단어 중 절반만 찾았다고 말했다.
③ Then they poked people with a little regret.	그런 다음 그들은 사람들에게 약간의 후회감을 슬쩍 불러일으켰다.
④ "Close your eyes and think about your actual performance on the anagrams compared to how you might have performed better," they told the participants.	"여러분의 눈을 감고 철자 순서 바꾸기 과제에서의 여러분의 실제 성과를 여러분이 성과를 더 잘 냈을 수도 있는 방식과 비교하여 생각해 보세요."라고 그들은 참가자들에게말했다.
⑤ "Take a minute and vividly evaluate your performance in comparison to how you might have performed better."	"잠시 여러분의 실제 성과를 여러분이 성과를 더 잘 냈을수도 있는 방식과 비교하여 생생하게 평가해 보세요."
⑥ Their heads now swimming with If Onlys, these puzzle-solvers felt worse ─ especially compared to another group that had been asked to make At Least comparisons.	이제 그들의 머릿속에 '만약 ~했다면'이 가득한 이 퍼즐해결자들은 특히 '적어도' 비교를 하도록 요청받은 다른 집단과 비교했을 때 더 기분이 나빠졌다.
⑦ But on the next round, the regretful group solved more puzzles and stuck with the task longer than anyone else in the experiment.	하지만 다음 라운드에서 후회감을 느꼈던 집단은 더 많은퍼즐 과제를 해결했고 실험의 다른 누구보다 더 오래 과제를 계속하고 있었다.
⑧ This is one of the central findings on regret: it can deepen persistence, which almost always elevates performance.	이것은 후회감에 대한 핵심적인 연구 결과 중 하나이다. 후회감은 끈기를 심화시킬 수 있으며, 이는 거의 항상 성과를높인다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 Unit 12 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 외국어 숙달을 위한 공부
① In your pursuit of proficiency in a foreign language, it's important that you study topics that are neither too easy nor too difficult for you at any given point in time.	외국어 숙달을 추구하는 것에 있어, 시간상 어떤 특정 지점에서 너무 쉽지도 너무 어렵지도 않은 주제를 공부하는것이 중요하다.
② This is particularly true if you're studying a language largely on your own.	이는 여러분이 주로 혼자서 언어를 공부하고 있다면 특히사실이다.
③ If you already have a working knowledge of Greek, for example, it wouldn't be very helpful to spend all of your time studying basic vocabulary or completing elementary exercises, although some overlearning can be beneficial.	예를 들어 여러분이 그리스어에 대한 실용적인 지식이 이미 있다면, 약간의 과잉 학습이 도움이 될 수는 있겠지만, 기본 어휘를 공부하거나 초급 연습 문제를 완료하는 데 모든 시간을 할애하는 것은 크게 도움이 되지 않을 것이다.
④ Although it may make you feel good about yourself to effortlessly rattle off simple phrases like "Where is the train station?" ultimately, rehearsing only easy material is not the best use of your study time.	"기차역이 어디죠?"와 같은 간단한 문구를 수월하게 줄줄말하는 것이 자신에 대해 기분 좋게 느끼도록 할 수도 있지만, 결국은 쉬운 내용만 연습하는 것은 학습 시간을 가장잘 활용하는 것이 아니다.
⑤ By the same token, if you're a beginner, then jumping into a difficult topic, like the grammar for a language's subjunctive mood, is not time well spent either.	마찬가지로 여러분이 초급자라면, 그렇다면 언어의 가정법문법과 같은 어려운 주제로 뛰어드는 것도 시간을 잘 쓰는것이 아니다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 Unit 12 - 1번] 중학년을 위한 문해력 교육
① Literacy is crucial to the teaching-learning process that occurs in the middle grades because this is when young adolescents begin to move from narrative to expository text, a process that places increasing demands on the students' literacy skills.	문해력은 중학년의 교수-학습 과정에서 중요한데 왜냐하면이 시기는 어린 청소년들이 이야기형 글에서 설명형 글로넘어가기 시작하는 때이기 때문이고, 이는 학생들의 문해력 기술에 대해 점점 더 많은 요구를 하는 과정이다.
② Unfortunately, despite these increasing demands on their literacy skills, formal reading instruction ends for many young adolescents once they enter middle school.	안타깝게도, 그들의 문해력 기술에 대한 이러한 요구의 증가에도 불구하고, 일단 그들이 중학교에 입학하면 많은 어린 청소년을 위한 정규 읽기 교육이 중단된다.
③ One reason for this is that only about 50 percent of middle-grades teachers receive training in the teaching of literacy, broadly conceived as integrated reading, writing, speaking, and listening.	이 이유 중 하나는 중학년 교사의 약 50퍼센트만이 통합된 읽기, 쓰기, 말하기, 그리고 듣기라고 널리 생각되는, 문해력의 교육에 대한 연수를 받는다는 것이다.
④ Fewer still receive specific training in programs such as writing across the curriculum.	더 적은 수의 교사만이 여전히 교육 과정 전반에 걸친 작문과 같은 프로그램에 대한 특정 연수를 받는다.
⑤ Consequently, many teachers are less than ideally prepared to teach content-area literacy strategies to their students.	그 결과, 많은 교사는 학생들에게 내용 영역별 문해력 전략을 가르치는 것에 대해 결코 완벽하게 준비가 되어 있지않다.
⑥ Given the increasing emphasis on integrated curricula in the middle grades, all teachers, regardless of the subjects they teach, are being called on to integrate the language arts into their subjects.	중학년에서 통합 교과 과정을 점점 더 강조하는 것을 고려하면, 가르치는 과목과 관계없이, 모든 교사는 언어 과목을 자신의 과목에 통합하도록 요구받고 있다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 Unit 12 - 2번] 소설가들의 언론인 경력
① Many people who aspire to be novelists began their writing careers as journalists.	소설가가 되기를 열망하는 많은 사람이 언론인으로서 글쓰기 경력을 시작했다.
② The thirteen-year-old Anne Frank had exactly this in mind for herself, and it is hard to believe that someone so full of life and so gifted at writing as a child would not have accomplished what she set out to do had the Nazis not murdered her.	13살의 Anne Frank는 자신을 위해 정확히 이것을 염두에 두고 있었고, 어린아이로서 매우 생기 넘치고 글쓰기에그토록 재능이 있었던 그녀가 나치에게 살해당하지 않았다면 자신이 하려고 했던 것을 성취하지 못했으리라고 믿기어렵다.
③ She wrote in her diary about "the big question, will I ever be able to write something great, will I ever become a journalist or a writer?"	그녀는 자신의 일기에 "가장 궁금한 것은, 내가 언젠가는훌륭한 글을 쓸 수 있을까, 내가 언젠가 언론인이나 작가가될 수는 있을까?"에 대해 썼다.
④ There are many others, too ─ Martha Gellhorn, Jack London, Margaret Mitchell (Gone With the Wind), Tom Wolfe ─ who wrote for newspapers or magazines before turning to fiction.	Martha Gellhorn, Jack London, Margaret Mitchell(Gone With the Wind를 쓴), Tom Wolfe 등 소설로 전향하기 전에 신문이나 잡지에 글을 기고했던많은 다른 사람들도 있다.
⑤ John Steinbeck, already a published novelist, wrote a series of pieces on the Okie migrant camps of California for the San Francisco News before writing his most celebrated book, also about the migrants, The Grapes of Wrath.	이미 출간한 소설가였던 John Steinbeck은 자신의 가장유명한 책이자, 역시 이주민들에 관한 The Grapes of Wrath를 쓰기 전에 San Francisco News에 캘리포니아의 이주 농업 노동자 이주민 캠프에 대한 일련의 기사를썼다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 Unit 12 - 3번] 길을 찾는 능력이 인류에게 미친 영향
① Over the course of our evolution between 350,000 and 150,000 years ago, Homo sapiens developed an appetite for exploration and a wayfinding spirit that set us apart from other human species.	35만 년 전에서 15만 년 전 사이에 우리의 진화 과정에서, 호모 사피엔스는 우리를 다른 인간종과 구별하는 탐험에 대한 욕구와 길을 찾는 정신을 발전시켰다.
② It had a huge effect on our future.	이는 우리의 미래에 큰 영향을 미쳤다.
③ One of the most intriguing recent ideas in anthropology is that our ability to navigate was essential to our success as a species, because it allowed us to cultivate extensive social networks.	인류학에서 최근 가장 흥미로운 생각 중 하나는 길을 찾아나가는 우리의 능력이 종으로서 우리의 성공에 필수적이었다는 것인데, 왜냐하면 그것이 우리가 광범위한 사회적 네트워크를 구축할 수 있게 해 주었기 때문이다.
④ In prehistoric times, when people lived in small family units and spent much of their time looking for food and shelter, being able to share information with other groups about the whereabouts of resources and the movements of predators would have given us an evolutionary edge.	선사 시대에 사람들이 소규모 가족 단위로 살고 그들의 대부분 시간을 식량과 은신처를 찾는 데 보냈을 때, 자원의소재와 포식자의 움직임에 대한 정보를 다른 집단과 공유할 수 있는 것은 우리에게 진화적으로 강점을 주었을 것이다.
⑤ Friends were a survival asset.	친구는 생존의 자산이었다.
⑥ If you ran out of food, you knew where to go; if you needed help on a hunt, you knew who to ask.	만약 식량이 떨어지면 여러분은 어디로 가야 할지 알고 있었고, 사냥에 도움이 필요하면 누구에게 도움을 요청해야할지 알고 있었다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 - 서술형 Practice] 번식의 성공과 생존 방법으로서의 문화
① Culture is the strategic response to the survival needs of society.	문화는 사회의 생존 요구에 대한 전략적 대응이다.
② Evolutionary psychology would argue that culture is a direct outcome of reproductive success and biological fitness.	진화 심리학은 문화가 번식의 성공과 생물학적 적합성의직접적인 결과라고 주장할 것이다.
③ People who can adapt to their environment through social organization are more likely to leave offspring and ensure continuity in the future.	사회 조직을 통해 환경에 적응할 수 있는 사람들은 자손을남겨 미래에 연속성을 보장할 가능성이 더 크다.
④ In the course of social development, people have learned to solve a variety of issues and problems that allowed adaptation to a particular ecological context.	사회 발전 과정에서 사람들은 특정한 생태적 환경에 적응할 수 있게 했던 다양한 사안과 문제를 해결하는 것을 배웠다.
⑤ In Greenland, the Scandinavian colony eventually died out because they did not adapt to the harsh climate and the need to rely on the sea for food, but rather continued with their European herding practices and primitive agriculture.	그린란드에서 스칸디나비아 식민지는 결국 자취를 감추었는데, 이는 그들이 혹독한 기후와 식량을 바다에 의존해야할 필요성에 적응하지 못하고, 오히려 유럽식 목축 관행과원시 농업을 계속했기 때문이었다.
⑥ By contrast, the local Inuit people continued to function and adapt without interruption as their food was largely available from hunting and fishing.	반면 현지 이누이트족은 중단 없이 계속 기능하고 적응했는데, 이는 그들의 식량을 대개 사냥과 낚시에서 얻을 수있었기 때문이었다.
⑦ The culture of the native Inuit population was adaptive, leading to reproductive success and survival.	이누이트 원주민 사람들의 문화는 적응성이 있어서 번식의성공과 생존으로 이어졌다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 - 논술형 Practice] 식품 산업의 교묘함
① The ingenuity of the food industry is demonstrated by its ability to simultaneously design and market new products that appeal to consumers who want both "good-for-you" and diet foods.	식품 산업의 교묘함은 '몸에 좋으면'서 칼로리가 적은 식품을 원하는 소비자들의 관심을 끄는 새로운 제품을 동시에디자인해서 파는 능력으로 입증된다.
② By offering one product line that profits by producing obesity and another that generates revenues by claiming to reduce weight, food companies have found a way to have their cake and eat it, too.	비만을 유발하여 수익을 내는 하나의 제품군과 체중 감량을 주장하여 수익을 창출하는 다른 제품군을 제공함으로써, 식품 회사는 꿩 먹고 알 먹는 방법 또한 찾아냈다.
③ In these "healthier" products, food companies remove some of the calories, sugars, fats, and salt added to "fun-to-eat foods" in order to address consumers' concerns about health.	이러한 '더 건강한' 제품에서, 식품 회사는 건강에 대한 소비자의 우려를 해소하기 위해 '먹기 좋은 식품'에 첨가된칼로리, 설탕, 지방, 소금 일부를 제거한다.
④ Others simply add nutrients to the same unhealthy product.	다른 회사들은 단순히 건강에 좋지 못한 바로 그 제품에영양소를 추가한다.
⑤ For example, cereal companies simply add vitamins A, C, or iron to sweetened refined-grain products, then label them as "healthy," rather than using the whole grains recommended for healthier diets.	예를 들어, 시리얼 회사는 더 건강한 식단을 위해 추천되는 통곡물을 사용하기보다는 가당 정제 곡물 제품에 비타민 A, C 또는 철분을 단순히 추가하여 그것을 '건강에 좋은'이라고 표시한다.
⑥ In 2009, 86 percent of cereal marketed to children contained mostly refined grain.	2009년에 어린이에게 판매된 시리얼의 86퍼센트에는 대부분 정제 곡물이 들어 있었다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 13 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 농업에 대한 보조금
① To avoid famine and economic dislocation, countries use different kinds of policies to provide incentives or disincentives for the production of different crops.	기근과 경제적 혼란을 피하기 위해, 국가들은 다양한 농작물 생산에 장려책 또는 억제책을 제공하는 여러 종류의 정책을 사용한다.
② Subsidies are used to encourage agricultural production.	보조금은 농업 생산을 장려하기 위해 사용된다.
③ They come in many forms, but collectively they give producers the ability to sell products at prices that are lower than would otherwise be possible.	그것은 다양한 형태로 나타나지만, 전체적으로 보면 생산자에게 다른 방법으로 가능했을 가격보다 더 낮은 가격으로 제품을 판매할 수 있는 능력을 부여한다.
④ Almost every developed country has found itself subsidizing agricultural producers.	거의 모든 선진국은 농업 생산자에게 보조금을 지급하는실정이다.
⑤ The exceptions ─ New Zealand, Australia, and to some extent Canada ─ represent special cases since they do not have large rural populations and their natural advantages in certain crops permit them to produce at lower costs than most other countries.	뉴질랜드, 호주, 그리고 일부 캐나다와 같은 예외는 특별한 사례를 대표하는데 그들은 대규모의 농업 인구가 없고, 특정 작물에 있어 그들이 가진 자연적 이점은 그들이 대부분의 다른 국가보다 낮은 비용으로 생산할 수 있게 해 주기 때문이다.
⑥ Subsidies ensure agricultural surpluses under most conditions, and they allow producers in a country that subsidizes agriculture to reap benefits as producers in non-subsidizing countries are forced out of business.	대부분 조건에서 보조금은 농업 흑자를 보장하고, 보조금을 지급하지 않는 국가의 생산자가 사업에서 강제로 밀려남에 따라 그것(보조금)은 농업에 보조금을 지급하는 국가의 생산자가 이익을 거둘 수 있게 해 준다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 13 - 1번] 영국의 주택 가격
① Houses in Britain are too expensive in relation to income for households to buy a house for ready money at the beginning of their housing career or accumulate the purchase money from prior savings.	영국의 주택은 소득에 비해 너무 비싸서 가구가 주택 구매경력 초기에 준비된 돈으로 주택을 구입하거나 이전의 저축액으로 구입 자금을 모을 수 없다.
② Most householders must therefore either hire a house, or buy one with borrowed money.	따라서 대부분의 가구주는 주택을 임차하거나, 융자금으로주택을 구입해야 한다.
③ Housing must therefore be financed, and the finance has to be for a long term.	따라서 주택 구입에는 반드시 자금이 공급되어야 하며, 그자금 공급은 장기적이어야 한다.
④ For buyers using borrowed funds, long-term loans are necessary to ensure that the principal repayments can be spread out thinly enough to be covered by annual income.	융자를 사용하는 구매자의 경우, 연간 소득에 의해 충당될수 있을 정도로 원금 상환이 충분히 약하게 분산될 수 있는 것을 보장하기 위해 장기 융자가 필수적이다.
⑤ The investor in rental properties often finds that the yearly rent only covers a small portion of the debt used to purchase the property.	임대 부동산 투자자는 연간 임대료가 부동산을 구입하는데 사용된 부채의 작은 일부만 감당하는 것을 보통 알게된다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 13 - 2번] 경제 이론의 기본 가정
① The customary starting point for economic theory, the basic model to which other situations and policy options are compared, is a system of perfectly competitive markets.	경제 이론의 관례적인 출발점, 즉 다른 상황과 정책 선택권이 비교되는 기본 모형은 완벽하게 경쟁적인 시장 체제이다.
② This imagined economy is populated exclusively by small producers and individual consumers, all possessed of very broad information and very narrow motives and desires.	이 상상 속의 경제 체제는 오로지 소규모 생산자와 개별 소비자들만 살고 있으며, 모두 매우 광범위한 정보와 매우좁은 동기 및 욕구를 지니고 있다.
③ In such an economy, under long lists of traditional but unrealistic assumptions, economists have proved that there is always an "equilibrium" ─ that is, a set of prices at which supply equals demand for every commodity.	그러한 경제 체제에서, 긴 목록의 전통적이지만 비현실적인 가정하에, 경제학자들은 '균형 (상태)', 즉 모든 상품에대하여 공급이 수요와 일치하는 가격들의 집합이 항상 존재한다는 것을 증명했다.
④ The invisible hand of market competition, in Adam Smith's famous metaphor, ensures that every resource is used wherever it will produce the greatest value for consumers.	Adam Smith의 유명한 비유에서, 시장 경쟁의 보이지않는 손은 모든 자원이 소비자에게 최고의 가치를 생산할곳이면 어디에서든지 반드시 사용되게끔 한다.
⑤ Any deviation from the free-market outcome will make someone worse off, so there is no possible change to a market equilibrium that could win unanimous support.	자유 시장의 결과로부터의 어떤 일탈도 누군가의 처지를더 나쁘게 만들 것이므로, 만장일치의 지지를 얻을 수 있는 시장 균형에 대한 변화는 불가능하다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 13 - 3번] 스포츠와 미디어의 상보적 관계
① Over the years, the sports sector and the media sector have developed a self-interest relationship.	수년에 걸쳐, 스포츠 분야와 미디어 분야는 사리 추구의관계를 발전시켜 왔다.
② Both industries gain benefits from the complementary nature of their interests: while sport provides valuable content and audiences for media operators, the media is a revenue source and promotional tool for sport.	양 산업은 이익의 상호 보완적인 특성을 통해 이득을 보는데, 스포츠는 미디어 운영자들에게 가치 있는 콘텐츠와 시청자를 제공하는 한편, 미디어는 스포츠에 있어 수익원이자 홍보 도구이다.
③ The sale of exclusive live sports broadcasting rights is an important, if not the principal, source of revenue for sports organisations and clubs, whereas live sports content is decisive for media operators to create attractive programming for their audience.	스포츠 독점 생중계권의 판매는 스포츠 단체와 구단의 주요 수익원은 아닐지라도, 중요한 수익원이며, 한편 생중계스포츠 콘텐츠는 미디어 운영자들이 시청자를 위한 매력적인 프로그램을 만드는 데 결정적이다.
④ Wide coverage through television, for instance, can result in significant exposure for sports leagues.	예를 들어, 텔레비전을 통한 광범위한 보도는 스포츠 리그에 상당한 노출을 가져올 수 있다.
⑤ Such exposure can deliver private benefits to the league and the clubs in the form of increased revenue from sponsorship and attraction of new supporters.	이러한 노출은 협찬과 새로운 후원자 유치로부터 증가된수익의 형태로 리그와 구단에 사적인 이익을 제공할 수 있다.
⑥ This implies that, without cameras, major sports events would have virtually no meaning at all.	이는 주요 스포츠 행사가 카메라 없이는 사실상 의미가 전혀 없을 것이라는 점을 의미한다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 14 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 나비 표본의 모양
① Until the camera came along to take photographs of living butterflies, the standard image of a butterfly was a grossly distorted one.	살아 있는 나비를 촬영할 수 있는 카메라가 등장하기 전까지, 나비의 표준 이미지는 심하게 왜곡된 것이었다.
② It shows them not as they are in life but in death. mounted on a pin in a museum.	이는 그것들을 살아 있는 그대로가 아니라 죽은 상태로 보여 주는데, 박물관의 핀에 꽂혀 붙어 있다.
③ The wings are held out flat at ninety degrees to the body ─ a posture which would sorely test the ligaments of any butterfly.	날개는 몸과 90도 각도로 납작하게 펼쳐져 있는데, 어떤나비에게도 인대를 몹시 시험할 자세일 것이다.
④ It is nevertheless the shape which we instantly recognise as 'butterfly', whether in bow-ties or the pasta the Italians call farfalle (after farfalla, a butterfly).	그럼에도 불구하고, 그것은 우리가 나비넥타이든 이탈리아사람들이 '파르팔레'(나비를 뜻하는 '파르팔라'에서 비롯됨)라고 부르는 파스타이든, '나비'로 즉시 인식하는 형태이다.
⑤ Yet in life butterflies open their wings flat only to enjoy the sun, and some species never do it at all, but settle with their wings tight shut.	하지만 살아 있을 때 나비는 태양을 즐기기 위해서만 날개를 납작하게 펴고, 어떤 종은 전혀 그렇게 하지 않는데, 자신의 날개를 꼭 닫은 채 내려 앉는다.
⑥ Even when the wings are wide open, they always slope downwards more than mounted specimens, with the hindwings much closer to the butterfly's body.	심지어 날개가 활짝 펴져 있을 때도, 뒷날개는 나비의 몸통에 훨씬 더 가깝게 붙어, 붙여진 표본보다 항상 더 아래쪽으로 기울어져 있다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 14 - 1번] 인간의 음악과 언어의 관계에 관한 연구
① The central role of music and language in human existence and the fact that both involve complex and meaningful sound sequences naturally invite comparison between the two domains.	인간이 존재하는 데 있어서 음악과 언어의 중심적인 역할과 둘 다 복잡하고 의미 있는 소리의 연속을 수반한다는사실은 자연스럽게 두 영역 간의 비교를 유발한다.
② Yet from the standpoint of modern cognitive science, music-language relations have barely begun to be explored.	그러나 현대 인지 과학의 관점에서 볼 때, 음악과 언어의관계는 이제 겨우 탐구되기 시작했다.
③ This situation appears to be poised to change rapidly, as researchers from diverse fields are increasingly drawn to this interdisciplinary enterprise.	이 상황은 다양한 분야의 연구자들이 이 여러 학문 분야가관련된 탐구에 점점 더 끌리면서 빠르게 변화할 준비가 된것으로 보인다.
④ The appeal of such research is easy to understand.	이러한 연구의 매력은 쉽게 이해할 수 있다.
⑤ Humans are unparalleled in their ability to make sense out of sound.	인간은 소리에서 의미를 찾아 내는 능력에서 견줄 데가 없다.
⑥ In many other branches of our experience (e.g., visual perception, touch), we can learn much from studying the behavior and brains of other animals because our experience is not that different from theirs.	다른 많은 우리의 경험 분야(예를 들어 시지각, 촉각)에서우리는 다른 동물의 행동과 뇌를 연구함으로써 많은 것을배울 수 있는데, 왜냐하면 우리의 경험이 그것들(다른 동물)의 경험과 크게 다르지 않기 때문이다.
⑦ When it comes to language and music, however, our species is unique.	그러나 언어와 음악에 관해서 우리 종은 독특하다.
⑧ This makes it difficult to gain insight into language or music as a cognitive system by comparing humans to other organisms.	이것은 인간을 다른 유기체와 비교하여 인지 체계로서의언어나 음악에 대한 통찰력을 얻는 것을 어렵게 만든다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 14 - 2번] 건강함을 나타내는 척도
① There are different measures of "healthy" and "overweight."	'건강한'과 '과체중'에는 여러 가지 측정 기준이 있다.
② BMI (body mass index) is widely used by health professionals and has a strong correlation with various diseases and chronic conditions.	BMI(체질량 지수)는 건강 전문가들이 널리 사용하며 다양한 질병 및 만성 질환과 높은 상관관계를 가진다.
③ However, it doesn't reflect the amount of fat or muscle in a body, bone weight, or cultural factors, age, and gender (women tend to carry more fat).	하지만, BMI는 신체 내 지방이나 근육의 양, 뼈 무게, 또는 문화적 요인, 나이, 그리고 성별(여성은 더 많은 지방을가지는 경향이 있다)을 반영하지 않는다.
④ Waist circumference is another commonly used measure because excess abdominal fat ─ more than 40 inches for men and 35 inches for women ─ increases the risk of developing obesity-related conditions.	허리둘레는 일반적으로 사용되는 또 다른 측정 기준인데, 남성 40인치, 여성 35인치가 넘는 과도한 복부 지방은 비만 관련 질환 발병 위험을 증가시키기 때문이다.
⑤ While both are used to screen for potential risk, they aren't diagnostic tools.	비록 둘 다 잠재적 위험을 검진하는 데 사용되지만, 진단도구는 아니다.
⑥ Instead of using weight or measures like BMI to define well-being, an alternative "health at every size" approach focuses on sustainable health-promoting behavior regardless of body size.	체중이나 BMI와 같은 측정 기준을 사용하여 건강을 정의하는 대신, 대안적인 '모든 체격에서의 건강' 접근 방식은체격과 관계없이 지속 가능한 건강 증진 행동에 초점을 맞춘다.
⑦ Proponents argue a weight-neutral approach is healthier because it avoids the potentially harmful effects of repeated dieting, such as a higher risk of early death and psychological distress.	이것을 옹호하는 사람들은 체중 중립적인 접근 방식이 더높은 조기 사망 및 심리적 고통의 위험과 같은 반복적인다이어트의 잠재적으로 해로운 영향을 피하기 때문에 더건강하다고 주장한다.
⑧ Ultimately, nutrition and health are socioeconomic issues that require understanding and empathy.	궁극적으로, 영양과 건강은 이해와 공감이 있어야 하는 사회 경제적 문제이다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 14 - 3번] 농장 자료의 소유권
① It is common to read that farm data belongs to the farmer.	농장 자료는 농부에게 속한다고 명시되어 있는 것이 일반적이다.
② It is sometimes even stated in contracts.	때로는 그것이 심지어 계약서에 명시되기도 한다.
③ However, 'ownership' is a legal assertion and data ownership is not addressed by legislation except for copyright for datasets as intellectual products.	그러나, '소유권'은 법적 주장이고 자료 소유권은, 지적 재화로서의 자료 모음에 대한 저작권을 제외하고는 법률에서다루어지지 않는다.
④ This is partly due to the peculiar nature of data compared to other goods that can be owned.	이는 부분적으로는 소유될 수 있는 다른 재화와 비교되는자료의 독특한 특성 때문이다.
⑤ In legal terms, it is non-rivalrous: the same data can be in different places and be owned by different people because, when data is copied or migrated to other platforms, it remains the same.	법적 측면에서 그것은 비경합적인데, 자료는 복사되거나다른 플랫폼으로 이전되어도 동일하게 유지되기 때문에 동일한 자료가 다른 장소에 있을 수 있고 다른 사람에게 소유될 수 있다.
⑥ In addition, there is a difference between data collected in a structured dataset, which can be considered as an intellectual product by law, and raw data as individual, unstructured bits before they are collected and made sense of.	게다가, 법률에 따라 지적 재화로 간주될 수 있는, 구조화된 자료 모음의 형태로 수집된 자료와, 수집되고 이해되기전의 개별적이고 구조화되지 않은 부분으로서의 미가공 자료 사이에는 차이가 있다.
⑦ These raw data are similar to facts, for which no copyright and no ownership is legally applicable.	이러한 미가공 자료는 사실과 유사한데, 이에 대해서는 어떠한 저작권이나 소유권도 법적으로 적용 가능하지 않다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 15 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 원활한 의사소통이 좋은 디자인의 요건이 되는 이유
① Good design starts with an understanding of psychology and technology.	좋은 디자인은 심리학과 기술에 대한 이해에서 시작된다.
② Good design requires good communication, especially from machine to person, indicating what actions are possible, what is happening, and what is about to happen.	좋은 디자인은 어떤 행동이 가능하고, 어떤 일이 일어나고있으며, 어떤 일이 막 일어나려는지를 알려 주는, 특히 기계에서 사람으로의 원활한 의사소통을 필요로 한다.
③ Communication is especially important when things go wrong.	의사소통은 일이 잘못될 때 특히 중요하다.
④ It is relatively easy to design things that work smoothly and harmoniously as long as things go right.	일이 제대로 진행되는 한 원활하고 조화롭게 작동하는 것을 디자인 하는 것은 비교적 쉽다.
⑤ But as soon as there is a problem or a misunderstanding, the problems arise and this is where good design is essential.	하지만 문제나 오해가 생기자마자 문제가 발생하게 되고이 상황이 좋은 디자인이 필수적인 때이다.
⑥ Designers need to focus their attention on the cases where things go wrong, not just on when things work as planned.	디자이너는 일이 계획대로 진행될 때만 주의를 집중하는것이 아니라, 일이 잘못되는 경우에도 주의를 집중해야 한다.
⑦ Actually, this is where the most satisfaction can arise: when something goes wrong but the machine highlights the problems, then the person understands the issue, takes the proper actions, and the problem is solved.	실제로 가장 큰 만족감이 생길 수 있는 것은 이러한 상황으로, 무언가 잘못되지만, 기계가 그 문제점을 강조하고, 그런 후 사람이 그 문제를 이해하고 적절한 조치를 하여문제가 해결될 때이다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 15 - 1번] 심리학에서의 연구자 간 의견 차이
① When we read about psychology, how do we assess the quality of what we read?	우리가 심리학에 관해 읽을 때, 어떻게 읽은 내용의 질을평가할 수 있을까?
② First, we cannot judge the quality of an argument on the basis of what it concludes about people, or on the basis of whether we agree with the author's beliefs about people or not.	우선 우리는 어떤 한 주장의 질을 그것이 사람들에 대해어떤 결론을 내리는지에 근거하거나, 또는 우리가 사람들에 대한 저자의 믿음에 동의하는지 동의하지 않는지에 근거하여 판단할 수 없다.
③ It is quite possible for two excellent psychologists to differ strongly about an aspect of human behaviour, while both providing convincing arguments and good evidence for reaching their conclusions.	두 명의 훌륭한 심리학자가 모두 자신의 결론에 도달한 것에 대해 설득력 있는 주장과 타당한 증거를 제시하면서도인간 행동의 한 측면에 대해 강하게 의견을 달리하는 것은충분히 가능하다.
④ As you read more widely in psychology, you will find that there are many differences in opinion among researchers.	여러분이 심리학에 대해 더 폭넓게 읽어 갈수록 여러분은연구자들 사이에 많은 의견 차이가 있다는 것을 알게 될것이다.
⑤ It can even be the case that two researchers conduct what looks like the same experiment in two different settings, but get very different results.	심지어 두 명의 연구자가 두 개의 서로 다른 환경에서 겉보기에 같은 실험을 수행했지만, 매우 다른 결과를 얻는경우도 있을 수 있다.
⑥ This does not mean, necessarily, that either of the researchers did bad work.	이것이 반드시 두 연구자 중 어느 한 명이 잘못된 연구를했다는 것을 의미하지는 않는다.
⑦ On the contrary, different findings from different contexts may give us important information.	그와는 반대로, 서로 다른 맥락에서 나온 서로 다른 연구결과들은 우리에게 중요한 정보를 제공할 수 있을 것이다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 15 - 2번] 직접적 경험과 단어 규정의 관계
① 'I'll believe it when I see it.'	'나는 그것을 보면 믿을 것이다.'
② This familiar remark recalls how first-hand personal experience is commonly accepted as a convincing way ─ if not the fundamental way ─ to determine what to believe in.	이 익숙한 말은 어떻게 직접적인 개인의 경험이 무엇을 믿을지 결정하는, 근본적인 방법은 아니더라도, 확실한 방법으로 흔히 받아들여지고 있는가를 상기시켜 준다.
③ Many centuries ago, for instance, it was unbelievable that there could be organisms so small as to be invisible to the naked eye.	예를 들어, 수 세기 전에는 맨눈으로 보이지 않을 정도로작은 유기체가 존재할 수 있다는 것을 믿을 수 없었다.
④ Opinions changed after microscopes allowed us to see these tiny creatures in the late 1600s.	1600넌대 후반에 현미경으로 우리가 이 작은 생물체를볼 수 있게 된 후에 견해가 바뀌었다.
⑤ This emphasis upon direct personal experience is philosophically expandable to the point of prescribing how words must derive their meaning.	이러한 직접적인 개인적 경험에 대한 강조는 단어가 어떻게 의미를 도출해야 하는지를 규정하는 데까지 철학적으로확장될 수 있다.
⑥ The prescription would be: if any given word is to be meaningful, then it must be traceable back to some sensory experience.	그 규정은 다음과 같을 것인데, 만약 주어진 어떤 단어가'의미를 가지려면', 그것은 어떤 감각적 경험으로 되짚어갈수 있어야 한다는 것이다.
⑦ Otherwise, the word should be regarded as only a meaningless sound.	그렇지 않으면, 그 단어는 단순히 무의미한 소리로 여겨져야 한다.
⑧ This experience-tied theory of meaning was advocated by the Scottish philosopher David Hume, an empiricist who believed that knowledge of what exists or is true can only come from observing the world.	이러한 경험과 연결된 의미 이론은 스코틀랜드의 철학자David Hume에 의해 주장되었는데, 그는 존재하거나 진실인 것에 관한 지식은 오로지 세상을 관찰하는 데서 얻을수 있다고 믿는 경험주의자였다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 15 - 3번] 분노와 공격성의 차이
① Anger is clearly related to aggression but they are not one and the same.	분노는 공격성과 분명히 관련이 있지만 둘이 동일한 것은아니다.
② It is possible to be aggressive without being angry, and it is equally possible to be angry without becoming aggressive.	화를 내지 않고 공격적일 수도 있고, 공격적이 되지 않고화를 내는 것도 똑같이 가능하다.
③ However, the two (the emotion of anger and the behaviour of aggression) are linked and are biologically based, with obvious survival value.	그러나 그 둘(분노라는 감정과 공격이라는 행동)은 서로연결되어 있고 생물학적 기반을 가지고 있으며 명백한 생존 가치를 지니고 있다.
④ Anger always results in a much increased burst of energy and, although biologically based, is seen by some psychologists as largely socially constructed.	분노는 항상 훨씬 증가된 에너지의 폭발을 낳으며, 비록생물학적 기반을 가지고 있더라도 일부 심리학자들에 의해대부분 사회적으로 구성된 것으로 여겨진다.
⑤ That is, some people might be temperamentally more prone to anger than others, but the extent to which they express this is probably socially determined.	즉, 어떤 사람들은 다른 사람들보다 기질적으로 화를 더잘 낼 수도 있지만, 그들이 이것을 표현하는 정도는 아마도 사회적으로 결정된다.
⑥ In our culture, for example, boys are encouraged to express their anger more openly than girls and a far greater proportion of men than women are made to take anger management courses.	예를 들어, 우리 문화에서는 남자아이들이 여자아이들보다화를 더 터놓고 표현하도록 권장되며, 여성보다 훨씬 더큰 비율의 남성이 분노 관리 과정을 수강하게 된다.
⑦ These are learned differences. not differences of biology.	이는 생물학적 차이가 아니라 학습된 차이이다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 16 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 온라인 정보 탐색
① As it has done in so many areas, the information-rich online environment has added a new dimension to the area of timeliness.	매우 많은 분야에서 그랬던 것처럼, 정보가 풍부한 온라인환경은 시의적절함이라는 영역에 새로운 차원을 더했다.
② Years ago, learners were restricted to searching for information that was often available only in environments accessible by foot, car, bicycle, or public transportation.	몇 년 전만 해도 학습자는 도보, 자동차, 자전거 또는 대중교통으로 접근할 수 있는 환경에서만 보통 이용 가능한 정보를 검색하는 것으로 제한되어 있었다.
③ It took time to get to information repositories, let alone to find good information.	좋은 정보를 찾는 것은 말할 것도 없이, 정보 저장소에 접근하는 데도 시간이 걸렸다.
④ Today, learners can find information instantly through devices that we carry in our pockets, purses, and back-packs.	오늘날 학습자는 주머니, 지갑, 배낭에 넣어서 가지고 다니는 기기를 통해 정보를 즉시 찾을 수 있다.
⑤ Then, information seeking involved painstakingly finding a few "good" resources among the limited (but vetted) possibilities that were physically accessible.	과거에는 정보 탐색이 물리적으로 접근할 수 있는 제한된(그러나 검증된) 가능성 중에서 소수의 '좋은' 자료를 공들여 찾는 것과 관련되었다.
⑥ Now, it involves skimming through the limitless (often unvetted) information online that comes and goes at lightning speed.	현재 그것은 빛의 속도로 왔다가 사라지는, 온라인에서의무한한(종종 검증되지 않은) 정보를 대충 읽는 것과 관련된다.
⑦ Given many students' tendency to delay ─ as well as to finish assignments in the least amount of time possible ─ the dangers of limiting one's information seeking to the online environment are clear.	많은 학생의 미루는 경향, 또한 과제를 가능한 한 가장 짧은 시간 안에 끝내려는 경향을 고려할 때, 정보 탐색을 온라인 환경으로 제한하는 것의 위험성은 분명하다.
⑧ [Summary] The transition from physical access to limited resources to instant online access has created an abundance of unverified information, which highlights the risks of exclusively relying on online sources for learning.	[Summary] 제한된 자원에 대한 물리적 접근에서 즉각적인 온라인 접근으로의 전환이 많은 검증되지 않은 정보를 만들어 냈으며, 이는 학습을 위해 온라인 자료에만 의존하는 것의 위험을 부각한다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 16 - 1번] 나쁜 경험의 영향이 더 강한 이유
① From a psychological point of view, bad is stronger than good.	심리학적 관점에서, 나쁜 것이 좋은 것보다 더 강하다.
② It takes four positive interactions to balance out a single negative one.	하나의 부정적인 것의 균형을 잡으려면 네 번의 긍정적인상호 작용이 필요하다.
③ Bad memories resonate much more powerfully than good ones.	나쁜 기억은 좋은 기억보다 훨씬 더 강력하게 울려 퍼진다.
④ A bad experience from ten years ago might appear in your mind's eye in sharp focus with strong, clear emotions attached to it.	10년 전의 나쁜 경험은 그것에 결부된 강하고 선명한 감정과 함께 날카로운 초점으로 마음의 눈에 나타날 수도 있다.
⑤ A happy memory from the same time period may have fuzzier edges and just an overall sense of pleasantness.	같은 기간의 행복한 기억은 끝이 더 흐릿하고 전반적인 기분 좋았던 느낌만 있을 수 있다.
⑥ This is known as negativity bias or the negativity effect.	이를 '부정성 편향' 또는 '부정성 효과'라고 한다.
⑦ The human brain is organized to survive by avoiding negative experiences and emotions.	인간의 뇌는 부정적인 경험과 감정을 피하게 함으로써 생존하도록 조직되어 있다.
⑧ Our brains and emotional systems developed under evolutionary pressures to better keep us alive by remembering dangerous situations very clearly so we could avoid them in the future.	우리의 뇌와 감정 체계는 진화의 압박 속에, 우리가 향후에위험을 피할 수 있도록 위험한 상황을 매우 명확하게 기억함으로써, 우리가 계속 더 잘 살아남게 하기 위해 발달했다.
⑨ In modern times, we are unlikely to die from getting split off from our tribe and becoming prey to a wild beast, but our brains still look for negativity in every situation.	현재 시대에는 우리가 부족에서 떨어져 나와 맹수의 먹이가 되어 죽을 가능성은 거의 없지만, 우리의 뇌는 여전히모든 상황에서 부정적인 것을 찾는다.
⑩ [Summary] Negativity bias or the negative effect explains how bad experiences and memories outweigh good ones. and how our brains and emotional systems developed this way for our survival.	[Summary] 부정성 편향 또는 부정성 효과는 나쁜 경험과 기억이 좋은 경험과 기억을 어떻게 능가하며 우리의 뇌와 감정 체계는 우리의 생존을 위해 어떻게 이런 식으로 발달했음을 설명한다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 16 - 2번] 결과에 대한 예측
① In a classic study from 1975, Ellen Langer and Jane Roth trained 90 Stanford undergraduate students to play a coin-flip game.	1975년의 고전적인 연구에서 Ellen Langer와 Jane Roth는 Stanford 학부생 90명을 동전 던지기 게임을하도록 훈련시켰다.
② Students who guessed correctly early were much more likely to decide that they were correctly predicting the outcomes than students who guessed incorrectly early.	초반에 정확하게 추측한 학생들은 초반에 잘못 추측한 학생들보다 자신이 결과를 정확하게 예측하고 있다고 판단할 가능성이 훨씬 더 높았다.
③ That is, a sequence of wins followed by losses led the students to imagine they understood the task and needed to try to figure out what was going wrong. while a series of losses intermixed with wins led the students to think it was random.	즉, 연속적인 승리 후 패배가 이어진 것은 학생들로 하여금자신이 과제를 이해했고 무엇이 잘못되고 있는지 파악하려해야 한다고 생각하도록 만든 반면, 승리와 섞여 있는 일련의 패배는 학생들로 하여금 그것이 무작위라고 생각하도록만들었다.
④ A sequence of four correct early guesses was enough to lead people to believe they could correctly guess the sequence "even for sophisticated subjects."	초기에 연속으로 네 번의 정답을 맞히면 사람들로 하여금'심지어 정교한 주제에 대해서도' 순서를 정확하게 맞힐 수있다고 믿게 만들기에 충분했다.
⑤ This is how the casinos hook people ─ a quick series of wins leads you to think that you can beat the game, even though WWWWWLLLLL (where W means win and L means lose) is just as random as WLWLLLWWLW.	카지노가 사람들을 걸려들게 하는 방식이 바로 이런 것으로, WWWWWLLLLL(여기서 W는 승리를 의미하고 L은패배를 의미함)이 WLWLLLWWLW와 마찬가지로 무작위임에도 불구하고 빠른 연속적 승리는 여러분으로 하여금 게임에서 이길 수 있다고 생각하게 만든다.
⑥ [Summary] In the 1975 study where students played a coin-flip game, initial successes led the participants to consider the future results to be predictable, which can explain the strategy casinos use to attract people.	[Summary] 학생들이 동전 던지기 게임을 한 1975년의 연구에서, 초기의 성공은 참가자들로 하여금 미래의 결과가 예측 가능하다고 생각하도록 만들었으며, 이는 사람들을 끌어들이기 위해 카지노가 쓰는 전략을 설명할 수 있다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 16 - 3번] 유전성의 성질
① Heritability is frequently misunderstood.	유전성은 자주 오해받는다.
② For example, it is not a constant like the speed of light or gravity.	예를 들어, 유전성은 빛의 속도나 중력처럼 상수가 아니다.
③ It is a statistic that describes a particular population at a particular time with that population's particular mix of genetic and environmental influences.	그것은 한 개체군에 대한 유전적 영향과 환경적 영향의 특정 조합으로 특정 시기의 특정 개체군을 설명하는 통계 자료이다.
④ A simpler way of expressing this is that it describes what is but does not predict what could be.	이를 더 간단하게 표현하는 방법은 그것이 있는 것을 설명하지만 있을 수 있는 것을 예측하지는 않는다는 것이다.
⑤ Another population, or the same population at a different time, could have a different mix of genetic and environmental influences.	다른 집단, 또는 다른 시기의 동일한 집단은 유전적 영향과환경적 영향의 조합이 다를 수 있다.
⑥ Heritability will reflect these differences.	유전성은 이러한 차이를 반영하게 마련이다.
⑦ For example, heritability of body weight is greater in wealthier countries such as the US than in poorer countries such as Albania and Nicaragua.	예를 들어, 체중의 유전성은 알바니아나 니카라과 같은 더가난한 나라보다 미국과 같은 더 부유한 나라에서 더 크다.
⑧ Wealthier countries have greater access to fast-food outlets and high-energy snacks, and greater access to fattening food leads to higher heritability because it exposes genetic differences in people's propensities to put on the pounds.	더 부유한 나라는 패스트푸드 전문 매장과 고에너지 간식에 대한 접근성이 더 높고, 살찌는 음식에 대한 접근성이더 높은 것은 더 높은 유전성으로 이어지는데, 왜냐하면 그것이 사람들의 몸무게가 느는 성향에 대한 유전적 차이를드러내기 때문이다.
⑨ [Summary] Heritability is a description reflecting genetic and environmental factors that vary depending on the context.	[Summary] 유전성은 상황에 따라 변하는 유전적 및 환경적 요소를 반영하는 설명이다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 - 서술형 Practice] 시대별 나이의 역할 변화
① It was not until the last half of the 1800s in the United States and some other nations that age became a criterion for ordering lives and this intensified in the early 1900s.	미국과 일부 국가에서는 1800년대 후반이 되어서야 나이가 삶을 질서화하기 위한 기준이 되었고, 1900년대 초에는 이러한 경향이 심화되었다.
② With the rise of industrialization and efforts to systematize human services such as education and medical care, age became a measure of development and a criterion for sorting people.	산업화의 부상, 그리고 교육과 의료 서비스 같은 인적 서비스를 체계화하려는 노력과 더불어, 나이는 발달의 척도이자 사람을 분류하는 기준이 되었다.
③ Specialized institutions were designed around age groups.	연령대를 중심으로 전문 기관이 만들어졌다.
④ Developmental psychology and pediatrics began at this time, along with old-age institutions and age-graded schools.	노년 기관 및 연령별 학교와 더불어, 발달 심리학 및 소아과가 이 시기에 시작되었다.
⑤ Before then in the United States (and still, in many places), people rarely knew their age, and students advanced in their education as they learned.	그 이전까지 미국에서는(그리고 지금도, 많은 곳에서), 사람들은 자신의 나이를 거의 알지 못했고, 학생들은 배우면서 교육 과정을 진급했다.
⑥ Both expert and popular writing in the United States rarely referred to specific ages, although of course infancy, childhood, and adulthood were distinguished.	물론 유아기, 아동기, 성인기가 구분되기는 했지만, 미국의 전문가와 대중의 글 모두 특정 연령을 언급하는 경우는거의 없었다.
⑦ Over the past century and a half, the cultural concept of age and associated practices relying on age-grading have come to play a central, though often unnoticed role in ordering lives in some cultural communities ─ those of almost all contemporary people	지난 한 세기 반 동안, 나이에 대한 문화적 개념과 연령 등급에 의존하는 관련 관행은, 일부 문화 공동체에서는 종종눈에 띄지 않지만, 거의 모든 현대인의 공동체에서 삶을질서화하는 데 중심적인 역할을 하게 되었다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 - 논술형 Practice] 여행 기념품의 종류
① Until now, souvenirs have been divided into two groups: the 'Sampled' and the 'Representative'.	지금까지, 기념품은 두 가지 그룹으로 나누어져 있었는데, '표본형'과 '대표형'이 그것이다.
② This binary division of souvenirs was established on the grounds that Sampled souvenirs are souvenirs of individual experience that are not available as general consumer goods.	이러한 기념품의 이분법적 구분은 표본형 기념품이 일반소비재로 구입할 수 없는 개인 경험의 기념품이라는 점을근거로 설정되었다.
③ These objects are collected directly by the tourist, with no intervention or mediation by the host culture.	이런 물건들은 현지 문화에 의한 개입이나 중재 없이, 여행자에 의해 직접 수집된다.
④ They often take the shape of sea shells or pebbles, wild flowers, dried and pressed, or animal remains.	그것들은 종종 조개껍데기나 조약돌, 말려서 압착한 야생화, 또는 동물 유해의 형태를 취한다.
⑤ The Representative category includes souvenirs which most often are representations and are purchasable.	대표형 범주는 가장 흔하게는 재현물이며 구매 가능한 기념품을 포함한다.
⑥ They are objects that may properly be called artifacts in that they are produced from human mediation and interpretation.	그것들은 인간의 매개와 해석으로부터 만들어졌다는 점에서 인공물로 적절하게 불릴 수도 있는 물건들이다.
⑦ This category embraces, on the one hand, postcards, wilderness posters and calendars and, on the other, crafted objects, such as clay pots, boomerangs, models and postcards.	이 범주는, 한편으로는 엽서, 미개지 포스터와 달력을, 다른 한편으로는, 토기, 부메랑, 모형, 엽서와 같은 공예품을포함한다.

 

 

 

[Ch.06 Unit 17 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 인공 신경망의 오류 수정
① Most artificial neural networks used in present-day artificial intelligence, despite their millions of inputs, outputs, and adjustable parameters, operate just like our proverbial hunter: they observe their errors and use them to adjust their internal state in the direction that they feel is best able to reduce the errors.	오늘날의 인공 지능에 사용되는 대부분의 인공 신경망은수백만 개의 입력, 출력, 그리고 조정 가능한 매개 변수에도 불구하고, 마치 우리의 속담 속의 사냥꾼처럼 작동하는데, 그것은 자신의 오류를 관찰하고 오류를 가장 잘 줄일수 있다고 생각되는 방향으로 내부 상태를 조정하는 데 그것(오류)을 사용한다.
② In many cases, such learning is tightly guided.	대부분의 경우 이러한 학습은 엄격하게 지도된다.
③ We tell the network exactly which response it should have activated at the output ("it is a 1, not a 7"), and we know precisely in which direction to adjust the parameters if they lead to an error (a mathematical calculation makes it possible to know exactly which connections to modify when the network activates the output "7" too often in response to an image of the number 1).	우리는 신경망에 그것이 정확히 어떤 응답을 출력에서 활성화해야 했는지를 말해 주고("7이 아니라 1이다."), 우리는 망이 오류를 유발하는 경우 매개 변수를 정확히 어느방향으로 조정해야 하는지 알고 있다(수학적 계산 덕분에망이 숫자 1의 이미지에 대한 응답으로 '7'이라는 출력을너무 자주 활성화할 때 정확히 어떤 연결을 수정해야 하는지 아는 것이 가능하다).
④ In machine learning parlance, this situation is known as "supervised learning" (because someone, who can be likened to a supervisor, knows the correct answer that the system must give) and "error backpropagation" (because error signals are sent back into the network in order to modify its parameters).	기계 학습 용어로 이러한 상황은 '감독 학습'(감독자에 비유될 수 있는 누군가가 시스템이 제공해야 하는 정답을 알고 있으므로)과 '오류 역전달'(오류 신호가 매개 변수를 수정하기 위해 망에 다시 전송되므로)로 알려져 있다.
⑤ The procedure is simple: I try an answer, I am told what I should have answered, I measure my error, and I adjust my parameters to reduce it.	그 절차는 간단한데, 내가 답을 시도하고, 내가 응답했어야 하는 것을 듣고, 오류를 측정하고, 그것을 줄이기 위해매개 변수를 조정한다.
⑥ At each step, I make only a small correction in the right direction.	나는 각 단계에 올바른 방향으로 조금씩만 수정한다.
⑦ That's why such computer-based learning can be incredibly slow: learning a complex activity, like playing Tetris, requires applying this recipe thousands, millions, even billions of times.	그것 때문에 이러한 컴퓨터 기반 학습은 믿을 수 없을 정도로 느릴 수 있는데, '테트리스 게임'을 하는 것과 같은복잡한 활동을 학습하려면 이 방안을 수천, 수백만, 심지어 수십억 번 적용해야 하는 것이다.
⑧ In a space that includes a multitude of adjustable parameters, it can take a long time to discover the optimal setting for every nut and bolt.	조정 가능한 수많은 매개 변수가 있는 공간에서는 모든 너트와 볼트(구성 요소)에 대한 최적의 설정을 찾는 데 오랜시간이 걸릴 수 있다.

 

 

 

[Ch.06 Unit 17 - 1~2번] 자녀를 위한 규칙 이해 교육
① In her book written for parents, Emmi Pikler illustrates with an instructive example how to draw children's attention to rules in a peaceful manner.	부모를 위해 쓴 그녀의 책에서, Emmi Pikler는 규칙에대한 아이들의 관심을 평화로운 방식으로 유도하는 방법을교육적인 예시와 함께 설명한다.
② First, she suggests creating a safe play area for the children, suitable for their abilities and where nothing needs to be prohibited.	먼저, 그녀는 그들의 능력에 적합하고 아무것도 금지될 필요가 없는, 아이들을 위한 안전한 놀이 공간을 만들 것을제안한다.
③ Then when children are moving around on all fours, they may leave this safe area in their mother's company to discover their environment.	그런 다음 아이들이 기어서 움직일 때, 그들은 주변 환경을 탐색하기 위해 엄마와 함께 이 안전한 공간을 떠날 수도 있다.
④ Then the mother can draw their children's attention to the rules and prohibitions.	그때 엄마는 규칙과 금지 사항에 대해 아이들의 주의를 끌수 있다.
⑤ The nearby books look intriguing, and they are happy to hang on to the tablecloth too.	근처에 있는 책들은 흥미를 자아내고, 그들은 식탁보에 매달려 있는 것도 좋아한다.
⑥ But then the mother repeats, "Don't do this!"	그러나 그때 엄마가 "이러지 마!"라고 반복해서 말한다.
⑦ If the children find this difficult to accept, put them back into their secure area where everything is allowed.	만약 아이들이 이를 받아들이기 힘들어하면, 모든 것이 허용되는 그들의 안전한 공간으로 그들을 다시 데려가라.
⑧ However, the children should not feel this as a kind of punishment but should feel that their mother trusts them.	그러나 아이들이 이를 일종의 벌로 느껴서는 안 되고 엄마가 자신을 신뢰한다고 느껴야 한다.
⑨ "You are too young for these rules, but with time. this will change."	"너는 아직 이 규칙을 지키기에는 너무 어리지만, 시간이지나면, 바뀔 거야."라고 말해 주어라.
⑩ These "walks" can be repeated from time to time.	이러한 '이동'은 때때로 반복될 수도 있다.
⑪ This way, Pikler says, the world gradually unfolds before the children instead of shrinking (which is what happens when we ban something that they used to be allowed to do beforehand and that we may even have found amusing).	Pikler가 말하길, 이렇게 하면 (전에는 아이들에게 하도록허용하고 심지어 우리가 재미있다고 생각했을 수도 있던것을 금지하면 벌어지는) 위축이 일어나는 대신 세상이 점차 아이들 앞에 펼쳐진다고 말한다.
⑫ The children's world unfolds; and at the same time, they can understand more and more of these limitations and accept what the adult ─ gently but expressly ─ expects from them.	아이들의 세상이 펼쳐지고, 동시에 그들은 이러한 제한을점점 더 많이 이해하며, 어른들이 온화하지만 분명하게 그들에게 기대하는 것을 받아들일 수 있다.

 

 

 

[Ch.06 Unit 17 - 3~4번] 인정받고 싶은 인간의 욕구
① We all desire to feel that we are 'normal,' that we fit in and are accepted by others, that we are one of the crowd.	우리는 모두 자신이 '보통'이고, 다른 사람들과 어울리며다른 사람의 인정을 받고, 무리의 일원이라는 느낌을 받고싶어 한다.
② Put another way, we generally avoid being regarded as 'being difficult to deal with' or 'not being part of the crowd.'	다시 말해, 우리는 일반적으로 '다루기 어려운 사람' 또는'무리의 일부가 아닌 사람'으로 여겨지는 것을 피한다.
③ That is, we don't want to appear odd, strange, or anti-social in any way.	즉, 우리는 어떤 식으로든 특이하거나 이상하거나 반사회적으로 보이고 싶지 않다.
④ It may be true that a few eccentrics might deliberately cultivate personal idiosyncracies in order to attract attention, but generally their ultimate goal is to be accepted (even if only by a small collection of admirers) and not regarded as complete social outcasts.	일부 괴짜들이 관심을 끌고자 의도적으로 개인적인 특이성을 키울지도 모른다는 것이 사실일 수도 있지만, 일반적으로 그들의 궁극적인 목표는 (비록 소수의 추종자 모임에만인정받더라도) 인정받는 것이지 완전한 사회적 부랑자로여겨지는 것이 아니다.
⑤ However, while the yearning to be accepted and to belong is strong, we strain equally towards being recognized as individuals, and to being thought of as personally significant.	그러나 인정받고 소속되고 싶은 열망이 강하지만, 우리는똑같이 개인으로 인정받고 개인적으로 중요하게 여겨지도록 부단히 노력한다.
⑥ Even if in only a minor sense, we wish to stand out from the crowd and not merely blend in with it.	비록 단지 사소한 의미에서라도, 우리는 무리에서 돋보이기를 원하지 단순히 그 속에 섞여 들기를 원하지는 않는다.
⑦ We would like our unique contributions to be acknowledged and we want our identities to be honoured as having some special significance in the world.	우리는 자신의 고유한 기여가 인정받기를 원하고 자신의정체성이 세상에서 어떤 특별한 중요성을 띠는 것으로 존중받기를 원한다.
⑧ We want to be visible and believed in.	우리는 눈에 띄면서도 신뢰받는 존재가 되기를 원한다.
⑨ We don't want to be overlooked or ignored, as if we weren't there.	우리는 우리가 마치 존재하지 않는 것처럼 간과되거나 무시당하기를 원하지 않는다.
⑩ It's not that we necessarily wish to be famous, or some kind of celebrity (although apparently, many of us wish to be), it's more that we want to avoid invisibility.	반드시 유명하게 되거나 일종의 유명 인사가 되고 싶어 한다는 것이 아니라 (물론 분명히, 우리 중 많은 사람이 그렇게 되기를 바라지만), '눈에 띄지 않는 것'을 피하고 싶어 한다는 것이다.
⑪ In no matter how small a way, and to no matter how few people, we want to feel just a little bit special.	아무리 사소한 방식으로든, 아무리 적은 수의 사람에게라도, 우리는 아주 조금이라도 특별하다고 느끼고 싶어 한다.

 

 

 

[Ch.06 Unit 18 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 노숙자에게 Broncos 셔츠를 준 Tim
① My husband, Tim, is a huge football fan.	내 남편 Tim은 열렬한 미식축구 팬이다.
② More specifically, as a native of Denver, he's a huge Broncos fan.	더 구체적으로는, Denver 토박이로서 그는 Broncos의열렬한 팬이다.
③ It's not unusual to see us as a family wearing Broncos colors during football season.	미식축구 시즌 동안 우리 가족이 Broncos의 색상을 입고있는 것을 보는 것은 드문 일이 아니다.
④ In fact, our children learned early on to identify blue and orange as Broncos colors.	사실, 우리 아이들은 일찍부터 파란색과 주황색을Broncos의 색으로 식별하는 법을 배웠다.
⑤ Because he is such a fan, my husband has a variety of pieces of Broncos apparel that he wears quite often.	열렬한 팬이기에, 남편에게는 그가 상당히 자주 입는 다양한 Broncos 의상이 있다.
⑥ One evening while Tim was serving a meal at our local homeless shelter, a man coming through the dinner line struck up a conversation with him.	어느 날 저녁 Tim이 지역 노숙자 쉼터에서 배식하고 있을때, 저녁 식사 줄에 서서 다가오던 한 남자가 그와 대화를시작하게 되었다.
⑦ "Hey, Broncos! I love the Broncos! You think this is it, their year?" he asked, smiling as they continued to talk stats and Super Bowl odds.	그는 "이봐요 Broncos! 저는 Broncos를 좋아해요! 올해가 그들의 해라고 생각하세요?"라고 물었고, 그들이 계속해서 통계와 슈퍼볼 공산을 이야기하는 동안 미소 지었다.
⑧ As the night progressed, any time this man and Tim ran across each other, the man would light up and they'd share a smile.	밤이 깊어지면서 이 남자와 Tim이 서로 우연히 마주칠 때마다, 그 남자는 얼굴이 환해졌고 둘은 미소를 나누었다.
⑨ Finally, toward the end of the night, Tim searched for the man.	마침내 밤이 끝날 무렵, Tim은 그 남자를 찾았다.
⑩ Finding him, he pulled off his Broncos shirt and threw it to the guy, retaining his undershirt.	그를 발견하자, 그는 속셔츠는 계속 입은 채 자신의Broncos 셔츠를 벗어 그 남자에게 던져 주었다.
⑪ He shared both food and his shirt with the man over the course of the evening.	그는 그날 저녁이 지나가는 동안 그 남자와 음식과 자신의셔츠를 함께 나누었다.
⑫ And although the man had a shirt of his own, he seemed touched that Tim cared enough to give him something he loved.	그 남자는 자신의 셔츠를 가지고 있었지만, Tim이 자신이좋아하는 것을 줄 만큼 충분히 마음을 써 준 것에 감동한듯했다.
⑬ "Are you serious?" the man asked, shocked.	"진심이에요?" 남자는 충격을 받아 물었다.
⑭ "Are you sure?"	"확실해요?"
⑮ The two hugged each other like long-lost best friends, and Tim headed out for the night.	두 사람은 오랫동안 만나지 못한 절친한 친구처럼 서로를껴안았고, Tim은 그날 밤 일을 그만 끝내고 출발했다.
⑯ But the next night, when Tim showed up to drop off some gifts for an event, he saw the man again.	하지만 다음 날 밤, 행사를 위한 선물 몇 가지를 가져다주려고 Tim이 나타났을 때, 그는 그 남자를 다시 보았다.
⑰ Lo and behold, he was wearing the Broncos shirt.	자, 보시라, 그는 Broncos 셔츠를 입고 있었다.

 

 

 

[Ch.06 Unit 18 - 1~3번] 마라톤을 통해 드러난 우정의 힘
① In the busy city of Boston, two friends, Amy and Riley, found themselves at the starting line of the famous Boston Marathon.	번잡한 도시인 보스턴에서, 두 친구 Amy와 Riley는 유명한 보스턴 마라톤의 출발선에 서게 되었다.
② Their excitement bubbled over.	그들의 흥분은 가득 차올랐다.
③ Eager to ensure they were fully prepared for the challenge ahead, they arrived two hours before the scheduled start time.	앞으로의 도전에 충분히 준비되었는지 확실히 하기를 열망했기에, 그들은 예정된 출발 시간보다 두 시간 전에 도착했다.
④ As the race began, Riley said, "I'm feeling a mix of excitement and nerves right now, but knowing you're by my side makes it all better."	경주가 시작되자, Riley는 "지금은 흥분과 긴장이 뒤섞인기분이지만, 네가 곁에 있다는 것을 아니 모든 게 나아져."라고 말했다.
⑤ "Don't worry," Amy reassured her friend with a confident smile. "We've dedicated ourselves to training for this race for over a year now.	"걱정하지 마. 우리는 이 경기를 위해 1년 넘게 훈련에 전념해 왔어."라고 말하며 Amy는 자신감 넘치는 미소로 친구를 안심시켰다.
⑥ As they approached the halfway mark, however, disaster struck.	하지만, 그들이 중간 지점에 다다랐을 때, 재앙이 닥쳤다.
⑦ Riley slipped on an uneven piece of road, her ankle twisting painfully.	Riley가 울퉁불퉁한 도로에서 미끄러져, 그녀의 발목이 심하게 뒤틀렸다.
⑧ Amy rushed to her friend's side. her heart heavy with worry.	Amy는 걱정으로 마음이 무거워진 채, 그녀의 친구 곁으로 달려갔다.
⑨ Riley said, with her voice showing signs of discomfort from the pain, "I don't know if I can keep going. My ankle... It's too much."	Riley는 통증으로 인해 불편한 기색이 역력한 목소리로"내가 계속할 수 있을지 모르겠어. 내 발목이... 너무 힘들어."라고 말했다.
⑩ "We've come too far to give up now, Riley. We'll get through this together. Lean on me if you need to," said Amy.	"우리는 지금 포기하기에 너무 멀리 왔어, Riley. 우리는함께 해낼 거야. 필요하면 나에게 기대."라고 Amy가 말했다.
⑪ Despite Riley's protests, Amy insisted on supporting her friend through the difficult moments ahead.	Riley의 반대에도 불구하고, Amy는 앞으로 다가올 힘든순간 내내 자신의 친구를 응원할 것이라고 고집했다.
⑫ With Riley's arm resting over Amy's shoulder, they adjusted their pace, sharing the burden as they pressed on, one step at a time.	Riley의 팔을 Amy의 어깨 위에 얹은 채, 그들은 속도를조절했고, 한 번에 한 걸음씩 부담을 분담하며 앞으로 나아갔다.
⑬ The miles stretched endlessly before them, but the cheers of the crowd echoed, carrying Amy and Riley onward.	그들 앞에 먼 거리가 끝없이 펼쳐져 있었지만, 관중의 환호성이 울려 퍼져 Amy와 Riley가 앞으로 나아가게 했다.
⑭ A lot of them shouted together, "You can do it!"	많은 사람이 "너희는 할 수 있어!"라고 함께 외쳤다.
⑮ Finally, they reached the last corner.	마침내, 그들은 마지막 지점에 다다랐다.
⑯ The finish line appeared in the distance, like a light of hope.	저 멀리 결승선이 희망의 빛처럼 나타났다.
⑰ Tears of joy flowed freely as Amy and Riley crossed the finish line hand in hand.	Amy와 Riley가 손을 잡고 결승선을 넘었을 때, 기쁨의눈물이 마구 흘러내렸다.
⑱ "Amy, you were my rock. Whenever I felt like giving up, you were there to push me forward."	"Amy, 너는 나의 버팀목이었어. 내가 포기하고 싶을 때마다, 너는 나를 앞으로 나아가게 해 주었어."
⑲ In that moment, they knew that they had achieved something far greater than just completing a marathon ─ they had conquered their fears, overcome obstacles. and proven that with the support of a true friend by your side, anything is possible.	그 순간, 단순히 마라톤을 완주한 것 이상의 훨씬 더 큰 무언가를 달성했다는 것, 즉 그들은 자신의 두려움을 극복했고, 장애물을 이겨냈으며, 곁에 진정한 친구의 응원이 있다면, 어떤 것이든 가능하다는 것을 증명했다는 것이었다.

 

 

 

[Ch.06 Unit 18 - 4~6번] 상인 아들의 생일 파티
① At a rich merchant's house, there was a birthday party for the merchant's son, and the children of rich and great people were there.	어느 부유한 상인의 집에서 상인의 아들을 위한 생일 파티가 열렸고, 부유하고 대단한 사람들의 자녀들이 참석했다.
② Among them was a handsome boy, the son of the editor of a newspaper.	그중에는 신문사 편집장의 아들인 잘생긴 소년이 있었다.
③ He said. "My dad can put everybody's dad in the newspaper. People are afraid of him, my mom says, because he can do whatever he wants with the paper."	그는 "우리 아빠는 모든 사람의 아빠를 신문에 실을 수 있어. 사람들이 아빠를 두려워하는 이유는 아빠가 그가 원하는 건 신문으로 뭐든지 할 수 있기 때문이라고 우리 엄마는말씀하셨어."라고 말했다.
④ "But my dad can buy a hundred dollars' worth of candy, and give it to children. Can your dad do that?" asked the merchant's son.	"하지만 우리 아빠는 100달러짜리 사탕을 사서 아이들에게 줄 수 있어. 너희 아빠도 그렇게 할 수 있니?"라고 상인의 아들이 물어보았다.
⑤ "And those whose names end in 'sen' can never be anything at all," he continued.	"그리고 이름이 'sen'으로 끝나는 사람은 아무것도 될 수없어."라고 그는 이어 말했다.
⑥ The editor's son was very angry at what he had said, for his father's name was Petersen.	편집장의 아들은 그의 말에 매우 화가 났는데, 자신의 아버지 이름이 Petersen이었기 때문이었다.
⑦ But outside the door was a poor boy.	그러나 문밖에는 한 가난한 소년이 있었다.
⑧ His status was so low that he was not even allowed to enter the room.	그의 지위는 너무 낮아서 그는 그 방에 들어가는 것조차 허용되지 않았다.
⑨ The boy was there to help with the party, and the merchant's son told him to stand behind the door and wait for his call.	그 소년은 파티를 돕기 위해 그곳에 있었고, 상인의 아들은그에게 문 뒤에 서서 자신이 부르는 것을 기다리라고 말했다.
⑩ There he stood, watching the well-dressed children having such a good time inside.	그는 그곳에 서서, 옷을 잘 차려입은 아이들이 안에서 매우즐거운 시간을 보내는 것을 지켜보았다.
⑪ "Oh, if I could be one of them," he thought.	"아, 나도 저들 중 하나가 될 수 있다면"이라고 그는 생각했다.
⑫ Then he heard what the merchant's son said about names, and what he said was enough to make him even more unhappy.	그러다 그는 상인의 아들이 이름에 대해 하는 말을 들었고, 그가 한 말은 그를 훨씬 더 불행하게 만들기에 충분했다.
⑬ His parents back home did not even have a penny to buy a newspaper, and worse, his father's name, and of course his own, ended in "sen."	고향에 있는 그의 부모님은 신문 하나를 살 돈조차 없었고, 설상가상으로, 그의 아버지 이름은 물론 자신의 이름도'sen'으로 끝났다.
⑭ But he was born into the world, and the station of life was chosen for him, so he had to be satisfied.	하지만 그는 세상에 태어났고, 인생의 신분은 그에게 선택되었으므로, 그는 만족해야 했다.
⑮ And this is what happened that night.	그리고 이것이 그날 밤에 일어난 일이다.
⑯ Many years passed, and the children grew up.	오랜 세월이 흐르고 아이들은 자랐다.
⑰ There stood a splendid house in the town.	그곳 마을에 정말 멋진 집이 하나 서 있었다.
⑱ It was much bigger and fancier than the one where the merchant's son had had his birthday party long ago.	그것은 오래전에 상인의 아들이 자신의 생일 파티를 열었던 집보다 훨씬 더 크고 더 멋졌다.
⑲ Which of the children we talked about could say this house was his own?	우리가 이야기한 아이 중 누가 이 집을 자기 집이라고 말할수 있을까?
⑳ The house belonged to the poor little boy who had stood behind the door that night.	그 집은 그날 밤 문 뒤에 서 있던 불쌍한 소년의 것이었다.
㉑ He really had become something great, although his name ended in "sen."	그의 이름은 'sen'으로 끝났지만, 그는 정말 대단한 사람이 되었다.

 

 

 

[Ch.06 - 서술형 Practice] 비원어민으로부터의 언어 학습
① On May 29, 1953, Edmund Hillary reached the summit of Mount Everest.	1953년 5월 29일, Edmund Hillary는 Everest 산정상에 올랐다.
② But he didn't do it alone: he was accompanied every step of the way by the Nepalese Sherpa mountaineer Tenzing Norgay.	하지만 그는 혼자 그렇게 한 것이 아니라, 네팔인 셰르파산악인인 Tenzing Norgay와 모든 과정을 함께했다.
③ Why didn't Hillary climb Mount Everest alone?	Hillary는 왜 혼자 Everest 산을 등반하지 않았을까?
④ Because he needed someone who had previous experience climbing the mountain to help him navigate the dangerous terrain.	그가 위험한 지형을 돌아다니는 것을 도와줄 이전에 그 산을 등반한 경험이 있는 사람이 필요했기 때문이다.
⑤ In fact, at one point, Tenzing saved Hillary's life.	실제로 Tenzing은 한때 Hillary의 목숨을 구하기도 했다.
⑥ Learning another language must also be a team effort, and ideally the person by your side has already climbed that mountain and can show you how it's done.	다른 언어를 배우는 것 또한 팀의 노력이어야 하며, 곁에있는 사람이 이미 그 산을 등반한 경험이 있고 그 방법을알려 줄 수 있는 사람이라면 이상적이다.
⑦ Unfortunately, one of the most common beliefs when it comes to learning a language is that it can only be learned from a native speaker.	안타깝게도 언어 학습에 관한 가장 일반적인 믿음 중 하나는 원어민에게만 배울 수 있다는 것이다.
⑧ And it is true that learning from a native speaker allows you to hear proper pronunciation and phrasing in a naturalistic way.	그리고 원어민에게 배우면 제대로 된 발음과 자연스러운방식의 표현을 들을 수 있다는 것은 사실이다.
⑨ But learning from a native speaker alone is like being guided up Mt. Everest by someone who was born at the top of the mountain and is shouting directions down from above.	하지만 원어민에게만 배우는 것은 마치 산 정상에서 태어나 위에서 아래로 방향을 외치는 사람에게 Everest 산 등반 안내를 받는 것과 같다.
⑩ The sounds may be pronounced correctly, but that won't help you find firm footing among the unstable rocks.	발음은 정확할지 몰라도 여러분이 불안정한 바위 사이에서발을 단단히 붙일 곳을 찾는 데는 도움이 되지 않을 것이다.
⑪ What you need is a language Sherpa, if you will: a nonnative speaker who struggled with the language and who conquered it.	여러분에게 필요한 것은 말하자면 언어 셰르파, 즉 그 언어에 어려움을 겪고 이를 정복한 비원어민이다.
⑫ It is not to suggest that learning from a native speaker is useless.	원어민에게 배우는 것이 쓸모없다는 말은 아니다.
⑬ However, there is much to be said for learning a language as an adult from someone who knows the terrain.	하지만 어른이 되어서 그 지형을 잘 아는 사람에게서 언어를 배우는 것에는 그럴 만한 충분한 이유가 있다.

 

 

 

[Ch.06 - 논술형 Practice] Sandy Greenberg와 Art Garfunkel의 우정
① William R. Brody, President of Johns Hopkins University, shares an inspiring story about two students at Columbia University.	Johns Hopkins 대학교의 총장인 William R. Brody는 Columbia 대학교의 두 학생에 대한 감명 깊은 이야기를 들려준다.
② One student, Sandy Greenberg, discovered he had an eye disease.	Sandy Greenberg라는 한 학생은 자신이 안질환을 앓고 있다는 사실을 알게 되었다.
③ It had not been discovered in time, and he became blind.	제때 발견하지 못해, 그는 눈이 멀었다.
④ Fortunately, Sandy's roommate, named Art, read his textbooks to him every night, enabling Sandy to graduate with honors and earn a Fulbright Scholarship.	다행히도 Art라는 이름을 가진, Sandy의 룸메이트가 그에게 매일 밤 교과서를 읽어 주었고, Sandy가 우등으로졸업하고 Fulbright 장학금을 받을 수 있도록 했다.
⑤ The two friends stayed in touch after graduation.	두 친구는 졸업 후에도 계속 연락을 주고받았다.
⑥ Sandy's former roommate also went on to graduate school but was unhappy.	Sandy의 전 룸메이트도 대학원에 진학했지만 불행했다.
⑦ He wanted to pursue a music career with a high school friend who was also interested in music.	그는 또한 음악에 관심이 있는 고등학교 친구와 음악 경력을 추구하고 싶었다.
⑧ They needed $500 to make a demo record, but they didn't have the money.	데모 음반을 만들려면 500달러가 필요했으나, 그들은 돈이 없었다.
⑨ Sandy, although not wealthy, had the $500 and sent it to his friend, saying, "He made my life; I needed to help make his life."	Sandy는 부자는 아니었지만 500달러를 가지고 있었고그의 친구에게 그것을 보내면서 말했다. "친구가 내 인생을만들어 줬으니 나도 그 친구의 인생을 만드는 것을 도와야했습니다."
⑩ That former roommate was Art Garfunkel, and his friend was Paul Simon.	그 전 룸메이트는 Art Garfunkel이었고, 그의 친구는Paul Simon이었다.
⑪ The demo record created with Sandy's $500 became their first hit, "The Sound of Silence," launching the career of the legendary American folk duo, Simon and Garfunkel.	Sandy의 500달러를 가지고 만든 데모 음반은 그들의 첫번째 히트곡인 'The Sound of Silence'가 되었고, 전설적인 미국 포크 듀오 Simon and Garfunkel의 경력이 시작되었다.
⑫ The act of generosity from Sandy was critical in their success.	Sandy의 관대한 행동은 이들의 성공에 결정적이었다.
⑬ Years later, in a touching twist, Art Garfunkel sang at the wedding of Sandy Greenberg's daughter, illustrating the lasting bond between the two friends.	몇 년 후, Art Garfunkel은 감동적인 반전으로 Sandy Greenberg의 딸 결혼식에서 노래를 불러 두 친구의 영원한 유대를 보여 줬다.
⑭ Sandy's support helped Art and Paul achieve their dreams, just as Art's support had enabled Sandy to succeed in his academic pursuits.	Art의 지원이 Sandy가 학업 수행에 성공할 수 있게 해준 것처럼, Sandy의 지원은 Art와 Paul이 그들의 꿈을이루도록 도와주었다.
⑮ By supporting each other, they both achieved remarkable success.	서로를 지원함으로써 그들은 둘 다 놀라운 성공을 거두었다.