2027 EBS 수능특강 영어 - 원문 출처 정리 (1~7강)

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[1강 - Gateway]

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Dear students, I am Amanda Clark, the school club director, and I am writing to you about our school clubs. Over the last few semesters, there have been requests for more diverse school clubs. For this reason, the school decided to expand the number of clubs for extracurricular activities. This provides students with an opportunity to make additional clubs. Students can make any type of club based on their various interests, such as hip-hop, K-pop dancing, or coding. Therefore, I am encouraging you to submit a proposal for a new club that you would like to create. Please turn this in to my office by the end of this week. I look forward to seeing your great ideas. Best regards, Amanda Clark

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school decided to expand the number of clubs for extracurricular activities

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[1강 - 01번]

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Dear Parents, At Greenwood High School, we take great pride in the cultural diversity that enriches our community. We are very pleased to share with you our special new project, a recipe book, created to celebrate the traditions and flavors of families from around the world. This unique collection features 100 recipes from 26 countries, highlighting beloved dishes passed down through generations. It offers a special chance to explore global cuisine and share meaningful moments with your children. We encourage you to try some of these recipes together over the summer. You can download this online recipe book from our school website. Food brings us together, and this project reflects the joy and unity that diversity brings to our school. Thank you, as always, for your continued support. Warm regards, Dr. Helen Brooks, Principal, Greenwood High School

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offers a special chance to explore global cuisine and share meaningful moments

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[1강 - 02번]

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Dear Professor Langford, First of all, we apologize for contacting you during the holiday season. We understand that this is a busy time, but as the revision deadline of your manuscript (December 27th) is quickly approaching, we kindly ask for your cooperation in addressing the reviewers' comments as thoroughly as possible within the limited time available. The reviewers have carefully evaluated your manuscript and provided insightful and critical feedback. To help you revise, we have summarized the key points raised by both reviewers. Please review these comments carefully and submit a revised version of your manuscript. We are confident that incorporating these suggestions will significantly improve the manuscript and provide stronger support for your main claims. We hope that the revised manuscript will satisfy the reviewers and be accepted in our journal. Thank you for your attention and cooperation. Best regards, Nora Ellison, Associate Editor

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incorporating these suggestions will significantly improve the manuscript and provide stronger support

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[1강 - 03번]

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To whom it may concern, Before I get to my main point, I'd like to mention a past experience with your store. A year ago, I ordered my wedding bouquet from you, and my husband, Nicholas, had promised me David Austin roses. However, on my wedding day, I received standard roses instead. Although I briefly considered filing a complaint about the mistake, I chose to focus on enjoying my special day. Yesterday, to celebrate our one-year wedding anniversary, my husband ordered David Austin roses from your store again. However, the flowers I received today were lifeless, spotted, and browning upon arrival. This time, I believe it's only fair to ask you to take action to resolve this matter. I am not asking for compensation for the flowers from a year ago, but I do expect a refund for this order. To resolve this issue, I would appreciate a full refund. I look forward to your response. Sincerely, Cheryl

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Although I briefly considered filing a complaint about the mistake

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[1강 - 04번]

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Dear Mr. Johnson, Have you "settled into" your new job by now, and do you still feel as enthusiastic about it as you did at the beginning? Of course, any job has its tiresome tasks, but all in all, from what you told us, it sounds like a good match for you. We're writing to ask when we can expect repayment of the $1,500 loan for your car. We were glad to help you with the purchase of your car so that you'd have transportation back and forth to your new job. You agreed to pay all, or at least half, of the loan by June. If you have decided that you cannot repay the total $1,500 at once, we understand. But we do need to receive at least half that amount within the next 2 or 3 weeks. We hope you are satisfied with the car you chose. We, too, thought it was a good buy. Please let us know how things are going. Sincerely, Joseph Brown, Financial Advisor

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still feel as enthusiastic about it as you did at the beginning

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Great Personal Letters for Busy People: 501 Ready-to-Use Letters for Every Occasion

Dianna Booher · 2006-01-06

... still feel as enthusiastic about it as you did at the beginning? Of course, any job has its drudgery tasks, but all in all, from what you told us, it sounds like a good match for you. We're writing to ask when we can expect repayment of ...

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[2강 - Gateway]

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Where could it be?" Sophie asked herself. It had been more than ten years since she had last visited the area where she had grown up. The village had changed a lot over time. Uncertain, she awkwardly looked around at her surroundings. She walked the narrow streets of the village, unsure about which way to go. Suddenly, Sophie saw a familiar sight. "Yes, this must be it," she thought. In front of her was a wall with flowers painted on it. Although the colors were now faded, the familiar shapes on the wall were the same ones she had painted with her father as a child. Sophie nodded, smiled brightly, and walked toward the gate. At last, she had finally found the house she had grown up in.

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years since she had last visited the area where she had grown

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[2강 - 01번]

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It was the day I had been preparing for. I drove for an hour and a half to apply for a visa. My heart was racing, but I felt ready. That same day, I helped three people who didn't know English by translating for the immigration officer. Two of them were lucky to get their visas. Then I heard my name called. Believing things were going smoothly, I made my way to the counter. I showed my documents and property papers to prove that I would return home after visiting my children. Unfortunately, the officer, who had smiled when I was helping her, suddenly turned serious. She ignored my papers and put a red stamp on my application. I didn't have a chance to say a word. I felt as if a heavy rock was pressing down on my mind. I didn't expect to hear her words of rejection. I felt dizzy, and my eyes were full of tears. I couldn't see anything at that moment.

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showed my documents and property papers to prove that I would return

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[2강 - 02번]

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After a few nights, we ventured out on a hike to 16,000 feet. The group members were all experienced, so I couldn't understand why they were climbing so slowly ― what I thought was a ridiculous pace. Having trained hard for this, I was in the best shape of my life. And, being the rookie, I wanted to prove myself to the group. Why not show off my superior conditioning? So up front I went. Then, as we approached 16,000 feet, I suddenly began to feel dizzy. Not long after, I was staggering. The group had to take my pack. In a matter of minutes, I became a basket case, needing assistance just to walk. On the way down to the hut, I could barely keep in a straight line because of the nausea, headache, and dizziness. Now all I felt was guilt for becoming a burden to the group. I wished I hadn't pushed myself so hard.

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I could barely keep in a straight line because of the nausea

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Forbes To The Limits

James M. Clash · 2003-05-27

... I could barely keep in a straight line because of the nausea, headache, and dizziness. A few hours later, two gracious Canadian climbers dropped by my bunk to check on me and give me a pep talk. At altitude, they confided, the tortoise ...

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[2강 - 03번]

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Francis Pohan sat at the organ in his Borneo home, a smile on his face as the hymn he had practiced for weeks flowed smoothly under his fingers. The melody blended with the soft sounds of the jungle, filling him with happiness. The organ, his most precious possession, was a source of comfort and joy, especially in these uncertain times. But his peace was interrupted by the distant roar of engines breaking the calm. Soldiers appeared on the jungle road, their boots loud on the dirt as they approached, weapons hanging loosely over their shoulders. Francis' heart raced; it was wartime, and soldiers often took what they wanted. Whispering urgently to his sister, Ellen, he led her to hide behind a tall tree, its thick trunk shielding them. Peeking out, Francis stepped outside carefully and looked at the soldiers walking toward their home. Their loud voices and heavy footsteps filled the quiet jungle. His mind raced with prayers, hoping they would remain unseen.

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Francis stepped outside carefully and looked at the soldiers walking toward

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[2강 - 04번]

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Vera couldn't wait for her car to get fixed, but that was going to require longer than initially expected. Unfortunately, that meant relying on the bus for her commute. To add to the cruel irony, it hadn't stopped raining for the past three days. It was already past 7 PM when she stepped off the bus, cold and soaked to the bone, having left her umbrella at the gym. Her place was just one block down the street, but it felt like ten miles in this weather. Her legs moved on their own, and suddenly, the Cups & Blossoms' bell was ringing above her head. The warm, floral scent wrapped around her like a blanket, but it was another kind of welcome that surprised her ― a smile from the café owner, soft and unassuming. She was also polite enough not to ask why Vera looked so tired, which was appreciated. Vera now seemed to realize what she had truly needed. Just a friendly face to ease the weight she carried.

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but that was going to require longer than initially expected

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[3강 - Gateway]

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Digital platforms have made a lot of work less sticky. As work becomes ever more modularised, commoditised and standardised, and as markets for digital work are created, ties between service work and particular places can be disconnected. While the business process of outsourcing that emerged in the 1990s allowed large companies to take advantage of a 'global reserve army' by moving their call centres to cheap and distant labour markets, cloudwork changes the volume and granularity at which geographically non-proximate work can take place. A small business in New York can hire a freelance transcriber in Nairobi one day and New Delhi the next. No offices or factories need to be built, no local regulations are observed, and ― in most cases ― no local taxes are paid. The switch in the production network of work happens by simply sending some emails or clicking some buttons on a digital work platform. And, in this way, the employer leaves behind no material traces in the places where it was once an employer.

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business process of outsourcing that emerged in the 1990s allowed large companies

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[3강 - 01번]

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Even outdoors, although climate (including temperature) is usually regarded as beyond the control of man, localized temperature control is sometimes effective on a microclimate scale. Vancouver, Canada, is a few miles north of the 49th parallel, about 60 miles farther north than Minot, North Dakota, with its legendary harsh winter temperatures. But constant foehn winds off the Pacific Ocean make Vancouver winters mild and wet, although sunshine is scant. When I had a garden there in the late 1940s, a neighbor used to say that I "cheated God" to bring in my lettuce and tomatoes earlier than anyone else. The bed in which the vegetables grew was banked toward the south at approximately 50 degrees, and the area between the plants was covered with flat stones, gathered from the nearby beach, to maximize soil heating from the weak late winter-early spring sun.

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localized temperature control is sometimes effective on a microclimate scale

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Handbook of Plant and Crop Physiology

Mohammad Pessarakli · 2001-09-18

... localized temperature control is sometimes effective on a microclimate scale . Vancouver , Canada , is a few miles north of the 49th parallel , about 60 miles farther north than Minot , North Dakota , with its legendary harsh winter ...

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[3강 - 02번]

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Energy can always be injected into an organization to motivate people to do things. Bonuses, promotions, other carrots, and even a few sticks can get people to work harder, for sure, but the gains are, like all manipulations, short-term. Over time, such tactics cost more money and increase stress for employee and employer alike, and eventually will become the main reason people show up for work every day. That's not loyalty. That's the employee version of repeat business. Loyalty among employees is when they turn down more money or benefits to continue working at the same company. Loyalty to a company trumps pay and benefits. And unless you're an astronaut, it's not the work we do that inspires us either. It's the cause that we come to work for. We don't want to come to work to build a wall; we want to come to work to build a cathedral.

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tactics cost more money and increase stress for employee and employer alike

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Start with Why

Simon Sinek · 2011-12-27

... for sure, but the gains are, like all manipulations, short-term. Over time, such tactics cost more money and increase stress for employee and employer alike, and eventually will become the main reason people show up 134 / START WITH WHY.

전후문맥 일부 일치
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[3강 - 03번]

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In the early 1960s the great American writer James Baldwin wrote: "People are trapped in history, and history is trapped in them." He was speaking to race when he penned those words. But the statement is equally true if the word "people" is replaced with "all of life on Earth, present and past," for each strand of DNA, in each of our cells, is an ancient record of biological history, written in simple code and passed down from generation to generation. One could say that DNA is nothing but history, one with a physical manifestation that was slowly blended and accumulated over countless eons by the most pitiless of all phenomena ― natural selection. DNA is a history that is inside us ― and yet one that is our master as well, the blueprint for our bodies, and dictator of what we will pass on to our children, gifts that can be blessings ― or deadly time bombs. We are indeed trapped in this particular vehicle of history as much as it is trapped in us.

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In the early 1960s the great American writer James Baldwin wrote

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A New History of Life

Peter Ward, Joe Kirschvink · 2015-04-07

... In the early 1960s the great American writer James Baldwin wrote : " People are trapped in history , and history is trapped in them . " He was speaking to race when he penned those words . But the statement is equally true if the word ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
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[3강 - 04번]

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People may not think critically for a variety of reasons, such as laziness and inability, but fear is a big one. Why is that? People don't want to think not just because it's hard, but also because they're afraid it will make them question their long-held beliefs. Your students most likely do want to think about things that can be very controversial, like politics, ethics, and philosophy. But probe even deeper. Once we start thinking deeply, long-held assumptions are challenged. Thought makes us worry that we'll lose our balance and have to look at the world in a different way. We worry about thinking because we care about what we and other people think. Even the most far-fetched ideas have an effect on the world. Non-Euclidean geometry and symbolic logic are about as abstract as thinking can get, but you can't understand Einsteinian gravity without the first and run computers without the second. Thinking is important to us, to others, and to the world we live in. This is one reason why we are so afraid of it: it shakes us to the core.

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understand Einsteinian gravity without the first and run computers without the second

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Never Stop Asking

Nathan D. Lang-Raad · 2023-04-18

... understand Einsteinian gravity without the first and run computers without the second. Thinking is important to us, to others, and to the world we live in. This is one reason why we are so afraid of it: it shakes us to the core. But not ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
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[4강 - Gateway]

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A sport ecosystem exists based on the type and rate of coopetition existing. Coopetition is defined as "the simultaneous pursuit of cooperation and competition among firms to leverage strategically important resources for superior value creation purposes". It is a useful way to understand the dynamic nature of sport businesses which need to collaborate for resource efficiency purposes but potentially compete with each other. This special relationship should be managed properly due to trust and confidence issues being paramount. It can be challenging to be collaborative and competitive in sport as they involve different forms of behaviour. This means a careful balancing act may be required in terms of the amount of emphasis placed on each activity. Often sport managers will try to be more competitive due to performance reasons and less collaborative. By necessity they may need to share information but do so in a cautious manner. This means it might be better to have plans in place about how to pursue both simultaneously. This will ensure one is not neglected at the expense of the other.

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competition among firms to leverage strategically important resources for superior value creation

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Value Proposition to Tourism Coopetition

Adriana Fumi Chim-Miki, Rui Augusto da Costa · 2024-12-04

... competition among firms to leverage strategically important resources for superior value creation purposes' (Kostis et al., 2024, p. 158). The concept of coopetition was first introduced in academic research by Brandenburger and ...

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[4강 - 01번]

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There's a saying that "you can't eat information." That may be so, but the food we eat today is the fruit of thousands of years of increasingly high-quality information ― the knowledge of how to farm ― what seeds, what tools and how to use them, what times of year, what irrigation, what sequence of one crop after another on the same land. What we eat is solar energy, filtered, concentrated, and distilled through the lens of human knowledge. The energy the Earth receives from the sun each year has remained more or less constant through all of human civilization. What's allowed us to flourish is our increasingly sophisticated knowledge of how to capture an ever-growing but still tiny fraction of that energy in a form that can fuel our bodies. Every step in the advancement of our knowledge has brought with it an increase in the amount of energy we can tap into.

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flourish is our increasingly sophisticated knowledge of how to capture an ever

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The Infinite Resource

Ramez Naam · 2013

... flourish is our increasingly sophisticated knowledge of how to capture an ever - growing but still tiny fraction of that energy in a form that can fuel our bodies . Every step in the advancement of our knowledge has brought with it an ...

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[4강 - 02번]

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Increased community engagement by professional journalists, on their own, will not solve the problem of making the news more relevant to everyone because traditional news organizations already have abandoned many communities, leaving behind news deserts. In those places, citizens must take up the responsibility for discovering information, holding the powerful accountable, and telling the news for themselves and their neighbors. The democratization of information ― through the disruptions caused by computers and the internet ― allows citizens to retake control of local news in ways that never have existed before, and it calls them to take greater care in the gathering and dissemination of what they discover or think they know. Journalism, perhaps like never before, belongs to the people rather than to professional journalists, wealthy publishers, or even corporate shareholders. The same technology that has shifted the balance of power toward the people gives them the tools to act as broadcasters and publishers of information essential to their immediate community ― and, more critically, to serve as gatekeepers to information for other people around them.

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technology that has shifted the balance of power toward the people gives

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Death of the Daily News

Andrew Conte · 2022-09-20

... technology that has shifted the balance of power toward the people gives them the tools to act as broadcasters and publishers of information essential to their immediate community—and, more critically, to serve as gatekeepers to ...

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[4강 - 03번]

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It is a myth that all ideas are equally valid, even those with little or no objective proof. The existence of science is the commitment to objective truth. After all, science is true: fire is hot, the wheel is efficient, birds and planes can fly, we've landed on a comet and traveled to the Moon, antibiotics treat illness, and immunizations keep us from getting sick. These accomplishments are made possible by objective truths. A plausible theory can, and frequently does, push science forward. However, an intuition must be followed with testing that confirms or disproves its veracity. If a theory is disproved, one should consider it as a reason to reject or alter the hypothesis, not a justification to just keep firmly holding to the hypothesis because you are instinctively wedded to it. Critical thinking is an absolute must, and we must respect evidence. It's the only reason for anyone to trust anything about reality. Without testing and evidence, intuition is useful, but it is never the ultimate word.

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should consider it as a reason to reject or alter the hypothesis

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Never Stop Asking

Nathan D. Lang-Raad · 2023-04-18

... should consider it as a reason to reject or alter the hypothesis, not a justification to just keep doggedly holding to the hypothesis because you are instinctively wedded to it. Critical thinking is an absolute must, and we must respect ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
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[4강 - 04번]

본문 지문

If you suffer from social angst, awkwardness, or dread, know that this is a perfectly normal response. No matter what it looks like, a lot of people are dealing with internal anxiety in social situations. But it is actually possible to build your social muscle and use it to boost your connections ― and your anxiety is giving you clues to what icebreakers and lifelines other people might be grateful for you to extend. Truly listen to what your anxiety is signaling to you about where you feel uncertain or insecure, and practice empathy by offering a hand to others who might be in the same boat. Remember that flipping anxiety into compassion is something inherent in you ― it is, in fact, what your anxiety was designed to do for you. Together, compassion and empathy can buffer against bad anxiety. You can use your anxiety to be more outward-facing. The outcome? The spread of compassion for your fellow human beings, other species, and the planet!

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anxiety is giving you clues to what icebreakers and lifelines other people

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Good Anxiety

Wendy Suzuki, Billie Fitzpatrick · 2021-09-07

... anxiety is giving you clues to what icebreakers and lifelines other people might be grateful for you to extend . Truly listen to what your anxiety is signaling to you about where you feel uncertain or insecure , and practice empathy by ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
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[5강 - Gateway]

본문 지문

The study of literature has repeatedly failed to recognize the influence of modern musical lyricists and their contributions to the evolution of language. Unlike Shakespeare, who has been studied and celebrated for his development of the English language, particularly in vocabulary and grammatical structure, modern songwriters have experienced restraints on the acknowledgement of their contributions and largely been ignored. Over the past century, we have witnessed an explosion of incredible literary works by these artists, who, through their music, have used linguistic manipulation and storytelling to enrich our language and literature. Producing lyrics of distinct and complex imagery, songwriters have had an incredible literary impact on our language. Their remarkable works, including influences on modern language development, must be recognized in the field of modern literature.

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literature has repeatedly failed to recognize the influence of modern musical lyricists

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[5강 - 01번]

본문 지문

Many crises today, such as the Great Recession, are simply too big and too overwhelming for you to completely comprehend, much less control. Crises of this ilk are precisely the kind that can easily engulf you with destructive reactions that interfere with your ability to overcome them. Focusing on these oversized crises will exacerbate the natural psychological, emotional, and physical reactions you are going to experience. With these sorts of crises, your best chance is to identify those aspects that are within your control. Then, you can break down the bigger crisis into smaller, more manageable problems toward which you can direct your energy and find solutions. For example, think back to the Great Recession. Although you probably didn't have the ability to influence economic policy, you were able to revisit the distribution of your investments and choose to create a more diverse portfolio.

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manageable problems toward which you can direct your energy and find solutions

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How to Survive and Thrive When Bad Things Happen

Jim Taylor, PhD · 2019-06-08

... manageable problems toward which you can direct your energy and find solutions. For example, think back to the Great Recession. Although you probably didn't have the ability to influence economic policy, you were able to revisit the ...

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[5강 - 02번]

본문 지문

Consumer surveys indicate that the majority of Americans (91%) believe they have some control over their health, and 72% believe that food and nutrition play the greatest role. However, 75% of consumers rely on media outlets including the Internet as their major sources of health and nutrition information, and only half use medical sources. A Google search for "nutrition listservs" yielded over 100,000 sites, but it is likely that many of these writings are not reviewed by nutrition experts. Internet sites marketing herbs, drugs, and health devices are not monitored by government regulatory agencies and often contain misleading information. Reputable food companies provide helpful facts about the nutrient content of their products, but commercial sites devoted to sales often post misleading health claims. Internet sites maintained by government agencies, universities, state extension services, and medical facilities provide evidence-based information and should be the first source for public information on foods, nutrition, and health.

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commercial sites devoted to sales often post misleading health claims

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Williams' Essentials of Nutrition and Diet Therapy - E-Book

Eleanor Schlenker, Joyce Ann Gilbert · 2014-10-15

... commercial sites devoted to sales often post misleading health claims . Internet sites maintained by government agencies , universities , state extension services , and medical facilities provide evidence- based information and should ...

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[5강 - 03번]

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My business partner Charles and I embraced the servant leader's way of doing things. In other words, nothing was beneath us. We led by example and did the work. When any new salesman came into the store, he would look around, notice Charles polishing some corner of the floor and me covered in flour, and assume the decision-maker was not present. He'd then hand off whatever he was selling to me and say, "Can you give this to the owner?" Now, if Charles and I had remained in the bakery for too long, we wouldn't have been able to grow and scale, so I'm not saying you should be sweeping the floors forever. It's more about modeling what's important. If cleanliness and details are important, be sure you aren't above doing the work and pitching in. Come into your workspace and ask how you can help. If it's clear your team is in the weeds, jump in without asking.

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Charles polishing some corner of the floor and me covered in flour

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[5강 - 04번]

본문 지문

Training and competition naturally speed the breath, which activates the sympathetic nervous system. In performance, this is acceptable because an athlete wants to produce adrenaline and compete and train in an aroused state. However, it is equally important for an athlete to learn how to mentally and physically downshift from the acute sympathetic activity experienced in sport, and outside of performance focus their attention on slow breathing to reduce the sympathetic activity and resolve the fight-or-flight state. In the Feinstein Institutes study, participants were able to use the pace of their breathing to activate specific regions of the brain. In a performance realm, this means athletes can use breathing pace to manage their state of arousal. During training and competition, the breathing rate increases with the introduction of adrenaline, and athletes must be able to control this to be able to adapt and recover. One way is to practice slower breathing protocols outside of training and competition.

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mentally and physically downshift from the acute sympathetic activity experienced in sport

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Breathe, Focus, Excel

Harvey Martin · 2023-01-16

... mentally and physically downshift from the acute sympathetic activity experienced in sport, and outside of performance focus their attention on slow breathing to reduce the sympathetic activity and resolve the fight-or-flight state. In ...

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[6강 - Gateway]

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Emphasizing speed over frequency can make sense in contexts where everyone is expected to plan around the timetable, including peak-only commute services and very long trips with low demand. In all other contexts, though, it seems to be a common motorist's error. Roads are there all the time, so their speed is the most important fact that distinguishes them. But transit is only there if it's coming soon. If you have a car, you can use a road whenever you want and experience its speed. But transit has to exist when you need it (span), and it needs to be coming soon (frequency). Otherwise, waiting time will wipe out any time savings from a faster service. Unless you're comfortable planning your life around a particular scheduled trip, speed is worthless without frequency, so a transit map that screams about speed and whispers about frequency may simply be planting confusion.

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speed over frequency can make sense in contexts where everyone is expected

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Human Transit, Revised Edition

Jarrett Walker · 2024-02-06

... speed over frequency can make sense in contexts where everyone is expected to plan around the timetable, including peak-only commute services and very long trips with low demand. In all other con- texts, though, it seems to be a common ...

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[6강 - 01번]

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In the United States, the practice of permitting aliens to vote could be seen as compatible with the idea of an exclusionary citizenship, but that is a hard balance to maintain. If the vote, of all rights, is in the hands of noncitizens, why should they not count as citizens, and the entire distinction between resident alien and citizen be abandoned? Indeed, something like this thought probably lay behind the disappearance of alien voting: with universal adult citizen suffrage after 1920, the only way to maintain an exclusionary kind of citizenship was to restrict the vote to citizens and not residents. But no theory of "active" democracy can countenance this distinction: the laws concerning our common life must be made by all those who are taking part in it, and residence is the only convincing test of whether someone is taking part ― as is understood almost universally when it comes to questions of which citizens should have a voice in local government.

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something like this thought probably lay behind the disappearance of alien voting

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Active and Passive Citizens

Richard Tuck · 2026-04-28

... something like this thought probably lay behind the disappearance of alien voting: with universal adult citizen suffrage after 1920, the only way to maintain an exclu- sionary kind of citizenship was to restrict the vote to citizens and ...

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[6강 - 02번]

본문 지문

When people are asked what any painting hanging on a gallery wall means, no matter how strange it might appear, as is the case with most abstract-expressionist paintings, they tend to find meaning in it because it is located in a gallery. Consider a soda can found thrown away on a city street. If we were to come across this item on the street, we would no doubt view it as a piece of garbage or rubbish. But if we saw the very same object on a pedestal, displayed in an art gallery, signed by some artist, and given a title such as "Waste," then we would interpret its meaning in a vastly different way. We would, in fact, be inclined to interpret it as an artistic form, descrying a throw-away or materialistic society. Clearly, the can's location on a sidewalk versus its display on a pedestal in an art gallery will influence how we will interpret it.

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then we would interpret its meaning in a vastly different way

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Using AI for Dialoguing with Texts

Yair Neuman, Marcel Danesi, Dan Vilenchik · 2022-11-18

... then we would interpret its meaning in a vastly different way. We would, in fact, be inclined to interpret it as an artistic text, decrying a throw-away or mate- rialistic society. These meanings are based on an "art gallery code" which ...

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[6강 - 03번]

본문 지문

The reliance on the computer as a model for the operations of the human mind may well prove to be as limited as an earlier fascination with behaviorism. Psychologists have already begun to recognize the flaws of the mind-as-computer metaphor. Some have turned to cultural anthropology as a way of understanding the factors outside any particular individual's brain that help the individual make sense out of the world. Others, such as Jerome Bruner, one of the founders of cognitive psychology, find that the computer analogy carries with it an unfortunate shift "from the construction of meaning to the processing of information." Bruner's reflections on the limits of the machine model lead him back to a humanistic emphasis on narrative and story-telling as essential ingredients in understanding human cognition, a fascinating intellectual journey that reveals both the power and the limits of computers as guides to the way we think.

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limits of the machine model lead him back to a humanistic emphasis

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The Human Difference

Alan Wolfe · 2023-04-28

... limits of the machine model lead him back to a humanistic emphasis on narrative and story - telling as essential ingredients in un- derstanding human cognition , a fascinating intellectual jour- ney that reveals both the power and the ...

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[6강 - 04번]

본문 지문

In the escape that reading literature provides through vicarious identification and comparison with other lives, places, and times, we activate our imagination, that uniquely human ability to explore an alternative set of ideas and experiences that are outside our present environment and that may not even be real. As opposed to perception that receives and processes information from the outside world — light, sound, shape — and finds meaning in it — a sunset, a symphony, a house — in imagination, the process is reversed. Translating the words we read into what they signify, we populate an inner world in which imagery is created from the memory. For example, we read "house" and picture a representation of a house from memory. It is our imagination, the complex interweaving of perception and memory that literature activates, releasing a latent creativity that pleases. The writer may provide the blueprint, but the reader builds literature's many rooms, and like any satisfying occupation, literature gratifies our imaginative and creative abilities.

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escape that reading literature provides through vicarious identification and comparison with other

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The Handy Literature Answer Book

Daniel S. Burt, Deborah G. Felder · 2018-07-01

... escape that reading literature provides through vicarious identification and comparison with other lives, places, and times, we activate our imagination, that uniquely human ability to explore an alternative set of ideas and experiences ...

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[7강 - Gateway]

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The economic benefit of culturtainment makes it attractive to politicians and policy makers alike. A potential increase in inbound visitor numbers coupled with their demand for related goods and services (travel, accommodation, retail) is an incentive for those within governments and authorities to work with cultural groups in order to develop celebrations and commemorations into larger and more high-profile events. However, such commercialization risks culturtainment becoming homogeneous and losing its original 'message' that could lead to a dilution of audiences. This could also lead to smaller non-commercial independent events being set up that would only serve to divide audiences further. This is something that planners and stakeholders will need to balance against potential financial gain. Changing political, social and religious landscapes will lead to the emergence of new cultures, and with them new culturtainment experiences. Overall this is a healthy growth sector of the entertainment industry, but one that by its very nature is delicate in the face of exploitation.

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economic benefit of culturtainment makes it attractive to politicians and policy makers

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The Entertainment Industry

Stuart Moss · 2010

... economic benefit of culturtainment makes it attractive to politicians and policy makers alike . A potential increase in inbound visitor numbers coupled with their demand for related goods and services ( travel , accommodation , retail ) ...

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[7강 - 01번]

본문 지문

You've probably heard that it takes about ten thousand hours of practice to become an expert in anything — a musical instrument, a sport, chess, cooking, or a foreign language. The research by K. Anders Ericsson on this topic has been written about many times, and it was made even more famous when Malcolm Gladwell described it in his bestselling book Outliers. However, recently, a cohort of researchers reexamined the studies and research behind the 10K figure and said, quite dramatically, that the ten-thousand-hour rule was utter nonsense. Specifically, there is nothing particularly special about ten thousand hours, and while practice is clearly important to boost performance, other factors may play an even more important role. What are those other factors that get us to expert levels of performance? Pure innate talent? Intelligence? Luck of the draw? Perseverance? Hard work? Yes, it's all of that... and more. Age, experience, and environment all play a role. In other words, there's no one certain factor that can predict or ensure mastery or optimal performance of anything.

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one certain factor that can predict or ensure mastery or optimal performance

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Good Anxiety

Wendy Suzuki · 2022-09-06

... one certain factor that can predict or ensure mastery or optimal performance of anything . The Hungarian - American psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmi- halyi has led the charge in this area of affective neuroscience research - first with ...

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[7강 - 02번]

본문 지문

In the old Soviet Union, a famous U.S. beverage company wanted to set up a bottling plant and distribution network. The prevailing ideology in the old Soviet Union at the time stressed the importance of the group over the individual and the need to develop industrial capacity at the expense of consumer goods. Soft drinks hardly seemed to fit the country's ideological priorities. Indeed, one government official dismissed the product as a "useless drink." Eventually, the two sides struck a deal, but not on the basis that the drink would quench the local population's thirst. Instead, the U.S. negotiators justified the project on the grounds that it would contribute to the country's industrial development. They restructured the project to include a heavy training component for local workers and managers, as well as a farm that would grow certain of the drink's ingredients. In addition, the company promised to make efforts to persuade other American companies to consider investments in the country.

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restructured the project to include a heavy training component for local workers

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The Global Negotiator

Jeswald Salacuse · 2015-01-13

... restructured the project to include a heavy training component for local workers and managers , as well as a farm that would grow certain of the drink's ingredients . In addition , Coke promised to make efforts to persuade other ...

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[7강 - 03번]

본문 지문

In 2012, the Yale School of Architecture held a symposium called "Is Drawing Dead?" The bold title reflects a growing sense that the architect's freehand sketch is being displaced by the computer. The transition from sketchpad to screen entails, many architects believe, a loss of creativity, of adventurousness. Thanks to the precision and apparent completeness of screen renderings, a designer working at a computer has a tendency to lock in, visually and cognitively, on a design at an early stage. He bypasses much of the reflective and exploratory playfulness that springs from the uncertainty and ambiguity of sketching. Researchers term this phenomenon "premature fixation" and trace its cause to "the disincentive for design changes once a large amount of detail and interconnectedness is built too quickly into a CAD (Computer-Aided Design) model." The designer at the computer also tends to emphasize formal experimentation at the expense of expressiveness. By weakening an architect's "personal, emotional connection with the work," a renowned American architect and designer Michael Graves argues, CAD software produces designs that, "while complex and interesting in their own way," often "lack the emotional content of a design derived from hand.

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disincentive for design changes once a large amount of detail and interconnectedness

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The Glass Cage

Nicholas Carr · 2014-09-29

... disincentive for design changes once a large amount of detail and interconnectedness is built too quickly into a CAD model . " 44 The designer at the computer also tends to emphasize formal experimentation at the expense of ...

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[7강 - 04번]

본문 지문

Limited animation is a process of making animated cartoons that does not follow a "realistic" approach. The short cartoons and feature films of Walt Disney from the 1930s and 1940s are widely acclaimed for depicting animated simulations of reality, with exquisite detail in every frame. However, this style of animation is very time-consuming and expensive. "Limited" animation creates an image that uses abstract art, symbolism, and limited movement to create the same effect, but at a much lower production cost. This style of animation depends more upon suspension of disbelief to tell a story; the story exists more in the viewer's imagination. It also encourages the animators to indulge in artistic styles that are not necessarily bound to the limits of the real world. The result is a new artistic style that could not have developed if animation was solely devoted to producing simulations of reality. Without limited animation, such ground-breaking films as Yellow Submarine, Chuck Jones' The Dot and the Line, and many others could never have been produced.

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1930s and 1940s are widely acclaimed for depicting animated simulations of reality

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Animation & Cartoons

Nicolae Sfetcu · 2014-05-07

... 1930s and 1940s are widely acclaimed for depicting animated simulations of reality, with exquisite detail in every frame. However, this style of animation is very time-consuming and expensive. "Limited" animation creates an image that ...

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