2027 EBS 수능특강 영어독해연습 - 원문 출처 정리 (9~10강)

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[9강 - Exercise 1번]

본문 지문

Imagination gives life to ideas by drawing from the well of received education and on the basis of experience to date. In the absence of deliberate actions, ideas end up as dead letters and, as Steve Jobs said, result in regrets. Turned into actions with a useful purpose, ideas leave the realm of fantasy. This process of ideation (ideas in action) can be started and completed in isolation ― the 'one-man show', the solo agent surrounded by firewalls ― or by opening ourselves to external contexts and realities, an approach that allows for superior results by combining in different ways our own ideas with those of others. An open culture of conversing enables a way of thinking that allows participants to have their say on equal terms, in a non-confrontational, non-status, friendly manner. All participants set their own agenda based on their passion. Thus, new knowledge is created from questions that arise during these conversations ― a process that invariably leads to surprising learning and outcomes. It is here that open innovation comes into play, as a culture so effective that it reduces transaction costs caused in the ideation process.

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open culture of conversing enables a way of thinking that allows participants

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Exploring the Culture of Open Innovation

Piero Formica, Martin Curley · 2018-08-06

... open culture of conversing enables a way of thinking that allows participants to have their say on equal terms , in a non- confrontational , non - status , friendly manner . All participants set their own agenda based on their passion ...

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[9강 - Exercise 2번]

본문 지문

One of the hallmarks of dolphin society is a high degree of variability. This variability both enriches the social fabric and complicates the researcher's desire for simple, absolute descriptions. Not all females can be clearly identified as belonging to a band on the basis of our current criteria. Females employ a variety of approaches to calf rearing, ranging from those who attempt to rear them alone to those who rear them with band members in nursery groups of various and changeable sizes. Overall, females rearing calves in larger, more stable groups enjoy significantly greater reproductive success than do others. Thus, female reproductive success seems to be enhanced by group living, likely through improved protection of calves from predation and other threats and calf exposure to other individuals for socialization, learning, and possibly allomaternal care. Likewise, reproductive success increases with mother's age and maternal experience. In an examination of the behavioral differences between primiparous and experienced mothers, it was shown that experienced mothers tended to maintain greater synchrony with and closer distances to their calves, thereby providing increased control over their calves' environment. Experienced mothers also tended to include other mothers with calves as close associates.

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stable groups enjoy significantly greater reproductive success than do others

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Animal Social Complexity

Frans B. M. De Waal, Peter L Tyack · 2009-06-01

... stable groups enjoy significantly greater reproductive success than do others ( Wells 2000 ) . Thus , female reproductive success seems to be enhanced by group living , likely through improved protection of calves from predation and ...

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검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[9강 - Exercise 3번]

본문 지문

Children learn from the patterns they see, but they also perform psychological experiments to explore the inner as well as the outer world. For example, Ed Tronick got nine-month-olds to watch their mothers suddenly adopt a perfectly still pose — a kind of impassive, iron face. As you might expect, the babies were perturbed by this, and often even started crying. But they would also produce a large number of unusual and expressive gestures, as if they were trying somehow to test what was wrong. In another study, instead of having a baby imitate an adult, the adult imitated the baby, mimicking everything that the baby did. Faced with this extremely peculiar behavior, one-year-olds performed a different kind of experiment. They produced odd exaggerated gestures as if they were testing whether the experimenter really would imitate those actions too. They would wiggle a hand in some particularly strange way to see if the adult would do the same. The babies were as intrigued by the mimicry as they were by the stone face and, in each case, they tried to get a reaction from the adult that would help them figure out what was going on. [Summary] Babies actively conduct psychological experiments to understand what is happening by reacting to unusual adult behaviors with expressive or exaggerated gestures to test the adult's response.

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produced odd exaggerated gestures as if they were testing whether the experimenter

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The Philosophical Baby

Alison Gopnik · 2009-08-04

... produced odd exaggerated gestures as if they were testing whether the experimenter really would imitate those actions too. They would wiggle a hand in some particularly strange way to see if the adult would do the same. The babies were ...

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[9강 - Exercise 4번]

본문 지문

All scarce resources are rival, meaning that use by one person leaves less of the resource (in quality or quantity) for others to use. Many resources, however, are non-rival, which means that use by one person does not leave less for others to use. When this is true, there is no competition for use and the resource is not scarce in an economic sense, even if total supply is inadequate. Examples include streetlights, many different ecosystem services, and information. Price rationing in this case reduces use and hence value to society without affecting quantity, which is inefficient. For example, if someone develops a cheap, clean solar energy technology and then patents it (which makes it excludable), it can be sold at a price. A positive price will reduce use, leading to less substitution away from competing energy sources, such as coal, and society as a whole suffers. Markets will only provide non-rival resources if they are made excludable and can be sold at a price, but this creates artificial scarcity. Paradoxically, the value of non-rival resources to society is maximized at a price of zero, but at that price, markets will not provide it.

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case reduces use and hence value to society without affecting quantity

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Building a Sustainable and Desirable Economy-in-Society-in-Nature

Peter Victor, Robert Costanza, Gar Alperovitz, Herman Daly, Joshua Farley, Carol Franco, Tim Jackson, Ida Kubiszewski, Juliet Schor · 2013-12-03

... case reduces use and hence value to society without affecting quantity , which is inefficient. For example, if someone develops a cheap, clean solar energy technology and then patents it (which makes it excludable), it can be sold at a ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[9강 - Exercise 5~6번]

본문 지문

Resilience is when the unexpected happens but we keep our nerve and handle whatever challenge is resting in our lap. Resilience is necessary for our physical survival, for our mental and physical well-being, for our ability to realise our potential, and for the successful achievement of our life goals. At a basic, primitive level, our primary goal as humans is physical survival; the avoidance of death for as long as possible despite its inevitability. Resilience is vital for our survival, both as individual human beings and as a species. In ancient times, resilience would have been required to fend off much more overt dangers like being mauled to death by an animal whilst out hunting for food. Imagine if, in those times when survival was the order of the day, a man stood frozen with fear upon seeing a predator appear in front of him. Regardless of whether that man was expecting to encounter such a threat during that hunting trip, he would need to keep his nerve and either fight the animal or flee from it. Those would be the only survival options available to him. Without a can-do attitude and quick problem-solving followed by quick action, that man would be dead. In the modern day we are still fighting for our survival but now our needs are more complicated, even though they still ultimately serve to keep us alive. Modern survival means having enough money for fuel, clothing and shelter; thoughtfully looking after our bodies well enough to prevent life-threatening illness; fulfilling our potential in order to easily maintain emotional well-being which, in addition to making life worth living, directly and indirectly affects our ability to achieve our basic survival needs for fuel, clothing and shelter; and creating a family or social network to keep us feeling valued and, as research suggests, enabling a longer lifespan.

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directly and indirectly affects our ability to achieve our basic survival needs

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Resilient Me

Sam Owen · 2017-11-02

... directly and indirectly affects our ability to achieve our basic survival needs for fuel , clothing and shelter ; and creating a family or social network to keep us feeling valued and , as research suggests , enabling a longer lifespan ...

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검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[9강 - Exercise 7번]

본문 지문

Despite overwhelming scientific evidence, climate change still has a detection problem. That is, it is a phenomenon that some people perceive on the planet, in the news, or in their own lives, while others do not. The environmental philosopher Timothy Morton has labeled climate change a hyperobject, a term he coined to describe realities that are massive, nonlocal, and "sticky" in that they reveal themselves only through phenomena created by the interaction of other objects, a condition known as "interobjectivity." As such, climate change defies humans' understanding of an object that can be easily seen, touched, or described and has a singular pinpoint location. Like the main character in the 1933 film The Invisible Man, climate change cannot be detected except by measuring something associated with it, such as temperature or sea-level rise. These are the phenomena of climate change, and, like the bandages and clothing worn by the invisible man, they reveal the shape of the object. Without his suit, bandages, gloves, and sunglasses, the invisible man would indeed be invisible on screen. Similarly, climate change lacks a form, shape, or even location; it is revealed only through its phenomena, and this creates the detection problem. Some people can see climate change, while others cannot see it.

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environmental philosopher Timothy Morton has labeled climate change a hyperobject

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Teaching the Literature of Climate Change

Debra J. Rosenthal · 2024-04-26

... environmental philosopher Timothy Morton has labeled climate change a hyperobject , a term he coined to describe realities that are massive , nonlocal , and " sticky " in that they reveal themselves only through phenomena created by the ...

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검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[9강 - Exercise 8번]

본문 지문

Science can be considered as a good and an evil master. This is because science is knowledge and knowledge is power, and with power comes wisdom and liberation. But at the same time, science can also breed arrogance and tyranny. Science does have the potential to be beneficial or harmful, emancipative or oppressive. In the twentieth century, there were several examples which spoke about the dual role of science. Now the question is how we can ensure that science plays an emancipative role in the world. The answer to this question may lie in a consensual approach to various issues threatening mankind and his own survival today. This may be possible only through the proper exchange of information, transparency, and tolerance for multiple viewpoints. In a progressive society, science may play a liberating role by helping people overcome their poverty, ignorance, and superstition. However, in a democratic political framework, the people themselves can prevent the misuse of science, and this would help them to grow and develop themselves in a proper and planned manner.

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consensual approach to various issues threatening mankind and his own survival today

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LOOKING THROUGH THE LENS

Dr. Martin Roy Edward · 2024-05-06

... the world? The answer to this question may lay in a consensual approach to various issues threatening mankind and his own survival today . This may be possible only through the proper exchange of information, transparency.

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[9강 - Exercise 9번]

본문 지문

A greater sensitivity and concern towards the welfare and wellbeing of the natural environment and ecological systems are contributing to shifts in people's feelings about other animals. Images of animals are used by activist organizations to provoke strong affective responses as part of initiatives to fight animal cruelty. Among wild animals, koalas are often to be found in 'cute animal' digital portrayals and are strategically used as charismatic flagship species in conservation awareness and fundraising efforts. While cute affects play some role in these affective connections, broader ethical principles concerning animal rights and the awe-inspiring power and beauty of nature are central to these transformations. A notable move towards attunement to issues such as animal welfare in farming, the horse racing industry and the fur industry, together with heightened awareness of the environmental impacts of factory farming, is evident in countries comprising the Global North. Many people have adopted an ethical stance on the treatment and use of animals and are changing their consumption habits accordingly. Practices such as the adoption of organic, vegetarian and vegan diets are also expanding rapidly in response to concern about animal welfare and environmental sustainability. [Summary] Growing environmental and ethical concerns, heightened by emotionally impactful campaigns featuring 'cute animals', are reshaping public attitudes toward animals and highlighting issues in industries like factory farming, horse racing, and fur, prompting many to embrace ethical consumption habits.

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strategically used as charismatic flagship species in conservation awareness and fundraising efforts

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The Internet of Animals

Deborah Lupton · 2023-03-07

... strategically used as charismatic flagship species in conservation awareness and fundraising efforts (Bergman et al., 2022). While cute affects play some role in these affective connections, broader ethical principles concerning animal ...

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[9강 - Exercise 10번]

본문 지문

Writers such as Braudel and Mukerji make an important point, namely, that conspicuous or luxury consumption did not start with the emergence of capitalism. Yet even though the fundamental elements of a consumer culture ― the use of goods for both social positioning and as a symbolic means of self-expression ― were both in place by the nineteenth century, it is only with the rise of industrial capitalism that a full-blown consumerism appeared. After the eighteenth century, activities that were once restricted to the elite were now practiced by the masses as well. A flood of common industrial goods swept over the market that itself expanded through new opportunities for buying. Innovations such as the department store made shopping a regular and attractive activity. Fashion became a social force and led to the cyclical abandonment and adoption of different styles whether goods were still useful or not. Status or standing was marked by consumption differences extending to the veritable limits of social groupings in society. The appearance of mass advertising aimed at ordinary citizens through newspapers, radio, popular magazines, and later television stimulated purchasing and innovated an entire language of media-assisted consumption.

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marked by consumption differences extending to the veritable limits of social groupings

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New Forms of Consumption

Mark Gottdiener · 2000-11-01

... marked by consumption differences extending to the veritable limits of social groupings in society. The appearance of mass advertising aimed at ordinary citizens through newspapers, radio, popular magazines, consumer catalogues, and ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[9강 - Exercise 11~12번]

본문 지문

The assumption that just being more explicit will make for better instruction assumes that language is simply a delivery system for information, a literal packaging of knowledge. It is not. Each utterance in a social interaction does much more work. For example, there are hidden costs in telling people things. If a student can figure something out for him or herself, explicitly providing the information preempts the student's opportunity to build a sense of agency and independence, which, in turn, affects the relationship between teacher and student. Think about it. When you figure something out for yourself, there is a certain thrill in the figuring. After a few successful experiences, you might start to think that figuring things out is something that you can actually do. Maybe you are even a figuring-out kind of person, encouraging an agentive dimension to identity. When you are told what to do, particularly without asking, it feels different. Being told explicitly what to do and how to do it ― over and over again ― provides the foundation for a different set of feelings and a different story about what you can and can't do, and who you are. The interpretation might be that you are the kind of person who cannot figure things out for yourself. This is doubtless one reason why recent research has shown that most accomplished teachers do not spend a lot of time in telling mode.

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better instruction assumes that language is simply a delivery system for information

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Choice Words

Peter Johnston · 2023-10-10

... better instruction assumes that language is simply a delivery system for information, a literal packaging of knowledge. It is not. Each utterance in a social interaction does much more work. For example, there are hidden costs in ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[10강 - Exercise 1번]

본문 지문

People highly sensitive to the ingroup/loyalty domain should find ridiculing humor particularly appealing (provided their group is not the target). Zillmann and Bryant argue that ridicule in humor is often used to disparage outgroup members and venerate ingroup members. As such, those with greater sensitivity to ingroup/loyalty may be rewarded by this type of humor's validation of the group. Evidence of this dynamic can be found in research explaining the widespread appeal of the racially provocative humor in Norman Lear's All in the Family. Owing in part to the satirical nature of the program, high and low prejudice individuals were able to assign different meaning to the content, interpreting it in a manner consistent with their existing views (and social identities). Specifically, low prejudice viewers perceived the content to be satirical whereas high prejudice consumers interpreted the content to be "telling it like it is." Thus, audience members selectively perceived the object of ridicule as the outgroup member, an outcome facilitated by the show's satirical approach.

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viewers perceived the content to be satirical whereas high prejudice consumers interpreted

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Media and the Moral Mind

Ronald C. Tamborini · 2013

... viewers perceived the content to be satirical whereas high prejudice consumers interpreted the content to be "telling it like it is" (Vidmar & Rokeach, 1974, p. 37). Thus, audience members selectively perceived the object of derision as ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[10강 - Exercise 2번]

본문 지문

Imagine a small bird nearing the end of a long, cold winter day. It has the opportunity to visit one last foraging site before dark to get the remaining food energy it needs to survive the night. Suppose it requires four more units of food and has a choice of two possible sites. One yields three units every time it is visited, and is thus of constant quality; the other yields five units on half the occasions it is visited, but nothing at all on the other half, and is therefore of variable quality. For a rate-maximising predator, the constant site would seem to be best, because its average yield per visit is 3 units compared with only 2.5 at the variable site. Unfortunately, were our bird to be tempted by this, it would be dead by morning. Clearly the only way it is going to see another dawn is to go for the variable site and gamble on getting 5 units instead of none. Such a decision would be based on minimising the risk of starvation rather than maximising net rate of intake, and our bird would be said to forage in a risk-sensitive fashion.

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based on minimising the risk of starvation rather than maximising net rate

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[10강 - Exercise 3번]

본문 지문

The true definition of representative art is not that the artifact resembles an original, but that the feeling evoked by the artifact resembles the feeling evoked by the original. When a portrait is said to be like the sitter, what is meant is that the spectator, when he looks at the portrait, 'feels as if he were in the sitter's presence.' This is what the representative artist as such is aiming at. He knows how he wants to make his audience feel, and he constructs his artifact in such a way that it will make them feel like that. Up to a point, this is done by representing the object literally; but beyond that point it is done by skilful departure from literal representation. The skill in question, like any other form of skill, is a matter of devising means to a given end, and is acquired empirically, by observing how certain artifacts affect certain audiences, and thus through experience becoming able to produce in one's audience the kind of effect one wants to produce. [Summary] Representative art seeks to bring out an emotional response associated with an original subject, achieved by using observation and experience to exceed any literal representation at some point.

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beyond that point it is done by skilful departure from literal representation

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The Principles of Art

R.G. Collingwood · 2016-09-21

... the object literally ; but beyond that point it is done by skilful departure from literal representation . The skill in question , like any other form of skill , is a matter of devising means to a given end, and is acquired empirically,

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[10강 - Exercise 4번]

본문 지문

The research psychologist Elizabeth Loftus has done more than anyone else to help juries understand research implications on eyewitness testimony. In her expert testimony, she explains to juries that eyewitness testimony can be very unreliable, that recalling is not like playing back a videotape, and that we fill in many of the missing details without knowing it — a process called confabulation. It is common for prosecuting attorneys to call upon other expert witnesses in an attempt to rebut Loftus's testimony. But such rebuttals don't deny, or present evidence against, the existence of confabulation. Instead, they usually raise the possibility that the eyewitness testimony is accurate. Confabulation is one of the best established effects in cognitive psychology, so the concept itself is hard to rebut. It is less difficult to assert exceptions to scientific generalizations. The prosecution expert might report having known someone with uncanny recall, or having had occasional research subjects with that ability. This fact, of course, would in no way compromise the findings on memory, nor would you need an expert to make the observation.

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prosecution expert might report having known someone with uncanny recall

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Why Empathy Matters

J. D. Trout · 2010-01-26

... prosecution expert might report having known someone with uncanny recall , or having had occasional research subjects with that ability . This fact , of course , would in no way compromise the findings on memory , nor would you need an ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[10강 - Exercise 5~6번]

본문 지문

Addition is not the only numerical operation in the animal repertoire. The ability to compare two numerical quantities is an even more fundamental ability, and indeed it is widespread among animals. Show a chimpanzee two trays on which you have placed several bits of chocolate. On the first tray, two piles of chocolate chips are visible, one with four pieces, and the other with three pieces. The second tray contains a pile with five pieces of chocolate and, separate from it, a single piece. Leave the animal enough time to watch the situation carefully before letting it choose one tray and eat its content. Which tray do you think that it will pick? Most of the time, without training, the chimpanzee selects the tray with the largest total number of chocolate chips. Hence, the greedy primate must spontaneously compute the total of the first tray (4 + 3 = 7), then the total of the second tray (5 + 1 = 6), and finally it must reckon that 7 is larger than 6 and that it is therefore advantageous to choose the first tray. If the chimp could not do the additions but was content with choosing the tray with the largest single pile of chocolates, it should have been wrong in this particular example because, while the pile with five chips on the second tray exceeds each of the piles on the first tray, the total amount of chips on the first tray is larger. Clearly, the two additions and the final comparison operation are all required for success.

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animal enough time to watch the situation carefully before letting it choose

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The Number Sense

Stanislas Dehaene · 2011-04-29

... animal enough time to watch the situation carefully before letting it choose one tray and eat its content. Which tray do you think that it will pick? Most of the time, without training, the chim- panzee selects the tray with the largest ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[10강 - Exercise 7번]

본문 지문

Self-regulation can be hard work. In fact, Roy Baumeister and his colleagues liken self-regulation to exercising a muscle. At first, the exercise may be easy, but with repetitions it becomes harder and harder. And after the muscle is fatigued, it may be difficult to use it for some time until it recovers. Similarly, exerting self-control in one task (such as trying to suppress thoughts about a particular object) weakens people's ability to exercise control in a completely different task, such as persisting in a difficult figure-drawing or anagram-solving task. The fact that self-regulation depletes some inner resource in this way may even account for the observation that people who are fatigued, under stress, or are low in regulatory resources for other reasons often turn to tempting behaviors that are damaging in the long run. These outcomes are not inevitable, however; recent studies suggest that at times, a cognitive load may reduce attention to, and feelings of temptation by, attractive stimuli such as calorie-rich treat foods. The reason appears to be that some cognitive resources are required to recognize the tempting nature of such stimuli, so at times a demanding cognitive task may actually facilitate self-regulation.

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cognitive resources are required to recognize the tempting nature of such stimuli

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Social Psychology

Eliot R. Smith, Diane M. Mackie, Heather M. Claypool · 2014-12-03

... cognitive resources are required to recognize the tempting nature of such stimuli , so at times a demanding cognitive task may actually facilitate self- regulation. Self-affifirmation can also restore self-control when one is low on ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[10강 - Exercise 8번]

본문 지문

Most metaphors of memory over the centuries have described the memory system as a storehouse, or palace with many rooms in which memories may be placed. A more up-to-date version of this storehouse metaphor is a large library. In such a system, new books are stored in precise locations according to such specified characteristics as the general topic, date of publication, and author's name. Armed with such knowledge, a borrower can retrieve the sought-for volume successfully at a later time. Even a huge library like the Library of Congress works effectively on this system, but when we consider human memory — when metaphors meet the brain, as it were — the analogy is less persuasive. There is little evidence, for instance, that our millions of specific memories are each stored in just one specific location in the brain; in contrast, most neuroscientists now believe that memories are represented by neural networks distributed widely throughout the cerebral cortex. Additionally, the library metaphor suggests that memories of events and pieces of knowledge are fixed objects, like books on shelves, whereas a stronger case can be made for memories as dynamic activities of the brain rather than as static entities.

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memories are represented by neural networks distributed widely throughout the cerebral cortex

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Memory

Fergus Craik, Larry Jacoby · 2023-02-14

... memories are represented by neural networks distributed widely throughout the cerebral cortex - the brain's outer layers . Additionally , the library metaphor suggests that memories of events and pieces of knowledge are fixed ob- jects ...

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[10강 - Exercise 9번]

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Because environments are complex and ever-changing, carrying capacity can vary. If a fire destroys a forest, for example, the carrying capacities for most forest animals will decline, whereas carrying capacities for species that benefit from fire (such as fire-adapted grasses or trees with specially adapted seeds) will increase. Our own species has proven capable of intentionally altering our environment to raise our carrying capacity. When our ancestors began to build shelters and use fire for heating and cooking, they eased the limiting factors of cold climates and were able to expand into new territory. As human civilization developed, we overcame limiting factors through the development of new technologies and cultural institutions. People have managed so far to increase the planet's carrying capacity for our species, but we have done so by appropriating immense proportions of the planet's natural resources. In the process, we have reduced carrying capacities for countless other organisms that rely on those same resources. [Summary] With carrying capacity for individual species being fluid due to the nature of environments, humans have successfully increased their own by reshaping their living environments, but this has come at the expense of the carrying capacity for other species.

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proven capable of intentionally altering our environment to raise our carrying capacity

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[10강 - Exercise 10번]

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A groundbreaking study of morality and time by Eugene Caruso began by pointing out that moral rules are generally assumed to remain constant. An act that was morally wrong yesterday will be morally wrong tomorrow, and to the same degree, assuming the circumstances have not changed. Yet, his work found that people condemned identical misdeeds more when set in the future than in the past. In general, people seem to "moralize" the future. That is, they apply stricter moral rules to the future than the past or present and show greater moral concern. In various studies, thinking about the future made people condemn misdeeds by others more intensely, as opposed to thinking about the present. They even called for more severe punishment for themselves for future misdeeds than in the past. So it is not simply a matter of selfishly wanting everyone else to obey the rules and exempting oneself. People will make greater sacrifices for their reputation when focused on the future than the present. People are even more virtuous and generous in their own actions, or at least they say they would be, when they are thinking about the future and the present. That's because thinking about the future makes them worry about having a good reputation.

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thinking about the future made people condemn misdeeds by others more intensely

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The Self Explained

Roy F. Baumeister · 2023-10-17

... thinking about the future made people condemn misdeeds by others more intensely , as opposed to thinking about the present. They even called for more severe punishment for themselves for future misdeeds than in the past. So it is not ...

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[10강 - Exercise 11~12번]

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Though thousands of books have been written about learning, the concept of learning potential remains insufficiently elaborated. One of the possible reasons for such a state of affairs is the tendency to view learning only through its products. When a math or history exam is given to students, it is assumed that the results of the exam will reveal the efficiency of students' previous learning. In other words, what we can see in such an exam is only the result rather than the process of learning. Moreover, such an exam provides us with relatively little information about each student's potential for learning something new. For example, one student can achieve good exam results by investing much more time in learning than another student who achieved the same result. The efficiency of the first one is thus lower than that of the second student, but this factor is "hidden" in a typical exam. The situation is even more complicated in the case of so-called intelligence tests. Some psychologists insist that properly designed intelligence tests tap into the individual's innate abilities that are unrelated to his or her learning experiences. Others, however, define intelligence itself as a "general learning ability" and claim that intelligence tests provide us with a pretty accurate estimate of not only personal knowledge but also the person's learning ability. Irrespective of the definition, however, the results of intelligence tests provide information only about people's current knowledge and problem-solving skills but say little about their learning potential.

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exam results by investing much more time in learning than another student

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The Cultural Mind

Alex Kozulin · 2023-11-23

... exam results by investing much more time in learning than another student who achieved the same result. The efficiency of the first one is thus lower than that of the second student, but this fac- tor is "hidden" in a typical exam. The ...

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