2027 EBS 수능특강 영어독해연습 - 원문 출처 정리 (11~12강)

English Finder 일괄검색 결과

[11강 - Exercise 1번]

본문 지문

Defining the boundaries of a field is, perhaps, a foolish objective. A narrow definition risks excluding issues that should be included. Too broad a definition, on the other hand, risks absorbing research problems that are just too irrelevant. In either case, of course, scholars can choose to ignore your definition. There are several ways one can proceed. One tactic is to focus on which scholars define themselves in the field. The problem with this approach is that the field of the sociology of markets is sufficiently diffuse that there may be multiple communities of scholars with differing concerns contained within it. Even if one could draw a circle around the field, one would still not understand what its focus or questions were. The opposite strategy is to impose a theoretical definition of the field. This approach has the advantage of focusing on a theoretical perspective, presumably of interest to a wide number of scholars. But one is likely to leave out scholars and issues that are of relevance to the field. You may quickly reduce your audience to those who agree with you.

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may be multiple communities of scholars with differing concerns contained within

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The Architecture of Markets

Neil Fligstein · 2018-06-05

... may be multiple communities of scholars with differing concerns contained within it . Even if one could draw a circle around the field , one would still not understand what its focus or questions were . The opposite strategy is to ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[11강 - Exercise 2번]

본문 지문

For most people, the deep ocean is out of sight and out of mind. Not long ago, common (even academic) thinking was that the ocean was so vast that humans were not capable of changing it substantially. This was especially true for the deep sea away from coastal human concentrations. The mistakenness of this idea is becoming increasingly clear. As we use up coastal resources such as fisheries and fossil hydrocarbons, we have moved into increasingly deeper water to continue exploitation. Also, new methods are being developed for extracting from the deep ocean new resources, such as important minerals rare on the continents, or for exploiting unusual biochemical characteristics of deep-sea organisms. Meanwhile, as we explore, we are increasingly finding the results of human activities, including plastics and other pollution as well as temperature changes, oxygen depletion, and acidification from increasing carbon dioxide concentrations. We are also learning how very long it would take ecosystems of the deep ocean to recover from damages we may cause.

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we have moved into increasingly deeper water to continue exploitation

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The Deep Ocean

Michael Vecchione, Louise Allcock, Imants Priede, Hans van Haren · 2023-04-18

... we have moved into increasingly deeper water to continue exploitation. Also, new methods are being developed for extracting from the deep ocean new resources, such as important minerals rare on the continents, or for exploiting unusual ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[11강 - Exercise 3번]

본문 지문

Acknowledging that some animals can experience feelings ― although not necessarily in a way that humans can understand — directly affects the way that different animals are perceived and treated in many settings, not just research laboratories. Animals are eaten, worn, deprived of their freedom and natural environments, legally and illegally sold, blamed for pandemics and used as a buffer to loneliness, to name just a few. In all these scenarios, the existence and extent of their emotional capacity is perceived differently both between and within species, with a direct flow-on effect on their life experiences and wellbeing in a human-dominated world. Questioning the basis for these at times contradictory perceptions of different species, or members of the same species in different environments, reveals the extent of human supremacy. It also reveals that perception of emotion in animals is not always driven by biological facts. In many cases, this perception is based on a social construct created and maintained by human beings as the more dominant animal. [Summary] Human perceptions of animal emotions vary across species and contexts, shaping animals' wellbeing in ways that reveal human supremacy and reflect socially constructed beliefs rather than biological facts.

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social construct created and maintained by human beings as the more dominant

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Recognising and Responding to Animal Emotion in a Shared World

Vicki Hutton · 2023-11-16

... social construct created and maintained by human beings as the more dominant animal. Decades later as I sift through the photos of our many feline adoptees, I question how Princess, the tabby cat who gave birth in the back of an ...

추가 확인 권장
검색 문구는 확인됐지만 주변 문맥 비교 근거가 충분하지 않습니다.

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[11강 - Exercise 4번]

본문 지문

There are limits to the use of the experimental method when a scientist cannot control the situations that are significant for the solution of problems. In the social sciences, less use can be made of the method of controlled experiment because the investigator cannot control the situations. For example, one way to prove or disprove the proposition that high tariffs bring prosperity would be to apply very heavy tariffs to all goods entering the United States for a considerable period of time, while holding constant all other factors affecting business activity. If a sustained increase in prosperity followed, we would then have substantial evidence to support the thesis that high duties are a cause of prosperity. No investigator can control the country's tariff policy; and even if she could, while the high tariff was in effect, many other social changes would be taking place, such as strikes, the establishment of new industries, and perhaps even wars. Some of these other changes would doubtless have much more influence on the state of national prosperity than would the high tariff and would make it impossible to separate out the effects of the high tariff from the effects of all these other events.

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experimental method when a scientist cannot control the situations that are significant

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Social Science

David C. Colander · 2016-09-13

... experimental method when a scientist cannot control the situations that are significant for the solution of problems . In the social sciences , less use can be made of the method of controlled experiment , except in dealing with certain ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[11강 - Exercise 5~6번]

본문 지문

The tourism and hospitality industry is particularly sensitive to economic cycles and political trouble and can be badly affected in times of uncertainty. For example, the global nature of the industry means that it is vulnerable to external events that cause fluctuations in tourist visits and spend. The global 2001-2004 economic downturn, 9/11, the Iraq War and the outbreak of SARS all led to a drop in revenue in the industry. These factors reduced the number of travellers internationally and left uncertainty and fragility in the tourism market. Many of these aspects are particularly pronounced in the airline industry and trade unions have often railed against the manner in which employees are used as 'shock absorbers' to protect the industry from the cyclical nature of the market. These hard approaches to HRM have seen major redundancy programmes in a number of airlines in recent years, especially after 9/11. On the other hand, a number of companies have sought a more soft approach to HRM which aimed at increasing the customer responsiveness of their front-line staff. British Airways, for example, had a series of initiatives in the 1980s and 1990s such as 'Putting People First' and 'Winning for Customers'. Among other things, these initiatives sought to introduce teamwork, implement extensive training programmes, enhance quality procedures, and develop multi-skilled staff. As companies alternate between hard and soft approaches to HRM, employees may become confused as to what the company message is. Ultimately, employees may well be a company's 'greatest asset', but in times of uncertainty and downturn are equally expendable as recent history suggests.

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hospitality industry is particularly sensitive to economic cycles and political trouble

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Human Resource Management for Hospitality, Tourism and Events

Dennis Nickson · 2013-08-29

... hospitality industry is particularly sensitive to economic cycles and political trouble and can be badly affected in times of uncertainty. For example, the global nature of the industry means that it is vulnerable to external events ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[11강 - Exercise 7번]

본문 지문

One of the most widely debated applications of AI in law enforcement is predictive policing, where algorithms analyze historical crime data to predict where crimes are likely to occur and who may be involved. By identifying high-risk areas and individuals, predictive policing aims to allocate law enforcement resources more efficiently and reduce crime. However, predictive policing has been criticized for perpetuating bias and discrimination, particularly against minority communities. If an AI system is trained on biased data that reflects historical patterns of over-policing in certain neighborhoods, it may disproportionately target those areas for increased law enforcement presence, reinforcing existing inequalities. This has raised concerns about the fairness and accuracy of predictive policing systems and the potential for unjust outcomes. For example, a predictive policing system used by the Los Angeles Police Department was found to disproportionately target Black and Latino communities, leading to heightened surveillance and increased arrests in those areas. Critics argue that predictive policing systems must be carefully designed and rigorously tested to ensure that they do not perpetuate racial bias or undermine trust in law enforcement.

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Angeles Police Department was found to disproportionately target Black and Latino communities

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[11강 - Exercise 8번]

본문 지문

We use the oceans as a source of food. However, present fishing methods have become so efficient that we have dangerously depleted fish stocks over large parts of the ocean. We are only just beginning to develop the technology to grow marine organisms as agriculture in the same way as we farm the land. Indeed, this is probably the last major untapped food resource on the planet. At the same time, we use the oceans as a repository for our waste, often assuming the oceans are so large that they have an infinite capacity to absorb our pollutants. Yet, it is clear from the increased incidence of toxic plankton blooms and other undesirable effects that this is not true. For all these reasons, it is important that we study the oceans and understand how they operate.

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clear from the increased incidence of toxic plankton blooms and other undesirable

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[11강 - Exercise 9번]

본문 지문

At the very minimum, genetic evolution has given all humans similarly programmed sense organs and brains, giving them a developmental bias called 'prepared learning'. This means that humans are innately prepared to learn certain behaviours and predisposed to avoid others. Humans are innately set up to see and hear things and then to set about imitating them. Thus, useful things like multiplication tables and less useful things like the crazy frog ring-tone are replicated and spread. Humans are the physical hosts needed for memes to spread. The meme does not need to be useful to the host. It does not even need to make sense or be beneficial. As an example, Blackmore argues that it was through infectious imitation, rather than an understanding of its long-term benefit, that agriculture became fashionable. Farming uses far more energy and time than hunting and gathering. Being tied to one location makes the farmer more vulnerable to drought, flood, disease or attack. So the farmer seems to have chosen a risky life of endless toil for no obvious benefit. [Summary] Humans inherently learn some behaviours and avoid others, spreading memes not for usefulness but by copying others' actions or reactions, as shown in agriculture.

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means that humans are innately prepared to learn certain behaviours and predisposed

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Conservation

Alison Richmond, Alison Bracker · 2010-07-15

... means that humans are innately prepared to learn certain behaviours and predisposed to avoid others. Humans are innately set up to see and hear things and then to set about imitating them. Thus useful things like multiplication tables ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[11강 - Exercise 10번]

본문 지문

Censorship is a means of preventing the expression of ideas, speech, or behaviour. Social, religious, political, military, and other authorities practise censorship in the name of the common good of society, seeking to protect it from heresy, treason, or ideological error. In one form or another, censorship has existed universally throughout Greek history. Most of the censorship among the ancient Greeks occurred over religious and political ideas. The common charge was impiety (asebeia). Since they believed that the gods could actively help or harm the city state, impious behaviour that might invoke divine anger was punished. Sparta imposed a rigid system of censorship to protect its militarism: books, music, and even learned men were banned. Greek tyrants exercised censorship to silence and eliminate their opponents. Generally speaking, under the tyrants, and many other rulers, censorship was identical with harsh repression.

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censorship among the ancient Greeks occurred over religious and political ideas

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Encyclopedia of Greece and the Hellenic Tradition

Graham Speake · 2021-01-31

... censorship among the ancient Greeks occurred over religious and political ideas . The common charge was impiety ( asebeia ) . Since they believed that the gods could actively help or harm the city state , impious behaviour that might ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[11강 - Exercise 11~12번]

본문 지문

Curiously, it became rather trendy in the late 20th century to claim to know nothing about science or mathematics. There was a popular belief that scientific knowledge was somehow at odds with being a cultured individual, when in fact it is central to it. In 1959, the English scientist and novelist C.P. Snow delivered a famous lecture in which he spoke of the distance and even animosity that existed between the 'two cultures' of science and the arts, or humanities. This deep division in intellectual life was, he felt, holding up human progress. The divide remained, and even increased, in the following decades. It might now be narrowing, but it's far from closed. More people, though, now recognize that knowing about science is not a mark of philistinism, but the very opposite. An informed appreciation of the world around us, the laws it follows and how we can discover those laws, puts us in the best position to make the most of our individual lives and the resources the planet affords us as a species. The loss of wild places was mourned poetically by 19th-century writers such as Wordsworth or Thoreau and demonstrated a need to find out how to renew and protect the environment. But this deep regret for what humans have done to the world, invoked through the arts, can be used in helpful action through the application of science and understanding.

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individual lives and the resources the planet affords us as a species

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Think Like a Scientist

Anne Rooney · 2021-07-15

... individual lives and the resources the planet affords us as a species . The loss of wild places was mourned poetically by 19th - century writers such as Wordsworth or Thoreau and demonstrated a need to find out how to renew and protect ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[12강 - Exercise 1번]

본문 지문

Problems such as recency error occur because human memory is fallible, and it is challenging for raters to remember all of what happened during the appraisal period. One method of dealing with this is to keep performance logs. As raters record instances of high and low performance, there will be more documentation of important performance incidents, and the actual appraisal will be a better reflection of important occurrences of the appraisal period. Of course, the success of this method will depend on the rater's persistence in recording performance information, which may be hard to do due to the time pressures that managers face. Interestingly, diary keeping does not necessarily reduce the effects of liking on performance ratings. In fact, when raters keep a performance diary for employees, there tends to be a stronger relationship between liking and ratings. It could be that when they keep diaries, raters are more likely to note positive events for employees they like, and negative events for employees they dislike. At the same time, researchers also showed that diary keeping improves rater reactions to the performance appraisal system, probably because diary keeping improves recall and makes rating easier.

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showed that diary keeping improves rater reactions to the performance appraisal system

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Psychology and Work

Donald M. Truxillo, Talya N. Bauer, Berrin Erdogan · 2021-08-18

... showed that diary keeping improves rater reactions to the performance appraisal system , probably because diary keeping improves recall and therefore makes rating easier . Using. Objective. Appraisals. Many appraisal errors occur because ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[12강 - Exercise 2번]

본문 지문

The most effective strategies for the compartmentalization of micro-identities have strong boundaries. Strong boundaries help entrepreneurs keep their identities as entrepreneurs and identities that are not related to work distinct. In other words, interruptions from one identity to another are minimal. These rare transitions between identities enable the individual to balance his or her distinctiveness and belonging needs. For instance, moving from a family identity to a founder identity at the beginning of a day fulfills a founder's need for distinctiveness, and the transition from a founder identity to that of an athlete at the end of the day fulfills his or her need to belong. Yet, trying to maintain separate identities with deliberately infrequent transitions using a compartmentalization strategy makes it challenging to establish synergies. That is, two identities need to integrate for the effective realization of synergies, so realizing potential synergies relies on the degree to which identities interact and are coordinated. Therefore, entrepreneurs who utilize compartmentalization to manage multiple micro-identities have increased psychological well-being in the case of strong boundaries between identities but have decreased psychological well-being when there are weak boundaries.

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transitions between identities enable the individual to balance his or her distinctiveness

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Entrepreneurial Cognition

Dean A. Shepherd, Holger Patzelt · 2018-01-31

... transitions between identities enable the individual to balance his or her distinctiveness and belonging needs. For instance, moving from a family identity to a founder identity at the beginning of a day fulfills a founder's need for ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[12강 - Exercise 3번]

본문 지문

Although older adults often notice their increased memory difficulties, there are also benefits to the way that older adults' brains record information. While younger adults' brains may be drafting memory structures with lots of details — some of them unimportant — older adults' memory structures are more likely to include just the essential elements. Remembering just the critical information can make it easier for older adults to avoid the common pitfall of "missing the forest for the trees," allowing them to grasp the overall importance of a situation. The way older adults' brains build memory structures can also make it easier for them to see commonalities between different situations and to understand how knowledge acquired in one context can be applied to the situation at hand. In fact, some of the wisdom that comes with aging may be attributable to changes in the way the aging brain builds its memory structures. [Summary] Compared to the brains of younger adults, those of older adults tend to retain core ideas, enabling them to identify shared aspects in contexts and develop wisdom from accumulated mental frameworks.

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Remembering just the critical information can make it easier for older adults

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Why We Forget and How to Remember Better

Andrew E. Budson, Elizabeth A. Kensinger · 2023

... Remembering just the critical information can make it easier for older adults to avoid the common pitfall of " missing the forest for the trees , " allowing them to grasp the overall importance of a situation . The way older adults ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[12강 - Exercise 4번]

본문 지문

In an effort to appear easy-going, we may often avoid speaking out for the things that we want or need from life, whether that be in personal relationships or in our working lives. This means we'll avoid negotiation, because it just doesn't feel natural. Many of us assume that negotiating will endanger ongoing relationships with a loved one or with an employer. But in many cases, this assumption is wrong, and avoiding negotiation means everyone loses: the partner in a relationship who never voices their needs may be taken for granted and decide to leave; the single parent who won't ask for flexible working may end up quitting a good job for a dead-end one that better fits the school day. But by careful negotiation, such endings can be avoided. The key is identifying, and striving for, areas of mutual advantage that will allow everyone to benefit in some way. If this happens, both relationships can emerge intact. Negotiating needn't necessarily entail conflict; there may be tough moments on the way to resolution, but by negotiating the problem side by side, you're actually investing in the future relationship, rather than damaging it.

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partner in a relationship who never voices their needs may be taken

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Negotiation Skills in 7 simple steps

Clare Dignall · 2014-05-08

... partner in a relationship who never voices their needs may be taken for granted and decide to leave; the single parent who won't ask for flexible working may end up quitting a good job for a dead- end one that better fits the school day ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[12강 - Exercise 5~6번]

본문 지문

Consumers orient themselves in retail stores with the help of spatial references between objects ("The olive oil is on the right under the balsamic vinegar.") and pictorial elements ("on the shelf opposite the red column"). Studies also show that consumers orient themselves to distinctive features in the store, such as the main aisles, large objects such as refrigerated counters or display units, as well as colored surfaces and advertising boards. These objects are usually located in the peripheral areas of the store. Therefore, consumers better remember the location of products that are located outside the store. Product locations in the interior of the store are less well remembered because they offer fewer landmarks and are very similar in structure and layout. To help consumers find their way around the space and to ease the burden on employees, some retailers are setting up touch screens and electronic info terminals. Some retailers have also developed apps that navigate customers through the store. Depending on the retailer, the apps offer additional value such as discounts, coupons, and product info. Newer developments include so-called beacons, small Bluetooth transmitters that are attached to shelves, signs, or doors, for example, and communicate with the customer's smartphone. With the help of the small transmitters, retailers can even determine the location of the consumers in the store, navigate them through the store to a special offer, or grant them an individual discount, and thus influence their consumer behaviors.

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Consumers orient themselves in retail stores with the help of spatial references

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Consumer Behavior

Stefan Hoffmann, Payam Akbar · 2023-01-03

... Consumers orient themselves in retail stores with the help of spatial references between objects ("The olive oil is on the right under the balsamic vinegar.") and pictorial elements ("on the shelf opposite the red column"). Studies also ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[12강 - Exercise 7번]

본문 지문

Dollarization refers to a situation where a country adopts a foreign currency like the U.S. dollar as its own. The main disadvantage of dollarization is the loss of autonomy. By coming under the control of the U.S. Federal Reserve Board, a nation would lose control over its own monetary and to a certain extent even its fiscal policy. Most nations will consider the cost of coming under another's central bank control too big a loss of autonomy to contemplate, though there have been times, such as in the case of Ecuador, where the instabilities were so great that this loss of economic sovereignty may well have been worthwhile. The only way that the advantages of common currencies will be feasible and more widely acceptable is if we can think of central banks as being answerable to all the nations that use the common currency. The European central bank does have this feature of multicountry democracy, and that is the reason why the euro, despite its recent instability, is expected to be a net gain for all the nations that have it as their currency.

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advantages of common currencies will be feasible and more widely acceptable

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Beyond the Invisible Hand

Kaushik Basu · 2010-10-25

... advantages of common currencies will be feasible and more widely acceptable is if we can think of central banks as being answerable to all the nations that use the common currency . The European central bank does have this feature of ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[12강 - Exercise 8번]

본문 지문

Inuit used the stars as one of their navigation tools, making periodic adjustments for the star's apparent movement. Their calculations involved a thorough knowledge of star and constellation positions in relation to their seasonal and nocturnal cycles. However, depending entirely on observing the stars would be totally impractical as the stars were frequently obscured by cloud, fog, or blowing snow. For almost five months a year, the stars could not be observed at all due to the extremely long days. Consequently, star observations were used as one aspect of the navigational methods along with wind direction, the set of snowdrifts, landmarks, sea currents and floating seaweed, cloud formations and movement, and atmospheric effects. While often travelling on moving sea ice, wayfinders modified their direction, allowing for the movement of the ice and their own passage over it. Hunters also drew navigational insight from the behaviour of their sled dogs and other animals such as walruses and birds.

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calculations involved a thorough knowledge of star and constellation positions in relation

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The Memory Code

Lynne Kelly · 2017-02-02

... calculations involved a thorough knowledge of star and constellation positions in relation to their seasonal and nocturnal cycles . However , depending entirely on observing the stars would be totally impractical as the stars were ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[12강 - Exercise 9번]

본문 지문

The urge to leave is easy to understand from an animal perspective. Mammals cluster when predators lurk and spread out when it's safe. Tigers and orangutans are the only mammals with no predators and the only mammals who live alone. Gibbons space themselves out in pairs to prevent conflict. It's easy to see how humans would try to avoid conflict by spacing themselves out. Not only does it improve access to resources, but it frees you from being at the bottom of the hierarchy. If you persuade others to leave with you, you are suddenly in the one-up position. Some people surely perished when they left their natal groups, but others went on to create new settlements that would fissure themselves in time. Leaving is an effective way to raise your status when you don't expect to win a direct conflict. [Summary] In order to avoid social conflict, humans — like some other animals — may quit their original groups, which can eventually elevate their social standing.

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Some people surely perished when they left their natal groups

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Status Games

Loretta Graziano Breuning · 2021-09-08

... Some people surely perished when they left their natal groups , but others went on to create new settlements that would fissure them- selves in time . Leaving is an effective way to raise your status when you don't expect to win a ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[12강 - Exercise 10번]

본문 지문

The act of remembering something is a process of bringing back on line those neurons that were involved in the original experience. The neurons represent the world to us as the thing is happening, and as we recall it, those same neurons re-present the thing to us. Once we get those neurons to become active in a fashion similar to how they were during the original event, we experience the memory as a lower-resolution replay of the original event. If only we could get every one of those original neurons active in exactly the same way they were the first time, our recollections would be strikingly vivid and realistic. But remembering is imperfect; the instructions for which neurons need to be gathered and how exactly they need to fire are weak and degraded, leading to a representation that is only a dim and often inaccurate copy of the real experience. Memory is fiction. It may present itself to us as fact but is highly susceptible to distortion. Memory is not just a replaying, but a rewriting.

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remembering something is a process of bringing back on line those neurons

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The Organized Mind

Daniel J. Levitin · 2015-09-01

... remembering something is a process of bringing back on line those neurons that were involved in the original experience. The neu- rons represent the world to us as the thing is happening, and as we recall it, those same neurons re ...

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[12강 - Exercise 11~12번]

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Darwin said that there must be some sort of evolutionary advantage associated with humour, and it does indeed appear that humans developed it directly because it has numerous positive properties, and very few negative ones. Laughing uses up energy, perhaps, and the noise created by laughter might have made our early ancestors vulnerable to predators, but these potential problems are far outweighed by the benefits. Some argue that the pleasure associated with humorous exchange replaced the pleasure derived from social grooming at some stage in our development: both laughter and social grooming release endogenous opiates and so the feelings of gratification positively reinforce both types of behaviour. Thus, it seems that one early function of humour was as a social lubricant, and the fundamental evolutionary purpose of humour and laughter was to facilitate cooperation between people; essentially, a laughing response signals that one is both ready and able to cooperate. Observations of primates suggest that humour might be linked to our need to partake in mock-aggression and create safe spaces where social conflicts can be resolved. Similarly, anthropologists note that humour in traditional societies often takes the form of joking relationships between people, or individual clowning, whose purpose is to avoid tensions. Humour can enable expressions of pseudo-violence and activities that allow the saving of face; it permits social hierarchies to be sustained, and can work to reinforce social bonds.

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pleasure associated with humorous exchange replaced the pleasure derived from social grooming

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