2027 EBS 수능특강 영어 - 원문 출처 정리 (21~30강)

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[21강 - Gateway]

본문 지문

One word is inextricably associated with geography: where. That is because geography starts from the premise that it matters where something takes place on Earth's surface. The key questions are not simply "where" questions, though; they are "why there" and "so what" questions. Getting to such questions means taking spatial arrangements, variations, and interconnections seriously. Engaging in even the simplest day-to-day activity requires some appreciation of spatial circumstances ― where to find food and services, how to get to work places, and the like. Moving up in scale, without some awareness of how phenomena are arranged on Earth's surface, it is difficult to make reasoned business or policy judgments, make sense of events, or grasp some of the basic forces shaping life on the planet. Locating a new store or public service requires taking into consideration population distributions, the location of roads and utilities, socio-economic patterns, and more. Understanding why and where migration happens requires consideration of the political organization of territory, the spatial consequences of discrimination, socio-economic patterns, and the layout of the physical environment.

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new store or public service requires taking into consideration population distributions

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Geography

Alexander B. Murphy · 2018-12-11

... new store or public service requires taking into consideration population distributions, the location of roads and utilities, socio-economic patterns, and more. Understanding why and where migration happens requires consideration of the ...

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[21강 - 01번]

본문 지문

Perhaps nothing has revolutionized the study of human-environment interactions more than the development of spatially explicit methods for collecting and analyzing data. Just a few decades ago, most natural and social scientists collected their data without precise spatial referents. References were made to watersheds, to communities, to villages, to cities, to proximity to rivers, and so on. In some cases (in anthropology mostly), there was even the custom of changing the name of the community and even its location, "to protect the informants." While confidentiality remains an important concern when working with human subjects, the extreme to which this was done was largely unjustified. Everyone knew more or less where these studied communities were, and anyone interested could have found out. Be that as it may, there was very little interest, except in geography, to precisely locate a study area on a map with coordinates. Geography persisted, and finally convinced the rest of us, that place was fundamentally important to understand human-environment dynamics.

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natural and social scientists collected their data without precise spatial referents

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Environmental Social Science

Emilio F. Moran · 2011-09-09

... natural and social scientists collected their data without precise spatial referents . References were made to watersheds , to communities , to villages , to cities , to proximity to rivers , and so on . In some cases ( in anthropology ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
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[21강 - 02번]

본문 지문

The idea that our senses may be deceiving us was taken up by the French philosopher and mathematician René Descartes. He realized that sometimes our senses give us a false impression ― a straight stick in a glass of water appears to be bent, for example. And if we know that they can be unreliable, it would be wrong to trust them completely ― everything that we experience with our senses might be false. It might even be that we are asleep, and that the world we are experiencing is no more than a dream, or that God or some mischievous power is making us believe things that are not really true. If that is the case, though, we can never know anything for sure. But Descartes then showed that there was one thing he could be sure of: In order to be deceived, he must exist, and exist as a thing that thinks. So, although his senses could not be trusted, he could be sure he existed as something that was capable of thinking and reasoning.

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mischievous power is making us believe things that are not really true

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Heads Up Philosophy

DK · 2015-10-05

... mischievous power is making us believe things that are not really true . If that is the case , though , we can never know anything for sure . But Descartes then showed that there was one thing he could be sure of : In order to be ...

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[21강 - 03번]

본문 지문

Hunters in the Ache tribe, living in the Paraguayan jungle, have a lot of ups and downs in their success at the hunt. Some days they bring home much more food than they could possibly eat; other days they come home empty-handed. If a man caught a wild pig and hoarded it for himself and his family, much of it would go to waste (there are no deep-freeze refrigerators in the Paraguayan jungle). During unlucky periods, individual hunters and their families would starve. Instead of living by a philosophy of "rugged individualism," however, hunters who have a lucky day share their meat with other families. And they don't just share a little; they share a lot ― fully 90%. In exchange for this generosity, their neighbors share with them on days when the luck runs the other way. By exchanging resources, particularly those that are unpredictable and uncertain (like meat from the hunt, as opposed to vegetable crops), the group provides a mutual insurance policy against starvation.

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hunters who have a lucky day share their meat with other families

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Social Psychology

Douglas T. Kenrick, Steven L. Neuberg, Robert B. Cialdini · 2002

... hunters who have a lucky day share their meat with other families . And they don't just share a little ; they share a lot fully 90 percent . In exchange for this generosity , their neigh- bors share with them on days when the luck runs ...

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[22강 - Gateway]

본문 지문

What is soft-path river engineering? One way to visualize its spirit is to liken it to a footpath in the forest. Suppose a tree falls across a footpath. A soft-path response would be simply to redirect the trail around the fallen tree. A more interventionist response would be to remove the tree and restore the original route. A still more interventionist response might be to straighten and pave the path to insert it more permanently in the landscape. The true high-modernist step would, of course, be to create a superhighway that removes the landscape and bulldozes straight through all obstacles in the topography. Soft-path engineering has the unique advantage of intellectual modesty with respect to what we actually know about river movement and its environmental effects. In contrast to hard-path engineering, soft-path engineering accepts variability in the river's movement as significant until proven otherwise. Backwaters, short-lived wetlands, braids and channels, swamps ― all undesirable to hard-path engineering ― are presumed by soft-path engineers to be ecologically important.

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superhighway that removes the landscape and bulldozes straight through all obstacles

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[22강 - 01번]

본문 지문

Connectivity, the capacity of a landscape to support movement by any given species across the landscape, is of increasing concern for conservation biologists. As the connectivity of a landscape increases from the human perspective (generally through increases in road networks), connectivity decreases for many other species. Although we may see many species of animals moving across human landscapes (e.g. deer, wolves, and turtles crossing roads or wandering through our backyards), landscapes substantially altered for human use act as barriers to movement of both animal and plant species. In some cases, these barriers are incomplete ― many turtles die on roads, but some make it across. In other cases, passage is essentially impossible ― cities along landscape corridors such as river valleys can effectively eliminate genetic exchange between previously connected plant and animal populations; dams can permanently halt spawning of fish by blocking travel to their breeding grounds. Thus, lack of connectivity can decrease the conservation value of remaining habitat below what its mapped area might suggest, increasing the impact of fragmentation.

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valleys can effectively eliminate genetic exchange between previously connected plant and animal

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Seeing the Forest and the Trees

Emilio F. Moran, Elinor Ostrom · 2005

... valleys can effectively eliminate genetic exchange between previously connected plant and animal populations; dams can permanently halt spawning of fish by blocking travel to their breeding grounds. Thus, edge effects and lack of con ...

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[22강 - 02번]

본문 지문

By enhancing energy efficiency and putting waste products to use, biopower helps move utilities and industries in a sustainable direction. The U.S. forest products industry now obtains half its energy by combusting woody waste and liquid waste from pulp mill processing. Biopower helps alleviate climate change as well by reducing carbon dioxide emissions, and capturing landfill gas reduces emissions of methane, a potent greenhouse gas. Biopower also benefits human health as it cuts down on pollution; by replacing coal in co-firing and direct combustion, biopower reduces emissions of sulfur dioxide because plant matter, unlike coal, contains no appreciable sulfur content. In addition, biomass resources tend to be geographically spread out, so using them can help support rural economies and reduce many nations' dependence on imported fuels.

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Biopower helps alleviate climate change as well by reducing carbon dioxide emissions

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[22강 - 03번]

본문 지문

One example of human interventions modifying the character of savannas is through their effects on savanna-dwelling mammals such as elephants. They are what is known as a 'keystone species' because they have a strong effect on many aspects of the environment in which they live. They diversify the ecosystems which they occupy and create a mosaic of habitats by browsing, trampling, and knocking over bushes and trees. They also spread seeds through their eating and defecating habits and maintain or create water holes by wallowing. All these roles are beneficial to other species. Conversely, where human interference prevents elephants from moving freely within their habitats and leads to their numbers exceeding the carrying capacity of the savanna, their effect can be environmentally disastrous. Equally, if humans reduce elephant numbers in a particular piece of savanna, the savanna may become less diverse and less open, and its water holes may fill with mud. This will be harmful to other species.

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eating and defecating habits and maintain or create water holes by wallowing

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The Human Impact on the Natural Environment

Andrew S. Goudie · 2013-04-25

... eating and defecating habits and maintain or create water holes by wallowing. All these roles are beneficial to other species. Conversely, where human interference prevents elephants from moving freely within their habitats and leads to ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
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[23강 - Gateway]

본문 지문

A good example of chaos is the magnetic pendulum sold as an executive toy. It has four magnets arranged in a square at the base and a pendulum that swings back and forth between them. Release the pendulum and note the magnets that it visits, and in what order. If the pendulum is released from the same position a second time, the pattern of movement may at first be the same but soon it will become completely different. In fact, the pattern of its movement is chaotic. No matter how much care is taken to start the pendulum in the same position, it will visit an entirely different set of points on the two occasions. Chaotic systems are generated by iteration, though not all iteration leads to chaos. In order to produce chaos, the iteration has to be within what is called a nonlinear system. Nor are all nonlinear systems chaotic: to become so they need to be pushed beyond a certain point, called a bifurcation. Before that point is reached they may behave in a quite orderly fashion.

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good example of chaos is the magnetic pendulum sold as an executive

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Chaos and Life

Richard J. Bird · 2003-11-26

... good example of chaos is the magnetic pendulum sold as an executive toy. It has four magnets arranged in a square at the base and a pendulum that swings back and forth between them. Release the pendulum and note the mag- nets that it ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
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[23강 - 01번]

본문 지문

There is one important thing to note about momentum. Since motion is relative, only relative velocities are relevant. In fact, when you think about it, all velocities are relative. Thus, on the surface of the earth, we always reckon velocity with respect to the ground — the velocity of the earth itself does not matter. There is a true story of a French pilot in World War II who stretched his hand out of his small airplane window and caught a bullet. How is this possible? The velocity of the bullet must have been about the same as the velocity of his plane. This can happen, because a bullet slows down to such a velocity toward the end of its flight path due to the action of air drag. Since only relative velocity matters, the momentum of the bullet was negligible as far as the pilot was concerned. Thus, he would have had little problem in catching the bullet.

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true story of a French pilot in World War II who stretched

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The Physicists’ View of Nature, Part 1

Amit Goswami · 2012-12-06

... true story of a French pilot in World War II who stretched his hand out of his small airplane window and caught a bullet . How is this possible ? The velocity of the bullet must have been about the same as the velocity of his plane ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
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[23강 - 02번]

본문 지문

Hipparchus of Nicaea was the most important astronomer of the Hellenistic Age after Aristarchus of Samos. Unlike Aristarchus, Hipparchus believed in the geocentric universe of Aristotle. A noted mathematician, Hipparchus gauged the movement of the sun and the moon using an astronomical model devised by Apollonius of Perga. Hipparchus worked at Alexandria and Rhodes; at the latter city, he created a kind of astronomical research center in which he cataloged the stars according to brightness. He produced a star chart of about 850 stars, tracking their movements and relative brightness. Hipparchus made more accurate measurements than Aristarchus did of the distance of the moon and sun from the earth. To account for the orbit of the sun around the earth he developed the idea of the eccentric, which Ptolemy of Alexandria would expand upon.

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astronomical research center in which he cataloged the stars according to brightness

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[23강 - 03번]

본문 지문

Living things are not confined to the familiar temperate realm of land, water, and sunlight inhabited by plants and plant-eating animals. They can be found in the darkest depths of the ocean, in hot volcanic mud, in pools beneath the frozen surface of the Antarctic, and buried kilometers deep in the Earth's crust. The creatures that live in these extreme environments are generally unfamiliar, not only because they are inaccessible, but also because they are mostly microscopic. In more homely habitats, too, most organisms are too small for us to see without special equipment: they tend to go unnoticed, unless they cause a disease or rot the timbers of our houses. Yet microorganisms make up most of the total mass of living matter on our planet. Only recently, through new methods of molecular analysis and specifically through the analysis of DNA sequences, have we begun to get a picture of life on Earth that is not grossly distorted by our biased perspective as large animals living on dry land.

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grossly distorted by our biased perspective as large animals living on dry

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제목 없음

Taylor & Francis Group · 2010-12-31

... grossly distorted by our biased perspective as large animals living on dry land. In this section we consider the diversity of organisms and the relationships among them. Because the genetic information for every organism is written in ...

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[24강 - Gateway]

본문 지문

The shoreline was known for having the best fishing spots on the lake. Jessie was sitting at one of those spots, but her fishing line still hadn't moved an inch. With a deep sigh, Jessie pulled out the line and cast it back into the water. Her dream of catching a big fish was fading. "I can't believe I haven't caught a fish yet. Not a single one," she thought. Just as she was about to give up and leave, the fishing line suddenly became tense. Jessie excitedly held onto the fishing pole as it began to move around wildly. Her eyes widened and her heart began to beat faster with excitement. With a big smile, she could feel that this was the biggest fish she had ever caught!

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eyes widened and her heart began to beat faster with excitement

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[24강 - 01번]

본문 지문

Today's cultural tourist is just as likely to be in search of 'popular', 'everyday' or 'street' culture as they are likely to visit a heritage site or a museum. The museum seems to have lost its dominant role as a factory of meaning in (post)modern society, so cultural tourists have gone in search of meaning elsewhere. The predominant direction of expansion has been into 'everyday life'. Cultural tourism is as much based on experiencing as it is on seeing; therefore, Raymond Williams' definitions of culture as a whole way of life as well as the arts and learning are particularly relevant here. Past definitions of cultural tourism have placed too much emphasis on cultural tourism as a form of arts or heritage tourism in its narrowest sense; for example, visiting museums, monuments, galleries and theatres. Cultural tourists are also interested in the more experiential aspects of culture. In an international context, particularly in the context of indigenous or ethnic tourism, the way of life of a people can be a central focus, where the traveller is motivated primarily by first-hand, authentic or intimate contact with people whose ethnic or cultural background is different from their own.

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definitions of cultural tourism have placed too much emphasis on cultural tourism

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Issues in Cultural Tourism Studies

Melanie K. Smith · 2009-12-04

... definitions of cultural tourism have placed too much emphasis on cultural tourism as a form of arts or heritage tourism in its narrowest sense; for example, visiting museums, monuments, galleries and theatres. Cultural tourists are also ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
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[24강 - 02번]

본문 지문

Although many U.S. Americans consider mathematics boring and tedious, all forms of standardized rankings involve figures and numbers. When ranking quarterbacks, for instance, the NFL (National Football League) standardizes the ranking process by defining different numerical categories that cover all aspects of the position. Each quarterback has certain numbers and figures, ranging from "percentage of pass completions" to "interceptions over touchdowns" to "number of yards passed per game." The quarterback's livelihood depends on those numbers. To negotiate a raise, a quarterback has to improve his numbers, and when a quarterback is benched, it is often due to unsatisfactory numbers. Similarly, at least 13 million Americans belong to virtual football leagues in which participants select players from different professional teams; at the end of the season, the participant whose virtual team has amassed the most points, defined by each virtual league differently, wins the jackpot. Such leagues even have a draft at the beginning of the season.

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virtual football leagues in which participants select players from different professional teams

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Understanding Global Cultures: Metaphorical Journeys Through 31 Nations, Clusters of Nations, Continents, and Diversity

Martin J. Gannon, Rajnandini Pillai · 2013

... virtual football leagues in which participants select players from different professional teams ; at the end of the season , the participant whose virtual team has amassed the most points , defined by each virtual league differently ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
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[25강 - Gateway]

본문 지문

The purpose of class discussions is to encourage you to be an active participant, not a passive recorder. Much of the emphasis in a discussion is on getting students involved in thinking, reacting, and responding. These are important intellectual activities in the learning process, for through them you are supposed to discover and express your opinions. Writing is an invaluable tool for accomplishing these tasks. Unfortunately, too many times, when class discussion begins, pens and pencils go down. Admittedly, it is considerably more difficult to take notes from discussions than from lectures, for, unlike lectures, discussions tend to be disorganized and difficult to follow. Also, students usually don't know how much of what other students are saying is important. And if you are an active participant, it is not easy to take notes and formulate what you want to say. But note taking in discussions is not only manageable, it is also important. Note taking helps to keep you active and alert; it allows you to impose some organization on the discussion; and it can prepare you to speak.

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considerably more difficult to take notes from discussions than from lectures

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Writing in the Arts and Sciences

Elaine P. Maimon · 1982

... considerably more difficult to take notes from discussions than from lectures , for , unlike lectures , discussions tend to be disorganized and difficult to follow . Also , students usually don't know how much of what other students are ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
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[25강 - 01번]

본문 지문

Teaching reflects what society itself demands; it necessitates that disorder — of students and teachers alike, of mind, behavior, and environment — yield to its opposite. Effective teaching requires that, failing their own self-imposed order, students experience the imposition of some outer order so that inner order may develop. This means in practice, for instance, that the goals of classes and courses be clearly set, that they be explained and justified, that the manner of achieving them be clear, that the presentation of materials conducive to reaching them be appropriate, and that all activities be directed somehow to their attainment. It means, too, that students take up their own obligation to maintain the conditions under which learning occurs: quiet in their classrooms, respect for and courtesy toward others, civility of language and behavior, and the like. Above all, it implies structured industry — study and activity that are oriented toward a goal and pursued with perseverance and method. That is, good teaching requires that teachers and students subject themselves to external and internal control so that learning can take place.

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teaching requires that teachers and students subject themselves to external and internal

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The Elements of Teaching

James M. Banner, Harold C. Cannon · 2017-04-25

... teaching requires that teachers and students subject themselves to external and internal control so that learning can take place. Discipline is part of order. The notion of "discipline," which has so many alarming connotations for so ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
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[25강 - 02번]

본문 지문

When we lecture, scold, yell, or criticize, when we say something positive but in a sarcastic tone, or when we try to make our kids feel guilty, it activates their amygdala, triggering their stress response and putting them into a defensive, rigid, reactive state. Even more basic, when we say no or don't, it releases stress chemicals in our kids' brains (and in ours) that are associated with fear and anger. Functional brain imaging research has shown that even seeing the word no on a screen for less than a second while you're lying in an MRI scanner will cause your brain to suddenly release dozens of stress-producing hormones and neurotransmitters. Conversely, positive words like yes, love, and peace activate systems in the prefrontal cortex that are related to emotional regulation. The problem is that negative words like no and don't have a more powerful effect on kids than positive words. For this reason, the researchers Suniya Luthar and John Gottman say that "bad is stronger than good" when it comes to communicating with children and teens.

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MRI scanner will cause your brain to suddenly release dozens of stress

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What Do You Say?

William Stixrud, PhD, Ned Johnson · 2022-08-16

... MRI scanner will cause your brain to suddenly release dozens of stress - producing hormones and neurotransmitters . Conversely , positive words like yes , love , and peace activate systems in the prefrontal cortex ( PFC ) that are ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[25강 - 03번]

본문 지문

The experiences of learning to ride a bicycle or drive a car illustrate well how the "what" and "how" systems — those involved in object identification and practical action — might interact during development. When we learn to drive a car, we go through a first stage where each required action and sequence of actions — such as looking in the mirror, signaling with the blinker, pressing the clutch prior to shifting into gear, and so forth — are explicitly thought of and double-checked while monitoring our situation in the environment. Once learned and after a few hours of practice, the required actions for driving become second nature, transferable to almost any vehicle and performed without explicit thinking. Information appears to be perceived directly; the affordances of the road, the car, and the traffic implicitly detected. Actually, this sort of automatization of conscious learning can be jeopardized by the return of explicit awareness. If you start to think too much about your driving, you actually increase your chances of having an accident. People in sport competitions confirm that self-consciousness is one's worst enemy: tennis, golf, or billiard players commonly report that they lose their "touch" by thinking too much about their moves.

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through a first stage where each required action and sequence of actions

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The Infant’s World

Philippe Rochat · 2009-07-01

... through a first stage where each required action and sequence of actions such as looking in the mirror , signaling with the blinker , pressing the clutch prior to shift- ing into gear , and so forth are explicitly thought of and double ...

전후문맥 일부 일치
검색 문구뿐 아니라 주변 단어도 입력 본문과 일부 겹칩니다.

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[26강 - Gateway]

본문 지문

In most fiction, characters' lives are limited to the individual work. Readers may disagree on the characteristics and traits of fictional figures, and in drama there is room for different interpretations of characters. However, it is less common for characters in literary fiction to reappear in subsequent works than in genre fiction, where series featuring the same central characters are common. This is even more pronounced in comics, which are typically serialized in newspaper strips or comic books. Thus characters introduced in the 1930s, like Superman and Batman, may still enjoy new adventures decades later. During these characters' long histories, they change in various ways for a variety of reasons. If a character is created by a single author, like Sherlock Holmes, the character's core traits may change little from story to story, but readers learn more about him with each successive story. On the other hand, if characters are the work of several hands over decades, they may change considerably. [Summary] While characters in most literary fiction hardly ever feature in successive works, those in genre fiction and comics often do so, and may undergo transformation in their traits especially when written about by different authors over time.

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less common for characters in literary fiction to reappear in subsequent works

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The Cambridge Companion to the Graphic Novel

Stephen E. Tabachnick · 2017-07-03

... less common for characters in literary fiction to reappear in subsequent works than in genre fiction, where series featuring the same central char- acters are common. This is even more pronounced in comics, which are typically ...

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[26강 - 01번]

본문 지문

In the context of a studio visit, the viewer might notice several clipped newspaper articles pinned to the wall, a wax-coated hotplate, walls with paint marks, resin-drizzled floors and several sculptures barely visible through their plastic wrap. Such real-world clues offer the visitor a foothold onto the artist's oeuvre. The studio visitor imagines that the artist is currently a painter, who applies wax and resin and finds inspiration in particular articles. Similarly, guests experiencing artworks in some homes notice art positioned next to furnishings, family photographs displayed on the piano and coffee-table books stacked to demonstrate preferences. Together, these components affect particular experiences. Within the artist's studio or collector's home, residue from studio activities or the collector's personal belongings help to connect the artworks to the world. By contrast, artworks displayed in exhibitions feel comparatively isolated, practically clipped from the world where they originated. This could explain why aestheticians tend to treat artworks as singletons, rather than as members of some set.

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drizzled floors and several sculptures barely visible through their plastic wrap

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The Philosophy of Curatorial Practice

Sue Spaid · 2020-10-15

... drizzled floors and several sculptures barely visible through their plastic wrap. Such real-world clues offer the visitor a foothold onto the artist's oeuvre. The studio visitor imagines that the artist is currently a painter, who ...

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[26강 - 02번]

본문 지문

Linguists typically distinguish between signals that are communicative and those that are informative, depending on whether the information is conveyed intentionally or not. For example, a deliberate wink is distinguished from an involuntary blink by the communicative intention that lies behind it. Yet in intercultural interaction, information conveyed unintentionally may actually be interpreted as intentional; for instance, in some cultures, showing the soles of one's shoes can communicate an insult and when somebody does that, it is typically assumed to have communicative intent. However, for someone from a cultural group where that convention does not exist, such behaviour would be unintentional and hence would not be communicative. In other words, a given piece of behaviour may be communicative to some of the participants and only informative to others.

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typically distinguish between signals that are communicative and those that are informative

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Intercultural Interaction

H. Spencer-Oatey, Peter Franklin · 2009-07-30

... typically distinguish between signals that are communicative and those that are informative, depending on whether the information is conveyed intentionally or not. For example, a deliberate wink is dis- tinguished from an involuntary ...

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[26강 - 03번]

본문 지문

Through stories we can explore the human condition and see how other people think. This can affirm our own beliefs and perceptions, but it also challenges them. Regardless of the language, there is something universal about what occurs in the brain at the point when we are processing narratives, triggering better self-awareness and empathy for others. Psychologists scanned people listening to narratives in English, Farsi, and Mandarin, and found the same patterns of brain activation when people found meaning in the stories. Other studies find that reading fiction significantly increases empathy toward others, including people of a different race or religion. And the more absorbed in a story a reader is, the more empathetically they behave in real life. For instance, if the researcher "accidentally" dropped his pens, those participants who had previously reported being "highly absorbed" in the story were about twice as likely to help pick up the pens. Another study concluded that literary fiction "uniquely engages the psychological processes needed to gain access to characters' subjective experiences." That is to say, if you read novels, you can probably read emotions, vital skills for forming cooperative societies.

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studies find that reading fiction significantly increases empathy toward others

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Transcendence

Gaia Vince · 2020-01-21

... same patterns of brain activation when people found meaning in the stories. 31 Other studies find that reading fiction significantly increases empathy toward others, including people of a different race or religion. And the.

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[27강 - Gateway]

본문 지문

Information and meaning are, clearly, not the same thing. The former refers to uninterpreted data or sensory states whose probability in a certain situation can be easily measured; the latter refers to the interpretation of the data or sensory states, including the special kinds of nuances and values that the information entails, or is intended to have, in the given situation. This applies to any type of information, from alarm signals to sophisticated statements. Take, for instance, a coin-tossing game in which it is decided that throwing three heads in a row constitutes a win. If a certain player ends up consistently with the desired outcome, defeating all who challenge that player, then we tend to interpret the outcome either as the work of Fortune, or else as clever and undetectable cheating on the part of the winning player. Interpretation is at the core of everything we do, think about, and feel.

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refers to uninterpreted data or sensory states whose probability in a certain

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Understanding Media Semiotics

Marcel Danesi · 2018-11-15

... refers to uninterpreted data or sensory states whose probability in a certain situa- tion can be easily measured; the latter refers to the interpretation of the data or sensory states, including the special kinds of nuances and values ...

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[27강 - 01번]

본문 지문

Over the past twenty years, with the arrival of digital politics, social and political protest movements have changed and become ever more prominent through what the sociologist Manuel Castells has called Networks of Outrage and Hope. We now have a swirling world of 'online activism', digital rebellion, information politics and People's Platforms. Smartphones and social networking now provide a more fluid, leaderless, participatory activism that arises more spontaneously. The early examples like the Occupy Movement (2011), the Arab Spring in Egypt (2010), the Umbrella Movement in Hong Kong (2014, 2019), the Gezi Park Movement in Turkey (2013), and the Pussy Riots in Russia (2011) galvanized large numbers of people and attracted world attention. While some suggest that these new politics are enhancing democracy, others maintain that they do not really challenge the dominant power groups. Looking back, most of them have proved unsuccessful, clamped down upon by the state. There seems a limit to the power of new social movements.

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prominent through what the sociologist Manuel Castells has called Networks of Outrage

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Sociology

Ken Plummer · 2021-09-30

... prominent through what the sociologist Manuel Castells has called Networks of Outrage and Hope . We now have a swirling world of ' online activism ' , digital rebellion , information politics and People's Platforms . Smart phones and ...

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[27강 - 02번]

본문 지문

The advent of automobiles drastically altered urban landscapes by enabling the growth of suburbs. Cars provided individuals the ability to live farther from city centers, where land was cheaper and more abundant. This expansion created the modern suburb, characterized by residential zones separate from commercial and industrial areas, promoting a shift from high-density urban living to the spacious suburbs. The flexibility cars offered meant people could commute daily, uniting work, leisure, and homelife in new ways. In response, urban planning evolved, placing emphasis on roads and highways to accommodate increased travel. This decentralization led to altered living patterns, encouraging families to seek homes in quieter, suburban environments while maintaining access to urban job markets. The sprawling growth fueled demands for expanded infrastructure and services in these areas, bringing in new economic opportunities. Cars were instrumental in shaping this living model by significantly detaching home locations from places of employment and recreation.

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advent of automobiles drastically altered urban landscapes by enabling the growth

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Journey Through Time

Virversity Online Courses · 2025-03-31

... advent of automobiles drastically altered urban landscapes by enabling the growth of suburbs. Cars provided individuals the ability to live farther from city centers, where land was cheaper and more abundant. This expansion created the ...

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[27강 - 03번]

본문 지문

The graph above shows results from a 2018 U.S. survey on awareness of AI uses among the general population and tech executives. Tech executives had a higher awareness of AI uses across the various domains compared to the general population, with the exception of Drones. The top three AI domains with the highest awareness among tech executives were Voice Assistants, Natural Language Processing, and Text Recognition. Ride-Hailing Apps had the lowest awareness levels in both the general population group and the tech executives group. The rate of awareness of AI use for Computer Vision and Drones was the same among tech executives, but for the general population, the awareness of Drones was 10 percentage points higher than that of Computer Vision.

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AI domains with the highest awareness among tech executives were Voice Assistants

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Google Books 후보가 없습니다.

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[28강 - Gateway]

본문 지문

One reason that people participate in social media is because it builds social relations. We increase our social capital when we successfully engage in social media. Social capital describes the networks of relationships we have that are built on mutuality and sharing of identity, understanding, norms and values. We build ties that may pay off with a job lead or a letter of recommendation. We reinforce our identities through our online presentation in a personal blog or our profile. "The premise behind the notion of social capital is rather simple and straightforward: investment in social relations with expected returns," noted sociologist Nan Lin. Lin's work stresses that it is who you know as much as what you know that shapes our experience in society. With new media, our reach of connecting is all the greater, expanding our "who you know" to greater and greater lengths.

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premise behind the notion of social capital is rather simple and straightforward

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Social Capital

Nan Lin · 2002-05-20

... premise behind the notion of social capital is rather simple and straightforward : investment in social relations with expected returns in the marketplace . This general definition is consistent with various rendi- tions by all scholars ...

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[28강 - 01번]

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People like pictures of the savanna, even if they have never been there. In one study, people of different ages (8, 11, 15, 18, 35, and over 70 years) looked at images of tropical forests, deciduous forests, coniferous forests, deserts, and the East African savanna. Eight-year-old children said that they would like to live in or visit the savanna more than any other environment. After the age of 15, people also liked deciduous and coniferous forests. Since none of these people had visited savannas, the implication is that this preference was programmed into their brains. This programmed preference is called "the savanna hypothesis." As people get older, this preference gets modified by where they have lived. Synek and Grammer, researchers in evolutionary psychology, confirmed these findings in a different study. They showed that young children in Austria prefer landscapes thinly dotted with trees and with low mountains, scenes that resemble the savanna. After puberty, their preferences shifted to areas with denser trees and higher mountains, again, presumably, because of more experience with these terrains.

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preferences shifted to areas with denser trees and higher mountains

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The Aesthetic Brain

Anjan Chatterjee · 2014

... preferences shifted to areas with denser trees and higher mountains, again, presumably, because of more experience with these terrains. Trees themselves support the savanna hypothesis. Japanese garden- ers have developed a sophisticated ...

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[28강 - 02번]

본문 지문

Dreamers find it difficult to determine whether a memory is from a dream or some other source after time has passed, known as "source monitoring." It is difficult to distinguish between memories of real dreams and made-up ones, imagination or stories someone else told us. Dream source monitoring was found to be less accurate than other memory source monitoring. A cognitive psychologist, Marcia K. Johnson and her colleagues' explanation is that "real dreams are deficient in information about cognitive operations that help identify the self-generations we create when we are awake." Although dreams are usually more vivid than imagination, the cognitive operations that generate imagining are also remembered. Remembering that you intentionally thought of an image helps distinguish it from a perception that you did not intentionally generate. Dream generation, in contrast, is "transparent" in that we don't experience the generation process, making it more difficult to source monitor.

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Dream source monitoring was found to be less accurate than other memory

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The Dreaming Mind

Melanie G. Rosen · 2024-02-27

... Dream source monitoring was found to be less accurate than other memory source monitoring. Johnson and colleagues' explanation is that "real dreams are deficient in information about cognitive operations that help identify the self ...

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[28강 - 03번]

본문 지문

Much research in social psychology has documented some of the key strategies that people rely upon in defending the belief I am good. For example, when people perform poorly at something, they tend to trivialize their failures. This trivialization disarms those failures and prevents them from overwriting their life stories. Imagine, say, that someone fails a calculus test. A common defensive response is to conclude that this test was just not that important to them. They may say to themselves, "Who cares about calculus anyway. I'm not going to become a mathematician." In contrast, people will typically show the precise opposite pattern for their successes and will interpret those events as being of outsize importance. So if someone aces a calculus test, they may think to themselves about how crucial calculus is for their future career success and how it's key to getting into graduate school or getting a highly desired job as an engineer or a financial analyst. By titrating how importantly people view their successes and failures, they can shape their emotional reactions to these events in a way that enables them to tell a more convincing story that I am good.

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trivialization disarms those failures and prevents them from overwriting their life stories

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Start Making Sense

Steven J. Heine · 2025-01-28

... trivialization disarms those failures and prevents them from overwriting their life stories. Imagine, say, that someone fails a calculus test. A common defensive response is to conclude that this test was just not that important to them ...

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[29강 - Gateway]

본문 지문

When gathering the preferences of multiple agents into one collective choice, it is easily seen that certain cases call for randomization or other means of tiebreaking. For example, if there are two alternatives, a and b, and two agents such that one prefers a and the other one b, there is no deterministic way of selecting a single alternative without violating one of two basic fairness conditions known as anonymity and neutrality. Anonymity requires that the collective choice ought to be independent of the agents' identities whereas neutrality requires impartiality towards the alternatives. Allowing lotteries as social outcomes hence seems like a necessity for impartial collective choice. Indeed, most common "deterministic" social choice functions such as plurality rule are only deterministic as long as there is no tie, which is usually resolved by drawing a lot. The use of lotteries for the selection of officials interestingly goes back to the world's first democracy in Athens, where it was widely regarded as a principal characteristic of democracy, and has recently gained increasing attention in political science.

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lotteries as social outcomes hence seems like a necessity for impartial collective

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Trends in Computational Social Choice

Ulle Endriss · 2017

... lotteries as social outcomes hence seems like a necessity for impartial collective choice. Indeed, most common "deterministic" social choice functions such as plurality rule, Borda's rule, or Copeland's rule are only deterministic as ...

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[29강 - 01번]

본문 지문

Along with the mistaken notion that the law resides in the books goes the equally mistaken idea that law is secret, or at least inaccessible to the ordinary person. To understand and apply the law at the advanced, technical level that lawyers do requires professional knowledge, but to understand the basic substance of the law does not. Law reflects life. The principles and issues embodied in the law are not different from those that we experience in other aspects of our lives. Contract law, for example, is a commentary on the way people make, interpret, keep, and break their promises in commercial and noncommercial settings. Few nonlawyers can describe the objective theory of contract formation or the Statute of Frauds, but they have thought a lot about contracts and promises. If you cross your fingers when you make a promise, does it mean that the promise doesn't count? If your newly purchased television doesn't work, can you return it to the store? And so on.

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mistaken notion that the law resides in the books goes the equally

Google Books

Law One Hundred and One

Jay M. Feinman · 2006

... mistaken notion that the law resides in the books goes the equally mistaken idea that law is secret, or at least inaccessible to the ordinary person. To understand and apply the law at the advanced, technical level that lawyers do ...

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[29강 - 02번]

본문 지문

The internet has transformed the fashion marketplace, making it increasingly difficult to predict the demand for the selling season. Consumers can browse for product information and prices and gain comparative information almost instantaneously, making them more informed than ever before, transferring the balance of power from the retailer to the customer. This is exacerbated by open and real-time access to fashion shows, facilitated through livestreaming, coupled with social media access to celebrity looks and lifestyles and the sharing of all aspects of life on social media. Consumers use fashion choices to express their individual style and personality, especially those promoting 'brand me' on social media. The traditional two-season offer is no longer seen as enough, with consumers demanding new products throughout the whole year. This creates a problem for fashion retailers as many consumers are looking for more exclusive pieces to differentiate themselves, forcing up the desire for trend-led ever more rapidly changing styles, while still demanding affordable prices.

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browse for product information and prices and gain comparative information almost instantaneously

Google Books

Costing for the Fashion Industry

Nathalie Evans, Michael Jeffrey, Susan Craig · 2020-02-06

... browse for product information and prices and gain comparative information almost instantaneously, making them more informed than ever before, transferring the balance of power from the retailer to the customer. This is exacerbated by ...

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[29강 - 03번]

본문 지문

What deeply affected so many Black communities globally was not only that they could not metaphorically breathe because of the oppressive forms and limits of white supremacy, but also that so many Black communities literally cannot breathe because of environmental racism. Similarly to Black communities in the UK, Black Americans are also more likely to live near landfills, industrial plants and fossil-fuel infrastructure. The process by which this hazardous infrastructure is deliberately situated close to African American communities is called redlining. This process means that fossil-fuelled power plants and hazardous-waste facilities are disproportionately and deliberately situated in Black or ethnic-minority neighbourhoods. As a result of this, Black Americans are three times more likely to die from exposure to air pollutants than their white counterparts.

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that so many Black communities literally cannot breathe because of environmental racism

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It’s Not That Radical

Mikaela Loach · 2025-07-08

... that so many Black communities literally cannot breathe because of environmental racism. Similarly to Black communities in the UK, Black Americans are also more likely to live near landfills, industrial plants and fossil- fuel ...

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[30강 - Gateway]

본문 지문

Honey can be eaten by itself or mixed with other ingredients. Natural or pure honey has had no additives, preservatives or synthetic ingredients added. Also referred to as 'undiluted', it is usually more expensive than diluted honeys. Natural honey can also be called 'blended honey', in which honeys from various sources are blended together ― not by the bees, but by human processors and distributors in stages after the honey has been collected. Blending is frequently done for taste as well as marketing reasons, especially since some consumers find the darker honeys too strong. Mixing different types of honey together can make it more palatable, and also gives a more uniform flavour ― this is an important consideration for producers and retailers, who feel the need to guarantee reliable, unsurprising (typically mild) flavours to their customers. Clover is one of the most popular honeys in the U.S., and its mild flavour and taste have become familiar to many Americans.

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Mixing different types of honey together can make it more palatable

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Honey

Lucy Long · 2017-04-15

... Mixing different types of honey together can make it more palatable, and also gives a more uniform flavour – this is an important consideration for producers and retailers, who feel the need to guarantee reliable, unsurprising ...

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[30강 - 01번]

본문 지문

Not too much or too little ― that's what moderation means. Moderation does not mean that you have to eliminate low-nutrient-density foods from your diet, such as soft drinks and candy, but rather that you can include them occasionally. Moderation entails not taking anything to extremes. You probably have heard that vitamin C has positive effects, but that doesn't mean huge doses of this essential nutrient are appropriate for you. It's also important to remember that substances that are healthful in small amounts can sometimes be dangerous in large quantities. For example, the body needs zinc for hundreds of chemical reactions, including those that support normal growth, development, and immune function. Too much zinc, however, can cause deficiency of copper, another essential mineral, which can lead to damaged immune function. Being moderate in your diet means that you do not restrict or completely eliminate any one type of food, but rather that all types of food can fit into a healthful diet.

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You probably have heard that vitamin C has positive effects

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제목 없음

Paul Insel, Don Ross, Kimberley McMahon, Melissa Bernstein · 2010-04-07

... You probably have heard that vitamin C has positive effects, but that doesn't mean huge doses of this es- sential nutrient are appropriate for you. It's also important to remember that substances that are healthful in small amounts can ...

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[30강 - 02번]

본문 지문

Dietary behaviors are, in large part, the consequence of automatic responses to a particular situation with food, many of which lead to increased caloric consumption and poor dietary choices. Individuals are subject to inherent cognitive limitations and mostly lack the capacity to consistently recognize, ignore, or resist contextual cues that encourage eating. Take, for example, going to the movies. For many, a night at the movies also means sharing popcorn, candy, and soda. People often cannot resist this learned indulgence and are encouraged by the environment to eat a particular food. Another example is eating potato chips or peanuts that have been set out during a friendly card game or conversation with others. Individuals often consume snacks not because they are hungry, but because they are prompted by the social environment, which encourages them to eat. Similarly, grocery stores and restaurants have discovered the profits in suggestive selling, a sales technique where the customer is encouraged to make an additional purchase by taking advantage of a two-for-one sale or special discount. Grocery stores often use placement of items to encourage impulse buying.

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Individuals are subject to inherent cognitive limitations and mostly lack the capacity

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Nutrition

Dr. Paul Insel, Don Ross, Kimberley McMahon, Melissa Bernstein · 2016-08-08

... Individuals are subject to inherent cognitive limitations and mostly lack the capacity to consistently recognize, ignore, or resist contextual cues that encourage eating. Take, for example, going to the movies. For many, a night at the ...

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[30강 - 03번]

본문 지문

Science shows that, when compared to adults, children naturally prefer higher levels of sweet and salty tastes and reject bitter tastes. This might help explain why children are drawn to more unhealthy food choices within our current food environment ― an environment composed of high-salt, high-refined-sugar foods. In support of this idea, studies have found that sensory experiences, beginning early in life, can shape preferences in both a positive and a negative way. For example, expecting mothers who consume diets rich in healthy foods can help develop their child's taste preferences in a positive way because flavors from foods that the mother eats are transmitted to amniotic fluid and to mother's milk, creating an environment in which breastfed infants are more accepting of these flavors. In contrast, infants fed formula learn to prefer its unique flavor profile and may have more difficulty initially accepting flavors not found in formula, such as those of fruit and vegetables. Having healthy food experiences early in life may go a long way toward promoting healthy eating throughout a person's life span.

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naturally prefer higher levels of sweet and salty tastes and reject bitter

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Nutrition Essentials: Practical Applications

Dr. Paul Insel, Don Ross, Kimberley McMahon, Melissa Bernstein · 2022-09-29

... naturally prefer higher levels of sweet and salty tastes and reject bitter tastes . This might help explain why children are drawn to more unhealthy food choices . In support of this idea , studies have found that sensory experiences ...

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