2027 EBS 수능특강 영어독해연습 - 원문 출처 정리 (5~6강)

English Finder 일괄검색 결과

[5강 - Exercise 1번]

본문 지문

The new millennium has brought discoveries about dolphin cognition, emotion, and consciousness, creating a bridge to what is known about dolphin behavior with an emphasis on communication. New data on dolphin intelligence allow us to obtain a broader picture of the inner lives of dolphins. We see that dolphins exhibit sophisticated characteristics previously attributed only to humans and possibly to other higher primates. We know that dolphins understand syntax, semantics, and word order, and are capable of mirror-self-recognition, comprehension of pointing gestures, and understanding reference to body parts. They can identify the same abstract object using vision or echolocation. There is evidence that dolphins have culture. For instance, killer whales have vocal dialects that are distinct to each family group and are passed down through generations; some bottlenose dolphins use sponges as tools when foraging along the sea floor.

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dolphins exhibit sophisticated characteristics previously attributed only to humans and possibly

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Dolphin Mysteries

Kathleen M. Dudzinski · 2008-10-14

... dolphins exhibit sophisticated characteristics previously attributed only to humans and possibly to other higher primates . We know that dolphins understand syntax , semantics , and word order and are capable of mirror - self ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[5강 - Exercise 2번]

본문 지문

Many people, including those in most governments, place their faith in new technologies as the solution to every present and indeed future ecological problem. And it is true that appropriate, clean, and affordable technology has an important role to play in resolving the ecocrisis; but it cannot bear the weight of cornucopian dreams. Technology is vanishingly unlikely to be able to compensate for uncontrolled expansion of either population or consumption. For example, it tends to become increasingly expensive and/or specialized, and technological 'solutions' notoriously tend to create new problems, which then seem to require more technological intervention, and so on. Still more fundamentally, such 'solutions' to ecological problems ignore the urgent need actually to reduce consumption (thereby, of course, spending less) and lock us into a collective mindset ― run by technoscience, financed by capital, and protected by state power ― which is a principal cause of the problems. Then more of that cause can only be perceived, with increasingly desperate denial, as the only solution.

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technologies as the solution to every present and indeed future ecological problem

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Ecological Ethics

Patrick Curry · 2006

... technologies as the solution to every present and indeed future ecological problem . And it is true that appropriate , clean and affordable technology has an important role to play in resolving the ecocrisis ; but it cannot bear the ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[5강 - Exercise 3번]

본문 지문

Many countries have had legislation to protect animals in place for decades, even for centuries. This legislation may regulate practices such as slaughter or experimentation, or may be more generally aimed at preventing cruelty. But whether this kind of legislation is adequate lies at the heart of a key debate between those who argue, in a legal context, for the promotion of animal welfare and those who argue for the promotion of animal rights. Those who argue for animal welfare seek increased legal protection for animals from human-inflicted pain and other kinds of suffering (for example, insufficient food and space). Animal rights advocates maintain that this welfare legislation does not go far enough. Welfare legislation accepts, they argue, that animals may be used by humans for food and as experimental subjects; it merely tries to curb the worst excesses of these practices. The problem, on the rights view, is more fundamental than this: animals are not the kinds of thing that humans should use in this way at all. The problem, therefore, is not one about treating animals inhumanely, but instead one about understanding them as human resources.

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argue for animal welfare seek increased legal protection for animals from human

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Animal Rights

Clare Palmer · 2017-05-15

... argue for animal welfare seek increased legal protection for animals from human- inflicted pain and other kinds of suffering (for example, insufficient food and space). Animal rights advocates maintain that this welfare legislation does ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[5강 - Exercise 4번]

본문 지문

In ancient Greece, education consistently occurred in the context of the personal relations among teachers and students. Most often, it involved a tutor who traveled to homes or other community locations where they worked with individuals or small groups of students. Additionally, collecting teachers and students into learning communities was another approach to creating a social learning context, such as Plato's Academy and its descendent organizations. It is important to note that a close relationship between student and teacher was consistently seen as essential: "advanced education involved a deep and absolutely personal bond between teacher and pupil, a bond in which ... emotion, if not passion, played a considerable part." Indeed, Plato, in the Dialogues, supported the active engagement of students in learning. Much of what was learned occurred through these interpersonal oral relationships rather than through written materials.

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collecting teachers and students into learning communities was another approach to creating

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The Evidence Liberal Arts Needs

Richard A. Detweiler · 2021-11-23

... collecting teachers and students into learning communities was another approach to creating a social learning context , such as Plato's Academy and its descendent organizations . It is important to note that a close relationship between ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[5강 - Exercise 5번]

본문 지문

The search for approval has its own challenges. In the formative period of childhood the child seeks the approval of its caretakers as a means of securing their love. This persists into adulthood where there is a general need for the approval of others, especially loved ones, or those who are admired or looked up to because they have particular qualities or skills. But this can turn into an unhealthy, excessive need for approval if the individual is uncertain about his or her own independence, rights, responsibilities and effectiveness (the ability to influence things). The constant searching for approval is based on the fear that the other's love will be withdrawn and that you will be left helpless and unloved. This, of course, is an extension of a childhood pattern whereby the individual feels that he or she never received enough (unconditional) approval or love from her or his parents. As a result they learn to feel unworthy and that they don't have the right to expect unconditional love and approval.

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childhood pattern whereby the individual feels that he or she never received

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Social and Personal Identity

Derek Layder · 2004-03-27

... childhood pattern whereby the individual feels that he or she never received enough (unconditional) approval or love from her or his parents. As a result they learn to feel unworthy and that they don't have the right to expect ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[5강 - Exercise 6번]

본문 지문

Motivation has an extensive history in academic research. Some of the earliest work on this topic was by Clark Hull, who observed that effort invested in accomplishing a goal increases as goal attainment becomes more likely. Although this conclusion was drawn by observing rats running a maze to achieve a food reward ― with speed increasing as distance to the food decreased ― it is nevertheless useful in seeking to explain goal pursuit in humans. Indeed, much of the modern work on motivation has built on this foundation to understand what promotes goal pursuit and achievement. For example, mirroring Hull's rats, consumers have been shown to accelerate coffee purchases as they approach the end of a '10th free' loyalty card. In the sports context, athletes are often observed to give 'one last push' as they complete a given event, and this is also often a feature both of others' efforts to motivate them despite their fatigue, and of their own self-talk. This method of motivation can also be seen when a person puts in extra effort as they reach the end of a given exercise routine. Given the centrality of motivation to success in most life domains, this topic has fascinated scholars in a range of disciplines in the social sciences, including economics and psychology.

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motivation has built on this foundation to understand what promotes goal pursuit

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The New Psychology of Sport and Exercise

S Alexander Haslam, Katrien Fransen, Filip Boen · 2020-08-17

... motivation has built on this foundation to understand what promotes goal pursuit and achievement. For example, mirroring Hull's rats, consumers have been shown to accelerate coffee purchases as they approach the end of a '10th free ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[5강 - Exercise 7번]

본문 지문

Every action starts in the mind. We may know about the reasoned thought process in most cases but there are instances where one may not be able to identify the thought process. If a person does something stupid or atrocious against his fundamental nature, he may say that he had lost his mind momentarily. When pressed, he may be unable to offer any other explanation for his actions. He may not be able to identify it but the actual cause might be a result of some kind of repressed emotion surfacing in impulsive behaviour. Impulsive behaviour is a result of emotive build-up and appears as sparks in our mind leading to instantaneous rational or irrational behaviour. The conscious mind may not be able to discern and identify the logic or the rationale behind many of our actions. Though mankind is endowed with rational thinking, irrational actions happen often. The outcome will largely depend upon mental maturity.

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appears as sparks in our mind leading to instantaneous rational or irrational

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Selfish Mind, Slavish Body

Laljee Verma · 2022-11-08

... appears as sparks in our mind leading to instantaneous rational or irrational behaviour. The conscious mind may not be able to discern and identify the logic or the rationale behind many of our actions. Though mankind is endowed with ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[5강 - Exercise 8번]

본문 지문

It is human nature for our brains to form thought patterns ― neural pathways or so-called rivers of thinking ― to get through our daily activities. To better understand this concept, developed by Edward de Bono, create a mental image of water running down a mountain. It may start as a series of slow drips or scattered streams, but the water eventually comes together and flows in the same direction, creating deep grooves or pathways over time ― even cutting through rock and creating gullies. These pathways are a good analogy to what happens with our thinking. We develop deep mental pathways that influence how we interpret information, what we see in the world around us, and how we respond. It's not all bad. These rivers of thinking help us extract order, make quick decisions, and create expertise. These patterns are why we can go through our morning routine without much thought or drive to work without directions. They help us survive and are essential to how we work and live.

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morning routine without much thought or drive to work without directions

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Embracing MESSY Leadership

Alyssa Gallagher, Rosie Connor · 2024-05-16

... morning routine without much thought or drive to work without directions. They help us survive and are essential to how we work and live. However, our rivers of thinking can also trap us with ingrained ways of think- ing, causing us to ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[5강 - Exercise 9번]

본문 지문

The emerging power shift, where smaller and edge players are gaining more visibility and voice, is particularly important to children and youth. If we look at children and youth through the lens of digital media, we have a population that has been historically subject to a higher degree of systematic and institutional control in the kinds of information and social communication to which they have access. This is one reason why the alchemy between youth and digital media has been distinctive; it disrupts the existing set of power relations between adult authority and young people. While many studies of children, youth, and media have for decades stressed the status of young people as competent and full social subjects, digital media increasingly insist that we acknowledge this viewpoint. Not only must we see youth as legitimate social and political actors, but we must also recognize them as potential innovators and drivers of new media change.

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systematic and institutional control in the kinds of information and social communication

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Youth, Identity, and Digital Media

David Buckingham · 2007-11-30

... systematic and institutional control in the kinds of information and social communication to which they have access . This is one reason why the alchemy between youth and digital media has been distinctive ; it disrupts the existing set ...

추가 확인 권장
검색 문구는 확인됐지만 주변 문맥 비교 근거가 충분하지 않습니다.

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[5강 - Exercise 10번]

본문 지문

In the forest, there are unwritten guidelines for tree etiquette. These guidelines lay down the proper appearance for upright members of ancient forests and acceptable forms of behavior. This is what a mature, well-behaved seasonal tree looks like. It has a ramrod-straight trunk with a regular, orderly arrangement of wood fibers. The roots stretch out evenly in all directions and reach down into the earth under the tree. In its youth, the tree had narrow branches extending sideways from its trunk. They died back a long time ago, and the tree sealed them off with fresh bark and new wood so that what you see now is a long, smooth column. Only when you get to the top do you see a symmetrical crown formed of strong branches angling upward like arms raised to heaven. An ideally formed tree such as this can grow very old. Similar rules hold for conifers, except that the topmost branches should be horizontal or bent slightly downward.

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symmetrical crown formed of strong branches angling upward like arms raised

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Tree-Dimensional Leadership

Arthur Hartzog Ph.D. · 2019-03-04

... symmetrical crown formed of strong branches angling upward like arms raised to heaven . An ideally formed tree such as this can grow to be very old . Photo by Author , Milliken Arboretum , Spartanburg , SC Trees age much like we do ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[5강 - Exercise 11번]

본문 지문

Heidegger thought of technology as a 'bringing-forth', something that produces something. Interestingly enough, the Latin combination of pro and ducere in the word production also refers to something that can be called 'bringing forth' (pro=forward and ducere=to lead). Technology, then, is deeply connected to the production of knowledge, and hence to epistemology. This is not only because the more administrative pedagogical technologies used in teaching and learning bring with them tools for efficiency in educational spheres. It is also connected to the critique of technology and its critical uses, that is, the deeper penetration of technological processes that help us be aware of the worlds (in the phenomenological sense) we inhabit, be it in the observation of new technologies of seeing or those of hearing.

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learning bring with them tools for efficiency in educational spheres

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Cultural Technologies

Göran Bolin · 2012-09-10

... learning bring with them tools for efficiency in educational spheres . It is also connected to the critique of tech- nology and its critical uses , that is , the deeper penetration of technological processes that help us be aware of the ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[5강 - Exercise 12번]

본문 지문

Fan editors often consult "specialist sources" to track down information about their media interest(s). These works are considered authoritative due to their reputation for accuracy and focused coverage, and after sufficient "enculturation," fan editors will often learn to seek out these sources whenever an information need arises. While fan editors usually seek information individually, they will sometimes collaborate with others who share their taste in media. This collaboration tends to emerge spontaneously, often in response to a lack of accessible information, and it usually occurs within established groups of editors. And regardless of whether information seeking is done individually or collaboratively, fan editors commonly face several key informational barriers. Paywalled sources, for instance, often block off content, and link rot can hinder an editor's ability to locate information. Language barriers can also hinder editors, leading some to use machine translation tools or to seek help from multilingual colleagues. Finally, the issue of "recentism" often makes it difficult for fan editors to find pre-digital sources.

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works are considered authoritative due to their reputation for accuracy and focused

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The Information Behavior of Wikipedia Fan Editors

Paul A. Thomas · 2024-07-30

... works are considered authoritative due to their reputation for accuracy and focused coverage, and after sufficient "enculturation," fan editors will often learn to seek out these sources when- ever an information need arises. While fan ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[6강 - Exercise 1번]

본문 지문

The inability of arms suppliers to control the uses to which their military hardware will be put is troubling. Friends can become enemies, and supplying weapons can backfire ― generating what the CIA calls blowback to describe what can happen when foreign activities such as covert shipments of arms are later used in retaliations against the supplier. The United States learned this painful lesson the hard way. The weapons it shipped to Iraq when Saddam Hussein was fighting Iran in the 1980s were later used against U.S. forces in the Persian Gulf War. This also happened when the Stinger missiles the United States supplied to Taliban forces resisting the Soviet Union's 1979 invasion in Afghanistan fell into the hands of terrorists later opposing the United States. Likewise, in 1982, Great Britain found itself shipping military equipment to Argentina just eight days before Argentina's attack on the British-controlled Falkland Islands; and in 1998, U.S. military technology sold to China was exported to Pakistan, making possible its nuclear weapons test.

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Stinger missiles the United States supplied to Taliban forces resisting the Soviet

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The Global Future

Charles W. Kegley, Gregory A. Raymond · 2005

... Stinger missiles the United States supplied to Taliban forces resisting the Soviet Union's 1979 invasion in Afghanistan fell into the hands of terrorists later opposing the United States . Likewise , in 1982 Great Britain found itself ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[6강 - Exercise 2번]

본문 지문

A wholesaler is an organisation or individual acting as the middle step between a producer and a retailer. It is reasonable to ask what the point might be of having a wholesaler in the distribution channel. Why would the manufacturer not simply pass the sporting goods straight on to the retailer? However, a wholesaler can be important in helping other channel members. First, they usually buy goods in bulk from the manufacturer and then store them. When the retailer is ready to order some goods, the wholesaler transports the sporting goods to them. A wholesaler can also stock a large range of goods from a variety of different manufacturers. As a result, instead of having to contact all of these producers, the retailer only has to talk to the one wholesaler to gain access to a range of different sporting goods.

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stock a large range of goods from a variety of different manufacturers

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Introduction to Sport Marketing

Aaron Smith · 2012-06-14

... stock a large range of goods from a variety of different manufacturers . As a result , instead of having to contact all of these producers , the retailer only has to talk to the one wholesaler to gain access to a range of different ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[6강 - Exercise 3번]

본문 지문

Connecting ideas logically is the basis for reality testing, because a child around thirty to forty months old connects experiences inside herself with those outside and categorizes which are which (fantasy versus reality). Her ongoing emotional interactions support this ability to form a category of reality because they continuously put a "me" in contact (through the interactions) with a "not me or you." This ongoing contact with someone who is "not me" provides constant contact with an external reality outside oneself. The emotional investment in relationships enables the child to recognize the difference between her fantasies and the actual behavior of others. While "reality testing" might appear to be a purely cognitive capacity, it requires an ability to organize an emotional sense of self that is distinct from one's sense of others. Such "reality testing" is a critical foundation for logical thinking. Without it, facts are often used to support irrational beliefs.

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child around thirty to forty months old connects experiences inside herself with

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[6강 - Exercise 4번]

본문 지문

Procedures have recently been developed that separate imitation from other forms of social influence and social learning, and the results of initial studies indicate that species from chimpanzees to quail can imitate. Such findings should not be surprising because social learning, whether by imitation or some other process, often provides greater benefits than genetically predisposed behavior or trial-and-error learning. However, the processes involved that enable animals to match their behavior to that of a demonstrator are poorly understood. Imitation may involve some form of coordination of visual and touch-based sensory modalities, perspective taking, or response facilitation. However, the role of such processes in opaque imitation is still unknown. A reasonable strategy to better understand the mechanisms involved in imitation would be to determine the necessary and sufficient conditions for opaque imitation to occur and to explore the range of behaviors that animals can imitate. Finally, the ability to learn from others may not only be adaptive in making more efficient the acquisition of behavior important for survival and reproduction but it may also free the animal from trial-and-error learning to engage in innovative variants that may be adopted by others.

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recently been developed that separate imitation from other forms of social influence

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Animal Creativity and Innovation

저자 정보 없음 · 2015-10-29

... recently been developed that separate imitation from other forms of social influence and social learning, and the results of initial studies indicate that species from chimpanzees to quail can imitate. Such findings should not be ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[6강 - Exercise 5번]

본문 지문

In the sports industry, feelings of delight do not stay permanently with a customer; they will not continue to feel the physical intensity of delight (such as excitement or exhilaration) indefinitely, although they are likely to remember the experience. If, for example, fitness centre customers remember being delighted the last time they used a service, their expectations may be raised well above normal. This may be termed assimilated delight, because the customer has incorporated the things that delighted them into their expectations of what is normal. The customer may even tell others about the features of the service, and as a result others may also come to expect a high level of performance as normal. Worse, competing organisations may hear about what is being offered and duplicate it themselves, which of course will mean that there is nothing unique about the original service. As a result, sport organisations must carefully consider whether the cost of providing a delighting feature is worth it.

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organisations must carefully consider whether the cost of providing a delighting feature

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Introduction to Sport Marketing

Aaron C.T. Smith, Constantino Stavros, James Skinner, Andrea N. Geurin, Lauren M. Burch · 2024-03-29

... organisations must carefully consider whether the cost of providing a delighting feature is worth it. Re-enacted. Delight. Re-enacted delight occurs when a customer savours the memory of being delighted. A good example is a French ...

추가 확인 권장
검색 문구는 확인됐지만 주변 문맥 비교 근거가 충분하지 않습니다.

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[6강 - Exercise 6번]

본문 지문

We can tell whether a definition is too broad or too narrow by looking for counterexamples. A counterexample is a particular instance that proves a definition wrong. If a definition is too narrow, a counterexample is something that belongs in the concept but is excluded by the definition. Atheists are counterexamples to the definition of humans as religious animals. However, if a definition is too broad, a counterexample is something that does not belong in the concept but is included in the definition. Birds are counterexamples to the definition of humans as two-legged animals. Let's look at a few other cases. "A college is a degree-granting educational institution." A counterexample would be a law school. Law schools are degree-granting educational institutions, but they are not colleges. So this definition includes too much; it's too broad. "A cigarette is a sheaf of chopped tobacco rolled in white paper." What about the brands that are rolled in brown paper? They are counterexamples proving that the definition does not include enough; it's too narrow.

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cigarette is a sheaf of chopped tobacco rolled in white paper

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Google Books 후보가 없습니다.

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[6강 - Exercise 7번]

본문 지문

While insects are usually depicted as displaying genetically fixed, stereotyped behaviors, recent research has shown that they can have quite elaborate conducts, indicating a high degree of learning capacity and flexibility, displaying attentional capacities, navigational skills, and a good spatial memory. For instance, some species of wasps hide their nests in several places which they keep hidden and visit regularly to provide them with food. They apparently remember the quality of the supplies provided to each nest and the time when these were delivered in order to visit them again timely. This kind of memory (remembering the three wh's: what, where, and when something happened) was traditionally considered to be exclusive to higher vertebrates and is supposed to be a fundamental precursor of planning abilities and for the development of a complex representation of the world. In humans, this capacity has been termed episodic memory, but it critically differs from its nonhuman counterparts in being a form of explicit memory; that is, it can be verbally communicated to others (like when you tell your friend what happened last night at someone else's party).

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vertebrates and is supposed to be a fundamental precursor of planning abilities

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Google Books 후보가 없습니다.

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[6강 - Exercise 8번]

본문 지문

With people living longer and the average age increasing markedly, the ramifications for sport are substantial. Fewer people are likely to engage in the most popular traditional and, incidentally, most athletic sports, such as soccer, other forms of football, and basketball. These sports will need to market their products differently in order to satisfy the requirements of the older spectator or supporter. This may mean far more comfortable sport areas with greater and better access to car parks, bars, and restaurants. It may mean showing top sports during the day or much earlier in the evening, with far less television coverage on Fridays and Saturdays when older viewers prefer to visit friends, go to restaurants or spend time at the local pub or club. The 'ageing viewer' syndrome, for such it may well be, will probably herald a realisation that new sponsors will be required for sport. Colas and sport shoes may be fine for the under-35s, but the older generation may prefer a good red wine and comfortable slippers. It will be the sporting organisations and sponsors who can create the idea of youth combined with the comfort of older age which will be most successful in the next half century.

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television coverage on Fridays and Saturdays when older viewers prefer to visit

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Sport Business in the Global Marketplace

H. Westerbeek, A. Smith · 2002-10-03

... television coverage on Fridays and Saturdays when older viewers prefer to visit friends, go to restaurants or have a beer at the local pub or club. The `ageing viewer' syndrome, for such it may well be, will probably herald a ...

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검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[6강 - Exercise 9번]

본문 지문

How often do you eat three-fourths of a sandwich or cookie? Typically, we completely consume items of defined quantity and have experience with these particular quantities. We can assume that, in early exposures to a sandwich, for example, consumption of one sandwich was followed by comfortable satiety and an adequate level of energy. We also tend to consume entire portions, often completely unaware of how energy dense or dilute they are. For example, many of us consume a "bowlful" of cereal in the morning, regardless of the type of cereal (high or low in calories or other nutrients). Indeed, the popular individual serving bowls of cereals from one commercial source vary between 70 and 130 kcal, and the fat content of the milk you probably add will make even larger differences. We learn, in early experiences with particular foods, what quantities yield satiety. However, we can easily be "tricked," especially when eating at restaurants, because portion sizes are often larger and more fat and calorie dense than we expect.

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completely consume items of defined quantity and have experience with these particular

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Psychology of Eating

Emily Crews Splane, Neil E. Rowland, Anaya Mitra · 2024-11-01

... completely consume items of defined quantity and have experience with these particular quantities . We can assume that , in early exposures to a sandwich , for example , consumption of one sandwich was followed by comfortable satiety ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[6강 - Exercise 10번]

본문 지문

Across different performance domains, successful performance is not just dependent on proficient movement control and the successful execution of skills; often effective decision-making is also a core requirement. In this context, decision-making can generally be viewed as the process of committing to a particular course of action (choosing one option over another) and relates to the choices that are made when a number of options are available to the performer for selection. In all cases, the decisions that are made are influenced by past experiences and the knowledge base the individual performer has of the specific situation. These past experiences can help or hinder decision-making but, generally speaking, will bias the decision-maker either for or against a certain course of action depending on whether that course of action was successful in the past. Another important aspect of making decisions in performance settings is that there is often more than one right decision, and the 'right' decision will often differ from individual to individual depending upon their skill level and expertise. Also, the timescale within which a decision is made also varies, as does the underpinning explanation of process which differs depending on whether the decision is time-constrained or not.

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underpinning explanation of process which differs depending on whether the decision

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The Psychology of Performance

Stewart T. Cotterill · 2018-03-15

... underpinning explanation of process which differs depending on whether the decision is time constrained or not. This chapter will explore the decision-making process, and con- sider how the nature of the context impacts upon the ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[6강 - Exercise 11번]

본문 지문

Emerging findings suggest that minorities arguing their point of view electronically can be influential in ways that improve group performance, as long as they claim in-group affiliation and maintain their views consistently. Several fascinating studies have also demonstrated a persuasive and performance advantage for remote or geographically removed minorities. In these cases, groups with a minority advocate who is geographically remote seemed to perform better because the minority was able to play devil's advocate, effectively inducing the majority to think about alternatives. Perhaps being removed from the anxiety and discomfort of face-to-face disagreements makes it easier for the minority to assert an atypical view without fear of reprisal, and makes it easier for majorities to accept minority input without worrying about the identity consequences of publicly accepting it. Thus, increased opportunity for minority points of view to improve group decisions should be counted among the benefits of electronic or technology-mediated communication.

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accept minority input without worrying about the identity consequences of publicly accepting

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Social Psychology

Eliot R. Smith, Diane M. Mackie, Heather M. Claypool · 2014-12-03

... accept minority input without worrying about the identity consequences of publicly accepting it. Thus increased opportunity for minority points of view to improve group decisions should be counted among the benefits of electronic or ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[6강 - Exercise 12번]

본문 지문

Consider the concept of a "chair." According to essentialism, a chair has specific properties necessary to be recognized and identified as a chair. These properties may include having a seat, backrest, and legs, which allow for sitting. In other words, these essential characteristics define the essence of a chair. Under the essentialist viewpoint, it would not be considered a chair if an object lacks any defining properties. For instance, if we have an object with a seat and backrest but without legs, it would not fit the essentialist definition of a chair. The presence of legs is considered essential for an object to be classified as a chair. Non-essentialism, on the other hand, would challenge the notion that a chair requires specific essential properties. Instead, it might argue that any object can be considered a chair if it fulfills a functional purpose, such as providing a platform for sitting. According to non-essentialism, an object's essence or specific properties are not necessary for its identification or classification.

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challenge the notion that a chair requires specific essential properties

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