2027 EBS 수능특강 영어독해연습 - 원문 출처 정리 (1~2강)

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[1강 - Exercise 1번]

본문 지문

Research on the universality of facial expressions suggests that the socialization of affect involves interactions between situational variables and a finite repertoire of human emotions whose meanings are at least roughly synonymous among all members of the species. At the same time, Izard's formulation of "affective-cognitive structures" shows that emotions are in reality not separable from the particular circumstances that are associated with them. The fact that it is possible to construct a list of "basic," universally recognizable emotions derives not only from a species-specific repertoire of facial expressions, but perhaps more fundamentally from a larger set of human expressive behaviors, including laughter and crying as well as bodily movements and postures. These behaviors, for which a universal capacity exists, are also, without exception, carried out in particular circumstances. As elements in the human communicative function, they create the necessity of response from the environment while also being shaped by it. To use Lewis's terms, the contextual reality of emotional expression transforms "state" into "experience.

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involves interactions between situational variables and a finite repertoire of human emotions

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The Socialization of Emotions

Michael Lewis, Carolyn Saari · 2012-12-06

... involves interactions between situational variables and a finite repertoire of human emotions whose meanings are at least roughly synonymous among all members of the species . At the same time , Izard's formulation ( 1978 ) of ...

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[1강 - Exercise 2번]

본문 지문

Changes are often useful — people want to see new emails, better search results, and new news stories — but they can disrupt the user's ability to re-find information. As an example, dynamic menus were developed to help people access menu items faster by bubbling common items to the top of the menu. Rather than decreasing access time, research revealed dynamic menus actually slow their users down because commonly sought items no longer appear where expected. As another example, some researchers tried to help people search better by giving them lists of relevant sentences that were dynamically reranked based on implicit feedback gathered during the search process. To the researchers' surprise, people did not enjoy the search experience as much or perform as well as they did when the sentence list was static. Similarly, a large-scale analysis of query logs revealed that when people repeat queries they are significantly less likely to click on a result they've clicked before if the result's rank has changed, and significantly slower to click when they do.

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revealed dynamic menus actually slow their users down because commonly sought items

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Personal Information Management

William P. Jones, Jaime Teevan · 2011-07-01

... revealed dynamic menus actually slow their users down because commonly sought items no longer appear where expected ( Mitchell & Shneiderman 1989 ) . As another example , White , Ruthven , and Jose ( 2002 ) tried to help people search ...

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검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[1강 - Exercise 3번]

본문 지문

Verbal metaphors help make our language more colorful and expressive. They influence how we think about something, but they do not change the thing itself. Interface metaphors play a more fundamental role in how we experience and interact with the technological world, affecting function as well as feeling. The metaphor that is chosen for an interface shapes how it can be used. When we put computer "files" into "folders," these metaphoric constructs help us think about the way information is organized in our machine, but they also constrain what we can do with it. Interface metaphors also influence the feel of the experience, the emotional and aesthetic response we have to our interactions with and via the machine. The desktop metaphor calls to mind office work — secretaries, bosses, quarterly plans, and cubicles. It was developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s, when office work was seen as the primary use for personal computers. The desktop image certainly is appropriate for that setting. However, it is less appropriate when we use the computer as an entertainment center or as the locus of our social life. Interface metaphors need to fit both the feel and function of the application.

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fundamental role in how we experience and interact with the technological world

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The Social Machine

Judith Donath · 2014-05-23

... fundamental role in how we experience and interact with the technological world , affecting function as well as feeling . The metaphor that is chosen for an interface shapes how it can be used . When we put computer " files " into ...

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검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[1강 - Exercise 4번]

본문 지문

Many news media studies use experimental designs to see whether citizens' opinions are influenced by different news content. For example, in one study, researchers created newspaper stories to frame the death penalty in different ways. One story constructed the death penalty as an affront to moral values (the morality frame), whereas another story emphasized that the policy was fundamentally flawed because innocent people might be executed (the innocence frame). Some subjects read the story with the morality frame, and others read the one with the innocence frame. Subjects then completed a questionnaire that asked them to list the important factors they considered when determining their opinion on the death penalty. It was found that subjects exposed to the innocence frame were more likely to mention innocence-related considerations as important factors in determining their attitudes toward the death penalty than subjects presented with the morality frame. Thus, the news frames shaped the ingredients of the subjects' death penalty attitudes.

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another story emphasized that the policy was fundamentally flawed because innocent people

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Public Opinion

Rosalee A. Clawson, Zoe M. Oxley · 2020-07-21

... another story emphasized that the policy was fundamentally flawed because innocent people might be executed (the innocence frame). 17 Some subjects read the story with the morality frame, and others read the one with the innocence frame ...

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검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[1강 - Exercise 5번]

본문 지문

The knowledge problem is most evident when we discuss our ability to predict that which has not yet been observed. Most people would say that they "know" the Sun will rise tomorrow. However, can we call this a certainty? It seems very likely, but it has also been predicted that the time will come when the Sun runs out of fuel, swells massively, and consumes the Earth. We don't know if this prediction is true, but it is consistent with our best understanding and we cannot rule it out. It is also possible that the Earth will explode due to some internal process with its molten core, which we had not anticipated. A massive comet that our telescopes have not observed may crash into the Earth and destroy the planet. These examples seem a bit extreme, but consider the 230,000 people who died in the tsunami in Sumatra in 2004, which resulted from an undersea megathrust earthquake that had not been anticipated. The most reasonable prediction on that day was that it would be an average day, like so many days before it, not that a massive wave was going to destroy many thousands of lives; tragically, such was the case.

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resulted from an undersea megathrust earthquake that had not been anticipated

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What Science Is and How It Really Works

James C. Zimring · 2019-07-18

... resulted from an undersea megathrust earthquake that had not been anticipated . The most reasonable prediction on that day was that it would be an average day , like so many days before it , not that a massive wave was going to destroy ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[1강 - Exercise 6번]

본문 지문

Accepting or being at peace with things isn't easy. It takes time, patience and a fair dose of courage. True acceptance isn't about trying to make something go away, as in, 'If I accept this then it will go away'. That's a good way to get dispirited when the problem, the thing, doesn't go away. Using acceptance to make something go away is actually non-acceptance masquerading as acceptance in order to get rid of that towards which you have a negative attitude. Rather than getting dispirited we would be better to notice what happens when we fight with a situation or experience. It escalates! We could then wonder what would happen if we stopped fighting with it. Through true acceptance, the impact of such experiences starts to diminish and in their own time these experiences impact us less often. It's as if we've been visited by a stray dog that keeps coming back because we keep feeding it, but soon it loses interest and goes away when it is not being fed. Attention is the food that keeps it coming back.

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notice what happens when we fight with a situation or experience

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Mindful Learning

Dr Craig Hassed, Dr Richard Chambers · 2014-01-10

... notice what happens when we fight with a situation or experience . It escalates ! We could then wonder what would happen if we stopped fighting with it . Through true acceptance , the impact of such experiences starts to diminish and in ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[1강 - Exercise 7번]

본문 지문

There are two classic problems that give us mathematically proper ways to evaluate coincidences. One is a counterintuitive poser: the birthday problem, which tells us that in any group of twenty-three people the odds are better than even that two people in the group will have the same birthday. The other is the monkey problem, which asks: if given a large enough amount of time, could a monkey, randomly hitting the keys of a computer keyboard, write the first line of a Shakespeare sonnet? These two problems, along with the law of large numbers, the theory of hidden variables, and the law of truly large numbers, give us a reasonable understanding of why coincidences happen far more frequently than we expect. This last law, the law of truly large numbers, is a philosophical adage. In a nutshell, it tells us that if there is any likelihood that something could happen, no matter how small, it's bound to happen at some time. It's not a theorem that can be proven. After all, I used the phrase "bound to happen," which is as ambiguous as any phrase can be. But it gives a sense of just how common coincidences are.

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three people the odds are better than even that two people

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Fluke

Joseph Mazur · 2016-03-29

... three people the odds are better than even that two people in the group will have the same birthday . The other is the monkey problem , which asks : if given a large enough amount of time , could a monkey , randomly hitting the keys of ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[1강 - Exercise 8번]

본문 지문

The phrase "image scanning" refers to the cognitive processes that operate on visual mental images when a person moves his or her attention across imagined objects. The first image scanning paradigm was designed to investigate the spatial properties of images. In the original experiment, participants memorized drawings of elongated objects (such as a tower). They were then asked to visualize one of the objects and to focus at one of its ends (for example, the bottom of the tower). Lastly, participants heard the name of a feature on the object (e.g., a flag), and they had to look for it. Participants were not instructed to scan their image, but were simply told to focus on the original location until the probe was delivered, and then to focus on the named part or feature. They pressed one button when they had focused on the named part, and another button if they failed to find it. The critical finding was that response times increased linearly with increasing distances from the focus point to the named part of the object. This finding was taken as evidence that distance, as traversed by image scanning, is genuinely represented in visual mental images.

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image scanning paradigm was designed to investigate the spatial properties of images

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Imagery and Spatial Cognition

Tomaso Vecchi, Gabriella Bottini · 2006-08-22

... image scanning paradigm was designed to investigate the spatial properties of images (Kosslyn 1973). In the original experiment, participants memorized drawings of elongated objects (such as a tower). They were then asked to visualize ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[1강 - Exercise 9번]

본문 지문

Social media's transformation into an e-commerce platform is a significant milestone that enabled it to become a platform for organizations. Social media was initially and mainly used for communication with friends and family. But with the popularity of some platforms, social media has turned into a vital tool for businesses seeking to sell their products online. Social media is now used by businesses to promote their products and offerings as well as provide a direct shopping option for buyers. Influencer marketing is another way that social media has evolved into a platform for businesses. Influencers are those users who have a sizable social media following and are recognized as authorities or thought leaders in their specialized field. Influencer marketing allows businesses to reach the users' followers, who are more likely to trust suggestions from people they follow on social media.

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sizable social media following and are recognized as authorities or thought leaders

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Social Media in Sport

Gashaw Abeza, Jimmy Sanderson · 2023-12-05

... sizable social media following and are recognized as authorities or thought leaders in their specialized field. Influencer marketing allows businesses to reach the users' followers, who are more likely to trust suggestions from people ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[1강 - Exercise 10번]

본문 지문

One way we stop listening is when we start preparing a response to what the other person has just said, often immediately after they have started speaking. For example, imagine you are in a meeting with your manager, who tells you that a reorganization is coming soon, and you and your team are going to be moved under a lower-level manager. As soon as you hear that news, you stop listening, and your mind goes into high gear. You start thinking of ways to convince your manager not to let that happen. You think of how much you don't like the manager you are about to be moved under, and you prepare to tell your manager that you are incompatible with the new person. You fear your career is starting a downward spiral. Meanwhile, your manager has continued talking, laying out the rationale for the decision, and explaining why this is a good move for both you and your team. Unfortunately, you stopped listening, so you missed everything beyond "you are going to be moved to ..." When you prepare your response as the other person is talking, you are missing out on hearing what the other person is sharing with you.

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you and your team are going to be moved under a lower

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The Boldly Inclusive Leader

Minette Norman · 2023-08-08

... you and your team are going to be moved under a lower-level manager. As soon as you hear that news, you stop listening, and your mind goes into high gear. You start thinking of ways to convince your manager not to let that happen. You ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[1강 - Exercise 11번]

본문 지문

Many marketers believe that buying should be regarded as a process whereby buyers attempt to reduce the risk of a purchase decision rather than maximising their gain. When a person is faced with competing brands in a new product field, they feel risk — for example, uncertainty about whether the brand will work, whether they will be wasting money, whether their peer group will disagree with their choice, or whether they will feel comfortable with the purchase, etc. Successful brand marketing should therefore be concerned with understanding buyers' perceptions of risk, followed by developing and presenting the brand in such a way that buyers feel minimal risk. An example of an industry appreciating perceived risk is the pharmaceutical industry. A company marketing a new drug suitable for children needs to consider the parent's concerns about risk. One company launching such a product worked with a series of pain specialists in pediatric hospitals, providing clinical data and product trials, so that specialist endorsement of the brand would reassure parents and help to minimise their perception of risk.

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Successful brand marketing should therefore be concerned with understanding buyers

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Creating Powerful Brands in Consumer, Service and Industrial Markets

Leslie De Chernatony, Malcolm McDonald · 2003

... Successful brand marketing should therefore be concerned with understanding buyers' perceptions of risk, followed by developing and presenting the brand in such a way that buyers feel minimal risk. An example of an industry appreciating ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[1강 - Exercise 12번]

본문 지문

For the longest time, it was debated how bees computed the distance to their nectar, but we have now figured it out. The bee is actually approximating distance by measuring the amount of visual stimuli it receives on the trip. Imagine this setup. You take a paper towel tube, split it open, and paint a bunch of tiny trees all along the inside. Then you tape it back up and put the tube at the door of the hive so that the bees must fly through it to exit. Bug scientists discovered that while the bee only flies ten inches through the tube, from its point of view, it just flew through an entire forest. If the scientists put a nectar source right at the end of the tube, the bee would fly ten inches to it, but go back and report that there is nectar a whole forest away. This was confirmed by removing the tube, then putting tiny little RFIDs on the backs of the bees that saw the dance of the tricked bee and went on to overshoot the location by a mile. So the bee is really just a simple little robot driven by cunning algorithms.

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go back and report that there is nectar a whole forest away

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We Are Agora

Byron Reese · 2023-12-12

... go back and report that there is nectar a whole forest away . This was confirmed by removing the tube , then putting tiny little RFIDs on the backs of the bees that saw the dance of the tricked bee and went on to overshoot the location ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[2강 - Exercise 1번]

본문 지문

To illustrate the benefits of simplifying the observer's job, consider psychologist William Ickes's research on "everyday mind reading." One way he studies such mind reading is by having two strangers interact. He tapes the interaction and then has each participant view the tape. Participants are to stop the tape at different points and say what they are thinking. Then, participants see the tape again and are to stop it at different points and write down what their interaction partner was thinking at that point. Observers rate the degree to which the participant's guess about what the partner was thinking matches what the partner was actually thinking. Ickes could have had observers make their judgments on a 0 (not at all) to 100 (completely) scale. However, he had observers use a 3-point scale with "0" being "essentially different content," "1" being "similar, but not the same, content," and "2" being "essentially the same content." By using fewer categories, raters found the job of rating easier and were able to make reliable ratings.

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way he studies such mind reading is by having two strangers interact

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Research Design Explained

Mark L. Mitchell, Janina M. Jolley · 2007

... way he studies such mind reading is by having two strangers interact . He tapes the interaction and then has each participant view the tape . Participants are to stop the tape at different points and say what they are thinking . Then ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[2강 - Exercise 2번]

본문 지문

Instinct is the most difficult of the motivation words to define. At the everyday level it is used often. For example, a sports commentator might say, 'He made that pass instinctively.' This means that the pass was made easily, automatically, with great skill and with a seemingly intuitive knowledge of the state of the game. However, at a technical level the word refers to behaviours that are built in, always appear in a similar form, and are specific to a species. So, a spider builds a web instinctively and a bird's mating display might be instinctive. It is unlikely, though, that there is any equivalent instinctive behaviour in human beings. Some people might argue that a mother's reaction to her newly born child is instinctive, but certainly not all mothers react in the same way and even when they do, they express it in myriad forms. In general, instinct has been found to be a not very useful construct in giving accounts of the 'why' of behaviour.

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great skill and with a seemingly intuitive knowledge of the state

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Applying Psychology to Everyday Life

Kenneth T. Strongman · 2007-12-10

... great skill and with a seemingly intuitive knowledge of the state of the game . However , at a technical level the word refers to behaviours that are built in , always appear in a similar form and are specific to a species . So , a ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[2강 - Exercise 3번]

본문 지문

An indication of the power of TV to "capture" people's memory is provided by the results of a study by James Ost and coworkers, who approached people in an English shopping center and asked if they would be willing to participate in a study examining how well people can remember tragic events. The target event involved Princess Diana and her companion Dodi Fayed, whose deaths in a car crash in Paris on August 31, 1997, were widely covered on British television. Participants were asked to respond to the following statement: "Have you seen the paparazzi's video-recording of the car crash in which Diana, Princess of Wales, and Dodi Fayed lost their lives?" Of the 45 people who responded to this question, 20 said they had seen the film. This was, however, impossible, because no such film exists. The car crash was reported on TV, but not actually shown. The extensive media coverage of this event apparently caused some people to remember something ― seeing the film ― that didn't actually occur.

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extensive media coverage of this event apparently caused some people to remember

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[2강 - Exercise 4번]

본문 지문

Our political decisions are determined by how the options are framed, and this mechanism can make a mockery of the feeling that our democratic choices proceed by ordering our desires or preferences. Political conversation evokes a range of loosely connected attitudes. In three successive years, researchers from the General Social Survey asked whether we were spending "too much, too little, or about the right amount" on a variety of government programs. In each year, 20 to 25 percent of the respondents said that too little was being spent on "welfare," but 63 to 65 percent said that too little was being spent on "assistance to the poor." Once again, if our democratic choices were based on the ranking of preferences, our decisions wouldn't be affected differently by the terms "welfare" and "assistance to the poor." But these two concepts could certainly tap into different aspects of our attitudes toward this assistance. And we may resist these findings because they conflict with a story we hold dear about free will and choice — in this case, democratic choice.

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resist these findings because they conflict with a story we hold dear

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Why Empathy Matters

J. D. Trout · 2010-01-26

... toward this assistance . And we may resist these findings because they conflict with a story we hold dear about free will and choice — in this case , democratic choice . ,, 42 So it would appear that what we know from science.

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[2강 - Exercise 5번]

본문 지문

Computing the sum or average of several positive and negative values indeed lies within the normal repertoire of what elementary circuits of neurons can do without consciousness. Even a monkey can learn to make a decision based on the total value brought about by a series of arbitrary shapes, and the firing of parietal neurons keeps track of the sum. In my laboratory, we proved that approximate addition is within grasp of the human unconscious. In one experiment, we flashed a series of five arrows and asked subjects whether more arrows were pointing right or pointing left. When the arrows were made invisible by masking, participants were asked to guess, and indeed they thought that they were responding randomly, but in reality they continued to do much better than chance would predict. Signals from their parietal cortex gave evidence that their brain was unconsciously computing the approximate sum of the overall evidence. The arrows were subjectively invisible, but they still made their way into the brain's weighting and decision systems.

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negative values indeed lies within the normal repertoire of what elementary circuits

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Consciousness and the Brain

Stanislas Dehaene · 2014-01-30

... negative values indeed lies within the normal repertoire of what elementary circuits of neurons can do without consciousness . Even a monkey can learn to make a decision based on the total value brought about by a series of arbitrary ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[2강 - Exercise 6번]

본문 지문

It has often been noted that men of genius have bad memories, and that persons having extraordinary memories, like Cardinal Mezzofanti, have little else. The truth is that there are two quite distinct kinds of memory: the memory for external facts and words, apart from their significance; and the memory for spiritual facts and principles. The man of genius, who may have no special reason for cultivating the lower kind of memory, may even find it rather a hindrance than a help. His prayer is, "Let not my heart forget the things my eyes have seen." So long as his heart retains the significance of the facts he has seen and the words he has heard, he is willing to let the words and the facts go, as a man casts away the shells after he has eaten the oysters. The "well-informed" person commonly differs from the man of genius in this: that he carries about with him all the shells of all the oysters he has ever eaten, and that his soul has grown thin under the burden.

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truth is that there are two quite distinct kinds of memory

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Principle in Art, Religio Poetæ and Other Essays

Coventry Patmore · 1913

... truth is that there are two quite distinct kinds of memory : the memory for external facts and words , apart from their significance ; and the memory for spiritual facts and principles . The man of genius , who may have no special ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[2강 - Exercise 7번]

본문 지문

The scientific process is invariably non-linear and can be long and drawn out, with hypotheses sitting on the shelf until the time has come to dust them down, if that ever finally arrives. Sometimes you sit waiting for the tide to come in, but it never actually does. For every new theory and paper, there are many that fell by the wayside for lack of time, funding or data. Like the music industry, the hits are few and far between and don't always come when or from where you expect. It's important not to be discouraged by this: the fact that not every idea comes to fruition isn't a good reason to have fewer of them. Scientific breakthroughs ultimately depend on people working away without the immediate reward of achieving anything tangible: trying things that don't work (but might still be useful) and devising bits of a solution that won't be relevant until some undefined point in the future. Such patience is the bedrock on which progress is eventually achieved — stitched together from all those loose bits of fabric that could so easily have been discarded.

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patience is the bedrock on which progress is eventually achieved

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Breakthrough

Camilla Pang · 2024-04-25

... in the future . Such patience is the bedrock on which progress is eventually achieved - stitched together from all those loose bits of fabric that could so easily have been discarded . Next to patience comes the need for ignorance , or.

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[2강 - Exercise 8번]

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Contingency implies selection and uncertainty. It means that there are a number of possible options to choose from, and our decisions could always be different. However, algorithms by definition do not know uncertainty; they do not choose between possibilities, nor are they creative, being designed to follow the instructions that program their behavior. In this sense, algorithms are not contingent — which is why they can operate so efficiently and reliably. Just like traditional machines, we expect algorithms to be neither unpredictable nor idiosyncratic, even when they deliver information. Different watches should all indicate the same time to all users, if they work properly. As von Foerster observed, if the outcome of a traditional machine becomes unpredictable, we do not think that it is creative or original — we think that it is broken. We do not care about the moods nor the perspectives of machines, only about their results. We repair them precisely to restore their predictability.

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which is why they can operate so efficiently and reliably

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Artificial Communication

Elena Esposito · 2022-05-24

... which is why they can operate so efficiently and reliably . Just like traditional machines , we expect algorithms to be neither unpredictable nor idiosyncratic , even when they deliver information . Different watches should all indicate ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[2강 - Exercise 9번]

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Pleasure as conscious enjoyment of our sensory endowment, enhanced by the capacity both to anticipate and to remember it, heightens enjoyment in the moment of listening to music, eating good food, dancing, swimming, sunbathing, and so variously on. Enjoyment 'in the moment' is the greater for not being subjected to intellectual analysis as it occurs; obviously, we do better to leave it to unfold as purely itself. But it is equally obvious that reflection on the nature and sources of pleasure is not irrelevant to their best enjoyment. The pleasure of a half-hour listening to music is the greater because the music was chosen, the quality of sound reproduction is good, anticipation and expectation were engaged, and one prepared oneself to listen. Think of the informative contrast here, how pain or discomfort is exacerbated by fearful anticipation; the tense dental patient who has been dreading the drill for days has a worse time than a relaxed patient. The key to seeing pleasure as a good is to see how it fits into an overall conception of the life worth living; this is how the ill consequences of certain types of pleasures-of-the-moment discount them as options.

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greater for not being subjected to intellectual analysis as it occurs

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Philosophy and Life

A. C. Grayling · 2023-04-06

... greater for not being subjected to intellectual analysis as it occurs; obviously, we do better to leave it to unfold as purely itself. But it is equally obvious that reflection on the nature and sources of pleasure is not irrelevant to ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[2강 - Exercise 10번]

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The sciences do make extensive use of idealizations. The ideal gas law describes the relationship of pressure, volume, and temperature of gases under conditions that never perfectly obtain. In particular, it makes simplifying assumptions about the molecules making up gases — for example, that they do not attract or repel one another and do not themselves take up volume. The molecules of real gases are not like this, but their behavior is nonetheless close enough to ideal ones that the gas law is useful. Indeed, there are philosophers of science who argue that this is the best way to think about scientific theories in general; they are best regarded as models that are precisely accurate only under conditions that are never entirely realized. Even on such views, however, the theories are still meant to be descriptive. They are to be used to make predictions and offer explanations about the behavior of gases or whatever phenomena are at issue in real situations. There are, accordingly, constraints as to how idealized they can be. They cannot be so far removed from real world systems as to be worthless in describing actual phenomena with acceptable degrees of accuracy.

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systems as to be worthless in describing actual phenomena with acceptable degrees

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The Geography of Insight

Richard Foley · 2018-04-04

... systems as to be worthless in describing actual phenomena with acceptable degrees of accuracy . The humanities also have descriptive aims . An account of the Battle of Waterloo seeks to depict elements of the battle - the sizes of the ...

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검색 문구는 확인됐지만 주변 문맥 비교 근거가 충분하지 않습니다.

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[2강 - Exercise 11번]

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What is true is that regret happens when we view a large-world problem like a small-world problem. In a small world, where all choices, consequences, and probabilities are known, we can be certain about how much we would have won if only we had picked a different horse in a race or chosen different numbers in the lottery. However, in a large world, where not all choices, consequences, and probabilities are known, we can never truly compare the choices we made with those we didn't make. We can never know what would have happened if we had taken another job, or married another person, or moved to another city because those scenarios don't play out without us. So, when we conjure up regrets about what might have been, we are comparing what we know to what we don't know. What's worse is that, much like the upward social comparisons we make on social media, we torture ourselves with how the realities of our situation stack up against an imagined ideal.

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much like the upward social comparisons we make on social media

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The Twentysomething Treatment

Meg Jay · 2024-04-09

... much like the upward social comparisons we make on social media , we torture ourselves with how the realities of our situation stack up against an imagined ideal . The idea that we could ever know what might have been is the appeal- ing ...

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검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[2강 - Exercise 12번]

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The emotional tenor of our conversations may be particularly important in a child's early years. Indeed, family dialogues from decades past may still be influencing your mental health today. To understand why, we need a quick primer on the development of our autobiographical memories. In the first few years of life, most children can remember only the slimmest pieces of their experiences — the feel of sand on the beach and the prick of a needle in a doctor's surgery. These may get more detailed as the child learns more and more vocabulary, but they are largely disconnected from each other; they remain isolated sketches of single events. It is only after years of development that the child can slot their recollections into a narrative that has a coherent structure. By the end of adolescence, that narrative may adopt the form of a novel. The teen will start to recognise key events as turning points, with new 'chapters' that represent new eras. The psychologist Dan McAdams at Northwestern University in Illinois describes this as the transition from 'actor' to 'author'.

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family dialogues from decades past may still be influencing your mental health

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