2027 EBS 수능특강 영어 - 원문 출처 정리 (Test 03)

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[Test 03 - 01번]

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Dear parents, I am writing to request your assistance in protecting our most vulnerable students. Respiratory viruses such as the flu can spread quickly in a school setting. Protecting the health and well-being of our students and staff is our top priority. By working together, we can help ensure a safe and productive school year for everyone. Some of our students have serious autoimmune conditions, making them more at risk for infections. To help protect all students, we kindly ask that you notify the school if your child has been diagnosed with any of respiratory illnesses. Because doctor's notes for excused absences often do not specify the illness, providing this information directly to the school allows us to take appropriate measures to prevent further spread. Please be assured that your child's personal information will be kept strictly private. Thank you for your cooperation and support. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact me. Sincerely, Kelli Garza, Harrington High School Principal

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writing to request your assistance in protecting our most vulnerable students

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[Test 03 - 02번]

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At the violin competition, my hands shook slightly as I stepped onto the stage. It had been years since I last performed on stage, and every eye in the room seemed fixed on me, pressing down with silent weight. I held the violin tightly, uncertain of how the first note would sound. Then, as I looked down, the polished surface caught a faint reflection ― my father's face, just as I remembered. In that moment, something settled. I thought of the quiet evenings when he sat beside me during practice, gently nodding in rhythm. His presence was steady and unwavering. I drew in a slow breath and raised the violin to my chin, anchoring it against my shoulder. The bow paused just above the strings, then touched down with purpose. My grip steadied, and with each movement that followed, I played Pachelbel's Canon in D ― no longer hesitating, but sure and measured from the first note on.

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thought of the quiet evenings when he sat beside me during practice

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[Test 03 - 03번]

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One myth in journalism was that independence required journalists to be neutral. This confusion arose when the concept of objectivity became so mangled it began to be used to describe the very problem it was conceived to correct. What we need to do now is recapture the original meaning of objectivity intended when the concept migrated from social science to journalism early in the twentieth century. Objectivity was not meant to suggest that journalists were without bias. On the contrary, precisely because journalists could never be objective, their methods had to be. In the recognition that everyone is biased, in other words, the news, like science, should flow from a process for reporting that is defensible, rigorous, and transparent ― and this process is even more critical in a networked age. Today, when content comes from so many sources, this concept of objectivity of method transparently conveyed ― rather than personal objectivity ― is more vital than ever.

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concept migrated from social science to journalism early in the twentieth century

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The Elements of Journalism, Revised and Updated 3rd Edition

Bill Kovach, Tom Rosenstiel · 2014-04-01

... concept migrated from social science to journalism early in the twentieth century . Objectivity was not meant to suggest that jour- nalists were without bias . To the contrary , precisely because jour- nalists could never be objective ...

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[Test 03 - 04번]

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Without bark, a tree cannot transport sugar from its leaves to its roots. As the roots starve, they shut down their pumping mechanisms, and because water no longer flows through the trunk up to the crown, the whole tree dries out. However, many of the girdled trees continued to grow with more or less vigor. I now know that this was only possible with the help of intact neighboring trees. Thanks to the underground network, neighbors took over the disrupted task of provisioning the roots and thus made it possible for their buddies to survive. Some trees even managed to bridge the gap in their bark with new growth. I have learned from this just how powerful a community of trees can be. "A chain is only as strong as its weakest link." Trees could have come up with this old craftsperson's saying. And because they know this intuitively, they do not hesitate to help each other out.

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tree cannot transport sugar from its leaves to its roots

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The Hidden Life of Trees

Peter Wohlleben · 2016-09-13

... tree cannot transport sugar from its leaves to its roots. As the roots starve, they shut down their pumping mechanisms, and because water no lon- ger flows through the trunk up to the crown, the whole tree dries out. However, many of ...

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[Test 03 - 05번]

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There are a growing number of AI tools that companies use to screen job applicants. These automated systems decide which smaller set of applicants from a large pool will reach a human hiring manager. The AI tool analyzes video interviews for content, word choice, facial expressions, and so on, assigning each interviewee an "employability score," which is compared to those of other applicants. But the validity of these tools is dubious; in fact, there is no evidence that these scores accurately predict job performance. Critics worry that algorithms trained on limited data will be more likely to give higher employability scores to typical applicants who are more frequently represented in the current workforce and give lower scores to those who appear atypical because they are less frequently represented in the current workforce. The result would be to reinforce current demographic imbalances instead of building a diverse workforce. Put differently, these automated technological tools seem to be reproducing biased wallpaper in hiring decisions. And, in fact, the technology may even be magnifying bias in new ways.

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automated technological tools seem to be reproducing biased wallpaper in hiring decisions

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Change the Wallpaper

Nilanjana Dasgupta · 2025-01-07

... automated technological tools seem to be reproducing biased wallpaper in hiring decisions . And , in fact , the technology may even be magnifying bias in new ways . People with Status Are Presumed Competent There's another subtle way in ...

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[Test 03 - 06번]

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Scientific research is hard. Reaching the stage of becoming an independent and productive researcher able to pursue one's interests requires a long period of study followed by more years of apprenticeship. Even after that it requires long hours and often repetitive detailed work with little chance of obtaining wealth and glory, except for a tiny number who obtain Nobel prizes and the like, and even for them the fame is often short-lived. The respect and approval of the small community of their peers is often their main reward. So why do they do it? Almost all do it because of an intense curiosity, the desire to understand how the world works. Many because it promises to be able to solve important problems and make the world a better place. Yet others go into it because it is intellectually stimulating and rewarding, and has the promise of prestige, a good career, and a modestly comfortable lifestyle. When it comes to individual scientists, there will likely be a range of overlapping motivations for their choice.

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Reaching the stage of becoming an independent and productive researcher able

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The Great Paradox of Science

Mano Singham · 2020

... Reaching the stage of becoming an independent and productive researcher able to pursue one's interests requires a long period of study followed by more years of apprenticeship. Even after that it requires long hours and often tedious ...

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[Test 03 - 07번]

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As Michael Patrick Lynch observes in his book The Internet of Us: Knowing More and Understanding Less in the Age of Big Data, the information we derive from making correlations with big data often can be misleading unless we understand its context. He cites the example of a famous video map of cultural history that was created by using a data set of births and deaths of "notable" people over the past two thousand years. The shape and findings of the map were entirely dependent on the creators' assumptions of their data's parameters, including what constitutes a "notable" person. In other words, the answers we get are only as meaningful as the questions we frame. And for that, we need an understanding not just of correlations but of how and why the facts are so. Instead of seeing strands of information, we need to view the interconnected tapestry of relationships in a system. Thus, it is not enough to see that "culture" spread to different geographical hotspots in a particular pattern. We would need to study the social, economic, and political contexts. The purpose of data literacy, then, is to give us the tools to read the digital record and also to understand when we ought to look elsewhere.

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making correlations with big data often can be misleading unless we understand

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Robot-Proof

Joseph E. Aoun · 2018-08-14

... making correlations with big data often can be misleading unless we understand its context.21 He cites the example of a famous video map of cultural history that was created by using a data set of births and deaths of " notable " people ...

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[Test 03 - 08번]

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The graph above shows work location trends from 2019 to 2024 among U.S. remote-capable employees and their expected and preferred location afterward. In 2019, exclusively remote work showed the lowest percentage, at only 8% of U.S. remote-capable employees, while on-site work showed the highest, at 60%. The situation changed in 2020, when exclusively remote work peaked, reaching 70% of remote-capable employees, while on-site work dropped sharply to below 20%. In 2022, hybrid work became the most dominant work arrangement, yet exclusively remote work still made up over a third of the remote-capable employees. Looking forward to the future, hybrid work is expected to continue to be the most prominent option in both expectations and preferences, with a rate of over 50%, followed by exclusively remote and then on-site work.

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continue to be the most prominent option in both expectations and preferences

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[Test 03 - 09번]

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William James was born in New York City into a wealthy and intellectual family. His father was an unusual theologian, and his brother, Henry James, became a well-known novelist. During his childhood, William spent several years in Europe, where he developed a passion for painting. However, at 19, he abandoned art to study science. He enrolled at Harvard Medical School, but his studies were interrupted by health issues and depression, which prevented him from ever practicing medicine. Despite these challenges, he graduated and, in 1872, began teaching physiology at Harvard University. Over time, his interest shifted toward psychology and philosophy, leading to influential publications in both fields. In 1880, he was appointed a professor of philosophy at Harvard, where he made significant contributions to pragmatism and functional psychology. His works, including The Principles of Psychology and Pragmatism, remain highly influential. He taught at Harvard until his retirement in 1907.

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where he made significant contributions to pragmatism and functional psychology

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[Test 03 - 12번]

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Ecosystem structure refers to the individuals and communities of plants and animals of which an ecosystem is composed, their age and spatial distribution, and the abiotic resources. Most ecosystems have thousands of structural elements, each exhibiting varying degrees of complexity. Scientists have learned that when enough separate elements are thrown together into a complex system, a sort of spontaneous order results. One property of such systems is their tendency to generate emergent phenomena, which can be defined as properties of the whole that could not be predicted from an understanding of the individual parts, no matter how detailed that understanding. Complex systems are also characterized by highly nonlinear behavior, which means that we cannot predict the outcomes of large interventions based on an understanding of smaller ones. For example, removing 40% of a species stock from an ecosystem may have a qualitatively different impact than removing 20% ― that is, not just twice the known impact of removing 20%.

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cannot predict the outcomes of large interventions based on an understanding

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Ecological Economics, Second Edition

Herman E. Daly, Joshua Farley · 2011-01-26

... cannot predict the outcomes of large interventions based on an understanding of smaller ones. For example, removing 40% of a species stock from an ecosystem may have a qualitatively different impact than re- moving 20%—that is, not just ...

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[Test 03 - 13번]

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When people are relieved of the cognitive load imposed by their environment, they immediately become more creative, neuroscientist Moshe Bar has found. Bar, who directs the Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center at Bar-Ilan University in Israel, reports that when he taxed subjects' mental resources as they completed a test of creative thinking, they came up with more "statistically common" (that is, conventional and commonplace) associations. In his study, Bar found that "a high mental load consistently diminished the originality and creativity" of his subjects' responses. His explanation: when our minds are otherwise occupied, we resort to mental shortcuts ― convenient stereotypes, familiar assumptions, well-worn grooves. These are the thoughts that come most readily to mind, that take the least mental energy to generate. It requires abundant cognitive resources to inhibit these stale, reflexive responses and to reach beyond them for ideas that are fresher and more original.

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reflexive responses and to reach beyond them for ideas that are fresher

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The Extended Mind

Annie Murphy Paul · 2021

... It requires abundant cognitive resources to inhibit these stale, reflexive responses and to reach beyond them for ideas that are fresher and more original. Privacy supports creativity in another way: it offers us the | 124 THE EXTENDED ...

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[Test 03 - 14번]

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Is morality unique to human beings? Not entirely. Other species seem to have some understanding of fairness, especially when one individual's rights or wishes have been thwarted. Only human beings seem to have morality based in the collectivity, however. As social psychologist Jonathan Haidt pointed out, only human beings show "widespread third party norm enforcement." That is, people will expend their own or community resources to fight immorality even if they were not themselves the victims. They seem to recognize that maintaining morality is a generally good thing even when they are not directly affected. No other animal does this. If one dog steals a bone from another dog, the loser may protest and may even be said to have some moral sense that the stealing was wrong. But you will not see a third dog intervene to force the first dog to return the bone to the second. Only cultural animals use morality as a property of the larger society.

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human beings seem to have morality based in the collectivity

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The Cultural Animal

Roy F. Baumeister · 2005-02-10

... human beings seem to have morality based in the collectivity , however . As Haidt pointed out , only human beings show " widespread third party norm enforcement . " 160 That is , people will expend their own or community resources to ...

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[Test 03 - 15번]

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For some organisations, filing in triplicate ― a widely used system of classification that creates three copies of each document to distribute and store in different places ― may be unavoidable. For most of us, such a system is a huge waste of time, space, and energy. If you need to file physical documents, what about the following beautiful alternative, invented by Japanese economist Yukio Noguchi? Forget about categories. Instead, place each incoming document in a large envelope. Write the envelope's contents neatly on its edge and line them up on a bookshelf, their contents visible like the spines of books. Now the moment of genius: every time you use an envelope, place it back on the left of the shelf. Over time, recently used documents will shuffle themselves towards the left and never-used documents will accumulate on the right. Archiving is easy: every now and again, you remove the documents on the right. To find any document, simply ask yourself how recently you've seen it. It is a filing system that all but organises itself, and it has won many fans.

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contents neatly on its edge and line them up on a bookshelf

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Messy

Tim Harford · 2016-10-04

... contents neatly on its edge , and line them up on a bookshelf , their contents visible like the spines of books . Now the moment of genius : every time you use an envelope , place it back on the left of the shelf . Over time , recently ...

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[Test 03 - 16번]

본문 지문

The ability to act on our thoughts and feelings requires the coordination of positive and negative solidarity. It used to be the case that women were denied the right to vote and African Americans were denied access to certain institutions. Positive solidarity reflects positive freedoms, such as the right to do as you please, and it functions in tandem with negative solidarity, which reflects negative freedoms or restrictions that protect freedom. In order for women to vote and African Americans to eat at whatever restaurant they choose (a positive freedom), others who desired to restrict these activities had to be restrained (a negative freedom). Once a particular negative freedom becomes a habit or norm, people tend to take it for granted that a given behavior by others is acceptable. The bottom line is that people are not simply free to do as they please. Freedom requires mutual agreement to a set of conditions that basically involve taking turns. Freedom ― like separate, different, and individual ― has little meaning without others.

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requires mutual agreement to a set of conditions that basically involve taking

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Society Explained

Nathan Rousseau · 2014-03-27

... requires mutual agreement to a set of conditions that basically involve taking turns. Freedom—like separate, different, and indi- vidual—has little meaning without others. SYMBOLIC MEANING SYSTEMS Symbolic meaning systems, such as ...

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[Test 03 - 17번]

본문 지문

The claim that there are basic needs that are inherent and universal features of the psyche requires, first and foremost, evidence of the generalizability of those needs across individuals and cultures. It does not, however, depend on the claim that all individuals or cultural groups will equally value, satisfy, or recognize needs or that all individuals are equally well equipped to attain need fulfillments. The vehicles through which psychological needs are expressed and satisfied differ at different ages and in different cultures and societies, and yet across these contextualizing variables their functional necessity is unchanging. This conceptualization has been supported in various ways. For example, recently Chen, Vansteenkiste, and their colleagues measured basic need satisfactions and need frustrations in multiple cultures, as well as differences in desires for these satisfactions. As expected, they demonstrated that the need variables predict important wellness outcomes across cultures. More relevant here was that they also showed that desires for these need satisfactions did not moderate these relations with wellness; desired or not, need satisfactions mattered.

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demonstrated that the need variables predict important wellness outcomes across cultures

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Self-Determination Theory

Richard Ryan, Edward L. Deci · 2018-11-06

... demonstrated that the need variables predict important wellness outcomes across cultures. More relevant here was that they also showed that desires for these need satisfactions did not moderate these relations with wellness; desired or ...

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[Test 03 - 18번]

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The use of social media can be very powerful in the pursuit of a healthy lifestyle and holds special opportunities for health promotion leaders and organizations. Progressive health promotion organizations have recognized the value in maintaining a presence on social media because an increasing number of individuals use social media as a primary form of communication. Organizations use these media to attract new clients, disseminate information in a timely manner, and inspire clients and the public with messages of encouragement, praise, and recognition. Social media is also used as an excellent tool to connect individuals with each other based on common characteristics such as shared health challenges, activity preferences, geographic locations, and so on. The use of tools that help to connect people holds special value because we understand the benefit of positive personal relationships and the feeling of belonging to like-minded groups of people striving to develop and maintain healthy lifestyles.

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healthy lifestyle and holds special opportunities for health promotion leaders and organizations

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Introduction to Health Promotion

Anastasia M. Snelling · 2014-08-14

... healthy lifestyle and holds special opportunities for health promotion leaders and organizations. Progressive health promotion organizations have recognized the value in maintaining a presence on Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, and other ...

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[Test 03 - 19번]

본문 지문

Even a seemingly simple protocol such as greeting someone is coded socially. It is shaped by appropriate words, phrases, and nonverbal cues that will enable a speaker to make successful social contact with another speaker. Consider, for the sake of argument, a simple greeting protocol such as "Hi!" As such, it reveals the kind of coded behavior that is relevant in the society in which it occurs, since there are other societies in which silence or a simple nod of the head may be more appropriate as a protocol. Also, the shortened word rather than the full word "Hello!" implies a social relation of a specific kind (informal) between the interlocutors, implying as well that they are involved in similar life schemes, which impel them to make contact in this ritualistic way. Unconscious factors such as these are imprinted in that one simple protocol, thus connecting it to larger frames of meaning and interaction. These frames are coded socially ― they constitute ways of relating to others and to oneself. The information exchanged in that one protocol, therefore, goes well beyond a greeting. As this example shows in microcosm, social codes derive from traditions and are taught via rearing practices.

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social codes derive from traditions and are taught via rearing practices

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[Test 03 - 20번]

본문 지문

The phrase "I have nothing to hide" has become popular in discussions about social media companies that collect all of the personal data they can get their hands on. You might hear it from users who prefer to pay with their data, not with their money. And the phrase could well hold true for those of us who live uneventful lives without any serious health issues, have never made any potential enemies, and wouldn't speak up on civil rights denied by a government. Yet the issue is not about hiding or the freedom to post pictures of adorable kittens at no cost. Tech companies don't care whether or not you have something to hide. Rather, because you don't spend any money for their services, they have to employ psychological tricks to get you to spend as much time as possible on their apps. You are not the customer; the customers are the advertisers who pay tech companies to grab your attention. Many of us have become glued to our smartphones, find hardly any time for anything else, and eagerly await another dopamine shot via each new 'like'.

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not about hiding or the freedom to post pictures of adorable kittens

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How to Stay Smart in a Smart World

Gerd Gigerenzer · 2022-08-02

... not about hiding or the freedom to post pictures of adorable kittens at no cost . Tech companies don't care whether or not you have something to hide . Rather , because you don't pay them for their services , they have to employ ...

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[Test 03 - 21번]

본문 지문

Sport fans can develop a psychological attachment to sports, teams, and players. This connection can assist fans to develop a feeling of being strong, important, and successful. The term vicarious achievement refers to a sense of accomplishment that is felt secondhand, through the success of someone else. Some fans may experience an increase in self-esteem when their team is winning. Others may feel a sense of confidence and skillfulness by learning team statistics and club history. Given that sport fans feel successful when their team is successful, the reverse occurs when they must deal with the disappointment of scandals and poor team performances. In these situations, fans may be a little less eager to publicly announce their support of the team, and they might even downplay the failure of the team. Fans can compensate for a team's poor performance by developing strong feelings of closeness with fellow fans, being critical of other successful teams, voicing criticism of umpiring or refereeing decisions, or by being blindly optimistic that things will get better.

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poor performance by developing strong feelings of closeness with fellow fans

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Introduction to Sport Marketing

Aaron C.T. Smith, Constantino Stavros, James Skinner, Andrea N. Geurin, Lauren M. Burch · 2024-03-29

... poor performance by developing strong feelings of closeness with fellow fans, being critical of other successful teams, voicing criticism of umpiring or refereeing decisions, or by being blindly optimistic that things will get better ...

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[Test 03 - 22번]

본문 지문

As we go through life, our brains seem to create a very temporary record of much or all of what we sense in our immediate environment. They do so through several sense-specific areas of the brain that might collectively be called a sensory register. For example, if you have ever played with a lighted sparkler on a festive holiday evening ― as many people in the United States do on July 4th ― then you've undoubtedly noticed the tail of light that follows the sparkler as you swish it about. That tail of light isn't "out there" in your environment; instead, this is your sensory register at work, telling you where the light has very recently been. And think about what happens when you find yourself daydreaming during a classroom lecture. As you mentally tune back in to what your instructor is saying, you might still be able to mentally "hear" the words that the instructor said within the preceding two or three seconds. As is true for the sparkler's tail, those words aren't lingering in the air around you; they're in your head ― more specifically, in your sensory register.

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words that the instructor said within the preceding two or three seconds

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How We Think and Learn

Jeanne Ellis Ormrod · 2017-02-13

... words that the instructor said within the preceding two or three seconds . As is true for the sparkler's tail , those words aren't lingering in the air around you ; they're in your head more specifi- cally , in your sensory register ...

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[Test 03 - 23번]

본문 지문

The children of genius parents are probably going to be less intelligent than their moms and dads. A week of record-breaking heat or cold is likely to be followed by milder weather. These facts follow directly from the nature of numbers, but people do not appreciate the statistical basis and instead tend to formulate special causal explanations. During a dry spell, if you do a rain dance every day, sooner or later the rain will come ― and you may be tempted to think that your rain dance did the trick. (The illusion works especially well if you change your rain dance a bit each day, when it didn't work, so that when it finally rains, you think, At last, I got it right!) Medicine and psychotherapy thrive on regression to the mean. Whenever you feel bad, the odds are that you will feel better in a few days, and if you visit a physician in the interim, you will probably give her credit for your improvement. (And the doctor probably will be willing to accept your gratitude!) [Summary] People often attribute natural changes to specific actions or treatments, failing to recognize that events and situations frequently return to normal on their own without any real causal intervention.

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appreciate the statistical basis and instead tend to formulate special causal explanations

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[Test 03 - 24~25번]

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Typically, hyperinflation begins because the authorities don't have enough money to respond to an unusual situation ― say, to pay for a war, or keep paying civil servants' salaries during a social and economic upheaval that makes it hard to collect enough taxes ― so they see no option but to print money and keep on printing. The trouble is that while governments can create money out of thin air, getting people to accept the money as payment for their services is another matter altogether. As the printing presses churn out more and more money with no end in sight, the amount of cash chasing any particular product on the shelf will rise and rise. So will prices, inevitably, and then a self-reinforcing spiral sets in: people naturally expect prices to increase further and further, so they demand ever-higher wages. Pretty soon, the situation is out of control. Not only do prices keep rising, but the rate at which they keep rising is also going up ― inflation accelerates. In principle, certainly, a similar "wage-price spiral" can take hold at moderate levels of inflation in an economy that hadn't just experienced a hugely stressful event such as a war or a revolution. But history shows that it doesn't tend to happen. Some wealthy countries experienced what looks like a wage-price spiral in the 1970s, in which a combination of oil price increases and relaxed monetary policy led to annual inflation in double digits, sometimes even more than 20 percent. But 20 percent annual inflation isn't 50 percent monthly inflation, which is the widely accepted official indicator of a state of hyperinflation in economics. It's not even close. And in the end, central banks did manage to prevent this spiral from turning into hyperinflation.

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price increases and relaxed monetary policy led to annual inflation in double

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The Undercover Economist Strikes Back

Tim Harford · 2015-01-06

... price increases and relaxed monetary policy led to annual inflation in double digits , sometimes even more than 20 percent . But 20 percent annual inflation isn't 50 percent monthly in- flation . It's not even close . And in the end ...

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[Test 03 - 26~28번]

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Emily baby-sits for a little seven-year-old named Stephanie Brown who just loves Sparkle ― a popular series with toys, cards, and even a movie. It seems to be the most important thing in her life: Sparkle cards, toys, dolls, videos, backpack ― you name it, she has it. Or wants it. Sparkle. Sparkle. Sparkle. Everything is Sparkle! Emily feels like Stephanie must be the biggest Sparkle lover she's ever met. Her room is packed with Sparkle things, from posters on the walls to piles of toys and stuffed animals everywhere. The moment Emily comes over, Stephanie drags out all her Sparkle paraphernalia and shows them to her, explaining what's new. Emily is hired to care for her, so of course, she listens carefully to her serious interest in the Sparkle hero and her plans for acquiring even more Sparkle stuff. Last week, when the Sparkle movie came out, Stephanie nearly drove her parents crazy about wanting to see it. She talked about it nonstop, bringing it up at every meal and every car ride. Finally, her parents said okay and told Stephanie she could take a friend with her. Stephanie said she wanted to take Emily. "Emily?" they asked, surprised. "Don't you want to ask a friend from your class?" "No," the little girl insisted. "I want Emily to go. She loves Sparkle even more than I do, even more than any of my friends at school, and I want to make sure she can see the Sparkle movie. She's intense about Sparkle." When Emily heard this, she thought it was so cute. But it also made her realize how much her simple gesture of listening and paying attention to the young girl had meant to her. Stephanie was adamant that Emily needed to see this movie. Emily's listening to her interest in Sparkle convinced her that Emily must be as big a Sparkle fan as she was, and so she wanted to make very certain Emily didn't miss out on it. Now that's a friend ― always looking out for you, always making sure that your needs are met, too.

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much her simple gesture of listening and paying attention to the young

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