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안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다.

오늘은 <2023년도 11월 고2 영어 모의고사(12월 시행)>의 지문 요약 자료 다시 제작해 올립니다.

(이전 자료와 내용은 비슷한데, 최근 형식으로 다시 제작했습니다)


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지문 분석하거나 자료 제작하실 때 참고하세요~♡

 

 

ps.

블로그 콘텐츠가 마음에 드신다면, '좋아요' 클릭과 광고 지원으로 응원해 주세요. 

여러분의 작은 도움이 큰 힘이 됩니다! 

감사합니다~~

 

 

 

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[고2] 2023년 11월 모의고사(12월 시행) - 한줄해석

안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다. 2023년도 11월 고2 영어 모의고사(12월 시행)>의 한줄해석 자료 올립니다.설명문/실용문을 제외한 모든 지문을 포함했습니다. 자료는 PDF와 워드 파일

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[고2] 2023년 11월 모의고사(12월 시행) - 한줄해석 (좌지문 우해석)

안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다. 오늘은 2023년도 11월 고2 영어 모의고사(12월 시행)>의 한줄해석(좌지문 우해석) 자료 올립니다.설명문/실용문을 제외한 전지문 작업했습니다. 자료는 PD

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[고1~고2] 2023년 11월 모의고사(12월 시행) - 지문 정리 (문제 제작용 hwp 한글 파일)

안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다. 오늘은 2023년도 11월 고1~2 영어 모의고사>의 지문 텍스트만한글 파일 hwpx와 pdf 파일로 정리해서 올립니다.변형문제 출제를 위해 해당 지문들을 hwp 한글 파

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[고2] 2023년도 11월 모의고사(12월 시행) - 기출문제 모음 #1 (71문항)

안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다. 오늘은 고2 2023년도 11월 모의고사(12월 시행)>의 기출문제 모음 1번째 자료를 올립니다.[고2] 2023년 11월 기출모음 #1 - 71문항 이번 모의고사는 2023년 12월 19일

flowedu.tistory.com

 

 

전체 내용

[2] 2023 11 – 18: 농구 코트 소음 문제 해결을 요청하는 민원 제기

 

To whom it may concern, I am writing to inform you of an ongoing noise issue that I am experiencing. My apartment faces the basketball courts of the community center. While I fully support the community center's services, I am constantly being disrupted by individuals playing basketball late at night. Many nights, I struggle to fall asleep because I can hear people bouncing balls and shouting on the basketball courts well after 11 p.m.. Could you restrict the time the basketball court is open to before 9 p.m.? I'm sure I'm not the only person in the neighborhood that is affected by this noise issue. I appreciate your assistance. Sincerely, Ian Baldwin

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Addressing Noise Concerns From Late-Night Basketball Games 

2. Request to Limit Community Center Basketball Court Hours 

3. Late-Night Noise Disruption: A Concern for Neighborhood Peace 

4. Seeking Resolution for Ongoing Noise from Basketball Courts 

 

Main Idea #1:

A resident requests restricting basketball court hours to reduce late-night noise disturbances. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Ian Baldwin expresses concern over consistent late-night noise from the community center's basketball courts and suggests limiting their operation to before 9 p.m. to maintain neighborhood peace. 

 

Summary:

Ian Baldwin requests limiting the operating hours of the community center’s basketball courts due to late-night noise disturbances affecting his sleep. He suggests closing the courts by 9 p.m. to address the issue for himself and other affected neighbors. 

 

Key Points:

1. Ian Baldwin experiences late-night noise from the community center’s basketball courts. 

2. Noise from basketball games disrupts his sleep, especially after 11 p.m. 

3. He supports the community center’s services but suggests restricting court hours to before 9 p.m. 

4. Baldwin believes other neighbors are also likely affected by the issue.

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 19: 부족 의식에서 아버지의 존재로 안정감을 얻음

 

Chaske, a Cherokee boy, was sitting on a tree stump. As a rite of passage for youths in his tribe, Chaske had to survive one night in the forest wearing a blindfold, not knowing he was observed by his father. After the sunset, Chaske could hear all kinds of noises. The wind blew the grass and shook his stump. A sense of dread swept through his body. What if wild beasts are looking at me? I can't stand this! Just as he was about to take off the blindfold to run away, a voice came in from somewhere. "I'm here around you. Don't give up, and complete your mission." It was his father's voice. He has been watching me from nearby! With just the presence of his father, the boy regained stability. What panicked him awfully a moment ago vanished into thin air.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. A Cherokee Rite of Passage and the Power of Parental Support 

2. Facing Fear: Chaske’s Journey Through the Forest 

3. Overcoming Dread with Trust and Guidance in the Wild 

4. A Father’s Silent Vigil in a Cherokee Youth’s Trial 

 

Main Idea #1:

Chaske learns to overcome fear during a Cherokee rite of passage with the unseen support of his father. 

 

Main Idea #2:

In a Cherokee rite of passage, Chaske faces his fears while blindfolded in the forest, regaining courage when he hears his father’s reassuring voice, which helps him complete his trial. 

 

Summary:

Chaske, a Cherokee boy, participates in a rite of passage requiring him to stay blindfolded in the forest overnight. Overwhelmed by fear, he regains stability upon hearing his father’s supportive voice, realizing his father has been watching nearby. 

 

Key Points:

1. Chaske undergoes a Cherokee rite of passage involving an overnight stay in the forest. 

2. Fear and panic overcome him as he imagines wild beasts around him. 

3. His father’s unseen presence and voice provide reassurance and courage. 

4. Chaske successfully completes his trial, overcoming his fear with his father’s support.

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 20: 농업의 발전과 지속 가능성을 위한 해결책 필요

 

Agriculture includes a range of activities such as planting, harvesting, fertilizing, pest management, raising animals, and distributing food and agricultural products. It is one of the oldest and most essential human activities, dating back thousands of years, and has played a critical role in the development of human civilizations, allowing people to create stable food supplies and settle in one place. Today, agriculture remains a vital industry that feeds the world's population, supports rural communities, and provides raw materials for other industries. However, agriculture faces numerous challenges such as climate change, water scarcity, soil degradation, and biodiversity loss. As the world's population continues to grow, it is essential to find sustainable solutions to address the challenges facing agriculture and ensure the continued production of food and other agricultural products.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Evolution and Challenges of Modern Agriculture 

2. Agriculture: Past, Present, and Future Sustainability Needs 

3. Balancing Food Production and Environmental Conservation in Agriculture 

4. Addressing Global Challenges in Agriculture for a Growing Population 

 

Main Idea #1:

Agriculture has been essential to human development, enabling stable food supplies and societal growth. 

 

Main Idea #2:

While agriculture continues to support global populations and industries, it faces challenges like climate change and resource scarcity, requiring sustainable solutions for future food production. 

 

Summary:

Agriculture, a cornerstone of human civilization, supports global food production and industries but faces critical challenges like climate change, water scarcity, and soil degradation. Sustainable solutions are essential to meet the growing demands of a rising population. 

 

Key Points:

1. Agriculture includes planting, harvesting, raising animals, and distributing food. 

2. It has been crucial for human development and civilization. 

3. Modern agriculture faces challenges such as climate change, resource scarcity, and biodiversity loss. 

4. Sustainable approaches are necessary to ensure future food security.

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 21: 예술은 어려운 주제를 다루며 변화를 촉진함

 

The arts and aesthetics offer emotional connection to the full range of human experience. "The arts can be more than just sugar on the tongue," Anjan Chatterjee, a professor at the University of Pennsylvania, says. "In art, when there's something challenging, which can also be uncomfortable, this discomfort, if we're willing to engage with it, offers the possibility of some change, some transformation. That can also be a powerful aesthetic experience." The arts, in this way, become vehicles to contend with ideas and concepts that are difficult and uncomfortable otherwise. When Picasso painted his masterpiece Guernica in 1937, he captured the heartbreaking and cruel nature of war, and offered the world a way to consider the universal suffering caused by the Spanish Civil War. When Lorraine Hansberry wrote her play A Raisin in the Sun, she gave us a powerful story of people struggling with racism, discrimination, and the pursuit of the American dream while also offering a touching portrait of family life.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. How the Arts Transform Emotions and Challenge Perspectives 

2. Exploring Human Experience Through Aesthetic and Emotional Connections 

3. The Role of Art in Addressing Difficult and Universal Themes 

4. From Picasso to Hansberry: Art as a Catalyst for Change 

 

Main Idea #1:

The arts provide emotional connections that help us engage with challenging and transformative aspects of human experience. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Art serves as a medium for grappling with complex, uncomfortable issues, offering transformative insights, as seen in works like Picasso’s *Guernica* and Hansberry’s *A Raisin in the Sun*. 

 

Summary:

The arts connect us to the full spectrum of human emotions and experiences, allowing engagement with challenging ideas and offering transformative insights. Iconic works like *Guernica* and *A Raisin in the Sun* address universal themes like war and racism, illustrating the power of art to inspire reflection and change. 

 

Key Points:

1. The arts provide emotional connections to the range of human experiences. 

2. Challenging art offers transformative opportunities despite its discomfort. 

3. *Guernica* highlights the suffering caused by war through Picasso’s lens. 

4. *A Raisin in the Sun* explores racism, discrimination, and family dynamics.

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 22: 기계식 시계가 시간 개념과 경제 발전에 기여

 

Many historians have pointed to the significance of accurate time measurement to Western economic progress. The French historian Jacques Le Goff called the birth of the public mechanical clock a turning point in Western society. Until the late Middle Ages, people had sun or water clocks, which did not play any meaningful role in business activities. Market openings and activities started with the sunrise and typically ended at noon when the sun was at its peak. But when the first public mechanical clocks were introduced and spread across European cities, market times were set by the stroke of the hour. Public clocks thus greatly contributed to public life and work by providing a new concept of time that was easy for everyone to understand. This, in turn, helped facilitate trade and commerce. Interactions and transactions between consumers, retailers, and wholesalers became less irregular. Important town meetings began to follow the pace of the clock, allowing people to better plan their time and allocate resources in a more efficient manner.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Role of Public Clocks in Shaping Western Economic Development 

2. How Accurate Time Measurement Revolutionized Trade and Commerce 

3. The Birth of Public Clocks and Its Impact on Western Society 

4. The Influence of Timekeeping on Economic Organization and Efficiency 

 

Main Idea #1:

The introduction of public mechanical clocks marked a crucial turning point in Western economic development by standardizing time. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Public clocks facilitated trade, business, and public life by introducing a new, standardized concept of time, allowing for more efficient planning and resource allocation. 

 

Summary:

The invention of public mechanical clocks in Europe was a key development in Western economic progress. It standardized time, helping businesses, markets, and public meetings become more organized and efficient, fostering smoother interactions and improving economic practices. 

 

Key Points:

1. Before mechanical clocks, time was measured by sun or water clocks, which had limited utility for business. 

2. Public mechanical clocks introduced a standardized concept of time, improving market operations. 

3. Time regulation made interactions between consumers, retailers, and wholesalers more regular. 

4. Public meetings and activities became more organized, enhancing resource allocation and planning.

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 23: 쇼핑카트 사용 장려를 위한 마케팅 전략 전환

 

Sylvan Goldman invented the shopping cart and introduced it in his stores in 1937. It was an excellent device that would make it easy for shoppers to buy as much as they wanted without getting tired or seeking others' help. But Goldman discovered that in spite of his repeated advertisements and explanations, he could not persuade his shoppers to use the wheeled carts. Men were reluctant because they thought they would appear weak if they pushed such carts instead of carrying their shopping. Women wouldn't touch them because the carts reminded them of baby carriages. It was only a few elderly shoppers who used them. That made the carts even less attractive to the majority of the shoppers. Then Goldman hit upon an idea. He hired several models, men and women, of different ages and asked them to wheel the carts in the store and shop. A young woman employee standing near the entrance told the regular shoppers, 'Look, everyone is using the carts. Why don't you?' That was the turning point. A few shills disguised as regular shoppers easily accomplished what logic, explanations, and advertisements failed to do. Within a few weeks shoppers readily accepted those carts.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Shopping Cart: How an Invention Overcame Social Resistance 

2. Sylvan Goldman and the Creative Marketing of the Shopping Cart 

3. Breaking Social Barriers: The Adoption of the Shopping Cart 

4. How Models Helped Popularize a Revolutionary Shopping Tool 

 

Main Idea #1:

Sylvan Goldman invented the shopping cart, but initial resistance from shoppers prevented its adoption. 

 

Main Idea #2:

By using hired models to demonstrate the convenience of shopping carts, Goldman overcame social resistance and made the carts widely accepted by shoppers. 

 

Summary:

Sylvan Goldman’s invention of the shopping cart initially faced rejection due to social perceptions. By hiring models to showcase their use, he convinced shoppers of their convenience, leading to the widespread acceptance of shopping carts in stores. 

 

Key Points:

1. Goldman invented the shopping cart in 1937 to make shopping easier. 

2. Shoppers initially resisted due to gender norms and social perceptions. 

3. Goldman hired models to act as shoppers and demonstrate cart usage. 

4. The strategy succeeded, and carts became a popular shopping tool.

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 24: 로봇의 인간적 특성이 신뢰와 속임수 모두 유발 가능

 

In response to human-like care robots, critics might charge that human-robot interactions create moral hazards for dementia patients. Even if deception is sometimes allowed when it serves worthy goals, should it be allowed for vulnerable users? Just as children on the autism spectrum with robot companions might be easily fooled into thinking of robots as friends, older adults with cognitive deficits might be. According to Alexis Elder, a professor at UMD, robots are false friends, inferior to true friendship. Reasoning along similar lines, John Sullins, a professor at Sonoma State University, holds that robots should "remain iconic or cartoonish so that they are easily distinguished as synthetic even by unsophisticated users." At least then no one is fooled. Making robots clearly fake also avoids the so-called "uncanny valley," where robots are perceived as scary because they so closely resemble us, but not quite. Other critics of robot deception argue that when care recipients are deceived into thinking that robots care, this crosses a line and violates human dignity.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Ethical Concerns in Human-Like Care Robots for Vulnerable Populations 

2. The Debate Over Deception and Human-Robot Interaction 

3. Robots as Caregivers: Balancing Utility and Human Dignity 

4. Why Deception in Care Robots Raises Moral and Ethical Questions 

 

Main Idea #1:

Critics argue that human-like care robots may deceive vulnerable users, raising ethical concerns about dignity and moral hazards. 

 

Main Idea #2:

While some experts advocate for clearly artificial robots to avoid deception and the uncanny valley, others argue that deceiving care recipients into believing robots care violates their dignity and creates false relationships. 

 

Summary:

Human-like care robots raise ethical concerns about deception, especially for vulnerable users like dementia patients. Critics suggest robots should appear clearly synthetic to avoid false friendships, preserve dignity, and prevent discomfort from the uncanny valley effect. 

 

Key Points:

1. Critics argue that care robots may deceive vulnerable users, creating moral hazards. 

2. Elder calls robots "false friends," inferior to real human relationships. 

3. Sullins advocates for cartoonish robots to avoid deception and the uncanny valley. 

4. Deceiving care recipients into believing robots care is viewed as a violation of dignity.

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 25: 미국 연령별 온라인 광고 견해 조사 결과 분석

 

The graph above shows the results of a 2019 survey on the views of American age groups on targeted online advertising. In total, while 51% of the respondents said targeted ads were intrusive, 27% said they were interesting. The percentage of respondents who believed that targeted ads were interesting was the highest in the age group of 18 to 24. The percentage of respondents aged 25 to 34 who said that targeted ads were intrusive was the same as that of respondents aged 45 to 54 who said the same. Among all age groups, the gap between respondents who said targeted ads were interesting and those who believed them to be intrusive was the largest in the 35-to-44 age group. The age group of 55 and above was the only group where the percentage of respondents who believed targeted ads were intrusive was more than 50%.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. American Age Groups’ Perceptions of Targeted Online Advertising in 2019 

2. Insights into Generational Views on Targeted Advertising 

3. Intrusion vs. Interest: How Americans View Targeted Ads by Age 

4. Generational Differences in Opinions on Online Targeted Ads 

 

Main Idea #1:

A 2019 survey revealed differing perceptions of targeted online ads across American age groups, with younger people finding them more interesting and older people viewing them as more intrusive. 

 

Main Idea #2:

While most respondents viewed targeted ads as intrusive, younger age groups (18–24) were more likely to find them interesting, and older age groups (55+) were the most critical, with over 50% finding them intrusive, highlighting a generational divide in opinions. 

 

Summary:

The 2019 survey showed that younger age groups, especially 18–24, found targeted ads more interesting, while older respondents, particularly those 55 and above, found them more intrusive. The 35–44 group exhibited the largest gap between interest and intrusion, and over half of respondents overall found targeted ads intrusive. 

 

Key Points:

1. 51% of respondents overall found targeted ads intrusive, and 27% found them interesting. 

2. The 18–24 age group had the highest percentage finding targeted ads interesting. 

3. Respondents aged 25–34 and 45–54 reported equal percentages finding targeted ads intrusive. 

4. The 55+ age group was the only one where more than 50% found targeted ads intrusive.

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 26: Maggie Walker 금융 개혁과 커뮤니티 기여

 

Maggie L. Walker achieved national prominence as a businesswoman and community leader. She was among the earliest Black students to attend newly-established public schools for African Americans. After graduating, she worked as a teacher for three years at the Valley School, where she had studied. In the early 1900s, Virginia banks owned by white bankers were unwilling to do business with African American organizations or individuals. The racial discrimination by white bankers drove her to study banking and financial laws. She established a newspaper to promote closer communication between the charitable organization she belonged to and the public. Soon after, she founded the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank, which survived the Great Depression and merged with two other banks. It thrived as the oldest continually African American-operated bank until 2009. Walker achieved successes with the vision to make improvements in the way of life for African Americans.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Maggie L. Walker: A Pioneer in African American Banking and Leadership 

2. Breaking Barriers: Maggie L. Walker’s Legacy in Business and Community 

3. Maggie L. Walker’s Contributions to Banking and Social Equality 

4. How Maggie L. Walker Empowered African Americans Through Finance 

 

Main Idea #1:

Maggie L. Walker became a prominent leader by addressing racial discrimination in banking and supporting African American communities. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Through her leadership, Maggie L. Walker founded a bank, promoted communication via a newspaper, and worked to improve African Americans' lives, leaving a lasting legacy in finance and community empowerment. 

 

Summary:

Maggie L. Walker, a pioneering leader, addressed racial discrimination in banking by founding the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank, which supported African Americans and survived the Great Depression. She also used a newspaper to strengthen community ties and worked tirelessly to improve African American lives. 

 

Key Points:

1. Maggie L. Walker was among the first Black students to attend public schools for African Americans. 

2. Discrimination by white bankers motivated her to study banking and found her own bank. 

3. She established the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank, which survived the Great Depression. 

4. Walker used a newspaper to promote communication and improve African Americans’ lives.

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 29: 렉틴 과잉 섭취가 건강에 미치는 부정적 영향

 

Lectins are large proteins that serve as a crucial weapon that plants use to defend themselves. The lectins in most plants bind to carbohydrates as we consume the plant. They also bind to sugar molecules found in the gut, in the brain, between nerve endings, in joints and in all bodily fluids. According to Dr. Steven Gundry, these sticky proteins can interrupt messaging between cells and cause toxic and inflammatory reactions. Brain fog is just one result of lectins interrupting communication between nerves. An upset stomach is another common symptom of lectin overload. Dr. Gundry lists a wide range of other health problems including aching joints, dementia, headaches and infertility that have been resolved in his patients once they eliminated lectins from their diets. Dr. Paul Saladino writes that the hypothesis that lectins are involved in Parkinson's disease is also gaining support, with animal studies showing that 'lectins, once eaten, may be damaging the gut and travelling to the brain, where they appear to be toxic to dopaminergic neurons'.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Potential Health Risks of Lectins in the Human Body 

2. How Plant Lectins Affect Gut, Brain, and Overall Health 

3. Exploring the Link Between Lectins and Inflammatory Disorders 

4. Lectins: Plant Defense Proteins and Their Impact on Human Health 

 

Main Idea #1:

Lectins, plant defense proteins, can disrupt cell communication and cause toxic and inflammatory reactions in the human body. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Health issues such as brain fog, upset stomachs, and neurological damage, potentially linked to lectins, have led researchers like Dr. Steven Gundry and Dr. Paul Saladino to explore their role in conditions like Parkinson’s disease and other disorders. 

 

Summary:

Lectins, plant defense proteins, bind to sugars in the body and may cause inflammatory reactions, disrupting nerve communication and leading to symptoms like brain fog and stomach upset. Studies suggest their involvement in diseases like Parkinson’s, as these proteins may damage the gut and affect neurons in the brain. 

 

Key Points:

1. Lectins are plant proteins that bind to carbohydrates and sugars in the human body. 

2. They can disrupt cell communication, causing inflammatory and toxic reactions. 

3. Symptoms linked to lectins include brain fog, stomach upset, and aching joints.

4. Research suggests lectins may contribute to Parkinson’s disease by damaging gut and brain neurons.

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 30: 기술 발전이 프라이버시 재정의의 필요성을 강조

 

Technology changes how individuals and societies understand the concept of privacy. The fact that someone has a new ability to access information or watch the actions of another does not justify doing so. Rather, advances in technology require citizens and policy makers to consider how privacy protections should be expanded. For example, when cameras first became available for commercial and private use, nations and citizens struggled over whether new laws should be enacted to protect individuals from being photographed without their permission. The reconsideration of privacy brought about by this new technology re-affirmed a distinction between private and public spaces. It was determined by most cultures that people automatically gave consent to being seen ― and thus recorded ― once they voluntarily stepped into a public space. Although some people might be uncomfortable with the spread of surveillance cameras, citizens in most cultures have adjusted to the fact that giving up the right not to be observed in these circumstances causes less harm to the community than failing to have surveillance.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. How Technology Redefines Privacy and Public Spaces 

2. Balancing Privacy and Surveillance in a Technological Era 

3. The Impact of New Technologies on Privacy Protections 

4. Privacy, Consent, and the Spread of Surveillance Cameras 

 

Main Idea #1:

Technological advancements challenge traditional concepts of privacy, requiring citizens and policymakers to adapt protections. 

 

Main Idea #2:

The introduction of new technologies, such as cameras, has led societies to distinguish between private and public spaces, with many cultures accepting reduced privacy in public areas to balance individual discomfort and community safety. 

 

Summary:

Advancements in technology, like the spread of cameras, challenge privacy norms, prompting societies to establish boundaries between private and public spaces. Most cultures accept reduced privacy in public spaces, prioritizing community safety over individual discomfort from surveillance. 

 

Key Points:

1. Technology reshapes how privacy is understood and protected. 

2. The introduction of cameras required debates on privacy laws and public consent. 

3. Societies distinguish private from public spaces in privacy considerations. 

4. Many cultures accept surveillance in public spaces as a necessary trade-off for safety.

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 31: 기적은 인간 무지에서 비롯되며 탐구로 설명 가능

 

Coincidence that is statistically impossible seems to us like an irrational event, and some define it as a miracle. But, as Montaigne has said, "the origin of a miracle is in our ignorance, at the level of our knowledge of nature, and not in nature itself." Glorious miracles have been later on discovered to be obedience to the laws of nature or a technological development that was not widely known at the time. As the German poet, Goethe, phrased it: "Things that are mysterious are not yet miracles." The miracle assumes the intervention of a "higher power" in its occurrence that is beyond human capability to grasp. Yet there are methodical and simple ways to "cause a miracle" without divine revelation and inspiration. Instead of checking it out, investigating and finding the source of the event, we define it as a miracle. The miracle, then, is the excuse of those who are too lazy to think.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Rethinking Miracles: From Mysteries to Natural Laws 

2. The Thin Line Between Miracles and Misunderstood Science 

3. How Ignorance Shapes Our Perception of Miracles 

4. Exploring Miracles as Misinterpretations of Nature 

 

Main Idea #1:

Miracles are often perceived as divine interventions but can frequently be explained by natural laws or technological advancements. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Miracles stem from ignorance or lack of understanding, as mysteries are often resolved through investigation, with the label "miracle" used by those unwilling to explore the true causes of events. 

 

Summary:

What we call miracles are often events beyond current understanding, rooted in natural laws or unexplored phenomena. Mislabeling them as miracles arises from ignorance or unwillingness to investigate their true origins, as demonstrated by thinkers like Montaigne and Goethe. 

 

Key Points:

1. Miracles are often defined as events beyond human understanding or natural laws. 

2. Many perceived miracles are later explained by science or technology. 

3. Goethe and Montaigne suggest miracles arise from ignorance, not divine intervention. 

4. Labeling events as miracles can stem from a reluctance to investigate their causes.

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 32: 외부 정보가 사건 기억에 영향을 미칠  있음

 

Information encountered after an event can influence subsequent remembering. External information can easily integrate into a witness's memory, especially if the event was poorly encoded or the memory is from a distant event, in which case time and forgetting have degraded the original memory. With reduced information available in memory with which to confirm the validity of post-event misinformation, it is less likely that this new information will be rejected. Instead, especially when it fits the witness's current thinking and can be used to create a story that makes sense to him or her, it may be integrated as part of the original experience. This process can be explicit (i.e., the witness knows it is happening), but it is often unconscious. That is, the witness might find himself or herself thinking about the event differently without awareness. Over time, the witness may not even know the source of information that led to the (new) memory. Sources of misinformation in forensic contexts can be encountered anywhere, from discussions with other witnesses to social media searches to multiple interviews with investigators or other legal professionals, and even in court.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. How Post-Event Information Alters Witness Memory 

2. The Role of Misinformation in Shaping Witness Testimonies 

3. Memory Distortion: The Unconscious Integration of External Information 

4. Sources and Impacts of Misinformation in Forensic Contexts 

 

Main Idea #1:

Post-event information can influence and alter a witness’s memory, particularly when the original memory is weak or distant. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Misinformation can unconsciously integrate into a witness’s memory, reshaping their recollection of events, with sources of distortion ranging from social media to legal proceedings, complicating forensic accuracy. 

 

Summary:

Post-event information can modify a witness’s memory, especially when the original event was poorly encoded or distant. Misinformation may unconsciously integrate into their recollection, with potential sources including discussions, social media, or legal proceedings, leading to altered testimonies. 

 

Key Points:

1. Witness memories are vulnerable to influence from post-event information. 

2. Weak or distant memories are more susceptible to misinformation. 

3. Integration of misinformation can occur unconsciously, reshaping recollections.

4. Sources of misinformation include other witnesses, social media, and legal interviews.

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 33: 상관관계는 인과관계보다 명확한 통찰을 제공

 

Correlations are powerful because the insights they offer are relatively clear. These insights are often covered up when we bring causality back into the picture. For instance, a used-car dealer supplied data to statisticians to predict which of the vehicles available for purchase at an auction were likely to have problems. A correlation analysis showed that orange-colored cars were far less likely to have defects. Even as we read this, we already think about why it might be so: Are orange-colored car owners likely to be car enthusiasts and take better care of their vehicles? Or, is it because orange-colored cars are more noticeable on the road and therefore less likely to be in accidents, so they're in better condition when resold? Quickly we are caught in a web of competing causal hypotheses. But our attempts to illuminate things this way only make them cloudier. Correlations exist; we can show them mathematically. We can't easily do the same for causal links. So we would do well to hold off from trying to explain the reason behind the correlations.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Clarity of Correlation Versus the Complexity of Causality 

2. Why Correlations Provide Insights Without the Need for Causal Explanations 

3. The Dangers of Overthinking Correlations with Causal Hypotheses 

4. Embracing Correlation: Insights Without Causal Assumptions 

 

Main Idea #1:

Correlations offer clear insights, but attempts to explain them through causality often complicate understanding. 

 

Main Idea #2:

While correlations are mathematically demonstrable and provide actionable insights, introducing causal hypotheses often clouds clarity, as seen in the example of orange-colored cars and their lower defect rates. 

 

Summary:

Correlations provide clear and measurable insights, as shown in the example of orange-colored cars having fewer defects. Attempts to explain these insights with causality often lead to conflicting hypotheses, making the situation more complex and less clear. 

 

Key Points:

1. Correlations offer straightforward insights that are mathematically provable. 

2. Introducing causality complicates understanding and creates conflicting hypotheses. 

3. The example of orange-colored cars shows how causal assumptions can cloud correlation analysis. 

4. Focusing on correlation alone can yield actionable and clear insights.

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 34: 기후 변화가 동물 크기 감소에 영향을 미침

 

Most mice in the wild are eaten or die before their life span of two years is over. They die from external causes, such as disease, starvation, or predators, not due to internal causes, such as aging. That is why nature has made mice to live, on average, for no longer than two years. Now we have arrived at an important point: The average life span of an animal species, or the rate at which it ages, is determined by the average time that this animal species can survive in the wild. That explains why a bat can live to be 30 years old. In contrast to mice, bats can fly, which is why they can escape from danger much faster. Thanks to their wings, bats can also cover longer distances and are better able to find food. Every genetic change in the past that made it possible for a bat to live longer was useful, because bats are much better able than mice to flee from danger, find food, and survive.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. How Survival in the Wild Determines Animal Life Spans 

2. The Role of Predation and Adaptation in Aging Rates of Animals 

3. Why Mice Live Short Lives and Bats Defy Longevity Expectations 

4. Natural Selection and the Evolution of Life Spans in Animals 

 

Main Idea #1:

The life span of an animal is shaped by its average survival time in the wild. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Animals like bats, which can escape predators and find food efficiently, have evolved longer life spans compared to species like mice, whose high vulnerability in the wild limits their longevity. 

 

Summary:

The life span of a species is influenced by its average survival time in the wild. While mice live short lives due to high predation and environmental risks, bats live longer because their ability to fly helps them escape predators and find food, making longer life spans evolutionarily advantageous. 

 

Key Points:

1. Most wild mice die from external causes before their natural life span of two years. 

2. Life span and aging rates are linked to average survival times in the wild. 

3. Bats, unlike mice, live longer due to their ability to escape predators and find food. 

4. Evolution favors longevity in species with better survival adaptations like flight.

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 35: 도덕적 우수성은 학습과 발달로 지속 가능

 

Moral excellence, according to Aristotle, is the result of habit and repetition, though modern science would also suggest that it may have an innate, genetic component. This means that moral excellence will be broadly set early in our lives, which is why the question of how early to teach it is so important. Freud suggested that we don't change our personality much after age five or thereabouts, but as in many other things, Freud was wrong. Recent psychological research shows that personality traits stabilize around age thirty in both men and women and regardless of ethnicity as the human brain continues to develop, both neuroanatomically and in terms of cognitive skills, until the mid-twenties. The advantage of this new understanding is that we can be a bit more optimistic than Aristotle and Freud about being able to teach moral excellence.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Development of Moral Excellence: Aristotle, Freud, and Modern Science 

2. Teaching Morality: Insights from Ancient Philosophy and Modern Psychology 

3. How Habit, Genetics, and Development Shape Moral Excellence 

4. Rethinking Moral Development: Beyond Aristotle and Freud 

 

Main Idea #1:

Aristotle believed moral excellence is developed through habit, but modern research shows it is influenced by both genetics and lifelong personality development. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Contrary to Freud's view that personality is fixed early in life, recent research indicates personality traits stabilize by age thirty, allowing moral excellence to be cultivated well into adulthood. 

 

Summary:

Aristotle saw moral excellence as a result of habit, while modern research suggests it is also shaped by genetics and personality traits, which stabilize around age thirty. This understanding allows for optimism about teaching morality beyond early childhood, countering Freud's outdated theory. 

 

Key Points:

1. Aristotle linked moral excellence to habit and repetition. 

2. Modern science adds that genetics may also play a role in moral development. 

3. Freud wrongly claimed personality stabilizes by age five, while research shows stabilization around age thirty. 

4. Moral excellence can be cultivated into adulthood due to ongoing brain and cognitive development.

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 36: 동물 크기는 환경 적응과 생존 전략의 결과

 

The size of a species is not accidental. It's a fine-tuned interaction between a species and the world it inhabits. Over large periods of time, size fluctuations have often signalled significant changes in the environment. Generally speaking, over the last five hundred million years, the trend has been towards animals getting larger. It's particularly notable in marine animals, whose average body size has increased 150-fold in this time. But we are beginning to see changes in this trend. Scientists have discovered that many animals are shrinking. Around the world, species in every category have been found to be getting smaller, and one major cause appears to be the heat. Animals living in the Italian Alps, for example, have seen temperatures rise by three to four degrees Celsius since the 1980s. To avoid overheating, chamois goats now spend more of their days resting rather than searching for food, and as a result, in just a few decades, the new generations of chamois are 25 percent smaller.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Evolution of Animal Size and Its Environmental Connections 

2. How Climate Change Is Shrinking Animal Species Worldwide 

3. The Historical and Modern Trends in Animal Body Size 

4. Rising Temperatures and Their Impact on Animal Size Reduction 

 

Main Idea #1:

Animal size is closely tied to environmental changes, with larger sizes historically dominant over millions of years. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Climate change is reversing historical trends, causing species like chamois goats in the Italian Alps to shrink as rising temperatures impact their behavior and access to food. 

 

Summary:

Animal size has historically increased over millions of years, especially in marine species. However, rising global temperatures are now causing many species to shrink, as seen in chamois goats in the Italian Alps, which have become 25% smaller due to heat-induced behavioral changes. 

 

Key Points:

1. Animal size reflects a long-term interaction with environmental factors. 

2. Over the last 500 million years, animal body sizes generally increased. 

3. Climate change is reversing this trend, with species shrinking globally. 

4. Chamois goats in the Italian Alps have decreased in size by 25% due to rising temperatures and reduced foraging.

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 37: 전체 데이터 사용이 샘플링보다   통찰 제공

 

For a long time, random sampling was a good shortcut. It made analysis of large data problems possible in the pre-digital era. But much as converting a digital image or song into a smaller file results in loss of data, information is lost when sampling. Having the full (or close to the full) dataset provides a lot more freedom to explore, to look at the data from different angles or to look closer at certain aspects of it. A fitting example may be the light-field camera, which captures not just a single plane of light, as with conventional cameras, but rays from the entire light field, some 11 million of them. The photographers can decide later which element of an image to focus on in the digital file. There is no need to focus at the beginning, since collecting all the information makes it possible to do that afterwards. Because rays from the entire light field are included, it is closer to all the data. As a result, the information is more "reuseable" than ordinary pictures, where the photographer has to decide what to focus on before she presses the shutter.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Limitations of Sampling in the Era of Big Data 

2. Why Full Datasets Are Superior to Random Sampling in Analysis 

3. The Light-Field Camera: A Metaphor for Comprehensive Data Collection 

4. Moving Beyond Sampling: The Power of Complete Data in Analysis 

 

Main Idea #1:

Random sampling, while useful in the past, loses information compared to full datasets, which allow for greater flexibility and reuse in analysis. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Comprehensive data collection, as exemplified by the light-field camera, offers the advantage of retaining all information, enabling detailed exploration and decision-making without initial constraints. 

 

Summary:

Random sampling, useful in the pre-digital era, sacrifices data and limits flexibility in analysis. Full datasets, like the complete light-field data captured by advanced cameras, provide greater freedom to analyze and refocus on specific aspects later, making the information more reusable and versatile. 

 

Key Points:

1. Random sampling was a practical solution before digital advancements but loses data. 

2. Full datasets allow for more flexibility in analysis and detailed exploration. 

3. Light-field cameras illustrate the advantage of collecting all information upfront. 

4. Comprehensive data enables reusability and eliminates the need for initial focus constraints.

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 38: 내향적 리더십의 섬김 철학이 긍정적 효과를 가짐

 

Introverted leaders do have to overcome the strong cultural presumption that extroverts are more effective leaders. Although the population splits into almost equal parts between introverts and extroverts, more than 96 percent of managers and executives are extroverted. In a study done in 2006, 65 percent of senior corporate executives viewed introversion as a barrier to leadership. We must reexamine this stereotype, however, as it doesn't always hold true. Regent University found that a desire to be of service to others and to empower them to grow, which is more common among introverts than extroverts, is a key factor in becoming a leader and retaining leadership. So-called servant leadership, dating back to ancient philosophical literature, adheres to the belief that a company's goals are best achieved by helping workers or customers achieve their goals. Such leaders do not seek attention but rather want to shine a light on others' wins and achievements; servant leadership requires humility, but that humility ultimately pays off.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Examining Introverted Leaders' Effectiveness in Modern Organizations 

2. Understanding Servant Leadership and Its Historical Roots 

3. The Role of Humility in Leadership Success 

4. Breaking Stereotypes About Introversion and Leadership 

 

Main Idea #1:

Cultural biases favor extroverted leaders despite introverts possessing valuable leadership traits. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Servant leadership, often associated with introverts, prioritizes empowering others and achieving organizational success through humility and support. 

 

Summary:

Although introverts are often seen as less effective leaders, their approach to servant leadership emphasizes empowering others and achieving mutual goals. This leadership style, rooted in humility, aligns with ancient philosophies and fosters long-term success. Cultural stereotypes should be challenged to recognize introverts' unique contributions. 

 

Key Points:

1. Most leaders are extroverts due to cultural biases about leadership effectiveness. 

2. Many executives perceive introversion as a leadership barrier. 

3. Servant leadership focuses on empowering others and achieving shared goals. 

4. Humility in leadership enhances team and organizational success.

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 39: 불완전성을 허용하면 데이터 활용 가능성 증가

 

By the nineteenth century, France had developed a system of precisely defined units of measurement to capture space, time, and more, and had begun to get other nations to adopt the same standards. Just half a century later, in the 1920s, the discoveries of quantum mechanics forever destroyed the dream of comprehensive and perfect measurement. And yet, outside a relatively small circle of physicists, the mindset of humankind's drive to flawlessly measure continued among engineers and scientists. In the world of business it even expanded, as the precision-oriented sciences of mathematics and statistics began to influence all areas of commerce. However, contrary to the trend of the past several decades, in many new situations that are occurring today, allowing for imprecision ― for messiness ― may be a positive feature, not a shortcoming. As a tradeoff for relaxing the standards of allowable errors, one can get a hold of much more data. It isn't just that "more is better than some," but that, in fact, sometimes "more is greater than better."

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Evolution of Measurement Standards and Their Impact on Society 

2. Embracing Imprecision in Modern Data Analysis and Decision-Making 

3. From Perfect Measurement to Valuing Messiness in New Contexts 

4. The Transition from Precision to Flexibility in Science and Business 

 

Main Idea #1:

Quantum mechanics undermined the vision of perfect measurement but did not halt humanity's pursuit of precision. 

 

Main Idea #2:

While precision has dominated science and business, embracing imprecision can yield broader and more effective insights in modern contexts. 

 

Summary:

The dream of perfect measurement faded with quantum mechanics, yet precision remained a driving force in science and business. Today, relaxing precision standards allows access to larger datasets, which can sometimes provide more valuable insights than traditional exactness. This shift marks a new approach to leveraging data in a complex world. 

 

Key Points:

1. France pioneered precise measurement systems and promoted global adoption. 

2. Quantum mechanics disrupted the notion of perfect measurement. 

3. Precision has strongly influenced science, engineering, and business practices.

4. Allowing for imprecision in modern contexts can lead to more valuable insights.

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 40: 협력적 행동이 공동체  신뢰와 지위를 강화

 

Multiple laboratory studies show that cooperative people tend to receive social advantages from others. One way to demonstrate this is to give people the opportunity to act positively or negatively toward contributors. For example, Pat Barclay, a professor at the University of Guelph, had participants play a cooperative game where people could contribute money toward a group fund which helped all group members, and then allowed participants to give money to other participants based on their reputations. People who contributed more to the group fund were given responsibility for more money than people who contributed less. Similar results have been found by other researchers. People who contribute toward their groups are also chosen more often as interaction partners, preferred as leaders, rated as more desirable partners for long-term relationships, and are perceived to be trustworthy and have high social status. Uncooperative people tend to receive verbal criticism or even more severe punishment. -> Studies suggest that individuals who act with generosity toward their communities are more likely to be viewed as deserving of benefit by members of that community than those who don't.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Social Benefits of Generosity in Cooperative Communities 

2. The Role of Cooperation in Leadership and Social Status 

3. How Generosity Shapes Perception and Interpersonal Success 

4. Cooperative Behavior as a Pathway to Social Advantage 

 

Main Idea #1:

Cooperative individuals gain social advantages and positive recognition from their communities. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Studies reveal that generous behavior leads to rewards such as leadership opportunities, enhanced trust, and higher social status, while uncooperative individuals face criticism and penalties. 

 

Summary:

Cooperative behavior in group settings earns individuals rewards such as trust, leadership roles, and positive social status. Experiments show that contributors are preferred as leaders and partners, while uncooperative individuals often face criticism or punishment. Generosity is a key factor in gaining social recognition and benefits. 

 

Key Points:

1. Cooperative individuals are entrusted with greater responsibility in group settings. 

2. Generosity is linked to higher trust, leadership selection, and desirability as partners. 

3. Uncooperative behavior often leads to verbal criticism or punishment. 

4. Social advantages are more likely for those who contribute positively to their communities.

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 41~42: 공연에서 관객 참여가 예술적 경험을 증폭

 

In Western society, many music performance settings make a clear distinction between performers and audience members: the performers are the "doers" and those in the audience take a decidedly passive role. The performance space itself may further reinforce the distinction with a physical separation between the stage and audience seating. Perhaps because this distinction is so common, audiences seem to greatly value opportunities to have special "access" to performers that affords understanding about performers' style of music. Some performing musicians have won great approval by regularly incorporating "audience participation" into their concerts. Whether by leading a sing-along activity or teaching a rhythm to be clapped at certain points, including audience members in the music making can boost the level of engagement and enjoyment for all involved. Performers who are uncomfortable leading audience participation can still connect with the audience simply by giving a special glimpse of the performer perspective. It is quite common in classical music to provide audiences with program notes. Typically, this text in a program gives background information about pieces of music being performed and perhaps biographical information about historically significant composers. What may be of more interest to audience members is background information about the very performers who are onstage, including an explanation of why they have chosen the music they are presenting. Such insight can make audience members feel near to the musicians onstage, both metaphorically and emotionally. This connection will likely enhance the expressive and communicative experience.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Bridging the Gap Between Performers and Audiences in Music 

2. Enhancing Engagement Through Audience Participation in Concerts 

3. The Role of Performer-Audience Connection in Musical Experiences 

4. Exploring the Benefits of Audience Involvement in Performances 

 

Main Idea #1:

Performers and audiences are traditionally divided, but bridging this gap enhances engagement and enjoyment. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Audience participation or insights into performers' perspectives can foster emotional connections, making the musical experience more expressive and communicative. 

 

Summary:

Western music performances often emphasize a division between performers and audiences, but involving audiences through participation or sharing performer perspectives strengthens engagement. Activities like sing-alongs or providing background on performers' choices enhance emotional connections and enrich the concert experience. 

 

Key Points:

1. Western music settings often separate performers and audiences physically and socially. 

2. Audience participation activities, like sing-alongs, boost engagement and enjoyment. 

3. Providing insight into performers' perspectives fosters emotional connections. 

4. Program notes can deepen audience understanding and enhance the concert experience.

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 43~45: 다툰 형제가 목수의 다리로 화해와 관계 회복

 

Once upon a time, two brothers, Robert and James, who lived on neighboring farms fell into conflict. It was the first serious fight in 40 years of farming side by side. It began with a small misunderstanding and it grew into a major argument, and finally it exploded into an exchange of bitter words followed by weeks of silence. One morning there was a knock on Robert's door. He opened it to find a carpenter with a toolbox. Looking at Robert, the carpenter said, "I'm looking for a few days' work. Do you have anything to repair?" "I have nothing to be repaired, but I have a job for you. Look across the creek at that farm. Last week, my younger brother James took his bulldozer and put that creek in the meadow between us. Well, I will do even worse. I want you to build me an 8-foot tall fence which will block him from seeing my place," said Robert. The carpenter seemed to understand the situation. Robert prepared all the materials the carpenter needed. The next day, Robert left to work on another farm, so he couldn't watch the carpenter for some days. When Robert returned and saw the carpenter's work, his jaw dropped. Instead of a fence, the carpenter had built a bridge that stretched from one side of the creek to the other. His brother was walking over, waving his hand in the air. Robert laughed and said to the carpenter, "You really can fix anything." The two brothers stood awkwardly for a moment, but soon met on the bridge and shook hands. They saw the carpenter leaving with his toolbox. "No, wait! Stay a few more days." Robert told him. "Thank you for your invitation. But I need to go build more bridges. Don't forget. The fence leads to isolation and the bridge to openness," said carpenter. The two brothers nodded at the carpenter's words.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Carpenter's Lesson: From Isolation to Reconnection 

2. Building Bridges: A Tale of Forgiveness and Understanding 

3. Mending Family Ties Through Unexpected Acts of Kindness 

4. How a Bridge Rekindled a Brotherly Bond After Conflict 

 

Main Idea #1:

A carpenter helps two estranged brothers reconcile by building a bridge instead of a fence. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Through an act of creativity and wisdom, the carpenter transforms a symbol of division into one of connection, teaching the brothers the value of openness and reconciliation. 

 

Summary:

After a bitter conflict, two brothers on neighboring farms become estranged. One hires a carpenter to build a fence to isolate himself, but the carpenter builds a bridge instead. The bridge rekindles the brothers' relationship, teaching them the importance of connection and forgiveness. 

 

Key Points:

1. Robert and James' conflict leads to weeks of silence and bitterness. 

2. Robert hires a carpenter to build a fence to isolate himself from James. 

3. The carpenter builds a bridge instead, encouraging reconciliation. 

4. The brothers reunite on the bridge, learning the value of openness over division.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다.

오늘은 <2023년도 11월 고1 영어 모의고사(12월 시행)>의 지문 요약 자료 다시 제작해 올립니다.

(이전 자료와 내용은 비슷한데, 최근 형식으로 다시 제작했습니다)


ChatGPT 유료 버전(ChatGPT-4o)으로 작업했고,
설명문/실용문을 제외한 전지문을 포함했습니다. 
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지문 분석하거나 자료 제작하실 때 참고하세요~♡

 

 

ps.

블로그 콘텐츠가 마음에 드신다면, '좋아요' 클릭과 광고 지원으로 응원해 주세요. 

여러분의 작은 도움이 큰 힘이 됩니다! 

감사합니다~~

 

 

 

 

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[고1] 2023년도 11월 모의고사(12월 시행) - 기출문제 모음 #1 (103문항)

안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다. 오늘은 고1 2023년도 11월 모의고사(12월 시행)>의 기출문제 모음 1번째 자료를 올립니다.[고1] 2023년 11월 기출모음 #1 - 103문항 이번 모의고사는 2023년 12월 19일

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[1] 2023 11 – 18: 패션 매장의 판매직 지원을 위한 경험과 자격 소개

 

Dear Ms. MacAlpine, I was so excited to hear that your brand is opening a new shop on Bruns Street next month. I have always appreciated the way your brand helps women to feel more stylish and confident. I am writing in response to your ad in the Bruns Journal. I graduated from the Meline School of Fashion and have worked as a sales assistant at LoganMart for the last five years. During that time, I've developed strong customer service and sales skills, and now I would like to apply for the sales position in your clothing store. I am available for an interview at your earliest convenience. I look forward to hearing from you. Thank you for reading my letter. Yours sincerely, Grace Braddock

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Application Letter for a Sales Position in a Fashion Store 

2. Grace Braddock's Professional Appeal for a Sales Role 

3. Aspiring Sales Assistant Highlighting Fashion Expertise and Experience 

4. Customer-Focused Application for a Stylish Brand's New Outlet 

 

Main Idea #1:

Grace Braddock applies for a sales assistant position at a fashion store. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Grace Braddock highlights her experience at LoganMart and her qualifications from the Meline School of Fashion to express her suitability for a sales position at a new shop opening soon. 

 

Summary:

Grace Braddock expresses enthusiasm about the brand's new store and applies for a sales assistant role, emphasizing her customer service and sales experience. She mentions her fashion school background and availability for an interview. 

 

Key Points:

1. Grace Braddock admires the brand for empowering women. 

2. She has five years of experience as a sales assistant at LoganMart. 

3. She graduated from the Meline School of Fashion. 

4. She expresses enthusiasm and requests an interview at the earliest convenience.

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 19: 신혼여행  결혼 반지를 잃고 찾으려 했던 경험

 

I had never seen a beach with such white sand or water that was such a beautiful shade of blue. Jane and I set up a blanket on the sand while looking forward to our ten days of honeymooning on an exotic island. "Look!" Jane waved her hand to point at the beautiful scene before us ― and her gold wedding ring went flying off her hand. I tried to see where it went, but the sun hit my eyes and I lost track of it. I didn't want to lose her wedding ring, so I started looking in the area where I thought it had landed. However, the sand was so fine and I realized that anything heavy, like gold, would quickly sink and might never be found again.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. A Honeymoon Mishap on an Exotic Island 

2. Lost Wedding Ring in Fine White Sand 

3. The Challenge of Recovering a Precious Symbol of Love 

4. Searching for a Wedding Ring in Paradise 

 

Main Idea #1:

A honeymoon turns stressful when a wedding ring is lost on the beach. 

 

Main Idea #2:

While enjoying the start of their honeymoon on an exotic island, a couple faces the challenge of finding a lost wedding ring buried in fine, sinking sand. 

 

Summary:

A couple begins their honeymoon on a beach with white sand and blue water, but their joy is interrupted when the bride’s gold wedding ring accidentally flies off her hand. Despite efforts to locate it, the fine sand poses a significant challenge. 

 

Key Points:

1. The couple is on a honeymoon at a beach with white sand and blue water. 

2. Jane accidentally loses her gold wedding ring while pointing at a scene. 

3. The husband searches for the ring but struggles due to the sinking sand. 

4. The fine sand makes recovering the ring highly difficult.

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 20: 지속적인 자기 성장을 위해 의식적 노력이 필요함

 

Unfortunately, many people don't take personal responsibility for their own growth. Instead, they simply run the race laid out for them. They do well enough in school to keep advancing. Maybe they manage to get a good job at a well-run company. But so many think and act as if their learning journey ends with college. They have checked all the boxes in the life that was laid out for them and now lack a road map describing the right ways to move forward and continue to grow. In truth, that's when the journey really begins. When school is finished, your growth becomes voluntary. Like healthy eating habits or a regular exercise program, you need to commit to it and devote thought, time, and energy to it. Otherwise, it simply won't happen ― and your life and career are likely to stop progressing as a result.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Importance of Voluntary Growth Beyond Formal Education 

2. Breaking Free from the Pre-Laid Path to Personal Development 

3. Why Lifelong Learning is Key to Personal and Career Success 

4. Moving Beyond the Checkboxes of Structured Education 

 

Main Idea #1:

Many people stop pursuing growth after completing their formal education. 

 

Main Idea #2:

True growth begins after formal education ends, requiring a voluntary commitment to continuous self-improvement, much like maintaining healthy habits, to ensure ongoing personal and professional progress. 

 

Summary:

Many individuals stop prioritizing growth after school, assuming their learning journey is complete. However, real progress requires voluntary efforts, like healthy habits, to ensure continued personal and career development. Without dedication, life and career advancement may stagnate. 

 

Key Points:

1. Many people rely solely on structured paths like school and jobs for growth. 

2. They often lack a plan for self-improvement after formal education. 

3. Lifelong growth requires conscious effort, similar to maintaining health. 

4. Neglecting personal growth can lead to stagnation in life and career.

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 21: 색은 객관적, 주관적 요소가 결합된 현상임

 

Many people take the commonsense view that color is an objective property of things, or of the light that bounces off them. They say a tree's leaves are green because they reflect green light ― a greenness that is just as real as the leaves. Others argue that color doesn't inhabit the physical world at all but exists only in the eye or mind of the viewer. They maintain that if a tree fell in a forest and no one was there to see it, its leaves would be colorless ― and so would everything else. They say there is no such thing as color; there are only the people who see it. Both positions are, in a way, correct. Color is objective and subjective ― "the place," as Paul Cezanne put it, "where our brain and the universe meet." Color is created when light from the world is registered by the eyes and interpreted by the brain.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Understanding Color as Both Objective and Subjective 

2. The Philosophical Debate on the Nature of Color 

3. How Color Exists at the Intersection of Light and Perception 

4. Reconciling the Physical and Mental Realities of Color 

 

Main Idea #1:

Color is debated as either an objective property of the world or a subjective experience in the mind. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Color exists as both an objective phenomenon involving light and an interpretation in the brain, representing a meeting point between the physical world and human perception. 

 

Summary:

Color is seen either as an inherent property of objects or as a perception in the mind. In reality, it is both objective and subjective, created when light interacts with the eyes and is interpreted by the brain. 

 

Key Points:

1. Some view color as an objective property of objects or reflected light. 

2. Others believe color exists only in the perception of the viewer. 

3. Both perspectives are valid, as color combines physical and mental elements. 

4. Color is formed through the interaction of light, the eyes, and the brain.

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 22: 소설 집필  과도한 세부정보보다 핵심 경험이 중요

 

When writing a novel, research for information needs to be done. The thing is that some kinds of fiction demand a higher level of detail: crime fiction, for example, or scientific thrillers. The information is never hard to find; one website for authors even organizes trips to police stations, so that crime writers can get it right. Often, a polite letter will earn you permission to visit a particular location and record all the details that you need. But remember that you will drive your readers to boredom if you think that you need to pack everything you discover into your work. The details that matter are those that reveal the human experience. The crucial thing is telling a story, finding the characters, the tension, and the conflict ― not the train timetable or the building blueprint.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Balancing Research and Storytelling in Novel Writing 

2. The Role of Research in Crafting Authentic Fiction 

3. How to Use Details Without Losing the Reader’s Interest 

4. Focusing on Human Experience in Research-Heavy Fiction 

 

Main Idea #1:

Research is essential for writing detailed fiction but should not overwhelm the story. 

 

Main Idea #2:

While research enhances authenticity in fiction, especially in genres like crime or science thrillers, the key to engaging readers lies in focusing on human experience, characters, and conflict rather than excessive factual details. 

 

Summary:

Detailed research is vital for authenticity in fiction, but overloading a story with facts can bore readers. Writers should focus on storytelling and human elements instead of emphasizing minor factual details. 

 

Key Points:

1. Some genres require more detailed research, such as crime fiction or scientific thrillers. 

2. Authors can access information through polite inquiries or organized visits. 

3. Overloading a story with facts risks losing reader engagement. 

4. The story's human aspects, like characters and conflict, are more important than excessive detail.

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 23: 구강 건강은 신체 건강과 밀접히 연관됨

 

Nearly everything has to go through your mouth to get to the rest of you, from food and air to bacteria and viruses. A healthy mouth can help your body get what it needs and prevent it from harm ― with adequate space for air to travel to your lungs, and healthy teeth and gums that prevent harmful microorganisms from entering your bloodstream. From the moment you are created, oral health affects every aspect of your life. What happens in the mouth is usually just the tip of the iceberg and a reflection of what is happening in other parts of the body. Poor oral health can be a cause of a disease that affects the entire body. The microorganisms in an unhealthy mouth can enter the bloodstream and travel anywhere in the body, posing serious health risks.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Crucial Role of Oral Health in Overall Well-being 

2. How Poor Oral Hygiene Impacts the Entire Body 

3. Oral Health as a Gateway to Physical Health and Disease 

4. Preventing Systemic Illness Through Healthy Teeth and Gums 

 

Main Idea #1:

Oral health is essential for preventing harm and supporting overall body health. 

 

Main Idea #2:

A healthy mouth ensures the body receives necessary nutrients and protects against harmful microorganisms, while poor oral health can lead to systemic diseases by allowing harmful bacteria to enter the bloodstream. 

 

Summary:

Oral health is vital for overall health, as it supports essential functions and prevents harmful microorganisms from spreading. Poor oral hygiene can lead to systemic illnesses by allowing bacteria to enter the bloodstream and affect the entire body. 

 

Key Points:

1. Oral health ensures proper air passage and nutrient intake. 

2. Healthy teeth and gums prevent harmful microorganisms from entering the body. 

3. Poor oral hygiene can reflect and cause systemic health issues. 

4. Microorganisms from an unhealthy mouth can travel through the bloodstream, posing significant health risks.

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 24: 신경계는 변화에 민감하고 반복에는 쉽게 지루함

 

Kids tire of their toys, college students get sick of cafeteria food, and sooner or later most of us lose interest in our favorite TV shows. The bottom line is that we humans are easily bored. But why should this be true? The answer lies buried deep in our nerve cells, which are designed to reduce their initial excited response to stimuli each time they occur. At the same time, these neurons enhance their responses to things that change ― especially things that change quickly. We probably evolved this way because our ancestors got more survival value, for example, from attending to what was moving in a tree (such as a puma) than to the tree itself. Boredom in reaction to an unchanging environment turns down the level of neural excitation so that new stimuli (like our ancestor's hypothetical puma threat) stand out more. It's the neural equivalent of turning off a front door light to see the fireflies.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Understanding the Science Behind Human Boredom and Neural Responses 

2. How Our Nerve Cells Influence Perception and Boredom 

3. Evolutionary Advantages of Human Response to Change Over Stability 

4. The Role of Neural Adaptation in Managing Stimuli and Attention 

 

Main Idea #1:

Humans become bored due to nerve cells reducing their response to repetitive stimuli. 

 

Main Idea #2:

The neural mechanism of boredom evolved to enhance survival by decreasing attention to unchanging environments and sharpening focus on new, potentially critical changes. 

 

Summary:

Humans are naturally prone to boredom because nerve cells diminish their response to repeated stimuli while prioritizing changes in the environment. This neural adaptation likely developed as a survival mechanism, helping our ancestors notice potential threats. Boredom allows the brain to conserve energy and redirect attention to significant stimuli. 

 

Key Points:

1. Humans easily lose interest in repetitive stimuli like toys or TV shows. 

2. Neurons reduce responses to repeated stimuli while amplifying responses to new changes. 

3. This neural adaptation likely evolved to prioritize survival threats, such as predators. 

4. Boredom helps conserve neural energy and enhances focus on critical environmental shifts.

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 25: 2018~2022 청정 에너지 투자 증가 분석

 

The above graph shows global energy investment in clean energy and in fossil fuels between 2018 and 2022. Since 2018 global energy investment in clean energy continued to rise, reaching its highest level in 2022. The investment gap between clean energy and fossil fuels in 2020 was larger than that in 2019. Investment in fossil fuels was highest in 2018 and lowest in 2020. In 2021, investment in clean energy exceeded 1,200 billion dollars, while investment in fossil fuels did not. In 2022, the global investment in clean energy was more than double that of fossil fuels.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Trends in Global Investment in Clean Energy and Fossil Fuels 

2. A Five-Year Analysis of Global Energy Investments 

3. Increasing Focus on Clean Energy Investment from 2018 to 2022 

4. The Growing Disparity Between Clean Energy and Fossil Fuel Investments 

 

Main Idea #1:

Global investment in clean energy consistently increased, reaching its peak in 2022. 

 

Main Idea #2:

The gap between clean energy and fossil fuel investments widened significantly over time, with clean energy investments surpassing fossil fuels, especially in 2022 when clean energy investments were more than double. 

 

Summary:

Global energy investment trends show a steady rise in clean energy funding from 2018 to 2022, reaching its highest level in 2022. Fossil fuel investments peaked in 2018 and dropped to their lowest in 2020. The investment gap between clean energy and fossil fuels widened over the years, with clean energy surpassing 1,200 billion dollars in 2021 and doubling fossil fuel investments by 2022. 

 

Key Points:

1. Clean energy investment rose steadily, peaking in 2022. 

2. Fossil fuel investment was highest in 2018 and lowest in 2020. 

3. The gap between clean energy and fossil fuel investment widened from 2019 to 2020. 

4. By 2022, clean energy investments were more than double those of fossil fuels.

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 26: Frederick Douglass 노예제 폐지와 평등 활동

 

Frederick Douglass was born into slavery at a farm in Maryland. His full name at birth was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey. He changed his name to Frederick Douglass after he successfully escaped from slavery in 1838. He became a leader of the Underground Railroad ― a network of people, places, and routes that helped enslaved people escape to the north. He assisted other runaway slaves until they could safely get to other areas in the north. As a slave, he had taught himself to read and write and he spread that knowledge to other slaves as well. Once free, he became a well-known abolitionist and strong believer in equality for all people including Blacks, Native Americans, women, and recent immigrants. He wrote several autobiographies describing his experiences as a slave. In addition to all this, he became the first African-American candidate for vice president of the United States.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Frederick Douglass: From Slave to Abolitionist Leader and Advocate 

2. The Life and Legacy of Frederick Douglass in American History 

3. A Pioneer for Equality: Frederick Douglass's Remarkable Achievements 

4. Frederick Douglass and His Role in Abolishing Slavery and Promoting Justice 

 

Main Idea #1:

Frederick Douglass escaped slavery and became a leader in the fight for freedom and equality. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Frederick Douglass’s life journey included teaching himself and others to read, leading the Underground Railroad, advocating for equal rights for all people, and becoming a renowned abolitionist and political figure. 

 

Summary:

Born into slavery, Frederick Douglass escaped in 1838 and became a prominent leader of the Underground Railroad and a well-known abolitionist. He advocated for equality for all people and wrote autobiographies about his experiences. He also became the first African-American vice-presidential candidate, leaving a lasting legacy in the fight for justice. 

 

Key Points:

1. Frederick Douglass was born into slavery in Maryland and escaped in 1838. 

2. He became a leader of the Underground Railroad and helped runaway slaves. 

3. He advocated for equality for all, including women and immigrants. 

4. He wrote autobiographies about his life as a slave and was the first African-American vice-presidential candidate.

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 29: 뇌사 진단 기준의 엄격함이 신뢰와 의혹 모두 유발 가능

 

Some countries have proposed tougher guidelines for determining brain death when transplantation ― transferring organs to others ― is under consideration. In several European countries, there are legal requirements which specify that a whole team of doctors must agree over the diagnosis of death in the case of a potential donor. The reason for these strict regulations for diagnosing brain death in potential organ donors is, no doubt, to ease public fears of a premature diagnosis of brain death for the purpose of obtaining organs. But it is questionable whether these requirements reduce public suspicions as much as they create them. They certainly maintain mistaken beliefs that diagnosing brain death is an unreliable process lacking precision. As a matter of consistency, at least, criteria for diagnosing the deaths of organ donors should be exactly the same as for those for whom immediate burial or cremation is intended.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Balancing Public Trust and Accuracy in Brain Death Diagnosis 

2. The Debate Over Brain Death Guidelines for Organ Donors 

3. Challenges in Addressing Public Concerns About Brain Death Criteria 

4. Should Brain Death Criteria Differ for Organ Donors and Non-Donors? 

 

Main Idea #1:

Some countries enforce stricter guidelines for diagnosing brain death in potential organ donors to address public concerns. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Stricter brain death regulations aim to alleviate public fears but may inadvertently heighten suspicions, underscoring the need for consistent diagnostic criteria for organ donors and non-donors alike. 

 

Summary:

Stricter guidelines for diagnosing brain death in organ donors aim to address fears of premature diagnoses but may unintentionally increase public mistrust. These regulations suggest that diagnosing brain death is imprecise, reinforcing misconceptions. Consistent criteria for all cases of brain death, whether for organ donors or others, are essential to maintain trust. 

 

Key Points:

1. Tougher brain death guidelines are implemented in some countries for potential organ donors. 

2. Legal requirements in Europe include team agreement on brain death diagnosis. 

3. Strict regulations may increase public doubts about the reliability of brain death diagnoses. 

4. Uniform criteria for all brain death diagnoses can help ensure public trust and consistency.

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 30: 미니멀리즘은 불필요한 물건 제거로 삶의 명료함 제공

 

The term minimalism gives a negative impression to some people who think that it is all about sacrificing valuable possessions. This insecurity naturally stems from their attachment to their possessions. It is difficult to distance oneself from something that has been around for quite some time. Being an emotional animal, human beings give meaning to the things around them. So, the question arising here is that if minimalism will hurt one's emotions, why become a minimalist? The answer is very simple; the assumption of the question is fundamentally wrong. Minimalism does not hurt emotions. You might feel a bit sad while getting rid of a useless item but sooner than later, this feeling will be overcome by the joy of clarity. Minimalists never argue that you should leave every convenience of the modern era. They are of the view that you only need to eliminate stuff that is unused or not going to be used in the near future.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Understanding Minimalism: Separating Myths from Reality 

2. Emotional Misconceptions and the True Benefits of Minimalism 

3. Minimalism as a Path to Clarity Without Sacrifice 

4. Dispelling Myths About Minimalism and Emotional Attachments 

 

Main Idea #1:

Minimalism is often misunderstood as sacrificing valuable possessions, but this perception stems from emotional attachment to items. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Minimalism promotes eliminating unnecessary items, not essential conveniences, and offers emotional clarity and joy rather than harm, challenging misconceptions about its impact on emotions. 

 

Summary:

Minimalism is misunderstood by those attached to possessions, who see it as emotional sacrifice. In reality, minimalism encourages removing only unused items, providing clarity and joy over time. It focuses on keeping valuable necessities, not abandoning modern conveniences. 

 

Key Points:

1. Minimalism is wrongly perceived as sacrificing meaningful possessions. 

2. Emotional attachment to possessions creates resistance to minimalism. 

3. Minimalism involves eliminating unused items, not essential conveniences. 

4. The process ultimately leads to emotional clarity and joy, not harm.

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 31: 시각적 적응으로 새로운 환경에도 빠르게 적응 가능

 

A remarkable characteristic of the visual system is that it has the ability of adapting itself. Psychologist George M. Stratton made this clear in an impressive self-experiment. Stratton wore reversing glasses for several days, which literally turned the world upside down for him. In the beginning, this caused him great difficulties: just putting food in his mouth with a fork was a challenge for him. With time, however, his visual system adjusted to the new stimuli from reality, and he was able to act normally in his environment again, even seeing it upright when he concentrated. As he took off his reversing glasses, he was again confronted with problems: he used the wrong hand when he wanted to reach for something, for example. Fortunately, Stratton could reverse the perception, and he did not have to wear reversing glasses for the rest of his life. For him, everything returned to normal after one day.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Adaptive Power of the Human Visual System 

2. George M. Stratton’s Experiment on Visual Adaptation 

3. Understanding Perceptual Adjustment Through Reversing Glasses 

4. How the Visual System Adjusts to Altered Realities 

 

Main Idea #1:

The human visual system can adapt to altered perceptions, as demonstrated by George M. Stratton's reversing glasses experiment. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Stratton's self-experiment revealed the remarkable adaptability of the visual system, which adjusted to upside-down stimuli and reverted to normal functioning after the removal of reversing glasses. 

 

Summary:

The visual system’s adaptability was demonstrated by George M. Stratton, who wore reversing glasses that flipped his perception upside down. Despite initial challenges, his visual system adapted, allowing him to function normally. After removing the glasses, he experienced temporary disorientation, but his perception returned to normal within a day. 

 

Key Points:

1. Stratton wore reversing glasses that inverted his visual perception. 

2. Initially, he faced significant difficulties in daily tasks. 

3. Over time, his visual system adapted to the altered perception. 

4. Removing the glasses caused temporary disorientation, but normal perception returned within a day.

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 32: 인터넷 사용이 지식 과대평가를 유발할  있음

 

Participants in a study were asked to answer questions like "Why does the moon have phases?" Half the participants were told to search for the answers on the internet, while the other half weren't allowed to do so. Then, in the second part of the study, all of the participants were presented with a new set of questions, such as "Why does Swiss cheese have holes?" These questions were unrelated to the ones asked during the first part of the study, so participants who used the internet had absolutely no advantage over those who hadn't. You would think that both sets of participants would be equally sure or unsure about how well they could answer the new questions. But those who used the internet in the first part of the study rated themselves as more knowledgeable than those who hadn't, even about questions they hadn't searched online for. The study suggests that having access to unrelated information was enough to pump up their intellectual confidence.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Influence of Internet Use on Perceived Knowledge 

2. How Access to Information Boosts Intellectual Confidence 

3. The Psychological Impact of Searching Online for Answers 

4. Unrelated Internet Searches and Their Effect on Self-Perceived Expertise 

 

Main Idea #1:

Participants who used the internet for answers in a study felt more knowledgeable, even about unrelated questions. 

 

Main Idea #2:

The study revealed that internet access during one task inflated participants' confidence in their overall knowledge, even for topics they hadn't researched, highlighting how access to information affects intellectual self-perception. 

 

Summary:

A study found that participants using the internet to answer questions felt more confident in their knowledge, even on unrelated topics. This increased confidence came from access to information rather than actual learning, influencing their perception of expertise. 

 

Key Points:

1. Participants were asked to answer questions, with some using the internet and others not. 

2. Internet users rated themselves as more knowledgeable, even on unrelated topics. 

3. Access to information increased intellectual confidence, regardless of its relevance. 

4. The study highlights how internet use can influence self-perceived expertise.

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 33: 관점 변화로 세계 이해 방식을 다각화할  있음

 

Anthropologist Gregory Bateson suggests that we tend to understand the world by focusing in on particular features within it. Take platypuses. We might zoom in so closely to their fur that each hair appears different. We might also zoom out to the extent where it appears as a single, uniform object. We might take the platypus as an individual, or we might treat it as part of a larger unit such as a species or an ecosystem. It's possible to move between many of these perspectives, although we may need some additional tools and skills to zoom in on individual pieces of hair or zoom out to entire ecosystems. Crucially, however, we can only take up one perspective at a time. We can pay attention to the varied behavior of individual animals, look at what unites them into a single species, or look at them as part of bigger ecological patterns. Every possible perspective involves emphasizing certain aspects and ignoring others.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Gregory Bateson's Theory on Perspectives and Understanding the World 

2. How Our Focus Shapes Perceptions of the Natural World 

3. The Platypus as a Model for Perspective-Based Understanding 

4. Exploring the Limits and Tools of Shifting Perspectives 

 

Main Idea #1:

Gregory Bateson suggests that understanding the world depends on focusing on specific perspectives. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Our perception of the world involves shifting between perspectives, emphasizing certain aspects while ignoring others, though only one perspective can be taken at a time. 

 

Summary:

Gregory Bateson explains that we understand the world by focusing on specific perspectives, such as viewing a platypus as an individual, part of a species, or an ecosystem component. While tools and skills enable shifts between perspectives, each perspective highlights some aspects while ignoring others, and only one can be held at a time. 

 

Key Points:

1. Understanding depends on focusing on specific features or perspectives. 

2. Perspectives can range from individual details to larger systems, like species or ecosystems. 

3. Shifting perspectives requires tools and skills but emphasizes certain aspects over others. 

4. Only one perspective can be taken at a time, shaping our understanding of the world.

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 34: 플라톤은 이상적 '형상' 개념으로 현실을 설명함

 

Plato's realism includes all aspects of experience but is most easily explained by considering the nature of mathematical and geometrical objects such as circles. He asked the question, what is a circle? You might indicate a particular example carved into stone or drawn in the sand. However, Plato would point out that, if you looked closely enough, you would see that neither it, nor indeed any physical circle, was perfect. They all possessed flaws, and all were subject to change and decayed with time. So how can we talk about perfect circles if we cannot actually see or touch them? Plato's extraordinary answer was that the world we see is a poor reflection of a deeper unseen reality of Forms, or universals, where perfect cats chase perfect mice in perfect circles around perfect rocks. Plato believed that the Forms or universals are the true reality that exists in an invisible but perfect world beyond our senses.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Plato’s Theory of Forms: Understanding Perfection Beyond the Physical 

2. Exploring the Invisible Reality of Plato’s Universals 

3. The Nature of Perfection in Plato’s Philosophical Realism 

4. How Plato Explained Imperfect Reality Through Perfect Forms 

 

Main Idea #1:

Plato believed that physical objects are imperfect reflections of perfect, unseen universals or Forms. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Through examples like imperfect physical circles, Plato illustrated his belief in a deeper reality of perfect Forms, an invisible but ideal world beyond human senses, where true perfection exists. 

 

Summary:

Plato argued that physical objects, like circles, are flawed and impermanent representations of perfect Forms or universals. These Forms exist in a separate, unseen reality, which he considered the true, unchanging essence of all things. 

 

Key Points:

1. Plato’s realism includes imperfect physical objects and perfect Forms. 

2. He used mathematical objects, such as circles, to illustrate his theory. 

3. The physical world is a reflection of an unseen, perfect reality. 

4. Forms or universals exist in an invisible, ideal realm beyond sensory experience.

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 35: 데이터 확장이 정확성보다 유용성을 강화함

 

In statistics, the law of large numbers describes a situation where having more data is better for making predictions. According to it, the more often an experiment is conducted, the closer the average of the results can be expected to match the true state of the world. For instance, on your first encounter with the game of roulette, you may have beginner's luck after betting on 7. But the more often you repeat this bet, the closer the relative frequency of wins and losses is expected to approach the true chance of winning, meaning that your luck will at some point fade away. Similarly, car insurers collect large amounts of data to figure out the chances that drivers will cause accidents, depending on their age, region, or car brand. Both casinos and insurance industries rely on the law of large numbers to balance individual losses.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Understanding the Law of Large Numbers in Predictions and Risk Management 

2. How Casinos and Insurers Use the Law of Large Numbers 

3. The Predictive Power of Large Data Sets in Statistics 

4. From Roulette to Insurance: Applications of the Law of Large Numbers 

 

Main Idea #1:

The law of large numbers states that more data improves the accuracy of predictions by aligning averages with true probabilities. 

 

Main Idea #2:

The law of large numbers explains how repeated experiments lead to results that reflect true probabilities, influencing industries like casinos and insurance to predict outcomes and manage risks effectively. 

 

Summary:

The law of large numbers shows that as the number of trials increases, the results align more closely with true probabilities, as seen in roulette outcomes and insurance risk calculations. Both casinos and insurers rely on this principle to balance individual losses and predict outcomes with accuracy. 

 

Key Points:

1. The law of large numbers links more data to better prediction accuracy. 

2. Repeated experiments approach the true probabilities of outcomes. 

3. Casinos use it to ensure profits over time despite individual wins. 

4. Insurers rely on large data sets to predict accident risks and set policies.

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 36: 청소년기 감정 의사결정은 전두엽 미성숙과 연관됨

 

The adolescent brain is not fully developed until its early twenties. This means the way the adolescents' decision-making circuits integrate and process information may put them at a disadvantage. One of their brain regions that matures later is the prefrontal cortex, which is the control center, tasked with thinking ahead and evaluating consequences. It is the area of the brain responsible for preventing you from sending off an initial angry text and modifying it with kinder words. On the other hand, the limbic system matures earlier, playing a central role in processing emotional responses. Because of its earlier development, it is more likely to influence decision-making. Decision-making in the adolescent brain is led by emotional factors more than the perception of consequences. Due to these differences, there is an imbalance between feeling-based decision-making ruled by the more mature limbic system and logical-based decision-making by the not-yet-mature prefrontal cortex. This may explain why some teens are more likely to make bad decisions.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Understanding Adolescent Decision-Making and Brain Development 

2. The Role of Brain Maturity in Teen Decision-Making 

3. How Emotional and Logical Imbalances Shape Adolescent Choices 

4. Why Adolescents Are More Prone to Impulsive Decisions 

 

Main Idea #1:

Adolescents' decision-making is influenced by the underdeveloped prefrontal cortex and the more developed limbic system. 

 

Main Idea #2:

The adolescent brain's imbalance between the emotional limbic system and the logical prefrontal cortex leads to decision-making driven more by emotions than by evaluating consequences. 

 

Summary:

Adolescents are more likely to make emotional decisions because their limbic system develops earlier than their prefrontal cortex, which governs logic and consequence evaluation. This developmental imbalance explains their tendency toward impulsive and risky choices. 

 

Key Points:

1. The adolescent brain is not fully developed until the early twenties. 

2. The prefrontal cortex, responsible for logic and evaluating consequences, matures later. 

3. The limbic system, governing emotional responses, develops earlier and strongly influences decisions. 

4. The imbalance between emotional and logical decision-making explains impulsive choices in teens.

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 37: 얼굴 인식 기술의 정확성을 높이기 위한 연구 필요

 

Despite the remarkable progress in deep-learning based facial recognition approaches in recent years, in terms of identification performance, they still have limitations. These limitations relate to the database used in the learning stage. If the selected database does not contain enough instances, the result may be systematically affected. For example, the performance of a facial biometric system may decrease if the person to be identified was enrolled over 10 years ago. The factor to consider is that this person may experience changes in the texture of the face, particularly with the appearance of wrinkles and sagging skin. These changes may be highlighted by weight gain or loss. To counteract this problem, researchers have developed models for face aging or digital de-aging. It is used to compensate for the differences in facial characteristics, which appear over a given time period.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Challenges and Solutions in Facial Recognition Over Time 

2. Addressing Aging Effects in Deep-Learning Facial Recognition Systems 

3. The Role of Face Aging Models in Biometric Accuracy 

4. How Facial Changes Impact Deep-Learning Recognition Systems 

 

Main Idea #1:

Facial recognition systems face limitations due to insufficient database diversity and facial changes over time. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Deep-learning facial recognition systems struggle with identifying individuals after significant time due to aging-related changes, prompting researchers to develop face aging and de-aging models to improve accuracy. 

 

Summary:

Deep-learning facial recognition systems face challenges when individuals’ facial features change over time due to aging or weight fluctuations. Insufficient database diversity compounds this issue. Researchers use face aging and de-aging models to address these limitations and improve identification accuracy. 

 

Key Points:

1. Facial recognition performance depends on the diversity of the training database. 

2. Aging-related changes, like wrinkles or sagging skin, impact system accuracy. 

3. Weight changes can further alter facial characteristics and reduce performance.

4. Face aging and de-aging models help mitigate these challenges over time.

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 38: 농작물 다양성 감소가 식량 체계 취약성을 증가시킴

 

The decline in the diversity of our food is an entirely human-made process. The biggest loss of crop diversity came in the decades that followed the Second World War. In an attempt to save millions from extreme hunger, crop scientists found ways to produce grains such as rice and wheat on an enormous scale. And thousands of traditional varieties were replaced by a small number of new super-productive ones. The strategy worked spectacularly well, at least to begin with. Because of it, grain production tripled, and between 1970 and 2020 the human population more than doubled. Leaving the contribution of that strategy to one side, the danger of creating more uniform crops is that they are more at risk when it comes to disasters. Specifically, a global food system that depends on just a narrow selection of plants has a greater chance of not being able to survive diseases, pests and climate extremes.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Impact of Uniform Crops on Global Food Security 

2. How Post-War Agriculture Reduced Crop Diversity Worldwide 

3. Balancing Productivity and Resilience in Crop Diversity Loss 

4. The Risks of Uniformity in Modern Agriculture 

 

Main Idea #1:

The decline in crop diversity resulted from replacing traditional varieties with super-productive crops after World War II. 

 

Main Idea #2:

While the introduction of high-yield crops initially alleviated hunger and boosted grain production, the loss of diversity has made global agriculture more vulnerable to diseases, pests, and climate extremes. 

 

Summary:

The decline in crop diversity began after World War II, when super-productive crops replaced traditional varieties to combat hunger. Although this increased grain production and supported population growth, it also made the global food system more susceptible to disasters like diseases and climate extremes. 

 

Key Points:

1. Crop diversity declined sharply after World War II due to the adoption of high-yield varieties. 

2. Traditional crop varieties were replaced by fewer, more productive ones. 

3. Grain production tripled, supporting rapid population growth. 

4. Reduced crop diversity increases vulnerability to diseases, pests, and climate challenges.

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 39: 쿠바 야구팀의 전통 유니폼 변경이  쇠퇴와 연관

 

Between 1940 and 2000, Cuba ruled the world baseball scene. They won 25 of the first 28 World Cups and 3 of 5 Olympic Games. The Cubans were known for wearing uniforms covered in red from head to toe, a strong contrast to the more conservative North American style featuring grey or white pants. Not only were their athletic talents superior, the Cubans appeared even stronger from just the colour of their uniforms. A game would not even start and the opposing team would already be scared. A few years ago, Cuba altered that uniform style, modernizing it and perhaps conforming to other countries' style; interestingly, the national team has declined since that time. The country that ruled international baseball for decades has not been on top since that uniform change. Traditions are important for a team; while a team brand or image can adjust to keep up with present times, if it abandons or neglects its roots, negative effects can surface.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. The Rise and Fall of Cuba's Dominance in Baseball 

2. How Tradition and Uniforms Shaped Cuban Baseball Success 

3. The Psychological Impact of Cuba’s Iconic Baseball Uniforms 

4. Cuba’s Baseball Decline and the Importance of Team Traditions 

 

Main Idea #1:

Cuba dominated international baseball for decades, partly due to their superior skills and intimidating uniforms. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Cuba's switch to modernized uniforms marked the beginning of a decline in its baseball dominance, emphasizing the importance of maintaining team traditions and identity. 

 

Summary:

Between 1940 and 2000, Cuba dominated baseball, winning numerous World Cups and Olympic titles, with their red uniforms playing a psychological role. After adopting modernized uniforms, their dominance declined, highlighting the potential impact of losing team traditions. 

 

Key Points:

1. Cuba ruled international baseball from 1940 to 2000, winning 25 World Cups and 3 Olympic titles. 

2. Their all-red uniforms intimidated opponents, enhancing their psychological advantage. 

3. Modernizing their uniforms coincided with a decline in their baseball success. 

4. The importance of maintaining traditions and team identity is underscored by this decline.

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 40: 문화 전파는 유전적 전파보다 복잡한 요소 포함

 

Many of the first models of cultural evolution drew noticeable connections between culture and genes by using concepts from theoretical population genetics and applying them to culture. Cultural patterns of transmission, innovation, and selection are conceptually likened to genetic processes of transmission, mutation, and selection. However, these approaches had to be modified to account for the differences between genetic and cultural transmission. For example, we do not expect the cultural transmission to follow the rules of genetic transmission strictly. If two biological parents have different forms of a cultural trait, their child is not necessarily equally likely to acquire the mother's or father's form of that trait. Further, a child can acquire cultural traits not only from its parents but also from nonparental adults and peers; thus, the frequency of a cultural trait in the population is relevant beyond just the probability that an individual's parents had that trait. -> Early cultural evolution models used the similarity between culture and genes but had to be revised since cultural transmission allows for more diverse factors than genetic transmission.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Revisiting Early Models of Cultural Evolution and Transmission 

2. Understanding the Differences Between Cultural and Genetic Transmission 

3. How Cultural Traits Evolve Beyond Genetic Analogies 

4. Modifications in Cultural Evolution Models to Reflect Human Complexity 

 

Main Idea #1:

Early cultural evolution models drew parallels with genetic processes but required adjustments to reflect cultural transmission's unique characteristics. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Unlike genetic transmission, cultural transmission involves diverse influences beyond parental traits, including peers and societal trends, requiring models to account for these broader factors. 

 

Summary:

Early cultural evolution models likened cultural processes to genetic ones but were revised to address differences. Cultural transmission differs from genetic transmission as traits can be acquired from peers and society, not just parents, making population-level frequency critical. 

 

Key Points:

1. Early models of cultural evolution were inspired by population genetics. 

2. Cultural traits were initially compared to genetic processes like transmission and mutation. 

3. Cultural transmission differs, allowing traits to be acquired from peers and nonparental influences. 

4. Models were revised to account for societal and population-level influences on cultural traits.

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 41~42: 협력적 행동이 그룹  시너지 효과를 생성

 

A ball thrown into the air is acted upon by the initial force given it, persisting as inertia of movement and tending to carry it in the same straight line, and by the constant pull of gravity downward, as well as by the resistance of the air. It moves, accordingly, in a curved path. Now the path does not represent the working of any particular force; there is simply the combination of the three elementary forces mentioned; but in a real sense, there is something in the total action besides the isolated action of three forces, namely, their joint action. In the same way, when two or more human individuals are together, their mutual relationships and their arrangement into a group are things which would not be revealed if we confined our attention to each individual separately. The significance of group behavior is greatly increased in the case of human beings by the fact that some of the tendencies to action of the individual are related definitely to other persons, and could not be aroused except by other persons acting as stimuli. An individual in complete isolation would not reveal their competitive tendencies, their tendencies towards the opposite sex, their protective tendencies towards children. This shows that the traits of human nature do not fully appear until the individual is brought into relationships with other individuals.

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Understanding Human Behavior Through Group Dynamics and Relationships 

2. How Individual Traits Emerge in Social Contexts 

3. The Influence of Social Interactions on Human Behavior 

4. Group Dynamics as a Key to Revealing Human Nature 

 

Main Idea #1:

Human behavior cannot be fully understood in isolation, as social interactions reveal traits and tendencies unique to relationships. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Just as a ball’s curved path arises from the combined forces acting on it, human behavior emerges from the interplay of social interactions, which stimulate tendencies such as competitiveness, attraction, and protectiveness, not evident in isolation. 

 

Summary:

Human behavior develops through interactions, as certain tendencies like competition or protectiveness are only triggered by social relationships. Like a ball's curved trajectory resulting from combined forces, individual traits are shaped and revealed in group dynamics. 

 

Key Points:

1. Individual behavior is influenced by relationships and group dynamics. 

2. Certain tendencies, like competitiveness or attraction, only arise in social contexts. 

3. Human nature is incomplete in isolation, requiring interactions to fully emerge. 

4. Group behavior reveals traits that would remain hidden in solitary individuals.

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 43~45: 다툰 형제가 목수의 도움으로 화해와 관계 회복

 

There once lived a man in a village who was not happy with his life. He was always troubled by one problem or another. One day, a saint with his guards stopped by his village. Many people heard the news and started going to him with their problems. The man also decided to visit the saint. Even after reaching the saint's place in the morning, he didn't get the opportunity to meet him till evening. When the man got to meet the saint, he confessed that he was very unhappy with life because problems always surrounded him, like workplace tension or worries about his health. He said, "Please give me a solution so that all the problems in my life will end and I can live peacefully." The saint smiled and said that he would answer the request the next day. But the saint also asked if the man could do a small job for him. He told the man to take care of a hundred camels in his group that night, saying "When all hundred camels sit down, you can go to sleep." The man agreed. The next morning when the saint met that man, he asked if the man had slept well. Tired and sad, the man replied that he couldn't sleep even for a moment. In fact, the man tried very hard but couldn't make all the camels sit at the same time because every time he made one camel sit, another would stand up. The saint told him, "You realized that no matter how hard you try, you can't make all the camels sit down. If one problem is solved, for some reason, another will arise like the camels did. So, humans should enjoy life despite these problems."

 

 

Possible Titles:

1. Life Lessons from the Saint and the Hundred Camels 

2. Accepting Life’s Challenges to Find Peace and Happiness 

3. The Wisdom of Embracing Problems in Daily Life 

4. Why Problems Are Like Camels That Never Fully Rest 

 

Main Idea #1:

A man learns from a saint that life’s problems are constant, and peace comes from accepting and living with them. 

 

Main Idea #2:

Through the metaphor of camels that never all sit at once, the saint teaches that trying to eliminate all problems is futile and that happiness lies in enjoying life despite ongoing challenges. 

 

Summary:

A man, troubled by constant problems, seeks a saint’s advice. The saint uses a task with camels to show that problems, like camels, will never fully disappear. The lesson is to live peacefully by accepting and enjoying life amid challenges. 

 

Key Points:

1. A man visits a saint to find a solution to his endless problems. 

2. The saint gives the man a task to manage a hundred camels for the night. 

3. The man realizes it’s impossible to make all the camels sit at once. 

4. The saint explains that problems are constant and peace comes from acceptance and enjoying life.

 

 

 

 

 

 

안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다.

 

오늘은 <2023년도 11월 고2 영어 모의고사(12월 시행)> 한줄해석(좌지문 우해석) 자료 올립니다.
설명문/실용문을 제외한 전지문 작업했습니다.

 

자료는 PDF 워드 파일 모두 올립니다.  
지문 분석하거나 자료 제작하실 때 참고하세요.

 

혼공하는 학생들이나 자료 필요한 분들에게

유용한 자료가 될 수 있길 바랍니다 :)

 

 

ps.

블로그 콘텐츠가 마음에 드신다면, '좋아요' 클릭과 광고 지원으로 응원해 주세요. 

여러분의 작은 도움이 큰 힘이 됩니다! 

감사합니다~~

 

 

 

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안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다. 오늘은 고2 2023년도 11월 모의고사(12월 시행)>의 기출문제 모음 1번째 자료를 올립니다.[고2] 2023년 11월 기출모음 #1 - 71문항 이번 모의고사는 2023년 12월 19일

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전체 내용

[2] 2023 11 – 18: 농구 코트 소음 문제 해결을 요청하는 민원 제기
 To whom it may concern, 관계자 귀하,
 I am writing to inform you of an ongoing noise issue that I am experiencing. 저는 제가 겪고 있는 지속되는 소음 문제에 대해 알려 드리기 위해  편지를 씁니다.
 My apartment faces the basketball courts of the community center. 저의 아파트는 문화 센터의 농구 코트를 향하고 있습니다.
 While I fully support the community center's services, I am constantly being disrupted by individuals playing basketball late at night. 저는 문화 센터의 서비스를 전적으로 지지하고 있지만, 밤늦게 농구를 하는 사람들에 의해 끊임없이 방해받고 있습니다.
 Many nights, I struggle to fall asleep because I can hear people bouncing balls and shouting on the basketball courts well after 11 p.m.. 많은 밤마다,  11시가 한참 넘어서도 저는 사람들이 농구 코트에서 공을 튀기고 소리치는 것을 들어야 해서 잠을 자는  애를 먹습니다.
 Could you restrict the time the basketball court is open to before 9 p.m.? 당신은 농구 코트를 여는 시간을  9 이전으로제한해 주실  있으십니까?
 I'm sure I'm not the only person in the neighborhood that is affected by this noise issue. 저는  근처에서  소음 문제에 의해 영향받는 유일한 사람이 아님을 확신합니다.
 I appreciate your assistance. 당신의 협조에 감사드립니다.
 Sincerely, Ian Baldwin 진심을 담아, Ian Baldwin

 

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 19: 부족 의식에서 아버지의 존재로 안정감을 얻음
 Chaske, a Cherokee boy, was sitting on a tree stump. 체로키족 소년인 Chaske 나무 그루터기에 앉아있었다.
 As a rite of passage for youths in his tribe, Chaske had to survive one night in the forest wearing a blindfold, not knowing he was observed by his father. 그의 부족 청년들에 대한 통과 의례로, Chaske그의 아버지가 지켜보는 것을 모른 채로 눈가리개를쓰고 숲속에서 하룻밤을 살아남아야 했다.
 After the sunset, Chaske could hear all kinds of noises. 해가 지고  후에, Chaske 모든 종류의 소리를들을  있었다.
 The wind blew the grass and shook his stump. 바람이 풀을 휘저으며 그의 그루터기를 흔들었다.
 A sense of dread swept through his body. 두려움이 그의 몸을 휩쓸었다.
 What if wild beasts are looking at me? I can't stand this! '만약 야생 짐승들이 나를 바라보고 있다면 어떡하지? 나는 이것을 견딜 수가 없어!'
 Just as he was about to take off the blindfold to run away, a voice came in from somewhere. 그가 도망가기 위해 눈가리개를  벗으려고 했을 어디선가  음성이 들려왔다.
 "I'm here around you. Don't give up, and complete your mission." "나는 여기  주변에 있어. 포기하지 말고 너의 임무를 완수해."
 It was his father's voice. 그것은 그의 아버지의 목소리였다.
 He has been watching me from nearby! '그가 근처에서 나를 지켜보고 있었구나!'
 With just the presence of his father, the boy regained stability. 그의 아버지의 존재만으로도 소년은 안정을 되찾았다.
 What panicked him awfully a moment ago vanished into thin air. 조금 전까지 그를 끔찍하게 겁에 질리게  것들이온데간데없이 사라졌다.

 

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 20: 농업의 발전과 지속 가능성을 위한 해결책 필요
 Agriculture includes a range of activities such as planting, harvesting, fertilizing, pest management, raising animals, and distributing food and agricultural products. 농업은 파종, 수확, 비료 주기, 해충 관리, 동물 사육, 그리고 식량  농산물 분배와 같은 다양한 활동들을 포함한다.
 It is one of the oldest and most essential human activities, dating back thousands of years, and has played a critical role in the development of human civilizations, allowing people to create stable food supplies and settle in one place. 그것은 수천  전으로 거슬러 올라가는 가장 오래되고 필수적인 인간 활동  하나이고, 인류 문명의발전에 중요한 역할을  왔으며, 사람들이 안정적인 식량을 생산하고 한곳에 정착할  있게 허락해주었다.
 Today, agriculture remains a vital industry that feeds the world's population, supports rural communities, and provides raw materials for other industries. 오늘날, 농업은  세계 인구를 먹여 살리고 농업공동체를 지원하며 다른 산업에 원료를 공급하는중요한 산업으로 남아 있다.
 However, agriculture faces numerous challenges such as climate change, water scarcity, soil degradation, and biodiversity loss. 그러나, 농업은 기후 변화,  부족, 토질 저하, 생물 다양성 손실과 같은 수많은 문제에 직면하고 있다.
 As the world's population continues to grow, it is essential to find sustainable solutions to address the challenges facing agriculture and ensure the continued production of food and other agricultural products. 세계 인구가 계속해서 증가함에 따라, 농업이 직면한 문제를 다루고 식량과 다른 농산물의 지속적인생산을 보장하기 위한 지속 가능한 해결책을 찾는것이 필수적이다.

 

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 21: 예술은 어려운 주제를 다루며 변화를 촉진함
 The arts and aesthetics offer emotional connection to the full range of human experience. 예술과 미학은 다양한 인간 경험에 대한 정서적인연결을 제공한다.
 "The arts can be more than just sugar on the tongue," Anjan Chatterjee, a professor at the University of Pennsylvania, says. "예술은 단순히  위의 설탕 이상의 것이   있다,"라고 Pennsylvania 대학교의 교수인 Anjan Chatterjee 말한다.
 "In art, when there's something challenging, which can also be uncomfortable, this discomfort, if we're willing to engage with it, offers the possibility of some change, some transformation. "예술에서, 무언가 도전적인 것이 있고 그것이 또한불편할  있을 ,  불편은, 만약 우리가 기꺼이그것에 참여하려 한다면, 어떤 변화, 어떤 변형의 가능성을 제공한다.
 That can also be a powerful aesthetic experience." 그것은 또한 강력한 미적 경험이   있다."
 The arts, in this way, become vehicles to contend with ideas and concepts that are difficult and uncomfortable otherwise. 예술은, 이런 방식으로, 그렇지 않았더라면 어렵고불편한 아이디어  개념들과 싸우는 매개체가 된다.
 When Picasso painted his masterpiece Guernica in 1937, he captured the heartbreaking and cruel nature of war, and offered the world a way to consider the universal suffering caused by the Spanish Civil War. Picasso 그의 걸작 Guernica 1937년에 그렸을 , 그는 가슴 아프고 잔인한 전쟁의 본질을 포착했고, 스페인 내전으로 인한 보편적인 고통을 숙고할 방법을 세상에 제공했다.
 When Lorraine Hansberry wrote her play A Raisin in the Sun, she gave us a powerful story of people struggling with racism, discrimination, and the pursuit of the American dream while also offering a touching portrait of family life. Lorraine Hansberry 그녀의 희곡 A Raisin in the Sun 썼을 , 그녀는 또한 가족생활에 대한감동적인 초상화를 제공하면서 인종 차별, 차별, 아메리칸드림의 추구를 위해 고군분투하는 사람들의강력한 이야기를 우리에게 주었다.

 

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 22: 기계식 시계가 시간 개념과 경제 발전에 기여
 Many historians have pointed to the significance of accurate time measurement to Western economic progress. 많은 역사가들은 서양의 경제적 진보에 있어서 정확한 시간 측정의 중요성을 시사해 왔다.
 The French historian Jacques Le Goff called the birth of the public mechanical clock a turning point in Western society. 프랑스 역사가 Jacques Le Goff 공공 기계 시계의 탄생을 서구 사회에서의 전환점이라고 불렀다.
 Until the late Middle Ages, people had sun or water clocks, which did not play any meaningful role in business activities. 중세 말기까지, 사람들은 해시계와 물시계를 가지고 있었는데, 그것들은 경제 활동에 있어서 아무런의미 있는 역할을 하지 못했다.
 Market openings and activities started with the sunrise and typically ended at noon when the sun was at its peak. 시장 개장과 활동들은 일출과 함께 시작했고 태양이최고점에 이르는 정오에 일반적으로 끝났다.
 But when the first public mechanical clocks were introduced and spread across European cities, market times were set by the stroke of the hour. 그러나 최초의 공공 기계 시계들이 도입되고 유럽도시들 전역으로 확산되었을 , 시장 시간은 시간을 알리는 소리에 의해 정해졌다.
 Public clocks thus greatly contributed to public life and work by providing a new concept of time that was easy for everyone to understand. 따라서 공공 시계들은 모든 사람이 이해하기 쉬운시간의 새로운 개념을 제공함으로써 공공의 생활과일에 크게 기여했다.
 This, in turn, helped facilitate trade and commerce.  결과, 이것은 무역과 상업을 촉진하는  도움을주었다.
 Interactions and transactions between consumers, retailers, and wholesalers became less irregular. 소비자, 소매업자, 그리고 도매업자 간의 상호 작용과 거래는  불규칙해졌다.
 Important town meetings began to follow the pace of the clock, allowing people to better plan their time and allocate resources in a more efficient manner. 중요한 마을 회의들은 시계의 페이스를 따르기 시작했고, 이것은 사람들이 그들의 시간을   계획하고  효율적인 방식으로 자원들을 분배하는 것을허락해 주었다.

 

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 23: 쇼핑카트 사용 장려를 위한 마케팅 전략 전환
 Sylvan Goldman invented the shopping cart and introduced it in his stores in 1937. Sylvan Goldman 쇼핑 카트를 발명하고 1937년에 그의 가게들에 그것을 도입했다.
 It was an excellent device that would make it easy for shoppers to buy as much as they wanted without getting tired or seeking others' help. 그것은 쇼핑객들이 지치거나 다른 사람들의 도움을구하지 않고 그들이 원했던 만큼 구매하는 것을 쉽게 만들어  훌륭한 장치였다.
 But Goldman discovered that in spite of his repeated advertisements and explanations, he could not persuade his shoppers to use the wheeled carts. 하지만 Goldman 그의 반복적인 광고와 설명에도 불구하고, 그의 쇼핑객들에게 바퀴 달린 카트들을 사용하도록 설득할  없다는 것을 알게 됐다.
 Men were reluctant because they thought they would appear weak if they pushed such carts instead of carrying their shopping. 남성들은 그들의 쇼핑한 물건을 들고 다니는 대신만약 그들이 그런 카트들을 민다면 그들이 나약해보일 것으로 생각했기 때문에 꺼렸다.
 Women wouldn't touch them because the carts reminded them of baby carriages. 여성들은 카트들이 그들에게 유모차를 연상시키기때문에 그것들에 손대려 하지 않았다.
 It was only a few elderly shoppers who used them. 그것들을 사용하는 사람들은 오직  명의 노인 쇼핑객들뿐이었다.
 That made the carts even less attractive to the majority of the shoppers. 그것은 카트들을 대다수 쇼핑객들에게 훨씬  매력적이도록 만들었다.
 Then Goldman hit upon an idea. 그때 Goldman  아이디어를 떠올렸다.
 He hired several models, men and women, of different ages and asked them to wheel the carts in the store and shop. 그는 다른 연령대의 남자와 여자 모델들을 고용했고, 그들에게 상점에서 카트들을 밀고 쇼핑하도록요청했다.
 A young woman employee standing near the entrance told the regular shoppers, 'Look, everyone is using the carts. Why don't you?' 입구 근처에  있던  젊은 여성 직원이 일반 쇼핑객들에게 '보세요, 모든 사람이 카트를 사용하고있습니다.  보는  어떠세요?'라고 말했다.
 That was the turning point. 그것이 전환점이었다.
 A few shills disguised as regular shoppers easily accomplished what logic, explanations, and advertisements failed to do. 일반 쇼핑객들로 위장한 바람잡이들이 논리, 설명, 그리고 광고가 하지 못한 것을 쉽게 달성했다.
 Within a few weeks shoppers readily accepted those carts.   만에 쇼핑객들은  카트들을 기꺼이 받아들였다.

 

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 24: 로봇의 인간적 특성이 신뢰와 속임수 모두 유발 가능
 In response to human-like care robots, critics might charge that human-robot interactions create moral hazards for dementia patients. 인간을 닮은 돌봄 로봇들에 대한 반응으로, 비평가들은 인간-로봇의 상호 작용이 치매 환자들에게 도덕적 위험을 만들어 낸다고 비난할지도 모른다.
 Even if deception is sometimes allowed when it serves worthy goals, should it be allowed for vulnerable users? 속임수가 그것이 가치 있는 목표를 달성할  때때로 허용된다고 하더라도, 취약한 사용자들에게 그것이 허용되어야 할까?
 Just as children on the autism spectrum with robot companions might be easily fooled into thinking of robots as friends, older adults with cognitive deficits might be. 로봇 친구가 있는 자폐성 스펙트럼을 가진 아이들이 로봇을 친구로 생각하도록 쉽게 속을  있는 것처럼, 인지 결함을 가진 노인들도 그럴  있다.
 According to Alexis Elder, a professor at UMD, robots are false friends, inferior to true friendship. UMD 교수인 Alexis Elder 따르면, 로봇은 진정한 우정보다, 열등한 '가짜' 친구이다.
 Reasoning along similar lines, John Sullins, a professor at Sonoma State University, holds that robots should "remain iconic or cartoonish so that they are easily distinguished as synthetic even by unsophisticated users." 비슷한 방향에서 생각하자면, Sonoma 주립 대학교 교수인 John Sullins 로봇이 '심지어 순수한사용자들에 의해서도 그것들이 진짜가 아닌 것으로쉽게 구별될  있도록 상징적이거나 만화같이 남아 있어야 한다.'라고 주장한다.
 At least then no one is fooled. 적어도 그러면 아무도 속지 않는다.
 Making robots clearly fake also avoids the so-called "uncanny valley," where robots are perceived as scary because they so closely resemble us, but not quite. 로봇을 명백히 가짜로 만드는 것은 또한 로봇이 우리를 완전히는 아니지만, 아주 가깝게 닮았기 때문에 무섭다고 인지되는 소위 '불쾌한 골짜기'라고 불리는 것을 피하게 한다.
 Other critics of robot deception argue that when care recipients are deceived into thinking that robots care, this crosses a line and violates human dignity. 로봇 속임수에 대한 다른 비평가들은 돌봄을 받는사람들이 로봇이 돌봐 준다고 생각하도록 속임을당할 , 이것은 선을 넘고 인간의 '존엄성' 침해한다고 주장한다.

 

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 25: 미국 연령별 온라인 광고 견해 조사 결과 분석
 The graph above shows the results of a 2019 survey on the views of American age groups on targeted online advertising. 위의 그래프는 표적 온라인 광고에 대한 미국 연령층들의 견해에 관한 2019 설문 조사의 결과를 보여 준다.
 In total, while 51% of the respondents said targeted ads were intrusive, 27% said they were interesting. 전체적으로, 응답자의 51% 표적 광고들이 침해적이라고 말한 반면, 27% 그것들이 흥미롭다고대답하였다.
 The percentage of respondents who believed that targeted ads were interesting was the highest in the age group of 18 to 24. 표적 광고들이 흥미롭다고 믿는 응답자들의 비율은18세에서 24 연령층에서 가장 높았다.
 The percentage of respondents aged 25 to 34 who said that targeted ads were intrusive was the same as that of respondents aged 45 to 54 who said the same. 표적 광고들이 침해적이라고 응답한 25세에서 34 응답자들의 비율은 똑같이 응답한 45세에서 54 응답자들의 그것과 똑같았다.
 Among all age groups, the gap between respondents who said targeted ads were interesting and those who believed them to be intrusive was the largest in the 35-to-44 age group. 모든 연령층에서, 표적 광고들이 흥미롭다고 말한응답자들과 그것들이 침해적이라고 믿는 응답자들간의 차이는 35세에서 44 연령층에서 가장 컸다.
 The age group of 55 and above was the only group where the percentage of respondents who believed targeted ads were intrusive was more than 50%. 55 이상의 연령층은 표적 광고들이 침해적이라고믿는 응답자들의 비율이 50% 넘는 유일한 집단이었다.

 

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 26: Maggie Walker 금융 개혁과 커뮤니티 기여
 Maggie L. Walker achieved national prominence as a businesswoman and community leader. Maggie L. Walker 여성 사업가와 커뮤니티 리더로서 전국적 명성을 얻었다.
 She was among the earliest Black students to attend newly-established public schools for African Americans. 그녀는 아프리카계 미국인들을 위해 새롭게 설립된공립 학교에 다닌 초기 흑인 학생들  하나였다.
 After graduating, she worked as a teacher for three years at the Valley School, where she had studied. 졸업 이후, 그녀는 그녀가 공부했던 Valley School에서 교사로서 3 동안 근무했다.
 In the early 1900s, Virginia banks owned by white bankers were unwilling to do business with African American organizations or individuals. 1900년대 초반에, 백인 은행가들에 의해 소유된Virginia 은행들은 아프리카계 미국인의 단체나개인들과 거래하기를 꺼렸다.
 The racial discrimination by white bankers drove her to study banking and financial laws. 백인 은행가들에 의한 인종 차별은 그녀로 하여금은행 금융법을 공부하게 만들었다.
 She established a newspaper to promote closer communication between the charitable organization she belonged to and the public. 그녀는 그녀가 속한 자선 단체와 대중 간의  긴밀한 소통을 장려하고자 신문사를 설립했다.
 Soon after, she founded the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank, which survived the Great Depression and merged with two other banks. 곧이어, 그녀는 St. Luke Penny Savings Bank설립했는데, 그것은 대공황에서 살아남아  개의다른 은행들과 합병했다.
 It thrived as the oldest continually African American-operated bank until 2009. 그것은 2009년까지 지속적으로 아프리카계 미국인에 의해 운영되는 가장 오래된 은행으로서 번창했다.
 Walker achieved successes with the vision to make improvements in the way of life for African Americans. Walker 아프리카계 미국인들을 위한 삶의 방식에서 개선을 이루고자 하는 비전으로 성공을 거두었다.

 

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 29: 렉틴 과잉 섭취가 건강에 미치는 부정적 영향
 Lectins are large proteins that serve as a crucial weapon that plants use to defend themselves. 렉틴은 식물들이 그들 스스로를 방어하기 위해 사용하는 중요한 무기로서 역할을 하는 커다란 단백질이다.
 The lectins in most plants bind to carbohydrates as we consume the plant. 대부분의 식물에 있는 렉틴은 우리가 식물을 섭취할 탄수화물과 결합한다.
 They also bind to sugar molecules found in the gut, in the brain, between nerve endings, in joints and in all bodily fluids. 그것들은 또한 , , 신경 말단 사이, 관절  모든 체액에서 발견되는  분자들과 결합한다.
 According to Dr. Steven Gundry, these sticky proteins can interrupt messaging between cells and cause toxic and inflammatory reactions. Dr. Steven Gundry 따르면, 이러한 끈적끈적한단백질은 세포들 간의 메시지 전달을 방해하고 독성 염증성의 반응을 일으킬  있다.
 Brain fog is just one result of lectins interrupting communication between nerves.  피로 현상은 렉틴이 신경들 간의 소통을 방해하는 단지 하나의 결과에 지나지 않는다.
 An upset stomach is another common symptom of lectin overload. 위장 장애는 렉틴 과다의  다른 흔한 증상이다.
 Dr. Gundry lists a wide range of other health problems including aching joints, dementia, headaches and infertility that have been resolved in his patients once they eliminated lectins from their diets. Dr. Gundry 그의 환자들이 자신의 식단에서 렉틴을 제거하였을  해결되어 왔던 관절통, 치매, 두통, 그리고 불임을 포함한 광범위한 다양한 건강문제들을 나열한다.
 Dr. Paul Saladino writes that the hypothesis that lectins are involved in Parkinson's disease is also gaining support, with animal studies showing that 'lectins, once eaten, may be damaging the gut and travelling to the brain, where they appear to be toxic to dopaminergic neurons'. Dr. Paul Saladino 렉틴이 파킨슨병과 관련이 있다는 가설이 '렉틴이 일단 섭취되면, 장에 손상을 입히고 뇌로 이동해 그곳에서 그것들이 도파민 작동성신경 세포에 독성을 일으키는 것처럼 보인다.' 것을 보여 주는 동물 연구들과 함께 또한 지지를 얻고있다고 기록한다.

 

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 30: 기술 발전이 프라이버시 재정의의 필요성을 강조
 Technology changes how individuals and societies understand the concept of privacy. 기술은 개인들과 사회가 사생활의 개념을 이해하는방식을 변화시킨다.
 The fact that someone has a new ability to access information or watch the actions of another does not justify doing so. 누군가가 정보에 접근하거나 다른 사람의 행동을관찰하는 새로운 능력을 갖추고 있다는 사실은 그렇게 하는 것을 정당화하지 않는다.
 Rather, advances in technology require citizens and policy makers to consider how privacy protections should be expanded. 오히려, 기술의 발전은 시민들과 정책 입안자들이어떻게 사생활 보호가 확장되어야 하는지 고려할것을 요구한다.
 For example, when cameras first became available for commercial and private use, nations and citizens struggled over whether new laws should be enacted to protect individuals from being photographed without their permission. 예를 들어, 카메라들이 상업적이고 사적인 용도로처음 사용될  있게 되었을 , 국가들과 시민들은그들의 허가 없이 개인들이 사진에 찍히는 것으로부터 보호하기 위해 새로운 법들이 제정되어야 하는지에 대해 투쟁했다.
 The reconsideration of privacy brought about by this new technology re-affirmed a distinction between private and public spaces.  새로운 기술이 가져온 사생활에 대한 재고는 사적  공적 공간의 구별을 재확인했다.
 It was determined by most cultures that people automatically gave consent to being seen ― and thus recorded ― once they voluntarily stepped into a public space. 일단 사람들이 자발적으로 공공장소에 발을 들여놓으면, 보여지고, 따라서 녹화되는 것에 자동적으로동의하는 것으로 대부분의 문화에서 결정되었다.
 Although some people might be uncomfortable with the spread of surveillance cameras, citizens in most cultures have adjusted to the fact that giving up the right not to be observed in these circumstances causes less harm to the community than failing to have surveillance. 일부 사람들은 감시 카메라들의 확산을 불편하게여길지도 모르지만, 대부분의 문화권에 있는 시민들은 이러한 상황에서 관찰되지 않을 권리를 포기하는 것이 감시받지 못하는 것보다 지역 사회에 적은 해를 끼친다는 사실에 순응해 왔다.

 

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 31: 기적은 인간 무지에서 비롯되며 탐구로 설명 가능
 Coincidence that is statistically impossible seems to us like an irrational event, and some define it as a miracle. 통계적으로 불가능한 우연은 우리에게 비이성적인사건처럼 보이고, 어떤 이들은 그것을 기적으로 정의한다.
 But, as Montaigne has said, "the origin of a miracle is in our ignorance, at the level of our knowledge of nature, and not in nature itself." 그러나, Montaigne 말했듯이, "기적의 기원은 자연  자체가 아니라 자연에 대한 우리의 지식수준에서, 우리의 무지에 있다."
 Glorious miracles have been later on discovered to be obedience to the laws of nature or a technological development that was not widely known at the time. 영광스러운 기적들은 자연의 법칙에 대한 순응으로서, 혹은 당시에는 널리 알려지지 않았던 기술적 발전으로서 나중에 발견되어 왔다.
 As the German poet, Goethe, phrased it: "Things that are mysterious are not yet miracles." 독일 시인 Goethe 그것을 표현했듯이, "'신비한'것들은 아직 '기적' '아니다'."
 The miracle assumes the intervention of a "higher power" in its occurrence that is beyond human capability to grasp. 기적은 그것의 발생에 있어서 인간이 이해할  있는 능력 너머의 ' 높은 ' 개입을 가정한다.
 Yet there are methodical and simple ways to "cause a miracle" without divine revelation and inspiration. 하지만, 신적인 계시와 영감 없이 '기적을 일으키는' 체계적이고 간단한 방법들이 있다.
 Instead of checking it out, investigating and finding the source of the event, we define it as a miracle. 그것을 확인하는 , ,  사건의 근원을 조사하고 찾는  대신에, 우리는 그것을 기적으로 정의한다.
 The miracle, then, is the excuse of those who are too lazy to think. 그렇다면, 기적은 생각하는  너무 게으른 사람들의 핑계이다.

 

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 32: 외부 정보가 사건 기억에 영향을 미칠  있음
 Information encountered after an event can influence subsequent remembering. 사건 후에 마주친 정보는 이후의 기억하는 것에 영향을 미칠  있다.
 External information can easily integrate into a witness's memory, especially if the event was poorly encoded or the memory is from a distant event, in which case time and forgetting have degraded the original memory. 특히 사건이 불충분하게 부호화되었거나,  기억이 시간과 망각이 원래의 기억을 저하시켜   사건으로부터  것이라면, 외부 정보는 목격자의 기억에 쉽게 통합될  있다.
 With reduced information available in memory with which to confirm the validity of post-event misinformation, it is less likely that this new information will be rejected. 사건 후의 잘못된 정보의 유효성을 확인하기 위해기억에서 사용할  있는 줄어든 정보를 가지면, 새로운 정보가  거부될 듯하다.
 Instead, especially when it fits the witness's current thinking and can be used to create a story that makes sense to him or her, it may be integrated as part of the original experience. 대신에, 특히 그것이 목격자의 현재 생각과 맞고 또는 그녀에게 이해되는 하나의 이야기를 만드는 사용될  있을 , 그것은 원래 경험의 일부로서 통합될  있다.
 This process can be explicit (i.e., the witness knows it is happening), but it is often unconscious.  과정은 명시적일  있지만(, 목격자는 그것이일어나고 있다는 것을 알고 있다), 그것은 흔히 무의식적이다.
 That is, the witness might find himself or herself thinking about the event differently without awareness. , 목격자는 의식하지 못한   사건에 대해 다르게 생각하는  자신 또는 그녀 자신을 발견할지도 모른다.
 Over time, the witness may not even know the source of information that led to the (new) memory. 시간이 지남에 따라, 목격자는 (새로운) 기억으로이끄는 정보의 출처조차 모를지도 모른다.
 Sources of misinformation in forensic contexts can be encountered anywhere, from discussions with other witnesses to social media searches to multiple interviews with investigators or other legal professionals, and even in court. 법정의 상황에서의 잘못된 정보의 출처는 다른 목격자들과의 토론에서부터 소셜 미디어 조사들, 수사관 또는 기타 법률 전문가들과의 다중 인터뷰들, 심지어 법정에서까지 어디에서나 마주쳐질  있다.

 

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 33: 상관관계는 인과관계보다 명확한 통찰을 제공
 Correlations are powerful because the insights they offer are relatively clear. 상관관계는 그것들이 제공하는 통찰력이 비교적 명확하기 때문에 강력하다.
 These insights are often covered up when we bring causality back into the picture. 이러한 통찰력은 종종 우리가 인과 관계를  상황으로 다시 가져올  가려진다.
 For instance, a used-car dealer supplied data to statisticians to predict which of the vehicles available for purchase at an auction were likely to have problems. 예를 들어,  중고차 딜러가 경매에서 구입할 있는 차량들  어떤 차량에 문제가 발생할 가능성이 있는지를 예측하기 위한 데이터를 통계학자들에게 제공했다.
 A correlation analysis showed that orange-colored cars were far less likely to have defects.  상관관계 분석은 주황색 차들이 결함이 있을 가능성이 훨씬 적다는 것을 보여 줬다.
 Even as we read this, we already think about why it might be so: 심지어 우리가 이것을 읽으면서도, 우리는 이미 그럴지에 대해 생각한다.
 Are orange-colored car owners likely to be car enthusiasts and take better care of their vehicles? 주황색 차를 소유한 사람들이 자동차 애호가여서그들의 차량을   관리할 가능성이 있는가?
 Or, is it because orange-colored cars are more noticeable on the road and therefore less likely to be in accidents, so they're in better condition when resold? 아니면, 주황색 차들이 도로에서  눈에 띄고, 그래서 사고가  가능성이 적어 재판매될  그것들이 상태가  좋은 것이기 때문인가?
 Quickly we are caught in a web of competing causal hypotheses.  우리는 경쟁적인 인과 가설의 함정에 빠진다.
 But our attempts to illuminate things this way only make them cloudier. 하지만 이런 식으로 무언가를 설명하려는 우리의시도는 그것들을  흐리게 만들 뿐이다.
 Correlations exist; we can show them mathematically. 상관관계는 존재하며 우리는 그것들을 수학적으로보여줄  있다.
 We can't easily do the same for causal links. 우리는 인과 관계에 대해서는 쉽게 똑같이   없다.
 So we would do well to hold off from trying to explain the reason behind the correlations. 따라서 우리는 상관관계의 배후에 있는 이유를 설명하려 하지 않는 것이 좋다.

 

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 34: 기후 변화가 동물 크기 감소에 영향을 미침
 Most mice in the wild are eaten or die before their life span of two years is over. 야생에 있는 대부분의 쥐들은 2년의 수명이 끝나기전에 잡아먹히거나 죽는다.
 They die from external causes, such as disease, starvation, or predators, not due to internal causes, such as aging. 그들은 노화와 같은 '내부적인 원인들' 때문이 아니라 질병, 굶주림 또는 포식자와 같은 '외부적인 원인들' 죽는다.
 That is why nature has made mice to live, on average, for no longer than two years. 그것이 자연이 쥐를 평균적으로 2 이상 살지 못하게 만든 이유이다.
 Now we have arrived at an important point: 이제 우리는 중요한 지점에 도달했다.
 The average life span of an animal species, or the rate at which it ages, is determined by the average time that this animal species can survive in the wild. 동물 종의 평균 수명, 또는 그것이 노화하는 속도는 동물 종이 야생에서 생존할  있는 평균 시간에의해 결정된다.
 That explains why a bat can live to be 30 years old. 그것은  박쥐가 30세까지   있는지를 설명해준다.
 In contrast to mice, bats can fly, which is why they can escape from danger much faster. 쥐와 대조적으로 박쥐는   있고, 이것은 그들이위험에서 훨씬  빨리 도망칠  있는 이유이다.
 Thanks to their wings, bats can also cover longer distances and are better able to find food. 그들의 날개 덕분에, 박쥐들은 또한   거리를이동할  있고 먹이를   찾을  있다.
 Every genetic change in the past that made it possible for a bat to live longer was useful, because bats are much better able than mice to flee from danger, find food, and survive. 박쥐가  오래 사는 것을 가능하게   과거의모든 유전적 변화는 박쥐가 쥐보다 위험으로부터도망치고, 먹이를 찾고, 생존하는 것을 훨씬  잘할  있기 때문에 유용했다.

 

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 35: 도덕적 우수성은 학습과 발달로 지속 가능
 Moral excellence, according to Aristotle, is the result of habit and repetition, though modern science would also suggest that it may have an innate, genetic component. 비록 현대 과학은 그것이 선천적, , 유전적인 요소를 가지고 있다고 또한 주장하지만, Aristotle따르면 도덕적 우수성은 습관과 반복의 결과물이다.
 This means that moral excellence will be broadly set early in our lives, which is why the question of how early to teach it is so important. 이것은 도덕적 우수성이 우리 삶에 있어서 이른 시기에 광범위하게 설정될 것임을 의미하며, 이것이얼마나 일찍 그것을 가르쳐야 할지에 대한 질문이매우 중요한 이유이다.
 Freud suggested that we don't change our personality much after age five or thereabouts, but as in many other things, Freud was wrong. Freud 우리가 5 혹은  무렵 이후에는 우리의성격을 많이 바꾸지 않는다고 제시했지만, 다른 많은 것들에서처럼 Freud 틀렸다.
 Recent psychological research shows that personality traits stabilize around age thirty in both men and women and regardless of ethnicity as the human brain continues to develop, both neuroanatomically and in terms of cognitive skills, until the mid-twenties. 최근의 심리 연구는 20 중반까지 신경 해부학적으로 그리고 인지 기능 면에서 인간의 뇌가 계속해서 발달함에 따라 남성과 여성 모두에게 있어서 그리고 민족에 상관없이 성격 특성이 30 무렵에 안정된다는 것을 보여 준다.
 The advantage of this new understanding is that we can be a bit more optimistic than Aristotle and Freud about being able to teach moral excellence.  새로운 이해의 이점은 우리가 Aristotle이나Freud보다 도덕적 우수성을 가르칠  있다는 점에서 조금  낙관적   있다는 것이다.

 

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 36: 동물 크기는 환경 적응과 생존 전략의 결과
 The size of a species is not accidental. 종의 크기는 우연한 것이 아니다.
 It's a fine-tuned interaction between a species and the world it inhabits. 그것은  종과 그것이 서식하는 세계 사이의 미세조정된 상호 작용이다.
 Over large periods of time, size fluctuations have often signalled significant changes in the environment. 오랜 시간에 걸쳐, 크기의 변동은 종종 환경에서의상당한 변화를 나타내 왔다.
 Generally speaking, over the last five hundred million years, the trend has been towards animals getting larger. 일반적으로 말해서, 지난 5  동안,  경향은동물들이 점점 커지는 쪽으로 되어 왔다.
 It's particularly notable in marine animals, whose average body size has increased 150-fold in this time. 그것은 특히 해양 동물들에게서 두드러지는데, 그들의 평균  크기는  시기에 150배로 증가해 왔다.
 But we are beginning to see changes in this trend. 하지만 우리는  경향에서 변화를 관찰하기 시작하고 있다.
 Scientists have discovered that many animals are shrinking. 과학자들은 많은 동물이 작아지고 있다는 것을 발견해 왔다.
 Around the world, species in every category have been found to be getting smaller, and one major cause appears to be the heat.  세계적으로, 모든 범주의 종들이 점점 작아지고있는 것으로 발견되어 왔고,  가지 주요 원인은열인 것으로 보인다.
 Animals living in the Italian Alps, for example, have seen temperatures rise by three to four degrees Celsius since the 1980s. 예를 들어, 이탈리아 알프스에 살고 있는 동물들은1980년대 이후로 기온이 섭씨 3에서 4도까지 상승하는 것을 보아 왔다.
 To avoid overheating, chamois goats now spend more of their days resting rather than searching for food, and as a result, in just a few decades, the new generations of chamois are 25 percent smaller. 과열을 피하기 위해서, 샤무아 염소들은 이제 먹이를 찾는 것보다 휴식을 취하는   많은 그들의날들을 보내고, 결과적으로, 단지    만에, 새로운 세대들의 샤무아는 25%  작아져 있다.

 

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 37: 전체 데이터 사용이 샘플링보다   통찰 제공
 For a long time, random sampling was a good shortcut. 오랫동안, 무작위 추출법은 좋은 지름길이었다.
 It made analysis of large data problems possible in the pre-digital era. 그것은 디지털 시대 이전에 상당한 데이터 문제 분석을 가능하게 했다.
 But much as converting a digital image or song into a smaller file results in loss of data, information is lost when sampling. 그러나 디지털 이미지나 노래를  작은 파일로 변환하는 것이 데이터 손실을 유발하는 것과 마찬가지로, 추출을   정보가 손실된다.
 Having the full (or close to the full) dataset provides a lot more freedom to explore, to look at the data from different angles or to look closer at certain aspects of it. 전체(또는 전체에 가까운) 데이터 세트를 가지는 것은 탐색하거나 다른 각도에서 데이터를 살펴보거나그것의 특정 측면들을  자세히 보게 하는 자유를훨씬  많이 제공한다.
 A fitting example may be the light-field camera, which captures not just a single plane of light, as with conventional cameras, but rays from the entire light field, some 11 million of them. 라이트 필드 카메라가 적절한 비유가   있는데,그것은 기존 카메라처럼  평면의 빛만 포착할 뿐만 아니라  1,100 개에 달하는 전체 라이트 필드로부터의 광선들도 포착한다.
 The photographers can decide later which element of an image to focus on in the digital file. 사진사들은 디지털 파일에서 이미지의 어느 요소에초점을 맞출지를 나중에 결정할  있다.
 There is no need to focus at the beginning, since collecting all the information makes it possible to do that afterwards. 모든 정보를 수집하는 것은 그것을 나중에 하는 것을 가능하게 만들기 때문에, 처음에 초점을 맞출 필요는 없다.
 Because rays from the entire light field are included, it is closer to all the data. 전체 라이트 필드의 빛이 포함되기 때문에, 그것은모든 데이터에  가깝다.
 As a result, the information is more "reuseable" than ordinary pictures, where the photographer has to decide what to focus on before she presses the shutter. 결과적으로 사진사가 셔터를 누르기 전에 그녀가무엇에 초점을 맞출지를 결정해야 하는 일반 사진들보다  정보는  '재사용 가능'하다.

 

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 38: 내향적 리더십의 섬김 철학이 긍정적 효과를 가짐
 Introverted leaders do have to overcome the strong cultural presumption that extroverts are more effective leaders. 내향적인 리더들은 외향적인 사람들이  유능한리더라는 강력한 문화적 억측을 극복해야 한다.
 Although the population splits into almost equal parts between introverts and extroverts, more than 96 percent of managers and executives are extroverted. 비록 인구는 내향적인 사람과 외향적인 사람 사이에서 거의 동등한 비율로 나뉘지만, 관리자와 임원의 96% 이상이 외향적이다.
 In a study done in 2006, 65 percent of senior corporate executives viewed introversion as a barrier to leadership. 2006년에 실시된  연구에서, 기업 고위 임원의65% 내향성을 리더십의 장애물로 간주했다.
 We must reexamine this stereotype, however, as it doesn't always hold true. 하지만 그것이 항상 맞는 것은 아니기 때문에 우리는  고정 관념을 재검토해야 한다.
 Regent University found that a desire to be of service to others and to empower them to grow, which is more common among introverts than extroverts, is a key factor in becoming a leader and retaining leadership. Regent 대학교는 다른 사람들에게 도움이 되고 그들이 성장할  있도록 힘을 주고자 하는 열망이 리더가 되고 리더십을 유지하는  핵심적인 요소이고, 그것이 외향적인 사람들보다 내향적인 사람들사이에서  일반적이라는 것을 발견했다.
 So-called servant leadership, dating back to ancient philosophical literature, adheres to the belief that a company's goals are best achieved by helping workers or customers achieve their goals. 고대 철학 문헌으로 거슬러 올라가는 소위 서번트리더십은  회사의 목표가 근로자나 고객이 그들의 목표를 달성하도록 도움으로써 가장  달성된다는 믿음을 고수한다.
 Such leaders do not seek attention but rather want to shine a light on others' wins and achievements; servant leadership requires humility, but that humility ultimately pays off. 그런 리더들은 관심을 추구하는 것이 아니라 오히려 다른 사람들의 승리와 업적에 빛을 비추고 싶어하고, 서번트 리더십은 겸손을 필요로 하지만, 겸손은 궁극적으로 결실을 맺는다.

 

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 39: 불완전성을 허용하면 데이터 활용 가능성 증가
 By the nineteenth century, France had developed a system of precisely defined units of measurement to capture space, time, and more, and had begun to get other nations to adopt the same standards. 19세기까지, 프랑스는 공간, 시간, 그리고  많은것을 포착하기 위해 정밀하게 규정된 측정 단위의체계를 개발했고, 다른 국가들이 동일한 기준을 채택하도록 만들기 시작했었다.
 Just half a century later, in the 1920s, the discoveries of quantum mechanics forever destroyed the dream of comprehensive and perfect measurement. 불과 반세기 , 1920년대에, 양자 역학의 발견은포괄적이고 완벽한 측정에 대한 꿈을 영원히 깨버렸다.
 And yet, outside a relatively small circle of physicists, the mindset of humankind's drive to flawlessly measure continued among engineers and scientists. 그러나 비교적 소수 집단의 물리학자를 제외하고는공학자와 과학자 사이에서 완벽하게 측정하려고 하는 인류의 추진 정신은 계속되었다.
 In the world of business it even expanded, as the precision-oriented sciences of mathematics and statistics began to influence all areas of commerce. 정확성을 지향하는 수학과 통계학이라는 과학이 상업의 모든 영역에 영향을 미치기 시작하면서 비즈니스의 세계에서 그것은 심지어 확장되었다.
 However, contrary to the trend of the past several decades, in many new situations that are occurring today, allowing for imprecision ― for messiness ― may be a positive feature, not a shortcoming. 그러나, 지난 수십 년간의 경향과 반대로, 오늘날발생하는 많은 새로운 상황에서 부정확성, , 번잡함을 허용하는 것은 단점이 아니라 긍정적인 특성이   있다.
 As a tradeoff for relaxing the standards of allowable errors, one can get a hold of much more data. 허용할 오류의 기준을 완화하기 위한 거래로서 사람은 훨씬  많은 데이터를 얻을  있다.
 It isn't just that "more is better than some," but that, in fact, sometimes "more is greater than better." 그것은 단순히 ' 많은 것이 조금보다  나을' 뿐만 아니라, 사실은 때때로 ' 많은 것이  좋은 것보다  훌륭하기' 하다.

 

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 40: 협력적 행동이 공동체  신뢰와 지위를 강화
 Multiple laboratory studies show that cooperative people tend to receive social advantages from others. 여러 실험실 연구들은 협력적인 사람들이 다른 사람들로부터 사회적인 혜택들을 받는 경향이 있다는것을 보여 준다.
 One way to demonstrate this is to give people the opportunity to act positively or negatively toward contributors. 이것을 증명하는  가지 방법은 사람들에게 기여자들을 향해 긍정적이거나 부정적으로 행동할 기회를 주는 것이다.
 For example, Pat Barclay, a professor at the University of Guelph, had participants play a cooperative game where people could contribute money toward a group fund which helped all group members, and then allowed participants to give money to other participants based on their reputations. 예를 들어, Guelph 대학교의 교수인, Pat Barclay 참가자들로 하여금 모든 집단 구성원들을 도와주는 집단 기금에 사람들이 돈을 기부할  있는 협동 게임을 하도록  다음, 참가자들이 그들의 평판을 바탕으로 다른 참가자들에게 돈을   있도록허락했다.
 People who contributed more to the group fund were given responsibility for more money than people who contributed less. 집단 기금에  많이 기부한 사람들은  기부한 사람들보다  많은 돈에 대한 책임이 주어졌다.
 Similar results have been found by other researchers. 유사한 결과들이 다른 연구자들에 의해 발견되었다.
 People who contribute toward their groups are also chosen more often as interaction partners, preferred as leaders, rated as more desirable partners for long-term relationships, and are perceived to be trustworthy and have high social status. 또한 그들의 집단에 기여하는 사람들은 상호 작용파트너로서  자주 선택되고, 리더로서 선호되며, 장기적인 관계를 위한  바람직한 파트너들로서평가되고, 신뢰할  있고 사회적 지위가 높은 것으로 인식된다.
 Uncooperative people tend to receive verbal criticism or even more severe punishment. 비협조적인 사람들은 언어적인 비판이나 심지어 심한 벌을 받는 경향이 있다.
 -> Studies suggest that individuals who act with generosity toward their communities are more likely to be viewed as deserving of benefit by members of that community than those who don't. -> 연구들은 그들의 공동체에 관대함을 가지고 행동하는 사람들이 그렇게 하지 않은 사람들보다 공동체의 구성원들에 의해 혜택을 누릴 만하다고보여질 가능성이  크다고 이야기한다.

 

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 41~42: 공연에서 관객 참여가 예술적 경험을 증폭
 In Western society, many music performance settings make a clear distinction between performers and audience members: the performers are the "doers" and those in the audience take a decidedly passive role. 서양 사회에서, 많은 음악 공연 상황은 공연자와 청중 사이에 명확한 구분을 만든다. 공연자들은 '행위자들'이고, 청중  사람들은 분명히 수동적인 역할을 맡는다.
 The performance space itself may further reinforce the distinction with a physical separation between the stage and audience seating. 공연 공간  자체가 무대와 청중석 사이의 물리적분리로 구분을  강화할  있다.
 Perhaps because this distinction is so common, audiences seem to greatly value opportunities to have special "access" to performers that affords understanding about performers' style of music. 아마도 이러한 구분이 너무 흔하기 때문에, 청중들은 공연자의 음악 스타일에 대한 이해를 제공하는공연자에 대한 특별한 '접근'  기회들에 크게 가치를 부여하는 것처럼 보인다.
 Some performing musicians have won great approval by regularly incorporating "audience participation" into their concerts. 일부 공연 음악가는 정기적으로 그들의 콘서트에'청중 참여' 포함함으로써  호응을 받아왔다.
 Whether by leading a sing-along activity or teaching a rhythm to be clapped at certain points, including audience members in the music making can boost the level of engagement and enjoyment for all involved. 함께 노래 부르기 활동을 하든지 지정된 지점에서박수를 치도록 리듬을 가르치든지, 음악을 만드는 있어서 청중 구성원을 포함하는 것은 모든 참여자의 참여와 즐거움의 수준을 높일  있다.
 Performers who are uncomfortable leading audience participation can still connect with the audience simply by giving a special glimpse of the performer perspective. 청중 참여를 이끄는 것에 불편함을 느끼는 공연자들은 단순히  공연자 관점을 특별히 흘끗 보여줌으로써 청중과 여전히 이어질  있다.
 It is quite common in classical music to provide audiences with program notes. 클래식 음악에서는 청중에게 프로그램 해설을 제공하는 것이 상당히 흔하다.
 Typically, this text in a program gives background information about pieces of music being performed and perhaps biographical information about historically significant composers. 전형적으로, 이러한 프로그 램의 텍스트는 연주되는 음악 작품에 대한 배경 정보와 아마도 역사적으로 중요한 작곡가들에 대한 전기(傳꾼) 정보를 제공한다.
 What may be of more interest to audience members is background information about the very performers who are onstage, including an explanation of why they have chosen the music they are presenting. 청중들에게  흥미로울 수도 있는 것은 공연자들이 그들이 선보이고 있는 음악을  선택했는지에대한 설명을 포함한, 무대 위에 있는 바로  연주가에 관한 배경 정보이다.
 Such insight can make audience members feel near to the musicians onstage, both metaphorically and emotionally. 그러한 통찰력은 청중들이 무대 위에 있는 음악가들에게 비유적이고 감정적으로  가까이 느끼게만들  있다.
 This connection will likely enhance the expressive and communicative experience. 이러한 연결은 표현적이고 소통적인 경험을 아마향상시킬 것이다.

 

 

 

[2] 2023 11 – 43~45: 다툰 형제가 목수의 다리로 화해와 관계 회복
 Once upon a time, two brothers, Robert and James, who lived on neighboring farms fell into conflict. 옛날 옛적에, 가까운 농장에 사는  형제인Robert James 갈등에 빠졌다.
 It was the first serious fight in 40 years of farming side by side. 그것은 함께 나란히 농사를 지은  40 만에 최초의 심각한 싸움이었다.
 It began with a small misunderstanding and it grew into a major argument, and finally it exploded into an exchange of bitter words followed by weeks of silence. 그것은 작은 오해로 시작하여 보다 중대한 논쟁이되었고, 마침내 그것은 독설을 주고받는 것으로 폭발했고  주간의 침묵이 뒤따랐다.
 One morning there was a knock on Robert's door. 어느  아침 Robert 문에 노크가 있었다.
 He opened it to find a carpenter with a toolbox. (Robert) 그것을 열고 공구 상자를 가진 목수를 발견했다.
 Looking at Robert, the carpenter said, "I'm looking for a few days' work. Do you have anything to repair?" Robert 바라보며  목수는 말했다. "저는 며칠동안  일을 찾고 있어요. 당신(Robert) 수리할것이 있나요?"
 "I have nothing to be repaired, but I have a job for you. Look across the creek at that farm. "수리될 것은 없지만 당신이   일이 있어요. 샛강 저편에  농장을 보세요.
 Last week, my younger brother James took his bulldozer and put that creek in the meadow between us. 지난주에,  동생 James 그의 불도저를 가지고우리 사이의 초원에 샛강을 만들었어요.
 Well, I will do even worse. , (Robert) 훨씬  나쁘게  거예요.
 I want you to build me an 8-foot tall fence which will block him from seeing my place," said Robert. 저는 당신이 그가  장소를 보지 못하게 막는 8피트 높이의 울타리를 지어 주기를 원해요." Robert 말했다.
 The carpenter seemed to understand the situation. 목수는  상황을 이해한 것처럼 보였다.
 Robert prepared all the materials the carpenter needed. Robert  목수가 필요로 하는 모든 재료들을 준비해 주었다.
 The next day, Robert left to work on another farm, so he couldn't watch the carpenter for some days. 다음 , Robert  다른 농장으로 일하러 떠났고, 그래서 그는 며칠 동안  목수를   없었다.
 When Robert returned and saw the carpenter's work, his jaw dropped. Robert 돌아와서  목수의 작업을 보았을 , 그의 입이  벌어졌다.
 Instead of a fence, the carpenter had built a bridge that stretched from one side of the creek to the other. 울타리 대신에,  목수는 샛강의 한쪽에서 다른 쪽까지 펼쳐진 다리 하나를 만들었다.
 His brother was walking over, waving his hand in the air. 그의 동생은 (James) 손을 공중에 흔들며 걸어오고 있었다.
 Robert laughed and said to the carpenter, "You really can fix anything." Robert 웃었고  목수에게 말했다. "당신은 정말로 어떤 것이든 고칠  있군요."
 The two brothers stood awkwardly for a moment, but soon met on the bridge and shook hands.   형제는 잠시 동안 어색하게  있었지만, 다리 위에서 만나 악수를 했다.
 They saw the carpenter leaving with his toolbox. 그들은  목수가 그의 공구 상자를 가지고 떠나는것을 보았다.
 "No, wait! Stay a few more days." Robert told him. "안돼요, 기다려 주세요! 며칠  머물러 주세요." Robert 그에게 말했다.
 "Thank you for your invitation. But I need to go build more bridges. "당신의(Robert) 초대에 감사드립니다. 하지만 저는  많은 다리들을 만들러 가야 해요.
 Don't forget. The fence leads to isolation and the bridge to openness," said carpenter. 잊지 마세요. 울타리는 고립으로 이끌고 다리는 관대함으로 이끕니다." 목수가 말했다.
 The two brothers nodded at the carpenter's words.   형제는 목수의 말에 끄덕여 동의를 표시했다.

 

 

 

 

 

 

안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다.

 

<2023년도 11월 고2 영어 모의고사(12월 시행)>의 한줄해석 자료 올립니다.
설명문/실용문을 제외한 모든 지문을 포함했습니다.

 

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ps.

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전체 내용

[2] 2023 11 – 18: 농구 코트 소음 문제 해결을 요청하는 민원 제기

 To whom it may concern,

 관계자 귀하,

 I am writing to inform you of an ongoing noise issue that I am experiencing.

 저는 제가 겪고 있는 지속되는 소음 문제에 대해 알려 드리기 위해  편지를 씁니다.

 My apartment faces the basketball courts of the community center.

 저의 아파트는 문화 센터의 농구 코트를 향하고 있습니다.

 While I fully support the community center's services, I am constantly being disrupted by individuals playing basketball late at night.

 저는 문화 센터의 서비스를 전적으로 지지하고 있지만, 밤늦게 농구를 하는 사람들에 의해 끊임없이 방해받고 있습니다.

 Many nights, I struggle to fall asleep because I can hear people bouncing balls and shouting on the basketball courts well after 11 p.m..

 많은 밤마다,  11시가 한참 넘어서도 저는 사람들이 농구 코트에서 공을 튀기고 소리치는 것을 들어야 해서 잠을 자는  애를 먹습니다.

 Could you restrict the time the basketball court is open to before 9 p.m.?

 당신은 농구 코트를 여는 시간을  9 이전으로 제한해 주실  있으십니까?

 I'm sure I'm not the only person in the neighborhood that is affected by this noise issue.

 저는  근처에서  소음 문제에 의해 영향받는 유일한 사람이 아님을 확신합니다.

 I appreciate your assistance.

 당신의 협조에 감사드립니다.

 Sincerely, Ian Baldwin

 진심을 담아, Ian Baldwin

 

[2] 2023 11 – 19: 부족 의식에서 아버지의 존재로 안정감을 얻음

 Chaske, a Cherokee boy, was sitting on a tree stump.

 체로키족 소년인 Chaske 나무 그루터기에 앉아 있었다.

 As a rite of passage for youths in his tribe, Chaske had to survive one night in the forest wearing a blindfold, not knowing he was observed by his father.

 그의 부족 청년들에 대한 통과 의례로, Chaske 그의 아버지가 지켜보는 것을 모른 채로 눈가리개를 쓰고 숲속에서 하룻밤을 살아남아야 했다.

 After the sunset, Chaske could hear all kinds of noises.

 해가 지고  후에, Chaske 모든 종류의 소리를 들을  있었다.

 The wind blew the grass and shook his stump.

 바람이 풀을 휘저으며 그의 그루터기를 흔들었다.

 A sense of dread swept through his body.

 두려움이 그의 몸을 휩쓸었다.

 What if wild beasts are looking at me? I can't stand this!

 '만약 야생 짐승들이 나를 바라보고 있다면 어떡하지? 나는 이것을 견딜 수가 없어!'

 Just as he was about to take off the blindfold to run away, a voice came in from somewhere.

 그가 도망가기 위해 눈가리개를  벗으려고 했을  어디선가  음성이 들려왔다.

 "I'm here around you. Don't give up, and complete your mission."

 "나는 여기  주변에 있어. 포기하지 말고 너의 임무를 완수해."

 It was his father's voice.

 그것은 그의 아버지의 목소리였다.

 He has been watching me from nearby!

 '그가 근처에서 나를 지켜보고 있었구나!'

 With just the presence of his father, the boy regained stability.

 그의 아버지의 존재만으로도 소년은 안정을 되찾았다.

 What panicked him awfully a moment ago vanished into thin air.

 조금 전까지 그를 끔찍하게 겁에 질리게  것들이 온데간데없이 사라졌다.

 

[2] 2023 11 – 20: 농업의 발전과 지속 가능성을 위한 해결책 필요

 Agriculture includes a range of activities such as planting, harvesting, fertilizing, pest management, raising animals, and distributing food and agricultural products.

 농업은 파종, 수확, 비료 주기, 해충 관리, 동물 사육, 그리고 식량  농산물 분배와 같은 다양한 활동들을 포함한다.

 It is one of the oldest and most essential human activities, dating back thousands of years, and has played a critical role in the development of human civilizations, allowing people to create stable food supplies and settle in one place.

 그것은 수천  전으로 거슬러 올라가는 가장 오래되고 필수적인 인간 활동  하나이고, 인류 문명의 발전에 중요한 역할을  왔으며, 사람들이 안정적인 식량을 생산하고 한곳에 정착할  있게 허락해 주었다.

 Today, agriculture remains a vital industry that feeds the world's population, supports rural communities, and provides raw materials for other industries.

 오늘날, 농업은  세계 인구를 먹여 살리고 농업 공동체를 지원하며 다른 산업에 원료를 공급하는 중요한 산업으로 남아 있다.

 However, agriculture faces numerous challenges such as climate change, water scarcity, soil degradation, and biodiversity loss.

 그러나, 농업은 기후 변화,  부족, 토질 저하, 생물 다양성 손실과 같은 수많은 문제에 직면하고 있다.

 As the world's population continues to grow, it is essential to find sustainable solutions to address the challenges facing agriculture and ensure the continued production of food and other agricultural products.

 세계 인구가 계속해서 증가함에 따라, 농업이 직면한 문제를 다루고 식량과 다른 농산물의 지속적인 생산을 보장하기 위한 지속 가능한 해결책을 찾는 것이 필수적이다.

 

[2] 2023 11 – 21: 예술은 어려운 주제를 다루며 변화를 촉진함

 The arts and aesthetics offer emotional connection to the full range of human experience.

 예술과 미학은 다양한 인간 경험에 대한 정서적인 연결을 제공한다.

 "The arts can be more than just sugar on the tongue," Anjan Chatterjee, a professor at the University of Pennsylvania, says.

 "예술은 단순히  위의 설탕 이상의 것이   있다,"라고 Pennsylvania 대학교의 교수인 Anjan Chatterjee 말한다.

 "In art, when there's something challenging, which can also be uncomfortable, this discomfort, if we're willing to engage with it, offers the possibility of some change, some transformation.

 "예술에서, 무언가 도전적인 것이 있고 그것이 또한 불편할  있을 ,  불편은, 만약 우리가 기꺼이 그것에 참여하려 한다면, 어떤 변화, 어떤 변형의 가능성을 제공한다.

 That can also be a powerful aesthetic experience."

 그것은 또한 강력한 미적 경험이   있다."

 The arts, in this way, become vehicles to contend with ideas and concepts that are difficult and uncomfortable otherwise.

 예술은, 이런 방식으로, 그렇지 않았더라면 어렵고 불편한 아이디어  개념들과 싸우는 매개체가 된다.

 When Picasso painted his masterpiece Guernica in 1937, he captured the heartbreaking and cruel nature of war, and offered the world a way to consider the universal suffering caused by the Spanish Civil War.

 Picasso 그의 걸작 Guernica 1937년에 그렸을 , 그는 가슴 아프고 잔인한 전쟁의 본질을 포착했고, 스페인 내전으로 인한 보편적인 고통을 숙고할 방법을 세상에 제공했다.

 When Lorraine Hansberry wrote her play A Raisin in the Sun, she gave us a powerful story of people struggling with racism, discrimination, and the pursuit of the American dream while also offering a touching portrait of family life.

 Lorraine Hansberry 그녀의 희곡 A Raisin in the Sun 썼을 , 그녀는 또한 가족생활에 대한 감동적인 초상화를 제공하면서 인종 차별, 차별, 아메리칸드림의 추구를 위해 고군분투하는 사람들의 강력한 이야기를 우리에게 주었다.

 

[2] 2023 11 – 22: 기계식 시계가 시간 개념과 경제 발전에 기여

 Many historians have pointed to the significance of accurate time measurement to Western economic progress.

 많은 역사가들은 서양의 경제적 진보에 있어서 정확한 시간 측정의 중요성을 시사해 왔다.

 The French historian Jacques Le Goff called the birth of the public mechanical clock a turning point in Western society.

 프랑스 역사가 Jacques Le Goff 공공 기계 시계의 탄생을 서구 사회에서의 전환점이라고 불렀다.

 Until the late Middle Ages, people had sun or water clocks, which did not play any meaningful role in business activities.

 중세 말기까지, 사람들은 해시계와 물시계를 가지고 있었는데, 그것들은 경제 활동에 있어서 아무런 의미 있는 역할을 하지 못했다.

 Market openings and activities started with the sunrise and typically ended at noon when the sun was at its peak.

 시장 개장과 활동들은 일출과 함께 시작했고 태양이 최고점에 이르는 정오에 일반적으로 끝났다.

 But when the first public mechanical clocks were introduced and spread across European cities, market times were set by the stroke of the hour.

 그러나 최초의 공공 기계 시계들이 도입되고 유럽 도시들 전역으로 확산되었을 , 시장 시간은 시간을 알리는 소리에 의해 정해졌다.

 Public clocks thus greatly contributed to public life and work by providing a new concept of time that was easy for everyone to understand.

 따라서 공공 시계들은 모든 사람이 이해하기 쉬운 시간의 새로운 개념을 제공함으로써 공공의 생활과 일에 크게 기여했다.

 This, in turn, helped facilitate trade and commerce.

  결과, 이것은 무역과 상업을 촉진하는  도움을 주었다.

 Interactions and transactions between consumers, retailers, and wholesalers became less irregular.

 소비자, 소매업자, 그리고 도매업자 간의 상호 작용과 거래는  불규칙해졌다.

 Important town meetings began to follow the pace of the clock, allowing people to better plan their time and allocate resources in a more efficient manner.

 중요한 마을 회의들은 시계의 페이스를 따르기 시작했고, 이것은 사람들이 그들의 시간을   계획하고  효율적인 방식으로 자원들을 분배하는 것을 허락해 주었다.

 

[2] 2023 11 – 23: 쇼핑카트 사용 장려를 위한 마케팅 전략 전환

 Sylvan Goldman invented the shopping cart and introduced it in his stores in 1937.

 Sylvan Goldman 쇼핑 카트를 발명하고 1937년에 그의 가게들에 그것을 도입했다.

 It was an excellent device that would make it easy for shoppers to buy as much as they wanted without getting tired or seeking others' help.

 그것은 쇼핑객들이 지치거나 다른 사람들의 도움을 구하지 않고 그들이 원했던 만큼 구매하는 것을 쉽게 만들어  훌륭한 장치였다.

 But Goldman discovered that in spite of his repeated advertisements and explanations, he could not persuade his shoppers to use the wheeled carts.

 하지만 Goldman 그의 반복적인 광고와 설명에도 불구하고, 그의 쇼핑객들에게 바퀴 달린 카트들을 사용하도록 설득할  없다는 것을 알게 됐다.

 Men were reluctant because they thought they would appear weak if they pushed such carts instead of carrying their shopping.

 남성들은 그들의 쇼핑한 물건을 들고 다니는 대신 만약 그들이 그런 카트들을 민다면 그들이 나약해 보일 것으로 생각했기 때문에 꺼렸다.

 Women wouldn't touch them because the carts reminded them of baby carriages.

 여성들은 카트들이 그들에게 유모차를 연상시키기 때문에 그것들에 손대려 하지 않았다.

 It was only a few elderly shoppers who used them.

 그것들을 사용하는 사람들은 오직  명의 노인 쇼핑객들뿐이었다.

 That made the carts even less attractive to the majority of the shoppers.

 그것은 카트들을 대다수 쇼핑객들에게 훨씬  매력적이도록 만들었다.

 Then Goldman hit upon an idea.

 그때 Goldman  아이디어를 떠올렸다.

 He hired several models, men and women, of different ages and asked them to wheel the carts in the store and shop.

 그는 다른 연령대의 남자와 여자 모델들을 고용했고, 그들에게 상점에서 카트들을 밀고 쇼핑하도록 요청했다.

 A young woman employee standing near the entrance told the regular shoppers, 'Look, everyone is using the carts. Why don't you?'

 입구 근처에  있던  젊은 여성 직원이 일반 쇼핑객들에게 '보세요, 모든 사람이 카트를 사용하고 있습니다.  보는  어떠세요?'라고 말했다.

 That was the turning point.

 그것이 전환점이었다.

 A few shills disguised as regular shoppers easily accomplished what logic, explanations, and advertisements failed to do.

 일반 쇼핑객들로 위장한 바람잡이들이 논리, 설명, 그리고 광고가 하지 못한 것을 쉽게 달성했다.

 Within a few weeks shoppers readily accepted those carts.

   만에 쇼핑객들은  카트들을 기꺼이 받아들였다.

 

[2] 2023 11 – 24: 로봇의 인간적 특성이 신뢰와 속임수 모두 유발 가능

 In response to human-like care robots, critics might charge that human-robot interactions create moral hazards for dementia patients.

 인간을 닮은 돌봄 로봇들에 대한 반응으로, 비평가들은 인간-로봇의 상호 작용이 치매 환자들에게 도덕적 위험을 만들어 낸다고 비난할지도 모른다.

 Even if deception is sometimes allowed when it serves worthy goals, should it be allowed for vulnerable users?

 속임수가 그것이 가치 있는 목표를 달성할  때때로 허용된다고 하더라도, 취약한 사용자들에게 그것이 허용되어야 할까?

 Just as children on the autism spectrum with robot companions might be easily fooled into thinking of robots as friends, older adults with cognitive deficits might be.

 로봇 친구가 있는 자폐성 스펙트럼을 가진 아이들이 로봇을 친구로 생각하도록 쉽게 속을  있는 것처럼, 인지 결함을 가진 노인들도 그럴  있다.

 According to Alexis Elder, a professor at UMD, robots are false friends, inferior to true friendship.

 UMD 교수인 Alexis Elder 따르면, 로봇은 진정한 우정보다, 열등한 '가짜' 친구이다.

 Reasoning along similar lines, John Sullins, a professor at Sonoma State University, holds that robots should "remain iconic or cartoonish so that they are easily distinguished as synthetic even by unsophisticated users."

 비슷한 방향에서 생각하자면, Sonoma 주립 대학교 교수인 John Sullins 로봇이 '심지어 순수한 사용자들에 의해서도 그것들이 진짜가 아닌 것으로 쉽게 구별될  있도록 상징적이거나 만화같이남아 있어야 한다.'라고 주장한다.

 At least then no one is fooled.

 적어도 그러면 아무도 속지 않는다.

 Making robots clearly fake also avoids the so-called "uncanny valley," where robots are perceived as scary because they so closely resemble us, but not quite.

 로봇을 명백히 가짜로 만드는 것은 또한 로봇이 우리를 완전히는 아니지만, 아주 가깝게 닮았기 때문에 무섭다고 인지되는 소위 '불쾌한 골짜기'라고 불리는 것을 피하게 한다.

 Other critics of robot deception argue that when care recipients are deceived into thinking that robots care, this crosses a line and violates human dignity.

 로봇 속임수에 대한 다른 비평가들은 돌봄을 받는 사람들이 로봇이 돌봐 준다고 생각하도록 속임을 당할 , 이것은 선을 넘고 인간의 '존엄성' 침해한다고 주장한다.

 

[2] 2023 11 – 25: 미국 연령별 온라인 광고 견해 조사 결과 분석

 The graph above shows the results of a 2019 survey on the views of American age groups on targeted online advertising.

 위의 그래프는 표적 온라인 광고에 대한 미국 연령층들의 견해에 관한 2019 설문 조사의 결과를 보여 준다.

 In total, while 51% of the respondents said targeted ads were intrusive, 27% said they were interesting.

 전체적으로, 응답자의 51% 표적 광고들이 침해적이라고 말한 반면, 27% 그것들이 흥미롭다고 대답하였다.

 The percentage of respondents who believed that targeted ads were interesting was the highest in the age group of 18 to 24.

 표적 광고들이 흥미롭다고 믿는 응답자들의 비율은 18세에서 24 연령층에서 가장 높았다.

 The percentage of respondents aged 25 to 34 who said that targeted ads were intrusive was the same as that of respondents aged 45 to 54 who said the same.

 표적 광고들이 침해적이라고 응답한 25세에서 34 응답자들의 비율은 똑같이 응답한 45세에서 54 응답자들의 그것과 똑같았다.

 Among all age groups, the gap between respondents who said targeted ads were interesting and those who believed them to be intrusive was the largest in the 35-to-44 age group.

 모든 연령층에서, 표적 광고들이 흥미롭다고 말한 응답자들과 그것들이 침해적이라고 믿는 응답자들 간의 차이는 35세에서 44 연령층에서 가장 컸다.

 The age group of 55 and above was the only group where the percentage of respondents who believed targeted ads were intrusive was more than 50%.

 55 이상의 연령층은 표적 광고들이 침해적이라고 믿는 응답자들의 비율이 50% 넘는 유일한 집단이었다.

 

[2] 2023 11 – 26: Maggie Walker 금융 개혁과 커뮤니티 기여

 Maggie L. Walker achieved national prominence as a businesswoman and community leader.

 Maggie L. Walker 여성 사업가와 커뮤니티 리더로서 전국적 명성을 얻었다.

 She was among the earliest Black students to attend newly-established public schools for African Americans.

 그녀는 아프리카계 미국인들을 위해 새롭게 설립된 공립 학교에 다닌 초기 흑인 학생들  하나였다.

 After graduating, she worked as a teacher for three years at the Valley School, where she had studied.

 졸업 이후, 그녀는 그녀가 공부했던 Valley School에서 교사로서 3 동안 근무했다.

 In the early 1900s, Virginia banks owned by white bankers were unwilling to do business with African American organizations or individuals.

 1900년대 초반에, 백인 은행가들에 의해 소유된 Virginia 은행들은 아프리카계 미국인의 단체나 개인들과 거래하기를 꺼렸다.

 The racial discrimination by white bankers drove her to study banking and financial laws.

 백인 은행가들에 의한 인종 차별은 그녀로 하여금 은행 금융법을 공부하게 만들었다.

 She established a newspaper to promote closer communication between the charitable organization she belonged to and the public.

 그녀는 그녀가 속한 자선 단체와 대중 간의  긴밀한 소통을 장려하고자 신문사를 설립했다.

 Soon after, she founded the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank, which survived the Great Depression and merged with two other banks.

 곧이어, 그녀는 St. Luke Penny Savings Bank 설립했는데, 그것은 대공황에서 살아남아  개의 다른 은행들과 합병했다.

 It thrived as the oldest continually African American-operated bank until 2009.

 그것은 2009년까지 지속적으로 아프리카계 미국인에 의해 운영되는 가장 오래된 은행으로서 번창했다.

 Walker achieved successes with the vision to make improvements in the way of life for African Americans.

 Walker 아프리카계 미국인들을 위한 삶의 방식에서 개선을 이루고자 하는 비전으로 성공을 거두었다.

 

[2] 2023 11 – 29: 렉틴 과잉 섭취가 건강에 미치는 부정적 영향

 Lectins are large proteins that serve as a crucial weapon that plants use to defend themselves.

 렉틴은 식물들이 그들 스스로를 방어하기 위해 사용하는 중요한 무기로서 역할을 하는 커다란 단백질이다.

 The lectins in most plants bind to carbohydrates as we consume the plant.

 대부분의 식물에 있는 렉틴은 우리가 식물을 섭취할  탄수화물과 결합한다.

 They also bind to sugar molecules found in the gut, in the brain, between nerve endings, in joints and in all bodily fluids.

 그것들은 또한 , , 신경 말단 사이, 관절  모든 체액에서 발견되는  분자들과 결합한다.

 According to Dr. Steven Gundry, these sticky proteins can interrupt messaging between cells and cause toxic and inflammatory reactions.

 Dr. Steven Gundry 따르면, 이러한 끈적끈적한 단백질은 세포들 간의 메시지 전달을 방해하고 독성  염증성의 반응을 일으킬  있다.

 Brain fog is just one result of lectins interrupting communication between nerves.

  피로 현상은 렉틴이 신경들 간의 소통을 방해하는 단지 하나의 결과에 지나지 않는다.

 An upset stomach is another common symptom of lectin overload.

 위장 장애는 렉틴 과다의  다른 흔한 증상이다.

 Dr. Gundry lists a wide range of other health problems including aching joints, dementia, headaches and infertility that have been resolved in his patients once they eliminated lectins from their diets.

 Dr. Gundry 그의 환자들이 자신의 식단에서 렉틴을 제거하였을  해결되어 왔던 관절통, 치매, 두통, 그리고 불임을 포함한 광범위한 다양한 건강 문제들을 나열한다.

 Dr. Paul Saladino writes that the hypothesis that lectins are involved in Parkinson's disease is also gaining support, with animal studies showing that 'lectins, once eaten, may be damaging the gut and travelling to the brain, where they appear to be toxic to dopaminergic neurons'.

 Dr. Paul Saladino 렉틴이 파킨슨병과 관련이 있다는 가설이 '렉틴이 일단 섭취되면, 장에 손상을 입히고 뇌로 이동해 그곳에서 그것들이 도파민 작동성 신경 세포에 독성을 일으키는 것처럼 보인다.' 것을 보여 주는 동물 연구들과 함께 또한 지지를 얻고 있다고 기록한다.

 

[2] 2023 11 – 30: 기술 발전이 프라이버시 재정의의 필요성을 강조

 Technology changes how individuals and societies understand the concept of privacy.

 기술은 개인들과 사회가 사생활의 개념을 이해하는 방식을 변화시킨다.

 The fact that someone has a new ability to access information or watch the actions of another does not justify doing so.

 누군가가 정보에 접근하거나 다른 사람의 행동을 관찰하는 새로운 능력을 갖추고 있다는 사실은 그렇게 하는 것을 정당화하지 않는다.

 Rather, advances in technology require citizens and policy makers to consider how privacy protections should be expanded.

 오히려, 기술의 발전은 시민들과 정책 입안자들이 어떻게 사생활 보호가 확장되어야 하는지 고려할 것을 요구한다.

 For example, when cameras first became available for commercial and private use, nations and citizens struggled over whether new laws should be enacted to protect individuals from being photographed without their permission.

 예를 들어, 카메라들이 상업적이고 사적인 용도로 처음 사용될  있게 되었을 , 국가들과 시민들은 그들의 허가 없이 개인들이 사진에 찍히는 것으로부터 보호하기 위해 새로운 법들이 제정되어야하는지에 대해 투쟁했다.

 The reconsideration of privacy brought about by this new technology re-affirmed a distinction between private and public spaces.

  새로운 기술이 가져온 사생활에 대한 재고는 사적  공적 공간의 구별을 재확인했다.

 It was determined by most cultures that people automatically gave consent to being seen ― and thus recorded ― once they voluntarily stepped into a public space.

 일단 사람들이 자발적으로 공공장소에 발을 들여놓으면, 보여지고, 따라서 녹화되는 것에 자동적으로 동의하는 것으로 대부분의 문화에서 결정되었다.

 Although some people might be uncomfortable with the spread of surveillance cameras, citizens in most cultures have adjusted to the fact that giving up the right not to be observed in these circumstances causes less harm to the community than failing to have surveillance.

 일부 사람들은 감시 카메라들의 확산을 불편하게 여길지도 모르지만, 대부분의 문화권에 있는 시민들은 이러한 상황에서 관찰되지 않을 권리를 포기하는 것이 감시받지 못하는 것보다 지역 사회에 적은 해를 끼친다는 사실에 순응해 왔다.

 

[2] 2023 11 – 31: 기적은 인간 무지에서 비롯되며 탐구로 설명 가능

 Coincidence that is statistically impossible seems to us like an irrational event, and some define it as a miracle.

 통계적으로 불가능한 우연은 우리에게 비이성적인 사건처럼 보이고, 어떤 이들은 그것을 기적으로 정의한다.

 But, as Montaigne has said, "the origin of a miracle is in our ignorance, at the level of our knowledge of nature, and not in nature itself."

 그러나, Montaigne 말했듯이, "기적의 기원은 자연  자체가 아니라 자연에 대한 우리의 지식수준에서, 우리의 무지에 있다."

 Glorious miracles have been later on discovered to be obedience to the laws of nature or a technological development that was not widely known at the time.

 영광스러운 기적들은 자연의 법칙에 대한 순응으로서, 혹은 당시에는 널리 알려지지 않았던 기술적 발전으로서 나중에 발견되어 왔다.

 As the German poet, Goethe, phrased it: "Things that are mysterious are not yet miracles."

 독일 시인 Goethe 그것을 표현했듯이, "'신비한' 것들은 아직 '기적' '아니다'."

 The miracle assumes the intervention of a "higher power" in its occurrence that is beyond human capability to grasp.

 기적은 그것의 발생에 있어서 인간이 이해할  있는 능력 너머의 ' 높은 ' 개입을 가정한다.

 Yet there are methodical and simple ways to "cause a miracle" without divine revelation and inspiration.

 하지만, 신적인 계시와 영감 없이 '기적을 일으키는' 체계적이고 간단한 방법들이 있다.

 Instead of checking it out, investigating and finding the source of the event, we define it as a miracle.

 그것을 확인하는 , ,  사건의 근원을 조사하고 찾는  대신에, 우리는 그것을 기적으로 정의한다.

 The miracle, then, is the excuse of those who are too lazy to think.

 그렇다면, 기적은 생각하는  너무 게으른 사람들의 핑계이다.

 

[2] 2023 11 – 32: 외부 정보가 사건 기억에 영향을 미칠  있음

 Information encountered after an event can influence subsequent remembering.

 사건 후에 마주친 정보는 이후의 기억하는 것에 영향을 미칠  있다.

 External information can easily integrate into a witness's memory, especially if the event was poorly encoded or the memory is from a distant event, in which case time and forgetting have degraded the original memory.

 특히 사건이 불충분하게 부호화되었거나,  기억이 시간과 망각이 원래의 기억을 저하시켜   사건으로부터  것이라면, 외부 정보는 목격자의 기억에 쉽게 통합될  있다.

 With reduced information available in memory with which to confirm the validity of post-event misinformation, it is less likely that this new information will be rejected.

 사건 후의 잘못된 정보의 유효성을 확인하기 위해 기억에서 사용할  있는 줄어든 정보를 가지면,  새로운 정보가  거부될 듯하다.

 Instead, especially when it fits the witness's current thinking and can be used to create a story that makes sense to him or her, it may be integrated as part of the original experience.

 대신에, 특히 그것이 목격자의 현재 생각과 맞고  또는 그녀에게 이해되는 하나의 이야기를 만드는  사용될  있을 , 그것은 원래 경험의 일부로서 통합될  있다.

 This process can be explicit (i.e., the witness knows it is happening), but it is often unconscious.

  과정은 명시적일  있지만(, 목격자는 그것이 일어나고 있다는 것을 알고 있다), 그것은 흔히 무의식적이다.

 That is, the witness might find himself or herself thinking about the event differently without awareness.

 , 목격자는 의식하지 못한   사건에 대해 다르게 생각하는  자신 또는 그녀 자신을 발견할지도 모른다.

 Over time, the witness may not even know the source of information that led to the (new) memory.

 시간이 지남에 따라, 목격자는 (새로운) 기억으로 이끄는 정보의 출처조차 모를지도 모른다.

 Sources of misinformation in forensic contexts can be encountered anywhere, from discussions with other witnesses to social media searches to multiple interviews with investigators or other legal professionals, and even in court.

 법정의 상황에서의 잘못된 정보의 출처는 다른 목격자들과의 토론에서부터 소셜 미디어 조사들, 수사관 또는 기타 법률 전문가들과의 다중 인터뷰들, 심지어 법정에서까지 어디에서나 마주쳐질  있다.

 

[2] 2023 11 – 33: 상관관계는 인과관계보다 명확한 통찰을 제공

 Correlations are powerful because the insights they offer are relatively clear.

 상관관계는 그것들이 제공하는 통찰력이 비교적 명확하기 때문에 강력하다.

 These insights are often covered up when we bring causality back into the picture.

 이러한 통찰력은 종종 우리가 인과 관계를  상황으로 다시 가져올  가려진다.

 For instance, a used-car dealer supplied data to statisticians to predict which of the vehicles available for purchase at an auction were likely to have problems.

 예를 들어,  중고차 딜러가 경매에서 구입할  있는 차량들  어떤 차량에 문제가 발생할 가능성이 있는지를 예측하기 위한 데이터를 통계학자들에게 제공했다.

 A correlation analysis showed that orange-colored cars were far less likely to have defects.

  상관관계 분석은 주황색 차들이 결함이 있을 가능성이 훨씬 적다는 것을 보여 줬다.

 Even as we read this, we already think about why it might be so:

 심지어 우리가 이것을 읽으면서도, 우리는 이미  그럴지에 대해 생각한다.

 Are orange-colored car owners likely to be car enthusiasts and take better care of their vehicles?

 주황색 차를 소유한 사람들이 자동차 애호가여서 그들의 차량을   관리할 가능성이 있는가?

 Or, is it because orange-colored cars are more noticeable on the road and therefore less likely to be in accidents, so they're in better condition when resold?

 아니면, 주황색 차들이 도로에서  눈에 띄고, 그래서 사고가  가능성이 적어 재판매될  그것들이 상태가  좋은 것이기 때문인가?

 Quickly we are caught in a web of competing causal hypotheses.

  우리는 경쟁적인 인과 가설의 함정에 빠진다.

 But our attempts to illuminate things this way only make them cloudier.

 하지만 이런 식으로 무언가를 설명하려는 우리의 시도는 그것들을  흐리게 만들 뿐이다.

 Correlations exist; we can show them mathematically.

 상관관계는 존재하며 우리는 그것들을 수학적으로 보여줄  있다.

 We can't easily do the same for causal links.

 우리는 인과 관계에 대해서는 쉽게 똑같이   없다.

 So we would do well to hold off from trying to explain the reason behind the correlations.

 따라서 우리는 상관관계의 배후에 있는 이유를 설명하려 하지 않는 것이 좋다.

 

[2] 2023 11 – 34: 기후 변화가 동물 크기 감소에 영향을 미침

 Most mice in the wild are eaten or die before their life span of two years is over.

 야생에 있는 대부분의 쥐들은 2년의 수명이 끝나기 전에 잡아먹히거나 죽는다.

 They die from external causes, such as disease, starvation, or predators, not due to internal causes, such as aging.

 그들은 노화와 같은 '내부적인 원인들' 때문이 아니라 질병, 굶주림 또는 포식자와 같은 '외부적인 원인들' 죽는다.

 That is why nature has made mice to live, on average, for no longer than two years.

 그것이 자연이 쥐를 평균적으로 2 이상 살지 못하게 만든 이유이다.

 Now we have arrived at an important point:

 이제 우리는 중요한 지점에 도달했다.

 The average life span of an animal species, or the rate at which it ages, is determined by the average time that this animal species can survive in the wild.

 동물 종의 평균 수명, 또는 그것이 노화하는 속도는  동물 종이 야생에서 생존할  있는 평균 시간에 의해 결정된다.

 That explains why a bat can live to be 30 years old.

 그것은  박쥐가 30세까지   있는지를 설명해 준다.

 In contrast to mice, bats can fly, which is why they can escape from danger much faster.

 쥐와 대조적으로 박쥐는   있고, 이것은 그들이 위험에서 훨씬  빨리 도망칠  있는 이유이다.

 Thanks to their wings, bats can also cover longer distances and are better able to find food.

 그들의 날개 덕분에, 박쥐들은 또한   거리를 이동할  있고 먹이를   찾을  있다.

 Every genetic change in the past that made it possible for a bat to live longer was useful, because bats are much better able than mice to flee from danger, find food, and survive.

 박쥐가  오래 사는 것을 가능하게   과거의 모든 유전적 변화는 박쥐가 쥐보다 위험으로부터 도망치고, 먹이를 찾고, 생존하는 것을 훨씬  잘할  있기 때문에 유용했다.

 

[2] 2023 11 – 35: 도덕적 우수성은 학습과 발달로 지속 가능

 Moral excellence, according to Aristotle, is the result of habit and repetition, though modern science would also suggest that it may have an innate, genetic component.

 비록 현대 과학은 그것이 선천적, , 유전적인 요소를 가지고 있다고 또한 주장하지만, Aristotle 따르면 도덕적 우수성은 습관과 반복의 결과물이다.

 This means that moral excellence will be broadly set early in our lives, which is why the question of how early to teach it is so important.

 이것은 도덕적 우수성이 우리 삶에 있어서 이른 시기에 광범위하게 설정될 것임을 의미하며, 이것이 얼마나 일찍 그것을 가르쳐야 할지에 대한 질문이 매우 중요한 이유이다.

 Freud suggested that we don't change our personality much after age five or thereabouts, but as in many other things, Freud was wrong.

 Freud 우리가 5 혹은  무렵 이후에는 우리의 성격을 많이 바꾸지 않는다고 제시했지만, 다른 많은 것들에서처럼 Freud 틀렸다.

 Recent psychological research shows that personality traits stabilize around age thirty in both men and women and regardless of ethnicity as the human brain continues to develop, both neuroanatomically and in terms of cognitive skills, until the mid-twenties.

 최근의 심리 연구는 20 중반까지 신경 해부학적으로 그리고 인지 기능 면에서 인간의 뇌가 계속해서 발달함에 따라 남성과 여성 모두에게 있어서 그리고 민족에 상관없이 성격 특성이 30 무렵에안정된다는 것을 보여 준다.

 The advantage of this new understanding is that we can be a bit more optimistic than Aristotle and Freud about being able to teach moral excellence.

  새로운 이해의 이점은 우리가 Aristotle이나 Freud보다 도덕적 우수성을 가르칠  있다는 점에서 조금  낙관적   있다는 것이다.

 

[2] 2023 11 – 36: 동물 크기는 환경 적응과 생존 전략의 결과

 The size of a species is not accidental.

 종의 크기는 우연한 것이 아니다.

 It's a fine-tuned interaction between a species and the world it inhabits.

 그것은  종과 그것이 서식하는 세계 사이의 미세 조정된 상호 작용이다.

 Over large periods of time, size fluctuations have often signalled significant changes in the environment.

 오랜 시간에 걸쳐, 크기의 변동은 종종 환경에서의 상당한 변화를 나타내 왔다.

 Generally speaking, over the last five hundred million years, the trend has been towards animals getting larger.

 일반적으로 말해서, 지난 5  동안,  경향은 동물들이 점점 커지는 쪽으로 되어 왔다.

 It's particularly notable in marine animals, whose average body size has increased 150-fold in this time.

 그것은 특히 해양 동물들에게서 두드러지는데, 그들의 평균  크기는  시기에 150배로 증가해 왔다.

 But we are beginning to see changes in this trend.

 하지만 우리는  경향에서 변화를 관찰하기 시작하고 있다.

 Scientists have discovered that many animals are shrinking.

 과학자들은 많은 동물이 작아지고 있다는 것을 발견해 왔다.

 Around the world, species in every category have been found to be getting smaller, and one major cause appears to be the heat.

  세계적으로, 모든 범주의 종들이 점점 작아지고 있는 것으로 발견되어 왔고,  가지 주요 원인은 열인 것으로 보인다.

 Animals living in the Italian Alps, for example, have seen temperatures rise by three to four degrees Celsius since the 1980s.

 예를 들어, 이탈리아 알프스에 살고 있는 동물들은 1980년대 이후로 기온이 섭씨 3에서 4도까지 상승하는 것을 보아 왔다.

 To avoid overheating, chamois goats now spend more of their days resting rather than searching for food, and as a result, in just a few decades, the new generations of chamois are 25 percent smaller.

 과열을 피하기 위해서, 샤무아 염소들은 이제 먹이를 찾는 것보다 휴식을 취하는   많은 그들의 날들을 보내고, 결과적으로, 단지    만에, 새로운 세대들의 샤무아는 25%  작아져 있다.

 

[2] 2023 11 – 37: 전체 데이터 사용이 샘플링보다   통찰 제공

 For a long time, random sampling was a good shortcut.

 오랫동안, 무작위 추출법은 좋은 지름길이었다.

 It made analysis of large data problems possible in the pre-digital era.

 그것은 디지털 시대 이전에 상당한 데이터 문제 분석을 가능하게 했다.

 But much as converting a digital image or song into a smaller file results in loss of data, information is lost when sampling.

 그러나 디지털 이미지나 노래를  작은 파일로 변환하는 것이 데이터 손실을 유발하는 것과 마찬가지로, 추출을   정보가 손실된다.

 Having the full (or close to the full) dataset provides a lot more freedom to explore, to look at the data from different angles or to look closer at certain aspects of it.

 전체(또는 전체에 가까운) 데이터 세트를 가지는 것은 탐색하거나 다른 각도에서 데이터를 살펴보거나 그것의 특정 측면들을  자세히 보게 하는 자유를 훨씬  많이 제공한다.

 A fitting example may be the light-field camera, which captures not just a single plane of light, as with conventional cameras, but rays from the entire light field, some 11 million of them.

 라이트 필드 카메라가 적절한 비유가   있는데, 그것은 기존 카메라처럼  평면의 빛만 포착할 뿐만 아니라  1,100 개에 달하는 전체 라이트 필드로부터의 광선들도 포착한다.

 The photographers can decide later which element of an image to focus on in the digital file.

 사진사들은 디지털 파일에서 이미지의 어느 요소에 초점을 맞출지를 나중에 결정할  있다.

 There is no need to focus at the beginning, since collecting all the information makes it possible to do that afterwards.

 모든 정보를 수집하는 것은 그것을 나중에 하는 것을 가능하게 만들기 때문에, 처음에 초점을 맞출 필요는 없다.

 Because rays from the entire light field are included, it is closer to all the data.

 전체 라이트 필드의 빛이 포함되기 때문에, 그것은 모든 데이터에  가깝다.

 As a result, the information is more "reuseable" than ordinary pictures, where the photographer has to decide what to focus on before she presses the shutter.

 결과적으로 사진사가 셔터를 누르기 전에 그녀가 무엇에 초점을 맞출지를 결정해야 하는 일반 사진들보다  정보는  '재사용 가능'하다.

 

[2] 2023 11 – 38: 내향적 리더십의 섬김 철학이 긍정적 효과를 가짐

 Introverted leaders do have to overcome the strong cultural presumption that extroverts are more effective leaders.

 내향적인 리더들은 외향적인 사람들이  유능한 리더라는 강력한 문화적 억측을 극복해야 한다.

 Although the population splits into almost equal parts between introverts and extroverts, more than 96 percent of managers and executives are extroverted.

 비록 인구는 내향적인 사람과 외향적인 사람 사이에서 거의 동등한 비율로 나뉘지만, 관리자와 임원의 96% 이상이 외향적이다.

 In a study done in 2006, 65 percent of senior corporate executives viewed introversion as a barrier to leadership.

 2006년에 실시된  연구에서, 기업 고위 임원의 65% 내향성을 리더십의 장애물로 간주했다.

 We must reexamine this stereotype, however, as it doesn't always hold true.

 하지만 그것이 항상 맞는 것은 아니기 때문에 우리는  고정 관념을 재검토해야 한다.

 Regent University found that a desire to be of service to others and to empower them to grow, which is more common among introverts than extroverts, is a key factor in becoming a leader and retaining leadership.

 Regent 대학교는 다른 사람들에게 도움이 되고 그들이 성장할  있도록 힘을 주고자 하는 열망이 리더가 되고 리더십을 유지하는  핵심적인 요소이고, 그것이 외향적인 사람들보다 내향적인 사람들 사이에서  일반적이라는 것을 발견했다.

 So-called servant leadership, dating back to ancient philosophical literature, adheres to the belief that a company's goals are best achieved by helping workers or customers achieve their goals.

 고대 철학 문헌으로 거슬러 올라가는 소위 서번트 리더십은  회사의 목표가 근로자나 고객이 그들의 목표를 달성하도록 도움으로써 가장  달성된다는 믿음을 고수한다.

 Such leaders do not seek attention but rather want to shine a light on others' wins and achievements; servant leadership requires humility, but that humility ultimately pays off.

 그런 리더들은 관심을 추구하는 것이 아니라 오히려 다른 사람들의 승리와 업적에 빛을 비추고 싶어 하고, 서번트 리더십은 겸손을 필요로 하지만,  겸손은 궁극적으로 결실을 맺는다.

 

[2] 2023 11 – 39: 불완전성을 허용하면 데이터 활용 가능성 증가

 By the nineteenth century, France had developed a system of precisely defined units of measurement to capture space, time, and more, and had begun to get other nations to adopt the same standards.

 19세기까지, 프랑스는 공간, 시간, 그리고  많은 것을 포착하기 위해 정밀하게 규정된 측정 단위의 체계를 개발했고, 다른 국가들이 동일한 기준을 채택하도록 만들기 시작했었다.

 Just half a century later, in the 1920s, the discoveries of quantum mechanics forever destroyed the dream of comprehensive and perfect measurement.

 불과 반세기 , 1920년대에, 양자 역학의 발견은 포괄적이고 완벽한 측정에 대한 꿈을 영원히 깨버렸다.

 And yet, outside a relatively small circle of physicists, the mindset of humankind's drive to flawlessly measure continued among engineers and scientists.

 그러나 비교적 소수 집단의 물리학자를 제외하고는 공학자와 과학자 사이에서 완벽하게 측정하려고 하는 인류의 추진 정신은 계속되었다.

 In the world of business it even expanded, as the precision-oriented sciences of mathematics and statistics began to influence all areas of commerce.

 정확성을 지향하는 수학과 통계학이라는 과학이 상업의 모든 영역에 영향을 미치기 시작하면서 비즈니스의 세계에서 그것은 심지어 확장되었다.

 However, contrary to the trend of the past several decades, in many new situations that are occurring today, allowing for imprecision ― for messiness ― may be a positive feature, not a shortcoming.

 그러나, 지난 수십 년간의 경향과 반대로, 오늘날 발생하는 많은 새로운 상황에서 부정확성, , 번잡함을 허용하는 것은 단점이 아니라 긍정적인 특성이   있다.

 As a tradeoff for relaxing the standards of allowable errors, one can get a hold of much more data.

 허용할 오류의 기준을 완화하기 위한 거래로서 사람은 훨씬  많은 데이터를 얻을  있다.

 It isn't just that "more is better than some," but that, in fact, sometimes "more is greater than better."

 그것은 단순히 ' 많은 것이 조금보다  나을' 뿐만 아니라, 사실은 때때로 ' 많은 것이  좋은 것보다  훌륭하기' 하다.

 

[2] 2023 11 – 40: 협력적 행동이 공동체  신뢰와 지위를 강화

 Multiple laboratory studies show that cooperative people tend to receive social advantages from others.

 여러 실험실 연구들은 협력적인 사람들이 다른 사람들로부터 사회적인 혜택들을 받는 경향이 있다는 것을 보여 준다.

 One way to demonstrate this is to give people the opportunity to act positively or negatively toward contributors.

 이것을 증명하는  가지 방법은 사람들에게 기여자들을 향해 긍정적이거나 부정적으로 행동할 기회를 주는 것이다.

 For example, Pat Barclay, a professor at the University of Guelph, had participants play a cooperative game where people could contribute money toward a group fund which helped all group members, and then allowed participants to give money to other participants based on their reputations.

 예를 들어, Guelph 대학교의 교수인, Pat Barclay 참가자들로 하여금 모든 집단 구성원들을 도와주는 집단 기금에 사람들이 돈을 기부할  있는 협동 게임을 하도록  다음, 참가자들이 그들의평판을 바탕으로 다른 참가자들에게 돈을   있도록 허락했다.

 People who contributed more to the group fund were given responsibility for more money than people who contributed less.

 집단 기금에  많이 기부한 사람들은  기부한 사람들보다  많은 돈에 대한 책임이 주어졌다.

 Similar results have been found by other researchers.

 유사한 결과들이 다른 연구자들에 의해 발견되었다.

 People who contribute toward their groups are also chosen more often as interaction partners, preferred as leaders, rated as more desirable partners for long-term relationships, and are perceived to be trustworthy and have high social status.

 또한 그들의 집단에 기여하는 사람들은 상호 작용 파트너로서  자주 선택되고, 리더로서 선호되며, 장기적인 관계를 위한  바람직한 파트너들로서 평가되고, 신뢰할  있고 사회적 지위가 높은것으로 인식된다.

 Uncooperative people tend to receive verbal criticism or even more severe punishment.

 비협조적인 사람들은 언어적인 비판이나 심지어  심한 벌을 받는 경향이 있다.

 -> Studies suggest that individuals who act with generosity toward their communities are more likely to be viewed as deserving of benefit by members of that community than those who don't.

 -> 연구들은 그들의 공동체에 관대함을 가지고 행동하는 사람들이 그렇게 하지 않은 사람들보다  공동체의 구성원들에 의해 혜택을 누릴 만하다고 보여질 가능성이  크다고 이야기한다.

 

[2] 2023 11 – 41~42: 공연에서 관객 참여가 예술적 경험을 증폭

 In Western society, many music performance settings make a clear distinction between performers and audience members: the performers are the "doers" and those in the audience take a decidedly passive role.

 서양 사회에서, 많은 음악 공연 상황은 공연자와 청중 사이에 명확한 구분을 만든다. 공연자들은 '행위자들'이고, 청중  사람들은 분명히 수동적인 역할을 맡는다.

 The performance space itself may further reinforce the distinction with a physical separation between the stage and audience seating.

 공연 공간  자체가 무대와 청중석 사이의 물리적 분리로 구분을  강화할  있다.

 Perhaps because this distinction is so common, audiences seem to greatly value opportunities to have special "access" to performers that affords understanding about performers' style of music.

 아마도 이러한 구분이 너무 흔하기 때문에, 청중들은 공연자의 음악 스타일에 대한 이해를 제공하는 공연자에 대한 특별한 '접근'  기회들에 크게 가치를 부여하는 것처럼 보인다.

 Some performing musicians have won great approval by regularly incorporating "audience participation" into their concerts.

 일부 공연 음악가는 정기적으로 그들의 콘서트에 '청중 참여' 포함함으로써  호응을 받아왔다.

 Whether by leading a sing-along activity or teaching a rhythm to be clapped at certain points, including audience members in the music making can boost the level of engagement and enjoyment for all involved.

 함께 노래 부르기 활동을 하든지 지정된 지점에서 박수를 치도록 리듬을 가르치든지, 음악을 만드는  있어서 청중 구성원을 포함하는 것은 모든 참여자의 참여와 즐거움의 수준을 높일  있다.

 Performers who are uncomfortable leading audience participation can still connect with the audience simply by giving a special glimpse of the performer perspective.

 청중 참여를 이끄는 것에 불편함을 느끼는 공연자들은 단순히  공연자 관점을 특별히 흘끗 보여줌으로써 청중과 여전히 이어질  있다.

 It is quite common in classical music to provide audiences with program notes.

 클래식 음악에서는 청중에게 프로그램 해설을 제공하는 것이 상당히 흔하다.

 Typically, this text in a program gives background information about pieces of music being performed and perhaps biographical information about historically significant composers.

 전형적으로, 이러한 프로그 램의 텍스트는 연주되는 음악 작품에 대한 배경 정보와 아마도 역사적으로 중요한 작곡가들에 대한 전기(傳꾼) 정보를 제공한다.

 What may be of more interest to audience members is background information about the very performers who are onstage, including an explanation of why they have chosen the music they are presenting.

 청중들에게  흥미로울 수도 있는 것은 공연자들이 그들이 선보이고 있는 음악을  선택했는지에 대한 설명을 포함한, 무대 위에 있는 바로  연주가에 관한 배경 정보이다.

 Such insight can make audience members feel near to the musicians onstage, both metaphorically and emotionally.

 그러한 통찰력은 청중들이 무대 위에 있는 음악가들에게 비유적이고 감정적으로  가까이 느끼게 만들  있다.

 This connection will likely enhance the expressive and communicative experience.

 이러한 연결은 표현적이고 소통적인 경험을 아마 향상시킬 것이다.

 

[2] 2023 11 – 43~45: 다툰 형제가 목수의 다리로 화해와 관계 회복

 Once upon a time, two brothers, Robert and James, who lived on neighboring farms fell into conflict.

 옛날 옛적에, 가까운 농장에 사는  형제인 Robert James 갈등에 빠졌다.

 It was the first serious fight in 40 years of farming side by side.

 그것은 함께 나란히 농사를 지은  40 만에 최초의 심각한 싸움이었다.

 It began with a small misunderstanding and it grew into a major argument, and finally it exploded into an exchange of bitter words followed by weeks of silence.

 그것은 작은 오해로 시작하여 보다 중대한 논쟁이 되었고, 마침내 그것은 독설을 주고받는 것으로 폭발했고  주간의 침묵이 뒤따랐다.

 One morning there was a knock on Robert's door.

 어느  아침 Robert 문에 노크가 있었다.

 He opened it to find a carpenter with a toolbox.

 (Robert) 그것을 열고 공구 상자를 가진 목수를 발견했다.

 Looking at Robert, the carpenter said, "I'm looking for a few days' work. Do you have anything to repair?"

 Robert 바라보며  목수는 말했다. "저는 며칠 동안  일을 찾고 있어요. 당신(Robert) 수리할 것이 있나요?"

 "I have nothing to be repaired, but I have a job for you. Look across the creek at that farm.

 "수리될 것은 없지만 당신이   일이 있어요. 샛강 저편에  농장을 보세요.

 Last week, my younger brother James took his bulldozer and put that creek in the meadow between us.

 지난주에,  동생 James 그의 불도저를 가지고 우리 사이의 초원에 샛강을 만들었어요.

 Well, I will do even worse.

 , (Robert) 훨씬  나쁘게  거예요.

 I want you to build me an 8-foot tall fence which will block him from seeing my place," said Robert.

 저는 당신이 그가  장소를 보지 못하게 막는 8피트 높이의 울타리를 지어 주기를 원해요." Robert 말했다.

 The carpenter seemed to understand the situation.

 목수는  상황을 이해한 것처럼 보였다.

 Robert prepared all the materials the carpenter needed.

 Robert  목수가 필요로 하는 모든 재료들을 준비해 주었다.

 The next day, Robert left to work on another farm, so he couldn't watch the carpenter for some days.

 다음 , Robert  다른 농장으로 일하러 떠났고, 그래서 그는 며칠 동안  목수를   없었다.

 When Robert returned and saw the carpenter's work, his jaw dropped.

 Robert 돌아와서  목수의 작업을 보았을 , 그의 입이  벌어졌다.

 Instead of a fence, the carpenter had built a bridge that stretched from one side of the creek to the other.

 울타리 대신에,  목수는 샛강의 한쪽에서 다른 쪽까지 펼쳐진 다리 하나를 만들었다.

 His brother was walking over, waving his hand in the air.

 그의 동생은 (James) 손을 공중에 흔들며 걸어오고 있었다.

 Robert laughed and said to the carpenter, "You really can fix anything."

 Robert 웃었고  목수에게 말했다. "당신은 정말로 어떤 것이든 고칠  있군요."

 The two brothers stood awkwardly for a moment, but soon met on the bridge and shook hands.

   형제는 잠시 동안 어색하게  있었지만,  다리 위에서 만나 악수를 했다.

 They saw the carpenter leaving with his toolbox.

 그들은  목수가 그의 공구 상자를 가지고 떠나는 것을 보았다.

 "No, wait! Stay a few more days." Robert told him.

 "안돼요, 기다려 주세요! 며칠  머물러 주세요." Robert 그에게 말했다.

 "Thank you for your invitation. But I need to go build more bridges.

 "당신의(Robert) 초대에 감사드립니다. 하지만 저는  많은 다리들을 만들러 가야 해요.

 Don't forget. The fence leads to isolation and the bridge to openness," said carpenter.

 잊지 마세요. 울타리는 고립으로 이끌고 다리는 관대함으로 이끕니다." 목수가 말했다.

 The two brothers nodded at the carpenter's words.

   형제는 목수의 말에 끄덕여 동의를 표시했다.

 

 

 

 

 

 

안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다.

 

오늘은 <2023년도 11월 고1 영어 모의고사(12월 시행)> 한줄해석(좌지문 우해석) 자료 올립니다.
설명문/실용문을 제외한 전지문 작업했습니다.

 

자료는 PDF 워드 파일 모두 올립니다.  
지문 분석하거나 자료 제작하실 때 참고하세요.

 

혼공하는 학생들이나 자료 필요한 분들에게

유용한 자료가 될 수 있길 바랍니다 :)

 

 

ps.

블로그 콘텐츠가 마음에 드신다면, '좋아요' 클릭과 광고 지원으로 응원해 주세요. 

여러분의 작은 도움이 큰 힘이 됩니다! 

감사합니다~~

 

 

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전체 내용

[1] 2023 11 – 18: 패션 매장의 판매직 지원을 위한 경험과 자격 소개
 Dear Ms. MacAlpine, 친애하는 MacAlpine씨께,
 I was so excited to hear that your brand is opening a new shop on Bruns Street next month. 저는 당신의 브랜드가 다음 달에 Bruns 거리에 매장을 연다는 것을 듣고 매우 들떴습니다.
 I have always appreciated the way your brand helps women to feel more stylish and confident. 저는 당신의 브랜드가 여성들이  멋지고 자신감있게 느끼도록 도와주는 방식을 항상 높이 평가해왔습니다.
 I am writing in response to your ad in the Bruns Journal. 저는 Bruns Journal 있는 당신의 광고에 대한 응답으로 편지를 쓰고 있습니다.
 I graduated from the Meline School of Fashion and have worked as a sales assistant at LoganMart for the last five years. 저는 Meline 패션 학교를 졸업했고 지난 5년간LoganMart에서 판매 보조원으로 일해 왔습니다.
 During that time, I've developed strong customer service and sales skills, and now I would like to apply for the sales position in your clothing store.  기간 동안 저는 뛰어난 고객 서비스  판매 기술을 발달시켜 왔고, 이제 당신의 의류 매장의 판매직에 지원하고 싶습니다.
 I am available for an interview at your earliest convenience. 저는 당신이 편한 가장 빠른 시간에 인터뷰가 가능합니다.
 I look forward to hearing from you. 당신으로부터 대답을 듣게 되기를 기대합니다.
 Thank you for reading my letter. 저의 편지를 읽어 주셔서 감사드립니다.
 Yours sincerely, Grace Braddock Grace Braddock 드림

 

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 19: 신혼여행  결혼 반지를 잃고 찾으려 했던 경험
 I had never seen a beach with such white sand or water that was such a beautiful shade of blue. 나는 그렇게 하얀 모래나 그렇게 아름다운 푸른 색조의 바다를 가진 해변을  번도  적이 없었다.
 Jane and I set up a blanket on the sand while looking forward to our ten days of honeymooning on an exotic island. 이국적인 섬에서의 열흘간의 신혼여행을 기대하면서 Jane 나는 모래 위에 담요를 깔았다.
 "Look!" Jane waved her hand to point at the beautiful scene before us ― and her gold wedding ring went flying off her hand. "저기  !" Jane 그녀의 손을 흔들어 우리 앞의 아름다운 풍경을 가리켰다. 그러자 그녀의 금으로  결혼반지가 그녀의 손에서 빠져 날아갔다.
 I tried to see where it went, but the sun hit my eyes and I lost track of it. 나는 그것이 날아간 곳을 보려고 노력했지만, 햇빛이 눈에 들어와 그것의 가던 방향을 놓쳤다.
 I didn't want to lose her wedding ring, so I started looking in the area where I thought it had landed. 나는 그녀의 결혼 반지를 잃어버리고 싶지 않아서내가 생각하기에 그것이 떨어졌을 장소를 들여다보기 시작했다.
 However, the sand was so fine and I realized that anything heavy, like gold, would quickly sink and might never be found again. 하지만 모래가 너무 고왔고 나는 금처럼 무거운 것은 빨리 가라앉아 다시는 발견되지 않을 수도 있겠다는 것을 깨달았다.

 

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 20: 지속적인 자기 성장을 위해 의식적 노력이 필요함
 Unfortunately, many people don't take personal responsibility for their own growth. 안타깝게도 많은 사람들이 그들 자신의 성장에 대해 개인적인 책임을 지지 않는다.
 Instead, they simply run the race laid out for them. 대신, 그들은 단지 그들에게 놓인 경주를 한다.
 They do well enough in school to keep advancing. 그들은 학교에서 계속 발전할 만큼 제법 잘한다.
 Maybe they manage to get a good job at a well-run company. 아마도 그들은  운영되는 회사에서 좋은 일자리를 얻는 것을 해낸다.
 But so many think and act as if their learning journey ends with college. 하지만 아주 많은 사람들이 마치 그들의 배움의 여정이 대학으로 끝나는 것처럼 생각하고 행동한다.
 They have checked all the boxes in the life that was laid out for them and now lack a road map describing the right ways to move forward and continue to grow. 그들은 그들에게 놓인 삶의 모든 사항을 체크했고이제는 앞으로 나아가고 계속 성장할  있는 올바른 방법을 설명해 주는 로드 맵이 없다.
 In truth, that's when the journey really begins. 사실, 그때가 여정이 진정으로 시작되는 때이다.
 When school is finished, your growth becomes voluntary. 학교 교육이 끝나면, 여러분의 성장은 자발적이게된다.
 Like healthy eating habits or a regular exercise program, you need to commit to it and devote thought, time, and energy to it. 건강한 식습관이나 규칙적인 운동 프로그램처럼 여러분은 그것에 전념하고 그것에 생각, 시간, 그리고에너지를 쏟을 필요가 있다.
 Otherwise, it simply won't happen ― and your life and career are likely to stop progressing as a result. 그렇지 않으면 그것은 그냥 일어나지 않을 것이고, 결과적으로 여러분의 삶과 경력이 진전을 멈출 가능성이 있다.

 

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 21: 색은 객관적, 주관적 요소가 결합된 현상임
 Many people take the commonsense view that color is an objective property of things, or of the light that bounces off them. 많은 사람들이 색은 사물 또는 사물로부터 튕겨 나오는 빛의 객관적인 속성이라는 상식적인 견해를 취한다.
 They say a tree's leaves are green because they reflect green light ― a greenness that is just as real as the leaves. 그들은 나뭇잎이 녹색 (정확히 나뭇잎만큼 진짜인 녹색) 반사하기 때문에 녹색이라고 말한다.
 Others argue that color doesn't inhabit the physical world at all but exists only in the eye or mind of the viewer. 다른 사람들은 색이 물리적인 세계에 전혀 존재하지않고 보는 사람의 눈이나 정신 안에만 존재한다고주장한다.
 They maintain that if a tree fell in a forest and no one was there to see it, its leaves would be colorless ― and so would everything else. 그들은 만약 나무가 숲에서 쓰러지고 그것을  사람이 아무도 거기에 없다면, 그것의 잎은 색이 없을것이고, 다른 모든 것들도 그럴 것이라고 주장한다.
 They say there is no such thing as color; there are only the people who see it. 그들은  같은 '' 없고 그것을 보는 사람들만있다고 말한다.
 Both positions are, in a way, correct.  가지 입장 모두 어떤 면에서는 옳다.
 Color is objective and subjective ― "the place," as Paul Cezanne put it, "where our brain and the universe meet." 색은 객관적이고 '동시에' 주관적이며, Paul Cezanne 말했듯이 '우리의 뇌와 우주가 만나는'이다.
 Color is created when light from the world is registered by the eyes and interpreted by the brain. 색은 세상으로부터의 빛이 눈에 의해 등록되고 뇌에의해 해석될  만들어진다.

 

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 22: 소설 집필  과도한 세부정보보다 핵심 경험이 중요
 When writing a novel, research for information needs to be done. 소설을   정보를 위한 조사가 행해질 필요가 있다.
 The thing is that some kinds of fiction demand a higher level of detail: crime fiction, for example, or scientific thrillers. 문제는 예를 들어 범죄 소설이나 과학 스릴러와 같은 어떤 종류의 소설은  높은 수준의 세부 사항을요구한다는 것이다.
 The information is never hard to find; one website for authors even organizes trips to police stations, so that crime writers can get it right. 정보는 찾기에 결코 어렵지 않다. 작가들을 위한 웹사이트는 범죄물 작가들이 정보를 제대로 얻을 있도록 심지어 경찰서로의 탐방을 조직하기도한다.
 Often, a polite letter will earn you permission to visit a particular location and record all the details that you need. 종종 정중한 편지는 여러분에게 특정한 장소를 방문하고 필요한 모든 세부 사항을 기록할  있는 허가를 얻어  것이다.
 But remember that you will drive your readers to boredom if you think that you need to pack everything you discover into your work. 하지만 만약 여러분이 발견한 모든 것을 작품에 담아야 한다고 생각할 경우 여러분은 독자들을 지루하게 만들 것이라는 것을 기억하라.
 The details that matter are those that reveal the human experience. 중요한 세부 사항은 인간의 경험을 드러내는 것이다.
 The crucial thing is telling a story, finding the characters, the tension, and the conflict ― not the train timetable or the building blueprint. 중요한 것은 기차 시간표나 건물 청사진이 아니라인물, 긴장, 그리고 갈등을 찾아가며 이야기를 말하는 것이다.

 

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 23: 구강 건강은 신체 건강과 밀접히 연관됨
 Nearly everything has to go through your mouth to get to the rest of you, from food and air to bacteria and viruses. 음식과 공기에서부터 박테리아와 바이러스까지 거의 모든 것이 여러분의 나머지 부분에 도달하기 위해 여러분의 입을 거쳐야 한다.
 A healthy mouth can help your body get what it needs and prevent it from harm ― with adequate space for air to travel to your lungs, and healthy teeth and gums that prevent harmful microorganisms from entering your bloodstream. 건강한 입은 공기가 폐로 이동할  있는 적당한 공간, 그리고 해로운 미생물이 혈류로 들어가는 것을막는 건강한 치아와 잇몸으로 여러분의 몸이 필요한 것을 얻고, 피해로부터 몸을 지키도록 도와줄 있다.
 From the moment you are created, oral health affects every aspect of your life. 여러분이 생겨난 순간부터 구강 건강은 여러분의삶의 모든 측면에 영향을 미친다.
 What happens in the mouth is usually just the tip of the iceberg and a reflection of what is happening in other parts of the body. 입안에서 일어나는 일은 대개 빙산의 일각일 뿐이며 신체의 다른 부분에서 일어나고 있는 일의 반영이다.
 Poor oral health can be a cause of a disease that affects the entire body. 나쁜 구강 건강은 전체 몸에 영향을 끼치는 질병의원인일  있다.
 The microorganisms in an unhealthy mouth can enter the bloodstream and travel anywhere in the body, posing serious health risks. 건강하지 않은 입안의 미생물은 혈류로 들어가고신체의 어느 곳이든 이동하여 심각한 건강상의 위험을 초래할  있다.

 

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 24: 신경계는 변화에 민감하고 반복에는 쉽게 지루함
 Kids tire of their toys, college students get sick of cafeteria food, and sooner or later most of us lose interest in our favorite TV shows. 아이들은 자기들의 장난감에 지루해하고, 대학생들은 카페테리아 음식에 싫증을 내고, 머지않아 우리 대부분은 우리가 가장 좋아하는 TV쇼에 흥미를잃는다.
 The bottom line is that we humans are easily bored. 요점은 우리 인간이 쉽게 지루해한다는 것이다.
 But why should this be true? 그런데  이것이 사실이어야 할까?
 The answer lies buried deep in our nerve cells, which are designed to reduce their initial excited response to stimuli each time they occur. 답은 자극이 일어날 때마다 그것에 대한 초기의 흥분된 반응을 약화하도록 설계된 우리의 신경 세포내에 깊이 숨어 있다.
 At the same time, these neurons enhance their responses to things that change ― especially things that change quickly. 동시에  뉴런들은 변화하는 것들, 특히 빠르게 변화하는 것들에 대한 반응을 강화한다.
 We probably evolved this way because our ancestors got more survival value, for example, from attending to what was moving in a tree (such as a puma) than to the tree itself. 예를 들면 우리는 아마도 우리의 조상이 나무  자체보다 (퓨마처럼) 나무에서 움직이는 것에 주의를기울이는 것으로부터  많은 생존 가치를 얻었기때문에 이런 방식으로 진화했을 것이다.
 Boredom in reaction to an unchanging environment turns down the level of neural excitation so that new stimuli (like our ancestor's hypothetical puma threat) stand out more. 변하지 않는 환경에 대한 반응으로의 지루함은 신경 흥분의 수준을 낮춰 (우리 조상이 가정한 퓨마의위협과 같은) 새로운 자극이  두드러지게 한다.
 It's the neural equivalent of turning off a front door light to see the fireflies. 이것은 반딧불이를 보기 위해 앞문의 불을 끄는 것의 신경적 대응물이다.

 

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 25: 2018~2022 청정 에너지 투자 증가 분석
 The above graph shows global energy investment in clean energy and in fossil fuels between 2018 and 2022. 위의 그래프는 2018년과 2022 사이에 청정에너지와 화석 연료에 대한  세계 에너지 투자액을 보여 준다.
 Since 2018 global energy investment in clean energy continued to rise, reaching its highest level in 2022. 2018 이후로 청정에너지에 대한  세계 투자액은 계속해서 상승했으며, 2022년에 가장 높은 수준에 도달했다.
 The investment gap between clean energy and fossil fuels in 2020 was larger than that in 2019. 2020년의 청정에너지와 화석 연료 사이 투자액 격차는 2019년의 그것보다 컸다.
 Investment in fossil fuels was highest in 2018 and lowest in 2020. 화석 연료에 대한 투자액은 2018년에 가장 높았고2020년에 가장 낮았다.
 In 2021, investment in clean energy exceeded 1,200 billion dollars, while investment in fossil fuels did not. 2021년에는 청정에너지에 대한 투자액이 12000 달러를 넘은 반면, 화석 연료에 대한 투자액은 그러지 않았다.
 In 2022, the global investment in clean energy was more than double that of fossil fuels. 2022년에는 청정에너지에 대한  세계 투자액이화석 연료의 그것의   이상이었다.

 

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 26: Frederick Douglass 노예제 폐지와 평등 활동
 Frederick Douglass was born into slavery at a farm in Maryland. Frederick Douglass Maryland  농장에서노예로 태어났다.
 His full name at birth was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey. 태어났을  그의 성명은 Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey였다.
 He changed his name to Frederick Douglass after he successfully escaped from slavery in 1838. 그는 1838년에 노예 상태에서 성공적으로 탈출한 자신의 이름을 Frederick Douglass 바꿨다.
 He became a leader of the Underground Railroad ― a network of people, places, and routes that helped enslaved people escape to the north. 그는 노예가  사람들을 북쪽으로 탈출하도록 돕는사람, 장소, 경로의 조직인 Underground Railroad 리더가 되었다.
 He assisted other runaway slaves until they could safely get to other areas in the north. 그는 다른 도망친 노예들이 북쪽의 다른 지역에 안전하게 도착할  있을 때까지 그들을 도왔다.
 As a slave, he had taught himself to read and write and he spread that knowledge to other slaves as well. 노예로서 그는 읽고 쓰는 것을 독학했고,  지식을다른 노예들에게도 전파했다.
 Once free, he became a well-known abolitionist and strong believer in equality for all people including Blacks, Native Americans, women, and recent immigrants. 자유로워지고   그는 유명한 노예제 폐지론자이자 흑인, 아메리카 원주민, 여성, 그리고 최근 이민자들을 포함한 모든 사람들을 위한 평등에 대한 강한 신봉자가 되었다.
 He wrote several autobiographies describing his experiences as a slave. 그는 노예로서의 자신의 경험을 묘사한  권의 자서전을 썼다.
 In addition to all this, he became the first African-American candidate for vice president of the United States.  모든 것에 더하여 그는 미국의  아프리카계 미국인 부통령 후보가 되었다.

 

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 29: 뇌사 진단 기준의 엄격함이 신뢰와 의혹 모두 유발 가능
 Some countries have proposed tougher guidelines for determining brain death when transplantation ― transferring organs to others ― is under consideration. 일부 국가는 장기 이식,  다른 사람에게 장기를전달하는 것을 고려 중일  뇌사를 결정하는 것에대한  엄격한 지침을 제안했다.
 In several European countries, there are legal requirements which specify that a whole team of doctors must agree over the diagnosis of death in the case of a potential donor. 몇몇 유럽 국가에는 잠재적 기증자의 경우 의사 전체가 사망 진단에 동의해야 한다고 명시하는 법적 요건들이 있다.
 The reason for these strict regulations for diagnosing brain death in potential organ donors is, no doubt, to ease public fears of a premature diagnosis of brain death for the purpose of obtaining organs. 잠재적인 장기 기증자의 뇌사 진단에 대한 이러한엄격한 규정들의 이유는 의심할  없이 장기 확보를 위한 너무 이른 뇌사 진단에 대한 대중의 두려움을 완화하기 위한 것이다.
 But it is questionable whether these requirements reduce public suspicions as much as they create them. 하지만 이러한 요건들이 대중의 의심을 만들어 내는 만큼 그것을 줄여 주는지는 의문이다.
 They certainly maintain mistaken beliefs that diagnosing brain death is an unreliable process lacking precision. 그것들은 뇌사 진단이 정확성이 결여된 신뢰하기어려운 과정이라는 잘못된 믿음을 확실히 유지시킨다.
 As a matter of consistency, at least, criteria for diagnosing the deaths of organ donors should be exactly the same as for those for whom immediate burial or cremation is intended. 적어도 일관성의 이유로 장기 기증자의 사망 진단기준은 즉각적인 매장 또는 화장이 예정된 사람들에 대한 그것과 정확히 동일해야 한다.

 

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 30: 미니멀리즘은 불필요한 물건 제거로 삶의 명료함 제공
 The term minimalism gives a negative impression to some people who think that it is all about sacrificing valuable possessions. 미니멀리즘이라는 용어는 그것을 소중한 소유물을희생하는 것에 관한 것으로만 생각하는 일부 사람들에게 부정적인 인상을 준다.
 This insecurity naturally stems from their attachment to their possessions. 이러한 불안은 자신의 소유물에 대한 애착에서 자연스럽게 비롯된다.
 It is difficult to distance oneself from something that has been around for quite some time.  오랫동안 곁에 있어 왔던 것으로부터 자신을 멀리 두는 것은 어렵다.
 Being an emotional animal, human beings give meaning to the things around them. 감정의 동물이기 때문에, 인간은 그들의 곁에 있는물건에 의미를 부여한다.
 So, the question arising here is that if minimalism will hurt one's emotions, why become a minimalist? 그래서 여기서 생기는 질문은 미니멀리즘이 사람의감정을 상하게 한다면  미니멀리스트가 되느냐는것이다.
 The answer is very simple; the assumption of the question is fundamentally wrong. 대답은 매우 간단하다.  질문의 가정은 근본적으로 틀리다.
 Minimalism does not hurt emotions. 미니멀리즘은 감정을 상하게 하지 않는다.
 You might feel a bit sad while getting rid of a useless item but sooner than later, this feeling will be overcome by the joy of clarity. 여러분은 쓸모 없는 물건을 치우면서 조금 슬퍼할수도 있지만 머지않아  느낌은 명료함의 기쁨으로 극복될 것이다.
 Minimalists never argue that you should leave every convenience of the modern era. 미니멀리스트는 여러분이 현대의 모든 편의를 버려야 한다고 주장하지 않는다.
 They are of the view that you only need to eliminate stuff that is unused or not going to be used in the near future. 그들은 여러분이 사용되지 않거나 가까운 미래에사용되지 않을 물건을 없애기만 하면 된다는 견해를 가지고 있다.

 

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 31: 시각적 적응으로 새로운 환경에도 빠르게 적응 가능
 A remarkable characteristic of the visual system is that it has the ability of adapting itself. 시각 체계의 두드러진 특징은 스스로 적응하는 능력이 있다는 것이다.
 Psychologist George M. Stratton made this clear in an impressive self-experiment. 심리학자 George M. Stratton 인상적인 자가 실험에서 이것을 분명히 했다.
 Stratton wore reversing glasses for several days, which literally turned the world upside down for him. Stratton 며칠 동안 반전 안경을 착용했는데 안경은  그대로 그에게 세상을 뒤집어 놓았다.
 In the beginning, this caused him great difficulties: just putting food in his mouth with a fork was a challenge for him. 처음에 이것은 그에게  어려움을 초래하였다. 포크로 음식을 입에 넣는 것조차 그에게는 도전이었다.
 With time, however, his visual system adjusted to the new stimuli from reality, and he was able to act normally in his environment again, even seeing it upright when he concentrated. 그러나 시간이 지나면서 그의 시각 체계는 현실의새로운 자극에 적응했고, 그가 집중했을 때는 심지어 똑바로 보면서, 다시 자신의 환경에서 정상적으로 행동할  있었다.
 As he took off his reversing glasses, he was again confronted with problems: he used the wrong hand when he wanted to reach for something, for example. 반전 안경을 벗었을  그는 다시 문제에 직면했다.예를 들어 그가 무언가를 잡기를 원할  그는 반대손을 사용했다.
 Fortunately, Stratton could reverse the perception, and he did not have to wear reversing glasses for the rest of his life. 다행히 Stratton 지각을 뒤집을  있었고 평생반전 안경을 착용하지 않아도 되었다.
 For him, everything returned to normal after one day. 그에게 하루 만에 모든 것이 정상으로 돌아왔다.

 

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 32: 인터넷 사용이 지식 과대평가를 유발할  있음
 Participants in a study were asked to answer questions like "Why does the moon have phases?"  연구의 참가자들이 '달은  상을 가지고 있을까' 같은 질문들에 답하도록 요청받았다.
 Half the participants were told to search for the answers on the internet, while the other half weren't allowed to do so. 참가자의 절반은 인터넷에서 답을 검색하라는 말을들었고 나머지 절반은 그렇게 하도록 허용되지 않았다.
 Then, in the second part of the study, all of the participants were presented with a new set of questions, such as "Why does Swiss cheese have holes?"  다음, 연구의  번째 단계에서 모든 참가자는'스위스 치즈에는  구멍이 있을까' 같은 일련의새로운 질문들을 제시받았다.
 These questions were unrelated to the ones asked during the first part of the study, so participants who used the internet had absolutely no advantage over those who hadn't.  질문들은 연구의  번째 단계에서 질문받았던것들과는 관련이 없어서 인터넷을 사용한 참가자들은 그러지 않은 참가자들 보다 이점이 전혀 없었다.
 You would think that both sets of participants would be equally sure or unsure about how well they could answer the new questions. 여러분은  집단의 참가자들이 새로운 질문들에얼마나  대답할  있을 지에 대해 동일한 정도로확신하거나 확신하지 못할 것으로 생각할 것이다.
 But those who used the internet in the first part of the study rated themselves as more knowledgeable than those who hadn't, even about questions they hadn't searched online for. 그러나 연구의  번째 단계에서 인터넷을 사용했던 참가자들은 자신이 온라인에서 검색하지 않았던질문들에 대해서조차 그러지 않았던 참가자들보다스스로가  많이 알고 있다고 평가했다.
 The study suggests that having access to unrelated information was enough to pump up their intellectual confidence.  연구는 관련 없는 정보에 접근하는 것이 그들의지적 자신감을 부풀리기에 충분했다는 것을 시사한다.

 

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 33: 관점 변화로 세계 이해 방식을 다각화할  있음
 Anthropologist Gregory Bateson suggests that we tend to understand the world by focusing in on particular features within it. 인류학자 Gregory Bateson 우리가 세상 안의특정한 특징에 초점을 맞춤으로써 세상을 이해하는경향이 있다고 제안한다.
 Take platypuses. We might zoom in so closely to their fur that each hair appears different. 오리너구리를 예로 들어 보자. 우리가 그들의 털을매우 가까이 확대하면  가닥이 다르게 보인다.
 We might also zoom out to the extent where it appears as a single, uniform object. 우리는 또한 그것이 하나의 동일한 개체로 보이는정도까지 축소할 수도 있다.
 We might take the platypus as an individual, or we might treat it as part of a larger unit such as a species or an ecosystem. 우리는 오리너구리를 개체로 취급할 수도 있고 또는 생태계와 같이   단위의 일부로 취급할 수도 있다.
 It's possible to move between many of these perspectives, although we may need some additional tools and skills to zoom in on individual pieces of hair or zoom out to entire ecosystems. 비록 개별 머리카락을 확대하거나 전체 생태계로 축소하기 위해  가지 추가 도구와 기술이 필요할지도 모르지만, 이러한 많은 관점 사이를 이동하는 것은 가능하다.
 Crucially, however, we can only take up one perspective at a time. 그러나 결정적으로 우리는  번에 하나의 관점만취할  있다.
 We can pay attention to the varied behavior of individual animals, look at what unites them into a single species, or look at them as part of bigger ecological patterns. 우리는 개별 동물의 다양한 행동에 주의를 기울일 있고, 그들을 단일 종으로 통합하는 것을 살펴볼수도 있고,   생태학적 패턴의 일부로서 그들을살펴볼 수도 있다.
 Every possible perspective involves emphasizing certain aspects and ignoring others. 가능한 모든 관점은 특정 측면을 강조하고 다른 측면을 외면하는 것을 포함한다.

 

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 34: 플라톤은 이상적 '형상' 개념으로 현실을 설명함
 Plato's realism includes all aspects of experience but is most easily explained by considering the nature of mathematical and geometrical objects such as circles. 플라톤의 실재론은 경험의 모든 측면을 포함하지만, 원과 같은 수학적이고 기하학적인 대상의 특성을 고려함으로써 가장 쉽게 설명된다.
 He asked the question, what is a circle? 그는 '원이란 무엇인가'라는 질문을 했다.
 You might indicate a particular example carved into stone or drawn in the sand. 여러분은 돌에 새겨져 있거나 모래에 그려진 특정한 예를 가리킬  있다.
 However, Plato would point out that, if you looked closely enough, you would see that neither it, nor indeed any physical circle, was perfect. 그러나 플라톤은 여러분이 충분히 면밀히 관찰한다면, 여러분이  어느 것도, 진정 어떤 물리적인 원도 완벽하지 않다는 것을 알게  것이라고 지적할것이다.
 They all possessed flaws, and all were subject to change and decayed with time. 그것들 모두는 결함을 가지고 있었고, 모두 변화의영향을 받고 시간이 지남에 따라 쇠하였다.
 So how can we talk about perfect circles if we cannot actually see or touch them? 그렇다면, 우리가 완벽한 원을 실제로 보거나 만질 없다면, 그것에 대해 어떻게 이야기할  있을?
 Plato's extraordinary answer was that the world we see is a poor reflection of a deeper unseen reality of Forms, or universals, where perfect cats chase perfect mice in perfect circles around perfect rocks. 플라톤의 비범한 대답은 우리가 보는 세상이 완벽한 고양이가 완벽한 암석 주변에서 완벽한 원을 그리며 완벽한 쥐를 쫓는 '형상' 또는 '보편자'라는 깊은 보이지 않는 실재의 불충분한 반영물이라는것이다.
 Plato believed that the Forms or universals are the true reality that exists in an invisible but perfect world beyond our senses. 플라톤은 '형상' 또는 '보편자' 보이지 않지만 우리의 감각을 넘어선 완벽한 세계에 존재하는 진정한 실재라고 믿었다.

 

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 35: 데이터 확장이 정확성보다 유용성을 강화함
 In statistics, the law of large numbers describes a situation where having more data is better for making predictions. 통계학에서 대수의 법칙은  많은 데이터를 갖는것이 예측하는   좋은 상황을 설명한다.
 According to it, the more often an experiment is conducted, the closer the average of the results can be expected to match the true state of the world. 그것에 따르면 실험이  자주 수행될수록  결과의 평균이 세상의 실제 상태에  맞춰지는 것으로예상될  있다.
 For instance, on your first encounter with the game of roulette, you may have beginner's luck after betting on 7. 예를 들어 룰렛 게임을 처음 접했을  7 베팅한 여러분은 초보자의 운이 있을  있다.
 But the more often you repeat this bet, the closer the relative frequency of wins and losses is expected to approach the true chance of winning, meaning that your luck will at some point fade away. 하지만 당신이  베팅을  자주 반복할수록 승패의 상대적인 빈도가 진짜 승률에  가까워질 것으로 예상되는데 이는 당신의 운이 어느 순간 사라진다는 것을 의미한다.
 Similarly, car insurers collect large amounts of data to figure out the chances that drivers will cause accidents, depending on their age, region, or car brand. 마찬가지로 자동차 보험사는 운전자가 그들의 연령, 지역 또는 자동차 브랜드에 따라 사고를 일으킬확률을 파악하기 위해 많은 양의 데이터를 수집한다.
 Both casinos and insurance industries rely on the law of large numbers to balance individual losses. 카지노와 보험 산업 모두 개별 손실의 균형을 맞추기 위해 대수의 법칙에 의존한다.

 

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 36: 청소년기 감정 의사결정은 전두엽 미성숙과 연관됨
 The adolescent brain is not fully developed until its early twenties. 청소년기의 뇌는 20 초반까지는 완전히 발달하지 않는다.
 This means the way the adolescents' decision-making circuits integrate and process information may put them at a disadvantage. 이것은 청소년의 의사 결정 회로가 정보를 통합하고 처리하는 방식이 그들을 불리하게 만들  있음을 의미한다.
 One of their brain regions that matures later is the prefrontal cortex, which is the control center, tasked with thinking ahead and evaluating consequences. 나중에 성숙하는  영역  하나는 통제 센터인 전전두엽 피질이며, 그것은 미리 생각하고 결과를 평가하는 임무를 맡고 있다.
 It is the area of the brain responsible for preventing you from sending off an initial angry text and modifying it with kinder words. 그것은 당신이 초기의 화가  문자를 보내는 것을막고 그것을  친절한 단어로 수정하게 하는 역할을 하는 뇌의 영역이다.
 On the other hand, the limbic system matures earlier, playing a central role in processing emotional responses. 반면 대뇌변연계는  일찍 성숙하여 정서적 반응을 처리하는  중심적인 역할을 한다.
 Because of its earlier development, it is more likely to influence decision-making. 그것의  이른 발달로 인해 그것이 의사 결정에 영향을 미칠 가능성이  높다.
 Decision-making in the adolescent brain is led by emotional factors more than the perception of consequences. 청소년기의 뇌에서 의사 결정은 결과의 인식보다감정적인 요인에 의해 이끌어진다.
 Due to these differences, there is an imbalance between feeling-based decision-making ruled by the more mature limbic system and logical-based decision-making by the not-yet-mature prefrontal cortex. 이러한 차이점 때문에  성숙한 대뇌변연계에 의해 지배되는 감정 기반 의사 결정과 아직 성숙하지않은 전전두엽 피질  의한 논리 기반 의사 결정사이에는 불균형이 존재한다.
 This may explain why some teens are more likely to make bad decisions. 이것은  일부  대들이 그릇된 결정을 내릴 가능성이  높은지를 설명해   있다.

 

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 37: 얼굴 인식 기술의 정확성을 높이기 위한 연구 필요
 Despite the remarkable progress in deep-learning based facial recognition approaches in recent years, in terms of identification performance, they still have limitations. 최근   동안 딥러닝 기반의 얼굴 인식 접근법의눈에 띄는 발전에도 불구하고, 식별 성능 측면에서여전히 그것은 한계를 가지고 있다.
 These limitations relate to the database used in the learning stage. 이러한 한계는 학습 단계에서 사용되는 데이터베이스와 관련이 있다.
 If the selected database does not contain enough instances, the result may be systematically affected. 선택된 데이터베이스가 충분한 사례를 포함하지 않으면  결과가 시스템적으로 영향을 받을  있다.
 For example, the performance of a facial biometric system may decrease if the person to be identified was enrolled over 10 years ago. 예를 들어 식별될 사람이 10년도  전에 등록된경우 안면 생체 측정 시스템의 성능이 저하될  있다.
 The factor to consider is that this person may experience changes in the texture of the face, particularly with the appearance of wrinkles and sagging skin. 고려해야  요인은  사람이 특히 주름과 처진 피부가 나타나는 것을 동반한 얼굴의 질감 변화를 경험할  있다는 것이다.
 These changes may be highlighted by weight gain or loss. 이러한 변화는 체중 증가 또는 감소에 의해 두드러질  있다.
 To counteract this problem, researchers have developed models for face aging or digital de-aging.  문제에 대응하기 위해 연구자들은 얼굴 노화나디지털 노화 완화의 모델을 개발했다.
 It is used to compensate for the differences in facial characteristics, which appear over a given time period. 그것은 주어진 기간 동안 나타나는 얼굴 특성의 차이를 보완하는  사용된다.

 

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 38: 농작물 다양성 감소가 식량 체계 취약성을 증가시킴
 The decline in the diversity of our food is an entirely human-made process. 우리 음식의 다양성의 감소는 전적으로 인간이 만든 과정이다.
 The biggest loss of crop diversity came in the decades that followed the Second World War. 농작물 다양성의 가장  손실은 2 세계 대전이후 수십  동안 나타났다.
 In an attempt to save millions from extreme hunger, crop scientists found ways to produce grains such as rice and wheat on an enormous scale. 수백  명의 사람들을 극도의 배고픔에서 구하고자 하는 시도에서 작물 과학자들이 쌀과 밀과 같은곡물을 엄청난 규모로 생산하는 방법을 발견했다.
 And thousands of traditional varieties were replaced by a small number of new super-productive ones. 그리고   개의 전통적인 종들은 소수의 새로운()생산적인 종들로 대체되었다.
 The strategy worked spectacularly well, at least to begin with.  전략은 적어도 처음에는 굉장히  작동했다.
 Because of it, grain production tripled, and between 1970 and 2020 the human population more than doubled. 그것 때문에 곡물 생산량은  배가 되었고 1970년과 2020 사이에 인구는   이상 증가했다.
 Leaving the contribution of that strategy to one side, the danger of creating more uniform crops is that they are more at risk when it comes to disasters.  전략의 기여를 차치하고,  획일적인 작물을 만드는 것의 위험은 그것들이 재앙과 관련해   위험에 처한다는 것이다.
 Specifically, a global food system that depends on just a narrow selection of plants has a greater chance of not being able to survive diseases, pests and climate extremes. 특히 농작물의 좁은 선택에만 의존하는 세계적인식량 시스템은 질병, 해충  기후 위기로부터 생존하지 못할  높은 가능성을 가진다.

 

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 39: 쿠바 야구팀의 전통 유니폼 변경이  쇠퇴와 연관
 Between 1940 and 2000, Cuba ruled the world baseball scene. 1940년과 2000 사이에 쿠바는 세계 야구계를지배했다.
 They won 25 of the first 28 World Cups and 3 of 5 Olympic Games. 그들은  28회의 월드컵  25회와 5회의 올림픽게임  3회를 이겼다.
 The Cubans were known for wearing uniforms covered in red from head to toe, a strong contrast to the more conservative North American style featuring grey or white pants. 쿠바인들은 머리부터 발끝까지 빨간색으로 뒤덮인유니폼을 입는 것으로 알려져 있었는데, 이것은 회색이나 흰색 바지를 특징으로 하는  보수적인 북미 스타일과 강한 대조를 이룬다.
 Not only were their athletic talents superior, the Cubans appeared even stronger from just the colour of their uniforms. 쿠바인들의 운동 재능이 뛰어났을 뿐만 아니라 그들은 그들의 유니폼의 색깔만으로도 훨씬  강하게 보였다.
 A game would not even start and the opposing team would already be scared. 경기가 시작하지 않았는데도 상대 팀은 이미 겁에질리곤 했다.
 A few years ago, Cuba altered that uniform style, modernizing it and perhaps conforming to other countries' style; interestingly, the national team has declined since that time.    쿠바는 유니폼을 현대화하고 아마도 다른나라의 스타일에 맞추면서  유니폼 스타일을 바꿨다. 흥미롭게도 국가 대표 팀은  시기부터 쇠퇴해 왔다.
 The country that ruled international baseball for decades has not been on top since that uniform change. 수십  동안 국제 야구를 지배했던  나라는 유니폼 교체 이후로 정상에 오른 적이 없었다.
 Traditions are important for a team; while a team brand or image can adjust to keep up with present times, if it abandons or neglects its roots, negative effects can surface. 전통은 팀에게 중요하다.  브랜드나 이미지는 현시대를 따르기 위해 조정될  있지만 팀이 그들의뿌리를 버리거나 무시하면 부정적인 영향이 표면화될  있다.

 

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 40: 문화 전파는 유전적 전파보다 복잡한 요소 포함
 Many of the first models of cultural evolution drew noticeable connections between culture and genes by using concepts from theoretical population genetics and applying them to culture. 문화 진화의 많은 초기 모델들은 이론 집단 유전학의 개념을 사용함으로써 그리고 그것들을 문화에적용함으로써 문화와 유전자 사이의 주목할 만한접점을 이끌어 냈다.
 Cultural patterns of transmission, innovation, and selection are conceptually likened to genetic processes of transmission, mutation, and selection. 전파, 혁신, 선택의 문화적 방식은 전달, 돌연변이, 선택의 유전적 과정과 개념적으로 유사하다.
 However, these approaches had to be modified to account for the differences between genetic and cultural transmission. 그러나 이러한 접근법은 유전자의 전달과 문화 전파 사이의 차이점을 설명하기 위해 수정되어야만했다.
 For example, we do not expect the cultural transmission to follow the rules of genetic transmission strictly. 예를 들어, 우리는 문화 전파가 유전자 전달의 규칙을 엄격하게 따를 것이라고 예상하지 않는다.
 If two biological parents have different forms of a cultural trait, their child is not necessarily equally likely to acquire the mother's or father's form of that trait. 만약  명의 생물학적인 부모가 서로 다른 문화적인 특성의 형태를 가진다면, 그들의 자녀는 반드시엄마 혹은 아빠의  특성의 형태를 동일하게 획득하지 않을  있다.
 Further, a child can acquire cultural traits not only from its parents but also from nonparental adults and peers; thus, the frequency of a cultural trait in the population is relevant beyond just the probability that an individual's parents had that trait. 더욱이 아이는 문화적인 특성을 부모로부터 뿐만아니라 부모가 아닌 성인이나 또래로부터도 얻을 있다. 따라서 집단의 문화적인 특성의 빈도는 단지  개인의 부모가  특성을 가졌을 확률을 넘어서 유의미하다.
 -> Early cultural evolution models used the similarity between culture and genes but had to be revised since cultural transmission allows for more diverse factors than genetic transmission. -> 초기의 문화 진화 모델들은 문화와 유전자 사이의 유사성을 사용했지만, 문화 전파가 유전자의 전달보다  다양한 요인을 허용하기 때문에 수정되어야만 했다.

 

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 41~42: 협력적 행동이 그룹  시너지 효과를 생성
 A ball thrown into the air is acted upon by the initial force given it, persisting as inertia of movement and tending to carry it in the same straight line, and by the constant pull of gravity downward, as well as by the resistance of the air. 공중으로 던져진 공은 초기에 그것에 주어진 힘에의해 움직여지는데, 운동의 관성으로 지속하며 같은 직선으로 나아가려는 경향을 보이고, 공기의 저항뿐만 아니라 아래로 지속적으로 당기는 중력에의해서도 움직여진다.
 It moves, accordingly, in a curved path. 그에 맞춰 공은 곡선의 경로로 움직인다.
 Now the path does not represent the working of any particular force; there is simply the combination of the three elementary forces mentioned; but in a real sense, there is something in the total action besides the isolated action of three forces, namely, their joint action. 이제  경로는 어떤 특정한 힘의 작동을 나타내지는 않는다. 언급된  가지 기본적인 힘의 결합이존재할 뿐이다. 하지만 사실은  가지 힘의 고립된작용 외에 전체적인 작용에 무언가가 있다. 이름하여 그들의 공동 작용이다.
 In the same way, when two or more human individuals are together, their mutual relationships and their arrangement into a group are things which would not be revealed if we confined our attention to each individual separately. 같은 방식으로,   혹은  이상의 인간 개인이같이 있을  그들의 상호 관계와 그들의 집단으로의 배치는 만약 우리가 관심을 개별적으로 각각의개인에게 국한시킨다면 드러나지 않을 것들이다.
 The significance of group behavior is greatly increased in the case of human beings by the fact that some of the tendencies to action of the individual are related definitely to other persons, and could not be aroused except by other persons acting as stimuli. 개인 행동의 몇몇 경향은 명백하게 다른 사람들과관련이 있고 자극으로 작동하는 다른 사람들 없이는 유발되지 않을  있다는 사실로 인해 그룹 행동의 중요성이 인간의 경우 크게 증가된다.
 An individual in complete isolation would not reveal their competitive tendencies, their tendencies towards the opposite sex, their protective tendencies towards children. 완전한 고립 속의 개인은 그들의 경쟁적인 성향, 이성에 대한 그들의 성향, 아이에 대한 그들의 보호적성향을 드러내지 않을 것이다.
 This shows that the traits of human nature do not fully appear until the individual is brought into relationships with other individuals. 이것은 개인이 다른 개인과의 관계에 관여될 때까지는 인간 본성의 특성이 완전히 나타나지 않는다는 것을 보여 준다.

 

 

 

[1] 2023 11 – 43~45: 다툰 형제가 목수의 도움으로 화해와 관계 회복
 There once lived a man in a village who was not happy with his life. 옛날 어느 마을에 자신의 삶이 행복하지 않은  남자가 살았다.
 He was always troubled by one problem or another. 그는 항상 하나 혹은  다른 문제로 어려움을 겪었다.
 One day, a saint with his guards stopped by his village. 어느   성자가 그의 경호인들과 함께 그의 마을에 들렀다.
 Many people heard the news and started going to him with their problems. 많은 사람들이  소식을 듣고 그들의 문제를 가지고 그에게 가기 시작했다.
 The man also decided to visit the saint.  남자 역시 성자를 방문하기로 결정했다.
 Even after reaching the saint's place in the morning, he didn't get the opportunity to meet him till evening. 아침에 성자가 있는 곳에 도착하고  후에도 (a man) 저녁 때까지 그를 만날 기회를 얻지 못했다.
 When the man got to meet the saint, he confessed that he was very unhappy with life because problems always surrounded him, like workplace tension or worries about his health. 마침내 그가 성자를 만났을  (a man) 직장 긴장이나 건강에 대한 걱정과 같이 항상 문제가자기를 둘러싸고 있어서 삶이 매우 불행하다고 고백했다.
 He said, "Please give me a solution so that all the problems in my life will end and I can live peacefully." (a man) "나의 삶의 모든 문제가 끝나고 제가평화롭게   있도록 제발 해결책을 주세요."라고말했다.
 The saint smiled and said that he would answer the request the next day. 성자는 미소 지으면서 그가 다음   요청에 답해주겠다고 말했다.
 But the saint also asked if the man could do a small job for him. 그런데 성자는 또한  남자가 그를 위해 작은 일을   있는지 물었다.
 He told the man to take care of a hundred camels in his group that night, saying "When all hundred camels sit down, you can go to sleep." 성자는  남자에게 " 마리 낙타 모두가 자리에앉으면 당신은 자러 가도 좋습니다."라고 말하면서그날 밤에 그의 일행에 있는  마리 낙타를 돌봐달라고 말했다.
 The man agreed.  남자는 동의했다.
 The next morning when the saint met that man, he asked if the man had slept well. 다음  아침에 성자가  남자를 만났을  (a saint) 남자가 잠을  잤는지 물어보았다.
 Tired and sad, the man replied that he couldn't sleep even for a moment. 피곤해하고 슬퍼하면서 남자는 한순간도 잠을 자지못했다고 대답했다.
 In fact, the man tried very hard but couldn't make all the camels sit at the same time because every time he made one camel sit, another would stand up. 사실  남자는 아주 열심히 노력했지만 (a man) 낙타  마리를 앉힐 때마다 다른 낙타 마리가 일어섰기 때문에 모든 낙타를 동시에 앉게  없었다.
 The saint told him, "You realized that no matter how hard you try, you can't make all the camels sit down.  성자는 그에게 "당신이 아무리 열심히 노력하더라도 모든 낙타를 앉게 만들 수는 없다는 것을 깨달았습니다.
 If one problem is solved, for some reason, another will arise like the camels did. 만약  가지 문제가 해결되면 낙타가 그런 것처럼어떤 이유로  다른 문제가 일어날 것입니다.
 So, humans should enjoy life despite these problems." 그래서 인간은 이러한 문제에도 불구하고 삶을 즐겨야 합니다."라고 말했다.

 

 

 

 

 

안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다.

 

<2023년도 11월 고1 영어 모의고사(12월 시행) >의 한줄해석 자료 올립니다.
설명문/실용문을 제외한 모든 지문을 포함했습니다.

 

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ps.

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여러분의 작은 도움이 큰 힘이 됩니다! 

감사합니다~~

 

 

 

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전체 내용

[1] 2023 11 – 18: 패션 매장의 판매직 지원을 위한 경험과 자격 소개

 Dear Ms. MacAlpine,

 친애하는 MacAlpine씨께,

 I was so excited to hear that your brand is opening a new shop on Bruns Street next month.

 저는 당신의 브랜드가 다음 달에 Bruns 거리에  매장을 연다는 것을 듣고 매우 들떴습니다.

 I have always appreciated the way your brand helps women to feel more stylish and confident.

 저는 당신의 브랜드가 여성들이  멋지고 자신감 있게 느끼도록 도와주는 방식을 항상 높이 평가해 왔습니다.

 I am writing in response to your ad in the Bruns Journal.

 저는 Bruns Journal 있는 당신의 광고에 대한 응답으로 편지를 쓰고 있습니다.

 I graduated from the Meline School of Fashion and have worked as a sales assistant at LoganMart for the last five years.

 저는 Meline 패션 학교를 졸업했고 지난 5년간 LoganMart에서 판매 보조원으로 일해 왔습니다.

 During that time, I've developed strong customer service and sales skills, and now I would like to apply for the sales position in your clothing store.

  기간 동안 저는 뛰어난 고객 서비스  판매 기술을 발달시켜 왔고, 이제 당신의 의류 매장의 판매직에 지원하고 싶습니다.

 I am available for an interview at your earliest convenience.

 저는 당신이 편한 가장 빠른 시간에 인터뷰가 가능합니다.

 I look forward to hearing from you.

 당신으로부터 대답을 듣게 되기를 기대합니다.

 Thank you for reading my letter.

 저의 편지를 읽어 주셔서 감사드립니다.

 Yours sincerely, Grace Braddock

 Grace Braddock 드림

 

[1] 2023 11 – 19: 신혼여행  결혼 반지를 잃고 찾으려 했던 경험

 I had never seen a beach with such white sand or water that was such a beautiful shade of blue.

 나는 그렇게 하얀 모래나 그렇게 아름다운 푸른 색조의 바다를 가진 해변을  번도  적이 없었다.

 Jane and I set up a blanket on the sand while looking forward to our ten days of honeymooning on an exotic island.

 이국적인 섬에서의 열흘간의 신혼여행을 기대하면서 Jane 나는 모래 위에 담요를 깔았다.

 "Look!" Jane waved her hand to point at the beautiful scene before us ― and her gold wedding ring went flying off her hand.

 "저기  !" Jane 그녀의 손을 흔들어 우리 앞의 아름다운 풍경을 가리켰다. 그러자 그녀의 금으로  결혼반지가 그녀의 손에서 빠져 날아갔다.

 I tried to see where it went, but the sun hit my eyes and I lost track of it.

 나는 그것이 날아간 곳을 보려고 노력했지만, 햇빛이 눈에 들어와 그것의 가던 방향을 놓쳤다.

 I didn't want to lose her wedding ring, so I started looking in the area where I thought it had landed.

 나는 그녀의 결혼 반지를 잃어버리고 싶지 않아서 내가 생각하기에 그것이 떨어졌을 장소를 들여다보기 시작했다.

 However, the sand was so fine and I realized that anything heavy, like gold, would quickly sink and might never be found again.

 하지만 모래가 너무 고왔고 나는 금처럼 무거운 것은 빨리 가라앉아 다시는 발견되지 않을 수도 있겠다는 것을 깨달았다.

 

[1] 2023 11 – 20: 지속적인 자기 성장을 위해 의식적 노력이 필요함

 Unfortunately, many people don't take personal responsibility for their own growth.

 안타깝게도 많은 사람들이 그들 자신의 성장에 대해 개인적인 책임을 지지 않는다.

 Instead, they simply run the race laid out for them.

 대신, 그들은 단지 그들에게 놓인 경주를 한다.

 They do well enough in school to keep advancing.

 그들은 학교에서 계속 발전할 만큼 제법 잘한다.

 Maybe they manage to get a good job at a well-run company.

 아마도 그들은  운영되는 회사에서 좋은 일자리를 얻는 것을 해낸다.

 But so many think and act as if their learning journey ends with college.

 하지만 아주 많은 사람들이 마치 그들의 배움의 여정이 대학으로 끝나는 것처럼 생각하고 행동한다.

 They have checked all the boxes in the life that was laid out for them and now lack a road map describing the right ways to move forward and continue to grow.

 그들은 그들에게 놓인 삶의 모든 사항을 체크했고 이제는 앞으로 나아가고 계속 성장할  있는 올바른 방법을 설명해 주는 로드 맵이 없다.

 In truth, that's when the journey really begins.

 사실, 그때가 여정이 진정으로 시작되는 때이다.

 When school is finished, your growth becomes voluntary.

 학교 교육이 끝나면, 여러분의 성장은 자발적이게 된다.

 Like healthy eating habits or a regular exercise program, you need to commit to it and devote thought, time, and energy to it.

 건강한 식습관이나 규칙적인 운동 프로그램처럼 여러분은 그것에 전념하고 그것에 생각, 시간, 그리고 에너지를 쏟을 필요가 있다.

 Otherwise, it simply won't happen ― and your life and career are likely to stop progressing as a result.

 그렇지 않으면 그것은 그냥 일어나지 않을 것이고, 결과적으로 여러분의 삶과 경력이 진전을 멈출 가능성이 있다.

 

[1] 2023 11 – 21: 색은 객관적, 주관적 요소가 결합된 현상임

 Many people take the commonsense view that color is an objective property of things, or of the light that bounces off them.

 많은 사람들이 색은 사물 또는 사물로부터 튕겨 나오는 빛의 객관적인 속성이라는 상식적인 견해를 취한다.

 They say a tree's leaves are green because they reflect green light ― a greenness that is just as real as the leaves.

 그들은 나뭇잎이 녹색 (정확히 나뭇잎만큼 진짜인 녹색) 반사하기 때문에 녹색이라고 말한다.

 Others argue that color doesn't inhabit the physical world at all but exists only in the eye or mind of the viewer.

 다른 사람들은 색이 물리적인 세계에 전혀 존재하지 않고 보는 사람의 눈이나 정신 안에만 존재한다고 주장한다.

 They maintain that if a tree fell in a forest and no one was there to see it, its leaves would be colorless ― and so would everything else.

 그들은 만약 나무가 숲에서 쓰러지고 그것을  사람이 아무도 거기에 없다면, 그것의 잎은 색이 없을 것이고, 다른 모든 것들도 그럴 것이라고 주장한다.

 They say there is no such thing as color; there are only the people who see it.

 그들은  같은 '' 없고 그것을 보는 사람들만 있다고 말한다.

 Both positions are, in a way, correct.

  가지 입장 모두 어떤 면에서는 옳다.

 Color is objective and subjective ― "the place," as Paul Cezanne put it, "where our brain and the universe meet."

 색은 객관적이고 '동시에' 주관적이며, Paul Cezanne 말했듯이 '우리의 뇌와 우주가 만나는 '이다.

 Color is created when light from the world is registered by the eyes and interpreted by the brain.

 색은 세상으로부터의 빛이 눈에 의해 등록되고 뇌에 의해 해석될  만들어진다.

 

[1] 2023 11 – 22: 소설 집필  과도한 세부정보보다 핵심 경험이 중요

 When writing a novel, research for information needs to be done.

 소설을   정보를 위한 조사가 행해질 필요가 있다.

 The thing is that some kinds of fiction demand a higher level of detail: crime fiction, for example, or scientific thrillers.

 문제는 예를 들어 범죄 소설이나 과학 스릴러와 같은 어떤 종류의 소설은  높은 수준의 세부 사항을 요구한다는 것이다.

 The information is never hard to find; one website for authors even organizes trips to police stations, so that crime writers can get it right.

 정보는 찾기에 결코 어렵지 않다. 작가들을 위한  웹사이트는 범죄물 작가들이 정보를 제대로 얻을  있도록 심지어 경찰서로의 탐방을 조직하기도 한다.

 Often, a polite letter will earn you permission to visit a particular location and record all the details that you need.

 종종 정중한 편지는 여러분에게 특정한 장소를 방문하고 필요한 모든 세부 사항을 기록할  있는 허가를 얻어  것이다.

 But remember that you will drive your readers to boredom if you think that you need to pack everything you discover into your work.

 하지만 만약 여러분이 발견한 모든 것을 작품에 담아야 한다고 생각할 경우 여러분은 독자들을 지루하게 만들 것이라는 것을 기억하라.

 The details that matter are those that reveal the human experience.

 중요한 세부 사항은 인간의 경험을 드러내는 것이다.

 The crucial thing is telling a story, finding the characters, the tension, and the conflict ― not the train timetable or the building blueprint.

 중요한 것은 기차 시간표나 건물 청사진이 아니라 인물, 긴장, 그리고 갈등을 찾아가며 이야기를 말하는 것이다.

 

[1] 2023 11 – 23: 구강 건강은 신체 건강과 밀접히 연관됨

 Nearly everything has to go through your mouth to get to the rest of you, from food and air to bacteria and viruses.

 음식과 공기에서부터 박테리아와 바이러스까지 거의 모든 것이 여러분의 나머지 부분에 도달하기 위해 여러분의 입을 거쳐야 한다.

 A healthy mouth can help your body get what it needs and prevent it from harm ― with adequate space for air to travel to your lungs, and healthy teeth and gums that prevent harmful microorganisms from entering your bloodstream.

 건강한 입은 공기가 폐로 이동할  있는 적당한 공간, 그리고 해로운 미생물이 혈류로 들어가는 것을 막는 건강한 치아와 잇몸으로 여러분의 몸이 필요한 것을 얻고, 피해로부터 몸을 지키도록 도와줄  있다.

 From the moment you are created, oral health affects every aspect of your life.

 여러분이 생겨난 순간부터 구강 건강은 여러분의 삶의 모든 측면에 영향을 미친다.

 What happens in the mouth is usually just the tip of the iceberg and a reflection of what is happening in other parts of the body.

 입안에서 일어나는 일은 대개 빙산의 일각일 뿐이며 신체의 다른 부분에서 일어나고 있는 일의 반영이다.

 Poor oral health can be a cause of a disease that affects the entire body.

 나쁜 구강 건강은 전체 몸에 영향을 끼치는 질병의 원인일  있다.

 The microorganisms in an unhealthy mouth can enter the bloodstream and travel anywhere in the body, posing serious health risks.

 건강하지 않은 입안의 미생물은 혈류로 들어가고 신체의 어느 곳이든 이동하여 심각한 건강상의 위험을 초래할  있다.

 

[1] 2023 11 – 24: 신경계는 변화에 민감하고 반복에는 쉽게 지루함

 Kids tire of their toys, college students get sick of cafeteria food, and sooner or later most of us lose interest in our favorite TV shows.

 아이들은 자기들의 장난감에 지루해하고, 대학생들은 카페테리아 음식에 싫증을 내고, 머지않아 우리  대부분은 우리가 가장 좋아하는 TV쇼에 흥미를 잃는다.

 The bottom line is that we humans are easily bored.

 요점은 우리 인간이 쉽게 지루해한다는 것이다.

 But why should this be true?

 그런데  이것이 사실이어야 할까?

 The answer lies buried deep in our nerve cells, which are designed to reduce their initial excited response to stimuli each time they occur.

 답은 자극이 일어날 때마다 그것에 대한 초기의 흥분된 반응을 약화하도록 설계된 우리의 신경 세포 내에 깊이 숨어 있다.

 At the same time, these neurons enhance their responses to things that change ― especially things that change quickly.

 동시에  뉴런들은 변화하는 것들, 특히 빠르게 변화하는 것들에 대한 반응을 강화한다.

 We probably evolved this way because our ancestors got more survival value, for example, from attending to what was moving in a tree (such as a puma) than to the tree itself.

 예를 들면 우리는 아마도 우리의 조상이 나무  자체보다 (퓨마처럼) 나무에서 움직이는 것에 주의를 기울이는 것으로부터  많은 생존 가치를 얻었기 때문에 이런 방식으로 진화했을 것이다.

 Boredom in reaction to an unchanging environment turns down the level of neural excitation so that new stimuli (like our ancestor's hypothetical puma threat) stand out more.

 변하지 않는 환경에 대한 반응으로의 지루함은 신경 흥분의 수준을 낮춰 (우리 조상이 가정한 퓨마의 위협과 같은) 새로운 자극이  두드러지게 한다.

 It's the neural equivalent of turning off a front door light to see the fireflies.

 이것은 반딧불이를 보기 위해 앞문의 불을 끄는 것의 신경적 대응물이다.

 

[1] 2023 11 – 25: 2018~2022 청정 에너지 투자 증가 분석

 The above graph shows global energy investment in clean energy and in fossil fuels between 2018 and 2022.

 위의 그래프는 2018년과 2022 사이에 청정에너지와 화석 연료에 대한  세계 에너지 투자액을 보여 준다.

 Since 2018 global energy investment in clean energy continued to rise, reaching its highest level in 2022.

 2018 이후로 청정에너지에 대한  세계 투자액은 계속해서 상승했으며, 2022년에 가장 높은 수준에 도달했다.

 The investment gap between clean energy and fossil fuels in 2020 was larger than that in 2019.

 2020년의 청정에너지와 화석 연료 사이 투자액 격차는 2019년의 그것보다 컸다.

 Investment in fossil fuels was highest in 2018 and lowest in 2020.

 화석 연료에 대한 투자액은 2018년에 가장 높았고 2020년에 가장 낮았다.

 In 2021, investment in clean energy exceeded 1,200 billion dollars, while investment in fossil fuels did not.

 2021년에는 청정에너지에 대한 투자액이 1 2000 달러를 넘은 반면, 화석 연료에 대한 투자액은 그러지 않았다.

 In 2022, the global investment in clean energy was more than double that of fossil fuels.

 2022년에는 청정에너지에 대한  세계 투자액이 화석 연료의 그것의   이상이었다.

 

[1] 2023 11 – 26: Frederick Douglass 노예제 폐지와 평등 활동

 Frederick Douglass was born into slavery at a farm in Maryland.

 Frederick Douglass Maryland  농장에서 노예로 태어났다.

 His full name at birth was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey.

 태어났을  그의 성명은 Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey였다.

 He changed his name to Frederick Douglass after he successfully escaped from slavery in 1838.

 그는 1838년에 노예 상태에서 성공적으로 탈출한  자신의 이름을 Frederick Douglass 바꿨다.

 He became a leader of the Underground Railroad ― a network of people, places, and routes that helped enslaved people escape to the north.

 그는 노예가  사람들을 북쪽으로 탈출하도록 돕는 사람, 장소, 경로의 조직인 Underground Railroad 리더가 되었다.

 He assisted other runaway slaves until they could safely get to other areas in the north.

 그는 다른 도망친 노예들이 북쪽의 다른 지역에 안전하게 도착할  있을 때까지 그들을 도왔다.

 As a slave, he had taught himself to read and write and he spread that knowledge to other slaves as well.

 노예로서 그는 읽고 쓰는 것을 독학했고,  지식을 다른 노예들에게도 전파했다.

 Once free, he became a well-known abolitionist and strong believer in equality for all people including Blacks, Native Americans, women, and recent immigrants.

 자유로워지고   그는 유명한 노예제 폐지론자이자 흑인, 아메리카 원주민, 여성, 그리고 최근 이민자들을 포함한 모든 사람들을 위한 평등에 대한 강한 신봉자가 되었다.

 He wrote several autobiographies describing his experiences as a slave.

 그는 노예로서의 자신의 경험을 묘사한  권의 자서전을 썼다.

 In addition to all this, he became the first African-American candidate for vice president of the United States.

  모든 것에 더하여 그는 미국의  아프리카계 미국인 부통령 후보가 되었다.

 

[1] 2023 11 – 29: 뇌사 진단 기준의 엄격함이 신뢰와 의혹 모두 유발 가능

 Some countries have proposed tougher guidelines for determining brain death when transplantation ― transferring organs to others ― is under consideration.

 일부 국가는 장기 이식,  다른 사람에게 장기를 전달하는 것을 고려 중일  뇌사를 결정하는 것에 대한  엄격한 지침을 제안했다.

 In several European countries, there are legal requirements which specify that a whole team of doctors must agree over the diagnosis of death in the case of a potential donor.

 몇몇 유럽 국가에는 잠재적 기증자의 경우 의사  전체가 사망 진단에 동의해야 한다고 명시하는 법적 요건들이 있다.

 The reason for these strict regulations for diagnosing brain death in potential organ donors is, no doubt, to ease public fears of a premature diagnosis of brain death for the purpose of obtaining organs.

 잠재적인 장기 기증자의 뇌사 진단에 대한 이러한 엄격한 규정들의 이유는 의심할  없이 장기 확보를 위한 너무 이른 뇌사 진단에 대한 대중의 두려움을 완화하기 위한 것이다.

 But it is questionable whether these requirements reduce public suspicions as much as they create them.

 하지만 이러한 요건들이 대중의 의심을 만들어 내는 만큼 그것을 줄여 주는지는 의문이다.

 They certainly maintain mistaken beliefs that diagnosing brain death is an unreliable process lacking precision.

 그것들은 뇌사 진단이 정확성이 결여된 신뢰하기 어려운 과정이라는 잘못된 믿음을 확실히 유지시킨다.

 As a matter of consistency, at least, criteria for diagnosing the deaths of organ donors should be exactly the same as for those for whom immediate burial or cremation is intended.

 적어도 일관성의 이유로 장기 기증자의 사망 진단 기준은 즉각적인 매장 또는 화장이 예정된 사람들에 대한 그것과 정확히 동일해야 한다.

 

[1] 2023 11 – 30: 미니멀리즘은 불필요한 물건 제거로 삶의 명료함 제공

 The term minimalism gives a negative impression to some people who think that it is all about sacrificing valuable possessions.

 미니멀리즘이라는 용어는 그것을 소중한 소유물을 희생하는 것에 관한 것으로만 생각하는 일부 사람들에게 부정적인 인상을 준다.

 This insecurity naturally stems from their attachment to their possessions.

 이러한 불안은 자신의 소유물에 대한 애착에서 자연스럽게 비롯된다.

 It is difficult to distance oneself from something that has been around for quite some time.

  오랫동안 곁에 있어 왔던 것으로부터 자신을 멀리 두는 것은 어렵다.

 Being an emotional animal, human beings give meaning to the things around them.

 감정의 동물이기 때문에, 인간은 그들의 곁에 있는 물건에 의미를 부여한다.

 So, the question arising here is that if minimalism will hurt one's emotions, why become a minimalist?

 그래서 여기서 생기는 질문은 미니멀리즘이 사람의 감정을 상하게 한다면  미니멀리스트가 되느냐는 것이다.

 The answer is very simple; the assumption of the question is fundamentally wrong.

 대답은 매우 간단하다.  질문의 가정은 근본적으로 틀리다.

 Minimalism does not hurt emotions.

 미니멀리즘은 감정을 상하게 하지 않는다.

 You might feel a bit sad while getting rid of a useless item but sooner than later, this feeling will be overcome by the joy of clarity.

 여러분은 쓸모 없는 물건을 치우면서 조금 슬퍼할 수도 있지만 머지않아  느낌은 명료함의 기쁨으로 극복될 것이다.

 Minimalists never argue that you should leave every convenience of the modern era.

 미니멀리스트는 여러분이 현대의 모든 편의를 버려야 한다고 주장하지 않는다.

 They are of the view that you only need to eliminate stuff that is unused or not going to be used in the near future.

 그들은 여러분이 사용되지 않거나 가까운 미래에 사용되지 않을 물건을 없애기만 하면 된다는 견해를 가지고 있다.

 

[1] 2023 11 – 31: 시각적 적응으로 새로운 환경에도 빠르게 적응 가능

 A remarkable characteristic of the visual system is that it has the ability of adapting itself.

 시각 체계의 두드러진 특징은 스스로 적응하는 능력이 있다는 것이다.

 Psychologist George M. Stratton made this clear in an impressive self-experiment.

 심리학자 George M. Stratton 인상적인 자가 실험에서 이것을 분명히 했다.

 Stratton wore reversing glasses for several days, which literally turned the world upside down for him.

 Stratton 며칠 동안 반전 안경을 착용했는데  안경은  그대로 그에게 세상을 뒤집어 놓았다.

 In the beginning, this caused him great difficulties: just putting food in his mouth with a fork was a challenge for him.

 처음에 이것은 그에게  어려움을 초래하였다. 포크로 음식을 입에 넣는 것조차 그에게는 도전이었다.

 With time, however, his visual system adjusted to the new stimuli from reality, and he was able to act normally in his environment again, even seeing it upright when he concentrated.

 그러나 시간이 지나면서 그의 시각 체계는 현실의 새로운 자극에 적응했고, 그가 집중했을 때는 심지어 똑바로 보면서, 다시 자신의 환경에서 정상적으로 행동할  있었다.

 As he took off his reversing glasses, he was again confronted with problems: he used the wrong hand when he wanted to reach for something, for example.

 반전 안경을 벗었을  그는 다시 문제에 직면했다. 예를 들어 그가 무언가를 잡기를 원할  그는 반대 손을 사용했다.

 Fortunately, Stratton could reverse the perception, and he did not have to wear reversing glasses for the rest of his life.

 다행히 Stratton 지각을 뒤집을  있었고 평생 반전 안경을 착용하지 않아도 되었다.

 For him, everything returned to normal after one day.

 그에게 하루 만에 모든 것이 정상으로 돌아왔다.

 

[1] 2023 11 – 32: 인터넷 사용이 지식 과대평가를 유발할  있음

 Participants in a study were asked to answer questions like "Why does the moon have phases?"

  연구의 참가자들이 '달은  상을 가지고 있을까' 같은 질문들에 답하도록 요청받았다.

 Half the participants were told to search for the answers on the internet, while the other half weren't allowed to do so.

 참가자의 절반은 인터넷에서 답을 검색하라는 말을 들었고 나머지 절반은 그렇게 하도록 허용되지 않았다.

 Then, in the second part of the study, all of the participants were presented with a new set of questions, such as "Why does Swiss cheese have holes?"

  다음, 연구의  번째 단계에서 모든 참가자는 '스위스 치즈에는  구멍이 있을까' 같은 일련의 새로운 질문들을 제시받았다.

 These questions were unrelated to the ones asked during the first part of the study, so participants who used the internet had absolutely no advantage over those who hadn't.

  질문들은 연구의  번째 단계에서 질문받았던 것들과는 관련이 없어서 인터넷을 사용한 참가자들은 그러지 않은 참가자들 보다 이점이 전혀 없었다.

 You would think that both sets of participants would be equally sure or unsure about how well they could answer the new questions.

 여러분은  집단의 참가자들이 새로운 질문들에 얼마나  대답할  있을 지에 대해 동일한 정도로 확신하거나 확신하지 못할 것으로 생각할 것이다.

 But those who used the internet in the first part of the study rated themselves as more knowledgeable than those who hadn't, even about questions they hadn't searched online for.

 그러나 연구의  번째 단계에서 인터넷을 사용했던 참가자들은 자신이 온라인에서 검색하지 않았던 질문들에 대해서조차 그러지 않았던 참가자들보다 스스로가  많이 알고 있다고 평가했다.

 The study suggests that having access to unrelated information was enough to pump up their intellectual confidence.

  연구는 관련 없는 정보에 접근하는 것이 그들의 지적 자신감을 부풀리기에 충분했다는 것을 시사한다.

 

[1] 2023 11 – 33: 관점 변화로 세계 이해 방식을 다각화할  있음

 Anthropologist Gregory Bateson suggests that we tend to understand the world by focusing in on particular features within it.

 인류학자 Gregory Bateson 우리가 세상 안의 특정한 특징에 초점을 맞춤으로써 세상을 이해하는 경향이 있다고 제안한다.

 Take platypuses. We might zoom in so closely to their fur that each hair appears different.

 오리너구리를 예로 들어 보자. 우리가 그들의 털을 매우 가까이 확대하면  가닥이 다르게 보인다.

 We might also zoom out to the extent where it appears as a single, uniform object.

 우리는 또한 그것이 하나의 동일한 개체로 보이는 정도까지 축소할 수도 있다.

 We might take the platypus as an individual, or we might treat it as part of a larger unit such as a species or an ecosystem.

 우리는 오리너구리를 개체로 취급할 수도 있고  또는 생태계와 같이   단위의 일부로 취급할 수도 있다.

 It's possible to move between many of these perspectives, although we may need some additional tools and skills to zoom in on individual pieces of hair or zoom out to entire ecosystems.

 비록 개별 머리카락을 확대하거나 전체 생태계로 축소하기 위해  가지 추가 도구와 기술이 필요할지도 모르지만, 이러한 많은 관점 사이를 이동하는 것은 가능하다.

 Crucially, however, we can only take up one perspective at a time.

 그러나 결정적으로 우리는  번에 하나의 관점만 취할  있다.

 We can pay attention to the varied behavior of individual animals, look at what unites them into a single species, or look at them as part of bigger ecological patterns.

 우리는 개별 동물의 다양한 행동에 주의를 기울일  있고, 그들을 단일 종으로 통합하는 것을 살펴볼 수도 있고,   생태학적 패턴의 일부로서 그들을 살펴볼 수도 있다.

 Every possible perspective involves emphasizing certain aspects and ignoring others.

 가능한 모든 관점은 특정 측면을 강조하고 다른 측면을 외면하는 것을 포함한다.

 

[1] 2023 11 – 34: 플라톤은 이상적 '형상' 개념으로 현실을 설명함

 Plato's realism includes all aspects of experience but is most easily explained by considering the nature of mathematical and geometrical objects such as circles.

 플라톤의 실재론은 경험의 모든 측면을 포함하지만, 원과 같은 수학적이고 기하학적인 대상의 특성을 고려함으로써 가장 쉽게 설명된다.

 He asked the question, what is a circle?

 그는 '원이란 무엇인가'라는 질문을 했다.

 You might indicate a particular example carved into stone or drawn in the sand.

 여러분은 돌에 새겨져 있거나 모래에 그려진 특정한 예를 가리킬  있다.

 However, Plato would point out that, if you looked closely enough, you would see that neither it, nor indeed any physical circle, was perfect.

 그러나 플라톤은 여러분이 충분히 면밀히 관찰한다면, 여러분이  어느 것도, 진정 어떤 물리적인 원도 완벽하지 않다는 것을 알게  것이라고 지적할 것이다.

 They all possessed flaws, and all were subject to change and decayed with time.

 그것들 모두는 결함을 가지고 있었고, 모두 변화의 영향을 받고 시간이 지남에 따라 쇠하였다.

 So how can we talk about perfect circles if we cannot actually see or touch them?

 그렇다면, 우리가 완벽한 원을 실제로 보거나 만질  없다면, 그것에 대해 어떻게 이야기할  있을 ?

 Plato's extraordinary answer was that the world we see is a poor reflection of a deeper unseen reality of Forms, or universals, where perfect cats chase perfect mice in perfect circles around perfect rocks.

 플라톤의 비범한 대답은 우리가 보는 세상이 완벽한 고양이가 완벽한 암석 주변에서 완벽한 원을 그리며 완벽한 쥐를 쫓는 '형상' 또는 '보편자'라는  깊은 보이지 않는 실재의 불충분한 반영물이라는 것이다.

 Plato believed that the Forms or universals are the true reality that exists in an invisible but perfect world beyond our senses.

 플라톤은 '형상' 또는 '보편자' 보이지 않지만 우리의 감각을 넘어선 완벽한 세계에 존재하는 진정한 실재라고 믿었다.

 

[1] 2023 11 – 35: 데이터 확장이 정확성보다 유용성을 강화함

 In statistics, the law of large numbers describes a situation where having more data is better for making predictions.

 통계학에서 대수의 법칙은  많은 데이터를 갖는 것이 예측하는   좋은 상황을 설명한다.

 According to it, the more often an experiment is conducted, the closer the average of the results can be expected to match the true state of the world.

 그것에 따르면 실험이  자주 수행될수록  결과의 평균이 세상의 실제 상태에  맞춰지는 것으로 예상될  있다.

 For instance, on your first encounter with the game of roulette, you may have beginner's luck after betting on 7.

 예를 들어 룰렛 게임을 처음 접했을  7 베팅한  여러분은 초보자의 운이 있을  있다.

 But the more often you repeat this bet, the closer the relative frequency of wins and losses is expected to approach the true chance of winning, meaning that your luck will at some point fade away.

 하지만 당신이  베팅을  자주 반복할수록 승패의 상대적인 빈도가 진짜 승률에  가까워질 것으로 예상되는데 이는 당신의 운이 어느 순간 사라진다는 것을 의미한다.

 Similarly, car insurers collect large amounts of data to figure out the chances that drivers will cause accidents, depending on their age, region, or car brand.

 마찬가지로 자동차 보험사는 운전자가 그들의 연령, 지역 또는 자동차 브랜드에 따라 사고를 일으킬 확률을 파악하기 위해 많은 양의 데이터를 수집한다.

 Both casinos and insurance industries rely on the law of large numbers to balance individual losses.

 카지노와 보험 산업 모두 개별 손실의 균형을 맞추기 위해 대수의 법칙에 의존한다.

 

[1] 2023 11 – 36: 청소년기 감정 의사결정은 전두엽 미성숙과 연관됨

 The adolescent brain is not fully developed until its early twenties.

 청소년기의 뇌는 20 초반까지는 완전히 발달하지 않는다.

 This means the way the adolescents' decision-making circuits integrate and process information may put them at a disadvantage.

 이것은 청소년의 의사 결정 회로가 정보를 통합하고 처리하는 방식이 그들을 불리하게 만들  있음을 의미한다.

 One of their brain regions that matures later is the prefrontal cortex, which is the control center, tasked with thinking ahead and evaluating consequences.

 나중에 성숙하는  영역  하나는 통제 센터인 전전두엽 피질이며, 그것은 미리 생각하고 결과를 평가하는 임무를 맡고 있다.

 It is the area of the brain responsible for preventing you from sending off an initial angry text and modifying it with kinder words.

 그것은 당신이 초기의 화가  문자를 보내는 것을 막고 그것을  친절한 단어로 수정하게 하는 역할을 하는 뇌의 영역이다.

 On the other hand, the limbic system matures earlier, playing a central role in processing emotional responses.

 반면 대뇌변연계는  일찍 성숙하여 정서적 반응을 처리하는  중심적인 역할을 한다.

 Because of its earlier development, it is more likely to influence decision-making.

 그것의  이른 발달로 인해 그것이 의사 결정에 영향을 미칠 가능성이  높다.

 Decision-making in the adolescent brain is led by emotional factors more than the perception of consequences.

 청소년기의 뇌에서 의사 결정은 결과의 인식보다 감정적인 요인에 의해 이끌어진다.

 Due to these differences, there is an imbalance between feeling-based decision-making ruled by the more mature limbic system and logical-based decision-making by the not-yet-mature prefrontal cortex.

 이러한 차이점 때문에  성숙한 대뇌변연계에 의해 지배되는 감정 기반 의사 결정과 아직 성숙하지 않은 전전두엽 피질  의한 논리 기반 의사 결정 사이에는 불균형이 존재한다.

 This may explain why some teens are more likely to make bad decisions.

 이것은  일부  대들이 그릇된 결정을 내릴 가능성이  높은지를 설명해   있다.

 

[1] 2023 11 – 37: 얼굴 인식 기술의 정확성을 높이기 위한 연구 필요

 Despite the remarkable progress in deep-learning based facial recognition approaches in recent years, in terms of identification performance, they still have limitations.

 최근   동안 딥러닝 기반의 얼굴 인식 접근법의 눈에 띄는 발전에도 불구하고, 식별 성능 측면에서 여전히 그것은 한계를 가지고 있다.

 These limitations relate to the database used in the learning stage.

 이러한 한계는 학습 단계에서 사용되는 데이터베이스와 관련이 있다.

 If the selected database does not contain enough instances, the result may be systematically affected.

 선택된 데이터베이스가 충분한 사례를 포함하지 않으면  결과가 시스템적으로 영향을 받을  있다.

 For example, the performance of a facial biometric system may decrease if the person to be identified was enrolled over 10 years ago.

 예를 들어 식별될 사람이 10년도  전에 등록된 경우 안면 생체 측정 시스템의 성능이 저하될  있다.

 The factor to consider is that this person may experience changes in the texture of the face, particularly with the appearance of wrinkles and sagging skin.

 고려해야  요인은  사람이 특히 주름과 처진 피부가 나타나는 것을 동반한 얼굴의 질감 변화를 경험할  있다는 것이다.

 These changes may be highlighted by weight gain or loss.

 이러한 변화는 체중 증가 또는 감소에 의해 두드러질  있다.

 To counteract this problem, researchers have developed models for face aging or digital de-aging.

  문제에 대응하기 위해 연구자들은 얼굴 노화나 디지털 노화 완화의 모델을 개발했다.

 It is used to compensate for the differences in facial characteristics, which appear over a given time period.

 그것은 주어진 기간 동안 나타나는 얼굴 특성의 차이를 보완하는  사용된다.

 

[1] 2023 11 – 38: 농작물 다양성 감소가 식량 체계 취약성을 증가시킴

 The decline in the diversity of our food is an entirely human-made process.

 우리 음식의 다양성의 감소는 전적으로 인간이 만든 과정이다.

 The biggest loss of crop diversity came in the decades that followed the Second World War.

 농작물 다양성의 가장  손실은 2 세계 대전 이후 수십  동안 나타났다.

 In an attempt to save millions from extreme hunger, crop scientists found ways to produce grains such as rice and wheat on an enormous scale.

 수백  명의 사람들을 극도의 배고픔에서 구하고자 하는 시도에서 작물 과학자들이 쌀과 밀과 같은 곡물을 엄청난 규모로 생산하는 방법을 발견했다.

 And thousands of traditional varieties were replaced by a small number of new super-productive ones.

 그리고   개의 전통적인 종들은 소수의 새로운 ()생산적인 종들로 대체되었다.

 The strategy worked spectacularly well, at least to begin with.

  전략은 적어도 처음에는 굉장히  작동했다.

 Because of it, grain production tripled, and between 1970 and 2020 the human population more than doubled.

 그것 때문에 곡물 생산량은  배가 되었고 1970년과 2020 사이에 인구는   이상 증가했다.

 Leaving the contribution of that strategy to one side, the danger of creating more uniform crops is that they are more at risk when it comes to disasters.

  전략의 기여를 차치하고,  획일적인 작물을 만드는 것의 위험은 그것들이 재앙과 관련해   위험에 처한다는 것이다.

 Specifically, a global food system that depends on just a narrow selection of plants has a greater chance of not being able to survive diseases, pests and climate extremes.

 특히 농작물의 좁은 선택에만 의존하는 세계적인 식량 시스템은 질병, 해충  기후 위기로부터 생존하지 못할  높은 가능성을 가진다.

 

[1] 2023 11 – 39: 쿠바 야구팀의 전통 유니폼 변경이  쇠퇴와 연관

 Between 1940 and 2000, Cuba ruled the world baseball scene.

 1940년과 2000 사이에 쿠바는 세계 야구계를 지배했다.

 They won 25 of the first 28 World Cups and 3 of 5 Olympic Games.

 그들은  28회의 월드컵  25회와 5회의 올림픽 게임  3회를 이겼다.

 The Cubans were known for wearing uniforms covered in red from head to toe, a strong contrast to the more conservative North American style featuring grey or white pants.

 쿠바인들은 머리부터 발끝까지 빨간색으로 뒤덮인 유니폼을 입는 것으로 알려져 있었는데, 이것은 회색이나 흰색 바지를 특징으로 하는  보수적인 북미 스타일과 강한 대조를 이룬다.

 Not only were their athletic talents superior, the Cubans appeared even stronger from just the colour of their uniforms.

 쿠바인들의 운동 재능이 뛰어났을 뿐만 아니라 그들은 그들의 유니폼의 색깔만으로도 훨씬  강하게 보였다.

 A game would not even start and the opposing team would already be scared.

 경기가 시작하지 않았는데도 상대 팀은 이미 겁에 질리곤 했다.

 A few years ago, Cuba altered that uniform style, modernizing it and perhaps conforming to other countries' style; interestingly, the national team has declined since that time.

    쿠바는 유니폼을 현대화하고 아마도 다른 나라의 스타일에 맞추면서  유니폼 스타일을 바꿨다. 흥미롭게도 국가 대표 팀은  시기부터 쇠퇴해 왔다.

 The country that ruled international baseball for decades has not been on top since that uniform change.

 수십  동안 국제 야구를 지배했던  나라는  유니폼 교체 이후로 정상에 오른 적이 없었다.

 Traditions are important for a team; while a team brand or image can adjust to keep up with present times, if it abandons or neglects its roots, negative effects can surface.

 전통은 팀에게 중요하다.  브랜드나 이미지는 현시대를 따르기 위해 조정될  있지만 팀이 그들의 뿌리를 버리거나 무시하면 부정적인 영향이 표면화될  있다.

 

[1] 2023 11 – 40: 문화 전파는 유전적 전파보다 복잡한 요소 포함

 Many of the first models of cultural evolution drew noticeable connections between culture and genes by using concepts from theoretical population genetics and applying them to culture.

 문화 진화의 많은 초기 모델들은 이론 집단 유전학의 개념을 사용함으로써 그리고 그것들을 문화에 적용함으로써 문화와 유전자 사이의 주목할 만한 접점을 이끌어 냈다.

 Cultural patterns of transmission, innovation, and selection are conceptually likened to genetic processes of transmission, mutation, and selection.

 전파, 혁신, 선택의 문화적 방식은 전달, 돌연변이, 선택의 유전적 과정과 개념적으로 유사하다.

 However, these approaches had to be modified to account for the differences between genetic and cultural transmission.

 그러나 이러한 접근법은 유전자의 전달과 문화 전파 사이의 차이점을 설명하기 위해 수정되어야만 했다.

 For example, we do not expect the cultural transmission to follow the rules of genetic transmission strictly.

 예를 들어, 우리는 문화 전파가 유전자 전달의 규칙을 엄격하게 따를 것이라고 예상하지 않는다.

 If two biological parents have different forms of a cultural trait, their child is not necessarily equally likely to acquire the mother's or father's form of that trait.

 만약  명의 생물학적인 부모가 서로 다른 문화적인 특성의 형태를 가진다면, 그들의 자녀는 반드시 엄마 혹은 아빠의  특성의 형태를 동일하게 획득하지 않을  있다.

 Further, a child can acquire cultural traits not only from its parents but also from nonparental adults and peers; thus, the frequency of a cultural trait in the population is relevant beyond just the probability that an individual's parents had that trait.

 더욱이 아이는 문화적인 특성을 부모로부터 뿐만 아니라 부모가 아닌 성인이나 또래로부터도 얻을  있다. 따라서 집단의 문화적인 특성의 빈도는 단지  개인의 부모가  특성을 가졌을 확률을 넘어서 유의미하다.

 -> Early cultural evolution models used the similarity between culture and genes but had to be revised since cultural transmission allows for more diverse factors than genetic transmission.

 -> 초기의 문화 진화 모델들은 문화와 유전자 사이의 유사성을 사용했지만, 문화 전파가 유전자의 전달보다  다양한 요인을 허용하기 때문에 수정되어야만 했다.

 

[1] 2023 11 – 41~42: 협력적 행동이 그룹  시너지 효과를 생성

 A ball thrown into the air is acted upon by the initial force given it, persisting as inertia of movement and tending to carry it in the same straight line, and by the constant pull of gravity downward, as well as by the resistance of the air.

 공중으로 던져진 공은 초기에 그것에 주어진 힘에 의해 움직여지는데, 운동의 관성으로 지속하며 같은 직선으로 나아가려는 경향을 보이고, 공기의 저항뿐만 아니라 아래로 지속적으로 당기는 중력에의해서도 움직여진다.

 It moves, accordingly, in a curved path.

 그에 맞춰 공은 곡선의 경로로 움직인다.

 Now the path does not represent the working of any particular force; there is simply the combination of the three elementary forces mentioned; but in a real sense, there is something in the total action besides the isolated action of three forces, namely, their joint action.

 이제  경로는 어떤 특정한 힘의 작동을 나타내지는 않는다. 언급된  가지 기본적인 힘의 결합이 존재할 뿐이다. 하지만 사실은  가지 힘의 고립된 작용 외에 전체적인 작용에 무언가가 있다. 이름하여 그들의 공동 작용이다.

 In the same way, when two or more human individuals are together, their mutual relationships and their arrangement into a group are things which would not be revealed if we confined our attention to each individual separately.

 같은 방식으로,   혹은  이상의 인간 개인이 같이 있을  그들의 상호 관계와 그들의 집단으로의 배치는 만약 우리가 관심을 개별적으로 각각의 개인에게 국한시킨다면 드러나지 않을 것들이다.

 The significance of group behavior is greatly increased in the case of human beings by the fact that some of the tendencies to action of the individual are related definitely to other persons, and could not be aroused except by other persons acting as stimuli.

 개인 행동의 몇몇 경향은 명백하게 다른 사람들과 관련이 있고 자극으로 작동하는 다른 사람들 없이는 유발되지 않을  있다는 사실로 인해 그룹 행동의 중요성이 인간의 경우 크게 증가된다.

 An individual in complete isolation would not reveal their competitive tendencies, their tendencies towards the opposite sex, their protective tendencies towards children.

 완전한 고립 속의 개인은 그들의 경쟁적인 성향, 이성에 대한 그들의 성향, 아이에 대한 그들의 보호적 성향을 드러내지 않을 것이다.

 This shows that the traits of human nature do not fully appear until the individual is brought into relationships with other individuals.

 이것은 개인이 다른 개인과의 관계에 관여될 때까지는 인간 본성의 특성이 완전히 나타나지 않는다는 것을 보여 준다.

 

[1] 2023 11 – 43~45: 다툰 형제가 목수의 도움으로 화해와 관계 회복

 There once lived a man in a village who was not happy with his life.

 옛날 어느 마을에 자신의 삶이 행복하지 않은  남자가 살았다.

 He was always troubled by one problem or another.

 그는 항상 하나 혹은  다른 문제로 어려움을 겪었다.

 One day, a saint with his guards stopped by his village.

 어느   성자가 그의 경호인들과 함께 그의 마을에 들렀다.

 Many people heard the news and started going to him with their problems.

 많은 사람들이  소식을 듣고 그들의 문제를 가지고 그에게 가기 시작했다.

 The man also decided to visit the saint.

  남자 역시 성자를 방문하기로 결정했다.

 Even after reaching the saint's place in the morning, he didn't get the opportunity to meet him till evening.

 아침에 성자가 있는 곳에 도착하고  후에도 (a man) 저녁 때까지 그를 만날 기회를 얻지 못했다.

 When the man got to meet the saint, he confessed that he was very unhappy with life because problems always surrounded him, like workplace tension or worries about his health.

 마침내 그가 성자를 만났을  (a man) 직장  긴장이나 건강에 대한 걱정과 같이 항상 문제가 자기를 둘러싸고 있어서 삶이 매우 불행하다고 고백했다.

 He said, "Please give me a solution so that all the problems in my life will end and I can live peacefully."

 (a man) "나의 삶의 모든 문제가 끝나고 제가 평화롭게   있도록 제발 해결책을 주세요."라고 말했다.

 The saint smiled and said that he would answer the request the next day.

 성자는 미소 지으면서 그가 다음   요청에 답해 주겠다고 말했다.

 But the saint also asked if the man could do a small job for him.

 그런데 성자는 또한  남자가 그를 위해 작은 일을    있는지 물었다.

 He told the man to take care of a hundred camels in his group that night, saying "When all hundred camels sit down, you can go to sleep."

 성자는  남자에게 " 마리 낙타 모두가 자리에 앉으면 당신은 자러 가도 좋습니다."라고 말하면서 그날 밤에 그의 일행에 있는  마리 낙타를 돌봐 달라고 말했다.

 The man agreed.

  남자는 동의했다.

 The next morning when the saint met that man, he asked if the man had slept well.

 다음  아침에 성자가  남자를 만났을  (a saint) 남자가 잠을  잤는지 물어보았다.

 Tired and sad, the man replied that he couldn't sleep even for a moment.

 피곤해하고 슬퍼하면서 남자는 한순간도 잠을 자지 못했다고 대답했다.

 In fact, the man tried very hard but couldn't make all the camels sit at the same time because every time he made one camel sit, another would stand up.

 사실  남자는 아주 열심히 노력했지만 (a man) 낙타  마리를 앉힐 때마다 다른 낙타  마리가 일어섰기 때문에 모든 낙타를 동시에 앉게   없었다.

 The saint told him, "You realized that no matter how hard you try, you can't make all the camels sit down.

  성자는 그에게 "당신이 아무리 열심히 노력하더라도 모든 낙타를 앉게 만들 수는 없다는 것을 깨달았습니다.

 If one problem is solved, for some reason, another will arise like the camels did.

 만약  가지 문제가 해결되면 낙타가 그런 것처럼 어떤 이유로  다른 문제가 일어날 것입니다.

 So, humans should enjoy life despite these problems."

 그래서 인간은 이러한 문제에도 불구하고 삶을 즐겨야 합니다."라고 말했다.

 

 

 

 

 

안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다.

 

오늘은 <2023년도 11월 고1~2 영어 모의고사>의 지문 텍스트만

한글 파일 hwpx pdf 파일로 정리해서 올립니다.


변형문제 출제를 위해 해당 지문들을 hwp 한글 파일로 제작했습니다.

 

<이그잼4유>에서 제작한 기출문제 한글 파일의 스타일 기능을 일부 수정해서 사용했습니다.

hwp 파일 내의 스타일 기능을 사용하시면 좀 더 쉽게 자체 변형문제를 작성할 수 있습니다.

(바탕글 / 본문 / 종합문제 / 문제 / 보기문) 

 

실용문을 제외한 전체 지문에 대해 작업했고,

hwpx 파일과 pdf 파일로 자료 올립니다.

 

필요에 따라 변형해서 사용하세요.
유용한 자료가 되길 바랍니다~♡

 

 

ps.

블로그 콘텐츠가 마음에 드신다면, '좋아요' 클릭과 광고 지원으로 응원해 주세요. 

여러분의 작은 도움이 큰 힘이 됩니다! 

감사합니다~~

 

 

 

 

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* 자료 수정: 자료에 오류가 있어 수정하고 다시 업로드 했습니다. (2024.11.13)

 

 

 

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[고2] 2023년도 11월 모의고사(12월 시행) - 기출문제 모음 #1 (71문항)

안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다. 오늘은 고2 2023년도 11월 모의고사(12월 시행)>의 기출문제 모음 1번째 자료를 올립니다.[고2] 2023년 11월 기출모음 #1 - 71문항 이번 모의고사는 2023년 12월 19일

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