[고2] 2024년 10월 – 35번: 공공 자원의 과잉 사용으로 인한 '공유지의 비극' 설명

Any new resource (e.g., a new airport, a new mall) always opens with people benefiting individually by sharing a common resource (e.g., the city or state budget). Soon, at some point, the amount of traffic grows too large for the "commons" to support. Traffic jams, overcrowding, and overuse lessen the benefits of the common resource for everyone ─ the tragedy of the commons! If the new resource cannot be expanded or provided with additional space, it becomes a problem, and you cannot solve the problem on your own, in isolation from your fellow drivers or walkers or competing users. The total activity on this new resource keeps increasing, and so does individual activity; but if the dynamic of common use and overuse continues too long, both begin to fall after a peak, leading to a crash. What makes the "tragedy of commons" tragic is the crash dynamic ─ the destruction or degeneration of the common resource's ability to regenerate itself.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Archetype 4. Tragedy of the Commons Management Principle: Continuous Increase in Use of a Common Resource Will Eventually Overstrain the Resource Until It Crashes Any new resource (e.g., a new expressway, a new airport, a new mall, a new charter school, a children's park, a new credit union) always opens with people benefiting individually by sharing a common resource (e.g., the city or state budget). Soon, at some point, the amount of traffic grows too large for the “commons” to support; congestion, overcrowding, and overuse lessen the benefits of the common resource for everyone ~ the tragedy of the commons! If the new resource cannot be expanded or replenished with additional space, it becomes a constraint, a problem, and you cannot solve the problem on your own, in isolation from your fellow drivers or pedestrians or competing users. The total activity on this new resource keeps increasing, and so does individual activity; but both begin to fall after a peak, the latter faster than the former. Eventually, if the dynamic of common use and overuse continues too long, the total activity will also hit a peak and crash. What makes the “tragedy of commons” tragic is the crash dynamic - the destruction or degeneration of the common resource's ability to regenerate itself. The tragedy of the commons, thus, is a corollary of the “limits to growth” archetype.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 36번: 뇌가 시각 정보를 단순화하고 일반화하는 방식으로 에너지를 절약

Theoretically, our brain would have the capacity to store all experiences throughout life, reaching the quality of a DVD. However, this theoretical capacity is offset by the energy demand associated with the process of storing and retrieving information in memory. As a result, the brain develops efficient strategies, becoming dependent on shortcuts. When we observe a face, the visual image captured by the eyes is highly variable, depending on the point of view, lighting conditions and other contextual factors. Nevertheless, we are able to recognize the face as the same, maintaining the underlying identity. The brain, rather than focusing on the details of visualization, creates and stores general patterns that allow for consistent recognition across diverse circumstances. This ability to match what we see with general visual memory patterns serves as an effective mechanism for optimizing brain performance and saving energy. The brain, being naturally against unnecessary effort, constantly seeks to simplify and generalize information to facilitate the cognitive process.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭) - 구글 검색 불가

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 37번: 과학 연구에서 창의적 해석이 이론 형성에 미치는 영향

Where scientific research is concerned, explanatory tales are expected to adhere closely to experimental data and to illuminate the regular and predictable features of experience. However, this paradigm sometimes conceals the fact that theories are deeply loaded with creative elements that shape the construction of research projects and the interpretations of evidence. Scientific explanations do not just relate a chronology of facts. They construct frameworks for systematically chosen data in order to provide a consistent and meaningful explanation of what is observed. Such constructions lead us to imagine specific kinds of subject matter in particular sorts of relations, and the storylines they inspire will prove more effective for analyzing some features of experience over others. When we neglect the creative contributions of such scientific imagination and treat models and interpretive explanations as straightforward facts ─ even worse, as facts including all of reality ─ we can blind ourselves to the limitations of a given model and fail to note its potential for misunderstanding a situation to which it ill applies.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Mechanistic Stories in Humane Practices Where scientific research is concerned, explanatory tales are expected to adhere closely to experimental data and to illuminate the regular and predictable features of experience. However, and as Misak has explained, this mode of operation sometimes disguises the fact that theories are deeply laden with creative elements that shape the construction of research projects and the interpretations of evidence. Scientific explanations do not just relate a chronology of facts. They construct frameworks for—they “emplot”—systematically chosen data in order to provide a coherent and meaningful explanation of what is observed. Such constructions lead us to imagine specific kinds of subject matter in particular sorts of relations, and the storylines they inspire will prove more effective for analyzing some features of experience over others. When we neglect the creative contributions of the scientific imagination and treat models and interpretive explanations as straightforward facts—even worse, as facts exhaustive of reality—we can blind ourselves to the limitations of a given model and fail to note its potential for misunderstanding a situation to which it ill applies.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 38번: 문학이 사회적 변화를 촉진하거나 방해할 수 있는 방식

We encounter contrary claims about the relation of literature to action. Theorists have maintained that literature encourages solitary reading and reflection as the way to engage with the world and thus counters the social and political activities that might produce social change. At best it encourages detachment or appreciation of complexity, and at worst passivity and acceptance of what is. But on the other hand, literature has historically been seen as dangerous: it promotes the questioning of authority and social arrangements. Plato banned poets from his ideal republic because they could only do harm, and novels have long been credited with making people dissatisfied with their lives and eager for something new. By promoting identification across divisions of class, gender, and race, books may promote a fellowship that discourages struggle; but they may also produce a keen sense of injustice that makes progressive struggles possible. Historically, works of literature are credited with producing change: Uncle Tom's Cabin, a best-seller in its day, helped create a revulsion against slavery that made possible the American Civil War.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

We also encounter contrary claims about the relation of literature to action. Theorists have maintained that literature encourages solitary reading and reflection as the way to engage with the world and thus counters the social and political activities that might produce change. At best, it encourages detachment or appreciation of complexity, and at worst passivity and acceptance of what is. But, on the other hand, literature has historically been seen as dangerous: it promotes the questioning of authority and social arrangements. Plato banned poets from his ideal republic because they could only do harm, and novels have long been credited with making people dissatisfied with the lives they inherit and eager for something new—whether life in big cities or romance or revolution. By promoting identification across divisions of class, gender, race, nation, and age, books promote a ‘fellow-feeling’ that may discourage struggle but may also produce identifications and a keen sense of injustice that make progressive struggles possible. Historically, works of literature are credited with producing change: Harriet Beecher Stowe’s *Uncle Tom’s Cabin*, a bestseller in its day, helped create a revulsion against slavery that made possible the American Civil War.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 39번: Hobbes의 자연 상태에서 인간의 본성과 도덕적 자유의 한계

According to Hobbes, man is not a being who can act morally in spite of his instinct to protect his existence in the state of nature. Hence, the only place where morality and moral liberty will begin to find an application begins in a place where a sovereign power, namely the state, emerges. Hobbes thus describes the state of nature as a circumstance in which man's life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short". It means when people live without a general power to control them all, they are indeed in a state of war. In other words, Hobbes, who accepted that human beings are not social and political beings in the state of nature, believes that without the power human beings in the state of nature are "antisocial and rational based on their selfishness". Moreover, since society is not a natural phenomenon and there is no natural force bringing people together, what will bring them together as a society is not mutual affection according to Hobbes. It is, rather, mutual fear of men's present and future that assembles them, since the cause of fear is a common drive among people in the state of nature.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

By continuing the same logic, Hobbes claims that the equality and freedom of people in terms of obtaining anything on nature leads to the enmity among individuals, for “if any two men desire the same thing, which nevertheless they cannot both enjoy, they become enemies; and in the way to their end (which is principally their own conservation, and sometimes their delectation only) endeavour to destroy or subdue one another” (Ibid). The important point that can be drawn from this Hobbesian description of the emergence of enmity among individuals in state of nature is the reality of scarce resources in nature which highly possibly lead to the enmity. In such a state of nature, for Hobbes, three principles lead to the state of war which are: “First competition; secondly, diffidence; thirdly, glory” (Ibid: 77). So, according to Hobbes, if there is no sovereign power over people, morality and so moral freedom will not be in question. Man is not a man who can act morally in spite of his instinct to protect his existence in such a state of nature. Hence, the only place where morality and moral liberty will begin to find an application begins in a place where state emerges. That is, in state of nature everyone will be always at war all against all unless there exists a sovereign power, namely state. Hobbes thus describes the state of nature as a circumstance in which man’s life is “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short” (Ibid: 78). In other words, when people live without a general power to fear them all, they are indeed in a state of war, and this war is the war of all against all (Ibid: 94). Hobbes, who accepted that human being is not social and political being in the state of nature (not zoon politikon in Aristotelian sense) (Ibid: 22), believes that human being in state of nature is an “antisocial and rational based on selfishness”. Moreover, since society is not a natural phenomenon and there is no natural force bringing people together, what will bring them together as a society is not mutual affection according to Hobbes. Rather, it is mutual fear of man’s present and future that brings them together, since the cause of fear is a common drive among people in the state of nature (Ibid: 24-25).

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 40번: 인지적 요소가 색 인식에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구

There is research that supports the idea that cognitive factors influence the phenomenology of the perceived world. Delk and Fillenbaum asked participants to match the color of figures with the color of their background. Some of the figures depicted objects associated with a particular color. These included typically red objects such as an apple, lips, and a symbolic heart. Other objects were presented that are not usually associated with red, such as a mushroom or a bell. However, all the figures were made out of the same red-orange cardboard. Participants then had to match the figure to a background varying from dark to light red. They had to make the background color match the color of the figures. The researchers found that red-associated objects required more red in the background to be judged a match than did the objects that are not associated with the color red. This implies that the cognitive association of objects to color influences how we perceive that color.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭) - 구글 검색 가능하지만 텍스트에 접근 불가능

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

The view that cognitive and emotional factors influence the phenomenology of perception is known as cognitive penetration (Marchi & Newen, 2015). Cognitive penetration means that nonperceptual factors affect what we see, hear, taste, and feel. The opposing view is that perception is not affected by cognitive factors and that only our reporting of perception is. This view is called cognitive impenetrability (Firestone & Scholl, 2016). Impenetrability implies that our perception remains the same, regardless of our cognitive and emotional state. What changes instead is attention, expectation, or our mood state, which is different than our perceptual state. The dominant view in the field is that perception is cognitive impenetrable. However, recent research supports some instances in which cognitive or emotional factors influence the phenomenology of the perceived world. Delk and Fillenbaum (1965) asked participants to match the color of figures with the color of their background. Some of the figures depicted objects associated with a particular color. These included typically red objects such as an apple, lips, and a symbolic heart. Other objects were presented that are not typically associated with red, such as a mushroom or a bell. However, all the figures were made out of the same red-orange cardboard. Participants then had to match the figure to a background varying from dark to light red. They had to make the background color the same as the color of the figures. Delk and Fillenbaum found that red-associated objects (e.g., the apple) required more red in the background to be judged a match than did the objects that were not associated with the color red. This suggests that the knowledge of the objects was influencing people to perceive them as being more red than other objects (Figure 1.22). Hansen, Olkkonen, Walter, and Gegenfurtner (2006) replicated this basic finding. They presented participants with photographs of fruit such as bananas and simple patches of colors. Participants were asked to adjust the color of the object (banana or patch) to the uniform gray background. Hansen et al. found that participants adjusted the fruits differently than the patches of equivalent color. For example, participants added more blue to the banana in order to cancel out the more perceived yellowness of it (we will discuss color cancellation more in Chapter 6). Hansen and colleagues suggest that this implies that the cognitive association of objects to color influences how we perceive that color.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 41~42번: 유전체 복제 과정에서 발생하는 돌연변이의 누적 원리 설명

In each round of genome copying in our body, there is still about a 70 percent chance that at least one pair of chromosomes will have an error. With each round of genome copying, errors accumulate. This is similar to alterations in medieval books. Each time a copy was made by hand, some changes were introduced accidentally; as changes stacked up, the copies may have acquired meanings at variance with the original. Similarly, genomes that have undergone more copying processes will have gathered more mistakes. To make things worse, mutations may damage genes responsible for error checking and repair of genomes, further accelerating the introduction of mutations. Most genome mutations do not have any noticeable effects. It is just like changing the i for a y in "kingdom" would not distort the word's readability. But sometimes a mutation to a human gene results in, for example, an eye whose iris is of two different colors. Similarly, almost everyone has birthmarks, which are due to mutations that occurred as our body's cells multiplied to form skin. If mutations are changes to the genome of one particular cell, how can a patch of cells in an iris or a whole patch of skin, consisting of many individual cells, be affected simultaneously? The answer lies in the cell lineage, the developmental history of a tissue from particular cells through to their fully differentiated state. If the mutation occurred early on in the lineage of the developing iris, then all cells in that patch have inherited that change.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

A full 1 percent of our genes are involved in proofreading and correcting chromosomes. But despite this substantial investment in error correction, DNA copying is not perfect. In each cell division, there are 6 billion letter pairs to copy, check, and correct. The chance for one specific DNA letter pair to be mutated in one such duplication round (the mutation rate) is about 1 in 10 billion. Thus, in each round of genome copying, there is still about a 70 percent chance that at least one pair of letters will have a typo. This number is optimistic, because it assumes that you lead a healthy life. Your genomes can suffer even more changes through toxic chemicals (such as those in cigarette smoke or burned meat) or exposure to ultraviolet radiation (from the sun or visits to tanning salons). Such mutations can be single letters exchanged for others, as in the example above, but in some cases, entire segments of the DNA molecule (whole stretches of letters) are removed or are duplicated and added at seemingly random places. Because of these mutations, you do not have one single genome, but instead many billions of slightly different genomes, one for each of your cells. With each round of genome copying, errors accumulate. This is analogous to alterations in medieval books, which were copied by hand. Each time a copy was made, some changes were introduced inadvertently; over time, as changes accumulated, the copies may have accrued meanings at variance with the original. Similarly, genomes that have undergone more copying processes will have accumulated more mistakes. To make things worse, mutations may damage those genes responsible for the proofreading and repair of genomes, further accelerating the introduction of mutations. Most mutations do not have any noticeable effects, just like changing the *i* for a *y* in “kingdom” would not distort the word’s legibility or meaning. But sometimes a mutation to a human gene results in, for example, an eye whose iris is of two different colors. Similarly, almost everyone has birthmarks, which are due to mutations that occurred as our body’s cells multiplied to form skin. But if mutations are changes to the genome of one particular cell, how can a patch of cells in an iris or a whole patch of skin, consisting of many individual cells, be affected simultaneously? Were all of the millions of cells in the iris of a girl with a blue patch in an otherwise brown eye struck by the same mutation? The answer lies in the cell lineage: if the mutation occurred early on in the lineage of the developing iris, then all cells in that patch have inherited that change.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

관련 자료 바로가기

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 29번: 동물이 특정 경험을 선호하거나 회피하는지 확인하는 방법

Conditioned Place Preference is a way of finding out what animals want. Researchers train them to associate one place with an experience such as food or a loud noise and another place with something completely different, usually where nothing happens. The two places are made obviously different to make it as easy as possible for the animal to associate each place with what happened to it there. The animal's preference for being in one place or another is measured both before and after its experiences in the two places. If there is a shift in where the animal chooses to spend its time for the reward, this suggests that it liked the experience and is trying to repeat it. Conversely, if it now avoids the place the stimulus appeared and starts to prefer the place it did not experience it, then this suggests that it found the stimulus unpleasant. For example, mice with cancer show a preference for the place where they have been given morphine, a drug used to relieve pain, rather than where they have received saline whereas healthy mice developed no such preference. This suggests that the mice with cancer wanted the morphine.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

While there are some situations, like the cow lying experiment, when giving an animal repeated experiences is just practically difficult and cumbersome, there are some situations where it is actually impossible for an animal to have the repeated experiences that are needed for it to give an ‘informed’ opinion of what is happening to it. For example, with a one-off medical procedure such as removal of a tumour, a question might be whether an animal (or a human) would prefer to have post-operative care with drug A or with drug B. It would be quite impossible to carry out same the operation repeatedly with different drugs and then see which one is chosen as the sequence of operations progressed. Fortunately, it is now possible to devise choice tests that avoid repeated testing but still ensure the animal has the relevant experience. Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) is a way of finding out what animals want by training them to associate one place with a single experience such as food or a loud noise and a second place with something completely different, usually where nothing happens (Dixon et al. 2013). The two places are made very obviously different, such as being painted with different colours or patterns, to make it as easy as possible for the animal to associate each place with what happened to it there. The animal’s preference for being in one place or another is measured both before and after its experiences in the two places. If there is a shift in where the animal chooses to spend its time so that it starts to spend more time where it obtained the reward, this suggests that it liked the experience and is trying to repeat it (Bardo and Bevins 2000). Conversely, if it now avoids the place where the stimulus appeared and starts to prefer the place where it did not experience it, then this suggests that it found the stimulus aversive and wanted to get away from it. The advantage of this method is that it can work with just one experience, provided that the animal is clever enough to make the association. CPP is commonly used in pharmacology to test how animals respond to different drugs (Bardo and Bevins 2000). For example, mice with bladder cancer show a preference for the place where they have been given morphine rather than where they have received saline, whereas healthy controls developed no such preference (Roughan et al. 2014). This suggests that the mice with cancer wanted the morphine. Its opposite, Conditioned Place Aversion, has been demonstrated in a number of different species, including fish. Gilt-head bream, Sparus aurata, showed a conditioned avoidance to a place where they had been chased with a dip net compared with a distinctively different place in another part of their tank where they had not been chased (Millot et al. 2014). The fish showed that they did not want to be chased with a net by choosing the place where they had not been chased.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 30번: 새들의 번식 계절이 환경에 따라 어떻게 달라지는지 설명

Near the equator, many species of bird breed all year round. But in temperate and polar regions, the breeding seasons of birds are often sharply defined. They are triggered mainly by changes in day length. If all goes well, the outcome is that birds raise their young when the food supply is at its peak. Most birds are not simply reluctant to breed at other times but they are also physically incapable of doing so. This is because their reproductive system shrinks, which helps flying birds save weight. The main exception to this rule are nomadic desert species. These can initiate their breeding cycle within days of rain. It's for making the most of the sudden breeding opportunity. Also, different species divide the breeding season up in different ways. Most seabirds raise a single brood. In warm regions, however, songbirds may raise several families in a few months. In an exceptionally good year, a pair of House Sparrows, a kind of songbird, can raise successive broods through a marathon reproductive effort.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Breeding seasons On and near the equator, many species of bird breed more or less all year round. But in the rest of the world, particularly in temperate and polar regions, the breeding seasons of birds are often sharply defined. They are triggered mainly by changes in day length, although rising temperatures also play a part. If all goes well, the outcome is that birds raise their young when the food supply is at its peak. Most birds are not simply reluctant to breed at other times—they are physically incapable of doing so. This is because their reproductive system shuts down and shrinks, an adaptation that helps flying birds save weight. The main exception to this rule are nomadic desert species, such as Zebra Finches and Budgerigars. These can “switch on” their breeding cycle within days of rain to make the most of the sudden breeding opportunity. When the breeding season is in progress, different species divide it up in different ways. Most seabirds raise a single brood, often consisting of one young. In warm regions, however, songbirds may raise several families in a few months. In an exceptionally good year, a pair of House Sparrows can raise five successive broods—a marathon reproductive effort.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 31번: 학습 자원 인식 부족이 학생들의 창의성에 미치는 영향

One factor that may hinder creativity is unawareness of the resources required in each activity in students' learning. Often students are unable to identify the resources they need to perform the task required of them. Different resources may be compulsory for specific learning tasks, and recognizing them may simplify the activity's performance. For example, it may be that students desire to conduct some experiments in their projects. There must be a prior investigation of whether the students will have access to the laboratory, equipment, and chemicals required for the experiment. It means preparation is vital for the students to succeed, and it may be about human and financial resources such as laboratory technicians, money to purchase chemicals, and equipment for their learning where applicable. Even if some of the resources required for a task may not be available, identifying them in advance may help students' creativity. It may even lead to changing the topic, finding alternative resources, and other means.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Another factor that may hinder creativity is unawareness of the resources required in each activity in students’ learning. Often students are unable to identify the resources they need to perform the task required of them. Different resources may be compulsory for specific HE learning tasks, and recognizing them may simplify the activity’s performance. For example, it may be that students desire to conduct some experiments in their projects. There must be a prior investigation of whether the students will have access to the laboratory, apparatuses, and chemicals required for the experiment. It means preparation is vital for the students to succeed, and it may be human and financial resources such as laboratory technicians, money to purchase chemicals, and apparatus for their learning where applicable. Even if some of the resources required for a task may not be available, identifying them in advance may help students’ creativity. It may even lead to changing the topic, finding alternative resources, and other means.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 32번: 번역 작업이 다양한 출처와 독자의 기대에 의존하는 방식

All translators feel some pressure from the community of readers for whom they are doing their work. And all translators arrive at their interpretations in dialogue with other people. The English poet Alexander Pope had pretty good Greek, but when he set about translating Homer's Iliad in the early 18th century he was not on his own. He had Greek commentaries to refer to, and translations that had already been done in English, Latin, and French ─ and of course he had dictionaries. Translators always draw on more than one source text. Even when the scene of translation consists of just one person with a pen, paper, and the book that is being translated, or even when it is just one person translating orally for another, that person's linguistic knowledge arises from lots of other texts and other conversations. And then his or her idea of the translation's purpose will be influenced by the expectations of the person or people it is for. In both these senses every translation is a crowd translation.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

In fact, all translators feel some pressure from the community of readers for whom they are doing their work. And all translators arrive at their interpretations in dialogue with other people. The English poet Alexander Pope had pretty good Greek, but when he set about translating Homer’s Iliad in the early 18th century he was not on his own. He had Greek commentaries to refer to, and translations that had already been done in English, Latin, and French—and of course he had dictionaries. Translators always draw on more than one source text. Even when the scene of translation consists of just one person with a pen, paper, and the book that is being translated, or even when it is just one person translating orally for another, that person’s linguistic knowledge arises from lots of other texts and other conversations. And then his or her idea of the translation’s purpose will be influenced by the expectations of the person or people it is for. In both these senses (this is our third key discovery) every translation is a crowd translation.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 33번: 읽기 행위를 단일 개념으로 정의하기 어려운 이유

Some people argue that there is a single, logically consistent concept known as reading that can be neatly set apart from everything else people do with books. Is reading really that simple? The most productive way to think about reading is as a loosely related set of behaviors that belong together owing to family resemblances, as Ludwig Wittgenstein used the phrase, without having in common a single defining trait. Consequently, efforts to distinguish reading from nonreading are destined to fail because there is no agreement on what qualifies as reading in the first place. The more one tries to figure out where the border lies between reading and not-reading, the more edge cases will be found to stretch the term's flexible boundaries. Thus, it is worth attempting to collect together these exceptional forms of reading into a single forum, one highlighting the challenges faced by anyone wishing to establish the boundaries where reading begins and ends. The attempt moves toward an understanding of reading as a spectrum that is expansive enough to accommodate the distinct reading activities.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

THE READING SPECTRUM The idea for this book came while I was finishing another one looking into debates over what counts as “real” reading. Time and again I encountered people who insisted on drawing a sharp line between reading and closely related activities they judged to be impostors (in that case, listening to audio books). It was not their verdicts that held my attention so much as the confidence that there was a single, coherent entity known as reading that could be neatly set apart from everything else people did with books. Is reading really that simple? As this book contends, the most productive way to think about reading is as a loosely related set of behaviors that belong together owing to family resemblances, in Ludwig Wittgenstein’s understanding of the phrase, without having in common a single defining trait. Consequently, efforts to cordon off reading from nonreading are doomed to fail because there is no agreement on what qualifies as reading in the first place. The more one tries to figure out where the border lies between reading and not-reading, the more edge cases will be found to stretch the term’s elastic boundaries. My book attempts to marshal together these exceptional forms of reading into a single forum, one highlighting the challenges faced by anyone wishing to patrol the boundaries over where reading begins and ends. *Reader’s Block* moves toward an understanding of reading as a spectrum that is capacious enough to accommodate the disparate activities documented in the following chapters along with any new ones that will inevitably surface beyond its pages.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 34번: Weber의 법칙으로 자극의 강도에 따른 차이 인식 설명

Weber's law concerns the perception of difference between two stimuli. It suggests that we might not be able to detect a 1-mm difference when we are looking at lines 466 mm and 467 mm in length, but we may be able to detect a 1-mm difference when we are comparing a line 2 mm long with one 3 mm long. Another example of this principle is that we can detect 1 candle when it is lit in an otherwise dark room. But when 1 candle is lit in a room in which 100 candles are already burning, we may not notice the light from this candle. Therefore, the Just-noticeable difference (JND) varies as a function of the strength of the signals. For example, the JND is greater for very loud noises than it is for much more quiet sounds. When a sound is very weak, we can tell that another sound is louder, even if it is barely louder. When a sound is very loud, to tell that another sound is even louder, it has to be much louder. Thus, Weber's law means that it is harder to distinguish between two samples when those samples are larger or stronger levels of the stimuli.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Weber, Fechner, and the Birth of Psychophysics Helmholtz and Hering both approached sensation and perception from the perspective of physiology. Around the same time as Helmholtz and Hering were looking at the relation of physiology and perception, other German scientists were doing work with a more psychological perspective. Ernst Heinrich Weber (1795-1878) discovered Weber's law (though it was Gustav Fechner, another German scientist, who named the law after Weber).  Weber's law states that a just-noticeable difference (JND) between two stimuli is related to the magnitude or strength of the stimuli. What does this mean? Well, it concerns two stimuli that are very similar. Can we detect the difference between two very close red colors, or can we detect the difference between 1.44 mg of sugar dissolved in a cup of water and 1.48 mg of sugar dissolved in a cup of water? Thus, Weber’s law concerns the perception of difference between two stimuli. For more examples, do we hear the difference between a 1,000-Hz tone and one of 1,005 Hz? Another example is whether we see the difference in length between a line 466 mm long and one that is 467 mm long.  Weber's law suggests that we might not be able to detect a 1-mm difference when we are looking at lines 466 and 467 mm in length, but we may be able to detect a 1-mm difference when we are comparing a line 2 mm long with one 3 mm long. Another example of this principle is that we can detect 1 candle when it is lit in an otherwise dark room. But when 1 candle is lit in a room in which 100 candles are already burning, we may not notice the light from this candle.  The JND is greater for very loud noises than it is for much quieter sounds. When a sound is very weak, we can tell that another sound is louder, even if it is barely louder. When a sound is very loud, to tell that another sound is even louder, it has to be much louder. Thus, Weber's law means that it is harder to distinguish between two samples when those samples are larger or stronger levels of the stimuli. To repeat, Weber's law states that a “just-noticeable difference” (JND) between two stimuli is related to the magnitude or strength of the stimuli.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

관련 자료 바로가기

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 20번: 수학적 비판적 사고를 교육과 의사결정 과정에서 강조해야 함

To be mathematically literate means to be able to think critically about societal issues on which mathematics has bearing so as to make informed decisions about how to solve these problems. Dealing with such complex problems through interdisciplinary approaches, mirroring real-world problems requires innovative ways of planning and organizing mathematical teaching methods. Navigating our world means being able to quantify, measure, estimate, classify, compare, find patterns, conjecture, justify, prove, and generalize within critical thinking and when using critical thinking. Therefore, making decisions, even qualitatively, is not possible without using mathematics and critical thinking. Thus, teaching mathematics should be done in interaction with critical thinking along with a decision-making process. They can be developed into the mathematical context, so that there is no excuse to not explicitly support students to develop them.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

3.5 Mathematics and Citizenship To be mathematically literate means to be able to reflect on societal issues on which mathematics has bearing so as to make informed decisions about how to solve these problems. Several papers focus on the fact that the demand for future citizens as well as the workforce of the future depends on educating students who can deal with complex problems that transcend traditional disciplines and make informed decisions. Dealing with complex problems through interdisciplinary approaches, mirtoring real-world problems requires innovative ways of planning and organizing teaching. Navigating our world means being able to quantify, measure, estimate, classify, compare, find patterns, conjecture, justify, prove, and generalize within critical thinking and when using critical thinking. Making decisions without using mathematics, even qualitatively, and critical thinking is not possible. Thus, teaching mathematics should be done in interaction with critical thinking along with a decision-making process. Mathematics education should provide tasks that support the development of the two citizenship competencies. With reference to Malthus and the club of Rome, the theoretical connection among decision making, interdisciplinarity, and mathematical modeling is vindicated. Thus, critical thinking and decision making can be developed into the mathematical context, so that there is no excuse to not explicitly support students to develop them.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 21번: 덕목은 일시적 충동이 아니라 지속적인 도덕적 습관에서 형성됨

Imagine that your usually stingy friend delights in buying you a Christmas present after taking a generosity booster. How would you feel? Undoubtedly, there is something praiseworthy about the action. You'd be pleased to receive the gift. You'd say 'thank you', and mean it. But his change of heart is not entirely satisfying. According to Zagzebski, an American philosopher, he is not really generous. When we praise someone's character, we use words for various virtues: 'generous', 'kind', 'courageous', etc. A person who gives one gift isn't generous. Instead, generosity is a stable part of a person's 'moral identity', an emotional habit that is part of who you are. Thus virtues, as opposed to nontypical impulse, are the result of your personal history. They are part of who you are, as they are part of how your character was formed. Instant virtue is therefore impossible. Popping a pill cannot make you a better person.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

What about the pills to make you a better person? According to Linda Zagzebski, writing in 1996, there is no recommended dose: in small amounts they are useless, in large ones fatal. Imagine that your usually stingy friend delights in buying you a Christmas present. Then you learn that they ve taken a generosity booster. How would you feel? Undoubtedly, there is something commendable about the action. You'd be pleased to receive the gift. You'd say 'thank you', and mean it. But their change of heart is not entirely satisfying. According to Zagzebski, they are not really generous. When we commend someone's character, we use words for various virtues: 'generous', 'kind', 'courageous', etc. A person who gives one gift isn't generous. Instead, generosity is a stable part of a person's 'moral identity', an emotional habit that is part of who you are. Thus virtues, as opposed to atypical whims, are the result of your personal history. They are part of who you are, as they are part of how your character was formed. Instant virtue is therefore impossible, so popping a pill cannot make you a better person.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 22번: 이중성 시스템을 활용해 별의 질량을 계산하는 방법 설명

To determine the mass of my bowling ball, I might put it onto a balance and compare it with a known mass, such as a number of metal cubes each weighing 1, 10, or 100 grams. Things get much more complicated if I want to know the mass of a distant star. How do I measure it? We can roughly say that measuring the mass of a star involves various theories. If we want to measure the mass of a binary star, we first determine a center of mass between the two stars, then their distance from that center which we can then use, together with a value for the period and a certain instance of Kepler's Third Law, to calculate the mass. In other words, in order to "measure" the star mass, we measure other quantities and use those values, together with certain equations, to calculate the mass. Measurement is not a simple and unmediated estimation of independently existing properties, but a determination of certain magnitudes before the background of a number of accepted theories.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

2.3.3 Theory-Ladenness of Measurement Suppose I want to determine the mass of my bowling ball. To that end, I might put it onto an ordinary balance and compare it with a known mass, such as a number of metal cubes each weighing 1, 10, or 100 grams. Things get more - much more - complicated if I want to know the mass of a distant star. Obviously, I cant put it onto any balance. So how do I measure it? The details are actually quite complicated, but we can roughly say that measuring the mass of a star involves various background theories. For example, if we want to measure the mass of a binary star, we first determine a center of mass between the two stars, then their distance from that center which we can then use, together with a value for the period (the time it takes to complete one orbit around each other) and a certain instance of Kepler's Third Law, to calculate the mass. In other words, in order to "measure" the star mass, we measure other quantities and use those values, together with certain equations, to calculate the mass. Obviously, the correctness of such a “measurement” not only depends on the correctness of other measurements (in this case, at least that of the period), but also on the correctness of certain background assumptions, such as Kepler's Laws. Measurement is not a simple and unmediated estimation of independently existing properties, but often a determination of certain magnitudes before the background of a number of accepted theories.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 23번: 쾌락과 고통의 균형이 신체의 항상성을 유지하는 방식

Based on discoveries in neuroscience, pain and pleasure are formed and processed in the same area of the brain. Our bodies constantly strive for homeostasis, which is defined as the balance of bodily functions. Without the body's effective compensatory mechanisms, which may cushion potential highs and lows, we would not be capable of surviving. Pleasure and pain are like two sides of the same coin; they seem to work together and are heavily reliant on one another and keep balance. If you imagine pleasure and pain as the two opposite points on a scale, you can easily understand that as one of the two points rises, the other must correspondingly fall. We've all heard the expression, "No pain, no gain." Well, according to psychiatrist Dr. Anna Lembke, there may be some truth to these words. She says that our attempts to escape being miserable are in fact making us even more miserable. This is because pain is actually an essential component of our ability to maintain a neutral state, and allowing it will in turn reset our internal scale back to balance.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭) - 구글 검색 불가

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 24번: 지속적인 제품 업그레이드 주기로 소비자의 욕구를 형성하는 방식

Manufacturers masterfully sow seeds of doubt about the adequacy of our current devices. Suddenly, the phone that was your lifeline a year ago is now a museum piece, unable to keep pace with your digital demands. And thus, the itch to upgrade begins, often before there's a genuine need. This cycle isn't just confined to our digital companions. It spills over into almost every aspect of consumer electronics, from the self-driving car to the smart fridge. Every product seems to be on an unstoppable march towards the next version, the next generation that promises to revolutionize your life. What's fascinating, or perhaps disturbing, is the utter efficacy of this cycle in shaping our desires. It's not so much that we want the newest device; we're led to believe we need it. The distinction between want and need blurs, shifting our financial priorities in favor of staying current with trends. For all the logical arguments against this ceaseless upgrading, the temptation remains compelling.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭) - 구글 검색 불가

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

관련 자료 바로가기

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 35번: 물 부족 문제의 정치적 원인과 그로 인한 불평등

Today, the water crisis is political ─ which is to say, not inevitable or beyond our capacity to fix ─ and, therefore, functionally elective. That is one reason it is nevertheless distressing: an abundant resource made scarce through governmental neglect and indifference, bad infrastructure and contamination, and careless urbanization. There is no need for a water crisis, in other words, but we have one anyway, and aren't doing much to address it. Some cities lose more water to leaks than they deliver to homes: even in the United States, leaks and theft account for an estimated loss of 16 percent of freshwater; in Brazil, the estimate is 40 percent. Seen in both cases, as everywhere, the selective scarcity clearly highlights have-and-have-not inequities, leaving 2.1 billion people without safe drinking water and 4.5 billion without proper sanitation worldwide.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Today, the crisis is political—which is to say, not inevitable or necessary or beyond our capacity to fix—and, therefore, functionally elective. That is one reason it is nevertheless harrowing as a climate parable: an abundant resource made scarce through governmental neglect and indifference, bad infrastructure and contamination, careless urbanization and development. There is no need for a water crisis, in other words, but we have one anyway, and aren’t doing much to address it. Some cities lose more water to leaks than they deliver to homes: even in the United States, leaks and theft account for an estimated loss of 16 percent of freshwater; in Brazil, the estimate is 40 percent. In both cases, as everywhere, scarcity plays out so nakedly on a stage defined by have-and-have-not inequities that the resulting drama of resource competition can hardly be called, truly, a competition; the deck is so stacked that water shortage looks more like a tool of inequality. The global result is that as many as 2.1 billion people around the world do not have access to safe drinking water, and 4.5 billion don’t have safely managed water for sanitation.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 36번: 사회적 압력이 자존감 및 사회적 행동에 미치는 영향

As individuals, our ability to thrive depended on how well we navigated relationships in a group. If the group valued us, we could count on support, resources, and probably a mate. If it didn't, we might get none of these merits. It was a matter of survival, physically and genetically. Over millions of years, the pressure selected for people who are sensitive to and skilled at maximizing their standing. The result was the development of a tendency to unconsciously monitor how other people in our community perceive us. We process that information in the form of self-esteem and such related emotions as pride, shame, or insecurity. These emotions compel us to do more of what makes our community value us and less of what doesn't. And, crucially, they are meant to make that motivation feel like it is coming from within. If we realized, on a conscious level, that we were responding to social pressure, our performance might come off as grudging or cynical, making it less persuasive.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Human beings are some of the most complex social animals on earth. We evolved to live in leaderless collectives far larger than those of our fellow primates: up to about 150 members. As individuals, our ability to thrive depended on how well we navigated those 149 relationships—not to mention all of our peers’ relationships with one another. If the group valued us, we could count on support, resources, and probably a mate. If it didn’t, we might get none of those. It was a matter of survival, physically and genetically. Over millions of years, those pressures selected for people who are sensitive to and skilled at maximizing their standing. It’s what the anthropologist Brian Hare called “survival of the friendliest.” The result was the development of a sociometer: a tendency to unconsciously monitor how other people in our community seem to perceive us. We process that information in the form of self-esteem and such related emotions as pride, shame, or insecurity. These emotions compel us to do more of what makes our community value us and less of what doesn’t. And, crucially, they are meant to make that motivation feel like it is coming from within. If we realized, on a conscious level, that we were responding to social pressure, our performance might come off as grudging or cynical, making it less persuasive.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 37번: 의식의 문제로 우울증의 원인을 재정의하는 설명

Conventional medicine has long believed that depression is caused by an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain. However, there is a major problem with this explanation. This is because the imbalance of substances in the brain is a consequence of depression, not its cause. In other words, depression causes a decrease in brain substances such as serotonin and noradrenaline, not a decrease in brain substances causes depression. In this revised cause-and-effect, the key is to reframe depression as a problem of consciousness. Our consciousness is a more fundamental entity that goes beyond the functioning of the brain. The brain is no more than an organ of consciousness. If it is not consciousness itself, then the root cause of depression is also a distortion of our state of consciousness: a consciousness that has lost its sense of self and the meaning of life. Such a disease of consciousness may manifest itself in the form of depression.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭) - 구글 검색 불가

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 38번: 심리학이 인간 행동을 과학적으로 연구하는 방법 설명

The common accounts of human nature that float around in society are generally a mixture of assumptions, tales and sometimes plain silliness. However, psychology is different. It is the branch of science that is devoted to understanding people: how and why we act as we do; why we see things as we do; and how we interact with one another. The key word here is 'science.' Psychologists don't depend on opinions and hearsay, or the generally accepted views of society at the time, or even the considered opinions of deep thinkers. Instead, they look for evidence, to make sure that psychological ideas are firmly based, and not just derived from generally held beliefs or assumptions. In addition to this evidence-based approach, psychology deals with fundamental processes and principles that generate our rich cultural and social diversity, as well as those shared by all human beings. These are what modern psychology is all about.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

In the Beginning The Greeks, Galen and the Influence of the East Psychology is fascinating and, in many ways, it is at the heart of being human. After all, understanding – or trying to understand – other people’s minds and behaviour is something all of us do every day. It’s how we get along in families, social groups and societies. And, quite often, we get it wrong. We might think we know what other people are like, and then we’re astounded when they don’t seem to see things as we do, or they behave in a strange (to us) way. We form ideas about human nature around what we have read or watched, which can be misleading. We often fail to appreciate that our understanding of people is rooted in our particular time, place and culture, and might not apply to others. Or we take for granted beliefs that people have held for millennia, without questioning where they came from. The common accounts of human nature that float around in society are generally a mixture of assumption, anecdote and sometimes plain silliness. Psychology is different. Psychology is the branch of science that is devoted to understanding people: how and why we act as we do; why we see things as we do; and how we interact with one another. The key word here is ‘science’. Psychologists don’t depend on opinions and hearsay, or the generally accepted views of society at the time, or even the considered opinions of deep thinkers. Instead, we look for evidence, to make sure that psychological ideas are firmly based, and not just derived from generally held beliefs or conjecture. As different as human beings are, there are processes and principles that we all have in common, and there are processes and principles that produce our wonderful cultural and social differences. These are what modern psychology is all about.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 39번: 생물학적 채널화 이론을 통한 질병과 건강의 표현 방식

Life is what physicists might call a 'high-dimensional system,' which is their fancy way of saying that there's a lot going on. In just a single cell, the number of possible interactions between different molecules is enormous. Such a system can only hope to be stable if only a smaller number of collective ways of being may emerge. For example, it is only a limited number of tissues and body shapes that may result from the development of a human embryo. In 1942, the biologist Conrad Waddington called this drastic narrowing of outcomes canalization. The organism may switch between a small number of well-defined possible states, but can't exist in random states in between them, rather as a ball in a rough landscape must roll to the bottom of one valley or another. We'll see that this is true also of health and disease: there are many causes of illness, but their manifestations at the physiological and symptomatic levels are often strikingly similar.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭) - 구글 검색 불가

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 40번: '트릭 처벌'이 아동 행동에 부정적 영향을 미치는 이유

Punishing a child may not be effective due to what Alvaro Bilbao, a neuropsychologist, calls 'trick-punishments.' A trick-punishment is a scolding, a moment of anger or a punishment in the most classic sense of the word. Instead of discouraging the child from doing something, it encourages them to do it. For example, Hugh learns that when he hits his little brother, his mother scolds him. For a child who feels lonely, being scolded is much better than feeling invisible, so he will continue to hit his brother. In this case, his mother would be better adopting a different strategy. For instance, she could congratulate Hugh when he has not hit his brother for a certain length of time. The mother clearly cannot allow the child to hit his little brother, but instead of constantly pointing out the negatives, she can choose to reward the positives. In this way, any parent can avoid trick-punishments.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Trick-punishments Another reason that punishments may not be effective is due to what I call “trick-punishments”. A trick-punishment is a reprimand, a moment of anger or a punishment in the most classic sense of the word. Instead of discouraging the child from doing something, it encourages them to do it. Trick-punishments appear when the child, usually one who does not receive enough attention from their parents, as they spend little time with their child and don’t know how to reinforce positive behaviour, learns that they receive more attention by doing things wrong. For example, Hugh learns that when he hits his little brother, his mother scolds him. For a child who feels lonely, being scolded is much better than feeling invisible, so he will continue to hit his brother. In this case, his mother would be better adopting a different strategy. For example, she could congratulate Hugh when he has not hit his brother for a certain length of time. She could also spend a little time with Hugh every day, once she has put his little brother to bed. The mother clearly cannot allow the child to hit his little brother, but instead of constantly pointing out the negatives, she can choose to reward the positives. In this way, any parent can avoid trick-punishments; they can turn the situation on its head by focusing on the positives and not giving so much “prominence” to the negatives.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 41~42번: 인간이 생존을 위해 애매한 대상에도 의도를 부여하는 경향

From an early age, we assign purpose to objects and events, preferring this reasoning to random chance. Children assume, for instance, that pointy rocks are that way because they don't want you to sit on them. When we encounter something, we first need to determine what sort of thing it is. Inanimate objects and plants generally do not move and can be evaluated from physics alone. However, by attributing intention to animals and even objects, we are able to make fast decisions about the likely behaviour of that being. This was essential in our hunter-gatherer days to avoid being eaten by predators. The anthropologist Stewart Guthrie made the point that survival in our evolutionary past meant that we interpret ambiguous objects as agents with human mental characteristics, as those are the mental processes which we understand. Ambiguous events are caused by such agents. This results in a perceptual system strongly biased towards anthropomorphism. Therefore, we tend to assume intention even where there is none. This would have arisen as a survival mechanism. If a lion is about to attack you, you need to react quickly, given its probable intention to kill you. By the time you have realized that the design of its teeth and claws could kill you, you are dead. So, assuming intent, without detailed design analysis or understanding of the physics, has saved your life.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Agency Detection and Theory of Mind Our mind functions as it does as the result of millions of years of evolution, of responding to past problems. And because all humans have similar cognitive apparatus, we are able to communicate with each other, especially through language, resulting in different humans generating similar (though not identical) mental representations of a particular concept. From an early age, we ascribe purpose to objects and events, preferring this reasoning to random chance; we create purposes for things and things for purposes. Children assume, for instance, that pointy rocks are that way because they don’t want you to sit on them. When we encounter something, we first need to determine what sort of thing it is. Inanimate objects and plants generally do not move and can be evaluated from physics alone. However, by assuming a design purpose or, even more effectively, imputing intention to animals, other humans, and even objects, we are able to make fast decisions about the likely behaviour of that being. This was essential in our hunter-gatherer days to avoid being eaten by predators. The anthropologist Stewart Guthrie made the point that survival in our evolutionary past meant that we interpret ambiguous objects as agents with human mental characteristics, as those are the mental processes which we understand. Ambiguous events are caused by such agents. This results in a perceptual system strongly biased towards anthropomorphism. As a result, we tend to assume intention even where there is none. This would have arisen as a survival mechanism, aided by a theory of mind. If a lion is about to attack you, you need to react quickly, given its likely intention to kill you. By the time you have determined that the design of its teeth and claws could kill you, or calculated the physics of the working of its body when it leaps on you, you are dead. So, assuming intent, without detailed design analysis or understanding of the physics, has saved your life.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

관련 자료 바로가기

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 29번: 디지털 기술이 어떻게 사용자의 인식을 강력하게 변화시키는지 설명

Digital technologies are essentially related to metaphors, but digital metaphors are different from linguistic ones in important ways. Linguistic metaphors are passive, in the sense that the audience needs to choose to actively enter the world proposed by metaphor. In the Shakespearean metaphor "time is a beggar," the audience is unlikely to understand the metaphor without cognitive effort and without further engaging Shakespeare's prose. Technological metaphors, on the other hand, are active (and often imposing) in the sense that they are realized in digital artifacts that are actively doing things, forcefully changing a user's meaning horizon. Technological creators cannot generally afford to require their potential audience to wonder how the metaphor works; normally the selling point is that the usefulness of the technology is obvious at first glance. Shakespeare, on the other hand, is beloved in part because the meaning of his works is not immediately obvious and requires some thought on the part of the audience.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Digital technologies are essentially related to metaphors, but digital metaphors are different from linguistic ones in important ways. Linguistic metaphors are passive, in the sense that the audience needs to choose to actively engage the world proposed by metaphor. Returning to the Shakespearean metaphor “time is a beggar,” the audience is unlikely to understand the metaphor without cognitive effort and without further engaging Shakespeare’s prose. Technological metaphors, on the other hand, are active (and often imposing) in the sense that they are realized in digital artifacts that are actively doing things, forcefully changing a user’s meaning horizon. Technological creators cannot generally afford to require their potential audience to wonder how the metaphor works; normally the selling point is that the usefulness of the technology is obvious at first glance. Shakespeare, on the other hand, is beloved in part because the meaning of his works is not superficially obvious and requires some thought on the part of the audience.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 30번: Herbert Simon의 정보 처리 한계와 집단 학습의 중요성

Herbert Simon won his Nobel Prize for recognizing our limitations in information, time, and cognitive capacity. As we lack the resources to compute answers independently, we distribute the computation across the population and solve the answer slowly, generation by generation. Then all we have to do is socially learn the right answers. You don't need to understand how your computer or toilet works; you just need to be able to use the interface and flush. All that needs to be transmitted is which button to push ─ essentially how to interact with technologies rather than how they work. And so instead of holding more information than we have mental capacity for and indeed need to know, we could dedicate our large brains to a small piece of a giant calculation. We understand things well enough to benefit from them, but all the while we are making small calculations that contribute to a larger whole. We are just doing our part in a larger computation for our societies' collective brains.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Herbert Simon won his Nobel Prize for realizing that we have limited information, limited time, and limited cognitive capacity. But long before Simon, evolution realized it too. Since we didn’t have information, time, or intelligence to compute the answers by ourselves, we distributed the computation across the population and solved the answer slowly, generation by generation. Then all we had to do was socially learn the right answers. Using this approach, we could limit our reason and causal understanding to minor tweaks with partial causal models of the world. You don’t need to understand how your computer or toilet works, you just need to be able to use the interface and flush. All that needs to be transmitted are which buttons to push - essentially how to interact with technologies rather than how they work. And so instead of holding more information than we have mental capacity for and indeed need to know, we could dedicate our large brains to a small sliver of a giant calculation. We understand things well enough to benefit from them or attempt to make improvements, but all the while we are making small calculations that contribute to a larger whole - like a wisdom of the crowds. We are just doing our part in a larger computation for our societies’ collective brains. Yet sometimes our societies’ wisdom of the crowds is instead madness of the masses.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 31번: 문어의 위장술과 이를 관찰한 사진작가들의 경험 이야기

The best defence most species of octopus have is to stay hidden as much as possible and do their own hunting at night. So to find one in full view in the shallows in daylight was a surprise for two Australian underwater photographers. Actually, what they saw at first was a flounder. It was only when they looked again that they saw a medium-sized octopus, with all eight of its arms folded and its two eyes staring upwards to create the illusion. An octopus has a big brain, excellent eyesight and the ability to change colour and pattern, and this one was using these assets to turn itself into a completely different creature. Many more of this species have been found since then, and there are now photographs of octopuses that could be said to be transforming into sea snakes. And while they mimic, they hunt ─ producing the spectacle of, say, a flounder suddenly developing an octopodian arm, sticking it down a hole and grabbing whatever's hiding there.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭) - 구글 검색 불가. 다른 경로로 검색.

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

If you are a medium-sized predator, the average octopus is one of the most edible animals in the sea. It’s substantial and meaty, and without a shell, bones, spines, poisons or any other unpleasant defence mechanisms. In fact, the best defence most species of octopus have is to stay hidden as much as possible and do their own hunting at night. So to find one in full view in the shallows in daylight was a surprise for two Australian underwater photographers, swimming off the Indonesian island of Flores in the early 1990s. Actually, what they saw at first was a flounder. It was only when they looked again that they saw a medium-sized octopus, with all eight of its arms folded and its two eyes staring upwards to create the illusion of a fishy body. An octopus has a big brain, excellent eyesight and the ability to change colour and pattern, and this one was using these assets to turn itself into a completely different creature. Many more of this species have been found since then, and there are now photographs of octopuses that could be said to be morphing into sea snakes (six arms down a hole, and two undulating menacingly), hermit crabs, stingrays, crinoids, holothurians, snake eels, brittlestars, ghost crabs, mantis shrimp, blennies, jawfish, jellyfish, lionfish and sand anemones. And while they mimic, they hunt – producing the spectacle of, say, a flounder suddenly developing an octopodian arm, sticking it down a hole and grabbing whatever’s hiding there.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 32번: 고통의 해석이 심리적 고통의 정도에 미치는 영향

How much we suffer relates to how we frame the pain in our mind. When 1500m runners push themselves into extreme pain to win a race ─ their muscles screaming and their lungs exploding with oxygen deficit, they don't psychologically suffer much. In fact, ultra-marathon runners ─ those people who are crazy enough to push themselves beyond the normal boundaries of human endurance, covering distances of 50-100km or more over many hours, talk about making friends with their pain. When a patient has paid for some form of passive back pain therapy and the practitioner pushes deeply into a painful part of a patient's back to mobilise it, the patient calls that good pain if he or she believes this type of deep pressure treatment will be of value, even though the practitioner is pushing right into the patient's sore tissues.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

How much we suffer relates to how we frame the pain in our mind. We can endure great pain if we believe at that it is purposeful. For instance, when a patient has paid for some form of passive back pain therapy and the practitioner pushes deeply into a painful part of a patient’s back to 'mobilise' it, the patient calls that 'good' pain if he or she believes this type of deep pressure treatment will be of value, even though the practitioner is pushing right into the patient’s sore tissues. When 1500m runners push themselves into extreme pain to win a race - their muscles screaming and their lungs exploding with oxygen deficit, they don’t psychologically suffer much from their pain. In fact, ultra-marathon runners - those people who are crazy enough to push themselves beyond the normal boundaries of human endurance, covering distances of 50-100km or more over many hours, talk about 'making friends' with their pain.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 33번: 다양한 가격대의 제품 제공이 소비자 선택에 미치는 영향

When I worked for a large electronics company that manufactured laser and ink-jet printers, I soon discovered why there are often three versions of many consumer goods. If the manufacturer makes only one version of its product, people who bought it might have been willing to spend more money, so the company is losing some income. If the company offers two versions, one with more features and more expensive than the other, people will compare the two models and still buy the less expensive one. But if the company introduces a third model with even more features and more expensive than the other two, sales of the second model go up; many people like the features of the most expensive model, but not the price. The middle item has more features than the least expensive one, and it is less expensive than the fanciest model. They buy the middle item, unaware that they have been manipulated by the presence of the higher-priced item.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

When I worked for a large electronics company that manufactured laser and ink-jet printers for industry and households, I soon discovered why there are often three versions of many consumer goods, especially large items such as computer printers and so-called white goods: kitchen and laundry appliances that were traditionally manufactured with white enamel finishes. If the manufacturer makes only one version of its product, people who bought it might have been willing to spend more money, so the company is losing some income. If the company offers two versions, one with more features and more expensive than the other, people will compare the two models and still buy the less expensive one. But if the company introduces a third model with even more features and more expensive than the other two, sales of the second model go up. Why? The company doesn’t expect many people to buy the third, more expensive model, but its very presence makes them choose among the alternatives. They like the features of the most expensive model, but not the price. The middle item has more features than the least expensive one, and it is less expensive than the fanciest model. They buy the middle item (bragging about how much money they have saved), unaware that they have been manipulated by the presence of the higher-priced item.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 34번: 기후 변화가 기후 소설 장르에 미치는 영향 예측

On-screen, climate disaster is everywhere you look, but the scope of the world's climate transformation may just as quickly eliminate the climate-fiction genre ─ indeed eliminate any effort to tell the story of warming, which could grow too large and too obvious even for Hollywood. You can tell stories 'about' climate change while it still seems a marginal feature of human life. But when the temperature rises by three or four more degrees, hardly anyone will be able to feel isolated from its impacts. And so as climate change expands across the horizon, it may cease to be a story. Why watch or read climate fiction about the world you can see plainly out your own window? At the moment, stories illustrating global warming can still offer an escapist pleasure, even if that pleasure often comes in the form of horror. But when we can no longer pretend that climate suffering is distant ─ in time or in place ─ we will stop pretending about it and start pretending within it.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

But the scope of the world’s transformation may just as quickly eliminate the genre—indeed eliminate any effort to tell the story of warming, which could grow too large and too obvious even for Hollywood. You can tell stories “about” climate change while it still seems a marginal feature of human life, or an overwhelming feature of lives marginal to your own. But at three degrees of warming, or four, hardly anyone will be able to feel insulated from its impacts—or want to watch it on-screen as they watch it out their windows. And so as climate change expands across the horizon—as it begins to seem inescapable, total—it may cease to be a story and become, instead, an all-encompassing setting. Why watch or read science fiction about the world you can see plainly out your own window? At the moment, stories illustrating global warming can still offer an escapist pleasure, even if that pleasure often comes in the form of horror. But when we can no longer pretend that climate suffering is distant—in time or in place—we will stop pretending about it and start pretending within it.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

관련 자료 바로가기

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 20번: 가사활동에 운동을 통합하여 건강을 증진하는 방법 제안

For many of us, making time for exercise is a continuing challenge. Between work commitments and family obligations, it often feels like there's no room in our packed schedules for a dedicated workout. But what if the workout came to you, right in the midst of your daily routine? That's where the beauty of integrating mini-exercises into household chores comes into play. Let's be realistic; chores are inevitable. Whether it's washing dishes or taking out the trash, these tasks are an essential part of daily life. But rather than viewing chores as purely obligatory activities, why not seize these moments as opportunities for physical activity? For instance, practice squats or engage in some wall push-ups as you wait for your morning kettle to boil. Incorporating quick exercises into your daily chores can improve your health.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Turn Chores into Fitness Boosters with Daily Tasks   "Take care of your body. It’s the only place you have to live" — Jim Rohm.   For many of us, carving out time for exercise is a perennial challenge. Between work commitments, family obligations, and, let’s face it, the desire for leisure, it often feels like there’s no room in our packed schedules for a dedicated workout. But what if the workout came to you, right in the midst of your daily routine? That’s where the beauty of integrating mini-exercises into household chores comes into play.   Let’s be realistic; chores are inevitable. Whether it’s washing dishes, taking out the trash, or making the bed, these tasks are part and parcel of daily life. But rather than viewing chores as purely obligatory activities, why not seize these moments as opportunities for physical activity? For instance, practice isometric squats while you brush your teeth, or engage in some standing press-ups as you wait for your morning kettle to boil.   The benefits of these mini-workouts extend beyond the mere physical. Incorporating quick exercises into your daily chores can also make these mundane tasks more engaging and enjoyable. Imagine how much quicker time would pass if, instead of lamenting over the sink full of dishes, you were focusing on tightening your core muscles or improving your posture. Research from the American Council on Exercise suggests that doing these micro exercises during chores, are practical for building strength and stability, particularly in your lower body and core.   Incorporating mini-exercises doesn’t require a complete overhaul of your routine; it just asks for a little creativity and a willingness to see opportunity where you might not have seen it before. From calf raises while doing laundry to lunges while vacuuming, the possibilities are almost endless.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 21번: 기억이 교육과 경험에 의해 재구성되는 방식과 영향 설명

When we see something, we naturally and automatically break it up into shapes, colors, and concepts that we have learned through education. We recode what we see through the lens of everything we know. We reconstruct memories rather than retrieving the video from memory. This is a useful trait. It's a more efficient way to store information ─ a bit like an optimal image compression algorithm such as JPG, rather than storing a raw bitmap image file. People who lack this ability and remember everything in perfect detail struggle to generalize, learn, and make connections between what they have learned. But representing the world as abstract ideas and features comes at a cost of seeing the world as it is. Instead, we see the world through our assumptions, motivations, and past experiences. The discovery that our memories are reconstructed through abstract representations rather than played back like a movie completely undermined the legal primacy of eyewitness testimony. Seeing is not believing.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Minds are simulators   When we see something - say a rectangular, brown desk - we naturally and automatically break it up into shapes, colors, and concepts that we have learned through education. We recode what we see through the lens of everything we know. We store in our minds not the raw image of the desk, but its features in an abstract manner. You can test yourself for how you’re mentally representing something by trying to draw it. We draw with our abstractions, not with a full picture of what we saw. We reconstruct memories rather than retrieving the video from memory. This is a useful trait. It’s a more efficient way to store information - a bit like an optimal image compression algorithm such as JPG, rather than storing a raw bitmap image file. People who lack this ability and remember everything in perfect detail, struggle to generalize, learn, and make connections between what they have learned. But representing the world as abstract ideas and features comes at a cost of seeing the world as it is. Instead, we see the world through our assumptions, motivations, and past experiences. The discovery that our memories are reconstructed through abstract representations rather than played back like a movie completely undermined the legal primacy of eyewitness testimony. Seeing is not believing.   In her now classic experiments, Elizabeth Loftus showed people a video of a car crash. She then asked people to estimate the speed of the car and whether they saw broken glass when the cars ‘contacted’, ‘hit’, ‘bumped’, ‘collided’, or ‘smashed’ into each other. Different groups were given a different description of the same video scene they all saw. The participants who were asked how fast the cars were going when they ‘smashed’ into each other drew on everything they knew about ‘smashing’ and had the highest estimates for speed and the greatest likelihood of claiming to have seen broken glass. There was no broken glass in the video. It’s because a ‘smashed’ car mentally simulates a lot more damage than one that was only ‘contacted’.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 22번: 첫 인상이 논리적 판단보다 더 정확할 수 있다는 연구 결과

In his Cornell laboratory, David Dunning conducted experimental tests of eyewitness testimony and found evidence that a careful deliberation of facial features and a detailed discussion of selection procedures can actually be a sign of an inaccurate identification. It's when people find themselves unable to explain why they recognize the person, saying things like "his face just popped out at me," that they tend to be accurate more often. Sometimes our first, immediate, automatic reaction to a situation is the truest interpretation of what our mind is telling us. That very first impression can also be more accurate about the world than the deliberative, reasoned self-narrative can be. In his book Blink, Malcolm Gladwell describes a variety of studies in psychology and behavioral economics that demonstrate the superior performance of relatively unconscious first guesses compared to logical step-by-step justifications for a decision.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

In his Cornell laboratory, David Dunning conducted experimental tests of eyewitness testimony and found evidence that a careful deliberation of facial features and a detailed discussion of selection procedures can actually be a sign of an inaccurate identification. It’s when people find themselves unable to explain why they recognize the person, saying things like “his face just popped out at me,” that they tend to be accurate more often. Sometimes our first, immediate, automatic reaction to a situation is the truest rendition of what our mind is really doing. That very first impression can also be more accurate about the world than the deliberative, reasoned self-narrative can be. In his book *Blink*, Malcolm Gladwell describes a variety of studies in psychology and behavioral economics that demonstrate the superior performance of relatively unconscious first guesses compared to logical step-by-step justifications for a decision.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 23번: 구체적인 질문으로 추상적 개념을 명확하게 만드는 방법 제안

Many forms of research lead naturally to quantitative data. A study of happiness might measure the number of times someone smiles during an interaction, and a study of memory might measure the number of items an individual can recall after one, five, and ten minutes. Asking people how many times in a year they are sad will also yield quantitative data, but it might not be reliable. Respondents' recollections may be inaccurate, and their definitions of 'sad' could vary widely. But asking "How many times in the past year were you sad enough to call in sick to work?" prompts a concrete answer. Similarly, instead of asking people to rate how bad a procrastinator they are, ask, "How many of your utility bills are you currently late in paying, even though you can afford to pay them?" Questions that seek concrete responses help make abstract concepts clearer and ensure consistency from one study to the next.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭)

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

Seek concrete answers, not merely quantitative answers.   Many forms of research lead naturally to quantitative data. A study of happiness might measure the number of times someone smiles during an interaction, and a study of memory might measure the number of items an individual can recall after one, five, and ten minutes.   Asking people how many times in a year they are sad will also yield quantitative data, but it might not be reliable. Respondents’ recollections may be inaccurate, and their definitions of “sad” could vary widely. But asking “How many times in the past year were you sad enough to call in sick to work?” prompts a concrete answer. Similarly, instead of asking people to rate how bad a procrastinator they are, perhaps ask, “How many of your utility bills are you currently late in paying, even though you can afford to pay them?”   Questions that seek concrete responses can help make abstract concepts clearer and ensure consistency from one study to the next.

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

[고1] 2024년 10월 – 24번: 인공지능과 인간 의식의 상호작용 및 AI 진화의 방향성

The evolution of AI is often associated with the concept of singularity. Singularity refers to the point at which AI exceeds human intelligence. After that point, it is predicted that AI will repeatedly improve itself and evolve at an accelerated pace. When AI becomes self-aware and pursues its own goals, it will be a conscious being, not just a machine. AI and human consciousness will then begin to evolve together. Our consciousness will evolve to new dimensions through our interactions with AI, which will provide us with intellectual stimulation and inspire new insights and creativity. Conversely, our consciousness also has a significant impact on the evolution of AI. The direction of AI's evolution will depend greatly on what values and ethics we incorporate into AI. We need to see our relationship with AI as a mutual coexistence of conscious beings, recognizing its rights and supporting the evolution of its consciousness.

문제와 원문 출처 (링크 바로가기 클릭) - 구글 검색 불가

원문 텍스트 및 OCR

텍스트 비교 (문제 텍스트 vs. 원문 텍스트)

관련 자료 바로가기

안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다.

오늘은 <2024년도 10월 고1~3 영어 모의고사>의 지문 텍스트만

한글 파일 hwpx와 pdf 파일로 정리해서 올립니다.

변형문제 출제를 위해 해당 지문들을 hwp 한글 파일로 제작했습니다.

<이그잼4유>에서 제작한 기출문제 한글 파일의 스타일 기능을 일부 수정해서 사용했습니다.

hwp 파일 내의 스타일 기능을 사용하시면 좀 더 쉽게 자체 변형문제를 작성할 수 있습니다.

(바탕글 / 본문 / 종합문제 / 문제 / 보기문) 

실용문을 제외한 전체 지문에 대해 작업했고,

hwpx 파일과 pdf 파일로 자료 올립니다.

필요에 따라 변형해서 사용하세요.
유용한 자료가 되길 바랍니다~♡

ps.

블로그 콘텐츠가 마음에 드신다면, '좋아요' 클릭과 광고 지원으로 응원해 주세요. 

여러분의 작은 도움이 큰 힘이 됩니다! 

감사합니다~~♡

파일 미리보기

파일 다운로드

* 파일 수정: 파일명에 오류가 있어 다시 올립니다 (수정일: 2024.11.15)

관련 자료 바로가기

안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다.

오늘은 <2024년도 10월 고3 영어 모의고사>의 지문 요약 자료 올립니다.

ChatGPT 유료 버전(ChatGPT-4o)으로 작업했고,
설명문/실용문을 제외한 전지문을 포함했습니다. 
(PDF 및 Word 파일)  

지문 분석하거나 자료 제작하실 때 참고하세요~♡

ps.

블로그 콘텐츠가 마음에 드신다면, '좋아요' 클릭과 광고 지원으로 응원해 주세요. 

여러분의 작은 도움이 큰 힘이 됩니다! 

감사합니다~~♡

파일 미리보기

파일 다운로드

관련 자료 바로가기

전체 내용

[고3] 2024년 10월 – 18번: 해외 출장으로 디지털 마케팅 워크숍 연사 참석 불가 통보 이메일

I hope this email finds you well. Thank you for considering me as a speaker for the upcoming Digital Marketing Workshop. I appreciate the invitation and your thoughtfulness. The workshop sounds like an amazing event, and I would have loved to participate. However, I regret to inform you that I will be overseas on a business trip during the workshop. It is unfortunate that the timing does not work out. Although I cannot attend as a speaker this time, I remain hopeful for future opportunities where our schedules might coincide. I hope the workshop goes well.

Possible Titles:

1. A Polite Decline to a Speaking Invitation Due to Schedule Conflict

2. Expressing Gratitude While Declining a Workshop Invitation

3. Professional Response: Unable to Attend Due to Overseas Commitment

4. Navigating a Scheduling Conflict with Courtesy and Hope for Future Opportunities

Main Idea #1:

The speaker expresses gratitude for the invitation to the Digital Marketing Workshop.

Main Idea #2:

Due to a scheduling conflict with a business trip, the speaker politely declines the invitation but expresses interest in future opportunities.

Summary:

The speaker appreciates the invitation to the Digital Marketing Workshop but cannot participate due to a prior overseas business commitment. They convey hope for potential future opportunities to collaborate and wish the event success.

Key Points:

1. Expresses gratitude for the invitation to the workshop.

2. Regretfully declines due to a scheduling conflict with a business trip.

3. Shows hope for future opportunities to participate as a speaker.

4. Offers well wishes for the success of the workshop.

[고3] 2024년 10월 – 19번: 숲에서 곰을 만나 공포에 빠진 경험과 안도감

Setting out to find some wood for the campfire, Sarah moved through the forest. Just then, she noticed an approaching danger ─ a large, threatening bear. Panic spread through her body. Frozen and unable to shout, she watched in horror. Her heart beat louder with each step the bear took. But then, as if by a miracle, the bear paused, looked around, and, uninterested, turned away, retreating into the shadows of the woods. When the bear had disappeared completely out of her sight, her knees nearly gave way. Sarah could finally let out the breath she had been holding. A wave of immense relief washed over her.

Possible Titles:

1. A Close Encounter with Danger: Sarah’s Terrifying Moment in the Woods

2. Overcoming Fear: Sarah’s Unexpected Confrontation with a Bear

3. The Unexpected Relief After a Near-Encounter with a Wild Bear

4. Facing Fear: Sarah’s Brush with Danger in the Forest

Main Idea #1:

Sarah encounters a threatening bear while searching for wood in the forest, causing her to freeze in fear.

Main Idea #2:

Despite the danger, the bear unexpectedly loses interest and retreats, leaving Sarah relieved and overwhelmed by the close call.

Summary:

While gathering wood for a campfire, Sarah encountered a large bear, leaving her frozen in fear. To her immense relief, the bear lost interest and wandered off, allowing her to finally breathe again. The experience left Sarah shaken but grateful to have avoided danger.

Key Points:

1. Sarah encountered a bear while searching for campfire wood.

2. Fear paralyzed her as the bear approached.

3. The bear unexpectedly retreated, leaving Sarah unharmed.

4. Sarah felt a wave of relief after the bear disappeared.

[고3] 2024년 10월 – 20번: 음악이 자녀의 정서적, 사회적 발달에 미치는 긍정적 영향

There are few universals in this world, but among them are our love for our children and our love of music. When we hold a baby in our arms, comforting her with song, we are channelling the emotional power of music. We do so instinctively, just as our ancestors did. Music can be a powerful parental ally during the challenging child-rearing years. To successfully prepare our children for life in the twenty-first century, we will need to nurture qualities such as curiosity, imagination, empathy, creative entrepreneurship, and most of all resilience. Musical practice in early childhood develops all of the above and more. Research has shown that musical practice in early childhood is beneficial not only for mental acuity but for social and emotional development as well. Music is not just a hobby, a pleasant pastime; it is an integral part of what makes us happy, healthy, and whole. Indeed, if we want to do one thing to help our children develop into emotionally, socially, intellectually, and creatively competent human beings, we should start the musical conversation ─ the earlier the better.

Possible Titles:

1. The Essential Role of Music in Early Childhood Development

2. How Music Enhances Emotional, Social, and Intellectual Growth in Children

3. Nurturing Future-Ready Qualities Through Early Musical Practice

4. The Universal Connection Between Music and Child Development

Main Idea #1:

Music is a universal part of human life, and it instinctively strengthens the bond between parents and children.

Main Idea #2:

Early childhood musical practice fosters qualities such as creativity, empathy, and resilience, promoting overall social, emotional, and intellectual development.

Summary:

Music connects parents and children on a deep, instinctive level and supports early development. Research shows that musical practice enhances mental, social, and emotional growth, nurturing essential qualities for success. Starting early can help children become well-rounded, competent individuals.

Key Points:

1. Music is a universal tool that instinctively strengthens the parent-child bond.

2. Early musical practice supports mental, social, and emotional development.

3. It nurtures key qualities such as creativity, empathy, and resilience.

4. Introducing music early in life benefits children's overall growth and competence.

[고3] 2024년 10월 – 21번: 집중의 중요성과 인터넷이 주의력에 미친 부정적 영향

In 1890, William James described attention as "the taking possession by the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought." Attention is a choice we make to stay on one task, one line of thinking, one mental road, even as attractive off-ramps signal. When we fail to make that choice and allow ourselves to be frequently sidetracked, we end up in "the confused, dazed, scatterbrained state" that James said is the opposite of attention. Staying on one road got much harder when the internet arrived and moved much of our reading online. Every hyperlink is an off-ramp, calling us to abandon the choice we made moments earlier. Nicholas Carr, in his 2010 book, grieved his lost ability to stay on one path. Life on the internet changed how his brain sought out information, even when he was off-line trying to read a book. It reduced his ability to focus and reflect because he now craved a constant stream of stimulation: "Once I was a scuba diver in the sea of words. Now I zip along the surface like a guy on a Jet Ski."

Possible Titles:

1. The Challenges of Maintaining Focus in the Digital Age

2. How the Internet Alters Our Ability to Sustain Attention

3. William James' Definition of Attention and Its Modern Implications

4. The Impact of Online Reading on Deep Focus and Reflection

Main Idea #1:

Attention involves consciously choosing to focus on a single task or thought, resisting distractions.

Main Idea #2:

The internet has made maintaining attention more difficult, as constant online stimuli train the brain to crave quick, superficial engagement rather than deep focus.

Summary:

William James described attention as choosing to focus on a single thought, resisting distractions. The rise of the internet has made this choice harder, with hyperlinks and online content constantly tempting users to shift focus. Nicholas Carr noted that frequent online reading reduced his ability to concentrate deeply, comparing his experience to skimming the surface rather than diving deep.

Key Points:

1. Attention requires the conscious choice to focus on one task, resisting distractions.

2. The internet has increased distractions, making sustained focus more difficult.

3. Hyperlinks act as temptations to divert attention from the chosen task.

4. Nicholas Carr observed that constant online engagement reduced his ability to read deeply and reflectively.

[고3] 2024년 10월 – 22번: 실천적 지식은 경험을 통해 형성되며 전수될 수 있는 것

Technical, book knowledge consists of "formulated rules which are, or may be, deliberately learned." Practical knowledge, on the other hand, cannot be taught or learned but only transmitted and acquired. It exists only in practice. When we talk about practical knowledge, we tend to use bodily metaphors. We say that somebody has a touch for doing some activity ─ an ability to hit the right piano key with just enough force and pace. We say that somebody has a feel for the game, an intuition for how events are going to unfold, an awareness of when you should plow ahead with a problem and when you should put it aside before coming back to it. When the expert is using her practical knowledge, she isn't thinking more; she is thinking less. She has built up a repertoire of skills through habit and has thereby extended the number of tasks she can perform without conscious awareness. This sort of knowledge is built up through experience, and it is passed along through shared experience.

Possible Titles:

1. The Distinction Between Technical Knowledge and Practical Intuition

2. Understanding the Nature of Practical Knowledge Through Experience

3. How Practical Knowledge Differs From Book Learning and Technical Rules

4. The Role of Experience in Developing Intuitive, Practical Skills

Main Idea #1:

Technical knowledge involves learning formulated rules, while practical knowledge is acquired through experience and practice.

Main Idea #2:

Practical knowledge is intuitive, relying on habits and skills developed through experience rather than conscious thought, and is passed on through shared experiences.

Summary:

Technical knowledge consists of learnable rules, while practical knowledge is intuitive and gained through experience. Practical skills are not consciously learned but developed through habit, allowing experts to perform tasks instinctively. This type of knowledge is passed along by sharing experiences rather than formal teaching.

Key Points:

1. Technical knowledge involves rules that can be deliberately learned.

2. Practical knowledge is intuitive and cannot be taught directly.

3. Experts use practical knowledge through habits, performing tasks without conscious thought.

4. Practical knowledge is acquired and passed on through shared experience.

[고3] 2024년 10월 – 23번: 인간이 그림을 만드는 본능적 욕구와 기억과의 관계

The human desire to make pictures is deeply rooted. At least 64,000 years ago, Neanderthals used colored oxide and charcoal to make paintings of large wild animals, tracings of human hands, and abstract patterns on cave and rock walls. Today, people create images with a multitude of mediums, including photography. What drives this picturemaking impulse? Some make pictures for commercial reasons. Others create informational systems or employ scientific imaging tools to visualize the unseen. Artists use images expressionistically, to conceptualize and articulate who they are and how they view the world. However, the fundamental motive for making the vast majority of pictures is a desire to preserve: to document, and therefore honor, specific people, events, and possessions of importance. Regardless of purpose, the making of images persists because words alone cannot always provide a satisfactory way to describe and express our relationship to the world. Pictures are an essential component of how humans observe, communicate, celebrate, comment, and, most of all, remember. What and how we remember shapes our worldview, and pictures can provide a stimulus to jog one's memory.

Possible Titles:

1. The Deep-Rooted Human Impulse to Create and Preserve Through Images

2. Understanding the Diverse Motives Behind the Act of Picturemaking

3. How Pictures Serve as Tools for Memory, Expression, and Communication

4. The Timeless Drive to Document and Preserve Through Visual Art

Main Idea #1:

The impulse to create images is deeply rooted in humans and dates back to ancient times.

Main Idea #2:

People make pictures for various reasons, but the primary motive is to preserve memories and document meaningful aspects of life, as pictures help express and communicate what words alone cannot.

Summary:

Humans have a long history of creating images, driven by the desire to preserve and document important people, events, and objects. While some images are made for commercial, informational, or artistic reasons, the act of picturemaking persists because it helps express and communicate ideas and memories that words alone cannot fully capture.

Key Points:

1. The human impulse to create pictures dates back at least 64,000 years.

2. People make images for commercial, scientific, informational, and artistic purposes.

3. The fundamental motive for most picturemaking is the desire to preserve and honor important memories.

4. Pictures complement words by providing a way to express and remember aspects of life that shape our worldview.

[고3] 2024년 10월 – 24번: 유사한 관점을 가진 사람들과의 관계가 자아 형성에 미치는 영향

We naturally gravitate toward people whose views and beliefs are similar to our own, seeking what the eighteenth-century moral philosopher Adam Smith called "a certain harmony of minds." Spending time with people who share our opinions reinforces our group identity, strengthening trust, cooperation, equality, and productivity. Our shared reality grounds us not just in our common perceptions but in similar feelings and worldviews. This helps to preserve our core values and beliefs about ourselves. It also provides us with meaning and a feeling of self-worth. And with each decision or interaction that confirms our tribe's common experience, we get rewarded with the hormonal happiness we crave. Our perception of ourselves is a mixture of our own unique characteristics and our sense of belonging to our in-groups. In fact, our personal identity is so closely interwoven with our social identity that our brains can't tell them apart. If I put you in a scanner and ask you to talk about yourself and then about the groups to which you feel the closest affinity, it will activate the same neural networks in your brain.

Possible Titles:

1. The Connection Between Personal Identity and Social Belonging

2. How Shared Beliefs Shape Group Identity and Self-Perception

3. The Role of Social Groups in Reinforcing Core Values and Self-Worth

4. Understanding the Interplay Between Personal and Social Identities

Main Idea #1:

People naturally seek out those with similar beliefs, which strengthens group identity and fosters trust and cooperation.

Main Idea #2:

Our personal and social identities are deeply interconnected, with shared experiences and group affiliations shaping how we perceive ourselves, providing meaning, and reinforcing self-worth.

Summary:

Humans tend to associate with those who share similar beliefs, as it fosters trust, cooperation, and group identity. This connection between personal and social identity is so strong that our brains process them similarly, highlighting how belonging to in-groups reinforces self-worth and a sense of meaning.

Key Points:

1. People are naturally drawn to those with similar views, which strengthens group identity.

2. Shared beliefs and experiences help preserve core values and provide a sense of self-worth.

3. Our brains do not distinguish between personal and social identities; both are interwoven.

4. Group affiliation reinforces trust, cooperation, and feelings of happiness and meaning.

[고3] 2024년 10월 – 25번: 2017년 기계 학습을 이용한 스마트폰 앱의 인식 및 사용 비율

The above graph shows awareness and usage of smartphone applications featuring machine learning in 2017. In each of the five surveyed applications, the percentage of respondents demonstrating awareness was higher than that of respondents demonstrating usage. Predictive text had the highest percentages of respondents in both awareness and usage, among the five applications. The percentage of respondents displaying awareness of voice search was more than four times that of respondents using it. Voice-to-text showed a higher percentage of the respondents reporting awareness of it than email classification, while this was not the case in their usage. The percentage of respondents showing usage of automated photo classification was less than half of the percentage of those showing awareness of it.

Possible Titles:

1. Discrepancy Between Awareness and Usage of Machine Learning Apps in 2017

2. Awareness Surpasses Usage Across Machine Learning Smartphone Applications

3. Examining User Awareness and Engagement With Machine Learning Features

4. The Gap Between Knowing and Using Machine Learning Apps in 2017

Main Idea #1:

Awareness of machine learning smartphone applications was consistently higher than their actual usage across all surveyed features in 2017.

Main Idea #2:

Predictive text had the highest awareness and usage, while significant gaps existed for other applications, such as voice search and automated photo classification, where awareness was much greater than actual engagement.

Summary:

In 2017, awareness of machine learning smartphone apps was higher than usage for all surveyed features. Predictive text had the highest percentages for both metrics, while features like voice search and photo classification showed notable gaps, indicating that users were aware of these tools but less inclined to use them.

Key Points:

1. Awareness surpassed usage across all five surveyed machine learning applications.

2. Predictive text had the highest rates of both awareness and usage.

3. Voice search awareness was more than four times its usage rate.

4. Automated photo classification showed a significant gap, with less than half of those aware actually using it.

[고3] 2024년 10월 – 26번: 고고학자 Mary Leakey의 업적과 아프리카에서의 중요한 발견들

Mary Douglas Leakey was born in 1913 in London, England in a family of scholars and researchers. Her father, who was an artist, took her to see the stone tools being studied by French prehistorians. This sparked her interest in archaeology. When she was just 17 years old, she served as an illustrator at a dig in England. Shortly after marrying Louis Leakey, she left for East Africa with her husband. Together, they made important fossil discoveries. In 1948, Mary found a partial skull fossil of Proconsul africanus on Rusinga Island in Lake Victoria. In 1959 in Tanzania, she discovered the skull of an early hominin that her husband named Zinjanthropus boisei, which is now known as Paranthropus boisei. Even after her husband's death in 1972, Mary continued her work in Africa. Mary died in 1996, in Nairobi, Kenya.

Possible Titles:

1. The Life and Legacy of Mary Leakey: A Pioneer in Archaeology

2. Mary Leakey’s Significant Fossil Discoveries in East Africa

3. From Illustrator to Leading Archaeologist: The Journey of Mary Leakey

4. The Contributions of Mary Leakey to Early Hominin Research

Main Idea #1:

Mary Leakey developed an early interest in archaeology, which led to a lifelong career in fossil discoveries in East Africa.

Main Idea #2:

Throughout her career, Mary made significant contributions to the study of early hominins, including the discovery of important fossils like Proconsul africanus and Paranthropus boisei, continuing her work even after her husband's death.

Summary:

Mary Leakey, born in 1913 in London, became interested in archaeology at a young age and later made significant fossil discoveries in East Africa. Notable finds include the partial skull of Proconsul africanus and Paranthropus boisei. She continued her work after her husband’s death, contributing greatly to the field until her own passing in 1996.

Key Points:

1. Mary Leakey’s interest in archaeology began in childhood, inspired by exposure to stone tools.

2. She made significant fossil discoveries with her husband, Louis Leakey, in East Africa.

3. Key finds included Proconsul africanus in 1948 and Paranthropus boisei in 1959.

4. Mary continued her archaeological work after Louis Leakey’s death, maintaining her dedication to the field until 1996.

[고3] 2024년 10월 – 29번: 후손들이 은하계를 식민지화할 가능성과 관련 기술들

Sometime late in the next millennium, our descendants may head off to other star systems. They may use comets as stepping-stones, some of which are only loosely bound to our sun because they reach almost halfway to the nearest star system, Alpha Centauri. Our remote descendants may eventually colonize much of our galaxy just as the first living organisms on Earth once colonized Earth's young oceans. Interstellar migrations will depend on as yet unimagined technologies for driving ships, for maintaining sustainable environments, and for putting humans into hibernations lasting for centuries. Interstellar journeys will also depend on the existence of groups willing to risk long and dangerous voyages with little or no hope of returning. It would take spaceships traveling at 1 percent of the speed of light more than four hundred years to reach the Alpha Centauri system. But if they spread out from there at a similar rate, they could settle star systems throughout the Milky Way within one hundred million years, which is just a bit longer than the span of time since dinosaurs ruled our Earth.

Possible Titles:

1. The Future of Humanity: Colonizing the Galaxy Through Interstellar Travel

2. The Challenges and Possibilities of Interstellar Migrations to Alpha Centauri

3. How Humanity Might Expand Across the Galaxy in the Next Millennium

4. Exploring the Potential for Galactic Colonization Through Advanced Technologies

Main Idea #1:

Future interstellar migrations may lead to humanity colonizing other star systems, beginning with those near our own, like Alpha Centauri.

Main Idea #2:

These journeys will require advanced, yet-to-be-invented technologies and the willingness of groups to embark on long, risky voyages, potentially enabling the colonization of the Milky Way over millions of years.

Summary:

In the distant future, humanity may expand to other star systems, starting with Alpha Centauri. This would require advanced technologies for space travel, sustainable environments, and human hibernation. Though the journeys would be long and risky, humanity could potentially settle the Milky Way over the course of one hundred million years.

Key Points:

1. Future interstellar migration may start with nearby star systems like Alpha Centauri.

2. Advanced, currently unimagined technologies will be needed for sustainable long-distance space travel.

3. Successful journeys will depend on groups willing to undertake long, dangerous trips with little hope of returning.

4. Humanity could potentially colonize the galaxy within one hundred million years, similar to the time span since dinosaurs existed.

[고3] 2024년 10월 – 30번: 어린 동물들이 계급질서에서 특별 대우를 받는 ‘강아지 면허’ 설명

Notably, young animals of many species have a special status, a leeway period granted by older members of the group. This break from the hierarchy is called "puppy license" by the behaviorists who see it in dogs, but it's a feature of family dynamics in a range of species. Older animals will overlook, or gently correct, an inappropriate display of dominance as long as the offender is young enough not to know better. Puppy license also covers play: older dogs seem to enjoy puppy playfulness, and may encourage young dogs by wrestling more gently, barking more softly, and sometimes letting the puppies win. As soon as that young dog hits a certain point in adolescence, however, its puppy license expires. Behaviors that were lightheartedly tolerated just a few days before are now met with adult pushback. Although the dog is still young and may lack experience, it is challenged and treated like an adult. In the human world and in the dog world, as juveniles mature into wildhood and their puppy licenses are no longer valid, a tolerant world becomes irritated and intolerant.

Possible Titles:

1. The Concept of "Puppy License" and Its Role in Animal Social Dynamics

2. How Young Animals Are Granted Leeway During Early Development

3. Understanding the Expiration of "Puppy License" in Animal Behavior

4. The Shift From Tolerance to Challenge as Juveniles Mature in the Animal World

Main Idea #1:

Young animals are granted a "puppy license," a period during which older members of the group tolerate or gently correct inappropriate behaviors.

Main Idea #2:

As juveniles mature, their "puppy license" expires, leading to stricter enforcement of social norms, as older members challenge and treat them as adults.

Summary:

Young animals often receive a "puppy license," where their playful or inappropriate behaviors are tolerated by older members. This leeway encourages learning and play, but once the juveniles reach a certain maturity, the tolerance fades, and they are treated as adults. This shift mirrors similar dynamics in the human world, where youthful freedom gives way to stricter expectations as individuals grow.

Key Points:

1. Young animals are granted a leeway period known as "puppy license" where their behaviors are more tolerated.

2. Older animals often enjoy and gently encourage playful interactions with younger ones.

3. The "puppy license" expires once the young animals reach adolescence, leading to stricter behavior correction.

4. This transition from tolerance to challenge is seen across different species, including humans.

[고3] 2024년 10월 – 31번: 과학 발전이 더 어려워지는 이유와 기존 이론의 한계

After we make some amount of scientific and technological progress, does further progress get easier or harder? Intuitively, it seems like it could go either way because there are two competing effects. On the one hand, we "stand on the shoulders of giants": previous discoveries can make future progress easier. On the other hand, we "pick the low-hanging fruit": we make the easy discoveries first, so those that remain are more difficult. You can only invent the wheel once, and once you have, it's harder to find a similarly important invention. Though both of these effects are important, when we look at the data it's the latter effect that predominates. Overall, past progress makes future progress harder. It's easy to see this qualitatively by looking at the history of innovation. Consider physics. In 1905, his "miracle year," Albert Einstein revolutionized physics, describing the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, the theory of special relativity, and his famous equation, E=mc². He was twenty-six at the time and did all this while working as a patent clerk. Compared to Einstein's day, progress in physics is now much harder to achieve.

Possible Titles:

1. The Challenge of Further Progress: Standing on Giants or Picking Low-Hanging Fruit?

2. Why Future Scientific and Technological Advances Become More Difficult Over Time

3. The Balance Between Past Discoveries and the Increasing Difficulty of Innovation

4. Understanding the Growing Challenge of Progress Through Historical Examples

Main Idea #1:

Progress in science and technology faces two opposing effects: building on past discoveries can make it easier, while exhausting simpler discoveries makes further progress harder.

Main Idea #2:

Despite the advantages of past discoveries, the data suggests that progress generally becomes more difficult over time, as evidenced by the increasing complexity of advancements in fields like physics compared to earlier periods.

Summary:

Further scientific and technological progress is influenced by two opposing effects: building on past discoveries and the depletion of easy innovations. Historical examples, such as Einstein’s revolutionary achievements in 1905, show that progress has become harder over time, indicating that the easier discoveries have already been made.

Key Points:

1. Progress can either be facilitated by past discoveries or hindered by the exhaustion of easy problems.

2. The "low-hanging fruit" effect suggests that simpler, foundational innovations are discovered first.

3. Historical data and examples indicate that future advances generally become more difficult.

4. Einstein's rapid progress in physics contrasts with the growing challenges faced by modern scientists.

[고3] 2024년 10월 – 32번: 유전자와 뇌의 구조가 행동에 미치는 영향과 환경의 역할

Behavior is, for the most part, a product of genes and brain neuropathways. Consider the elegant chemistry at work when living organisms move, think, behave, and act. Certainly, the environment is a factor here because it can influence how we act. An analogy would illustrate this adequately. Think of the environment as gasoline, and our body as the engine. Truly, the engine does not run without the gasoline, but all the intricate parts of the engine are the product of physical architecture, designed and assembled for a reactive purpose long before the gasoline is injected. Inject more gas and the engine accelerates, less, and it slows. The same is true for an organism. Behavior is a response to the environment. We have 'free will,' but the ultimate characteristic of that response can only act with respect to the architecture of our genes and our brain. In other words, the environment can, effectively, accelerate or slow down a potential behavior, but the engine for that behavior is already built and functional; therefore, the environment is but a catalyst.

Possible Titles:

1. The Interaction Between Genes, Brain Architecture, and Environmental Influence on Behavior

2. Understanding Behavior: Genes as the Engine and Environment as the Catalyst

3. How Genetic and Neurological Structures Shape Behavioral Responses

4. The Role of Environmental Stimuli in Triggering Predetermined Behavioral Patterns

Main Idea #1:

Behavior is largely determined by genetic and neurological structures, with the environment influencing but not creating these behaviors.

Main Idea #2:

The environment acts as a catalyst, akin to gasoline for an engine, accelerating or decelerating behaviors that are ultimately governed by the existing architecture of genes and brain neuropathways.

Summary:

Behavior stems primarily from genes and brain structures, while the environment acts as a catalyst, influencing the expression of these behaviors. Like an engine that requires gasoline to run, behavior responds to environmental stimuli, but the genetic and neurological "engine" dictates how this response operates.

Key Points:

1. Genes and brain pathways are fundamental to determining behavior.

2. The environment influences behavior but does not create the underlying structure.

3. Behavior can be accelerated or slowed by environmental factors, similar to how gasoline affects an engine.

4. The architecture of genes and the brain ultimately governs the range of possible responses.

[고3] 2024년 10월 – 33번: 영아들이 의도적인 행동을 모방하는 사회 인지적 혁명 과정

The social-cognitive revolution at 1 year of age sets the stage for infants' second year of life, in which they begin to imitatively learn the use of all kinds of tools, artifacts, and symbols. For example, in a study by Meltzoff , 14-month-old children observed an adult bend at the waist and touch its head to a panel, thus turning on a light. They followed suit. Infants engaged in this somewhat unusual and awkward behavior, even though it would have been easier and more natural for them simply to push the panel with their hand. One interpretation of this behavior is that infants understood that the adult had the goal of illuminating the light and then chose one means for doing so, from among other possible means, and if they had the same goal, they could choose the same means. Similarly, Carpenter et al. found that 16-month-old infants will imitatively learn from a complex behavioral sequence only those behaviors that appear intentional, ignoring those that appear accidental. Young children do not just imitate the limb movements of other persons, they attempt to reproduce other persons' intended actions in the world.

Possible Titles:

1. How Infants Learn Intentional Actions Through Imitation

2. The Role of Social-Cognitive Development in Early Imitative Learning

3. Understanding the Imitative Behaviors of Infants: Learning Through Intention

4. The Emergence of Goal-Oriented Imitation in Infants’ Second Year

Main Idea #1:

The social-cognitive revolution at around 1 year enables infants to begin imitative learning of tools, actions, and symbols by observing adults.

Main Idea #2:

Infants do not merely imitate actions but discern and reproduce the intentional behaviors of others, focusing on purposeful actions and ignoring those that appear accidental.

Summary:

Infants around 1 year old begin to imitatively learn how to use tools and symbols by observing the intentional actions of adults. Studies show that infants can differentiate between purposeful and accidental behaviors, choosing to imitate only those actions that appear to have a clear goal. This goal-oriented imitation is a key aspect of their early learning.

Key Points:

1. The social-cognitive revolution enables infants to start learning through imitation.

2. Infants observe and imitate adults' intentional actions, not just their movements.

3. Infants can distinguish between purposeful and accidental behaviors.

4. Imitative learning helps infants understand goal-directed actions and how to achieve them.

[고3] 2024년 10월 – 34번: 과학적 이론은 언제든지 오류가 입증될 수 있음을 설명

As an ideal of intellectual inquiry and a strategy for the advancement of knowledge, the scientific method is essentially a monument to the utility of error. Most of us gravitate toward trying to prove our beliefs, to the extent that we bother investigating their validity at all. But scientists gravitate toward falsification; as a community if not as individuals, they seek to disprove their beliefs. Thus, the defining feature of a hypothesis is that it has the potential to be proven wrong (which is why it must be both testable and tested), and the defining feature of a theory is that it hasn't been proven wrong yet. But the important part is that it can be ─ no matter how much evidence appears to confirm it, no matter how many experts endorse it, no matter how much popular support it enjoys. In fact, not only can any given theory be proven wrong; sooner or later, it probably will be. And when it is, the occasion will mark the success of science, not its failure. This was the crucial insight of the Scientific Revolution: that the advancement of knowledge depends on current theories collapsing in the face of new insights and discoveries.

Possible Titles:

1. The Role of Error and Falsification in the Advancement of Science

2. How the Scientific Method Embraces the Potential for Being Wrong

3. The Importance of Disproving Theories in Scientific Progress

4. Understanding the Utility of Error Through the Scientific Method

Main Idea #1:

The scientific method values falsification over confirmation, making error a crucial element in the advancement of knowledge.

Main Idea #2:

The potential for theories to be proven wrong is essential to scientific progress, as new insights and discoveries arise when existing theories collapse, highlighting the success rather than the failure of science.

Summary:

The scientific method is built around the principle of falsification, where hypotheses must be testable and capable of being proven wrong. This approach values error, as scientific progress depends on the eventual collapse of current theories in light of new discoveries. This insight from the Scientific Revolution underscores that disproving theories leads to the advancement of knowledge.

Key Points:

1. The scientific method prioritizes disproving rather than confirming beliefs.

2. A hypothesis must be testable, and a theory remains valid only as long as it hasn't been proven wrong.

3. Scientific progress occurs when current theories are challenged and replaced by new insights.

4. The process of falsification drives the advancement of knowledge, emphasizing the utility of error.

[고3] 2024년 10월 – 35번: 새로운 시스템 사용 시 개인적 필요가 사회적 목표와 충돌할 수 있음

It is important to remember that to achieve acceptance and use of new technologies/systems, the personal importance to the users has to be valued more highly than the degree of innovation. However, policies and political goals are often confused with the driver's personal goals. Societal goals and individual goals do not necessarily coincide. For example, the policy goal behind ISA (Intelligent Speed Adaptation; a system which warns the drivers when they exceed the speed limit, and may even prevent them from doing so) could be to increase traffic safety or to increase speed limit compliance. These goals might not be relevant to some drivers, for example, due to their feeling that safety measures are redundant because of their own personal driving skills or because speeding is not seen as a 'real crime.' Nevertheless, they might find that the system helps them to avoid speeding tickets or they want to use the system simply because they have a general interest in innovative systems.

Possible Titles:

1. Balancing Innovation and User Relevance in Technology Adoption

2. The Challenge of Aligning Policy Goals With Personal User Interests

3. Understanding User Motivation: Beyond Innovation in System Acceptance

4. How Personal Relevance Drives Acceptance of New Technologies

Main Idea #1:

For new technologies to be accepted, the personal importance to users should be prioritized over the level of innovation.

Main Idea #2:

Policies and societal goals may not align with individual drivers' goals, as seen with systems like ISA, where personal motivations, such as avoiding tickets, can lead to acceptance even if the policy goals are less relevant to users.

Summary:

The acceptance of new technologies depends more on their personal relevance to users than on their innovative features. While policy goals, such as improving safety with ISA, may not align with individual drivers' views, personal motivations, like avoiding speeding tickets or an interest in new systems, can still drive user adoption.

Key Points:

1. Personal relevance is crucial for the acceptance of new technologies.

2. Policy goals often do not align with individual users' motivations.

3. Drivers may not see systems like ISA as necessary for safety but might still adopt them for practical reasons.

4. Personal benefits, such as avoiding penalties, can influence technology acceptance more than policy-driven goals.

[고3] 2024년 10월 – 36번: 나이가 들면서 비언어적 감정 신호를 감지하는 능력이 약해지는 현상

From infancy, even before we learn to speak, we absorb how to infer people's emotions from their behaviors. As we grow older, however, this capacity can atrophy. We start to pay increasing attention to what people say rather than what they do, to the point where we can fail to notice nonlinguistic clues. Spoken language is so information rich that it lulls us into ignoring hints that someone might be, say, upset and instead focus on their words when they say, It's nothing. I feel fine. Some people, however, have a talent for detecting emotions, even when they're unspoken. We all know people like this: Friends who seem to intuit when we're feeling down, even if we haven't said anything; managers who sense when a kind word is needed to help us get over the hump at work. It's natural to assume these people are unusually observant, or uncommonly sensitive. Sometimes they are. But years of research indicates this is a skill anyone can develop. We can learn to identify the nonverbal clues that indicate someone's true emotions and use these hints to understand what they are feeling.

Possible Titles:

1. Rediscovering the Skill of Reading Nonverbal Emotional Clues

2. How to Enhance Emotional Awareness Beyond Spoken Language

3. The Decline and Potential Revival of Nonverbal Emotional Sensitivity

4. Developing the Ability to Detect Unspoken Emotions Through Observation

Main Idea #1:

From a young age, we naturally learn to infer emotions from behaviors, but this skill can weaken as we grow older and focus more on verbal communication.

Main Idea #2:

Though some people seem naturally adept at sensing emotions, research suggests that anyone can develop the ability to detect nonverbal clues and understand unspoken feelings.

Summary:

While we innately learn to read emotions from behaviors, this ability can diminish as we start to rely more on spoken language. Some individuals seem naturally skilled at detecting unspoken emotions, but research shows that it is a skill anyone can develop by learning to observe nonverbal cues that reveal true feelings.

Key Points:

1. We naturally learn to infer emotions from behaviors in infancy, even before speaking.

2. This skill can weaken as we grow older and focus more on verbal communication.

3. Some people seem naturally talented at detecting unspoken emotions, but this is a learnable skill.

4. Research indicates that by observing nonverbal clues, anyone can develop the ability to sense true emotions.

[고3] 2024년 10월 – 37번: 우리가 아는 것과 모르는 것에 대한 인식 감정 설명

Some epistemic feelings let us know that we know. These include the feeling of knowing, the feeling of certainty, and the feeling of correctness. For example, you feel sure that "1666" is the answer to the question, "When did the Great Fire of London occur?" Feeling that you know, even that you are sure, is not unfailing. We can be mistaken in those feelings. Other epistemic feelings alert our attention to what we do not yet know. Curiosity, awe, and wonder fall into this category. As with the feelings of knowing, we can ask whether feelings of not-yet-knowing are necessarily right. It does seem that if you wonder at something, there is something that prompted you to wonder. This feeling alerts you to the fact that your current body of knowledge ─ the schemas, heuristics, and other information you use ─ did not prepare you for the thing you wonder at. As such, wonder is a useful emotion, because it points to gaps in what you thought you knew.

Possible Titles:

1. Understanding Epistemic Feelings: Knowing and the Gaps in Knowledge

2. The Role of Epistemic Feelings in Awareness of Knowledge and Curiosity

3. How Feelings of Knowing and Wonder Shape Our Understanding

4. The Significance of Epistemic Feelings in Identifying Knowledge and Ignorance

Main Idea #1:

Epistemic feelings, such as the feeling of knowing and certainty, indicate when we believe we have knowledge, though they can sometimes be mistaken.

Main Idea #2:

Feelings like curiosity and wonder alert us to gaps in our knowledge, indicating when our existing understanding is inadequate, and encouraging exploration and learning.

Summary:

Epistemic feelings help us recognize both what we believe we know and what we do not yet understand. While feelings of knowing can sometimes be mistaken, emotions like curiosity and wonder signal gaps in our knowledge, prompting us to explore and address what we are not prepared for.

Key Points:

1. Epistemic feelings include certainty, correctness, and the sense of knowing.

2. These feelings are not always accurate and can lead to mistaken beliefs.

3. Curiosity and wonder are epistemic feelings that indicate a lack of knowledge.

4. Wonder is valuable because it highlights gaps in our understanding, prompting further inquiry.

[고3] 2024년 10월 – 38번: 기억이 왜곡되는 이유와 이것이 뉴스 인식에 미치는 영향

Memory often plays tricks. According to Mlodinow, we give "unwarranted importance to memories that are the most vivid and hence most available for retrieval ─ our memory makes it easy to remember the events that are unusual and striking not the many events that are normal and dull." The self-serving bias works because, as Trivers observes, "There are also many processes of memory that can be biased to produce welcome results. Memories are continually distorting in self-serving ways." A recent study argues that several forms of cognitive bias cause distortions in storing and retrieving memories. This, in turn, has a bearing on theories of agenda setting, priming, and framing, which argue that how people respond to the news is strongly influenced by what is most easily and readily accessible from their memories. But what if memories about news stories are faulty and distort, forget, or invent what was actually reported? In such cases, it may be the manipulation of memories in individual minds that primes, frames, and sets the agenda, not the original news stories.

Possible Titles:

1. The Impact of Cognitive Biases on Memory and Media Perception

2. How Memory Distortions Influence Agenda Setting and Priming

3. Understanding the Self-Serving Nature of Memory and Its Biases

4. The Role of Faulty Memories in Shaping Responses to News Stories

Main Idea #1:

Memory tends to give undue importance to vivid, striking events while neglecting ordinary ones, leading to distortions influenced by self-serving biases.

Main Idea #2:

Cognitive biases in memory storage and retrieval can affect how people respond to news, potentially shaping perceptions through distorted memories rather than the original information.

Summary:

Memory is prone to self-serving distortions, often giving more importance to vivid, unusual events and neglecting the ordinary. Cognitive biases can lead to faulty memories, which influence how people respond to news, suggesting that perceptions may be shaped more by distorted recollections than by the original stories themselves.

Key Points:

1. Memory favors vivid and striking events, leading to biased recollection.

2. Self-serving distortions can alter how we remember events.

3. Cognitive biases can cause memory distortions that impact responses to news.

4. Faulty memories may prime and frame perceptions, independent of the original news content.

[고3] 2024년 10월 – 39번: 차별 방정식 대신 간단한 신체 동작을 통해 공을 잡는 방법

One way to catch a fly ball is to solve all the differential equations governing the ball's trajectory as well as your own movements and at the same time reposition your body based on those solutions. Unfortunately, you don't have a differential equation-solving device in your brain, so instead you solve a simpler problem: how to place the glove most effectively between the ball and your body. The cerebellum assumes that your hand and the ball should appear in similar relative positions for each catch. So, if the ball is dropping too fast and your hand appears to be going too slowly, it will direct your hand to move more quickly to match the familiar relative position. These simple actions by the cerebellum to map sensory inputs onto muscle movements enable us to catch the ball without solving any differential equations. We are also able to use the cerebellum to anticipate what our actions would be even if we don't actually take them. Your cerebellum might tell you that you could catch the ball but you're likely to crash into another player, so maybe you should not take this action.

Possible Titles:

1. How the Cerebellum Simplifies Complex Actions in Catching a Fly Ball

2. The Role of the Cerebellum in Coordinating Movements Without Complex Calculations

3. Simplified Problem-Solving: How We Catch a Ball Without Solving Equations

4. Understanding the Cerebellum’s Role in Anticipating and Coordinating Movements

Main Idea #1:

The cerebellum helps us catch a ball by simplifying the problem, using familiar relative positions rather than solving complex differential equations.

Main Idea #2:

By mapping sensory inputs onto muscle movements, the cerebellum allows us to perform coordinated actions and even anticipate the consequences of movements without actually taking them.

Summary:

Catching a fly ball doesn’t require solving complex differential equations; instead, the cerebellum simplifies the process by guiding movements based on familiar sensory inputs. It maps muscle actions to match known patterns, helping to coordinate and anticipate actions, such as adjusting hand speed or deciding not to catch the ball to avoid collisions.

Key Points:

1. Catching a ball is simplified by the cerebellum without complex calculations.

2. The cerebellum matches sensory inputs to familiar muscle movements to guide actions.

3. It allows us to adjust movements, such as speeding up or slowing down, based on the ball's trajectory.

4. The cerebellum also anticipates potential outcomes, helping to make decisions about whether or not to act.

[고3] 2024년 10월 – 40번: 시의 불가역적 형식이 철학적 탐구에 미치는 영향 설명

Philosophical interest in poetry has been dominated by the question of whether poetry can aid philosophical thought and promote philosophical inquiry. This focus reflects a tradition of philosophers like Pope and Rumi presenting their philosophical work in verse. In addition, poets like William Wordsworth and T. S. Eliot have been celebrated as poet-philosophers, with their work valued as the product of philosophy through poetry. However, arguments against poetry having a role to play in philosophical inquiry have tended to focus on poetry's (negative) relationship to truth (or, as John Koethe puts it, poetry's indifference to truth). Although we may accept works of poetry as having philosophical themes, this does not amount to doing philosophy through poetry. One such argument hinges on the non-paraphrasability of poetry and form-content unity. The thought goes, if poetry is to play a role in philosophy, then it needs to be paraphrasable (that is, its content must be separable from its form). The assumption is that paraphrase is a mark of understanding and indicates that some proposition has a fixed meaning and that only a proposition with a fixed meaning can be evaluated in terms of truth or falsity. Poetry resists paraphrase: to change the words is to change the poem.

Possible Titles:

1. The Debate Over Poetry’s Role in Philosophical Inquiry

2. Can Poetry Contribute to Philosophy? Exploring the Limits of Paraphrase

3. The Tension Between Poetry and Truth in Philosophical Thought

4. Understanding the Philosophical Value and Limitations of Poetry

Main Idea #1:

There is a longstanding debate about whether poetry can contribute to philosophical inquiry, with some valuing poetry's role in presenting philosophical themes.

Main Idea #2:

Critics argue that poetry’s resistance to paraphrase and its form-content unity limit its philosophical role, as philosophy requires clear propositions that can be evaluated for truth.

Summary:

While poetry has been appreciated for its philosophical themes, there is debate over its role in philosophical inquiry. Some argue that poetry’s resistance to paraphrase restricts its ability to function as philosophy, as philosophical ideas need to be expressed in clear, paraphrasable propositions that can be evaluated for truth or falsity.

Key Points:

1. Philosophical interest in poetry has focused on its potential to aid philosophical thought.

2. Historical figures like Pope, Rumi, Wordsworth, and Eliot are seen as merging philosophy with poetry.

3. Critics highlight poetry’s resistance to paraphrase, arguing this limits its philosophical value.

4. Clear, fixed propositions are necessary for philosophical evaluation, which poetry’s form-content unity complicates.

[고3] 2024년 10월 – 41~42번: 앵무새의 소리와 돌에 새겨진 문양이 의미를 가질 수 없는 이유

Vocal sounds produced by parrots, regardless of the fact that they may be audibly indistinguishable from spoken words and regardless of the fact that someone or some group of people may take them to be words, are not words. They are not given a semantic dimension by physical similitude to spoken words. Nor can the "talk" of a parrot be given a semantic dimension by being taken to be a set of linguistic acts. In like manner, weather etchings on a stone or shapes in the clouds, regardless of how physically similar they may be to written words or drawings of objects and regardless of what they are taken to be by observers, are not words or pictures. They do not have the appropriate etiology and they have no inherent semantic content or object. They are simply physical objects that resemble certain other things. For observers, they may call to mind the things they resemble. In this regard, they may function as natural signs by virtue of the physical resemblance, but they have no semantic content about which one could be right or wrong. If people take A to be a sign of B by virtue of some nonsemantic relation that holds, or is believed to hold, between A and B, A is a sign of B. But words, pictures, and images are not that way. They contain a semantic content to be understood.

Possible Titles:

1. The Difference Between Natural Signs and Semantic Content in Communication

2. Understanding Why Parrot Vocalizations Lack True Semantic Meaning

3. Distinguishing Physical Resemblance From Semantic Content in Words and Signs

4. Why Physical Similarity Does Not Equate to Semantic Understanding

Main Idea #1:

Vocalizations by parrots and natural patterns like weather etchings do not constitute words or pictures because they lack inherent semantic content, even if they resemble or are taken to be linguistic acts.

Main Idea #2:

True words, pictures, and images contain semantic content that is understood beyond mere physical resemblance, unlike natural signs, which function based on resemblance without conveying fixed meaning.

Summary:

Parrot vocalizations and natural patterns may resemble spoken words or images, but they do not have semantic content, as they lack the appropriate origins and inherent meaning. While natural signs may call to mind what they resemble, true words and pictures contain specific semantic content to be understood, distinguishing them from simple physical resemblance.

Key Points:

1. Parrot vocal sounds, despite resembling words, lack inherent semantic meaning.

2. Natural patterns, like weather etchings or cloud shapes, are not words or images but physical objects with no semantic content.

3. Physical resemblance alone does not create semantic meaning.

4. True words and pictures contain specific semantic content that allows them to be understood beyond mere resemblance.

[고3] 2024년 10월 – 43~45번: 눈사람과 토끼의 교환과 우정 이야기

One frosty morning, a rabbit was jumping about on a hill. There stood a snowman which had been made by some children. He had a broom in his hand and a carrot nose. The rabbit saw the carrot and swallowed hard. "I will have a delicious breakfast," he thought and jumped up, reaching out for the snowman's nose. But before the rabbit even touched him, something hit him hard. "Go Away!" the snowman threatened him with his great broom. "Sorry, Mr. Snowman, I just..." murmured the rabbit. "You wanted to eat my nose!," he shouted. "I was so hungry and it looked so tasty," apologized the rabbit. The snowman thought for a moment. "Hmm... Here, I am bored by myself. I would like to go to the village where the children are. If you take me there, I'll give you my carrot," said the snowman. Excited by the offer, the rabbit told the snowman to wait and disappeared. He returned shortly, dragging a sled and said to the snowman, "Let's go!" The sled ran smoothly over the snow. The snowman with joy waved his broom. After a while, they arrived in the middle of the village. "Here we are," said the rabbit. "Thank you. Here's the carrot," said the snowman, giving him his carrot. The rabbit hesitated for a moment. "Come on, take it. I have a feeling that I'll get a new one," urged the snowman. He finally accepted the carrot and leapt back into the woods. Not long after, the children gathered around the snowman. Noticing that he had no nose, they gave him a fresh carrot. From that time on, the snowman stood in the middle of the village, with a broom in his hand and a marvelous new carrot nose.

Possible Titles:

1. The Snowman's Generous Deal: A Rabbit's Journey for a Carrot

2. How a Hungry Rabbit Helped a Lonely Snowman Find Friends

3. The Snowman and the Rabbit: A Tale of Kindness and Compromise

4. A Winter Adventure: The Snowman's Wish and the Rabbit's Reward

Main Idea #1:

A hungry rabbit tried to take the snowman's carrot nose, but the snowman stopped him and offered a deal instead.

Main Idea #2:

The snowman promised the rabbit his carrot nose if the rabbit took him to the village. After the rabbit helped, the snowman received a new nose from the children, showing how kindness was rewarded.

Summary:

A rabbit attempted to take a snowman’s carrot nose out of hunger but was stopped. The snowman offered his carrot if the rabbit would take him to the village. After the rabbit helped, the snowman kept his promise, and soon the children gave him a new nose, rewarding his generosity.

Key Points:

1. A hungry rabbit wanted the snowman’s carrot nose for breakfast.

2. The snowman offered the carrot in exchange for being taken to the village.

3. The rabbit helped the snowman, and he fulfilled his promise by giving the carrot.

4. The snowman received a new nose from the children, showing how kindness was reciprocated.

안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다.

오늘은 <2024년도 10월 고2 영어 모의고사>의 지문 요약 자료 올립니다.

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지문 분석하거나 자료 제작하실 때 참고하세요~♡

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[고2] 2024년 10월 – 18번: 추가 예산이 필요한 이유와 해결을 요청하는 이메일

Dear Executive Manager Schulz, It is a week before the internship program starts. I am writing to bring your attention to a matter that requires immediate consideration regarding the issue my department has. As the coordinator, it is becoming apparent to me that the budget, previously approved by your department, needs some adjustments in order to meet the emerging modifications. Since my department has hired three more interns than planned initially, the most expensive need is for additional funding to cover their wages, training costs, and materials. I kindly request an additional budget allocation for these expenses. Please refer to the attachment for details. Thank you for your attention. Best regards, Matt Perry

Possible Titles:

1. Request for Additional Budget Allocation for Internship Program

2. Budget Adjustment Needed Due to Increase in Intern Hires

3. Urgent Request for Budget Revisions for Upcoming Interns

4. Additional Funding Required for Expanded Internship Program

Main Idea #1:

The coordinator is requesting a budget adjustment for the internship program due to an increase in the number of interns.

Main Idea #2:

With three more interns hired than originally planned, additional funds are needed to cover their wages, training, and materials, prompting the coordinator to seek extra budget allocation from the executive manager.

Summary:

The coordinator requests additional budget allocation to accommodate three extra interns hired for the upcoming program. More funds are needed to cover their wages, training, and materials, and details are provided in the attachment. 

Key Points:

1. The budget needs adjustment due to increased intern hires.

2. Three additional interns have been recruited.

3. Extra funds are required for wages, training, and materials.

4. The coordinator has attached details for the manager's consideration.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 19번: 이름 철자 실수로 인해 예약 확인이 지연된 경험

Katie approached the hotel front desk to check-in but an unexpected event unfolded. The receptionist couldn't find her reservation under the name 'Katie'. I'm sorry, but I can't seem to locate a reservation under that name, the receptionist said. No way, I definitely made a reservation on the phone, Katie said, puzzled. The receptionist asked, "Can you tell me your phone number?" and Katie told it to him, thinking 'What happened? Did I make a mistake?' Just a moment, the receptionist said, typing deliberately on the keyboard. I found it! It seems there was a small misspelling. Your reservation is under 'K-A-T-Y', the receptionist explained. With a sense of ease, Katie watched her reservation appearing on the screen. With her heart slowing to a gentle rhythm, she proceeded with her check-in, thinking that a simple misspelling might have ruined her plans.

Possible Titles:

1. A Minor Spelling Error Causes Confusion at Hotel Check-In

2. How a Simple Misspelling Almost Ruined Katie's Reservation

3. The Unexpected Check-In Mix-Up: A Story of a Name Error

4. Resolving a Hotel Reservation Error Due to a Misspelled Name

Main Idea #1:

Katie encountered an issue at the hotel check-in when the receptionist couldn’t find her reservation due to a misspelling.

Main Idea #2:

After providing her phone number, the receptionist discovered that Katie’s reservation was listed under a misspelled name, resolving the issue and allowing her to check-in without further problems.

Summary:

Katie’s hotel check-in was delayed because the receptionist couldn’t find her reservation due to a name misspelling. After verifying her phone number, the receptionist located the booking, and Katie checked in, relieved that the issue was resolved.

Key Points:

1. Katie’s reservation was not found under the expected name.

2. She confirmed her phone number to help locate the booking.

3. The issue was due to a simple misspelling of her name.

4. The reservation was found, allowing Katie to proceed with check-in.

[고2] 2024년 10월 – 20번: 수학적 비판적 사고를 교육과 의사결정 과정에서 강조해야 함