2027 EBS 수능특강 영어독해연습 - 원문 출처 정리 (Mini Test 02)

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[Mini Test 02 - 01번]

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Dear Dr. Gardner: Our company has enjoyed supporting Riverbend Community College in many ways over the years, and we appreciate the opportunities you and your organization provide to so many deserving students. Thank you for considering our facilities for your graduation ceremony on June 3rd. While we would love to host Riverbend Community College as we have in the past, this year our company-wide sales meetings will be held during the weeks of May 25 and June 1. With more than 200 sales representatives and their families joining us from around the world, activities will take place throughout our facility. Due to this scheduling conflict, we regret that we will not be able to host your graduation ceremony this year. We hope you understand our situation and wish you the best of luck in finding an alternative venue. We will continue to be a strong partner to Riverbend Community College and support your efforts as you move forward. Sincerely, Kate Hewitt, Director of Public Relations

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appreciate the opportunities you and your organization provide to so many deserving

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Business Communication Essentials

Courtland L. Bovée, John V. Thill · 2007

... appreciate the opportunities you and your organization provide to so many deserving students . Thank you for considering our grounds for your graduation ceremony on June 3 . We would certainly like to accommodate Whittier as we have in ...

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검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[Mini Test 02 - 02번]

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On Christmas Day, the legendary comedian Bob Hope visited our airbase in Saudi Arabia, continuing his tradition of entertaining troops overseas. As his departure time neared, I happened to be by Hope's plane and saw him and his wife approaching. While he walked up the stairs to the plane, I searched for a scrap of paper to get his autograph, but all I found was a Saudi riyal note. I asked for his autograph, but his wife intervened, saying he was too tired and they had to leave. My heart sank. It felt like my only opportunity was slipping away. I really wanted his autograph. But then Hope cheerfully said, "Sure! I've always got time for you! That's why I'm here." He came back down the ladder, took the note from my hand, and signed it. Then, he spoke to me personally. He expressed his deep gratitude for my service and told me to return home safely. Tears began to fill my eyes as his unexpected kindness moved me deeply. His heartfelt words were a Christmas gift I will never forget.

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legendary comedian Bob Hope visited our airbase in Saudi Arabia

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[Mini Test 02 - 03번]

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Requesting help will always require great discretion. We are unlikely to improve our relationships by becoming a nuisance, or heavy-handedly persuading others to help us when they are already struggling to cope with the pressure of their own lives. For this reason, it is essential that we offer plenty of opportunities for people to decline our requests without losing face. One option is to provide verbal recognition of the other responsibilities the person is facing. I am lucky to be part of a network of mutually supportive writers, who help to read drafts and soothe my frustration when the words do not flow as I would like. Whatever the favour I am asking, I always acknowledge the sheer number of similar requests my friends may be receiving on top of their regular work and apologise if I am not contacting them at a convenient time. More often than not, I am surprised by just how quickly these acquaintances will offer to help, despite their busy schedules — but I hope that my wording makes it clear that I would fully understand a refusal without any offence being taken.

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offer plenty of opportunities for people to decline our requests without losing

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The Laws of Connection

David Robson · 2024-06-04

... offer plenty of opportunities for people to decline our requests without losing face . One option is to provide verbal recognition of the other responsibilities the person is facing . I am lucky to be part of a network of mutually ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[Mini Test 02 - 04번]

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In a 2007 Harvard Business Review article, Duncan Watts and Jonah Peretti explained that big-seed marketing combines the power of viral marketing with the power of traditional media. Viral marketing, Watts and Peretti note, "assumes that one starts with a seed of individuals who spread a message by infecting their friends, where the expected number of new infectious people generated by each existing one is called the 'reproduction rate,' or R." "When R is greater than 1, each person who gets the message will, on average, spread it to more than one additional person, who then does the same thing, and so on, leading to exponential growth in the number of people who receive it — an epidemic." Where the analogy breaks down is when one starts to take scale into account. Unlike an infectious disease, after all, companies and political campaigns can control the size of their seed. Rather than starting with a small seed and hoping a message goes viral, they can start with a large seed. The beauty of big-seed marketing is that it doesn't rely on luck or a celebrity endorsement. As Watts and Peretti observe, "Big-seed marketing employs the power of large numbers of ordinary people.

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combines the power of viral marketing with the power of traditional media

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Content

Kate Eichhorn · 2022-05-10

... combines the power of viral marketing with the power of traditional media . Vi- ral marketing , Watts and Peretti note , " assumes that one starts with a seed of individuals who spread a message by infecting their friends , where the ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[Mini Test 02 - 05번]

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Eye contact is the key that unlocks the wisdom of your intuitions because when you meet your smiling coworker's gaze, her smile triggers activity within your own brain circuitry that allows you to simulate — within your own brain, face, and body — the emotions you see emanating from hers. You now know, through this rapid and nonconscious simulation, more about what it feels like to have smiled like that. Access to this embodied feeling, this information springing up from within you, makes you wiser. You become more accurate, for instance, at discerning what her unexpected smile means. You're more attuned; less gullible. You intuitively grasp her intentions. She wasn't being friendly after all; she was gloating. She wasn't looking to connect, but was instead self-satisfied. You come to recognize that not all smiles are sincere attempts for connection. Some smiles may even be flashed to exploit or control you. Just as you rely on your senses to discern nutritious from rotting food, so, too, can you rely on your senses to help you separate the honest from dishonest invitations for connection.

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triggers activity within your own brain circuitry that allows you to simulate

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Love 2.0

Barbara L. Fredrickson, Ph.D. · 2013-01-24

... triggers activity within your own brain circuitry that allows you to simulate—within your own brain, face, and body— the emotions you see emanating from hers. You now know, through this rapid and nonconscious simulation, more about what ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[Mini Test 02 - 06번]

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As commonly understood, multiculturalism posits that all ethnic groups in society should be able to exercise equal rights without having to give up their own culture, religion, and language. In practice, however, multiculturalism and multicultural urban planning are far from being fully realized. While the discourse and institutionalization of multiculturalism has been important in reversing the predominant practice of assimilation, the actual outcomes in terms of embracing diversity, identities, and cultural differences remain highly contested. Urban planning scholar Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris observes that ethnic minority neighborhoods are often described in negative terms by authorities "that wish to eliminate, control, or regulate them." Similarly, Jacobs and Fincher argue that "city governance has vacillated between celebrating and enhancing such diversity, on the one hand, and regulating and repressing it, on the other." Sandercock notes that the multicultural city "is perceived by many to be much more of a threat than an opportunity.

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ethnic groups in society should be able to exercise equal rights without

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Transcultural Cities

Jeffrey Hou · 2013-02-11

... ethnic groups in society should be able to exercise equal rights without having to give up their own culture, religion, and language (Castles and Miller 2009). In practice, however, multi- culturalism and multicultural planning is far ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[Mini Test 02 - 07번]

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Psychologists used to associate scientific work exclusively with focused attention, while other, more floating kinds of attention were exclusively associated with creative work like art. We know today that we need both kinds of attention for art and science. It is not surprising, therefore, that this flexibility can be found among most, if not all, exceptional scientists. Oshin Vartanian compared and analysed the daily workflows of Nobel Prize winners and other eminent scientists and concluded that it is not a relentless focus, but flexible focus that distinguishes them. He explained, "Specifically, the problem-solving behavior of eminent scientists can alternate between extraordinary levels of focus on specific concepts and playful exploration of ideas. "This suggests that successful problem solving may be a function of flexible strategy application in relation to task demands.

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alternate between extraordinary levels of focus on specific concepts and playful exploration

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How to Take Smart Notes

Sönke Ahrens · 2022-03-11

... alternate between extraordinary levels of focus on specific concepts and playful exploration of ideas . This suggests that successful problem solving may be a function of flexible strategy application in relation to task demands ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[Mini Test 02 - 08번]

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The graph above shows the most-visited museums in the world in 2022, providing the number of visitors in millions for each museum and indicating the percentage change from 2019. The Louvre recorded the highest number of visitors in 2022, exceeding 7 million despite a decrease of 19.5% from 2019. The Vatican Museums had more than a quarter fewer visitors in 2022 than in 2019, but their percentage decrease in visitors was smaller than that of the British Museum and Tate Modern. Although the Natural History Museum in London experienced roughly twice the percentage decline of the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C., it still attracted more visitors than the latter in 2022. The National Museum of Korea was the only museum on the list that experienced an increase in visitor numbers.

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Natural History Museum in London experienced roughly twice the percentage decline

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[Mini Test 02 - 09번]

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The first Black American woman to receive a doctorate in chemistry, Marie M. Daly, was the daughter of an immigrant from the British West Indies. She loved nothing more than to read about scientists from books in her grandfather's impressive library. Her father had run low on funds before he could finish his chemistry degree, but Marie was determined to pick up where he left off. Busting through gender and race boundaries, she attended Queens College for her bachelor's degree in chemistry (with top honors!), NYU for her master's (in one year!), and Columbia for her doctorate. Marie then went on to work at Howard University, the Rockefeller Institute, Columbia University, Yeshiva University, the American Heart Association, the Einstein College of Medicine, and the New York Academy of Sciences. She set up a scholarship in her father's name for Black science students at Queens College, forever cementing her dedication to education.

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first Black American woman to receive a doctorate in chemistry

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Wonder Women

Sam Maggs · 2016-10-04

... first Black American woman to receive a doctorate in chemistry , Marie was the daughter of an immigrant from the British West Indies . She loved nothing more than to read about scientists from books in her grandfather's impressive ...

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검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[Mini Test 02 - 12번]

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Cataloguing is a very obvious task, regardless of the nature of the material itself. The creation of a catalogue is not an end in itself, but part of intellectual control, which involves tools such as finding aids, indexes, or other guides that help researchers to identify and locate pertinent archived material. Cataloguing is a multilayered activity that needs to consider the past, the present, and the future to develop a robust resource that will facilitate easy access to material over time. The past is relevant because of the principle of original order: it preserves the context of records by showing how they were ordered and used by their creator. Cataloguing also considers the present because it reflects the structures or settings within which a catalogue is created through the application of certain standards or the use of terminology. Finally, it must consider the future, since future users will need to be able to access material efficiently, through a resource adapted to their time. In this regard, one evident challenge of cataloguing scientific archives is the fact that science moves quickly and so do the terms that it uses.

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evident challenge of cataloguing scientific archives is the fact that science moves

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Science by Women

Eucharia Oluchi Nwaichi · 2021-12-09

... evident challenge of cataloguing scientific archives is the fact that science moves quickly and so do the terms that it uses. To ensure that material remains findable even when subject matters have been re-named or taxonomies altered ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[Mini Test 02 - 13번]

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A nice example of a life history response to environmental selection pressures comes from guppies in Trinidad. Field and laboratory studies by Reznick and Endler have shown that guppies tend to mature and breed earlier in habitats where predators of the adult fish are common and the prospect of long-term survival slim. In high-risk habitats, therefore, guppies adjust their life history strategy in favour of growth and reproduction and away from long-term survival. Similarly, differences in predation pressure in lake-dwelling sticklebacks affect the tendency for males to develop the characteristic red throat during the breeding season. Bright red throats are attractive to females, but they also make males more conspicuous to predators. Moodie found that males in shallower waters, where red throats were especially conspicuous, had much duller throats than those in more dimly lit deeper waters. In this case, therefore, investment in reproduction appeared to be traded off in favour of survival when predation risk was high.

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life history response to environmental selection pressures comes from guppies in Trinidad

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[Mini Test 02 - 14번]

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Kwong See, Hoffman, and Wood manipulated source credibility to examine memory conformity effects in participants who received misinformation from one of two individuals that differed in perceived credibility. Participants (young adults) viewed a slide show depicting a theft and were then presented with a narrative summarizing the incident. Depending on experimental conditions (high versus low credibility), this narrative was either introduced as being an account of the event as remembered by a 28-year-old, or an 82-year-old. In fact the narratives were the same, each including four items of misinformation. After reading the narrative, participants were asked to provide their impressions of the witness by rating their perceived competence and honesty. The older witness was rated as being less competent, but more honest, than the young witness. This lack of competence associated with the older witness was also associated with higher resistance to memory conformity. Conversely, for the young eyewitness, higher ratings of perceived competence were significantly associated with a larger memory conformity effect.

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ratings of perceived competence were significantly associated with a larger memory conformity

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Suggestibility in Legal Contexts

Anne M. Ridley, Fiona Gabbert, David J. La Rooy · 2013-01-22

... ratings of perceived competence were significantly associated with a larger memory conformity effect . In summary , when people feel that it is important to report correct information in a recall task , then it is not unusual to look to ...

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검색 문구는 확인됐지만 주변 문맥 비교 근거가 충분하지 않습니다.

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[Mini Test 02 - 15번]

본문 지문

The social learning mechanisms available to adults are sufficient to transmit colony members' acquired food preferences to succeeding generations. In one example, colonies of four rats were induced to prefer either Japanese horseradish or cayenne pepper flavored food by making them ill after they ate the alternative diet. The rats in these "founder" colonies were gradually replaced with naive rats until the colonies were made up entirely of rats that had never been poisoned after eating either of the diets. Nevertheless, rats in each colony still preferred their colony's "traditional" diet. In one experiment, the tradition was maintained over four generations of replacement rats. Preference was still transmitted even when the new colony members never fed in the presence of the older members but just interacted with them in the hours between daily feedings.

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social learning mechanisms available to adults are sufficient to transmit colony members

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Cognition, Evolution, and Behavior

Sara J. Shettleworth · 2010-04-10

... social learning mechanisms available to adults are sufficient to transmit colony members ' acquired food preferences to succeeding generations ( Galef and Allen 1995 ) . In one example colonies of four rats were induced to prefer either ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[Mini Test 02 - 16번]

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Imagine you're a three-year-old child, and your curiosity draws you to eat something out of the garbage. Just as you pick up a half-eaten bar of chocolate, your mom yells, "No, don't eat that! It's disgusting!" You stop and feel disgusted. You've never eaten garbage or had a bad experience as a result, but now you avoid eating it. Your mom was able to use her words to transfer her disgust reactions to you contingently; yelling "disgusting" was a punishing stimulus that weakened your behavior. Now anytime you hear the word "disgusting," your reaction to the salient stimulus changes; you become cautious. Let's say you're looking at a pretty flower when the word "disgusting" is uttered. You immediately become cautious because of your history with the word. To go one step further, imagine that someone says you have "disgusting" hair. Now you transfer all of the properties associated with "disgusting" to yourself ― you become "disgusting." You might also try to psychologically distance yourself from the "disgusting" parts of yourself. Perhaps you'll avoid looking at your hair, or wash it excessively. Note that you have never been directly reinforced for engaging in these behaviors. Such is the power of words.

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that you have never been directly reinforced for engaging in these behaviors

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The Thriving Adolescent

Louise L. Hayes, Joseph V. Ciarrochi · 2015-11-01

... that you have never been directly reinforced for engaging in these behaviors . Such is the power of words . This doesn't happen in nonverbal animals . In order for an animal to be influenced by a word , it has to predict something ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[Mini Test 02 - 17번]

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Friendship-driven participation relies on peer-based learning dynamics, which have a different structure from formal instruction or parental guidance. The description of friendship-driven learning describes a familiar genre of peer-based learning, in which online networks are supporting those sometimes painful but important lessons in growing up, giving kids an environment to explore romance, friendship, and status just as their predecessors did. In an environment where there are fewer and fewer spaces for kids to hang out informally in public space, these online friendship-driven networks are critical contexts for these forms of learning and sociability. Rather than construe these dynamics negatively or fearfully, we can consider them also as an integral part of developing a sense of personal identity as a social being. Peer-based learning relies on a context of reciprocity, in which kids feel they have a stake in self-expression as well as a stake in evaluating and giving feedback to one another. Unlike in more hierarchical and authoritative relations, both parties are constantly contributing and evaluating one another. Youth both connect with and compete with their peers.

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online networks are supporting those sometimes painful but important lessons in growing

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Hanging Out, Messing Around, and Geeking Out

Mizuko Ito, Sonja Baumer, Matteo Bittanti, Danah Boyd, Rachel Cody · 2009-10-30

... online networks are supporting those sometimes painful but important lessons in growing up, giving kids an environment to explore romance, friendship, and status just as their predecessors did. In an environment where there are fewer ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[Mini Test 02 - 18번]

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Recently, researchers have suggested that the purpose of laughter is not just to communicate that one is in a playful state, but to actually induce this state in others as well. According to this view, the peculiar sounds of laughter have a direct effect on the listener, inducing positive emotional arousal that mirrors the emotional state of the laugher, perhaps by activating certain specialized brain circuits. In this way, laughter may serve an important biosocial function of coupling together the positive emotions of members of a group and, thereby, coordinating their activities. This would explain why laughter is so contagious; when we hear someone laughing, it is almost impossible not to feel mirthful and begin laughing too. Yet another potential social function of laughter is to motivate others to behave in particular ways. For example, laughter can be a method of positively reinforcing others for desirable behavior ("laughing with"), as well as a potent form of punishment directed at undesirable behaviors ("laughing at").

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may serve an important biosocial function of coupling together the positive emotions

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The Psychology of Humor

Rod A. Martin, Thomas Ford · 2018-07-14

... may serve an important biosocial function of coupling together the positive emotions of members of a group and thereby coordinating their activities. This would explain why laughter is so contagious; when we hear someone laughing, it is ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[Mini Test 02 - 19번]

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Interferences (e.g., noise) may disturb the signal transmission process. In addition to the signal (i.e., the message), the transmission process may contain additional elements. This can happen without the sender's intention and can cause "noise." Possible sources of interference include sound distortion (when communicating over the phone), atmospheric interferences (when communicating via radio), or distorted images (when communicating via television). When applied to the context of direct communication, interferences can, for example, occur when the channel (i.e., the air) is not completely "quiet." You may experience this yourself when attending a lecture: In this situation, you cannot expect that all of your classmates will pay close attention to what your professor is saying. If all students were silent, the ideal conditions for transferring a message would be given. If some students, however, are uninterested in the topic of the lecture, they might start whispering with each other. In this latter case, the channel is no longer free of background noise, and you may not be able to understand everything that is being said.

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cannot expect that all of your classmates will pay close attention

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Psychology of Communication

Jessica Röhner, Astrid Schütz · 2023-12-01

... cannot expect that all of your classmates will pay close attention to what your professor is saying . If all students were silent , the ideal conditions for transferring a message would be given . If some students , however , are ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[Mini Test 02 - 20번]

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We all have multiple selves (parent, child, employee, etc.). And each of these selves is defined in a web of relationships and has particular attributes. What determines which one we are in any given situation? The biggest determinant of who you are is probably where you are. And by "where you are" I mean all the features of your situation: physical location, company you're with, nation you're in, and even the time of day. You are a different self at dinner with your college friends than at dinner with your family. Think of the last time you were out with close friends. Think about the way you spoke, the language you used, how loudly you spoke. Think about what a stranger looking at you might have thought. Now think about the last time you were in a professional setting, maybe an office meeting. Almost certainly you behaved differently. At least I hope you did. You might think you were the same self, but is that really true? Did you feel the same way? Probably not. Both of these "selves" are you, but consider the possibility that they are different yous.

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selves is defined in a web of relationships and has particular attributes

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Selfless

Brian Lowery · 2023-03-28

... . ) . 12,13 And each of these selves is defined in a web of relationships and has particular attributes . What determines which one we are in any given situation ? The biggest determinant of who you are is probably where you are.

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검색 문구는 확인됐지만 주변 문맥 비교 근거가 충분하지 않습니다.

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[Mini Test 02 - 21번]

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Language is not merely representational (though it is that); it is also constitutive. It actually creates realities and invites identities. Saying, "You are so smart" is very different from saying, "You are so thoughtful." The phrases invite different views of who I am, and how a person like me behaves. In a classroom, the phrases invite others to view and interact with me differently. Language works to position people in relation to one another. For example, a teacher might position himself as the giver of knowledge in the classroom, with the students as receivers of knowledge. A classic (and ubiquitous) example of this is the sequence in which a teacher asks a question to which he already knows the answer, a child answers it, and the teacher announces whether or not the child is correct. Teachers can position children as competitors or collaborators, and themselves as referees, resources, or judges, or in many other arrangements. A teacher's choice of words, phrases, metaphors, and interaction sequences invokes and assumes these and other ways of being a self and of being together in the classroom.

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teacher might position himself as the giver of knowledge in the classroom

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Choice Words

Peter Johnston · 2023-10-10

... teacher might position himself as the giver of knowledge in the classroom , with the students as receivers of knowledge . A classic ( and ubiquitous ) example of this is the sequence in which a teacher asks a question to which he ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[Mini Test 02 - 22번]

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Science is an ongoing search for truth ― a perpetual struggle to discover how the Universe works that goes back to the earliest civilizations. Driven by human curiosity, it has relied on reasoning, observation, and experiment. The Greek philosopher Aristotle wrote widely on natural philosophy (as the predecessor to what we now call "science") and laid foundations for much of the work that followed. He was a good observer of nature, but relied entirely on thought and argument, and did no experiments. As a result, he got a number of things wrong. He asserted that big objects fall faster than little ones, for example, and that if one object had twice the weight of another, it would fall twice as fast. Although this is mistaken, no one doubted it until the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei disproved the idea in 1590. While it may seem obvious today that a good scientist must rely on empirical evidence, this was not always apparent.

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one doubted it until the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei disproved the idea

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The Science Book

DK · 2025-03-06

... one doubted it until the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei disproved the idea in 1590. While it may seem obvious today that a good scientist must rely on empirical evidence, this was not always apparent. The. scientific. method. A logical ...

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[Mini Test 02 - 23번]

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It is widely agreed that the global energy transition is a necessity and needs to be urgently done. However, this transition requires unprecedented efforts with massive installations, infrastructure changes, and integrations never seen before. The transformation of the global energy sector is not going to be similar to the recent advancements and transformations in sectors such as biotechnology or information and communication technologies (ICT). Even though the recent advancements in ICT have a tremendous influence on daily practices, no big physical change can be observed. There are new giant companies that have started operations in different sectors, without having any physical appearance; for instance, the largest taxi service provider is currently a technology company and owns no taxi. Similarly, the largest movie and television series provider owns no physical movie theatres, but instead it uses or organizes currently available infrastructure or components via users to provide their services. On the other hand, the transition of the global energy infrastructure needs physical changes, which take time to build and install. While sectors like ICT and biotechnology reshaped daily life by operating on existing physical infrastructure, the global energy transition requires extensive physical transformation, making the transition far more gradual. [Summary] While sectors like ICT and biotechnology reshaped daily life by operating on existing physical infrastructure, the global energy transition requires extensive physical transformation, making the transition far more gradual.

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largest movie and television series provider owns no physical movie theatres

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Renewable Energy Options for Power Generation and Desalination

Ibrahim Dincer, Mert Temiz · 2024-03-27

... largest movie and television series provider owns no physical movie theatres , but instead they use or organize currently available infrastructure or components via users to provide their services . On the other hand , the transition of ...

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[Mini Test 02 - 24~25번]

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Sweet tastes, most obviously, mark the presence of sugars, an important source of calories. Even starchy foods such as potatoes and grains yield a hint of sweetness as we chew, because enzymes in our saliva break down the starches into sweet-tasting sugars. Umami tastes come from amino acids ― in particular, one called glutamate, though others contribute as well ― that indicate the presence of proteins, another major class of nutrients. And our taste for salt would have helped our ancestors identify the electrolytes that were so precious and hard to find before salt shakers sat on every table. Hardly surprising, then, that we're hardwired, even as infants, to be drawn to sweet, umami and salty tastes. But taste also warns us when we're about to eat something that might be harmful. Many toxins taste bitter, so we're hardwired to reject bitter foods. Just watch the face of a toddler who unknowingly sips from a glass of tonic water ― or, for that matter, an adult who gets surprised by a bitter-tasting berry. The bitterness triggers our poison-avoidance reflex, and we make a "yucky face," sticking out the tongue in a reflex that pushes the threatening food out of the mouth. Similarly, we tend to reject sourness, which could signal spoilage or unripe, indigestible fruit. With experience, and practice, however, we often learn to override that hardwiring for certain foods ― coffee, hoppy beers, brussels sprouts, sour candy ― but few, if any, people like them right away. Remember your first sip of coffee?

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starchy foods such as potatoes and grains yield a hint of sweetness

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Flavor

Bob Holmes · 2017-04-25

... starchy foods such as potatoes and grains yield a hint of sweetness as we chew , because enzymes in our saliva break down the starches into sweet - tasting sugars . Umami comes from amino acids — in particular , one called glutamate ...

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[Mini Test 02 - 26~28번]

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It was a typical Thursday afternoon when I walked into the living room and found my eight-year-old son completely absorbed in building a model airplane instead of finishing his homework. I was upset, initially, because he had clearly forgotten our family's rule about completing homework before playing. I paused, deciding to understand his viewpoint first before rushing into criticism. "You're really focused on that airplane, aren't you?" I gently asked, approaching him. He looked up, hesitant but eager to explain. "Dad, it's a fighter plane like Grandpa used to fly! He told me stories about flying missions, and how his plane could go super fast and even fly upside down." His eyes sparkled with excitement as he talked about my father's thrilling adventures. Seeing his enthusiasm brought back vivid memories of my own childhood ― nights when my father would sit beside my bed, telling stories of intense air battles and describing how his plane dived through clouds to evade enemy fire. I took a seat beside him and carefully picked up a wing of the model. "Your grandpa would be proud you're interested in planes, too. But remember, there's something we agreed on first, right?" His expression turned thoughtful as he quietly nodded. "I know, Dad. I should finish my homework first. I just got too excited about making this plane." Smiling warmly, I gently tapped his back. "It's good to feel passionate about something. How about we make a deal? Finish your math first, and I'll help you finish this plane after dinner." "Really? That would be awesome!" He quickly set aside the model, grabbed his pencil, and returned eagerly to his homework. As I watched him concentrate, I felt a profound sense of connection, realizing once again that teaching is most powerful when it begins with understanding and shared enthusiasm.

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completely absorbed in building a model airplane instead of finishing his homework

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