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[고3] 2024년 7월 모의고사 - 한줄해석
2024년도 7월 고3 영어 모의고사>의 한줄해석 자료 올립니다.설명문/실용문을 제외한 모든 지문을 포함했습니다.그리고 자료는 PDF와 워드 파일 모두 올립니다. 지문 분석하거나 자료
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[고3] 2024년 7월 모의고사 - 한줄해석 (좌지문 우해석)
오늘은 2024년도 7월 고3 영어 모의고사>의 한줄해석(좌지문 우해석) 자료 올립니다.설명문/실용문을 제외한 전지문 작업했습니다.PDF와 워드 파일 모두 올립니다. 필요에 따라 변형해서
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[고3] 2024년 07월 – 18번: 교통 혼잡 감소를 위한 유연 근무제 도입 안내
Dear Staff, My name is Laura Miller, the Human Resources Manager. As part of our efforts to reduce traffic on newly built area roadways, we are starting to offer flextime working hours to eligible employees. Under the plan, staffers could begin work 60 to 90 minutes before or after ordinary business hours, adjusting their scheduled departure time accordingly. All requests for flextime must be submitted to departmental supervisors and will be approved if they do not conflict with the staffing needs of the company. In addition, flextime schedules will be reviewed every four months to assure that they do not adversely affect company goals. Best regards, Laura Miller
Possible Titles:
1. New Flextime Policy Introduced to Alleviate Traffic Congestion
2. Flextime Working Hours Available for Eligible Employees
3. Company Implements Flexible Working Hours to Reduce Traffic
4. New Schedule Options Announced for Eligible Staff Members
Main Idea #1:
Introduction of flextime working hours for eligible employees to reduce traffic.
Main Idea #2:
Employees can start work 60 to 90 minutes before or after regular business hours, subject to approval and review every four months.
Summary:
Laura Miller, the HR Manager, announced a flextime policy to reduce traffic. Employees can adjust their work start times by 60 to 90 minutes, subject to supervisor approval and periodic review. The policy ensures it aligns with company staffing needs and goals.
Key Points:
1. Flextime aims to reduce traffic on new roadways.
2. Employees can start work 60 to 90 minutes earlier or later.
3. Flextime requests must be approved by supervisors.
4. Schedules are reviewed every four months to ensure alignment with company goals.
[고3] 2024년 07월 – 19번: 열심히 준비한 발표가 무산된 후 직업에 대한 실망
Joshua had spent ten weeks crafting a presentation for an upcoming meeting. He had worked very hard on analyzing data, making beautiful plots and projections, and he had often stayed in the office past midnight polishing his presentation. He was delighted with the outcome and happily e-mailed the presentation to his boss, who was going to make the presentation at the all-important meeting. His boss e-mailed him back a few hours later: Sorry, Joshua, but just yesterday we learned that the deal is off. I did look at your presentation, and it is an impressive and fine piece of work. Well done." Joshua realized that his presentation would never see the light of day. The fact that all his effort had served no ultimate purpose created a deep rift between him and his job. He'd quickly gone from feeling useful and happy in his work to feeling dissatisfied and that his efforts were in vain.
Possible Titles:
1. Hard Work and Dedication Lead to Disappointment for Joshua
2. Ten Weeks of Effort Rendered Useless Due to Unexpected News
3. Joshua's Unseen Presentation Highlights Challenges in the Workplace
4. The Emotional Impact of Unused Work on Employee Morale
Main Idea #1:
Joshua's extensive effort on a presentation ended up being futile due to the cancellation of a deal.
Main Idea #2:
Joshua's sense of purpose and satisfaction in his job was shattered when his presentation was rendered unnecessary, causing him to feel his hard work was wasted.
Summary:
Joshua spent ten weeks creating a detailed presentation, only to learn it wouldn't be used because a deal fell through. Despite his boss's praise, he felt his effort was wasted, leading to dissatisfaction and a loss of purpose in his job.
Key Points:
1. Joshua dedicated ten weeks to preparing a presentation.
2. The deal the presentation was for was unexpectedly canceled.
3. His boss acknowledged the quality of his work despite the cancellation.
4. Joshua felt his efforts were wasted, causing dissatisfaction with his job.
[고3] 2024년 07월 – 20번: 성공적인 소설가가 되기 위해서는 지속적으로 책을 출판해야 한다는 조언
Walk into a bookstore and you'll see some authors have a whole shelf. Authors with just one book are hard to find and it's the same for digital shelf-space. Look at the most loved and top-selling authors and they all have a lot of books. One book is not enough to build a career as a fiction author if that is a goal of yours. So, don't obsess over that one book, consider it just the beginning, and get writing on the next one. Of course, first-time authors don't want to hear this! I certainly didn't when I put my first book out. I've tried every single marketing tool possible and I still continue to experiment with new forms. But after 27 books, writing more books is what I personally keep coming back to as the best marketing tool and the best way to increase my income as a writer. Because every time a new book comes out, more readers discover the backlist. You also have another chance to 'break out'.
Possible Titles:
1. Building a Successful Writing Career: The Power of Multiple Books
2. Why One Book Isn't Enough for Aspiring Fiction Authors
3. The Importance of Writing Continuously for Authorial Success
4. How Publishing More Books Can Boost Your Writing Career
Main Idea #1:
One book is insufficient for building a successful fiction writing career.
Main Idea #2:
Consistently writing and publishing more books is the most effective way to market oneself and increase income as an author.
Summary:
Successful authors often have numerous books, making it clear that one book isn't enough for a lasting career. Writing more books enhances marketing efforts and income, as each new release can attract readers to an author's previous works, providing more opportunities for success.
Key Points:
1. Top authors typically have multiple books.
2. One book alone is not enough to establish a career.
3. Writing more books is a crucial marketing tool.
4. New releases help readers discover an author's backlist and increase income.
[고3] 2024년 07월 – 21번: 즉흥 연기에서의 소통 기술이 일상 대화에 적용되는 방법
In improv, the actors have no control of the conversation or the direction it takes. They can only react to the other actors' words or nonverbal communication. Because of this, the actors become experts at reading body language and reading between the lines of what is said. If they are unable to do this, they are left in the dark and the performance crumbles. This applies to our daily conversations, but we're usually too self-centered to notice. Just like the improv actors become adept at picking up on the breadcrumbs of the conversation, we need to do the same. When people want to talk about something specific, rarely will they come out and just say it. 99 percent of people won't say, "Hey, let's talk about my dog now. So...." Instead, they will hint at it. When they bring up a topic unprompted, or ask questions about it, they want to talk about it. Sometimes, when the other person seems to not pick up on these signals, they will keep redirecting the conversation to that specific topic. If they seem excited whenever the topic comes up, they want to talk about it.
Possible Titles:
1. The Importance of Reading Between the Lines in Conversations
2. How Improv Techniques Enhance Everyday Communication Skills
3. Understanding Nonverbal Cues for Effective Communication
4. Improving Conversations by Picking Up on Subtle Hints
Main Idea #1:
Improv actors excel at interpreting body language and subtle hints due to their reactive nature in performances.
Main Idea #2:
Everyday conversations often involve subtle cues about preferred topics, which we should learn to recognize for better communication.
Summary:
Improv actors become skilled at reading body language and subtle hints because they must react to their fellow actors. This skill is crucial in daily conversations, where people often hint at what they want to discuss. Recognizing these cues can significantly improve communication.
Key Points:
1. Improv actors rely on reading body language and subtle hints.
2. Daily conversations also involve hints about preferred topics.
3. Most people do not explicitly state what they want to talk about.
4. Picking up on these cues can enhance communication effectiveness.
[고3] 2024년 07월 – 22번: 과학적 접근이 결여된 경영 의사결정의 문제점
The relevance of science in understanding organizational behavior can start with asking this question: Why do good managers make bad decisions? Too often managers make mistakes when it comes to fostering conditions that inspire positive outcomes in the workplace, such as performance, satisfaction, team cohesion, and ethical behavior. Why does this happen? Part of the reason is that rather than relying on a clearly validated set of scientific discoveries, managers use less reliable sources of insight such as gut feel, intuition, the latest trend, what a highly paid consultant might say, or what is being done in another company. Like most of us, managers tend to rely on their own strengths and experiences when making choices about how to get the best from others. But what works for one manager may not work for another. In the absence of a scientific approach, managers tend to make mistakes, offer ill-conceived incentives, misinterpret employee behavior, and fail to account for the many possible explanations for why employees might perform poorly.
Possible Titles:
1. The Pitfalls of Intuition in Managerial Decision-Making
2. Why Good Managers Make Bad Decisions in the Workplace
3. The Necessity of Science in Understanding Organizational Behavior
4. Avoiding Managerial Mistakes Through Scientific Approaches
Main Idea #1:
Managers often make poor decisions by relying on intuition and unreliable sources instead of scientific evidence.
Main Idea #2:
Without a scientific approach, managers frequently misinterpret employee behavior, offer ineffective incentives, and fail to create positive workplace conditions.
Summary:
Managers often make mistakes by relying on intuition and unreliable sources rather than scientific evidence. This approach leads to poor decision-making, ineffective incentives, and misinterpretation of employee behavior. Adopting a scientific approach can help avoid these common managerial pitfalls.
Key Points:
1. Managers frequently rely on intuition and trends for decision-making.
2. This approach leads to ineffective workplace strategies and outcomes.
3. A scientific approach can provide more reliable insights into organizational behavior.
4. Understanding and applying scientific discoveries can improve performance, satisfaction, and team cohesion.
[고3] 2024년 07월 – 23번: 고령화 문제와 자연재해 대응의 차이점
Natural disasters and aging are two problems that societies have been dealing with for all of human history. Governments must respond to both, but their dynamics are entirely different and this has profound consequences for the nature of the response. Simply by plotting the aging slope, policy makers go a long way toward understanding the problem: People get older at a constant and reliable rate. There can be disagreements over how to solve the aging problem (this is political complexity), but the nature of the problem is never in dispute. Plotting the number of people killed in natural disasters does very little to advance understanding of this problem other than emphasizing the randomness of natural disasters. Preparing a policy response is, therefore, much easier in some areas than in others. When inputs are reliable and easy to predict, it greatly facilitates information processing and allows for anticipatory problem-solving. When problems are causally complex and multivariate, determining the appropriate response is a reactionary endeavor.
Possible Titles:
1. The Challenge of Predicting and Responding to Natural Disasters vs. Aging
2. Understanding Policy Responses to Aging and Natural Disasters
3. The Predictability of Aging Versus the Randomness of Natural Disasters
4. Policy Making: Addressing Predictable Aging and Unpredictable Natural Disasters
Main Idea #1:
Aging is predictable and constant, making it easier for policymakers to address compared to the unpredictable nature of natural disasters.
Main Idea #2:
Effective policy responses are facilitated when problems, like aging, are predictable, whereas the randomness of natural disasters makes planning more complex and reactive.
Summary:
Aging is a predictable problem that allows for anticipatory policy responses, while natural disasters are random, requiring reactive solutions. The predictability of aging simplifies policy making, whereas the complexity of natural disasters complicates it.
Key Points:
1. Aging occurs at a constant and reliable rate.
2. Natural disasters are random and unpredictable.
3. Predictable problems allow for anticipatory problem-solving.
4. Causally complex problems require reactionary responses.
[고3] 2024년 07월 – 24번: 연구에서의 '피해 기반 접근'의 문제점과 대안 제시
A scholar Eve Tuck urges researchers to move away from what she calls "damage-based research," or "research that operates, even benevolently, from a theory of change that establishes harm or injury in order to achieve reparation." Citing studies in education that sought to increase resources for marginalized youths by documenting the "illiteracies" of indigenous youths and youths of color, Tuck explains that damage-based research is a popular mechanism by which "pain and loss are documented in order to obtain particular political or material gains." While damage-based studies have proven successful in attaining political or material gains in the form of funding, attention, and increased awareness related to the struggles of marginalized communities, Tuck points researchers to the ongoing violence damage-based research inflicts on marginalized communities, even under benevolent or perceivably beneficial circumstances. Among the many issues associated with damage-based research are the underlying assumptions this type of work makes and sustains about marginalized people; namely, that marginalized communities lack communication, civility, intellect, desires, assets, innovation, and ethics.
Possible Titles:
1. Rethinking Damage-Based Research and Its Impact on Marginalized Communities
2. The Harmful Assumptions of Damage-Based Research in Education
3. Moving Beyond Damage-Based Research to Empower Marginalized Groups
4. The Unintended Consequences of Documenting Harm in Marginalized Communities
Main Idea #1:
Eve Tuck criticizes damage-based research for perpetuating harmful assumptions about marginalized communities.
Main Idea #2:
Despite its success in securing political and material gains, damage-based research inflicts ongoing violence on marginalized communities by portraying them negatively.
Summary:
Eve Tuck argues against damage-based research, which, while successful in obtaining resources and awareness for marginalized groups, perpetuates harmful assumptions and inflicts ongoing violence on these communities. This approach often portrays marginalized people as lacking essential qualities, despite its benevolent intentions.
Key Points:
1. Damage-based research operates from a theory of harm to achieve reparation.
2. This type of research often portrays marginalized communities negatively.
3. Successful in gaining resources and awareness, it still causes ongoing harm.
4. Tuck urges researchers to recognize and move away from these harmful assumptions.
[고3] 2024년 07월 – 25번: 유제품과 식물성 우유의 환경적 영향 비교
The above graph shows the environmental footprints in terms of greenhouse gas emissions (measured per kilogram) and freshwater use (measured per liter) of dairy and the four plant-based milks in 2018. Dairy milk had the largest environmental footprint of both greenhouse gas emissions and freshwater use. Rice milk used more than ten times the amount of fresh water that soy milk did. Oat milk ranked fourth in both environmental footprint categories. In the category of greenhouse gas emissions, the gap between soy milk and oat milk was less than the gap between oat milk and almond milk. Among plant-based milks, almond milk consumed the largest amount of freshwater, yet emitted the least amount of greenhouse gas.
Possible Titles:
1. Comparing Environmental Footprints of Dairy and Plant-Based Milks
2. The Impact of Dairy and Plant-Based Milks on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Freshwater Use
3. Environmental Consequences of Dairy Milk Versus Plant-Based Milk Alternatives
4. Evaluating the Environmental Costs of Different Types of Milk
Main Idea #1:
Dairy milk has the highest environmental footprint in terms of both greenhouse gas emissions and freshwater use.
Main Idea #2:
Among plant-based milks, almond milk uses the most freshwater but emits the least greenhouse gas, while oat milk ranks fourth in both categories.
Summary:
Dairy milk has the largest environmental footprint, with the highest greenhouse gas emissions and freshwater use. Rice milk uses significantly more water than soy milk, and oat milk ranks fourth in both emission and water use categories. Almond milk, while using the most freshwater among plant-based options, emits the least greenhouse gas.
Key Points:
1. Dairy milk has the highest greenhouse gas emissions and freshwater use.
2. Rice milk uses over ten times more water than soy milk.
3. Oat milk ranks fourth in both greenhouse gas emissions and freshwater use.
4. Almond milk consumes the most freshwater but emits the least greenhouse gas among plant-based milks.
[고3] 2024년 07월 – 26번: 노벨 생리의학상 수상자 John Carew Eccles의 생애
John Carew Eccles was born on 27 January 1903 in Melbourne, Australia. Both his parents were school teachers, who home-schooled him until he was 12. In 1915, Eccles began his secondary schooling and after four years, prior to entering the University of Melbourne, he studied science and mathematics for another year at Melbourne High School. He completed his medical course in February 1925, and left Melbourne for Oxford the same year. From 1928 to 1931 he was a research assistant to Sir Charles Sherrington, and published eight papers conjointly. Returning to Australia with his family in 1937, he gave lectures to third-year medical students at the University of Sydney from 1938 to 1940. Eccles was the co-winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with A.L. Hodgkin and A.F. Huxley in 1963. In 1975, he voluntarily retired and moved to Switzerland to dedicate himself to work on the mind-brain problem.
Possible Titles:
1. The Academic Journey of Nobel Laureate John Carew Eccles
2. From Home-Schooling to Nobel Prize: The Life of John Carew Eccles
3. John Carew Eccles: A Pioneering Neuroscientist’s Path to Success
4. The Life and Achievements of John Carew Eccles in Neuroscience
Main Idea #1:
John Carew Eccles was a distinguished neuroscientist born in Melbourne who made significant contributions to physiology and medicine.
Main Idea #2:
Eccles' educational journey and research career, including his collaboration with Sir Charles Sherrington and winning the Nobel Prize, highlight his dedication and impact on neuroscience.
Summary:
John Carew Eccles, born in Melbourne, Australia, was home-schooled by his teacher parents before attending Melbourne High School and the University of Melbourne. After completing his medical course, he studied under Sir Charles Sherrington at Oxford. Eccles returned to Australia in 1937, later winning the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1963. He retired in 1975 to focus on the mind-brain problem in Switzerland.
Key Points:
1. Eccles was born on 27 January 1903 in Melbourne, Australia.
2. He was home-schooled until age 12 by his schoolteacher parents.
3. He studied at the University of Melbourne and then at Oxford under Sir Charles Sherrington.
4. Eccles returned to Australia in 1937 and later won the Nobel Prize in 1963.
5. He retired in 1975 to work on the mind-brain problem in Switzerland.
[고3] 2024년 07월 – 29번: 잠재력 평가 시 초기 능력보다는 성장 가능성에 집중해야 한다는 주장
When we assess potential, we make the cardinal error of focusing on starting points - the abilities that are immediately visible. In a world obsessed with innate talent, we assume the people with the most promise are the ones who stand out right away. But high achievers vary dramatically in their initial aptitudes. If we judge people only by what they can do on day one, their potential remains hidden. You can't tell where people will land from where they begin. With the right opportunity and motivation to learn, anyone can build the skills to achieve greater things. Potential is not a matter of where you start, but of how far you travel. We need to focus less on starting points and more on distance traveled. For every Mozart who makes a big splash early, there are multiple Bachs who ascend slowly and bloom late. They're not born with invisible superpowers; most of their gifts are homegrown or homemade.
Possible Titles:
1. Rethinking Potential: Beyond Initial Abilities and Innate Talent
2. The Journey to Achievement: Why Starting Points Don’t Define Potential
3. Focusing on Growth: The Importance of Distance Traveled Over Innate Talent
4. Hidden Potential: How Opportunity and Motivation Lead to Success
Main Idea #1:
Focusing on initial abilities can hide a person's true potential, which is better measured by their growth and achievements over time.
Main Idea #2:
Achievement is more about the journey and the opportunities to develop skills than about innate talent or early aptitudes, as demonstrated by many late bloomers.
Summary:
Potential should not be judged by initial abilities but by how far one progresses with the right opportunities and motivation. High achievers vary in their starting points, and many successful individuals develop their talents over time. Emphasizing growth over innate talent reveals hidden potential.
Key Points:
1. Initial abilities often mislead assessments of potential.
2. Growth and achievement over time are better indicators of potential.
3. Many successful people develop their skills gradually.
4. Opportunity and motivation are crucial for realizing potential.
[고3] 2024년 07월 – 30번: 미래의 나와의 심리적 연결이 의사결정에 미치는 영향
The outcomes of want-should conflicts are affected not only by what we think our future self will choose but also by how close we feel to our future self. Want-should conflicts fundamentally involve tradeoffs between options that satisfy the present self's desires (wants) and options that benefit the future self (shoulds). As a result, when we do not feel psychologically connected to our future self, we should be less interested in taking actions to benefit this self and thus shy away from should options. Indeed, an emerging stream of research suggests that people are more impatient the more disconnected they feel from their future self. For example, people prefer smaller-sooner rewards over larger-later rewards at a higher rate when they anticipate experiencing life-changing events (rather than events that are unlikely to change their identity and beliefs), since life-changing events induce a greater disassociation between their image of their present self and their image of their future self. More generally, when people are told that their identity will change considerably over time, they are more likely to accept immediate benefits (wants) and forsake larger deferred benefits (shoulds). On the other hand, farsighted decision making can be facilitated by making people feel closer to their future self.
Possible Titles:
1. Understanding Want-Should Conflicts and the Role of Future Self Connection
2. How Psychological Distance from Future Self Affects Decision Making
3. The Impact of Future Self Perception on Present Choices and Impatience
4. Enhancing Farsighted Decisions by Strengthening Connection to Future Self
Main Idea #1:
The degree of psychological connection to our future self influences our choices in want-should conflicts, affecting our tendency to prioritize immediate desires over future benefits.
Main Idea #2:
People are more likely to choose immediate rewards over future gains when they feel disconnected from their future self, especially during anticipated life-changing events. Strengthening this connection can promote farsighted decision-making.
Summary:
Our choices in want-should conflicts are influenced by how connected we feel to our future self. Greater disconnection leads to preference for immediate rewards over future benefits, especially during life-changing events. Enhancing this connection can encourage more farsighted decisions.
Key Points:
1. Want-should conflicts involve tradeoffs between present desires and future benefits.
2. Feeling disconnected from the future self increases preference for immediate rewards.
3. Life-changing events heighten the disconnection, leading to more impatient choices.
4. Strengthening the psychological connection to the future self can promote farsighted decision-making.
[고3] 2024년 07월 – 31번: 동기 부여를 위한 환경 통제 방법
Motivation doesn't have to be accidental. For example, you don't have to wait for hours until a certain song that picks up your spirits comes on the radio. You can control what songs you hear. If there are certain songs that always lift you up, make a mix of those songs and have it ready to play in your car. Go through all of your music and create a "greatest motivational hits" playlist for yourself. Use the movies, too. How many times do you leave a movie feeling inspired and ready to take on the world? Whenever that happens, put the name of the movie in a special notebook that you might label "the right buttons." Six months to a year later, you can watch the movie and get the same inspired feeling. Most movies that inspire us are even better the second time around. You have much more control over your environment than you realize. You can begin programming yourself consciously to be more and more focused and motivated.
Possible Titles:
1. How to Actively Cultivate Motivation Through Music and Movies
2. Taking Control of Your Environment to Boost Motivation
3. Creating a Personal Motivation Toolkit: Music and Movies
4. Proactively Inspiring Yourself: Harnessing Music and Films for Motivation
Main Idea #1:
You can actively control your environment to boost motivation by creating playlists of uplifting songs and keeping a list of inspiring movies.
Main Idea #2:
By consciously programming your environment with motivational music and movies, you can increase your focus and motivation over time, rather than waiting for accidental inspiration.
Summary:
Motivation can be intentionally cultivated by creating playlists of uplifting songs and maintaining a list of inspiring movies to watch. By controlling these elements of your environment, you can program yourself to be more focused and motivated.
Key Points:
1. Create playlists of songs that uplift your spirits.
2. Keep a notebook of inspiring movies to revisit.
3. Consciously use music and movies to enhance motivation.
4. Recognize and harness the control you have over your environment.
[고3] 2024년 07월 – 32번: 청각적 결함이 시각적 결함보다 더 큰 영향을 미친다는 주장
We are less forgiving of technical sound mistakes than we are of visual ones. We notice and dislike breaks in audio, defects in audio, and static in audio. A bit less so for things on the visual side. For example, if a video has some scan lines in it, within a short period, you will start to ignore them. If the visual signal streams in 1080 instead of 4k, eventually you'll get used to it. However, if there is static in the audio, you will want to shut it off rather than endure the whole program. Or if the audio continues to drop out, you also will barely be able to tolerate it. In fact, probably more than any other aspect of filmmaking, it is via the audio that people determine silently to themselves, "Good, professional quality" or "low-budget student production" as soon as the film begins. These reactions are not just from seasoned filmmakers and educators, but the instinctual, natural reaction of all audiences.
Possible Titles:
1. The Critical Importance of Audio Quality in Media Production
2. Why Audio Flaws Are Less Tolerable Than Visual Imperfections
3. The Impact of Audio Quality on Perceived Professionalism in Film
4. Audience Sensitivity to Audio Defects Versus Visual Imperfections
Main Idea #1:
People are more sensitive to and less forgiving of audio defects than visual imperfections in media.
Main Idea #2:
Audio quality significantly influences the audience's perception of a production's professionalism, with defects often deemed intolerable compared to visual flaws.
Summary:
Audiences are more sensitive to audio defects than visual imperfections, often finding static or dropouts in audio intolerable. These audio issues can lead to perceptions of low-budget quality, affecting the overall reception of a film or program, unlike minor visual flaws which are more easily ignored.
Key Points:
1. Audiences are less tolerant of audio defects than visual ones.
2. Visual imperfections are more easily ignored over time.
3. Audio quality heavily influences perceptions of professionalism.
4. All audiences instinctively react to audio quality, impacting their overall experience.
[고3] 2024년 07월 – 33번: 순환 경제로의 전환 필요성과 그로 인한 사업 기회
Businesses are realizing that the way they operate and the impact they have on the environment greatly impacts their ability to maintain customers. Transitioning from a linear way of producing products to a circular one won't be necessary only from an environmental perspective, but from a social and economic perspective as well. To minimize the negative impact on the environment, businesses will need to adjust the relationship they have with customers to maximize the value of the products they create. Rather than businesses viewing success as the number of products made per year, they will instead base their bottom line on the number of products kept in use per year. Though waste certainly creates a demand for companies to continue selling new products, eliminating waste doesn't have to eliminate demand. By prolonging the ownership of a product rather than selling it, new business opportunities emerge in the world of maintenance and repair. Though eliminating waste minimizes the need for new products, it certainly increases the need to service existing products. The circular economy will demand that new business models focus on maintaining products rather than on making new products.
Possible Titles:
1. Transitioning to a Circular Economy: The Future of Sustainable Business
2. From Production to Maintenance: Redefining Business Success
3. How a Circular Economy Benefits Business, Society, and the Environment
4. The Economic and Social Imperatives of Sustainable Business Practices
Main Idea #1:
Businesses need to transition from a linear to a circular economy to sustain customer relationships and maximize product value.
Main Idea #2:
Focusing on product maintenance and repair instead of continuous production creates new business opportunities and reduces environmental impact.
Summary:
Businesses must shift to a circular economy to sustain customer relationships and minimize environmental impact. This involves focusing on maintaining and repairing products rather than producing new ones, creating new business opportunities while reducing waste.
Key Points:
1. Transitioning to a circular economy is essential for environmental, social, and economic reasons.
2. Businesses should maximize the value of products by prolonging their use.
3. Success will be measured by the number of products kept in use, not produced.
4. New business models will focus on maintenance and repair services.
[고3] 2024년 07월 – 34번: 어미나무의 역할과 어린 나무 돌보기
The term Mother Tree comes from forestry. It has been clear for centuries that tree parents play such an important role in raising their offspring that they can be compared to human parents. A mother tree identifies which neighboring seedlings are hers using her roots. She then, via delicate connections, supports the seedlings with a solution of sugar, a process similar to a human mother nursing her child. Shade provided by parents is another form of care, as it curbs the growth of youngsters living under their crowns. Without the shade and exposed to full sunlight, the young trees would shoot up and expand the width of their trunks so quickly they'd be exhausted after just a century or two. If, however, the young trees stand strong in the shadows for decades ─ or even centuries ─ they can live to a great age. Shade means less sunlight and therefore considerably less sugar. The slow pace of life gently imposed by the mother tree is no accident, as generations of foresters have observed. To this day, they talk of what is known in German as erzieherischer Schatten or "instructive shade."
Possible Titles:
1. The Role of Mother Trees in Nurturing Forest Ecosystems
2. How Mother Trees Support and Sustain Their Offspring
3. The Importance of Instructive Shade in Tree Growth and Longevity
4. Mother Trees: Nature's Way of Raising Resilient Forests
Main Idea #1:
Mother trees play a crucial role in supporting and nurturing their offspring through roots and shade.
Main Idea #2:
The shade provided by mother trees ensures the slow and steady growth of young trees, promoting their long-term health and longevity.
Summary:
Mother trees support their offspring by identifying and nourishing them through their roots, similar to human parenting. They provide shade, ensuring young trees grow slowly and steadily, which is crucial for their long-term survival and health. This nurturing process, known as instructive shade, helps young trees thrive for centuries.
Key Points:
1. Mother trees identify and nourish their seedlings through roots.
2. Shade from mother trees regulates the growth pace of young trees.
3. Slow growth under shade promotes longevity and resilience in young trees.
4. The concept of instructive shade highlights the intentional care provided by mother trees.
[고3] 2024년 07월 – 35번: 알고리즘에 의해 형성되는 현대인의 개별성
In a context in which the cultural obligation to produce the self as a distinctive, authentic individual is difficult to fulfill, the burdensome work of individualizing the self is turned over increasingly to algorithms. The "personalization" that is promised on every front ─ in the domains of search, shopping, health, news, advertising, learning, music, and entertainment ─ depends on ever more refined algorithmic constructions of individuality. As it becomes more difficult to produce our digital selves as unique individuals, we are increasingly being produced as unique individuals from the outside. Individuality is redefined from a cultural practice and reflexive project to an algorithmic process. Our unique selfhood is no longer something for which we are wholly responsible; it is algorithmically guaranteed.
Possible Titles:
1. The Algorithmic Construction of Individuality in the Digital Age
2. How Algorithms Redefine Personal Identity in Modern Culture
3. From Cultural Practice to Algorithmic Process: The New Individuality
4. The Shift from Self-Created to Algorithmically Produced Individuality
Main Idea #1:
As cultural pressures to produce a unique self become challenging, algorithms increasingly take on the task of individualizing people.
Main Idea #2:
The concept of individuality is shifting from a personal cultural practice to an algorithmically guaranteed process, where digital selves are constructed externally.
Summary:
In an era where creating a unique self is challenging, algorithms increasingly handle this task across various domains. This shift redefines individuality from a personal, cultural practice to an externally driven, algorithmic process, where unique selfhood is algorithmically guaranteed rather than self-produced.
Key Points:
1. Cultural pressures to be a distinctive individual are hard to fulfill.
2. Algorithms are taking over the task of individualizing people.
3. Individuality is shifting from a personal, cultural practice to an algorithmic process.
4. Our unique selfhood is increasingly constructed externally through algorithms.
[고3] 2024년 07월 – 36번: 기술관료주의와 기술 결정 과정에서의 전문가 역할
Technocracy can be thought to influence technological decision-making in one of two ways. An idealized science and technology replaces politics and technical experts become the decision-makers, planning and organizing societies according to whatever scientific principles the evidence supports. This form of technocracy is rarely found in practice. In contrast, a more moderate form in which experts advise and politicians decide is found in many democratic societies. Also called the 'decisionist model', this form of technocracy institutionalizes a division of labour based on the distinction between facts and values and allows specialist experts to wield significant power. This is because policy-makers work within the constraints set by the experts and choose from the options those experts provide. The technocratic element is clear: experts set the agenda and political judgements are parasitic on the judgements of experts.
Possible Titles:
1. The Role of Experts in Technocratic Decision-Making
2. Technocracy: Balancing Expertise and Political Decision-Making
3. Understanding the Decisionist Model in Technocratic Societies
4. The Influence of Technocracy on Policy and Governance
Main Idea #1:
Technocracy can manifest as either idealized science-based decision-making by experts or a moderate form where experts advise and politicians decide.
Main Idea #2:
In the decisionist model of technocracy, experts set the agenda and provide options for policy-makers, giving them significant influence over political decisions.
Summary:
Technocracy influences decision-making through two models: an idealized, seldom-seen form where experts directly make decisions, and a more common moderate form where experts advise and politicians decide. In the decisionist model, experts set the agenda, and their input significantly shapes policy-making within democratic societies.
Key Points:
1. Technocracy can involve either expert decision-making or expert advisement.
2. The decisionist model is prevalent in democratic societies.
3. Experts provide options and constraints for policy-makers.
4. Political decisions are heavily influenced by expert judgements.
[고3] 2024년 07월 – 37번: 토지 이용 변화가 기후에 미치는 영향
Land use change can be good or bad for the climate. Plants use photosynthesis to convert carbon dioxide from the air and water to carbohydrates. Those carbohydrates provide the energy plants need to live, and the building blocks for plant growth, as well as food for animals and microorganisms. In healthy ecosystems the plants pull more carbon out of the atmosphere than they, and the animals and microorganisms that consume them, need. That extra carbon is stored in living biomass like tree trunks and soil bacteria and fungi, and as carbon compounds in the soil. But when actions like deforestation or plowing severely disturb a plant community, the remaining plants cannot photosynthesize enough to feed themselves, plus all the animals and microorganisms that depend on them. In those conditions microorganisms consume carbon that has been stored in the soil and in plants and animals, and respire that stored carbon back to atmosphere as CO2. If the original ecosystem was a forest, much of the carbon stored in the trees may also be converted to CO2 through burning.
Possible Titles:
1. The Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Storage and Climate
2. How Deforestation and Plowing Affect Carbon Dynamics in Ecosystems
3. The Role of Photosynthesis and Land Use in Climate Change
4. Balancing Land Use Practices to Mitigate Climate Change Effects
Main Idea #1:
Land use changes can affect the climate by disrupting the balance of carbon storage in plants, soil, and microorganisms.
Main Idea #2:
Disturbances like deforestation and plowing reduce the ability of plants to photosynthesize and store carbon, leading to increased CO2 emissions as stored carbon is released back into the atmosphere.
Summary:
Land use changes impact the climate by altering the carbon balance in ecosystems. Plants usually store excess carbon, but disturbances like deforestation and plowing reduce this capacity, causing stored carbon to be released as CO2. This release contributes to climate change, especially when forests are converted to CO2 through burning.
Key Points:
1. Plants use photosynthesis to convert CO2 into carbohydrates for energy and growth.
2. Healthy ecosystems store excess carbon in biomass and soil.
3. Disturbances like deforestation and plowing disrupt carbon storage.
4. Disrupted ecosystems release stored carbon as CO2, contributing to climate change.
[고3] 2024년 07월 – 38번: 이타적인 행동의 두 가지 경로
Prosocial behavior ─ that is, behavior that is intended to help another person ─ can be motivated by two different pathways, according to Daniel Batson at the University of Kansas. One pathway, the egoistic pathway, is largely self-focused: we provide help if the rewards to us outweigh the costs. This pathway is the one that is operating if we hand a homeless person a dollar to make ourselves feel better. Doing so costs us very little ─ only a dollar ─ and the reward of doing so ─ avoiding the guilt we'd feel from simply walking by ─ is greater. But according to Batson's hypothesis, there is another pathway, which is other-focused ─ it's motivated by a genuine desire to help the other person, even if we incur a cost for doing so. Following this pathway, we act altruistically when we feel empathy for a person and can truly imagine a situation from their perspective. This ability to see the world from someone else's perspective can lead us to help, even if there are considerable costs.
Possible Titles:
1. Understanding the Two Pathways to Prosocial Behavior
2. The Motivations Behind Helping Others: Egoistic vs. Altruistic Pathways
3. How Empathy and Self-Interest Drive Prosocial Actions
4. Exploring Daniel Batson's Theory on Prosocial Behavior
Main Idea #1:
Prosocial behavior can be motivated by egoistic self-interest or by altruistic empathy, as explained by Daniel Batson.
Main Idea #2:
The egoistic pathway involves helping others to gain personal rewards, while the altruistic pathway is driven by empathy and the genuine desire to help, even at a personal cost.
Summary:
Prosocial behavior, or helping others, can be motivated by egoistic self-interest or altruistic empathy. The egoistic pathway involves helping when personal rewards outweigh costs, while the altruistic pathway, driven by empathy, leads to helping even at a personal cost. Daniel Batson's theory explains these two distinct motivations for prosocial actions.
Key Points:
1. Prosocial behavior is intended to help others.
2. The egoistic pathway is self-focused, seeking personal rewards.
3. The altruistic pathway is other-focused, driven by empathy.
4. Genuine empathy can motivate helping behavior, even with significant costs.
[고3] 2024년 07월 – 39번: 외적 동기와 내적 동기 연결의 중요성
Our behaviour can be modified externally without there being strong personal motivation. Everything from our supermarket shopping and online browsing choices are examples of how our actions are shaped without our conscious choice or motivation. However, when processes police us but fail to truly influence us, we do not continue with the behaviours after the processes are removed. This is passive engagement rather than ownership. A better way in which we can be externally supported to take action is by having friends who encourage us. You may not be sold on going vegan, but yet give veganism a try at the start of the year because some of your friends suggest you do it together. Without the anchor of intrinsic motivation however, even a small bump in the road may reset you back; we may go back to eating meat in February when the social support has disappeared. Resonance helps us connect to our internal motivation to change rather than being 'pushed' from the outside, and in turn helps us form a habit, where our self-concept makes a shift from 'someone who does not like cycling' to 'someone who cycles'.
Possible Titles:
1. How External Influences and Social Support Shape Our Behavior
2. The Difference Between Passive Engagement and True Behavioral Change
3. The Role of Intrinsic Motivation and Social Support in Forming Habits
4. From External Influence to Internal Motivation: Building Lasting Habits
Main Idea #1:
Behavior can be influenced externally without strong personal motivation, but such changes are often temporary and lack lasting impact.
Main Idea #2:
True behavioral change requires internal motivation and resonance, supported by social encouragement, to shift self-concept and form lasting habits.
Summary:
Our actions can be shaped by external influences like supermarket layouts or friends' suggestions, but these changes are often short-lived without intrinsic motivation. True, lasting behavior change occurs when internal motivation is resonated and supported by social encouragement, leading to a shift in self-concept and habit formation.
Key Points:
1. External factors can modify behavior without personal motivation.
2. Temporary behavior changes occur without internal motivation.
3. Social support can initiate new behaviors, but intrinsic motivation is needed for lasting change.
4. Resonance with internal motivation helps form lasting habits and shifts self-concept.
[고3] 2024년 07월 – 40번: 대화에서 대칭적 소통과 보완적 소통의 차이
Communication is decisively influenced by how the partners define their relationship with each other at every moment of the communication process. If the communication is symmetrical, this means that both communication partners strive for equality and interact accordingly. They behave as mirror images of each other, so to speak. Strength is mirrored with strength, weakness is mirrored with weakness, or hardness is mirrored with hardness, etc. Complementary communication shows a matching difference in behaviour. It is not a matter of up and down, strong and weak, or good and bad, but of matching and expected difference. Such complementary relationships occur between teachers and students, mother and child, or managers and employees, etc. What the expectations are in such relationships depends, among other things, on the cultural background. If the expectations of complementarity are not met, communication breakdowns occur. For example, if an older person in Japan is not treated with a certain respect by a younger person, this circumstance can significantly impair communication or even make it impossible. [요약문] The way the communication partners perceive their relationship determines the types of communication; symmetrical communication revolves around the pursuit of equality and the corresponding interaction between them, whereas complementary communication involves aligning with matching and expected differences based on cultural background.
Possible Titles:
1. The Influence of Relationship Dynamics on Communication Styles
2. Symmetrical vs. Complementary Communication: Understanding Relationship Roles
3. How Relationship Perception Shapes Communication Effectiveness
4. Cultural Expectations in Symmetrical and Complementary Communication
Main Idea #1:
Communication styles are influenced by how partners perceive their relationship, with symmetrical communication striving for equality and complementary communication based on matching differences.
Main Idea #2:
Cultural expectations play a crucial role in complementary communication, and mismatched expectations can lead to communication breakdowns.
Summary:
The way communication partners define their relationship shapes their communication style. Symmetrical communication aims for equality, with partners mirroring each other, while complementary communication is based on expected differences influenced by cultural background. Mismatched expectations in complementary relationships can cause communication breakdowns.
Key Points:
1. Communication is influenced by relationship perception.
2. Symmetrical communication involves striving for equality.
3. Complementary communication involves expected differences.
4. Cultural background influences expectations in complementary communication.
5. Mismatched expectations can lead to communication breakdowns.
[고3] 2024년 07월 – 41~42번: '슈링크플레이션' 현상과 그 영향
We have seen a clear rise in something called 'shrinkflation'. A basket of products is measured for inflation by price, not by volume or weight. If the products shrink in size but the price stays the same, technically no price increase has occurred. But people aren't stupid, they know what that means. You can see this in everything from the reduced amount of cereal in a box to smaller-sized chocolate bars. You can see it in the form of ever-larger apertures in toothpaste tubes and powders of various sorts. The purpose of these changes is to make the consumer use up the product faster and to pay more per weight. Toilet paper and paper towel rolls have ever-larger tube centres and ever-fewer sheets, while the price remains the same. There are fewer potato crisps in the bag and cookies in the box. Bottles of liquids such as perfumes have ever-larger dimples on the bottom that displace the product and create the illusion of more inside than there is. Shrinkflation is not restricted to retail products. Apartments are shrinking, too. Micro apartments are smaller than anything we lived in before but cost more per square foot. Shrinkflation is a signal that tells us that companies are facing higher costs. It is a signal that price pressures are starting to build.
Possible Titles:
1. Understanding Shrinkflation: Hidden Inflation in Everyday Products
2. The Rising Trend of Shrinkflation: What Consumers Need to Know
3. Shrinkflation: How Companies Reduce Product Sizes to Manage Costs
4. The Impact of Shrinkflation on Consumers and Housing
Main Idea #1:
Shrinkflation involves reducing the size or volume of products while keeping prices the same, effectively increasing the price per unit without a noticeable price change.
Main Idea #2:
This practice is not limited to retail products; it also affects housing, with micro apartments costing more per square foot, indicating rising cost pressures for companies.
Summary:
Shrinkflation occurs when companies reduce the size or volume of products without changing the price, making consumers pay more per unit. This trend, seen in various products and housing, signals that companies face higher costs and price pressures are building.
Key Points:
1. Shrinkflation involves reducing product size while maintaining price.
2. Common examples include smaller cereal boxes, chocolate bars, and fewer sheets in toilet paper rolls.
3. Shrinkflation is also evident in housing with micro apartments.
4. This trend indicates rising costs for companies and increasing price pressures.
[고3] 2024년 07월 – 43~45번: 침입종으로 지정된 몽구스를 구하기 위한 Duluth 시민들의 노력
On the northwestern coastline of Lake Superior is the city of Duluth, the westernmost port for transatlantic cargo ships. A lot of cargo comes into Duluth: coal, iron ore, grain, clothing and, in November 1962, a mongoose from India. The merchant seamen had enjoyed his company on the long journey and had sat drinking tea with him, but they decided he deserved a life on dry land so they presented him as a gift to the city's Lake Superior Zoo. Lloyd Hackl, the director of the zoo, was delighted and named his new mongoose Mr. Magoo. His fate took an unexpected turn when, labeled an invasive species, federal agents sentenced him to death. The citizens of Duluth were not taking the death sentence lying down. It was pointed out that, as the only mongoose in the country, Mr. Magoo was never going to be able to reproduce, so the country was unlikely to be overrun by the species. They demanded he be allowed to live out his days in peace. Petitions were signed and sent to powerful figures like the U.S. Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall, U.S. Senator Hubert Humphrey, and Duluth Mayor George Johnson. A campaign, brilliantly nicknamed No Noose for the Mongoose, was backed by more than 10,000 citizens. There were even suggestions that the zoo director should take him into hiding. Thanks to the efforts of the citizens of Duluth, Mr. Magoo was pardoned. A statement from Udall read, "Acting on the authority that permits importation of prohibited mammals ─ including mongooses ─ for zoological, education, medical and scientific purposes, I recommend that Mr. Magoo be granted non-political asylum in the United States." He added that it was dependent upon Mr. Magoo maintaining his "bachelor existence." The News Tribune joyfully proclaimed, "MAGOO TO STAY. U.S. Asylum Granted." President Kennedy declared: "Let the story of the saving of Magoo stand as a classic example of government by the people." Living out his days in the zoo, Mr. Magoo became a beloved figure. His daily routine included enjoying an egg, sipping tea, and charming zoo workers with his friendly nature. Popular among visitors, especially children, he received numerous letters and Christmas cards. When Mr. Magoo died peacefully in January 1968, his obituary in the Duluth Herald read: "OUR MR. MAGOO OF ZOO IS DEAD." The new zoo director, Basil Norton, vowed not to replace him: Another mongoose could never take his place in the hearts and affections of Duluth people, he said.
Possible Titles:
1. The Extraordinary Tale of Mr. Magoo: Duluth’s Beloved Mongoose
2. No Noose for the Mongoose: How a City United to Save Mr. Magoo
3. From India to Duluth: The Journey and Legacy of Mr. Magoo
4. The Heartwarming Battle to Save Mr. Magoo, Duluth's Famous Mongoose
Main Idea #1:
The citizens of Duluth rallied to save Mr. Magoo, a mongoose brought to their city, from being euthanized as an invasive species.
Main Idea #2:
Mr. Magoo became a beloved figure in Duluth, living out his days in the Lake Superior Zoo after a successful campaign saved his life.
Summary:
In 1962, a mongoose named Mr. Magoo was gifted to Duluth’s Lake Superior Zoo. Federal agents deemed him an invasive species, sentencing him to death. The citizens of Duluth, backed by a campaign and petitions, successfully fought for his pardon. Mr. Magoo lived out his days as a cherished zoo resident, becoming a beloved local figure until his death in 1968.
Key Points:
1. Mr. Magoo was a mongoose gifted to the Lake Superior Zoo in Duluth.
2. Federal agents labeled him an invasive species and sentenced him to death.
3. Duluth citizens launched a successful campaign, No Noose for the Mongoose, to save him.
4. Mr. Magoo lived out his days at the zoo, becoming a beloved figure in the community.
5. Upon his death in 1968, the zoo decided not to replace him due to his unique place in the hearts of the people.
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