2027 EBS 수능특강 영어 - 원문 출처 정리 (15~20강)

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[15강 - Gateway]

본문 지문

There are few of us who don't at least want to make time for self-care activities such as exercise, hobbies, or relaxation. We start each day with the best of intentions but then get stuck by the flood of email messages or pulled into an unexpected meeting. As we struggle to reprioritize so we can get everything done before our deadlines, often our self-care activities are the first thing to be given up. No matter how much we plan, we all occasionally have days when that happens. In the short term, the impact of missing that grant deadline may be greater than the impact of missing a woodworking class. But it's important to recognize the cumulative impact of not prioritizing self-care and to make sure that in the long term, this is the exception rather than the norm.

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struggle to reprioritize so we can get everything done before our deadlines

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Labwork to Leadership

Jen Heemstra · 2025

... struggle to reprioritize so we can get everything done before our deadlines, often our self-care activities are the first thing to be jetti- soned. No matter how much we plan, we all occasionally have days when that happens. In the ...

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[15강 - 01번]

본문 지문

The use of emotion may be important in exercise, particularly among exercise instructors. It has been established that exercise enjoyment is associated with increased exercise adherence. An instructor might aim to foster enjoyment in his participants as a means of increasing their program adherence. An instructor also might use emotion to elicit greater effort from her students. Cuing participants to feelings of anger and frustration during a cardio kickboxing class might lead to more effortful punches and stronger kicks. Conversely, a yoga instructor could use positive emotions or emotion-related states such as compassion to get her students in the proper mindset for their practice. Evidently, there are a number of ways emotions could be used to enhance performance in sport and exercise.

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cardio kickboxing class might lead to more effortful punches and stronger kicks

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Group Dynamics in Exercise and Sport Psychology

Mark R. Beauchamp · 2007-11-30

... cardio kickboxing class might lead to more effortful punches and stronger kicks. Conversely, a yoga instructor could use positive emotions or emotion-related states such as compassion to get her students in the proper mindset for their ...

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[15강 - 02번]

본문 지문

The most fundamental rule regarding the use of any measuring device is that the device should always be read to its optimum capability with regard to precision. Precision is reflected in the number of digits in a measurement; the more digits this measurement has, the more precise it is. For example, the measurement 345.2 inches is more precise than the measurement 345 inches. If it is possible to obtain the first digit to the right of the decimal point from a device, then that digit should be recorded; if it is possible to obtain the second digit to the right of a decimal point, then that digit should be recorded, and so on. Thus, a laboratory worker should endeavor to obtain the most digits possible from whatever device is being used whether it is digital or nondigital.

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first digit to the right of the decimal point from a device

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Chemistry

John Kenkel, Paul B. Kelter, David S. Hage · 2000-09-21

... first digit to the right of the decimal point from a device , then that digit should be recorded ; if it is possible to obtain the second digit to the right of a decimal point , then that digit should be recorded , etc. Thus , a ...

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[15강 - 03번]

본문 지문

The standard school mathematics curriculum doesn't stress enough that mathematics is all about abstraction. Mathematicians study specific objects but, usually, they aim to cluster them together and study them all at the same time. This saves huge amounts of time and effort because they must prove properties only once, for the whole class of objects, instead of studying each object individually. Even more importantly, this guarantees that every object within a class has a particular property, even the objects that haven't been defined yet. Often, when mathematicians want to prove that an important object behaves in a particular way, they prove instead that it belongs to a class already known to have this property. We reason similarly in everyday life: since all fruits have seeds, and an apple is a fruit, then an apple must have seeds.

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prove instead that it belongs to a class already known

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Mapmatics

Paulina Rowińska · 2024-09-17

... prove instead that it belongs to a class already known to have this property . We reason similarly in ev- eryday life : since all fruits have seeds , and an apple is a fruit , then an apple must have seeds . For a more mathematical ...

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[15강 - 04번]

본문 지문

Because belief is so crucial in the placebo effect, it would seem that deception is necessary in order to trigger a patient's trust in the actual drug he might be taking. But Ted Kaptchuk, a leading placebo researcher at Harvard, is investigating the possibility of doing away with the element of deception. He tells patients up front that they will be taking a placebo, but he also informs them about how powerful and effective placebos can be. In one trial with irritable bowel syndrome, it was found that roughly 59 percent of those on an open placebo treatment reported improvements, as compared with 35 percent of the control group that received no treatment. The results may seem modest, but they make the point that giving a placebo isn't the same as doing nothing.

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roughly 59 percent of those on an open placebo treatment reported improvements

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The Healing Self

Deepak Chopra, M.D., Rudolph E. Tanzi, Ph.D. · 2020-06-16

... roughly 59 percent of those on an open placebo treatment reported improvements , as compared with 35 per- cent of the control group that received no treatment . The results may seem modest , but they make the point that giving a placebo ...

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[16강 - Gateway]

본문 지문

We usually think of a clock as a physical thing, like an alarm clock or a wristwatch. But a clock is really a process embodied in a machine, and the nature of that process is repetitive. A clock can be almost any process that repeats itself over and over again for an indefinite period. Water clocks drip at a steady pace; quartz crystals vibrate regularly. Indeed, it is almost impossible to think of a clock that does not depend on a repetitive cycle of events. The only example that comes to mind readily is a candle marked in hours. But here too there is iteration ― the repeated burning of molecules of wax ― so this too is an iterative process, although at first masked. The use of radiocarbon dating is another, much longer scale clock that also appears to be like this. It seems to yield a smooth time scale but in fact does not: the decay of atoms of carbon-14 is repetitive, although on a large scale it gives the appearance of being continuous.

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example that comes to mind readily is a candle marked in hours

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Chaos and Life

Richard J. Bird · 2003-11-26

... example that comes to mind readily is a candle marked in hours. But here too there is iteration—the repeated burning of molecules of wax—so this too is an iterative process, although at first disguised. The use of radiocarbon dating is ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
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[16강 - 01번]

본문 지문

In academia, you are taught to write up your results thus: "I came up with a hypothesis, then I did this experiment, and then I did another experiment, then I tested my ideas some more, and so on until [dramatic fanfare] ta-da! I proved this." If you wrote this way online, very few of your readers would make it to your dramatic conclusion, no matter how exciting or groundbreaking it was. Online, we don't have the patience to wait for your big reveal at the end. Instead, you need to tell us up front: "I proved this! And here's how I know it..." Your readership may still dwindle and trail off over the course of your writing, but at least the vast majority know what it is you've achieved from the very beginning. A few more of them may stay along for the ride if the opening line ― the "hook," in journalistic terms ― is particularly interesting. If you grab their attention early, you can more likely convince more readers to stay for the whole story.

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may still dwindle and trail off over the course of your writing

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The New Academic

Simon Clews · 2023-03-28

... may still dwindle and trail off over the course of your writing , but at least the vast majority know what it is you've achieved from the very beginning . A few more of them may stay along for the ride if the opening line - the " hook ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
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[16강 - 02번]

본문 지문

The human perceptual system is designed to recognize objects under changing illuminations, situations, and contexts. It is extraordinarily adapted to a constantly changing world. To deal with this uncertainty, the brain uses not one, but multiple routes. If one is blocked, it takes another route. This immense flexibility of the brain to rely on changing cues, according to whatever is available, is known as vicarious functioning. It can be found in most biological systems. For instance, migrating birds fly thousands of miles and may rely on the stars to navigate. But if it's a cloudy day, they may instead rely on landmarks or their magnetic sense. Similarly, the brain can recognize a face by the shape of the eyes, nose, and mouth. In extreme cases, only a few lines are sufficient, as when we recognize the face of a celebrity in caricatures made with just a few pencil strokes. Face recognition also functions even when parts of a face are covered and internal features such as eyes are hardly visible. In this case, the brain relies on external features such as hair and head shape.

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human perceptual system is designed to recognize objects under changing illuminations

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[16강 - 03번]

본문 지문

Bir Tawil is a strange place. In January 1899, administrators of the British Empire decided to finalize a border between the countries of Egypt and Sudan. In colonial fashion, they decided to use the conveniently straight line of the twenty-second parallel of latitude. Unsurprisingly, this new international border arbitrarily tore through local tribes and communities, and in 1902, the British drew a new line to reflect tribal territories. The combination of these two intersecting lines brought about the creation of two new areas: the large, inhabitable coastal area called the Hala'ib Triangle and an empty, landlocked patch of desert, which is Bir Tawil. To keep the desirable Hala'ib, Egypt understandably claimed the original, straight border of 1899, whereas Sudan ― with the same goal in mind ― claimed the new 1902 line. The strange result of this long-standing conflict is that, to this day, both countries refuse to claim Bir Tawil, an area of land roughly the size of London, as it would mean giving up a greater prize. This makes Bir Tawil the largest ― perhaps the only ― piece of land that no country wants.

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British Empire decided to finalize a border between the countries of Egypt

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The Immune Mind

Monty Lyman · 2024-09-24

... British Empire decided to finalize a border between the countries of Egypt and Sudan . In colonial fashion , they decided to use the conveniently straight line of the twenty - second parallel of latitude . Unsurprisingly , this new ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
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[16강 - 04번]

본문 지문

An in-group can become a reference group, a group that is used as the frame of reference for evaluating one's own behavior. Members of a volunteer organization, for example, may evaluate themselves by the standards of the group and feel proud about their contribution to a community service project. This positive self-evaluation reflects the normative effect of a reference group whose members share the same view of themselves. If other members of your reference group (say, your parents) have high self-esteem, you, too, are likely to share that norm and have high self-esteem. The normative effect basically involves imitating the reference group. However, reference groups can also have comparison effects and associative effects on self-appraisals. If most of your classmates shine in academic achievement, you are likely to compare yourself with them. As a result, you may have a negative self-evaluation, feeling that your academic performance is not up to par. Being associated with the brilliant group, though, makes you feel proud of yourself, "basking in reflected glory.

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evaluation reflects the normative effect of a reference group whose members share

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[16강 - 05번]

본문 지문

In music, proximity may refer to elements' being close together in pitch, time, or space. For example, notes that are similar in pitch may be grouped together. Notes are also grouped together if they are played together in time or if they come from the same instrument or section of a larger musical group. To get a sense of the idea of proximity, imagine a person playing a piano. Typically, the right hand plays notes that are higher in pitch than the left hand. Also, most often, it is the right hand that plays the melody, whereas the left hand plays the bass line or accompaniment. Even though all of the notes are played in close spatial proximity and at approximately the same time, we hear the notes from the right hand emerging as melody because they are grouped together with respect to pitch. Similarly, in some of Bach's famous solo music for violin, the violinist essentially creates two streams of music by simultaneously playing both high and lower notes. Perceptually, we group the high notes together and group the low notes together, so we hear it as polyphonic or as two lines of music.

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violinist essentially creates two streams of music by simultaneously playing both high

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Sensation and Perception

Bennett L. Schwartz, John H. Krantz · 2018-01-05

... violinist essentially creates two streams of music by simultaneously playing both high and lower notes . Perceptually , we group the high notes together and group the low notes together , so we hear it as polyphonic or as two lines of ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
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[16강 - 06번]

본문 지문

Public goods are undervalued in markets, which exist for private goods but rarely for public goods. For example, aquatic habitats such as wetlands provide diverse benefits that are often public goods, including breeding or refuge for unique species, recreation, hunting and tourism, or purification of water supplies. These benefits are enjoyed simultaneously by many people and are provided to them for "free" by the natural functioning of the wetlands. As a result, there is no "market" and thus no "price" for these public good uses of wetlands. But the actual value of these services is not zero. Because many people benefit from these services, their value is the total additional benefits of all individuals who enjoy provision of these services by wetlands. This value could be huge, even though there is no apparent "market price" for these wetland services. This gap between the (zero) price for wetland services and their actual value to all beneficiaries indicates how much these public goods are undervalued in markets.

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value is the total additional benefits of all individuals who enjoy provision

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The Water Paradox

Ed Barbier · 2019-02-26

... value is the total additional benefits of all individuals who enjoy provision of these services by wetlands. This value could be huge, even though there is no apparent "market price" for these wetland services. This gap between the ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
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[17강 - Gateway]

본문 지문

While stories clearly dominate statistics from both memorability and persuasiveness perspectives, it's rarely a battle between facts and anecdotes ― or even facts and other facts. The real clash is actually between stories: the predominant incumbent and a new challenger. As storytelling creatures, we routinely form narratives to help us understand the world around us. When we experience different events or encounter various facts, our minds seek to make sense of them by forming stories around them. For example, if you have had some bad experiences with graduates from a particular university, you may create a negative narrative in your mind about people who went to that school. Suddenly, you judge everyone from the university by what you've experienced on just a few unfortunate occasions. Sometimes these internal narratives we form not only shape our beliefs and opinions but also become deeply rooted in our identity. For example, the narratives you have formed around gun control or climate change are most likely related with your political ideology ― who you are as an individual.

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narratives you have formed around gun control or climate change are most

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Effective Data Storytelling

Brent Dykes · 2019-12-17

... narratives you have formed around gun control or climate change are most likely aligned with your political ideology - who you are as an individual . When your insight runs into resistance , it is because the new infor- mation you're ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
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[17강 - 01번]

본문 지문

Deep work is when you perform an activity with deep concentration that pushes your cognitive capabilities, and by doing so create new value and improve your skills. These efforts are hard to replicate; and to be able to do deep work, we need a distraction-free environment. For many people though, we spend far too much time on the other end of the scale, doing what is referred to as shallow work. This style of working is not cognitively demanding but is rather an execution of logical-type tasks that rarely create new value (although they may still be important). We often perform these tasks while we are distracted. Shallow work has its place, both because routine-type tasks need to be done and because we cannot spend our entire time doing deep work. The problem with too much shallow work is that we feel busy, maybe even stressed, but we rarely see any output reflecting our experienced effort.

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perform an activity with deep concentration that pushes your cognitive capabilities

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Tech-Life Balance

Taino Bendz · 2023-05-02

... perform an activity with deep concentration that pushes your cognitive capabilities, and by doing so create new value and improve your skills. These efforts are hard to replicate; and to be able to do deep work, we need a distraction ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
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[17강 - 02번]

본문 지문

Symbols are instrumental in helping people derive meanings from social situations. In social encounters, each person's interpretation or definition of a given situation becomes a subjective reality from that person's viewpoint. We often assume that what we consider to be "reality" is shared by others; however, this assumption is often incorrect. Subjective reality is acquired and shared through agreed-upon symbols, especially language. If a person shouts "Fire!" in a crowded movie theater, for example, that language produces the same response (attempting to escape) in all of those who hear and understand it. When people in a group do not share the same meaning for a given symbol, however, confusion results; for example, people who did not know the meaning of the word fire would not know what the commotion was about. How people interpret the messages they receive and the situations they encounter becomes their subjective reality and may strongly influence their behavior.

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Symbols are instrumental in helping people derive meanings from social situations

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[17강 - 03번]

본문 지문

Depression is terrible, and it is common. Roughly one in seven people will experience at least one full-blown depressive episode in their lifetime. It is a tragedy on an individual and a societal level, yet we ― and by we, I mean all of us, including doctors ― struggle to grasp it. This is because depression is not one disease; it is a collection of symptoms that appears similar across sufferers, despite resulting from a melting pot of diverse causes and mechanisms. There is no single reason for depression: one person's depressive episode seems to clearly stem from recent life events, another from historic trauma and loss, yet another out of the blue, with no clear psychological or social cause whatsoever. There is also no one presentation of depression: in fact, there are 227 possible symptom combinations that meet the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder. Perhaps understandably, there is no one treatment for this condition, either. Antidepressants lead to improvement in roughly a third of patients, offer some kind of improvement in another third, while a final third remain completely unaffected.

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depressive episode seems to clearly stem from recent life events

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The Immune Mind

Monty Lyman · 2024-09-24

... depressive episode seems to clearly stem from recent life events, another from historic trauma and loss, yet another out of the blue, with no clear psychological or social cause whatsoever. There is also no one presentation of ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
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[17강 - 04번]

본문 지문

Analogies can serve two different functions in philosophy. Sometimes, as seems often the case in Plato, for example, they serve simply to illustrate. When Socrates compares the Good with the sun, he may simply be using the image of the sun to help bring to life his arguments about the Good. On other occasions, however, the analogy can be an integral part of an argument. Consider one of the most popular arguments for the existence of God, the 'argument from design', which has been advanced by many thinkers, from the ancient Stoics to British theologian William Paley. The argument holds that just as an artefact such as a watch implies the existence of an artisan, so the universe implies the existence of a divine creator. Here the analogy with the watch is not meant simply to illustrate a point. Rather, the analogy is supposed to show why we should conclude that the universe has a creator.

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analogy with the watch is not meant simply to illustrate a point

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The Philosopher's Toolkit

Julian Baggini, Peter S. Fosl · 2011-08-24

... analogy with the watch is not meant simply to illustrate a point . Rather , the analogy is supposed to show why we should conclude that the universe has a creator . Strong and weak Analogical reasoning , then , is both powerful and ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
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[17강 - 05번]

본문 지문

Recovery can be considered a process as well as an outcome. Recovery as an outcome refers to one's physiological and psychological state after a certain recovery period, which can be, for instance, at the end of the day, after engaging in a certain activity, or after waking up. Physiological recovery outcomes involve the restoration of physiological resources such as muscle strength, heart rate, and the absence of physical fatigue (e.g., muscle soreness, heavy arms and legs). Psychological recovery outcomes relate to the restoration of mental resources such as attention, motivation, mental energy, and mood. As such, one's physiological and psychological states act as a resource that functions as a stress-buffer for upcoming activities as well. Recovery as a process refers to those activities and experiences that result in a change in one's physiological and psychological state. Accordingly, recovery processes precede recovery outcomes and, consequently, determine whether adequate recovery is obtained. Regarding recovery processes, physical inactivity is generally considered the most effective way to restore physiological resources.

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recovery outcomes involve the restoration of physiological resources such as muscle strength

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Fostering Recovery and Well-being in a Healthy Lifestyle

Michael Kellmann, Jürgen Beckmann · 2024-02-23

... recovery outcomes involve the restoration of physiological resources such as muscle strength, heart rate, and the absence of physical fatigue (e.g., muscle soreness, heavy arms and legs). Psychological recovery outcomes pertain to the ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
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[17강 - 06번]

본문 지문

The difficult times that we endure play a key role in helping us to lead more meaningful lives. As Jean-Paul Sartre put it, "Human life begins on the far side of despair." That is, many of the ways people feel their lives are meaningful are grounded in the sufferings they have experienced. One research project investigated the differences between people who found their lives to be happy and those who found them to be meaningful. While, on average, happy lives and meaningful lives overlap a great deal, the researchers focused on those aspects of a meaningful life that were distinct from happiness. And, remarkably, they found that people who had more meaningful lives reported that they had more experience suffering through past negative events. They also reported worrying more and enduring more things that caused them stress. On the other hand, these past experiences with suffering tended to reduce people's overall levels of happiness. Our sufferings, then, seem to help to provide people with the sense that their lives are more meaningful, even if these events are associated with lower feelings of happiness.

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One research project investigated the differences between people who found their lives

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Start Making Sense

Steven J. Heine · 2025-01-28

... One research project investigated the differences between people who found their lives to be happy and those who found them to be meaningful. While, on average, happy lives and meaningful lives overlap a great deal, the researchers ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
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[18강 - Gateway]

본문 지문

In modern societies, the performing arts form a distinct category of public entertainment in opposition to the mass distribution through the media of expertly staged performances which have been recorded and edited. By contrast, theater, ballet, circus, concert, rodeo, storytelling, etc., unfold their signs in real space and time, and engage audiences who respond cognitively and emotionally on the spot. Performers and audiences are involved in shared enjoyment. But sometimes frustration occurs within the boundaries of such ritualistic events. In industrialized and computerized cultures, the performing arts become economically unstable because the institutions which sustain them increasingly depend on public and corporate funding. However, they retain their power of fascination for large, if not massive audiences, who prize the experiential, risk-loaded and one-time event quality they afford. In traditional and local cultures, performances still survive and provide their audiences with a unique fulfillment in smaller scale, economically sustainable institutional settings. [Summary] In a situation of financial challenges due to reliance on external funding, the performing arts, which provide unique and live experiences, secure audiences who value those experiences.

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sometimes frustration occurs within the boundaries of such ritualistic events

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Semiotics at the Circus

Paul Bouissac · 2010-06-17

... sometimes frustration occurs within the boundaries of such ritualistic events. In industrialized and computerized cultures, the performing arts become economically fragile because the institutions which sustain them increasingly depend ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
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[18강 - 01번]

본문 지문

There are estimated to be more than 160,000 farms spread across Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland combined. On all of those farms, you will find barns, and in some of those barns, you might be fortunate enough to stumble across a classic tractor like the Massey Ferguson 35. Production of the Massey Ferguson 35 in the UK and the USA stopped in 1964. If you were to strike up a conversation with a farmer who still owns one, she might well give the chassis of her Massey Ferguson 35 an affectionate tap and nostalgically remark, 'They don't make 'em like that anymore.' The fact that the tractor has survived at least fifty-eight years seems to provide evidence of its superior build quality. But wait ― how long did the other 388,381 Massey Ferguson 35 tractors produced between 1956 and 1964 last before they went for scrap? Rather than build quality, it might well be the fondness that people in Ireland have for the little red tractor (Harry Ferguson, who developed it, was born in Ireland) that has led farmers there to hold on to their Massey Fergusons and take care of them as well as they have. [Summary] While the long-standing presence of the Massey Ferguson 35 on Irish farms may seem to reflect its durability, it might instead be due to the strong affection that farmers have for the tractor.

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fortunate enough to stumble across a classic tractor like the Massey Ferguson

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Google Books 후보가 없습니다.

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[18강 - 02번]

본문 지문

During crises that present immediate danger (e.g., natural disasters, acts of violence or terrorism, transportation crises), people seek trusted and verified sources to ease their immediate concerns, thus turning to traditional sources such as television and radio. For other crisis types, such as public health and political crises, however, people are more likely to turn to social media where they can seek multiple voices and a variety of expert opinions, as, unlike the first set of crises, public health and political crises may be more subjective and less straightforward, and thus necessitate a deeper dive into supplementary information and evidence. In addition to the type of crisis at hand, Liu, a communication scholar, and colleagues argued that traditional and social media have different effects on different audiences regarding the motivation to follow instructions and recommended behaviors during crises. For example, although younger audiences seem to favor social media to traditional media sources during times of crisis, older audiences indicate a preference for traditional media. Thus, both traditional and social media play a prominent role in delivering important scientific information to the public during crises. [Summary] While people select traditional media for urgent crises and social media for complex or subjective issues, generational factors also influence how different population groups approach these media choices during emergencies.

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although younger audiences seem to favor social media to traditional media sources

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Communication and Misinformation

Kevin B. Wright · 2025-01-29

... although younger audiences seem to favor social media to traditional media sources during times of crisis (Kapp, 2013; Park & Avery, 2018), older audiences indicate a preference for traditional media (Park & Avery, 2018). Thus, both ...

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[18강 - 03번]

본문 지문

Focal points are the little things that make a big difference ― the difference between reaching one equilibrium and reaching another. If a local soccer team comes to practice near the playground of the park every Saturday morning or a group of stay-at-home parents arranges a regular trip at 3 P.M. on a Wednesday afternoon, that can create a focal point around which others coordinate. With the team at practice, the park will feel safe from muggers and there will be something to look at, so families will come along to use the park. Other families will come because the first families will be there; after the soccer season is over and the team no longer comes to practice, Saturday mornings can still be lively at the playground simply because everybody expects that they will be. A lively park playground can be created by a soccer practice that doesn't even take place any longer: That is an indication of how whimsically unpredictable these multiple equilibria can be. Yet while the outcome is whimsical, the causes are rational. [Summary] Focal points, such as a local soccer team's regular practice, can foster self-sustaining patterns of activity in public spaces through rational coordination, even when the outcomes may appear unforeseeable.

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mornings can still be lively at the playground simply because everybody expects

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The Logic of Life

Tim Harford · 2009-02-24

... mornings can still be lively at the playground simply because everybody expects that they will be . A lively park playground can be created by a soccer practice that doesn't even take place any longer : That is an indication of how ...

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[18강 - 04번]

본문 지문

As the set of cultural norms and categories taken for granted at any particular time, the present is normally more or less invisible to those who participate in it. It is the unthought background of their thought and action, like water to a fish, or air to a dove. In films, this background can sometimes become visible as a bygone present in a film that is not just historically but culturally dated. In the culturally dated film, attitudes and ways of behaving that have altered over time and which now appear as quaint, strange, 'incorrect' or problematic, are taken for granted by the characters in the film, and go unquestioned or are even happily endorsed in the film's narrative. The present is also visible in contemporary historical dramas that 'read the past in terms of the present', anachronistically importing modern attitudes into the past they portray. This is something that is doubly evident in dated historical films that read the past in terms of their present, where the anachronisms are themselves reflective of a bygone present. [Summary] Historically and culturally dated films portray period-specific attitudes and behaviors and reveal the contrast between then and now, and thus our perception of the present is visualized.

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doubly evident in dated historical films that read the past in terms

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Experiments in Film and Philosophy

Christopher Falzon · 2023-11-03

... doubly evident in dated historical films that read the past in terms of their present, where the anachronisms are themselves reflective of a bygone present. Similar things might be said about science fiction film depictions of the ...

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[19강 - Gateway]

본문 지문

There is an obvious problem with the history of dress in all of its displays and that is, although textiles survive from early periods and cultures of recorded history, actual garments do not provide an uninterrupted flow of evidence across the same long time-span. Therefore, to give the study of dress equal significance to other areas such as architecture, painting, prints, drawings and sculpture, it was inevitable that these other areas would provide much of the source material. The history of surviving dress really only starts in the 17th century, and like all artefacts described as fine or decorative art, is a highly visual subject. However, unlike most of the categories of collection and study that make up those areas, it is fluid rather than static. Garments should be seen in movement on a human body, not frozen on a display figure. This is one of the many difficulties when curating collections of costume and also why some modern writers find costume collections physically and intellectually lifeless. Fortunately, in the period after 1660, when more items of dress survive to enrich our understanding of the history of the subject, there are also many painted, printed, photographed and filmed sources of evidence of people in clothing, caught in movement. Often a variety of different types of illustrative examples will provide evidence about how a garment was worn within the period in which it was made. Without the information contained in art in all of its forms, from drawing to sculpture, it is likely that displays of historic dress would be awkward imitations of the intentions of their original makers and owners.

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although textiles survive from early periods and cultures of recorded history

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Understanding Fashion History

Valerie Cumming · 2021-06-03

... although textiles survive from early periods and cultures of recorded history, actual garments do not provide an uninterrupted flow of evidence across the same long time-span. Therefore to give the study of dress equal significance to ...

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[19강 - 01~02번]

본문 지문

Women's dresses from the eighteenth century offered a great opportunity for repurposing, as they were frequently fashioned from long, uncut lengths of fabric. Textiles were significantly more costly than the labor it took to alter them, and as a result, most garments were modified numerous times to keep up with changes in fashion. "Even the wealthy saved fabrics, remodeled clothes, and sold unwanted items in the secondhand market," observes fashion scholar Linda Welters. "Sustainability was a way of life." Indeed, although change is inherent to fashion, the remodeling of the existing clothing, rather than buying new, was a widespread practice. It is rare, in fact, to find an eighteenth-century dress that does not show some sign of alteration. The cost of having a gown made, or remade, was only about half the cost of the textile itself and could be significantly less, depending on the type of fabric. In addition to updated dress silhouettes, accessories and trimmings played an important role in refreshing old clothing styles. For example, the addition of a row of lace on an upper part of a gown was an economical alternative to the full replacement of the gown. Many eighteenth-century dresses, particularly those from the first half of the century, were constructed with relatively crude stitches, indicating that the effortless deconstruction of the original gown was a consideration. Because fabrics retained value even when they were not in fashion, hand-woven silks, cherished for their quality and beauty, were sometimes passed down through generations.

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accessories and trimmings played an important role in refreshing old clothing styles

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Historical Perspectives on Sustainable Fashion

Amy Twigger Holroyd, Jennifer Farley Gordon, Colleen Hill · 2023-01-12

... accessories and trimmings played an important role in refreshing old clothing styles. For example, the addition of a row of lace on a bodice was an economical alternative to the full replacement of a gown.12 Many eighteenth-century ...

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[19강 - 03~04번]

본문 지문

The rise of internet-based technologies means that news is produced, distributed, and consumed faster than ever before. However, the reliability of this news is questionable. Not all organizations or individuals putting out information spend time checking the details or putting the facts into a wider context. People are confronted with overwhelming amounts of information not just on a daily basis, but via minute-by-minute updates transmitted to audiences around the globe. More than ever before, people are involved in organizing and managing the amount and type of news they receive. The internet means that irrespective of where we are in the world or what time of the day it is, news can be accessed from broadcasters located anywhere on the planet. As "new media" such as mobile phones, computers, and other portable devices have become more affordable, compact, and embedded in everyday life, they have come to replace television and newspapers. For younger people, advances in technology form part of the world they were born into. But the ease of use and affordability of new media means that they are an integral feature of the lives of people of all ages. For US sociologist Matthew Hindman, technological advances have made news more "democratic," meaning that now people of all ages and from all social backgrounds can access it. Others fear that new media poses a threat. Information on the internet is often unregulated, so while it is more accessible than ever before, its reliability is difficult to discern.

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confronted with overwhelming amounts of information not just on a daily basis

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Heads Up Sociology

DK · 2018-01-16

... confronted with overwhelming amounts of information not just on a daily basis, but via minute-by-minute updates transmitted to audiences around the globe. More than ever before, people are involved in organizing and managing the amount ...

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[19강 - 05~06번]

본문 지문

Since the 1970s, a combination of forces has made the problem of overwork more widespread. The service sectors in Western economies have grown dramatically while employment in manufacturing has declined. The shrinking of labor unions and workplace protections has let employers push for longer hours while global competition, decreased job security, and flat wages have forced workers to work harder to stay in place. Corporations now shed staff in the course of restructuring and "process reengineering," forcing surviving workers to carry heavier workloads. The 2008 recession and recovery has solidified a pattern in which companies seek to grow by increasing demands on existing workers rather than hiring new ones. A few industries have turned into fast-moving, winner-take-all contests: small numbers of people stand to make immense fortunes when their tech company goes public, their hedge fund investment pays off, or their song goes viral and since no one knows how long they have until fashions change, technology evolves, or the bubble bursts, it makes sense to go all-in right now. As a result, many of us are actually working longer hours. Working hours generally decline with increased productivity, but in the 1970s, increased productivity stopped yielding shorter working hours, despite the expectations of generations of economists. Working hours started to rise in the United States in the 1980s, especially among salaried workers and professionals like doctors, lawyers, bankers, and academics; in contrast, working hours (and full-time jobs and salaries) in less skilled, hourly professions began to fall. Since then, this split has spread to other parts of the world: today, well-off, well-educated people in Western Europe, Australia, and South Korea are also more likely to be overworked, while more poor people struggle to find stable jobs and face chronic underemployment.

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workplace protections has let employers push for longer hours while global competition

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Rest

Alex Soojung-Kim Pang · 2016-12-06

... workplace protections has let employers push for longer hours while global competition, decreased job secu- rity, and flat wages (combined with rising housing prices in popular cities) have forced workers to work harder to stay in place ...

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[19강 - 07~08번]

본문 지문

Political psychologist Philip Tetlock examined the speeches made by policymakers involved in international conflicts. He noted that, in making important decisions, national leaders often fall back on overly simplified images of the world. During the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union, for example, two very simple images of the conflict were dominant. One of these was the deterrence view ― that any sign of weakness would be taken advantage of by the opponent and that leaders needed to show their willingness to use military force. From a deterrence perspective, some demonstration of aggressiveness is often necessary as a preventive measure to stop the other side from aggressing against one's group. People who hold a deterrence view that demonstrations of weakness would be taken advantage of ― are less likely to support nuclear disarmament. The other prominent view was a conflict spiral view, which presumed that every escalation of international threat leads the opponent to feel more threatened and that leaders need to demonstrate peaceful intentions in order to reduce the opponent's own defensive hostilities. Tetlock noted that each of these cognitive frames was correct in some circumstances and incorrect in others. Against an opponent such as Hitler, a deterrence viewpoint might have been more effective than a view that led to conciliation. On the other hand, international policy experts estimate that the U.S. invasion of Iraq, argued by President G. W. Bush to be the centerpiece of the war on terror, seems to have spurred increases in the membership of Al-Qaeda (the group responsible for the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001).

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every escalation of international threat leads the opponent to feel more threatened

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Social Psychology

Douglas T. Kenrick, Steven L. Neuberg, Robert B. Cialdini · 2002

... every escalation of international threat leads the opponent to feel more threatened , and that leaders need to demonstrate peaceful intentions in order to reduce the opponent's own defensive hostilities . Re- search involving common ...

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[20강 - Gateway]

본문 지문

Mia, let's go walk our dog!" Julia called out, but there was no answer. She checked her daughter's room and found that Mia was absorbed in her smartphone, wearing her earbuds. Julia was concerned about her daughter. She turned to her husband, Sam. "Mia seems to live inside her phone, not with us." Sam nodded, "I know. I feel like she is growing distant from us. Why don't we set up a family reading club?" Julia brightened at the suggestion, and Sam promised to talk with Mia about it. When Sam suggested starting a family reading club, Mia immediately shook her head and said, "No, Dad. I don't have time to read books. You know how busy I am with exams all semester." He didn't give up. "But wouldn't it be fun if we all read the same story and shared our thoughts? You could simply read for 20 minutes, maybe during your lunch break." After some persuasion, Mia reluctantly agreed. Deep down, she knew she was spending too much time on her phone. So she asked, "Dad, can I choose the first book?" Sam gladly said, "Yes." At the library, Mia scanned the shelves for nearly an hour, feeling lost among the endless titles. Then, a librarian approached and asked, "Looking for something in particular?" "I need a book for my family's reading club," Mia admitted. "What genre do you enjoy?" she asked kindly. "Hmm, I like mysteries," Mia replied. The librarian handed her a book titled Café Paris and said with a smile, "You'll love this one." Mia thanked her and checked it out. Mia's family held their first book club meeting on Saturday afternoon. Everyone enjoyed the book Mia had chosen. Julia was the first to speak: "Dr. Duvall nearly invented a drug for eternal life, yet disappeared one day and ended up running Café Paris. That's such a mystery." Mia responded, her eyes sparkling, "Mom, I understand him. He always dreamed of being a barista, and his dream came true." Sam supported his daughter, and their conversation grew lively. During the discussion, Mia felt reconnected with her parents and already looked forward to their next book club meeting.

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family held their first book club meeting on Saturday afternoon

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[20강 - 01~03번]

본문 지문

The manager of the Humane Society was out of town for two weeks, and Elaine was placed in charge. Since she had taken on this responsibility before, she was familiar with the challenges she might encounter ― impounding stray animals, reuniting pets with their owners, informing people their pet hadn't been found, accepting animals from those who could no longer care for them, or turning animals away when the shelter was full. Though she found the work demanding, she handled these situations with confidence and calm. On the first day of the manager's absence, everything was running smoothly until a woman arrived with a cat and asked to leave it at the shelter. Elaine's first question was whether the cat was a stray or not, since the shelter was obligated to take in strays but could refuse owned pets. The woman said it was her cat and explained that she was moving and couldn't take it with her ― a common excuse. Although the shelter sometimes accepted pets in such cases, it was already housing over ninety cats, nearly double its capacity of fifty, so Elaine had to politely refuse. Elaine calmly explained that there was no space available, but the woman became visibly upset and said, "If you don't take this cat, I'll just have to let it go somewhere." Although such statements were sadly not unusual, they always troubled Elaine. Still, she maintained professionalism, offered contact information for other shelters, and tried to help. The woman complained the alternatives were too far and repeated she had no other choice. Elaine then suggested the shelter might find a volunteer to transport the cat. In response, the woman, showing her frustration toward her, placed the cat's kennel in front of her, raised her voice, and left the shelter. Elaine could no longer hold it in. She gently put the cat in a kennel and brought it to the back isolation area. Then she went to the back room and called the absent manager, who encouraged her to let it all out. Elaine shared what happened and released her emotions while the manager listened. She felt much better afterward and was relieved to have someone she could talk to without fear of judgment. Since then, the manager has encouraged staff to come to her if they need to release emotions kept in at work ― and she listens.

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Elaine shared what happened and released her emotions while the manager listened

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[20강 - 04~06번]

본문 지문

One evening, little William was on his way home from his friend's. He was passing through the market. On his way, he came across the beautiful aroma of some meatballs sold by an elderly vendor just across the road. The smell was so pleasant that little William had to stop by the stand to purchase some meatballs. However, the meatballs didn't have a listed price, so he decided to head directly home. Just as little William turned to leave, a firm voice stopped him. It was the elderly vendor. "Wait! You can't just leave. Before you go, you have to pay," he said. Little William was surprised at the statement made by the elderly vendor. He asked him, "Payment for what, Sir? I didn't purchase any meatballs." The vendor insisted that although little William did not purchase any meatballs, he enjoyed the pleasant smell of his meatballs for quite a long time. He truly believed that little William had to pay for it because smelling was as good as eating. Little William was upset about this. He didn't know how merely smelling the meatballs meant that he had to pay for them. After observing the man for a short while, little William dipped his hands in his pocket and jingled a few coins. The elderly vendor was excited to hear the coin sound. He said, "Now hurry up, boy. Pay the money fast." Little William replied, "I have already paid the money, Sir. You didn't understand?" The shopkeeper angrily shouted, "When did you pay the money? You reached into your pocket but came out empty-handed!" Little William made it clear that he had just paid, reminding the shopkeeper that he had heard the jingle of the coins from his pocket. He added that if smelling is as good as eating, then hearing the sound of the coins should also be as good as receiving them. He smiled proudly and walked home from there, leaving the man completely surprised.

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vendor insisted that although little William did not purchase any meatballs

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[20강 - 07~09번]

본문 지문

Sandy Robinson was a teacher in an elementary school. In addition to a variety of other duties, every afternoon Sandy worked with small groups of third graders who were reading below grade level. The goal was to raise the reading level of the students with whom she worked to help enable her school to ascend from its "academic emergency" status under the state's education rules. Emma was in one of Sandy's afternoon reading groups, and she was not improving. She lacked patience and often lost focus, at which point she became disruptive, primarily to amuse herself, or so it seemed. When Emma lost focus, it was difficult for Sandy to teach her or the other six students in the reading group. Sandy spent a lot of time thinking about how she could help Emma keep her focus and be successful. After much reflection, she decided to get her impression of how the reading group was going. When they met later that week, Emma said something that really surprised her. Emma shared that she felt like Sandy needed to be more patient with her when she sounded out words she was reading to the group. Emma knew she was not good at it, and it made her nervous and want to get away from the group. That evening after school, Sandy reflected on what Emma had said. Sandy recalled research suggesting she needed to increase the number of words Emma was reading to improve her ability to sound out words. The next day, Sandy told her she would meet her for some one-on-one reading instruction in addition to the small-group time. In those one-on-one meetings, Sandy let Emma select a book from a handful of books that were at her reading level. Then Sandy would read a paragraph out loud and have Emma read one. They would continue to swap back and forth. Slowly but surely, they saw improvement. Over time, they were able to increase the reading level of the books as Emma's ability to sound out words improved. Sandy also noticed that Emma came to reading group with her classmates and started to make it through the entire lesson without becoming disruptive or feeling anxious. More than anything, her newfound confidence made her want to try and read other books!

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afternoon Sandy worked with small groups of third graders who were reading

Google Books

Educational Psychology

Steven R. Wininger, Antony D. Norman, Bruce W. Tuckman · 2025-01-07

... afternoon Sandy worked with small groups of third graders who were reading below grade level . The goal that she had been given was to raise the reading level of the stu- dents with whom she worked to help enable her school to ascend ...

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[20강 - 10~12번]

본문 지문

It was a rainy Monday morning, and Sarah, a young professional struggling with the weight of a recent job loss, found herself at her favorite corner café. She sat alone at a small table, staring blankly out the window, her untouched cup of coffee growing cold. Anxiety and hopelessness weighed on her as she replayed the events of the last few weeks. Across the room, an older woman named Margaret noticed Sarah's sad expression. Margaret, a retired teacher, had a habit of looking for opportunities to brighten someone's day. She approached Sarah's table cautiously, holding her steaming cup of coffee. "Mind if I join you?" Margaret asked gently. Startled but too polite to decline, Sarah nodded. Margaret sat down and introduced herself, asking how her day was going. At first, Sarah hesitated to share her troubles, but Margaret's warm, patient manner made her feel at ease. Slowly, she opened up about her struggles ― losing her job, mounting bills, and her fear of an uncertain future. Margaret listened intently without interrupting. When Sarah finished, Margaret offered a few kind words. "I'm sorry you're going through this. I know it's tough, but I can see strength in you, even if you don't feel it right now. Sometimes, life closes one door so it can open another. You'll get through this, and maybe it will lead to something better." Her words were simple, but they carried a weight Sarah hadn't realized she needed. For the first time in weeks, she felt seen, heard, and understood. Before leaving, Margaret wrote her email address on a note and handed it to her. "If you ever need someone to talk to or help with a résumé, don't hesitate to reach out," she said with a kind smile. Encouraged by this unexpected encounter, Sarah went home and started to take small steps forward. She updated her résumé, sent out applications, and began to see her challenges as opportunities. A few weeks later, she landed a job at a nonprofit organization work that fit well with her passions and gave her a renewed sense of purpose.

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Sarah went home and started to take small steps forward

Google Books

Power of Everyday Kindness

Dr. Mousumi Banerjee

... Sarah went home and started to take small steps forward . She updated her résumé , sent out applications , and began to see her challenges as opportunities . A few weeks later , she landed a job at a nonprofit organization - work that ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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