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안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다.

2024년 10월 EBS 대표 기본 개념서 <올림포스>가 새로운 교육과정에 맞춰 개정판이 출간되었습니다. 

 

올림포스 구성

  • 국어: 공통국어1, 공통국어2, 문학1 현대문학, 문학2 현대문학
  • 영어: 영어독해 기본1, 영어독해 기본2, 영어독해 9대 변별유형
  • 수학: 공통수학1, 공통수학2

올림포스 교재 특징

  • 2022 개정 교육과정 반영
  • 내신과 수능 대비를 위한 기본 개념 및 다양한 문제 유형 제공
  • 수행평가 대비 아이템 포함

 

오늘은 기존 <EBS 올림포스 독해의 기본 2>를 대체할 <EBS 올림포스 영어독해 기본 2 (2022 개정)>의 한줄해석 (좌지문 우해석) 자료 올립니다.

 

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[2025년 개정판] EBS 올림포스 영어독해 기본 2 (2022 개정교육과정) - 한줄해석

안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다.2024년 10월 EBS 대표 기본 개념서 올림포스>가 새로운 교육과정에 맞춰 개정판이 출간되었습니다.   올림포스 구성국어: 공통국어1, 공통국어2, 문학

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[Ch.01 Unit 01 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 가게 이전 안내
 Dear Bloom Cookie customers, Bloom Cookie 고객 여러분께
 With our lease coming to an end, we've finally made the decision. 저희의 임대 계약이 종료됨에 따라, 저희는 마침내 결정을내렸습니다.
 While we've loved our time on 125th Street, our business has changed a lot in the last few years and we realized we wanted a location with more baking space that would better serve the community we live in. 125번가에서의 시간도 좋았지만, 지난   동안 저희의사업은 많이 변했고, 저희는 저희가 살고 있는 지역 사회에 나은 서비스를 제공할  넓은 제빵 공간을 갖춘 장소를원한다는 것을 깨달았습니다.
 We're so excited to announce we'll be moving to a new spot on 50th Street. 저희가 50번가의 새로운 장소로 이전할 것이라는 소식을알리게 되어 매우 기쁩니다.
 We will continue to offer the same delicious cookies and coffee at our new location. 새로운 장소에서도 변함없이 맛있는 쿠키와 커피를 계속해서 제공할 것입니다.
 While it feels scary to move away from our current location, we're confident that this move will allow us to enhance our service to you. 지금의 장소에서 옮겨가는 것이 두렵게 느껴지기도 하지만, 이번 이전으로 저희가 여러분께  나은 서비스를 제공할  있게  것이라 확신합니다.
 Thank you for your continued support, and we look forward to welcoming you to our new home! 여러분의 지속적인 성원에 감사드리며, 새로운 보금자리에서 여러분을 맞이할  있기를 고대합니다!
 Warm regards, Becky Bloom Becky Bloom 드림

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 01 - 1] 음악 저작권 침해
 Dear valued players, 소중한 이용자 여러분께
 Recently, we at Silver Lining Studio discovered that two songs in our "Behind the Frame" game soundtrack might have been used without permission from their creators, thus violating the rights of others' works. 최근 저희 Silver Lining Studio "Behind the Frame" 게임 사운드트랙의  곡이 원작자의 허락 없이사용되어 타인의 저작물에 대한 권리를 침해했을 수도 있다는 것을 발견했습니다.
 We extend our deepest apologies for this matter and sincerely regret any harm or disappointment this may have caused to the original composers and all of you who play our game.  문제에 대해 깊은 사과의 뜻을 표하며, 이로 인해  작곡가와 저희 게임을 하는 모든 분께 야기되었을 수도 있는손해와 실망에 대해 진심으로 유감스럽게 생각합니다.
 We understand the importance of respecting intellectual property rights and taking immediate steps to address this issue. 저희는 지식 재산권을 존중하고  문제를 해결하기 위해즉각적인 조치를 하는 것의 중요성을 알고 있습니다.
 The songs have been promptly removed from the game and related videos, and we promise to make sure this doesn't happen again.  곡들은 게임  관련 영상에서 신속하게 삭제되었으며, 다시는 이런 일이 발생하지 않도록 확실히  것을 약속드립니다.
 Once again, we extend our sincerest apologies for this matter. 다시 한번  문제에 대해 진심 어린 사과의 뜻을 표합니다.
 Thank you for your patience and continued support. 기다려 주시고 계속 성원해 주셔서 감사합니다.
 Sincerely, Silver Lining Studio Silver Lining Studio 드림

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 01 - 2]  무료 체험 기간 만료 알림
 Dear Mr. Lewis, Lewis 씨께
 We trust this message finds you in good spirits! 저희는  메시지가 귀하에게 좋은 기분으로 전해지리라 믿습니다!
 We want to express our heartfelt gratitude for choosing the JoyfulPiano app and for starting this musical journey with us. JoyfulPiano 앱을 선택해 주시고 저희와 함께  음악 여행을 시작해 주신 것에 진심 어린 감사를 전하고 싶습니다.
 As your free trial period draws to a close, we want to ensure you have all the necessary details before it concludes. 귀하의 무료 체험 기간이 끝나 감에 따라, 그것이 종료되기전에 귀하가 필요한 모든 세부 사항을 아시도록 확실히 하고자 합니다.
 Your free access to JoyfulPiano will expire in just five days. 귀하의 JoyfulPiano 무료 이용이 불과 5 후에 만료될 것입니다.
 Following this, access to our app will be limited unless you choose to subscribe to one of our premium plans. 이후에는, 귀하께서 당사의 프리미엄 요금제  하나에 가입하지 않으면  이용이 제한될 것입니다.
 We sincerely hope you've enjoyed exploring its features during your trial period. 체험 기간 동안에 귀하께서 앱의 특징적 기능들을 탐색하는것을 즐기셨기를 진심으로 바랍니다.
 Should you have any questions or require further assistance, please don't hesitate to reach out to us at www.joyfulpianoapp.com. 궁금한 점이 있거나 추가적인 도움이 필요하시면, 주저하지마시고 www.joyfulpianoapp.com으로 저희에게 연락해 주시기 바랍니다.
 We're here to support you every step of the way. 저희는 모든 과정을 지원하기 위해 준비하고 있습니다.
 Thank you once again for choosing JoyfulPiano. JoyfulPiano 선택해 주셔서 다시 한번 감사드립니다.
 Sincerely, Rachel Garcia Customer Support Manager 고객 지원 매니저 Rachel Garcia 드림

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 01 - 3] 제품 색상 오류
 Dear Valued Customer, 소중한 고객님께
 We at May Summer Online Clothing Store thank you for choosing our new fall sweater. 저희의 신상품 가을 스웨터를 선택해 주셔서 우리 May Summer 온라인 의류점은 감사드립니다.
 We are truly grateful for your purchase and overwhelmed by the popularity of our latest collection. 저희는 귀하의 구매에 진심으로 감사드리며, 최신 컬렉션의 인기에 압도되고 있습니다.
 However, we also deeply regret any disappointment you may feel due to the color difference between the clothes displayed on our website (dark red) and the actual product (bright scarlet). 그러나 저희는 또한 웹사이트에 게시된 (어두운 빨간색) 실제 제품(밝은 주황색) 사이의 색상 차이로 인해 귀하가 느꼈을 어떤 실망감도 매우 유감스럽게 생각하고 있습니다.
 We understand the disappointment this may have caused upon delivery. 배송  이로 인해 생겼을 수도 있는 실망감을 저희는 이해합니다.
 Your satisfaction is our priority, and we are committed to making things right. 고객님의 만족이 저희의 최우선 사항이며 저희는 문제를바로잡는 것에 전념하고 있습니다.
 Please provide your address and preferred pick-up date on our website, and we will promptly arrange for the return of the item and process your refund accordingly. 저희 웹사이트에 귀하의 주소와 원하는 수거 날짜를 알려주시면 신속하게  물품의 반송을 처리하고 그에 따라 환불을 처리해 드리겠습니다.
 We sincerely apologize for any inconvenience this has caused and assure you that we are taking steps to ensure accurate representation of our products in the future.  일이 초래한 불편에 진심으로 사과드리며, 향후 정확한제품 표시를 확실히 하기 위해 저희가 조치하고 있음을 보장해 드립니다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 02 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 감기로 인한 결근과 직장 동료의 친절
 Fiona woke up with the worst cough, a sore throat, and a headache. Fiona 최악의 기침과 인후통, 두통과 함께 잠에서 깼다.
 She had to take time off from work, but she knew that taking off today would mean facing a ton of paperwork on her desk tomorrow. 그녀는 직장을 쉬어야 했지만, 오늘 쉬는 것은 내일 책상위의 수많은 서류와 마주한다는 것을 의미한다는  알고있었다.
 Just thinking about it made her headache even worse. 그것에 대해 생각하는 것만으로도 그녀의 두통이 훨씬 심해졌다.
 Then, the doorbell rang. 그때 초인종이 울렸다.
 It was Chandra, her colleague. 그녀의 직장 동료인 Chandra였다.
 "No worries, Fiona. I took care of the phone calls and messages, and I even told everyone to think twice before putting any paper on your desk," "걱정하지 , Fiona. 내가 전화와 메시지를 처리했고, 모두에게 너의 책상 위에 서류를 올려 놓기 전에 다시 한번생각하라고 말하기까지 했어."
 Chandra said. Chandra 말했다.
 Surprised, Fiona stared blankly at Chandra. 놀라서 Fiona 멍하니 Chandra 쳐다보았다.
 "Here's some chicken noodle soup," "여기 닭고기 국수 수프를 가져왔어."
 Chandra said as she passed Fiona the brown bag she was carrying. Chandra Fiona에게 들고 있던 갈색 봉투를 건네며말했다.
 "And I bought throat spray and cough drops for you." "그리고 너를 위해 인후 스프레이와 기침약도  왔어."
 Fiona wanted to say thanks, but her sore throat held her back. Fiona 고맙다는 말을 하고 싶었지만, 목이 아파서  없었다.
 However, Chandra knew exactly what she wanted to say. 하지만 Chandra 그녀가 하고 싶은 말이 무엇인지 정확히 알고 있었다.
 "No problem, Fiona. I've got your back." "괜찮아, Fiona. 내가 도와줄게."

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 02 - 1] 강아지와 아버지
 When I saw Mr. Grear talking to my father in front of our house, my heart sank. 나는 Grear 씨가 우리  앞에서 아버지와 이야기하는 것을 보고  심장이 철렁 내려앉았다.
 "He must be here for one of the puppies!" "그는 강아지   마리 때문에 여기   분명해!"
 My family lived in a very small town, and my best and only friends were our dog, Blackie, and her two newborn puppies. 우리 가족은 아주 작은 마을에 살고 있었고, 나의 가장 친한, 유일한 친구는 우리   Blackie 그녀의  태어난 강아지  마리뿐이었다.
 My father had mentioned that we couldn't afford to keep them all and should find them new homes. 아버지는 이들을 모두 키울 형편이  되니 새집을 찾아 줘야 한다고 언급했었다.
 I dashed toward the house to stop my father, but I overheard him saying, "You don't quite catch my meaning, Mr. Grear. I'm not asking for a higher price for this puppy." 나는 아버지를 말리려고 집으로 달려갔지만, 아버지가 "뜻을  이해하지 못하셨군요, Grear . 저는  강아지에게  높은 가격을 요구하는  아닙니다."라고 말하는것을 우연히 들었다.
 Mr. Grear frowned in perplexity. Grear 씨는 당혹감에 얼굴을 찌푸렸다.
 My father continued, "I'm saying there isn't any price on him because he belongs to my son. We are keeping both of them." 아버지는 말을 이어 나갔다. "저는  강아지가  아들의것이기 때문에 그것에 가격을 붙일  없다고 말하고 있는겁니다. 우리 가족은  마리 모두 키울 겁니다."
 I just stood there and I tried to understand what he said. 나는 그냥 거기 서서 아버지가 말한 것을 이해하려고 노력했다.
 When my eyes met his eyes, he simply grinned and I did the same. 아버지와 눈이 마주쳤을  아버지는 그저  웃으셨고 나도 똑같이 했다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 02 - 2] 낡은  방문
 Sarah approached the old, falling-apart house. Sarah 낡고 허물어져 가는 집으로 다가갔다.
 Her heart was pounding in her chest as she imagined all the horrors that could be hiding in its dark hallways. 어두운 복도에 숨어 있을지도 모르는 모든 공포를 상상하자 그녀의 가슴 속에서 심장이 쿵쾅거렸다.
 Sarah took a deep breath, paused for a moment, then gathered her courage to push open the squeaky door and enter the mysterious house. Sarah 깊은숨을 들이마시고, 잠시 멈춰  다음, 용기를 모아 삐걱거리는 문을 밀어젖혀 불가사의한  안으로들어갔다.
 As she stepped inside and felt the warmth of sunlight filtering through the dusty windows, a sense of wonder and interest washed over her. 안으로 들어가 먼지투성이인 창문을 통해 스며드는 따스한햇살을 느꼈을 , 경이로움과 흥미로움이 그녀에게 밀려왔다.
 The squeaky floors under her feet didn't seem to whisper tales of ghosts; instead, they sang a song of history and forgotten memories. 그녀 발밑의 삐걱거리는 마루는 유령의 이야기를 속삭이는것이 아니라 오히려 역사와 잊혀진 추억의 노래를 부르는듯했다.
 With each step, Sarah's initial fear melted away, revealing an unstoppable desire to uncover the secrets hidden within the walls of this old house.  걸음씩 걸을 때마다,  낡은 집의  안에 숨겨진 비밀을 알아내고자 하는 멈출  없는 열망을 드러내면서, Sarah 처음의 두려움은 차츰 사라졌다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 02 - 3] 태피 사탕 만들기
 The wagons full of young friends started arriving. 젊은 친구들로 가득  마차가 도착하기 시작했다.
 Everyone in and around the neighborhood knew the Jensen family, and was pleased to have been invited. 동네와 인근의 모든 사람이 Jensen 가족을 알고 있었고, 초대받은 것을 기뻐했다.
 Katie and Dolly were perfect hosts welcoming each guest. Katie Dolly 각각의 손님을 맞이하는 완벽한 주인이었다.
 When everyone had arrived, they gathered in the kitchen for the taffy making. 모두가 도착하자, 그들은 태피 만들기를 위해 주방에 모였다.
 Katie mixed all the ingredients for the taffy candy, while the young men carried in wood for the old cook stove. Katie 태피 사탕을 위한 모든 재료를 섞었고, 젊은 남자들은 오래된 조리용 화덕에 사용할 땔감을 가져왔다.
 She placed the ingredients in the huge iron frying pans, and soon the delicious smell of candy floated throughout the house. 그녀가 커다란 철제 프라이팬에 재료를 넣자  맛있는 사탕 냄새가   가득 퍼졌다.
 There was a glass of cold water for testing the doneness of the candy. 사탕의 완성도를 테스트하기 위한 찬물  잔이 놓여 있었다.
 If the candy formed a soft ball when dropped in the glass of water, it was time to take it out of the frying pans and start beating it with a wooden spoon. 사탕을 물잔에 떨어뜨렸을 , 부드러운  모양을 만들면, 그것을 프라이팬에서 꺼내 나무 숟가락으로 두드리기시작할 때였다.
 When the candy finally formed the perfect ball, cheers of excitement and joy echoed through the kitchen. 마침내 사탕이 완벽한  모양을 만들었을 , 흥분과 기쁨의 환호성이 주방에 울려 퍼졌다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 03 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 환자의 문화적 차이와 다양성
 The concept of justice is not the law in the narrow sense. 정의의 개념은 좁은 의미의 법이 아니다.
 Rather, this principle involves ensuring that everyone benefits from treatment, as well as the distribution of access to it. 오히려,  원칙은 모든 사람이 치료의 혜택을 받을  있도록 보장하고, 그것에 대한 접근성을 분배하는 것을 포함한다.
 To apply this principle, we need to accept and value differences and diversity in our patients.  원칙을 적용하려면, 우리는 환자의 차이와 다양성을 인정하고 가치 있게 여겨야 한다.
 Patients come from different cultural, racial and religious backgrounds. 환자는 다양한 문화적, 인종적, 종교적 배경을 가지고 있다.
 Therefore, fairness and justice in this respect involves respecting and recognising their differences, not acting in a way that disadvantages the patient. 따라서, 이러한 측면에서 공정성과 정의는 환자에게 불이익을 주는 방식으로 행동하는 것이 아니라, 그들의 차이를존중하고 인정하는 것을 포함한다.
 In this regard, we need to consider other people's cultural differences when treating them. 이러한 점에서, 우리는 다른 사람을 대할  그들의 문화적 차이를 고려해야 한다.
 Importantly, justice is about advocating on behalf of all patients, whether they come in with a Western philosophical perspective or another philosophical perspective. 중요한 것은 정의란 환자가 서양의 철학적 관점을 가지고오든 혹은 다른 철학적 관점을 가지고 오든 모든 환자를대신하여 옹호하는 것에 관련된다는 것이다.
 Justice is not about treating all patients the same because it is not possible to justifiably treat all patients the same, since all patients are different and present with different ailments or complaints. 정의는 모든 환자를 똑같이 치료하는 것이 아닌데, 이는모든 환자는 다르고 다양한 질병이나 고충을 나타내므로, 모든 환자를 똑같이 정당하게 치료하는 것은 불가능하기때문이다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 03 - 1] 친환경 도시 조성의 중요성
 Why have cities only recently seen a sudden increase in "greening" ─ from green roofs to new parks to tree planting to more energy efficient buses ─ despite the fact that sweeping federal environmental legislation was enacted more than 30 years ago? 포괄적인 연방 환경 법률이 법제화된지 30년이 넘었다는사실에도 불구하고 최근에서야 녹색 지붕부터 새로운 공원, 나무 심기, 에너지 효율이  높은 버스에 이르기까지도시에서 '친환경화' 갑자기 증가한 이유가 무엇일까?
 Quite simply, city leaders are recognizing that a cleaner environment is needed both to provide residents with a good quality of life and to compete in the global economy. 간단히 말해, 도시의 지도자는 주민에게 좋은 삶의 질을제공하고 동시에 글로벌 경제에서 경쟁하기 위해  깨끗한 환경이 필요하다는 것을 인식하고 있다.
 America's manufacturing-based economy of the twentieth century has been transformed into a service-based knowledge economy. 20세기 제조업 기반의 미국 경제는 서비스 기반의 지식경제로 변모했다.
 For the information age economy, environmental quality is a major economic asset. 정보화 시대 경제에서, 환경의 질은 주요한 경제적 자산이다.
 Skilled workers are increasingly footloose, able to settle just about anywhere there is broadband Internet access, and they are drawn to healthy. aesthetically pleasing environments. 숙련된 근로자는 점점  매인 데가 없어져서, 광대역 인터넷 접속이 가능한 곳이라면 거의 어디든 정착할  있으며, 건강하고 미적으로 쾌적한 환경에 끌린다.
 Moreover, green cities are demonstrating that the alleged trade-off between jobs and the environment is a false dichotomy. 게다가, 녹색 도시는 일자리와 환경 사이에 상충 관계가있다고 주장하는 것이 잘못된 이분법이라는 것을 보여 주고 있다.
 A quality environment produces jobs; a polluted environment costs jobs. 양질의 환경은 일자리를 창출하고, 오염된 환경은 일자리를 잃게 한다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 03 - 2] 필수 정보를 포함하는 메모
 The brevity of memos can be wonderful, but you do need to make sure you communicate everything, or you'll just end up creating more work for yourself. 메모의 간결함은 훌륭할  있지만, 정말로 반드시 모든것을 전달해야 하며, 그렇지 않으면 결국 자신에게  많은 일거리만 만들게  것이다.
 For example, if you're using a memo to take a telephone message, make sure you include who called and when, what their message was, and how to call them back. 예를 들어, 여러분이 전화 메시지를 기록하기 위해 메모를사용하고 있다면, 누가 언제 전화했는지, 그들의 메시지가무엇이었는지, 어떻게 다시 전화할  있는지를 반드시 포함하라.
 If you forget any of these details, your memo will be practically pointless. 이러한 세부 사항  하나라도 잊어버리면, 여러분의 메모는 사실상 무의미할 것이다.
 As you can see, it's very important not to sacrifice the content of your memo simply because memos are normally brief. 여러분이   있듯이, 메모가 보통 간결하다는 이유만으로 메모의 내용을 희생시키지 않는 것이 매우 중요하다.
 If you can't fit all of the information you need into a memo, opt instead to write a letter or an e-mail. 만일 여러분이 필요한 모든 정보를 메모에 담을  없다면, 대신에 편지나 이메일 쓰는 것을 선택하라.
 It's better to include all of the information you need to transmit than it is to omit critical details simply for the sake of making your message short. 단지 메시지를 간결하게 만들기 위해 중요한 세부 사항을빠뜨리는 것보다, 여러분이 전달해야 하는 모든 정보를 포함하는 것이  낫다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 03 - 3] 남녀 간의  차이
 It is relatively uncontroversial that there are small structural and functional differences between male and female brains, perhaps contributing to some performance differences on tests of spatial and verbal abilities. 남성과 여성의 뇌에는 작은 구조적, 기능적 차이가 있어, 아마도 이는 공간  언어 능력 테스트에서 일부 수행 차이의 원인이 되리라는 것은 비교적 논란의 여지가 없다.
 Of paramount importance, but usually overlooked, is that similarities between the sexes far outweigh differences: differences between men and women are not as large as differences among members of the same sex. 최고로 중요하나 일반적으로 간과되는 것은 남녀 간의 유사성이 차이보다 훨씬  중요하다는 것인데, 남성과 여성간의 차이는 동성의 구성원  차이만큼 크지 않다.
 Even those scientists who have discovered functional performance differences between the brains of males and females are careful to point out that their research is tentative and suggestive, and that while their research attends to differences, similarities abound: 남성과 여성의  사이에서 기능적 수행 차이를 발견한 과학자들조차도 자신들의 연구가 잠정적이고 암시적이며, 그들의 연구가 차이에 주목하기는 하지만 유사성도 많다는점을 조심스럽게 지적한다.
 "Fundamentally, the brains of men and women are more similar than different." "근본적으로 남성과 여성의 뇌는 서로 다르기보다는 비슷하다."

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 04 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 주식 시장의 무작위성
 "Human nature likes order," wrote the economist Burton Malkiel in his seminal book A Random Walk Down Wall Street. "인간의 본성은 질서를 좋아한다."라고 경제학자 Burton Malkiel 그의 영향력이   A Random Walk Down Wall Street 썼다.
 "People find it hard to accept the notion of randomness." "사람들은 무작위성이라는 개념을 받아들이기 힘들어한다."
 Malkiel popularized the idea that the movement of any individual stock in the market is essentially random ─ it's impossible to know why a stock is doing what it's doing. Malkiel 시장에서 어떠한 개별 주식의 움직임도 본질적으로 무작위적이라는 개념을 대중화했는데, 어떤  주식이  그런 행위를 하고 있는지 아는 것은 불가능하다는 것이다.
 People who reliably make money from the market are those who own a diverse portfolio of different kinds of investments, which spreads out the risk, with the broader principle that the market, over the long haul, will eventually increase in value. 시장에서 확실하게 돈을 버는 사람들은 시장이 장기간에걸쳐 결국에는 가치가 상승할 것이라는  폭넓은 원칙을가지고, 위험을 분산시키는 여러 다른 종류의 투자를 담은다양한 포트폴리오를 보유한 사람들이다.
 Picking individual stocks, or betting on certain trends, is much closer to gambling than science. 개별 종목을 선택하는 ,  특정 동향에 돈을 거는 것은과학이라기보다는 도박에 훨씬  가깝다.
 Which is why we shouldn't be too surprised that a cat is just as likely to make a killing on Wall Street as a day trader. 그것이 바로 고양이가 월스트리트에서 단타 매매자만큼이나 큰돈을  가능성이 있다는 것에 우리가 너무 놀라지 말아야 하는 이유이다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 04 - 1] 야생 동물의 공격으로 인한 사고
 In the complex story of nature's ways, people exploring the wild's twisting paths often discover themselves caught in dangerous situations. 자연의 길에 관한 복잡한 이야기에서, 야생의 구불구불한길을 탐험하는 사람들은 자주 위험한 상황에 처해진 자신을 발견한다.
 Bears, cougars, and other wild animals sometimes remind us of their formidable presence. , 쿠거, 그리고 다른 야생 동물은 때때로 자신의 무시무시한 존재감을 우리에게 상기시킨다.
 Despite the infrequency, there are a considerable number of accumulated instances where these guardians of the wilderness become aggressors, resulting in tragic outcomes for unsuspecting explorers. 비록 드물기는 하지만, 이러한 야생의 수호자들은 공격자가 되어, 이상한 눈치를  채는 탐험가에게 비극적인 결과를 초래하는 상당히 많은 수의 누적된 사례가 있다.
 Yet amid these serious situations, a remarkable turn of events occurs, like unexpected notes in a familiar song. 그러나 이러한 심각한 상황 속에서도, 마치 익숙한 노래속의 예상치 못한 음표처럼, 사건의 놀라운 반전이 발생한다.
 In Oregon's forests in 1995, a man was found dead, initially blamed on a cougar, but subsequent investigation revealed otherwise. 1995 오리건주의 숲에서,  남자가 죽은  발견되었는데, 처음에는 쿠거의 탓으로 여겨졌지만, 후속 조사에서그렇지 않은 것으로 밝혀졌다.
 Similarly, in 2015, a comparable incident occurred, with initial suspicions falling on a nearby wolf pack. 마찬가지로, 2015년에 비슷한 사건이 발생했는데, 처음에는 인근 늑대 무리에게 의심이 쏠렸다.
 However, upon closer investigation, it became apparent that the wolves were innocent bystanders in the man's tragic fate, emphasizing the complexity inherent in such wilderness tragedies. 그러나  면밀한 조사를 하자, 늑대는  남자의 비극적인 운명에서 무고한 구경꾼이었음이 분명해졌고, 이는 이러한 야생의 비극에 내재한 복잡성을 강조한다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 04 - 2] 건축 공모전에 대한 상반된 시각
 Architects are ambivalent about competitions. 건축가들은 공모전에 대해 상반된 감정을 가지고 있다.
 On a practical level, competitions are extremely expensive: entering a large competition can cost millions of dollars. 현실적인 측면에서, 공모전은 비용이 매우 많이 들어서, 대규모 공모전에 참가하는  수백만 달러의 비용이  있다.
 More important, competitions oblige the architect to work in a vacuum.  중요한 것은 공모전이 건축가를 외부와 단절된 상태에서 작업하게 한다는 점이다.
 In later life, I. M. Pei refused to enter competitions, since he considered that the best architecture could emerge only from a considered dialogue between architect and client. 말년에, I. M. Pei 공모전에 참가하기를 거부했는데, 건축가와 의뢰인 간의 신중한 대화를 통해서만 최고의 건축물이 나올  있다고 생각했기 때문이다.
 Nevertheless, the public favors competitions, since they provide an opportunity for young talent to be recognized in a field that tends to privilege age and experience. 그럼에도 불구하고, 대중은 공모전을 선호하는데, 공모전은 나이와 경력에 특권을 부여하는 경향이 있는 분야에서젊은 인재가 인정받을 기회를 제공하기 때문이다.
 Clients like competitions, since they provide an opportunity to choose between several designs ─ and several architects ─ while fund-raisers use competitions as a way to raise public interest in a building project. 의뢰인은 공모전을 좋아하는데, 공모전이 여러 설계안과여러 건축가 중에서 선택할 기회를 제공하기 때문이며, 한편 기금 모금자는 건축 프로젝트에 대한 대중의 관심을 높이는 방법으로 공모전을 활용한다.
 Everyone loves a horse race ─ except, perhaps, the horses. 아마도 말을 제외하고는, 모두가 경마를 좋아하는  같다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 04 - 3] 무의식이 주는 신호
 In an experiment conducted by Antoine Bechara, participants were given $2,000 in play money and four decks of cards and were told that they were to use them in a game. Antoine Bechara 실시한 실험에서 참가자들은2,000달러의 게임용 돈과  벌의 카드를 받았고, 그것을게임에 사용하게  것이라는 말을 들었다.
 Different individual cards won or lost different sums of money. 서로 다른 개별 카드마다 따거나 잃는 총금액이 달랐다.
 They should just go ahead and turn the cards and try to win as much money as they could. 참가자들은 그저 카드를 뒤집기 시작하여 가능한  많은돈을 따려고 노력해야 했다.
 But the cards were not random. 그러나 카드는 무작위가 아니었다.
 In fact, some of the piles were far more profitable than others. 사실, 일부 (카드) 더미는 다른 것들보다 훨씬  많은 이익을 가져다주었다.
 On average, it took the gamblers around fifty card-turns before they began to report a conscious 'hunch' that some of the decks were more profitable. 평균적으로 도박에 참여한 사람들은  50 카드를 뒤집은 후에야 일부 카드 벌이  이득이 된다는 의식적인 '직감' 보고하기 시작했다.
 But when their behaviour was analysed, Bechara discovered something remarkable. 하지만 그들의 행동이 분석되었을  Bechara 놀라운사실을 발견했다.
 Measurements of the electrical conductance of their skin, which can reveal levels of anxiety and nervousness, indicated that their emotions were subtly warning them against the bad decks after just ten turns. 불안과 초조함의 수준을 드러낼  있는 피부의 전기 전도도 측정 결과, '단지  번의 뒤집기' 후에 좋지 않은 카드벌에 대해 그들의 감정이 미묘하게 경고하고 있었던 것으로 나타났다.
 Their unconscious mind had worked out what was happening far quicker than their conscious minds and had warned them with a hit of bad feeling. 그들의 무의식적 마음이 의식적 마음보다 훨씬  빨리 무슨 일이 일어나고 있는지 파악하고 그들에게 '좋지 않은 감정' 주어 경고했던 것이었다.
 They knew before they knew. 그들은 자신이 알기 전에 알고 있었다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 05 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 과학적 방법 도입과 의료 전문직의 지위 상승
 The introduction of scientific methods into medical practice transformed the profession as well as its object. 과학적 방법이 의료 행위에 도입되면서 그것의 목적뿐만아니라 (의료) 전문직도 바뀌였다.
 Until the late nineteenth century, doctors were not required to have studied medicine and were relied on mainly to provide comfort and guidance to their patients. 19세기 후반까지 의사들은 의학 공부를 요구받지 않았고, 주로 환자들에게 위안과 지침을 제공하기 위해 의지되었다.
 As the practice of medicine shifted from cure to prevention, doctors were now expected to provide results based on scientific evidence. 의료 행위가 치료에서 예방으로 옮겨 가면서 의사들은 이제 과학적 증거에 기반한 결과를 제공하도록 기대되었다.
 As a result of this access to forms of knowledge beyond the understanding of the general public, more authority and power was granted to the medical profession, and the nature of the doctor/patient relationship changed. 일반 대중의 이해 범위를 벗어나는 형태의 지식에 이렇게접근할  있게 됨에 따라 의료 전문직은  많은 권위와권한을 부여받았고, 의사/환자 관계의 본질이 바뀌었다.
 Once the source of a disease was identified, patients expected that doctors should be able to cure them. 질병의 원인이 확인되면 환자들은 의사가 자신을 치료할 있을 것으로 기대했다.
 Additionally, those doctors with scientific training were now distinguished from a range of alternative healers, from homeopaths to midwives, resulting in an elevation in the eyes of the public of the status of the profession as compared with other healing practices, which persists today. 게다가 과학적 훈련을 받은 의사들은 이제 유사 요법 의사부터 조산사에 이르기까지 다양한 대체 치료사와 구별되어, 대중들이 보기에 다른 치료 행위에 비해 의료 전문직의 지위가 상승하는 결과를 낳았으며, 이는 오늘날까지 지속되고 있다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 05 - 1] 해안 도시 불빛이 바다거북에 미치는 영향
 For millions of years, sea turtles would come to the beaches of Florida to spawn and their hatchlings would head toward the sea ─ to live a life far away ─ and to return to Florida years later. 수백만  동안 바다거북은 알을 낳기 위해 플로리다 해변에 왔고,  부화한 새끼들은 바다를 향해 나아가  곳에서 삶을 살다가    플로리다로 돌아오곤 했다.
 It turns out that the way the young turtles knew to head toward the direction of the ocean was based on light glimmering off the sea at night. 어린 거북들이 바다가 있는 방향을 향해 나아가기 위해 알았던 방법은 밤에 바다에서 반사되어 나오는 희미하게 빛나는 빛에 근거하고 있었음이 밝혀졌다.
 The sea beautifully reflects the light of the moon and the stars, and for millions of years, a simple algorithm of "head toward the light at night" allowed the turtles to effectively head toward the sea to pursue an effective life strategy. 바다는 달과 별의 빛을 아름답게 반사하고, 수백만  동안"밤에는 빛을 향해 나아가라."라는 간단한 알고리즘은 거북들이 바다를 향해 효과적으로 나아가 효과적인 삶의 전략을 추구할  있게 했다.
 Well, then came Miami. 그런데 이후에 Miami 등장했다.
 Miami and the other big cities on the coast of Florida are filled with lots of bright lights at night, so this led to an ecological disaster for the sea turtles. Miami 플로리다 해안가의 다른 대도시들은 밤에 많은밝은 불빛으로 가득  있어서, 이는 바다거북에 생태학적재앙을 초래했다.
 Shaped by evolution to head toward light at night, hatchlings started toward the highways and cities by the millions ─ meeting premature death instead of a long sea-dwelling life. 진화에 의해 밤에 빛을 향해 나아가도록 만들어진  부화한 새끼들은 수백만 마리가 고속 도로와 도시로 향하기 시작했고, 바다에서 살며 장수를 누리는 대신  이른 죽음을맞이했다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 05 - 2] 일자리 창출에 대한 이민자의 기여
 Those who migrate out of poor countries today need to have the money to afford the cost of travel and have the grit (or the advanced degrees) required to overcome a system of immigration control typically loaded against them. 오늘날 가난한 나라로부터 이주하는 사람들은 이동 비용을감당할  있는 돈이 있어야 하고, 일반적으로 그들에게부담을 주는 출입국 관리 시스템을 극복하는  필요한 근성(또는 고급 학위) 있어야 한다.
 For this reason, a lot of them bring exceptional talents ─ skills, ambition, patience, and stamina ─ that help them become job creators, or raise children who will be job creators. 이러한 이유로 그들  상당수는 기술, 야망, 인내심, 체력 그들이 일자리 창출자가 되거나 일자리 창출자가  자녀를 양육하는  도움이 되는 뛰어난 재능을 가져온다.
 A report by the Center for American Entrepreneurship found that, in 2017, out of the largest five hundred US companies by revenue, 43 percent were founded or co-founded by immigrants or the children of immigrants. 미국 기업가 정신 센터의 보고서에 따르면, 2017 수입기준 미국에서 가장  500 회사  43퍼센트는 이민자 또는 이민자의 자녀가 설립했거나 공동 설립했음이 밝혀졌다.
 Moreover, immigrant-founded firms account for 52 percent of the top twenty-five firms, 57 percent of the top thirty-five firms, and nine of the top thirteen most valuable brands. 게다가, 이민자가 설립한 기업은 상위 25 기업  52퍼센트, 상위 35 기업  57퍼센트, 가장 가치 있는 브랜드 상위 13  9개를 차지한다.
 Henry Ford was the son of an Irish immigrant. Henry Ford 아일랜드 이민자의 아들이었다.
 Steve Jobs's biological father was from Syria. Steve Jobs 친아버지는 시리아 출신이었다.
 Sergey Brin was born in Russia. Sergey Brin 러시아에서 태어났다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 05 - 3] 쓰레기를 활용하는 예술가
 Traditionally, garbage is considered the detritus of consumer and industrial practices. 전통적으로 쓰레기는 소비자  산업 관행의 부산물로 여겨진다.
 It is the stuff that is no longer useful, that we no longer wish to have in our homes or personal spaces, that we want to throw away. 그것은  이상 유용하지 않고, 우리가 집이나 개인 공간에  이상 두고 싶지 않으며, 우리가 버리고 싶은 것이다.
 Perhaps precisely due to the proliferation of trash in material space, it has arguably also become a resource ─ something that has value and can be sold on at a profit. 아마 바로 물질적 공간에서의 쓰레기의 급증 때문에, 그것은 또한 거의 틀림없이 자원,  가치가 있고 이윤을 남겨  있는 무언가가 되었다.
 Artists ─ most often at the leading edge of rethinking materiality, value, and beauty ─ are among the first social actors to have taken seriously the possibility of reusing trash to make new things. 예술가들은 가장 자주 물질성, 가치, 아름다움을 재고하는 있어서 최첨단에 있는데, 쓰레기를 재사용하여 새로운것을 만들  있다는 가능성을 가장 먼저 진지하게 받아들인 사회적 행위자  하나이다.
 Taking the discarded objects of others as found materials, many artists work with trash in order to create new aesthetic objects while at the same time making a commentary on the place of trash in the social and cultural world. 다른 사람의 버려진 물건을 재활용 재료로 삼아, 많은 예술가는 새로운 미적 대상을 만들기 위해 쓰레기를 가지고작업하는 동시에 사회적, 문화적 세계에서의 쓰레기의 지위에 대해 논평하기도 한다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 - 서술형 Practice] 끊임없이 변화하는 의식의 흐름
 The contents of your consciousness are continually changing. 의식의 내용은 끊임없이 변화하고 있다.
 Rarely does consciousness come to a standstill. 의식이 정지하는 경우는 거의 없다.
 It moves, it flows, it fluctuates, it wanders. 그것은 움직이고, 흐르고, 계속 변화하고, 방황한다.
 For example, in one study, 2,250 adults were contacted randomly during waking hours and asked whether their mind was wandering from their current activity. 예를 들어,  연구에서 2,250명의 성인에게 깨어 있는시간 동안 무작위로 연락하여, 현재 하는 활동으로부터 자신의 마음이 산란해지고 있는지 물었다.
 Almost half (47%) of the times they were asked to report, the participants said their mind was wandering. 의견을 달라고 요청받은 횟수의 거의 절반(47퍼센트)경우에, 참가자는 자신의 마음이 산란해지고 있다고 말했다.
 Another study concluded that mind wandering was more likely when subjects were bored, anxious, tired, or stressed.  다른 연구는 피험자가 지루하거나 불안하거나 피곤하거나 스트레스를 받을  마음이 산란해질 가능성이  크다는 결론을 내렸다.
 Recognizing that consciousness fluctuates continuously, William James long ago named this flow the stream of consciousness. William James 의식이 끊임없이 계속 변화한다는 사실을 인식하고, 오래전에  흐름을 '의식의 흐름'이라고명명했다.
 If you could tape-record your thoughts, you would find an endless flow of ideas that zigzag in all directions. 만약 여러분의 생각을 테이프에 녹음할  있다면, 사방으로 지그재그로 나아가는 끝없는 생각의 흐름을 발견할 있을 것이다.
 Even when you sleep, your consciousness moves through a series of transitions. 여러분이 잠을 자는 동안에도, 여러분의 의식은 일련의 변화를 통해 움직인다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 - 논술형 Practice] 레스토랑에서의 나쁜 식사 경험
 Dear Manager, 관리자님께
 I hope this letter finds you well.  편지가  전달되길 바랍니다.
 I am writing to complain about a meal we had at your restaurant yesterday. 저는 어제 귀하의 레스토랑에서 먹은 식사에 대해 항의하기 위해 편지를 씁니다.
 We had booked a table for six, but when we arrived there were no free tables and we had to wait for more than 45 minutes to sit down. 우리는 6인용 테이블을 예약했지만, 도착했을   테이블이 없어서 자리에 앉기 위해 45 넘게 기다려야 했습니다.
 Among the 12 dishes on the menu, only four were available, and the ones we ordered were not prepared well. 메뉴에 있는 12가지 요리  4개만 이용할  있었고, 우리가 주문한 요리는 제대로 준비되지 않았습니다.
 In particular, the fish did not taste fresh, and the waiter was even rude when we told him about this. 특히, 생선 맛이 신선하지 않았고, 웨이터는 우리가 이에관해 이야기했을  무례하기까지 했습니다.
 We have eaten at your restaurant several times in the past, but this is the first time we have received such bad service. 우리는 과거에 귀하의 레스토랑에서 여러  식사를  적이 있지만, 이렇게 나쁜 서비스를 받은 것은 처음입니다.
 I am not requesting a refund, but I would appreciate if you could address these issues and improve the quality of your dishes and service. 제가 환불을 요구하는 것은 아니지만, 귀하께서  문제를처리하고 요리와 서비스의 질을 개선해 주시면 감사하겠습니다.
 Yours faithfully, Sarah Thompson Sarah Thompson 드림

 

 

 

[Ch.02 Unit 06 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 나이 집단별 인구 점유율
 The graph above shows the share of the population of people in young, working age, and older groups in four selected countries in 2021.  도표는 2021 선별된 4개국의 유소년층, 경제 활동연령층, 고령층의 인구 점유율을 보여 준다.
 Among the countries, Japan exhibited the lowest proportion of young individuals and the highest proportion of older individuals, indicating its status as an aging society.  국가들 , 일본은 가장 낮은 유소년층 비율과 가장 높은 고령자 비율을 나타냈는데, 이는 고령화 사회 상황을보여 주었다.
 In contrast, Kenya stood out with 38 percent of its population falling into the young age group and only 3 percent in the older group, making it the country with the largest percentage point difference between these two age groups. 반면에, 케냐는 인구의 38퍼센트가 유소년층에 속하고 단지 3퍼센트만이 고령층에 속한다는 것이 두드러졌는데, 이는 그것(케냐)   연령 집단 간의 퍼센트포인트 차가가장  국가로 만들었다.
 Of the four countries, the United States displayed the smallest gap between the percentage of young and older groups, with just a 1 percentage point difference. 4개국 중에, 미국은 유소년층과 고령층 비율  가장 작은격차를 보였는데, 1퍼센트포인트 차이에 불과했다.
 Across all four countries, the working age group accounted for the largest proportion, exceeding 50 percent in each country. 4개국 모두에 걸쳐, 경제 활동 연령층이 가장  비율을차지했는데, 이는 모든 나라에서 50퍼센트를 넘었다.
 Italy had the highest percentage of working age people among the four countries, at 64 percent. 이탈리아는 4개국  가장 높은 경제 활동 연령인의 비율을 보였는데, 64퍼센트였다.

 

 

 

[Ch.02 Unit 06 - 1] Concertoi 피아노 수업
 Concertoi Piano Lessons by Tammy Keller Tammy Keller Concertoi 피아노 수업
 Accepting Only 8 Students!  여덟 명의 학생만 받습니다!
 Registration Fee: $40 (includes the first week's lesson, lesson books, theory books, and supplemental materials) 등록비: 40달러 (  수업, 수업 교재와 이론서, 보충자료가 포함되어 있습니다)
 Weekly Lesson Fee  1 수업료
 - Ages 4-6: $10 per 30 minutes - 4~6: 30분당 10달러
 - Ages 7-Adult: $15 per hour - 7~성인: 시간당 15달러
 Lesson Schedule 수업 일정
 - Lessons are held on Mondays during the Summer. - 여름 동안에는 월요일마다 수업이 진행됩니다.
 - Summer Lessons begin Monday, July 14. - 여름 수업은 7 14 월요일에 시작됩니다.
 Available Lesson Times: 11:30 AM-6:30 PM 가능한 수업 시간: 오전 11 30~오후 6 30
 Location: 143 Grove Street, Midtown, 12511 위치: 143 Grove Street, Midtown, 12511
 To secure your spot, call 500-6134. 자리를 확보하려면, 500-6134 전화 주세요.

 

 

 

[Ch.02 Unit 06 - 2] 스마트폰이 미국  대의 삶에 미치는 영향
 The above graph shows U.S. teens' perceptions of how using smartphones affects five specific aspects of life.  도표는 스마트폰을 사용하는 것이 삶의 5가지 특정 측면에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지에 관한 미국  대의 인식을보여 준다.
 More than two-thirds of teens said using smartphones makes it easier for people their age to pursue hobbies and interests. 3분의 2 넘는  대가 스마트폰을 사용하는 것은 나이또래들이 취미와 관심사를 추구하기  쉽게 만든다고 말했다.
 When it comes to being creative, less than 20% of teens responded that the use of smartphones makes the process harder. 창의력을 발휘하는 것에 대해서는  대의 20퍼센트 미만이 스마트폰 사용이  과정을  어렵게 만든다고 응답했다.
 The percentage of teens who said smartphones make it easier for teens to do well in school was 45%, which is 15 percentage points higher than that of teens who said smartphones make it neither easier nor harder to do so. 스마트폰이  대가 학교생활을 잘하는  있어  쉽게만들어 준다고 말했던  대의 비율은 45퍼센트로, 스마트폰이 그렇게 하는  있어  쉽게도  어렵게도 만들지 않는다고 말했던  대의 비율보다 15퍼센트포인트 높다.
 The percentage of U.S. teens who said using smartphones makes it easier to develop healthy friendships was the same as that of those who said it makes the process harder. 스마트폰을 사용하는 것이 건강한 우정을 형성하는 것을 쉽게 만든다고 말했던 미국 십대의 비율은 그것이 과정을  어렵게 만든다고 말했던 미국  대의 비율과같다.
 A larger percentage of U.S. teens said using smartphones makes learning good social skills harder than easier.  높은 비율의 미국  대들이 스마트폰을 사용하는 것이좋은 사회성 기술을 배우는 것을  쉽게 만드는 것보다 어렵게 만든다고 말했다.

 

 

 

[Ch.02 Unit 06 - 3] Pelton 고등학교의 제로 탄소 발자국 캠프 안내
 Zero Carbon Footprint Camp 제로 탄소 발자국 캠프
 Join us for the Zero Carbon Footprint Camp, an exciting opportunity for Pelton High School students to explore the importance of taking action on climate change. Pelton 고등학교 학생들이 기후 변화에 대해 행동하는 것의 중요성을 탐구할 흥미로운 기회인, 제로 탄소 발자국 캠프에 참여하세요.
 Camp Program Includes: 캠프 프로그램은 다음을 포함합니다:
 1) Listening to a guest speaker's presentation on climate change 1) 기후 변화에 관한 초청 연사의 발표 듣기
 2) Participating in discussions about climate change and its impact on our planet 2) 기후 변화와 그것이 우리 지구에 미치는 영향에 관한 토론에 참여하기
 3) Calculating your own carbon footprint using online tools 3) 온라인 도구를 활용하여 자신의 탄소 발자국 계산하기
 4) Contributing to our campus garden by planting trees 4) 나무를 심어서 본교 캠퍼스 정원에 기여하기
 (In case of rain, the gardening session will be replaced with craft activities.) (비가  경우, 원예 시간은 공예 활동으로 대체될 것입니다.)
 Date: May 18 (Saturday) 날짜: 5 18 (토요일)
 Time: 10:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. 시간: 오전 10~오후 5
 Location: Pelton High School 장소: Pelton 고등학교
 Participation Fee: $10 per person (includes lunch) 참가비: 1인당 10달러 (점심 식사 포함)
 Reserve your spot online at www.peltonhighschool.org by May 8. 5 8일까지 www.peltonhighschool.org에서 온라인으로 자리를 예약하세요.
 Hurry, as spots are limited! 자리가 한정되어 있으니, 서두르세요!

 

 

 

[Ch.02 Unit 07 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 고대 중국의 구기 경기, 축국
 Cuju, an ancient Chinese ball game, holds a significant place in sporting history. 고대 중국의 구기 경기인 축국은 스포츠 역사에서 중요한위치를 차지한다.
 It was recognized by FIFA as one of the earliest foot-based sports. 그것은 국제 축구 연맹에 의해 발을 사용하는 최초의 스포츠  하나로 인정되었다.
 However, Cuju's influence on modern football was not direct. 그러나 축국이 현대 축구에 직접적인 영향을 주지 않았다.
 In Cuju, players aimed to kick the ball through a central hoop without letting it touch the ground, all while following the rule of not using their hands. 축국에서 선수들은 손을 사용하지 않는다는 규칙을 내내따르는 가운데, 공을 땅에 닿지 않게 하면서 공을 차서 중앙의 둥근 테를 통과시키는 것을 목표로 했다.
 Traditionally, the ball was crafted from leather, and matches took place on fields with two teams of equal size. 전통적으로, 공은 가죽으로 만들어졌으며, 경기는 같은 크기의  팀이 있는 경기장에서 열렸다.
 Players wore light and flexible clothes to move easily during the game. 선수들은 경기 중에 쉽게 움직이기 위해 가볍고 신축성 있는 옷을 입었다.
 Beyond its sporting aspect, Cuju holds cultural significance in China, often included in celebratory occasions and events, highlighting its deep-rooted history in the country's heritage. 스포츠적인 측면을 넘어서, 축국은 중국에서 문화적 중요성을 지니고 있으며, 축하 의식과 행사에 자주 포함되어중국 유산의 뿌리 깊은 역사를 강조한다.

 

 

 

[Ch.02 Unit 07 - 1] 풍경 화가 Albert Lorey Groll
 Born in New York City, Albert Lorey Groll was an etcher and also a landscape painter specializing in Western scenes. 뉴욕시에서 태어난 Albert Lorey Groll 에칭 화가이자 서양 풍경을 전문으로 하는 풍경 화가였다.
 He was elected to the National Academy of Design in 1910. 그는 1910 국립 디자인 아카데미에 선발되었다.
 He became a landscape painter, it is said, because he was then too poor to pay for models. 그는 풍경 화가가 되었는데, 전해지기로는 당시 너무 가난해서 모델료를 지급할  없었기 때문이라고 한다.
 In 1899, he studied at the Royal Academy in Munich under N. Gysis and Loefftz as well as in London. 1899, 그는 뮌헨의 왕립 아카데미에서 N. GysisLoefftz 아래에서 공부했고 런던에서도 공부했다.
 He painted landscapes in the vicinity of New York until about 1904. 그는 1904년경까지 뉴욕 인근에서 풍경을 그렸다.
 He then went West and sketched desert and mountain scenes in Arizona and New Mexico. 그는   서부로 가서 애리조나와 뉴멕시코의 사막과 산악 풍경을 스케치했다.
 The resulting painting "Arizona" won a gold medal at the Penn Academy of Fine Art (PAFA) in 1906.  결과 1906 펜실베이니아 미술 아카데미(PAFA)에서 'Arizona'라는 그림으로 금메달을 수상했다.
 Groll was the rare painter in northern New Mexico before World War I, choosing "bare mesas and towering cloud formations" rather than mountains. Groll 1 세계 대전 이전 뉴멕시코 북부에서 산보다는 '아무것도  덮인 메사와 우뚝 솟은 구름층' 선택한보기 드문 화가였다.
 One of his paintings can be seen at the Octavia Fellin Public Library in Gallup. 그의 그림  하나는 갤럽의 옥타비아 펠린 공립 도서관에서   있다.
 He died in New York City in 1952. 그는 1952 뉴욕시에서 사망했다.

 

 

 

[Ch.02 Unit 07 - 2] Hibiscus mutabilis
 Hibiscus mutabilis, also known as the cotton rose, is a plant cultivated for its showy flowers. 목화 장미라고도 알려진 Hibiscus mutabilis 그것의화려한 꽃을 위해 재배되는 식물이다.
 Originally native to southern China, it is now found in all continents except Antarctica. 원래 중국 남부가 원산지인  식물은 현재 남극 대륙을 제외한 모든 대륙에서 발견된다.
 The plant grows rapidly, and its flowers are 4-6 inch in diameter, blooming late summer right through autumn.  식물은 빠르게 자라며 그것의 꽃의 지름은 4~6인치로늦여름부터 가을까지 줄곧 피어난다.
 The species name mutabilis means 'change' in Latin, referring to the changing color of the flowers from white in the morning through light pink during noon to a deep rosy red colour all in one day. 종명 'mutabilis' 라틴어로 '변화'라는 뜻으로, 아침에는 흰색에서 한낮에는 연분홍색으로 되었다가, 진한 장밋빛 붉은색까지 모두 하루 안에 꽃의 색이 변하는 것을 일컫는다.
 Temperature is thought as an important factor affecting the rate of colour change as white flowers kept in the refrigerator remain white until they are taken out to warm, whereupon they slowly turn pink. 온도가 색상 변화 속도에 영향을 미치는 중요한 요인으로여겨지는데 왜냐하면 냉장고에 보관된 흰색 꽃은 따뜻하게하려고 꺼낼 때까지 흰색을 유지하다가 꺼낸 후에 천천히분홍색으로 변하기 때문이다.
 This plant is best grown in well-drained soils and is quite drought tolerant.  식물은 물이  빠지는 토양에서 가장  자라며 가뭄을 견딘다.

 

 

 

[Ch.02 Unit 07 - 3] 노벨 평화상 수상자 Ralph J. Bunche
 Ralph J. Bunche was born on August 7, 1904, into a poor household. Ralph J. Bunche 1904 8 7 가난한 가정에서 태어났다.
 After his parents died, Bunche's grandmother moved the family to Los Angeles, California. 그의 부모님이 돌아가신  Bunche 할머니는 가족을캘리포니아주 로스앤젤레스로 이주시켰다.
 The only African American in his class, he earned the highest grades and graduated from his high school with honors, and was easily admitted to UCLA. 자신의 반에서 유일한 아프리카계 미국인이었던 그는 최고성적을 받으며 고등학교를 우등으로 졸업하고 UCLA 쉽게 입학 허가를 받았다.
 Although he graduated with honors, a lack of money stood in the way of his dreams of attending Harvard Law School. 그는 우등으로 졸업했지만 돈이 부족하다는 것이 하버드로스쿨에 다니려는 그의 꿈을 가로막았다.
 Fortunately, a women's club in the area raised the money to help him pay for tuition. 다행히도 지역의  여성 모임에서 그가 학비 내는 것을 돕기 위해 모금을 했다.
 During World War II, Bunche was asked to work for the State Department, and he helped to found the United Nations. 2 세계 대전  Bunche 국무부에서 일해 달라고요청받았고, 그는 국제 연합의 설립을 도왔다.
 His first important negotiating job came during the 1948 war between the Arabs and Israelis. 그의  번째 중요한 협상 업무는 1948 아랍과 이스라엘 간의 전쟁 중에 생겼다.
 Much to his and the world's relief, a peace treaty was finally signed. Bunche  세계가 무척 다행스럽게도 마침내 평화 조약이 체결되었다.
 In 1950, he was awarded the Nobel peace prize. 1950 그는 노벨 평화상을 수상했다.
 Ralph Bunche was the first African American to win this honor. Ralph Bunche 아프리카계 미국인으로서는 최초로 영예를 안았다.

 

 

 

[Ch.02 - 서술형 Practice] Fanny Blankers-Koen 생애
 Fanny Blankers-Koen, a Dutch mother of two, made history at the 1948 Olympics. 네덜란드의  아이 엄마인 Fanny Blankers-Koen1948 올림픽에서 역사를 썼다.
 She won four gold medals in track and field although she was not allowed to compete in more than three individual events. 그녀는  개별 종목을 초과해 출전하는 것이 허용되지 않았음에도 불구하고 육상 종목에서  개의 금메달을 땄다.
 She held over 20 world records but had her career interrupted by World War II. 그녀는 20개가 넘는 세계 기록을 보유했지만 2 세계대전으로 인해 선수 경력이 중단되었다.
 After the war, she returned to competition, winning more titles and setting a world record in the pentathlon in 1951. 전쟁 , 그녀는 다시 대회에 복귀하여  많온 타이틀을거머쥐었고 1951년에는 5 경기에서 세계 기록을 세웠다.
 Her impressive achievements helped advance women's sports, and she defied conventional expectations about combining family life with an athletic career. 그녀의 인상적인 업적은 여성 스포츠를 발전시키는  기여했으며, 그녀는 가정생활과 선수 경력을 병행하는 것에대한 관습적인 기대에 저항했다.
 In recognition of her remarkable career, she was named the woman athlete of the twentieth century by the IAAF in 1999. 뛰어난 경력을 인정받아 그녀는 1999 IAAF 의해20세기를 대표하는 여자 선수로 선정되었다.

 

 

 

[Ch.02 - 논술형 Practice] 탄소세 도입이 경제에 미치는 영향
 A 2016 report by the Heritage Foundation that analyzed a carbon tax in the United States at one-third the rate paid by Swedish industrial firms argued that the tax would have "disastrous economic costs." 스웨덴 산업 기업들이 내는 (탄소세) 세율의 3분의 1 미국의 탄소세를 분석한 Heritage Foundation 2016 보고서는  세금이 '재앙적인 경제적 비용' 초래할것이라고 주장했다.
 Has Sweden been severely harmed by its carbon tax? 스웨덴은 탄소세로 심각하게 피해를 입었는가?
 Hardly. 거의 그렇지 않다.
 Prior to enacting the tax, Sweden's economy grew between 1961 and 1990 at an annual rate of 2.9 percent while the US economy grew at 3.7 percent. 탄소세를 법제화하기 전에, 1961년부터 1990 사이에스웨덴 경제는  2.9퍼센트의 비율로 성장했고, 반면에미국 경제는 3.7퍼센트 성장했다.
 The gap between the Swedish and US growth rates fell after the tax was enacted. 스웨덴과 미국의 성장률 격차는 탄소세가 법제화된  감소했다.
 Sweden's GDP grew between 1991 and 2015 at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent, just a bit lower than the US growth rate of 2.4 percent. 1991년부터 2015 사이에 스웨덴의 GDP(국내 총생산) 연평균 2.1퍼센트의 비율로 성장했으며, 이는 미국의 2.4퍼센트 성장률보다 약간  낮은 수치이다.
 This is not to argue that Sweden closed the gap between its growth rate and the US growth rate because of its carbon tax. 스웨덴이 탄소세 '때문에' 자국 성장률과 미국의 성장률 사이의 격차를 줄였다고 주장하려는 것은 아니다.
 But it is hard to argue that the country has suffered a great deal due to its carbon tax. 하지만 스웨덴이 탄소세로 인해 많은 피해를 입었다고 주장하기는 어렵다.
 In fact, Sweden's growth rate has exceeded the US growth rate since 2000. 실제로 2000 이후 스웨덴의 성장률은 미국의 성장률을넘어섰다.

 

 

 

[Ch.03 Unit 08 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 비례 대표제에 대한 우려
 Critics sometimes worry that by making it easier for small parties to win seats, proportional representation will encourage the growth of extremist groups standing on hateful or anti-democratic platforms. 비평가들은 비례 대표제가 군소 정당이 의석을 확보하는것을 쉽게 만듦으로써 혐오 또는 반민주적 공약을 내세우는 극단주의 단체의 성장을 부추길 것이라고 때때로 우려한다.
 Of course, no one committed to liberal and democratic values wants to see these kinds of parties taking seats in the legislature. 물론 자유주의와 민주적 가치에 전념하는 사람이라면 누구도 이런 종류의 정당이  의회에서 의석을 거머쥐는 것을보고 싶어 하지 않는다.
 But it would be wrong to rig our political system to exclude them just because we disagree with their views. 하지만 우리가 단지 그들의 견해에 동의하지 않는다고 해서 그들을 배제하도록 우리의 정치 시스템을 조작하는 것은 잘못된 일일 것이다.
 Proportional voting systems provide a democratic vent for populist anger and discontent, creating clear incentives for mainstream parties to address underlying social problems and to win back votes. 비례 투표제는 대중 영합주의적 분노와 불만에 대한 민주적인 배출구를 제공하고, 주류 정당이 근본적인 사회 문제를 처리하고 표를 되찾을 확실한 동기를 창출한다.
 We also have to remember that small parties can play a value role in highlighting specific issues that have been overlooked, as has often been the case with 'Green' parties. 또한 '녹색'당에서 보통 흔히 일어난 일인데, 간과되어 특정 문제를 부각하는  있어 군소 정당이 가치 있는 역할을   있다는  또한 우리는 기억해야 한다.
 In any case, the European experience suggests that there is no overall tendency for extremist parties to increase their numbers over time under proportional systems. 어쨌든 유럽의 경험이 시사하는 바에 따르면, 비례제 아래에서 극단주의 정당이 시간이 지남에 따라 의석수를 늘리는 전반적인 경향은 존재하지 않는다.

 

 

 

[Ch.03 Unit 08 - 1] 역할 놀이
 Role-playing is an extension of representational skills. 역할 놀이는 표현 능력의 확장이다.
 Children role-play when they use not only materials and objects but also voice and actions to represent others during play. 아이들이 놀이 중에 다른 사람을 표현하기 위해 용구와 물건뿐만 아니라 목소리와 행동을 사용할  역할 놀이를 하는 것이다.
 Infants and toddlers begin to play a role when they imitate adults' language, dress, or actions. 영아와 유아는 어른의 언어, 옷차림 또는 행동을 모방할 역할 놀이를 시작한다.
 An older child expands on this role by imitating familiar roles, such as a parent or doctor.  나이  아이는 부모나 의사와 같은 친숙한 역할을 모방함으로써 0| 역할을  상세히 서술한다.
 The child uses gestures and language to communicate his understanding of what this role represents. 아이는 몸짓과 언어를 사용하여  역할이 무엇을 표현하는지에 대한 자신의 이해를 전달한다.
 He uses the doctor kit or kitchen playthings as props to support his actions while he plays. 아이는 놀이를 하는 동안 자신의 행동을 뒷받침하기 위해의사 키트나 주방 장난감을 소품으로 사용한다.
 For instance, he may use a cylinder-shaped block as a syringe when pretending to be a doctor. 예를 들어 아이는 의사인 척을  , 원통 모양의 블록을주사기로 사용할 수도 있다.
 As he becomes familiar with other people and their roles, he may imitate them with the actions and verbalizations of a grocer, waiter, or firefighter. 아이가 다른 사람과 그들의 역할에 익숙해지면서 아이는식료품점 직원, 웨이터, 혹은 소방관의 행동과 발화와 함께 그들을 모방할  있다.
 Playing fantasy characters, such as a monster or a superhero, becomes common once a child is able to engage in more abstract thinking. 아이가   추상적인 사고를   있게 되면 괴물이나슈퍼히어로와 같은 판타지 캐릭터를 연기하는 것이 흔해진다.

 

 

 

[Ch.03 Unit 08 - 2] 언어와 문화의 관계
 People are inherently social creatures, and in order to connect and regulate their social interactions, they must internalize their cultures. 인간은 본질적으로 사회적 동물이고, 사회적 상호 작용을연결하고 조절하기 위해, 자신의 문화를 내면화해야 한다.
 But cultures cannot be internalized without language. 그러나 문화는 언어 없이 내면화될  없다.
 Indeed, language is the vehicle through which we learn about our social world, discover its rules and values, and express our personal natures, allowing us to connect with others, both in relationships of exchange and of caring. 실제로, 언어는 우리가 사회 세계에 대해 배우고,  규칙과 가치관을 발견하며, 우리 개인의 본성을 표현하는 수단인데, 이는 교류와 배려의 관계 모두에서, 우리가 다른 이들과 연결되게  준다.
 Cultures themselves interact. 문화 자체는 상호 작용한다.
 As far back as the origins of human history, groups of individuals sharing a common culture and language made contact with other groups, each unified by their own shared tongue. 인류 역사의 기원으로까지 멀리 거슬러 올라가면, 공통된문화와 언어를 공유하는 사람들의 집단이 다른 집단과 접촉했는데,  집단 각각은 자신만의 공통 언어로 통합되어있다.
 Of great value was anyone who could ably facilitate those intergroup contacts ─ those people who were multilingual. 그러한 집단 사이의 접촉을 능숙하게 원활히 진행할  있는 사람,  다국어를 구사하는 사람이  가치가 있었다.
 Today we humans exist in a globally interconnected world. 오늘날 우리 인간은  세계적으로 상호 연결된 세상에 존재한다.
 We can transact with people from anywhere in seconds through the internet, or visit them through rapid means of travel, and in doing so experience a bit of their cultures. 우리는 인터넷을 통해 어디서든   안에 사람들과 교류하거나 빠른 이동 수단을 통해 그들을 방문할  있고, 그렇게 함으로써 그들의 문화를 얼마간 경험할  있다.

 

 

 

[Ch.03 Unit 08 - 3] 발견 학습을 위한 미술·디자인 수업 구상
 To make art and design irresistible, the teacher must commit to providing opportunities that incite feelings of surprise and, thus motivational discovery and learning. 미술과 디자인을 매우 매력적이게 만들기 위해 교사는 놀라움의 감정과 그에 따라 동기 부여가 되는 발견과 학습을불러일으키는 기회를 제공하는  전념해야 한다.
 This teaching approach is exciting ─ it allows the practitioner to consider what is tempting in learning, what drives an individual to find out and discover. 이러한 교육 접근 방식은 흥미진진한데, 그것은 종사자(교사) 학습에서 무엇이 매력적인지, 무엇이 개인으로 하여금 알아내고 발견하게 만드는지 고려할  있게  준다.
 The teacher needs to remember what it is about learning that makes it irresistible, and then design their lessons, their spaces of learning and their teaching materials accordingly. 교사는 학습에 대하여 그것을 매우 매력적이게 만드는 것이 무엇인지 기억하고, 그런 다음 그에 맞게 자신의 수업, 학습 공간, 수업 자료를 고안해야 한다.
 This is not teaching that rigidly conforms to an instructional, target-bound paradigm. 이것은 교육적이고 목표에 얽매인 패러다임을 엄격하게 따르는 가르침이 아니다.
 It is essential to provide classrooms that have no ceiling when creative minds are operating and finding out. 창의적인 사고가 작동하여 발견하고 있을  한계가 없는교실을 제공하는 것이 필수적이다.
 Classrooms of young children should be alive, dynamic and changeable, encouraged by a theme of the moment or an interest that pervades children's imaginations. 어린아이들의 교실은 순간의 주제나 아이들의 상상력에 고루 미치는 관심사에 의해 촉진되면서, 살아 있고, 역동적이면서 변화할  있어야 한다.

 

 

 

[Ch.03 Unit 09 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 직접 투자의 한계점
 When investors decide to buy physical goods, they follow a direct approach. 투자자가 물리적 상품을 구매하기로 결정하면, 그들은 직접적인 접근 방식을 따른다.
 This approach provides the purest exposure to the commodity's price, but involves a cost.  접근 방식은 상품의 가격에 대한 가장 순전한 노출을제공하지만, 비용을 수반한다.
 When investors buy commodities, they need to understand the quality of the goods and the problems that can exist if that quality is lacking. 투자자가 상품을 구매할 , 그들은 상품의 품질과  품질이 부족한 경우 존재할  있는 문제를 이해할 필요가있다.
 Another problem is the presence of different costs relating to storage, insurance, and cash opportunity costs.  다른 문제는 보관, 보험, 현금기회비용과 관련된 다양한 비용의 존재이다.
 These costs affect the management of the physical good. 이러한 비용은 물리적 상품의 관리에 영향을 준다.
 As a result of the disadvantages of direct investment, investors typically prefer to indirectly assume a position in commodity markets to avoid the problems linked to the management of physical goods. 직접 투자의 단점의 결과로, 투자자들은 일반적으로 물리적 상품 관리와 관련된 문제를 피하기 위해 상품 시장에서간접적으로 입장을 취하는 것을 선호한다.

 

 

 

[Ch.03 Unit 09 - 1] 자연법의 정의와 비판
 According to natural law theory, moral principles are not simply the result of human convention or social agreement, but are based on fundamental principles of nature, including human nature. 자연법 이론에 따르면, 도덕적 원칙은 단순히 인간의 관습이나 사회적 합의의 결과가 아니라, 인간의 본성을 포함하여 자연의 근본적인 원칙에 기초한다.
 The term "natural law" refers to a set of ethical and moral principles that are thought to be inherent in the natural world and applicable to all human beings. '자연법'이라는 용어는 자연계에 내재하고 있고 모든 인간에게 적용할  있다고 생각되는 일련의 윤리적, 도덕적원칙을 말한다.
 These principles are considered to be objective, universal, and immutable, and are often seen as a source of guidance for human behaviour. 이러한 원칙은 객관적이고 보편적이며 불변한다고 여겨지며, 인간 행동에 대한 지침의 원천으로 이해되는 경우가많다.
 Natural law theorists believe that the natural world operates according to a set of rational principles, and that these principles can be discovered through human reason and observation. 자연법 이론가들은 자연계가 일련의 합리적인 원칙에 따라작동하며, 이러한 원칙은 인간의 이성과 관찰을 통해 발견될  있다고 믿는다.
 They argue that these principles provide a foundation for moral and legal systems, and that they are binding on all individuals, regardless of their cultural or social background. 그들은 이러한 원칙이 도덕적, 법적인 체계의 기초를 제공하고, 문화적 또는 사회적 배경과 관계없이 모든 개인에게구속력이 있다고 주장한다.
 Critics of natural law theory argue that it relies too heavily on unprovable assumptions about the existence of a divine purpose, and that it fails to account for the diversity of moral beliefs and practices across cultures and historical periods. 자연법 이론에 대한 비판론자들은 그것이 신성한 목적의존재에 관한 증명할  없는 가정에 너무 많이 의존하고, 문화와 역사 시대 전반에 걸친 도덕적 신념과 관행의 다양성을 설명하지 못한다고 주장한다.

 

 

 

[Ch.03 Unit 09 - 2] 학술적 글쓰기
 Most academic writing involves constructing an argument or supporting a position about some question or topic. 대부분의 학술적 글쓰기는 어떤 질문이나 주제에 관한 주장을 구성하거나 입장을 뒷받침하는 것을 포함한다.
 This requires clear organization with all your points directly connected to your argument or position. 이것은 여러분의 모든 요점이 여러분의 주장이나 입장과직접적으로 연결되도록 하면서 명확한 구조화를 필요로 한다.
 In Western academic writing, a 'linear' style is preferred, where one point leads directly and unambiguously to the next, with little room for digressions. 서양의 학술적 글쓰기에서, '선형적' 방식이 선호되는데, 여기서는 하나의 요점이 직접적이고 모호하지 않게 다음으로 이어지면서 주제에서 벗어날 여지가 거의 없다.
 The organization will depend on the purpose of the composition; a literary critique will have a different structure from a chemistry report. 구성은 작문의 목적에 따라 달라질 것이므로, 문학 비평은화학 보고서와는 다른 구조를 갖게 마련이다.
 Part of learning a discipline is learning the writing organization appropriately to that discipline. 어떤 학문 분야를 배우는 것의 일부는  학문 분야에 적합하게 글을 구성하는 것을 배우는 것이다.
 For example, academic papers in my discipline (Applied Linguistics) usually have sections (e.g., Introduction, Literature review, Discussion, Conclusion), which are typically signposted with headings that make the organization of the paper explicit. 예를 들어,  학문 분야(응용 언어학) 학술 논문에는일반적으로 단원(예컨대 서론, 문헌 조사, 토론, 결론)있는데, 이것에는 일반적으로 논문의 구성을 명시적이도록만드는 제목으로 방향이 표시된다.

 

 

 

[Ch.03 Unit 09 - 3] 나쁜 습관의 개선
 Habits are part of our everyday lives and therefore, when we don't clean our teeth, eat breakfast, have our morning coffee or have biscuits in the afternoon, we feel unsettled and a little bit stressed. 습관은 우리 일상생활의 일부이며, 따라서 이를 닦지 않거나, 아침을 먹지 않거나, 모닝커피를 마시지 않거나, 오후에 비스킷을 먹지 않으면 불안하고 약간 스트레스를 받는느낌이 든다.
 This feeling is unpleasant and we quickly learn that it can be avoided by carrying on with our habit. 이러한 느낌은 불쾌하며, 습관을 계속함으로써 이를 회피할  있다는 것을 우리는  알게 된다.
 Therefore, not eating biscuits feels unusual, but this can all be made OK with a few biscuits. 따라서 비스킷을 먹지 않는 것은 예외적인 것으로 느껴질 있지만,  개의 비스킷으로 이것은 전부 괜찮아질 있다.
 And the habit carries on as it becomes the solution to the problem created when trying to change it. 그리고 습관이 그것을 바꾸려고   생긴 문제에 대한해결책이 됨에 따라  습관은 계속된다.
 It's a vicious circle. 이는 악순환이다.
 But it's the change in the habit which makes us feel stressed, not the absence of the actual behaviour. 하지만 우리에게 스트레스를 느끼게 하는 것은 실제 (습관) 행동의 부재가 아니라 습관의 변화이다.
 And if we start to realise that the feeling of stress or worry is just 'withdrawal' and will only be made worse in the longer term if we give in and use the habit to get rid of it, then we can start to break the habit itself. 그리고 만약 스트레스나 걱정의 느낌이 단지 '금단 현상'이며, 우리가 굴복하고 습관을 이용하여 그것을 없애려고 하면  장기적으로  나빠질 뿐이라는 것을 깨닫기 시작한다면, 우리는  습관 자체를 버리기 시작할  있다.

 

 

 

[Ch.03 - 서술형 Practice] 비싼 물건의 마케팅 기법
 You might notice that if you compare two products with the same function, but in very different price ranges, you'll tend to find that the more expensive the product is, the more likely it is to be sold in a way that emphasizes how it makes you feel, rather than its inherent function and properties. 여러분이 기능은 같지만 가격대가 매우 다른  제품을 비교하면 가격이 비싼 제품일수록 그것의 고유 기능이나 특성보다는 여러분이 어떻게 느끼게 만드는지를 강조하는 방식으로 팔릴 가능성이  있다고 생각하는 경향이 있으리라는 것을 눈치챌 것이다.
 There is a huge economic advantage to creating this feel-good associated value, which is a product of advertising and often, advertising alone. 이러한 기분을 좋게 하는 것과 관련된 가치를 창출하는 것에는 엄청난 경제적 이점이 있으며, 이는 광고의, 그리고흔히 광고만의 산물이다.
 The economic advantage is simple to state: people will pay more for this extra kick. 경제적인 이득은 설명하기 간단한데, 사람들은  추가 효과에 대해  많은 비용을  거라는 것이다.
 This might seem like trickery ─ the consumer is fooled by the advertiser into believing that the product is more than it is, and is induced to pay more for it as a result. 이것은 속임수처럼 보일 수도 있는데 소비자는 광고주의속임수에 속아 제품이 실제  이상의 것이라고 믿게 되고그래서 결과적으로 그것을 위해  많이 지불하도록 유도된다.
 But the advertisers may well argue that these added associations create not just apparent ─ but real ─ added value for the product, that they change the consumer's experience of the product into something more. 그러나 광고주들은 아마도 이러한 추가 연상이 제품에 대한 외형적인 부가 가치뿐만 아니라  물건에 대한 실질적인 부가 가치를 창출한다,  그것들이 소비자의 제품 경험을 더한 무언가로 변화시킨다고 주장할 것이다.

 

 

 

[Ch.03 - 논술형 Practice] 우리에게 내재한 얼굴 인식 능력과 고정 관념
 We seem to have developed a visual language of facial recognition that influences our emotional judgement of people, before we are even consciously aware of what those things really mean. 우리는 우리가 그것이 진짜 무엇을 의미하는지 의식적으로인식하기도 전에 사람에 대한 감정적 판단에 영향을 미치는 얼굴 인식이라는 시각적 언어를 발달시킨 것으로 보인다.
 And because it's evolutionarily wired in us to do this, there's no escaping it ─ humans are such a social species that it makes sense for us to be able to quickly assess if someone is friend or foe. 그리고 이렇게 하도록 우리 안에 진화적으로 연결되어 있기 때문에, 이를 피할 수는 없다. 인간은 너무나 사회적 종이어서 우리가 누군가가 친구인지 적인지 빠르게 판단할 있는 것은 당연한 일이다.
 The problem, though, is that our snap judgements and prejudices are often wrong. 하지만 문제는 우리의 성급한 판단과 편견이 자주 틀린다는 것이다.
 People with chiselled jaws aren't all competent, and round-faced individuals are certainly not all trustworthy. 깎아 놓은 듯한 턱을 가지고 있는 사람이 모두 유능한 것은아니며, 얼굴이 둥근 사람이 당연히 모두 신뢰할  있는것은 아니다.
 Professor Alexander Todorov from Princeton University explains that, perhaps because we're now exposed to so many faces, our visual cortices have gone for the simplest groupings and attributed certain features to certain personality traits, but as a result we're susceptible to the worst type of visual stereotyping. Princeton 대학교의 Alexander Todorov 교수는 아마도 우리가 매우 많은 얼굴을 접해서 시각 피질이 가장 단순한 집단 분류를 택하게 되었고 어떤 특징을 어떤 성격 특성의 결과로 보게 되었으나, 결과적으로 우리는 가장 나쁜형태의 시각적 고정 관념의 영향을 받기 쉽다고 설명한다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 Unit 10 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 뇌의 감각 자극 인식
 It takes on average half a second for the unconscious mind to process incoming sensory stimuli into conscious perceptions. 무의식이 들어오는 감각 자극을 의식적 지각으로 처리하는데에는 평균적으로 0.5초가 걸린다.
 Yet we are not aware of this time delay ─ you think you see things move as they move, and when you stub your toe you get the impression of knowing about it right away. 하지만 우리는  시간 지연을 인지하지 못한다. 여러분은사물이 움직일  움직이는 것을 보고 있다고 생각하고, 발가락이 차였을  그것을 즉시 알아차린다는 인상을 받는다.
 This illusion of immediacy is created by an ingenious mechanism, which backdates conscious perceptions to the time when the stimulus first entered the brain. 이러한 즉시성의 착각은  기발한 기제에 의해 만들어지는데, 이것은 의식적 지각을 자극이 처음 뇌에 들어온 시점으로 소급해서 적용한다.
 On the face of it, this seems impossible because cortical signals take the same "real" time to process to consciousness, but somehow we are tricked into thinking we feel things earlier. 겉으로 보기에는 이것이 불가능해 보인다. 왜냐하면 대뇌피질 신호는 의식으로 처리되는  동일한 '실제' 시간이걸리지만, 어떻게든 우리는 상황을  일찍 느끼는 것처럼속게 되기 때문이다.
 One way it might be explained is that consciousness consists of many parallel streams and that the brain jumps from one to another, revising them and redrafting them. 이를 설명하는  가지 방법은 의식이 많은 병렬적인 (의식의) 흐름으로 구성되어 있으며 뇌가 하나에서 다른 하나로 재빨리 이동하면서 그것들을 수정하고 다시 작성한다는것이다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 Unit 10 - 1] 협력과 태만의 기준
 We not only absorb' our moral codes and definitions of right and wrong from the group; the group also transmits cues about cooperation and defection and what it means to act in a trustworthy manner. 우리는 도덕 규범과 옳고 그름에 대한 정의를 집단으로부터 흡수할 뿐만 아니라, 집단은 협력과 태만, 그리고 신뢰할  있는 방식으로 행동하는 것이 무엇을 의미하는지에대한 단서를 전달하기도 한다.
 People are more likely to suppress their self-interest in favor of the group interest if they feel that others are doing so as well, and they're less likely to do so if they feel that others are taking advantage of them. 사람들은 다른 사람들도 그렇게 하고 있다고 느끼면 집단의 이익을 위해 자신의 이기심을 억제할 가능성이  높고,다른 사람이 자신을 이용하고 있다고 느끼면 그렇게 가능성이  낮다.
 The psychological mechanism for this is unclear, but certainly it is related to our innate sense of fairness. 이에 대한 심리적 메커니즘은 명확하지 않지만, 우리의 타고난 공정성 감각과 확실히 관련이 있다.
 We generally don't mind sacrificing for the group, as long as we're all sacrificing equally. 우리는 일반적으로 모두가 동등하게 희생하는 , 집단을위해 희생하는 것을 싫어하지 않는다.
 But if we feel like we're being taken advantage of by others who are defecting, we're more likely to defect as well. 하지만 우리가 태만한 다른 사람들에게 이용당하고 있다고느끼면 우리도 태만할 가능성이  높다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 Unit 10 - 2] 야생 동물과 초기 인간의 관계
 In their pre-predatory stage, our primate ancestors had moved through the world among other creatures that did not fear them. 포식 이전 단계에, 우리 영장류 조상은 자신들을 두려워하지 않았던 다른 동물 사이에서 세상을 돌아다녔다.
 Once they adopted carnivory, the prey they were interested in learned to allow close approaches at their own risk. 그들이 육식을 채택했을 , 그들이 관심을 가졌던 사냥감은 자신의 위험을 감수하며 가까이 접근하도록 하는 법을배웠다.
 But unlike big cats or terrifying wolves that were obvious predators, upright primates didn't automatically fit the predator template for most animals. 그러나 명백한 포식자인  고양잇과 동물이나 무서운 늑대와 달리, 직립 영장류는 대부분 동물에 자동적으로 포식자 틀에 들어맞은 것은 아니었다.
 Numerous examples from around the world during the past five centuries testify that upon initially encountering humans, many wild creatures did not associate us with a threat. 지난 5세기 동안  세계의 수많은 사례는 많은 야생 동물이 처음 인간을 마주쳤을 , 우리를 위협과 연관 짓지 않았다는 것을 증명한다.
 In their first encounters with humans, scores of species reacted with trust and tameness. 인간과의  만남에서, 많은 종은 신뢰와 온순함으로 반응했다.
 There is a term of art for this: biological first contact. 이에 대한 전문 용어가 있는데, 생물학적 최초 접촉이다.
 When we appeared in new geographies for the first time, wild animals had to learn to be afraid of us. 우리가 새로운 지역에 처음 나타났을 , 야생 동물은 우리를 두려워하는 법을 배워야 했다.
 Many died standing and looking, never absorbing the lesson. 많은 동물은 그러한 교훈을 전혀 받아들이지 못한 , 서서 바라보다가 죽었다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 Unit 10 - 3] 일상 언어에서의 은유
 Consider the following two everyday linguistic expressions: "The election is ahead of us" and "the long Winter is now behind us." 다음  가지 일상 언어 표현, 예를 들어 "선거가 우리 '앞에' 있다." " 겨울이 이제 우리 '뒤에' 있다." 생각해 보라.
 Literally, these expressions do not make any sense. 문자 그대로는, 이러한 표현은 이치에 전혀 맞지 않는다.
 "An election" is not something that can physically be "ahead" of us in any measurable or observable way, and the "Winter" is not something that can be physically "behind" us. '선거' 어떤 측정 가능하거나 관찰 가능한 방식으로도 물리적으로 우리보다 '앞에' 있을  있는 것이 아니고, '겨울' 물리적으로 우리보다 '뒤에' 있을  있는 것이 아니다.
 Hundreds of thousands of these expressions, whose meaning is not literal but metaphorical, can be observed in human everyday language: "he is a cold person," "she has strong opinions," "the market is quite depressed." 수십만 개의 이러한 표현은  의미가 문자 그대로가 아니라 '은유적인' 것으로, 인간의 일상 언어에서 관찰될  있는데, 예를 들면 "' '차가운 사람이다.", "그녀는 '강한' 의견을 가지고 있다.", "시장은 상당히 '침체되어' 있다." 같은 것들이다.
 Metaphor, in this sense, is not just a figure of speech, or an exceptional communicational tool in the hands of poets and artists. 이런 의미에서, 은유는 단지 수사적 표현, 혹은 시인이나예술가들의 특별한 의사소통 도구인 것만이 아니다.
 It is an ordinary mechanism of thought. 그것은 평범한 사고의 기제이다.
 Usually operating unconsciously and effortlessly, it permeates nearly every aspect of human everyday (and technical) language, making imagination possible. 그것은 보통 무의식적으로 쉽게 작동하며, 인간의 일상적(그리고 기술적) 언어의 거의 모든 측면에 스며들어 상상을 가능하게 한다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 Unit 11 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 물의 가변적인 성격
 Water essentially has no persona of its own, but has an extraordinary quality. 물은 본질적으로 자신만의 페르소나는 없지만, 놀라운 특성을 가지고 있다.
 Water as a liquid has no shape, yet it is readily defined by its surroundings. 액체로서의 물은 형태가 없지만, 그것의 주변 환경에 의해쉽게 정의된다.
 Water has no hardness; it is completely yielding to the touch, yet is hard as concrete when impacted at high speed. 물은 단단함이 없어, 만지면 전적으로 순응하지만, 빠른속도로 충돌하면 콘크리트처럼 단단하다.
 Water has no color when viewed in a transparent container, yet becomes vividly green or blue as an ocean, and readily reflects at its surface everything around it. 투명한 용기 안에서 보이는 물은 색이 없지만, 바다에서는선명하게 녹색이나 파란색이 되고, 그것 주변의 모든 것을그것의 표면에서 쉽게 반사한다.
 Pure water has no taste, yet it readily absorbs and transmits the taste of any suspended or dissolved substances. 순수한 물은 맛이 없지만, 부유하거나 용해된 물질의 맛은어떠한 것도 쉽게 흡수하고 전달한다.
 It has no smell, yet, as atmospheric humidity, readily distributes the aromas of its surroundings. 그것은 냄새는 없지만, 대기의 습기로 주변 환경의 향기를쉽게 퍼뜨린다.
 This ubiquitous part of our environment truly has a variable personality, readily changing to assimilate its surroundings. 우리 주위의 어디에나 있는 이러한 성분은 쉽게 그것의 주변 환경에 동화되기 위해 변화하는, 실로 가변적인 성격을지니고 있다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 Unit 11 - 1] 심상 지도의 특징
 I suppose everyone has at one time or another drawn a mental map, and it offers little conceptual difficulty. 나는 누구나  번쯤은 심상 지도를 그려본 적이 있을 것이고, 그것은 개념상의 어려움을 거의 주지 않는다고 생각한다.
 In my classes, I ask students to draw a map by hand, in just five minutes, showing their route to and from class.  수업 시간에 나는 학생들에게  5 안에, 수업을 오가는 경로를 보여 주는 지도를 손으로 그려 보라고 요청한다.
 No two maps are ever entirely the same, of course, and none are to scale. 물론  지도가 완전히 똑같은 경우는 없으며, 어느 것도축척대로 설계될  없다.
 Nevertheless, most of the maps are easily understood. 그럼에도 불구하고, 대부분의 지도는 쉽게 이해된다.
 This shows that while we all produce our own versions of spatial reality, we can see particular landmarks that communicate to all of us in a social community. 이는 우리가 모두 자기만의 버전의 공간적 현실을 만들어내지만, 사회적 공동체에 있는 우리 모두에게 소통되는 특정한 지형지물을   있다는 것을 보여 준다.
 Mental maps tend to highlight important parts of a route, with streets labeled to indicate where to turn. 심상 지도는 어디에서 돌아야 하는지 나타내기 위해 도로가 표시되면서 어떤 경로의 중요한 부분을 강조하는 경향이 있다.
 Such maps tend to include informal but understood cultural references. 그런 지도는 비공식적이지만 이해가 되는 문화적 참조 표시를 포함하는 경향이 있다.
 Where a professionally made street map might give you numbered addresses, a mental map is more likely to describe a route by referencing visible features like "a giant blue gorilla" outside a car dealership or "that old pink Victorian house. " 전문적으로 제작된 거리 지도는 숫자로 표시된 주소를 제공하는 반면, 심상 지도는 자동차 판매 대리점 밖에 있는'거대한 파란색 고릴라' ' 오래된 분홍색 빅토리아풍' 같이 눈에 띄는 특징을 참조하여 경로를 설명할 가능성이  크다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 Unit 11 - 2] 익숙한 것과 익숙하지 않은 
 People tend to pay less attention to familiar things, whether it's a possession or even a person. 사람들은 소유물이든 사람이든 간에, 익숙한 것에 주의를 기울이는 경향이 있다.
 On the whole, this adaptive behavior is biologically useful (for objects, events, and situations), because it is usually the novel, unexpected things in life that require the most attention. 전반적으로 이러한 적응 행동은 (사물, 사건  상황에 대해) 생물학적으로 유용한데, 왜냐하면 가장 주의가 필요한것은 대개 인생에서 새롭고, 예상치 못한 것이기 때문이다.
 The brain naturally adapts to repeated experiences. 뇌는 반복된 경험에 자연스럽게 적응한다.
 If I were to show you a series of repeated images and measure your brain responses, the activity would diminish with the repetitions. 만약 내가 여러분에게 일련의 반복된 이미지를 보여 주고뇌의 반응을 측정한다면, (뇌의) 활동은 반복할수록 감소할 것이다.
 Your brain would respond again only when something new was presented. 뇌는 새로운 것이 제시될 때만 다시 반응할 것이다.
 Scientists have shown that the biggest responses always come with the least expected event. 과학자들은 가장  반응은 항상 가장 예상치 못한 사건에서 온다는 것을 보여 주었다.
 A simple sentence such as, "He picked up the hammer and nail" gives a tiny response; change the last few words, "He picked up the hammer and ate it," and you'll see a much larger one. "그는 망치와 못을 집어 들었다." 같은 간단한 문장은아주 작은 반응을 보이지만, 마지막  단어를 바꿔서 "그는 망치를 집어서 그것을 먹었다." 되면 훨씬   반응을 보게 된다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 Unit 11 - 3] 후회감이 향후 과제 수행에 미치는 영향
 In one experiment, Keith Markman and two colleagues gave participants ten anagrams to solve.  실험에서, Keith Markman  명의 동료는 참가자들에게 풀어야  10개의 철자 순서를 바꾸어 만든 말을주었다.
 After supposedly "grading" the results, they told participants that they'd found only half of the available words. 겉으로 보기에 결과를 '채점' , 그들은 참가자들에게가능한 단어  절반만 찾았다고 말했다.
 Then they poked people with a little regret. 그런 다음 그들은 사람들에게 약간의 후회감을 슬쩍 불러일으켰다.
 "Close your eyes and think about your actual performance on the anagrams compared to how you might have performed better," they told the participants. "여러분의 눈을 감고 철자 순서 바꾸기 과제에서의 여러분의 실제 성과를 여러분이 성과를   냈을 수도 있는 방식과 비교하여 생각해 보세요."라고 그들은 참가자들에게말했다.
 "Take a minute and vividly evaluate your performance in comparison to how you might have performed better." "잠시 여러분의 실제 성과를 여러분이 성과를   냈을수도 있는 방식과 비교하여 생생하게 평가해 보세요."
 Their heads now swimming with If Onlys, these puzzle-solvers felt worse ─ especially compared to another group that had been asked to make At Least comparisons. 이제 그들의 머릿속에 '만약 ~했다면' 가득한  퍼즐해결자들은 특히 '적어도' 비교를 하도록 요청받은 다른 집단과 비교했을   기분이 나빠졌다.
 But on the next round, the regretful group solved more puzzles and stuck with the task longer than anyone else in the experiment. 하지만 다음 라운드에서 후회감을 느꼈던 집단은  많은퍼즐 과제를 해결했고 실험의 다른 누구보다  오래 과제를 계속하고 있었다.
 This is one of the central findings on regret: it can deepen persistence, which almost always elevates performance. 이것은 후회감에 대한 핵심적인 연구 결과  하나이다. 후회감은 끈기를 심화시킬  있으며, 이는 거의 항상 성과를높인다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 Unit 12 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 외국어 숙달을 위한 공부
 In your pursuit of proficiency in a foreign language, it's important that you study topics that are neither too easy nor too difficult for you at any given point in time. 외국어 숙달을 추구하는 것에 있어, 시간상 어떤 특정 지점에서 너무 쉽지도 너무 어렵지도 않은 주제를 공부하는것이 중요하다.
 This is particularly true if you're studying a language largely on your own. 이는 여러분이 주로 혼자서 언어를 공부하고 있다면 특히사실이다.
 If you already have a working knowledge of Greek, for example, it wouldn't be very helpful to spend all of your time studying basic vocabulary or completing elementary exercises, although some overlearning can be beneficial. 예를 들어 여러분이 그리스어에 대한 실용적인 지식이 이미 있다면, 약간의 과잉 학습이 도움이  수는 있겠지만, 기본 어휘를 공부하거나 초급 연습 문제를 완료하는  모든 시간을 할애하는 것은 크게 도움이 되지 않을 것이다.
 Although it may make you feel good about yourself to effortlessly rattle off simple phrases like "Where is the train station?" ultimately, rehearsing only easy material is not the best use of your study time. "기차역이 어디죠?" 같은 간단한 문구를 수월하게 줄줄말하는 것이 자신에 대해 기분 좋게 느끼도록  수도 있지만, 결국은 쉬운 내용만 연습하는 것은 학습 시간을 가장 활용하는 것이 아니다.
 By the same token, if you're a beginner, then jumping into a difficult topic, like the grammar for a language's subjunctive mood, is not time well spent either. 마찬가지로 여러분이 초급자라면, 그렇다면 언어의 가정법문법과 같은 어려운 주제로 뛰어드는 것도 시간을  쓰는것이 아니다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 Unit 12 - 1] 중학년을 위한 문해력 교육
 Literacy is crucial to the teaching-learning process that occurs in the middle grades because this is when young adolescents begin to move from narrative to expository text, a process that places increasing demands on the students' literacy skills. 문해력은 중학년의 교수-학습 과정에서 중요한데 왜냐하면 시기는 어린 청소년들이 이야기형 글에서 설명형 글로넘어가기 시작하는 때이기 때문이고, 이는 학생들의 문해력 기술에 대해 점점  많은 요구를 하는 과정이다.
 Unfortunately, despite these increasing demands on their literacy skills, formal reading instruction ends for many young adolescents once they enter middle school. 안타깝게도, 그들의 문해력 기술에 대한 이러한 요구의 증가에도 불구하고, 일단 그들이 중학교에 입학하면 많은 어린 청소년을 위한 정규 읽기 교육이 중단된다.
 One reason for this is that only about 50 percent of middle-grades teachers receive training in the teaching of literacy, broadly conceived as integrated reading, writing, speaking, and listening.  이유  하나는 중학년 교사의  50퍼센트만이 통합된 읽기, 쓰기, 말하기, 그리고 듣기라고 널리 생각되는, 문해력의 교육에 대한 연수를 받는다는 것이다.
 Fewer still receive specific training in programs such as writing across the curriculum.  적은 수의 교사만이 여전히 교육 과정 전반에 걸친 작문과 같은 프로그램에 대한 특정 연수를 받는다.
 Consequently, many teachers are less than ideally prepared to teach content-area literacy strategies to their students.  결과, 많은 교사는 학생들에게 내용 영역별 문해력 전략을 가르치는 것에 대해 결코 완벽하게 준비가 되어 있지않다.
 Given the increasing emphasis on integrated curricula in the middle grades, all teachers, regardless of the subjects they teach, are being called on to integrate the language arts into their subjects. 중학년에서 통합 교과 과정을 점점  강조하는 것을 고려하면, 가르치는 과목과 관계없이, 모든 교사는 언어 과목을 자신의 과목에 통합하도록 요구받고 있다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 Unit 12 - 2] 소설가들의 언론인 경력
 Many people who aspire to be novelists began their writing careers as journalists. 소설가가 되기를 열망하는 많은 사람이 언론인으로서 글쓰기 경력을 시작했다.
 The thirteen-year-old Anne Frank had exactly this in mind for herself, and it is hard to believe that someone so full of life and so gifted at writing as a child would not have accomplished what she set out to do had the Nazis not murdered her. 13살의 Anne Frank 자신을 위해 정확히 이것을 염두에 두고 있었고, 어린아이로서 매우 생기 넘치고 글쓰기에그토록 재능이 있었던 그녀가 나치에게 살해당하지 않았다면 자신이 하려고 했던 것을 성취하지 못했으리라고 믿기어렵다.
 She wrote in her diary about "the big question, will I ever be able to write something great, will I ever become a journalist or a writer?" 그녀는 자신의 일기에 "가장 궁금한 것은, 내가 언젠가는훌륭한 글을   있을까, 내가 언젠가 언론인이나 작가가 수는 있을까?" 대해 썼다.
 There are many others, too ─ Martha Gellhorn, Jack London, Margaret Mitchell (Gone With the Wind), Tom Wolfe ─ who wrote for newspapers or magazines before turning to fiction. Martha Gellhorn, Jack London, Margaret Mitchell(Gone With the Wind ), Tom Wolfe  소설로 전향하기 전에 신문이나 잡지에 글을 기고했던많은 다른 사람들도 있다.
 John Steinbeck, already a published novelist, wrote a series of pieces on the Okie migrant camps of California for the San Francisco News before writing his most celebrated book, also about the migrants, The Grapes of Wrath. 이미 출간한 소설가였던 John Steinbeck 자신의 가장유명한 책이자, 역시 이주민들에 관한 The Grapes of Wrath 쓰기 전에 San Francisco News 캘리포니아의 이주 농업 노동자 이주민 캠프에 대한 일련의 기사를썼다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 Unit 12 - 3] 길을 찾는 능력이 인류에게 미친 영향
 Over the course of our evolution between 350,000 and 150,000 years ago, Homo sapiens developed an appetite for exploration and a wayfinding spirit that set us apart from other human species. 35  전에서 15   사이에 우리의 진화 과정에서, 호모 사피엔스는 우리를 다른 인간종과 구별하는 탐험에 대한 욕구와 길을 찾는 정신을 발전시켰다.
 It had a huge effect on our future. 이는 우리의 미래에  영향을 미쳤다.
 One of the most intriguing recent ideas in anthropology is that our ability to navigate was essential to our success as a species, because it allowed us to cultivate extensive social networks. 인류학에서 최근 가장 흥미로운 생각  하나는 길을 찾아나가는 우리의 능력이 종으로서 우리의 성공에 필수적이었다는 것인데, 왜냐하면 그것이 우리가 광범위한 사회적 네트워크를 구축할  있게  주었기 때문이다.
 In prehistoric times, when people lived in small family units and spent much of their time looking for food and shelter, being able to share information with other groups about the whereabouts of resources and the movements of predators would have given us an evolutionary edge. 선사 시대에 사람들이 소규모 가족 단위로 살고 그들의 대부분 시간을 식량과 은신처를 찾는  보냈을 , 자원의소재와 포식자의 움직임에 대한 정보를 다른 집단과 공유할  있는 것은 우리에게 진화적으로 강점을 주었을 것이다.
 Friends were a survival asset. 친구는 생존의 자산이었다.
 If you ran out of food, you knew where to go; if you needed help on a hunt, you knew who to ask. 만약 식량이 떨어지면 여러분은 어디로 가야 할지 알고 있었고, 사냥에 도움이 필요하면 누구에게 도움을 요청해야할지 알고 있었다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 - 서술형 Practice] 번식의 성공과 생존 방법으로서의 문화
 Culture is the strategic response to the survival needs of society. 문화는 사회의 생존 요구에 대한 전략적 대응이다.
 Evolutionary psychology would argue that culture is a direct outcome of reproductive success and biological fitness. 진화 심리학은 문화가 번식의 성공과 생물학적 적합성의직접적인 결과라고 주장할 것이다.
 People who can adapt to their environment through social organization are more likely to leave offspring and ensure continuity in the future. 사회 조직을 통해 환경에 적응할  있는 사람들은 자손을남겨 미래에 연속성을 보장할 가능성이  크다.
 In the course of social development, people have learned to solve a variety of issues and problems that allowed adaptation to a particular ecological context. 사회 발전 과정에서 사람들은 특정한 생태적 환경에 적응할  있게 했던 다양한 사안과 문제를 해결하는 것을 배웠다.
 In Greenland, the Scandinavian colony eventually died out because they did not adapt to the harsh climate and the need to rely on the sea for food, but rather continued with their European herding practices and primitive agriculture. 그린란드에서 스칸디나비아 식민지는 결국 자취를 감추었는데, 이는 그들이 혹독한 기후와 식량을 바다에 의존해야 필요성에 적응하지 못하고, 오히려 유럽식 목축 관행과원시 농업을 계속했기 때문이었다.
 By contrast, the local Inuit people continued to function and adapt without interruption as their food was largely available from hunting and fishing. 반면 현지 이누이트족은 중단 없이 계속 기능하고 적응했는데, 이는 그들의 식량을 대개 사냥과 낚시에서 얻을 있었기 때문이었다.
 The culture of the native Inuit population was adaptive, leading to reproductive success and survival. 이누이트 원주민 사람들의 문화는 적응성이 있어서 번식의성공과 생존으로 이어졌다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 - 논술형 Practice] 식품 산업의 교묘함
 The ingenuity of the food industry is demonstrated by its ability to simultaneously design and market new products that appeal to consumers who want both "good-for-you" and diet foods. 식품 산업의 교묘함은 '몸에 좋으면' 칼로리가 적은 식품을 원하는 소비자들의 관심을 끄는 새로운 제품을 동시에디자인해서 파는 능력으로 입증된다.
 By offering one product line that profits by producing obesity and another that generates revenues by claiming to reduce weight, food companies have found a way to have their cake and eat it, too. 비만을 유발하여 수익을 내는 하나의 제품군과 체중 감량을 주장하여 수익을 창출하는 다른 제품군을 제공함으로써, 식품 회사는  먹고  먹는 방법 또한 찾아냈다.
 In these "healthier" products, food companies remove some of the calories, sugars, fats, and salt added to "fun-to-eat foods" in order to address consumers' concerns about health. 이러한 ' 건강한' 제품에서, 식품 회사는 건강에 대한 소비자의 우려를 해소하기 위해 '먹기 좋은 식품' 첨가된칼로리, 설탕, 지방, 소금 일부를 제거한다.
 Others simply add nutrients to the same unhealthy product. 다른 회사들은 단순히 건강에 좋지 못한 바로  제품에영양소를 추가한다.
 For example, cereal companies simply add vitamins A, C, or iron to sweetened refined-grain products, then label them as "healthy," rather than using the whole grains recommended for healthier diets. 예를 들어, 시리얼 회사는  건강한 식단을 위해 추천되는 통곡물을 사용하기보다는 가당 정제 곡물 제품에 비타민 A, C 또는 철분을 단순히 추가하여 그것을 '건강에 좋은'이라고 표시한다.
 In 2009, 86 percent of cereal marketed to children contained mostly refined grain. 2009년에 어린이에게 판매된 시리얼의 86퍼센트에는 대부분 정제 곡물이 들어 있었다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 13 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 농업에 대한 보조금
 To avoid famine and economic dislocation, countries use different kinds of policies to provide incentives or disincentives for the production of different crops. 기근과 경제적 혼란을 피하기 위해, 국가들은 다양한 농작물 생산에 장려책 또는 억제책을 제공하는 여러 종류의 정책을 사용한다.
 Subsidies are used to encourage agricultural production. 보조금은 농업 생산을 장려하기 위해 사용된다.
 They come in many forms, but collectively they give producers the ability to sell products at prices that are lower than would otherwise be possible. 그것은 다양한 형태로 나타나지만, 전체적으로 보면 생산자에게 다른 방법으로 가능했을 가격보다  낮은 가격으로 제품을 판매할  있는 능력을 부여한다.
 Almost every developed country has found itself subsidizing agricultural producers. 거의 모든 선진국은 농업 생산자에게 보조금을 지급하는실정이다.
 The exceptions ─ New Zealand, Australia, and to some extent Canada ─ represent special cases since they do not have large rural populations and their natural advantages in certain crops permit them to produce at lower costs than most other countries. 뉴질랜드, 호주, 그리고 일부 캐나다와 같은 예외는 특별한 사례를 대표하는데 그들은 대규모의 농업 인구가 없고, 특정 작물에 있어 그들이 가진 자연적 이점은 그들이 대부분의 다른 국가보다 낮은 비용으로 생산할  있게  주기 때문이다.
 Subsidies ensure agricultural surpluses under most conditions, and they allow producers in a country that subsidizes agriculture to reap benefits as producers in non-subsidizing countries are forced out of business. 대부분 조건에서 보조금은 농업 흑자를 보장하고, 보조금을 지급하지 않는 국가의 생산자가 사업에서 강제로 밀려남에 따라 그것(보조금) 농업에 보조금을 지급하는 국가의 생산자가 이익을 거둘  있게  준다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 13 - 1] 영국의 주택 가격
 Houses in Britain are too expensive in relation to income for households to buy a house for ready money at the beginning of their housing career or accumulate the purchase money from prior savings. 영국의 주택은 소득에 비해 너무 비싸서 가구가 주택 구매경력 초기에 준비된 돈으로 주택을 구입하거나 이전의 저축액으로 구입 자금을 모을  없다.
 Most householders must therefore either hire a house, or buy one with borrowed money. 따라서 대부분의 가구주는 주택을 임차하거나, 융자금으로주택을 구입해야 한다.
 Housing must therefore be financed, and the finance has to be for a long term. 따라서 주택 구입에는 반드시 자금이 공급되어야 하며, 자금 공급은 장기적이어야 한다.
 For buyers using borrowed funds, long-term loans are necessary to ensure that the principal repayments can be spread out thinly enough to be covered by annual income. 융자를 사용하는 구매자의 경우, 연간 소득에 의해 충당될 있을 정도로 원금 상환이 충분히 약하게 분산될  있는 것을 보장하기 위해 장기 융자가 필수적이다.
 The investor in rental properties often finds that the yearly rent only covers a small portion of the debt used to purchase the property. 임대 부동산 투자자는 연간 임대료가 부동산을 구입하는 사용된 부채의 작은 일부만 감당하는 것을 보통 알게된다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 13 - 2] 경제 이론의 기본 가정
 The customary starting point for economic theory, the basic model to which other situations and policy options are compared, is a system of perfectly competitive markets. 경제 이론의 관례적인 출발점,  다른 상황과 정책 선택권이 비교되는 기본 모형은 완벽하게 경쟁적인 시장 체제이다.
 This imagined economy is populated exclusively by small producers and individual consumers, all possessed of very broad information and very narrow motives and desires.  상상 속의 경제 체제는 오로지 소규모 생산자와 개별 소비자들만 살고 있으며, 모두 매우 광범위한 정보와 매우좁은 동기  욕구를 지니고 있다.
 In such an economy, under long lists of traditional but unrealistic assumptions, economists have proved that there is always an "equilibrium" ─ that is, a set of prices at which supply equals demand for every commodity. 그러한 경제 체제에서,  목록의 전통적이지만 비현실적인 가정하에, 경제학자들은 '균형 (상태)',  모든 상품에대하여 공급이 수요와 일치하는 가격들의 집합이 항상 존재한다는 것을 증명했다.
 The invisible hand of market competition, in Adam Smith's famous metaphor, ensures that every resource is used wherever it will produce the greatest value for consumers. Adam Smith 유명한 비유에서, 시장 경쟁의 보이지않는 손은 모든 자원이 소비자에게 최고의 가치를 생산할곳이면 어디에서든지 반드시 사용되게끔 한다.
 Any deviation from the free-market outcome will make someone worse off, so there is no possible change to a market equilibrium that could win unanimous support. 자유 시장의 결과로부터의 어떤 일탈도 누군가의 처지를 나쁘게 만들 것이므로, 만장일치의 지지를 얻을  있는 시장 균형에 대한 변화는 불가능하다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 13 - 3] 스포츠와 미디어의 상보적 관계
 Over the years, the sports sector and the media sector have developed a self-interest relationship. 수년에 걸쳐, 스포츠 분야와 미디어 분야는 사리 추구의관계를 발전시켜 왔다.
 Both industries gain benefits from the complementary nature of their interests: while sport provides valuable content and audiences for media operators, the media is a revenue source and promotional tool for sport.  산업은 이익의 상호 보완적인 특성을 통해 이득을 보는데, 스포츠는 미디어 운영자들에게 가치 있는 콘텐츠와 시청자를 제공하는 한편, 미디어는 스포츠에 있어 수익원이자 홍보 도구이다.
 The sale of exclusive live sports broadcasting rights is an important, if not the principal, source of revenue for sports organisations and clubs, whereas live sports content is decisive for media operators to create attractive programming for their audience. 스포츠 독점 생중계권의 판매는 스포츠 단체와 구단의 주요 수익원은 아닐지라도, 중요한 수익원이며, 한편 생중계스포츠 콘텐츠는 미디어 운영자들이 시청자를 위한 매력적인 프로그램을 만드는  결정적이다.
 Wide coverage through television, for instance, can result in significant exposure for sports leagues. 예를 들어, 텔레비전을 통한 광범위한 보도는 스포츠 리그에 상당한 노출을 가져올  있다.
 Such exposure can deliver private benefits to the league and the clubs in the form of increased revenue from sponsorship and attraction of new supporters. 이러한 노출은 협찬과 새로운 후원자 유치로부터 증가된수익의 형태로 리그와 구단에 사적인 이익을 제공할  있다.
 This implies that, without cameras, major sports events would have virtually no meaning at all. 이는 주요 스포츠 행사가 카메라 없이는 사실상 의미가 전혀 없을 것이라는 점을 의미한다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 14 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 나비 표본의 모양
 Until the camera came along to take photographs of living butterflies, the standard image of a butterfly was a grossly distorted one. 살아 있는 나비를 촬영할  있는 카메라가 등장하기 전까지, 나비의 표준 이미지는 심하게 왜곡된 것이었다.
 It shows them not as they are in life but in death. mounted on a pin in a museum. 이는 그것들을 살아 있는 그대로가 아니라 죽은 상태로 보여 주는데, 박물관의 핀에 꽂혀 붙어 있다.
 The wings are held out flat at ninety degrees to the body ─ a posture which would sorely test the ligaments of any butterfly. 날개는 몸과 90 각도로 납작하게 펼쳐져 있는데, 어떤나비에게도 인대를 몹시 시험할 자세일 것이다.
 It is nevertheless the shape which we instantly recognise as 'butterfly', whether in bow-ties or the pasta the Italians call farfalle (after farfalla, a butterfly). 그럼에도 불구하고, 그것은 우리가 나비넥타이든 이탈리아사람들이 '파르팔레'(나비를 뜻하는 '파르팔라'에서 비롯됨)라고 부르는 파스타이든, '나비' 즉시 인식하는 형태이다.
 Yet in life butterflies open their wings flat only to enjoy the sun, and some species never do it at all, but settle with their wings tight shut. 하지만 살아 있을  나비는 태양을 즐기기 위해서만 날개를 납작하게 펴고, 어떤 종은 전혀 그렇게 하지 않는데, 자신의 날개를  닫은  내려 앉는다.
 Even when the wings are wide open, they always slope downwards more than mounted specimens, with the hindwings much closer to the butterfly's body. 심지어 날개가 활짝 펴져 있을 때도, 뒷날개는 나비의 몸통에 훨씬  가깝게 붙어, 붙여진 표본보다 항상  아래쪽으로 기울어져 있다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 14 - 1] 인간의 음악과 언어의 관계에 관한 연구
 The central role of music and language in human existence and the fact that both involve complex and meaningful sound sequences naturally invite comparison between the two domains. 인간이 존재하는  있어서 음악과 언어의 중심적인 역할과   복잡하고 의미 있는 소리의 연속을 수반한다는사실은 자연스럽게  영역 간의 비교를 유발한다.
 Yet from the standpoint of modern cognitive science, music-language relations have barely begun to be explored. 그러나 현대 인지 과학의 관점에서  , 음악과 언어의관계는 이제 겨우 탐구되기 시작했다.
 This situation appears to be poised to change rapidly, as researchers from diverse fields are increasingly drawn to this interdisciplinary enterprise.  상황은 다양한 분야의 연구자들이  여러 학문 분야가관련된 탐구에 점점  끌리면서 빠르게 변화할 준비가 것으로 보인다.
 The appeal of such research is easy to understand. 이러한 연구의 매력은 쉽게 이해할  있다.
 Humans are unparalleled in their ability to make sense out of sound. 인간은 소리에서 의미를 찾아 내는 능력에서 견줄 데가 없다.
 In many other branches of our experience (e.g., visual perception, touch), we can learn much from studying the behavior and brains of other animals because our experience is not that different from theirs. 다른 많은 우리의 경험 분야(예를 들어 시지각, 촉각)에서우리는 다른 동물의 행동과 뇌를 연구함으로써 많은 것을배울  있는데, 왜냐하면 우리의 경험이 그것들(다른 동물) 경험과 크게 다르지 않기 때문이다.
 When it comes to language and music, however, our species is unique. 그러나 언어와 음악에 관해서 우리 종은 독특하다.
 This makes it difficult to gain insight into language or music as a cognitive system by comparing humans to other organisms. 이것은 인간을 다른 유기체와 비교하여 인지 체계로서의언어나 음악에 대한 통찰력을 얻는 것을 어렵게 만든다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 14 - 2] 건강함을 나타내는 척도
 There are different measures of "healthy" and "overweight." '건강한' '과체중'에는 여러 가지 측정 기준이 있다.
 BMI (body mass index) is widely used by health professionals and has a strong correlation with various diseases and chronic conditions. BMI(체질량 지수) 건강 전문가들이 널리 사용하며 다양한 질병  만성 질환과 높은 상관관계를 가진다.
 However, it doesn't reflect the amount of fat or muscle in a body, bone weight, or cultural factors, age, and gender (women tend to carry more fat). 하지만, BMI 신체  지방이나 근육의 ,  무게, 또는 문화적 요인, 나이, 그리고 성별(여성은  많은 지방을가지는 경향이 있다) 반영하지 않는다.
 Waist circumference is another commonly used measure because excess abdominal fat ─ more than 40 inches for men and 35 inches for women ─ increases the risk of developing obesity-related conditions. 허리둘레는 일반적으로 사용되는  다른 측정 기준인데, 남성 40인치, 여성 35인치가 넘는 과도한 복부 지방은 비만 관련 질환 발병 위험을 증가시키기 때문이다.
 While both are used to screen for potential risk, they aren't diagnostic tools. 비록   잠재적 위험을 검진하는  사용되지만, 진단도구는 아니다.
 Instead of using weight or measures like BMI to define well-being, an alternative "health at every size" approach focuses on sustainable health-promoting behavior regardless of body size. 체중이나 BMI 같은 측정 기준을 사용하여 건강을 정의하는 대신, 대안적인 '모든 체격에서의 건강' 접근 방식은체격과 관계없이 지속 가능한 건강 증진 행동에 초점을 맞춘다.
 Proponents argue a weight-neutral approach is healthier because it avoids the potentially harmful effects of repeated dieting, such as a higher risk of early death and psychological distress. 이것을 옹호하는 사람들은 체중 중립적인 접근 방식이 높은 조기 사망  심리적 고통의 위험과 같은 반복적인다이어트의 잠재적으로 해로운 영향을 피하기 때문에 건강하다고 주장한다.
 Ultimately, nutrition and health are socioeconomic issues that require understanding and empathy. 궁극적으로, 영양과 건강은 이해와 공감이 있어야 하는 사회 경제적 문제이다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 14 - 3] 농장 자료의 소유권
 It is common to read that farm data belongs to the farmer. 농장 자료는 농부에게 속한다고 명시되어 있는 것이 일반적이다.
 It is sometimes even stated in contracts. 때로는 그것이 심지어 계약서에 명시되기도 한다.
 However, 'ownership' is a legal assertion and data ownership is not addressed by legislation except for copyright for datasets as intellectual products. 그러나, '소유권' 법적 주장이고 자료 소유권은, 지적 재화로서의 자료 모음에 대한 저작권을 제외하고는 법률에서다루어지지 않는다.
 This is partly due to the peculiar nature of data compared to other goods that can be owned. 이는 부분적으로는 소유될  있는 다른 재화와 비교되는자료의 독특한 특성 때문이다.
 In legal terms, it is non-rivalrous: the same data can be in different places and be owned by different people because, when data is copied or migrated to other platforms, it remains the same. 법적 측면에서 그것은 비경합적인데, 자료는 복사되거나다른 플랫폼으로 이전되어도 동일하게 유지되기 때문에 동일한 자료가 다른 장소에 있을  있고 다른 사람에게 소유될  있다.
 In addition, there is a difference between data collected in a structured dataset, which can be considered as an intellectual product by law, and raw data as individual, unstructured bits before they are collected and made sense of. 게다가, 법률에 따라 지적 재화로 간주될  있는, 구조화된 자료 모음의 형태로 수집된 자료와, 수집되고 이해되기전의 개별적이고 구조화되지 않은 부분으로서의 미가공 자료 사이에는 차이가 있다.
 These raw data are similar to facts, for which no copyright and no ownership is legally applicable. 이러한 미가공 자료는 사실과 유사한데, 이에 대해서는 어떠한 저작권이나 소유권도 법적으로 적용 가능하지 않다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 15 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 원활한 의사소통이 좋은 디자인의 요건이 되는 이유
 Good design starts with an understanding of psychology and technology. 좋은 디자인은 심리학과 기술에 대한 이해에서 시작된다.
 Good design requires good communication, especially from machine to person, indicating what actions are possible, what is happening, and what is about to happen. 좋은 디자인은 어떤 행동이 가능하고, 어떤 일이 일어나고있으며, 어떤 일이  일어나려는지를 알려 주는, 특히 기계에서 사람으로의 원활한 의사소통을 필요로 한다.
 Communication is especially important when things go wrong. 의사소통은 일이 잘못될  특히 중요하다.
 It is relatively easy to design things that work smoothly and harmoniously as long as things go right. 일이 제대로 진행되는  원활하고 조화롭게 작동하는 것을 디자인 하는 것은 비교적 쉽다.
 But as soon as there is a problem or a misunderstanding, the problems arise and this is where good design is essential. 하지만 문제나 오해가 생기자마자 문제가 발생하게 되고 상황이 좋은 디자인이 필수적인 때이다.
 Designers need to focus their attention on the cases where things go wrong, not just on when things work as planned. 디자이너는 일이 계획대로 진행될 때만 주의를 집중하는것이 아니라, 일이 잘못되는 경우에도 주의를 집중해야 한다.
 Actually, this is where the most satisfaction can arise: when something goes wrong but the machine highlights the problems, then the person understands the issue, takes the proper actions, and the problem is solved. 실제로 가장  만족감이 생길  있는 것은 이러한 상황으로, 무언가 잘못되지만, 기계가  문제점을 강조하고, 그런  사람이  문제를 이해하고 적절한 조치를 하여문제가 해결될 때이다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 15 - 1] 심리학에서의 연구자  의견 차이
 When we read about psychology, how do we assess the quality of what we read? 우리가 심리학에 관해 읽을 , 어떻게 읽은 내용의 질을평가할  있을까?
 First, we cannot judge the quality of an argument on the basis of what it concludes about people, or on the basis of whether we agree with the author's beliefs about people or not. 우선 우리는 어떤  주장의 질을 그것이 사람들에 대해어떤 결론을 내리는지에 근거하거나, 또는 우리가 사람들에 대한 저자의 믿음에 동의하는지 동의하지 않는지에 근거하여 판단할  없다.
 It is quite possible for two excellent psychologists to differ strongly about an aspect of human behaviour, while both providing convincing arguments and good evidence for reaching their conclusions.  명의 훌륭한 심리학자가 모두 자신의 결론에 도달한 것에 대해 설득력 있는 주장과 타당한 증거를 제시하면서도인간 행동의  측면에 대해 강하게 의견을 달리하는 것은충분히 가능하다.
 As you read more widely in psychology, you will find that there are many differences in opinion among researchers. 여러분이 심리학에 대해  폭넓게 읽어 갈수록 여러분은연구자들 사이에 많은 의견 차이가 있다는 것을 알게 것이다.
 It can even be the case that two researchers conduct what looks like the same experiment in two different settings, but get very different results. 심지어  명의 연구자가  개의 서로 다른 환경에서 겉보기에 같은 실험을 수행했지만, 매우 다른 결과를 얻는경우도 있을  있다.
 This does not mean, necessarily, that either of the researchers did bad work. 이것이 반드시  연구자  어느  명이 잘못된 연구를했다는 것을 의미하지는 않는다.
 On the contrary, different findings from different contexts may give us important information. 그와는 반대로, 서로 다른 맥락에서 나온 서로 다른 연구결과들은 우리에게 중요한 정보를 제공할  있을 것이다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 15 - 2] 직접적 경험과 단어 규정의 관계
 'I'll believe it when I see it.' '나는 그것을 보면 믿을 것이다.'
 This familiar remark recalls how first-hand personal experience is commonly accepted as a convincing way ─ if not the fundamental way ─ to determine what to believe in.  익숙한 말은 어떻게 직접적인 개인의 경험이 무엇을 믿을지 결정하는, 근본적인 방법은 아니더라도, 확실한 방법으로 흔히 받아들여지고 있는가를 상기시켜 준다.
 Many centuries ago, for instance, it was unbelievable that there could be organisms so small as to be invisible to the naked eye. 예를 들어,  세기 전에는 맨눈으로 보이지 않을 정도로작은 유기체가 존재할  있다는 것을 믿을  없었다.
 Opinions changed after microscopes allowed us to see these tiny creatures in the late 1600s. 1600넌대 후반에 현미경으로 우리가  작은 생물체를  있게  후에 견해가 바뀌었다.
 This emphasis upon direct personal experience is philosophically expandable to the point of prescribing how words must derive their meaning. 이러한 직접적인 개인적 경험에 대한 강조는 단어가 어떻게 의미를 도출해야 하는지를 규정하는 데까지 철학적으로확장될  있다.
 The prescription would be: if any given word is to be meaningful, then it must be traceable back to some sensory experience.  규정은 다음과 같을 것인데, 만약 주어진 어떤 단어가'의미를 가지려면', 그것은 어떤 감각적 경험으로 되짚어갈 있어야 한다는 것이다.
 Otherwise, the word should be regarded as only a meaningless sound. 그렇지 않으면,  단어는 단순히 무의미한 소리로 여겨져야 한다.
 This experience-tied theory of meaning was advocated by the Scottish philosopher David Hume, an empiricist who believed that knowledge of what exists or is true can only come from observing the world. 이러한 경험과 연결된 의미 이론은 스코틀랜드의 철학자David Hume 의해 주장되었는데, 그는 존재하거나 진실인 것에 관한 지식은 오로지 세상을 관찰하는 데서 얻을 있다고 믿는 경험주의자였다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 15 - 3] 분노와 공격성의 차이
 Anger is clearly related to aggression but they are not one and the same. 분노는 공격성과 분명히 관련이 있지만 둘이 동일한 것은아니다.
 It is possible to be aggressive without being angry, and it is equally possible to be angry without becoming aggressive. 화를 내지 않고 공격적일 수도 있고, 공격적이 되지 않고화를 내는 것도 똑같이 가능하다.
 However, the two (the emotion of anger and the behaviour of aggression) are linked and are biologically based, with obvious survival value. 그러나  (분노라는 감정과 공격이라는 행동) 서로연결되어 있고 생물학적 기반을 가지고 있으며 명백한 생존 가치를 지니고 있다.
 Anger always results in a much increased burst of energy and, although biologically based, is seen by some psychologists as largely socially constructed. 분노는 항상 훨씬 증가된 에너지의 폭발을 낳으며, 비록생물학적 기반을 가지고 있더라도 일부 심리학자들에 의해대부분 사회적으로 구성된 것으로 여겨진다.
 That is, some people might be temperamentally more prone to anger than others, but the extent to which they express this is probably socially determined. , 어떤 사람들은 다른 사람들보다 기질적으로 화를   수도 있지만, 그들이 이것을 표현하는 정도는 아마도 사회적으로 결정된다.
 In our culture, for example, boys are encouraged to express their anger more openly than girls and a far greater proportion of men than women are made to take anger management courses. 예를 들어, 우리 문화에서는 남자아이들이 여자아이들보다화를  터놓고 표현하도록 권장되며, 여성보다 훨씬  비율의 남성이 분노 관리 과정을 수강하게 된다.
 These are learned differences. not differences of biology. 이는 생물학적 차이가 아니라 학습된 차이이다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 16 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 온라인 정보 탐색
 As it has done in so many areas, the information-rich online environment has added a new dimension to the area of timeliness. 매우 많은 분야에서 그랬던 것처럼, 정보가 풍부한 온라인환경은 시의적절함이라는 영역에 새로운 차원을 더했다.
 Years ago, learners were restricted to searching for information that was often available only in environments accessible by foot, car, bicycle, or public transportation.   전만 해도 학습자는 도보, 자동차, 자전거 또는 대중교통으로 접근할  있는 환경에서만 보통 이용 가능한 정보를 검색하는 것으로 제한되어 있었다.
 It took time to get to information repositories, let alone to find good information. 좋은 정보를 찾는 것은 말할 것도 없이, 정보 저장소에 접근하는 데도 시간이 걸렸다.
 Today, learners can find information instantly through devices that we carry in our pockets, purses, and back-packs. 오늘날 학습자는 주머니, 지갑, 배낭에 넣어서 가지고 다니는 기기를 통해 정보를 즉시 찾을  있다.
 Then, information seeking involved painstakingly finding a few "good" resources among the limited (but vetted) possibilities that were physically accessible. 과거에는 정보 탐색이 물리적으로 접근할  있는 제한된(그러나 검증된) 가능성 중에서 소수의 '좋은' 자료를 공들여 찾는 것과 관련되었다.
 Now, it involves skimming through the limitless (often unvetted) information online that comes and goes at lightning speed. 현재 그것은 빛의 속도로 왔다가 사라지는, 온라인에서의무한한(종종 검증되지 않은) 정보를 대충 읽는 것과 관련된다.
 Given many students' tendency to delay ─ as well as to finish assignments in the least amount of time possible ─ the dangers of limiting one's information seeking to the online environment are clear. 많은 학생의 미루는 경향, 또한 과제를 가능한  가장 짧은 시간 안에 끝내려는 경향을 고려할 , 정보 탐색을 온라인 환경으로 제한하는 것의 위험성은 분명하다.
 [Summary] The transition from physical access to limited resources to instant online access has created an abundance of unverified information, which highlights the risks of exclusively relying on online sources for learning. [Summary] 제한된 자원에 대한 물리적 접근에서 즉각적인 온라인 접근으로의 전환이 많은 검증되지 않은 정보를 만들어 냈으며, 이는 학습을 위해 온라인 자료에만 의존하는 것의 위험을 부각한다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 16 - 1] 나쁜 경험의 영향이  강한 이유
 From a psychological point of view, bad is stronger than good. 심리학적 관점에서, 나쁜 것이 좋은 것보다  강하다.
 It takes four positive interactions to balance out a single negative one. 하나의 부정적인 것의 균형을 잡으려면  번의 긍정적인상호 작용이 필요하다.
 Bad memories resonate much more powerfully than good ones. 나쁜 기억은 좋은 기억보다 훨씬  강력하게 울려 퍼진다.
 A bad experience from ten years ago might appear in your mind's eye in sharp focus with strong, clear emotions attached to it. 10 전의 나쁜 경험은 그것에 결부된 강하고 선명한 감정과 함께 날카로운 초점으로 마음의 눈에 나타날 수도 있다.
 A happy memory from the same time period may have fuzzier edges and just an overall sense of pleasantness. 같은 기간의 행복한 기억은 끝이  흐릿하고 전반적인 기분 좋았던 느낌만 있을  있다.
 This is known as negativity bias or the negativity effect. 이를 '부정성 편향' 또는 '부정성 효과'라고 한다.
 The human brain is organized to survive by avoiding negative experiences and emotions. 인간의 뇌는 부정적인 경험과 감정을 피하게 함으로써 생존하도록 조직되어 있다.
 Our brains and emotional systems developed under evolutionary pressures to better keep us alive by remembering dangerous situations very clearly so we could avoid them in the future. 우리의 뇌와 감정 체계는 진화의 압박 속에, 우리가 향후에위험을 피할  있도록 위험한 상황을 매우 명확하게 기억함으로써, 우리가 계속   살아남게 하기 위해 발달했다.
 In modern times, we are unlikely to die from getting split off from our tribe and becoming prey to a wild beast, but our brains still look for negativity in every situation. 현재 시대에는 우리가 부족에서 떨어져 나와 맹수의 먹이가 되어 죽을 가능성은 거의 없지만, 우리의 뇌는 여전히모든 상황에서 부정적인 것을 찾는다.
 [Summary] Negativity bias or the negative effect explains how bad experiences and memories outweigh good ones. and how our brains and emotional systems developed this way for our survival. [Summary] 부정성 편향 또는 부정성 효과는 나쁜 경험과 기억이 좋은 경험과 기억을 어떻게 능가하며 우리의 뇌와 감정 체계는 우리의 생존을 위해 어떻게 이런 식으로 발달했음을 설명한다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 16 - 2] 결과에 대한 예측
 In a classic study from 1975, Ellen Langer and Jane Roth trained 90 Stanford undergraduate students to play a coin-flip game. 1975년의 고전적인 연구에서 Ellen Langer Jane Roth Stanford 학부생 90명을 동전 던지기 게임을하도록 훈련시켰다.
 Students who guessed correctly early were much more likely to decide that they were correctly predicting the outcomes than students who guessed incorrectly early. 초반에 정확하게 추측한 학생들은 초반에 잘못 추측한 학생들보다 자신이 결과를 정확하게 예측하고 있다고 판단할 가능성이 훨씬  높았다.
 That is, a sequence of wins followed by losses led the students to imagine they understood the task and needed to try to figure out what was going wrong. while a series of losses intermixed with wins led the students to think it was random. , 연속적인 승리  패배가 이어진 것은 학생들로 하여금자신이 과제를 이해했고 무엇이 잘못되고 있는지 파악하려해야 한다고 생각하도록 만든 반면, 승리와 섞여 있는 일련의 패배는 학생들로 하여금 그것이 무작위라고 생각하도록만들었다.
 A sequence of four correct early guesses was enough to lead people to believe they could correctly guess the sequence "even for sophisticated subjects." 초기에 연속으로  번의 정답을 맞히면 사람들로 하여금'심지어 정교한 주제에 대해서도' 순서를 정확하게 맞힐 있다고 믿게 만들기에 충분했다.
 This is how the casinos hook people ─ a quick series of wins leads you to think that you can beat the game, even though WWWWWLLLLL (where W means win and L means lose) is just as random as WLWLLLWWLW. 카지노가 사람들을 걸려들게 하는 방식이 바로 이런 것으로, WWWWWLLLLL(여기서 W 승리를 의미하고 L패배를 의미함) WLWLLLWWLW 마찬가지로 무작위임에도 불구하고 빠른 연속적 승리는 여러분으로 하여금 게임에서 이길  있다고 생각하게 만든다.
 [Summary] In the 1975 study where students played a coin-flip game, initial successes led the participants to consider the future results to be predictable, which can explain the strategy casinos use to attract people. [Summary] 학생들이 동전 던지기 게임을  1975년의 연구에서, 초기의 성공은 참가자들로 하여금 미래의 결과가 예측 가능하다고 생각하도록 만들었으며, 이는 사람들을 끌어들이기 위해 카지노가 쓰는 전략을 설명할  있다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 16 - 3] 유전성의 성질
 Heritability is frequently misunderstood. 유전성은 자주 오해받는다.
 For example, it is not a constant like the speed of light or gravity. 예를 들어, 유전성은 빛의 속도나 중력처럼 상수가 아니다.
 It is a statistic that describes a particular population at a particular time with that population's particular mix of genetic and environmental influences. 그것은  개체군에 대한 유전적 영향과 환경적 영향의 특정 조합으로 특정 시기의 특정 개체군을 설명하는 통계 자료이다.
 A simpler way of expressing this is that it describes what is but does not predict what could be. 이를  간단하게 표현하는 방법은 그것이 있는 것을 설명하지만 있을  있는 것을 예측하지는 않는다는 것이다.
 Another population, or the same population at a different time, could have a different mix of genetic and environmental influences. 다른 집단, 또는 다른 시기의 동일한 집단은 유전적 영향과환경적 영향의 조합이 다를  있다.
 Heritability will reflect these differences. 유전성은 이러한 차이를 반영하게 마련이다.
 For example, heritability of body weight is greater in wealthier countries such as the US than in poorer countries such as Albania and Nicaragua. 예를 들어, 체중의 유전성은 알바니아나 니카라과 같은 가난한 나라보다 미국과 같은  부유한 나라에서  크다.
 Wealthier countries have greater access to fast-food outlets and high-energy snacks, and greater access to fattening food leads to higher heritability because it exposes genetic differences in people's propensities to put on the pounds.  부유한 나라는 패스트푸드 전문 매장과 고에너지 간식에 대한 접근성이  높고, 살찌는 음식에 대한 접근성이 높은 것은  높은 유전성으로 이어지는데, 왜냐하면 그것이 사람들의 몸무게가 느는 성향에 대한 유전적 차이를드러내기 때문이다.
 [Summary] Heritability is a description reflecting genetic and environmental factors that vary depending on the context. [Summary] 유전성은 상황에 따라 변하는 유전적  환경적 요소를 반영하는 설명이다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 - 서술형 Practice] 시대별 나이의 역할 변화
 It was not until the last half of the 1800s in the United States and some other nations that age became a criterion for ordering lives and this intensified in the early 1900s. 미국과 일부 국가에서는 1800년대 후반이 되어서야 나이가 삶을 질서화하기 위한 기준이 되었고, 1900년대 초에는 이러한 경향이 심화되었다.
 With the rise of industrialization and efforts to systematize human services such as education and medical care, age became a measure of development and a criterion for sorting people. 산업화의 부상, 그리고 교육과 의료 서비스 같은 인적 서비스를 체계화하려는 노력과 더불어, 나이는 발달의 척도이자 사람을 분류하는 기준이 되었다.
 Specialized institutions were designed around age groups. 연령대를 중심으로 전문 기관이 만들어졌다.
 Developmental psychology and pediatrics began at this time, along with old-age institutions and age-graded schools. 노년 기관  연령별 학교와 더불어, 발달 심리학  소아과가  시기에 시작되었다.
 Before then in the United States (and still, in many places), people rarely knew their age, and students advanced in their education as they learned.  이전까지 미국에서는(그리고 지금도, 많은 곳에서), 사람들은 자신의 나이를 거의 알지 못했고, 학생들은 배우면서 교육 과정을 진급했다.
 Both expert and popular writing in the United States rarely referred to specific ages, although of course infancy, childhood, and adulthood were distinguished. 물론 유아기, 아동기, 성인기가 구분되기는 했지만, 미국의 전문가와 대중의  모두 특정 연령을 언급하는 경우는거의 없었다.
 Over the past century and a half, the cultural concept of age and associated practices relying on age-grading have come to play a central, though often unnoticed role in ordering lives in some cultural communities ─ those of almost all contemporary people 지난  세기  동안, 나이에 대한 문화적 개념과 연령 등급에 의존하는 관련 관행은, 일부 문화 공동체에서는 종종눈에 띄지 않지만, 거의 모든 현대인의 공동체에서 삶을질서화하는  중심적인 역할을 하게 되었다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 - 논술형 Practice] 여행 기념품의 종류
 Until now, souvenirs have been divided into two groups: the 'Sampled' and the 'Representative'. 지금까지, 기념품은  가지 그룹으로 나누어져 있었는데, '표본형' '대표형' 그것이다.
 This binary division of souvenirs was established on the grounds that Sampled souvenirs are souvenirs of individual experience that are not available as general consumer goods. 이러한 기념품의 이분법적 구분은 표본형 기념품이 일반소비재로 구입할  없는 개인 경험의 기념품이라는 점을근거로 설정되었다.
 These objects are collected directly by the tourist, with no intervention or mediation by the host culture. 이런 물건들은 현지 문화에 의한 개입이나 중재 없이, 여행자에 의해 직접 수집된다.
 They often take the shape of sea shells or pebbles, wild flowers, dried and pressed, or animal remains. 그것들은 종종 조개껍데기나 조약돌, 말려서 압착한 야생화, 또는 동물 유해의 형태를 취한다.
 The Representative category includes souvenirs which most often are representations and are purchasable. 대표형 범주는 가장 흔하게는 재현물이며 구매 가능한 기념품을 포함한다.
 They are objects that may properly be called artifacts in that they are produced from human mediation and interpretation. 그것들은 인간의 매개와 해석으로부터 만들어졌다는 점에서 인공물로 적절하게 불릴 수도 있는 물건들이다.
 This category embraces, on the one hand, postcards, wilderness posters and calendars and, on the other, crafted objects, such as clay pots, boomerangs, models and postcards.  범주는, 한편으로는 엽서, 미개지 포스터와 달력을, 다른 한편으로는, 토기, 부메랑, 모형, 엽서와 같은 공예품을포함한다.

 

 

 

[Ch.06 Unit 17 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 인공 신경망의 오류 수정
 Most artificial neural networks used in present-day artificial intelligence, despite their millions of inputs, outputs, and adjustable parameters, operate just like our proverbial hunter: they observe their errors and use them to adjust their internal state in the direction that they feel is best able to reduce the errors. 오늘날의 인공 지능에 사용되는 대부분의 인공 신경망은수백만 개의 입력, 출력, 그리고 조정 가능한 매개 변수에도 불구하고, 마치 우리의 속담 속의 사냥꾼처럼 작동하는데, 그것은 자신의 오류를 관찰하고 오류를 가장  줄일 있다고 생각되는 방향으로 내부 상태를 조정하는  그것(오류) 사용한다.
 In many cases, such learning is tightly guided. 대부분의 경우 이러한 학습은 엄격하게 지도된다.
 We tell the network exactly which response it should have activated at the output ("it is a 1, not a 7"), and we know precisely in which direction to adjust the parameters if they lead to an error (a mathematical calculation makes it possible to know exactly which connections to modify when the network activates the output "7" too often in response to an image of the number 1). 우리는 신경망에 그것이 정확히 어떤 응답을 출력에서 활성화해야 했는지를 말해 주고("7 아니라 1이다."), 우리는 망이 오류를 유발하는 경우 매개 변수를 정확히 어느방향으로 조정해야 하는지 알고 있다(수학적 계산 덕분에망이 숫자 1 이미지에 대한 응답으로 '7'이라는 출력을너무 자주 활성화할  정확히 어떤 연결을 수정해야 하는지 아는 것이 가능하다).
 In machine learning parlance, this situation is known as "supervised learning" (because someone, who can be likened to a supervisor, knows the correct answer that the system must give) and "error backpropagation" (because error signals are sent back into the network in order to modify its parameters). 기계 학습 용어로 이러한 상황은 '감독 학습'(감독자에 비유될  있는 누군가가 시스템이 제공해야 하는 정답을 알고 있으므로) '오류 역전달'(오류 신호가 매개 변수를 수정하기 위해 망에 다시 전송되므로) 알려져 있다.
 The procedure is simple: I try an answer, I am told what I should have answered, I measure my error, and I adjust my parameters to reduce it.  절차는 간단한데, 내가 답을 시도하고, 내가 응답했어야 하는 것을 듣고, 오류를 측정하고, 그것을 줄이기 위해매개 변수를 조정한다.
 At each step, I make only a small correction in the right direction. 나는  단계에 올바른 방향으로 조금씩만 수정한다.
 That's why such computer-based learning can be incredibly slow: learning a complex activity, like playing Tetris, requires applying this recipe thousands, millions, even billions of times. 그것 때문에 이러한 컴퓨터 기반 학습은 믿을  없을 정도로 느릴  있는데, '테트리스 게임' 하는 것과 같은복잡한 활동을 학습하려면  방안을 수천, 수백만, 심지어 수십억  적용해야 하는 것이다.
 In a space that includes a multitude of adjustable parameters, it can take a long time to discover the optimal setting for every nut and bolt. 조정 가능한 수많은 매개 변수가 있는 공간에서는 모든 너트와 볼트(구성 요소) 대한 최적의 설정을 찾는  오랜시간이 걸릴  있다.

 

 

 

[Ch.06 Unit 17 - 1~2] 자녀를 위한 규칙 이해 교육
 In her book written for parents, Emmi Pikler illustrates with an instructive example how to draw children's attention to rules in a peaceful manner. 부모를 위해  그녀의 책에서, Emmi Pikler 규칙에대한 아이들의 관심을 평화로운 방식으로 유도하는 방법을교육적인 예시와 함께 설명한다.
 First, she suggests creating a safe play area for the children, suitable for their abilities and where nothing needs to be prohibited. 먼저, 그녀는 그들의 능력에 적합하고 아무것도 금지될 필요가 없는, 아이들을 위한 안전한 놀이 공간을 만들 것을제안한다.
 Then when children are moving around on all fours, they may leave this safe area in their mother's company to discover their environment. 그런 다음 아이들이 기어서 움직일 , 그들은 주변 환경을 탐색하기 위해 엄마와 함께  안전한 공간을 떠날 수도 있다.
 Then the mother can draw their children's attention to the rules and prohibitions. 그때 엄마는 규칙과 금지 사항에 대해 아이들의 주의를  있다.
 The nearby books look intriguing, and they are happy to hang on to the tablecloth too. 근처에 있는 책들은 흥미를 자아내고, 그들은 식탁보에 매달려 있는 것도 좋아한다.
 But then the mother repeats, "Don't do this!" 그러나 그때 엄마가 "이러지 !"라고 반복해서 말한다.
 If the children find this difficult to accept, put them back into their secure area where everything is allowed. 만약 아이들이 이를 받아들이기 힘들어하면, 모든 것이 허용되는 그들의 안전한 공간으로 그들을 다시 데려가라.
 However, the children should not feel this as a kind of punishment but should feel that their mother trusts them. 그러나 아이들이 이를 일종의 벌로 느껴서는  되고 엄마가 자신을 신뢰한다고 느껴야 한다.
 "You are too young for these rules, but with time. this will change." "너는 아직  규칙을 지키기에는 너무 어리지만, 시간이지나면, 바뀔 거야."라고 말해 주어라.
 These "walks" can be repeated from time to time. 이러한 '이동' 때때로 반복될 수도 있다.
 This way, Pikler says, the world gradually unfolds before the children instead of shrinking (which is what happens when we ban something that they used to be allowed to do beforehand and that we may even have found amusing). Pikler 말하길, 이렇게 하면 (전에는 아이들에게 하도록허용하고 심지어 우리가 재미있다고 생각했을 수도 있던것을 금지하면 벌어지는) 위축이 일어나는 대신 세상이 점차 아이들 앞에 펼쳐진다고 말한다.
 The children's world unfolds; and at the same time, they can understand more and more of these limitations and accept what the adult ─ gently but expressly ─ expects from them. 아이들의 세상이 펼쳐지고, 동시에 그들은 이러한 제한을점점  많이 이해하며, 어른들이 온화하지만 분명하게 그들에게 기대하는 것을 받아들일  있다.

 

 

 

[Ch.06 Unit 17 - 3~4] 인정받고 싶은 인간의 욕구
 We all desire to feel that we are 'normal,' that we fit in and are accepted by others, that we are one of the crowd. 우리는 모두 자신이 '보통'이고, 다른 사람들과 어울리며다른 사람의 인정을 받고, 무리의 일원이라는 느낌을 받고싶어 한다.
 Put another way, we generally avoid being regarded as 'being difficult to deal with' or 'not being part of the crowd.' 다시 말해, 우리는 일반적으로 '다루기 어려운 사람' 또는'무리의 일부가 아닌 사람'으로 여겨지는 것을 피한다.
 That is, we don't want to appear odd, strange, or anti-social in any way. , 우리는 어떤 식으로든 특이하거나 이상하거나 반사회적으로 보이고 싶지 않다.
 It may be true that a few eccentrics might deliberately cultivate personal idiosyncracies in order to attract attention, but generally their ultimate goal is to be accepted (even if only by a small collection of admirers) and not regarded as complete social outcasts. 일부 괴짜들이 관심을 끌고자 의도적으로 개인적인 특이성을 키울지도 모른다는 것이 사실일 수도 있지만, 일반적으로 그들의 궁극적인 목표는 (비록 소수의 추종자 모임에만인정받더라도) 인정받는 것이지 완전한 사회적 부랑자로여겨지는 것이 아니다.
 However, while the yearning to be accepted and to belong is strong, we strain equally towards being recognized as individuals, and to being thought of as personally significant. 그러나 인정받고 소속되고 싶은 열망이 강하지만, 우리는똑같이 개인으로 인정받고 개인적으로 중요하게 여겨지도록 부단히 노력한다.
 Even if in only a minor sense, we wish to stand out from the crowd and not merely blend in with it. 비록 단지 사소한 의미에서라도, 우리는 무리에서 돋보이기를 원하지 단순히  속에 섞여 들기를 원하지는 않는다.
 We would like our unique contributions to be acknowledged and we want our identities to be honoured as having some special significance in the world. 우리는 자신의 고유한 기여가 인정받기를 원하고 자신의정체성이 세상에서 어떤 특별한 중요성을 띠는 것으로 존중받기를 원한다.
 We want to be visible and believed in. 우리는 눈에 띄면서도 신뢰받는 존재가 되기를 원한다.
 We don't want to be overlooked or ignored, as if we weren't there. 우리는 우리가 마치 존재하지 않는 것처럼 간과되거나 무시당하기를 원하지 않는다.
 It's not that we necessarily wish to be famous, or some kind of celebrity (although apparently, many of us wish to be), it's more that we want to avoid invisibility. 반드시 유명하게 되거나 일종의 유명 인사가 되고 싶어 한다는 것이 아니라 (물론 분명히, 우리  많은 사람이 그렇게 되기를 바라지만), '눈에 띄지 않는 ' 피하고 싶어 한다는 것이다.
 In no matter how small a way, and to no matter how few people, we want to feel just a little bit special. 아무리 사소한 방식으로든, 아무리 적은 수의 사람에게라도, 우리는 아주 조금이라도 특별하다고 느끼고 싶어 한다.

 

 

 

[Ch.06 Unit 18 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 노숙자에게 Broncos 셔츠를  Tim
 My husband, Tim, is a huge football fan.  남편 Tim 열렬한 미식축구 팬이다.
 More specifically, as a native of Denver, he's a huge Broncos fan.  구체적으로는, Denver 토박이로서 그는 Broncos열렬한 팬이다.
 It's not unusual to see us as a family wearing Broncos colors during football season. 미식축구 시즌 동안 우리 가족이 Broncos 색상을 입고있는 것을 보는 것은 드문 일이 아니다.
 In fact, our children learned early on to identify blue and orange as Broncos colors. 사실, 우리 아이들은 일찍부터 파란색과 주황색을Broncos 색으로 식별하는 법을 배웠다.
 Because he is such a fan, my husband has a variety of pieces of Broncos apparel that he wears quite often. 열렬한 팬이기에, 남편에게는 그가 상당히 자주 입는 다양한 Broncos 의상이 있다.
 One evening while Tim was serving a meal at our local homeless shelter, a man coming through the dinner line struck up a conversation with him. 어느  저녁 Tim 지역 노숙자 쉼터에서 배식하고 있을, 저녁 식사 줄에 서서 다가오던  남자가 그와 대화를시작하게 되었다.
 "Hey, Broncos! I love the Broncos! You think this is it, their year?" he asked, smiling as they continued to talk stats and Super Bowl odds. 그는 "이봐요 Broncos! 저는 Broncos 좋아해요! 올해가 그들의 해라고 생각하세요?"라고 물었고, 그들이 계속해서 통계와 슈퍼볼 공산을 이야기하는 동안 미소 지었다.
 As the night progressed, any time this man and Tim ran across each other, the man would light up and they'd share a smile. 밤이 깊어지면서  남자와 Tim 서로 우연히 마주칠 때마다,  남자는 얼굴이 환해졌고 둘은 미소를 나누었다.
 Finally, toward the end of the night, Tim searched for the man. 마침내 밤이 끝날 무렵, Tim  남자를 찾았다.
 Finding him, he pulled off his Broncos shirt and threw it to the guy, retaining his undershirt. 그를 발견하자, 그는 속셔츠는 계속 입은  자신의Broncos 셔츠를 벗어  남자에게 던져 주었다.
 He shared both food and his shirt with the man over the course of the evening. 그는 그날 저녁이 지나가는 동안  남자와 음식과 자신의셔츠를 함께 나누었다.
 And although the man had a shirt of his own, he seemed touched that Tim cared enough to give him something he loved.  남자는 자신의 셔츠를 가지고 있었지만, Tim 자신이좋아하는 것을  만큼 충분히 마음을   것에 감동한듯했다.
 "Are you serious?" the man asked, shocked. "진심이에요?" 남자는 충격을 받아 물었다.
 "Are you sure?" "확실해요?"
 The two hugged each other like long-lost best friends, and Tim headed out for the night.  사람은 오랫동안 만나지 못한 절친한 친구처럼 서로를껴안았고, Tim 그날  일을 그만 끝내고 출발했다.
 But the next night, when Tim showed up to drop off some gifts for an event, he saw the man again. 하지만 다음  , 행사를 위한 선물  가지를 가져다주려고 Tim 나타났을 , 그는  남자를 다시 보았다.
 Lo and behold, he was wearing the Broncos shirt. , 보시라, 그는 Broncos 셔츠를 입고 있었다.

 

 

 

[Ch.06 Unit 18 - 1~3] 마라톤을 통해 드러난 우정의 
 In the busy city of Boston, two friends, Amy and Riley, found themselves at the starting line of the famous Boston Marathon. 번잡한 도시인 보스턴에서,  친구 Amy Riley 유명한 보스턴 마라톤의 출발선에 서게 되었다.
 Their excitement bubbled over. 그들의 흥분은 가득 차올랐다.
 Eager to ensure they were fully prepared for the challenge ahead, they arrived two hours before the scheduled start time. 앞으로의 도전에 충분히 준비되었는지 확실히 하기를 열망했기에, 그들은 예정된 출발 시간보다  시간 전에 도착했다.
 As the race began, Riley said, "I'm feeling a mix of excitement and nerves right now, but knowing you're by my side makes it all better." 경주가 시작되자, Riley "지금은 흥분과 긴장이 뒤섞인기분이지만, 네가 곁에 있다는 것을 아니 모든  나아져."라고 말했다.
 "Don't worry," Amy reassured her friend with a confident smile. "We've dedicated ourselves to training for this race for over a year now. "걱정하지 . 우리는  경기를 위해 1 넘게 훈련에 전념해 왔어."라고 말하며 Amy 자신감 넘치는 미소로 친구를 안심시켰다.
 As they approached the halfway mark, however, disaster struck. 하지만, 그들이 중간 지점에 다다랐을 , 재앙이 닥쳤다.
 Riley slipped on an uneven piece of road, her ankle twisting painfully. Riley 울퉁불퉁한 도로에서 미끄러져, 그녀의 발목이 심하게 뒤틀렸다.
 Amy rushed to her friend's side. her heart heavy with worry. Amy 걱정으로 마음이 무거워진 , 그녀의 친구 곁으로 달려갔다.
 Riley said, with her voice showing signs of discomfort from the pain, "I don't know if I can keep going. My ankle... It's too much." Riley 통증으로 인해 불편한 기색이 역력한 목소리로"내가 계속할  있을지 모르겠어.  발목이... 너무 힘들어."라고 말했다.
 "We've come too far to give up now, Riley. We'll get through this together. Lean on me if you need to," said Amy. "우리는 지금 포기하기에 너무 멀리 왔어, Riley. 우리는함께 해낼 거야. 필요하면 나에게 기대."라고 Amy 말했다.
 Despite Riley's protests, Amy insisted on supporting her friend through the difficult moments ahead. Riley 반대에도 불구하고, Amy 앞으로 다가올 힘든순간 내내 자신의 친구를 응원할 것이라고 고집했다.
 With Riley's arm resting over Amy's shoulder, they adjusted their pace, sharing the burden as they pressed on, one step at a time. Riley 팔을 Amy 어깨 위에 얹은 , 그들은 속도를조절했고,  번에  걸음씩 부담을 분담하며 앞으로 나아갔다.
 The miles stretched endlessly before them, but the cheers of the crowd echoed, carrying Amy and Riley onward. 그들 앞에  거리가 끝없이 펼쳐져 있었지만, 관중의 환호성이 울려 퍼져 Amy Riley 앞으로 나아가게 했다.
 A lot of them shouted together, "You can do it!" 많은 사람이 "너희는   있어!"라고 함께 외쳤다.
 Finally, they reached the last corner. 마침내, 그들은 마지막 지점에 다다랐다.
 The finish line appeared in the distance, like a light of hope.  멀리 결승선이 희망의 빛처럼 나타났다.
 Tears of joy flowed freely as Amy and Riley crossed the finish line hand in hand. Amy Riley 손을 잡고 결승선을 넘었을 , 기쁨의눈물이 마구 흘러내렸다.
 "Amy, you were my rock. Whenever I felt like giving up, you were there to push me forward." "Amy, 너는 나의 버팀목이었어. 내가 포기하고 싶을 때마다, 너는 나를 앞으로 나아가게  주었어."
 In that moment, they knew that they had achieved something far greater than just completing a marathon ─ they had conquered their fears, overcome obstacles. and proven that with the support of a true friend by your side, anything is possible.  순간, 단순히 마라톤을 완주한  이상의 훨씬   무언가를 달성했다는 ,  그들은 자신의 두려움을 극복했고, 장애물을 이겨냈으며, 곁에 진정한 친구의 응원이 있다면, 어떤 것이든 가능하다는 것을 증명했다는 것이었다.

 

 

 

[Ch.06 Unit 18 - 4~6] 상인 아들의 생일 파티
 At a rich merchant's house, there was a birthday party for the merchant's son, and the children of rich and great people were there. 어느 부유한 상인의 집에서 상인의 아들을 위한 생일 파티가 열렸고, 부유하고 대단한 사람들의 자녀들이 참석했다.
 Among them was a handsome boy, the son of the editor of a newspaper. 그중에는 신문사 편집장의 아들인 잘생긴 소년이 있었다.
 He said. "My dad can put everybody's dad in the newspaper. People are afraid of him, my mom says, because he can do whatever he wants with the paper." 그는 "우리 아빠는 모든 사람의 아빠를 신문에 실을  있어. 사람들이 아빠를 두려워하는 이유는 아빠가 그가 원하는  신문으로 뭐든지   있기 때문이라고 우리 엄마는말씀하셨어."라고 말했다.
 "But my dad can buy a hundred dollars' worth of candy, and give it to children. Can your dad do that?" asked the merchant's son. "하지만 우리 아빠는 100달러짜리 사탕을 사서 아이들에게   있어. 너희 아빠도 그렇게   있니?"라고 상인의 아들이 물어보았다.
 "And those whose names end in 'sen' can never be anything at all," he continued. "그리고 이름이 'sen'으로 끝나는 사람은 아무것도  없어."라고 그는 이어 말했다.
 The editor's son was very angry at what he had said, for his father's name was Petersen. 편집장의 아들은 그의 말에 매우 화가 났는데, 자신의 아버지 이름이 Petersen이었기 때문이었다.
 But outside the door was a poor boy. 그러나 문밖에는  가난한 소년이 있었다.
 His status was so low that he was not even allowed to enter the room. 그의 지위는 너무 낮아서 그는  방에 들어가는 것조차 허용되지 않았다.
 The boy was there to help with the party, and the merchant's son told him to stand behind the door and wait for his call.  소년은 파티를 돕기 위해 그곳에 있었고, 상인의 아들은그에게  뒤에 서서 자신이 부르는 것을 기다리라고 말했다.
 There he stood, watching the well-dressed children having such a good time inside. 그는 그곳에 서서, 옷을  차려입은 아이들이 안에서 매우즐거운 시간을 보내는 것을 지켜보았다.
 "Oh, if I could be one of them," he thought. ", 나도 저들  하나가   있다면"이라고 그는 생각했다.
 Then he heard what the merchant's son said about names, and what he said was enough to make him even more unhappy. 그러다 그는 상인의 아들이 이름에 대해 하는 말을 들었고, 그가  말은 그를 훨씬  불행하게 만들기에 충분했다.
 His parents back home did not even have a penny to buy a newspaper, and worse, his father's name, and of course his own, ended in "sen." 고향에 있는 그의 부모님은 신문 하나를  돈조차 없었고, 설상가상으로, 그의 아버지 이름은 물론 자신의 이름도'sen'으로 끝났다.
 But he was born into the world, and the station of life was chosen for him, so he had to be satisfied. 하지만 그는 세상에 태어났고, 인생의 신분은 그에게 선택되었으므로, 그는 만족해야 했다.
 And this is what happened that night. 그리고 이것이 그날 밤에 일어난 일이다.
 Many years passed, and the children grew up. 오랜 세월이 흐르고 아이들은 자랐다.
 There stood a splendid house in the town. 그곳 마을에 정말 멋진 집이 하나  있었다.
 It was much bigger and fancier than the one where the merchant's son had had his birthday party long ago. 그것은 오래전에 상인의 아들이 자신의 생일 파티를 열었던 집보다 훨씬  크고  멋졌다.
 Which of the children we talked about could say this house was his own? 우리가 이야기한 아이  누가  집을 자기 집이라고 말할 있을까?
 The house belonged to the poor little boy who had stood behind the door that night.  집은 그날   뒤에  있던 불쌍한 소년의 것이었다.
 He really had become something great, although his name ended in "sen." 그의 이름은 'sen'으로 끝났지만, 그는 정말 대단한 사람이 되었다.

 

 

 

[Ch.06 - 서술형 Practice] 비원어민으로부터의 언어 학습
 On May 29, 1953, Edmund Hillary reached the summit of Mount Everest. 1953 5 29, Edmund Hillary Everest 정상에 올랐다.
 But he didn't do it alone: he was accompanied every step of the way by the Nepalese Sherpa mountaineer Tenzing Norgay. 하지만 그는 혼자 그렇게  것이 아니라, 네팔인 셰르파산악인인 Tenzing Norgay 모든 과정을 함께했다.
 Why didn't Hillary climb Mount Everest alone? Hillary  혼자 Everest 산을 등반하지 않았을까?
 Because he needed someone who had previous experience climbing the mountain to help him navigate the dangerous terrain. 그가 위험한 지형을 돌아다니는 것을 도와줄 이전에  산을 등반한 경험이 있는 사람이 필요했기 때문이다.
 In fact, at one point, Tenzing saved Hillary's life. 실제로 Tenzing 한때 Hillary 목숨을 구하기도 했다.
 Learning another language must also be a team effort, and ideally the person by your side has already climbed that mountain and can show you how it's done. 다른 언어를 배우는  또한 팀의 노력이어야 하며, 곁에있는 사람이 이미  산을 등반한 경험이 있고  방법을알려   있는 사람이라면 이상적이다.
 Unfortunately, one of the most common beliefs when it comes to learning a language is that it can only be learned from a native speaker. 안타깝게도 언어 학습에 관한 가장 일반적인 믿음  하나는 원어민에게만 배울  있다는 것이다.
 And it is true that learning from a native speaker allows you to hear proper pronunciation and phrasing in a naturalistic way. 그리고 원어민에게 배우면 제대로  발음과 자연스러운방식의 표현을 들을  있다는 것은 사실이다.
 But learning from a native speaker alone is like being guided up Mt. Everest by someone who was born at the top of the mountain and is shouting directions down from above. 하지만 원어민에게만 배우는 것은 마치  정상에서 태어나 위에서 아래로 방향을 외치는 사람에게 Everest  등반 안내를 받는 것과 같다.
 The sounds may be pronounced correctly, but that won't help you find firm footing among the unstable rocks. 발음은 정확할지 몰라도 여러분이 불안정한 바위 사이에서발을 단단히 붙일 곳을 찾는 데는 도움이 되지 않을 것이다.
 What you need is a language Sherpa, if you will: a nonnative speaker who struggled with the language and who conquered it. 여러분에게 필요한 것은 말하자면 언어 셰르파,   언어에 어려움을 겪고 이를 정복한 비원어민이다.
 It is not to suggest that learning from a native speaker is useless. 원어민에게 배우는 것이 쓸모없다는 말은 아니다.
 However, there is much to be said for learning a language as an adult from someone who knows the terrain. 하지만 어른이 되어서  지형을  아는 사람에게서 언어를 배우는 것에는 그럴 만한 충분한 이유가 있다.

 

 

 

[Ch.06 - 논술형 Practice] Sandy Greenberg Art Garfunkel 우정
 William R. Brody, President of Johns Hopkins University, shares an inspiring story about two students at Columbia University. Johns Hopkins 대학교의 총장인 William R. Brody Columbia 대학교의  학생에 대한 감명 깊은 이야기를 들려준다.
 One student, Sandy Greenberg, discovered he had an eye disease. Sandy Greenberg라는  학생은 자신이 안질환을 앓고 있다는 사실을 알게 되었다.
 It had not been discovered in time, and he became blind. 제때 발견하지 못해, 그는 눈이 멀었다.
 Fortunately, Sandy's roommate, named Art, read his textbooks to him every night, enabling Sandy to graduate with honors and earn a Fulbright Scholarship. 다행히도 Art라는 이름을 가진, Sandy 룸메이트가 그에게 매일  교과서를 읽어 주었고, Sandy 우등으로졸업하고 Fulbright 장학금을 받을  있도록 했다.
 The two friends stayed in touch after graduation.  친구는 졸업 후에도 계속 연락을 주고받았다.
 Sandy's former roommate also went on to graduate school but was unhappy. Sandy  룸메이트도 대학원에 진학했지만 불행했다.
 He wanted to pursue a music career with a high school friend who was also interested in music. 그는 또한 음악에 관심이 있는 고등학교 친구와 음악 경력을 추구하고 싶었다.
 They needed $500 to make a demo record, but they didn't have the money. 데모 음반을 만들려면 500달러가 필요했으나, 그들은 돈이 없었다.
 Sandy, although not wealthy, had the $500 and sent it to his friend, saying, "He made my life; I needed to help make his life." Sandy 부자는 아니었지만 500달러를 가지고 있었고그의 친구에게 그것을 보내면서 말했다. "친구가  인생을만들어 줬으니 나도  친구의 인생을 만드는 것을 도와야했습니다."
 That former roommate was Art Garfunkel, and his friend was Paul Simon.   룸메이트는 Art Garfunkel이었고, 그의 친구는Paul Simon이었다.
 The demo record created with Sandy's $500 became their first hit, "The Sound of Silence," launching the career of the legendary American folk duo, Simon and Garfunkel. Sandy 500달러를 가지고 만든 데모 음반은 그들의 번째 히트곡인 'The Sound of Silence' 되었고, 전설적인 미국 포크 듀오 Simon and Garfunkel 경력이 시작되었다.
 The act of generosity from Sandy was critical in their success. Sandy 관대한 행동은 이들의 성공에 결정적이었다.
 Years later, in a touching twist, Art Garfunkel sang at the wedding of Sandy Greenberg's daughter, illustrating the lasting bond between the two friends.   , Art Garfunkel 감동적인 반전으로 Sandy Greenberg  결혼식에서 노래를 불러  친구의 영원한 유대를 보여 줬다.
 Sandy's support helped Art and Paul achieve their dreams, just as Art's support had enabled Sandy to succeed in his academic pursuits. Art 지원이 Sandy 학업 수행에 성공할  있게  것처럼, Sandy 지원은 Art Paul 그들의 꿈을이루도록 도와주었다.
 By supporting each other, they both achieved remarkable success. 서로를 지원함으로써 그들은   놀라운 성공을 거두었다.

 

 

 

 

 

 

안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다.

2024년 10월 EBS 대표 기본 개념서 <올림포스>가 새로운 교육과정에 맞춰 개정판이 출간되었습니다.  

 

올림포스 구성

  • 국어: 공통국어1, 공통국어2, 문학1 현대문학, 문학2 현대문학
  • 영어: 영어독해 기본1, 영어독해 기본2, 영어독해 9대 변별유형
  • 수학: 공통수학1, 공통수학2

올림포스 교재 특징

  • 2022 개정 교육과정 반영
  • 내신과 수능 대비를 위한 기본 개념 및 다양한 문제 유형 제공
  • 수행평가 대비 아이템 포함

 

오늘은 기존 <EBS 올림포스 독해의 기본 2>를 대체할 <EBS 올림포스 영어독해 기본 2 (2022 개정)>의 한줄해석 자료 올립니다.

 

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[2025년 개정판] EBS 올림포스 영어독해 기본 2 (2022 개정교육과정) - 한줄해석 (좌지문 우해석)

안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다.2024년 10월 EBS 대표 기본 개념서 올림포스>가 새로운 교육과정에 맞춰 개정판이 출간되었습니다.  올림포스 구성국어: 공통국어1, 공통국어2, 문학1 현대문

flowedu.tistory.com

 

 

전체 내용

 

[Ch.01 Unit 01 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 가게 이전 안내

 Dear Bloom Cookie customers,

 Bloom Cookie 고객 여러분께

 With our lease coming to an end, we've finally made the decision.

 저희의 임대 계약이 종료됨에 따라, 저희는 마침내 결정을 내렸습니다.

 While we've loved our time on 125th Street, our business has changed a lot in the last few years and we realized we wanted a location with more baking space that would better serve the community we live in.

 125번가에서의 시간도 좋았지만, 지난   동안 저희의 사업은 많이 변했고, 저희는 저희가 살고 있는 지역 사회에  나은 서비스를 제공할  넓은 제빵 공간을 갖춘 장소를 원한다는 것을 깨달았습니다.

 We're so excited to announce we'll be moving to a new spot on 50th Street.

 저희가 50번가의 새로운 장소로 이전할 것이라는 소식을 알리게 되어 매우 기쁩니다.

 We will continue to offer the same delicious cookies and coffee at our new location.

 새로운 장소에서도 변함없이 맛있는 쿠키와 커피를 계속해서 제공할 것입니다.

 While it feels scary to move away from our current location, we're confident that this move will allow us to enhance our service to you.

 지금의 장소에서 옮겨가는 것이 두렵게 느껴지기도 하지만, 이번 이전으로 저희가 여러분께  나은 서비스를 제공할  있게  것이라 확신합니다.

 Thank you for your continued support, and we look forward to welcoming you to our new home!

 여러분의 지속적인 성원에 감사드리며, 새로운 보금자리에서 여러분을 맞이할  있기를 고대합니다!

 Warm regards, Becky Bloom

 Becky Bloom 드림

 

[Ch.01 Unit 01 - 1] 음악 저작권 침해

 Dear valued players,

 소중한 이용자 여러분께

 Recently, we at Silver Lining Studio discovered that two songs in our "Behind the Frame" game soundtrack might have been used without permission from their creators, thus violating the rights of others' works.

 최근 저희 Silver Lining Studio "Behind the Frame" 게임 사운드트랙의  곡이 원작자의 허락 없이 사용되어 타인의 저작물에 대한 권리를 침해했을 수도 있다는 것을 발견했습니다.

 We extend our deepest apologies for this matter and sincerely regret any harm or disappointment this may have caused to the original composers and all of you who play our game.

  문제에 대해 깊은 사과의 뜻을 표하며, 이로 인해  작곡가와 저희 게임을 하는 모든 분께 야기되었을 수도 있는 손해와 실망에 대해 진심으로 유감스럽게 생각합니다.

 We understand the importance of respecting intellectual property rights and taking immediate steps to address this issue.

 저희는 지식 재산권을 존중하고  문제를 해결하기 위해 즉각적인 조치를 하는 것의 중요성을 알고 있습니다.

 The songs have been promptly removed from the game and related videos, and we promise to make sure this doesn't happen again.

  곡들은 게임  관련 영상에서 신속하게 삭제되었으며, 다시는 이런 일이 발생하지 않도록 확실히  것을 약속드립니다.

 Once again, we extend our sincerest apologies for this matter.

 다시 한번  문제에 대해 진심 어린 사과의 뜻을 표합니다.

 Thank you for your patience and continued support.

 기다려 주시고 계속 성원해 주셔서 감사합니다.

 Sincerely, Silver Lining Studio

 Silver Lining Studio 드림

 

[Ch.01 Unit 01 - 2]  무료 체험 기간 만료 알림

 Dear Mr. Lewis,

 Lewis 씨께

 We trust this message finds you in good spirits!

 저희는  메시지가 귀하에게 좋은 기분으로 전해지리라 믿습니다!

 We want to express our heartfelt gratitude for choosing the JoyfulPiano app and for starting this musical journey with us.

 JoyfulPiano 앱을 선택해 주시고 저희와 함께  음악 여행을 시작해 주신 것에 진심 어린 감사를 전하고 싶습니다.

 As your free trial period draws to a close, we want to ensure you have all the necessary details before it concludes.

 귀하의 무료 체험 기간이 끝나 감에 따라, 그것이 종료되기 전에 귀하가 필요한 모든 세부 사항을 아시도록 확실히 하고자 합니다.

 Your free access to JoyfulPiano will expire in just five days.

 귀하의 JoyfulPiano 무료 이용이 불과 5 후에 만료될 것입니다.

 Following this, access to our app will be limited unless you choose to subscribe to one of our premium plans.

 이후에는, 귀하께서 당사의 프리미엄 요금제  하나에 가입하지 않으면  이용이 제한될 것입니다.

 We sincerely hope you've enjoyed exploring its features during your trial period.

 체험 기간 동안에 귀하께서 앱의 특징적 기능들을 탐색하는 것을 즐기셨기를 진심으로 바랍니다.

 Should you have any questions or require further assistance, please don't hesitate to reach out to us at www.joyfulpianoapp.com.

 궁금한 점이 있거나 추가적인 도움이 필요하시면, 주저하지 마시고 www.joyfulpianoapp.com으로 저희에게 연락해 주시기 바랍니다.

 We're here to support you every step of the way.

 저희는 모든 과정을 지원하기 위해 준비하고 있습니다.

 Thank you once again for choosing JoyfulPiano.

 JoyfulPiano 선택해 주셔서 다시 한번 감사드립니다.

 Sincerely, Rachel Garcia Customer Support Manager

 고객 지원 매니저 Rachel Garcia 드림

 

[Ch.01 Unit 01 - 3] 제품 색상 오류

 Dear Valued Customer,

 소중한 고객님께

 We at May Summer Online Clothing Store thank you for choosing our new fall sweater.

 저희의 신상품 가을 스웨터를 선택해 주셔서 우리 May Summer 온라인 의류점은 감사드립니다.

 We are truly grateful for your purchase and overwhelmed by the popularity of our latest collection.

 저희는 귀하의 구매에 진심으로 감사드리며, 최신 컬렉션의 인기에 압도되고 있습니다.

 However, we also deeply regret any disappointment you may feel due to the color difference between the clothes displayed on our website (dark red) and the actual product (bright scarlet).

 그러나 저희는 또한 웹사이트에 게시된 (어두운 빨간색) 실제 제품(밝은 주황색) 사이의 색상 차이로 인해 귀하가 느꼈을 어떤 실망감도 매우 유감스럽게 생각하고 있습니다.

 We understand the disappointment this may have caused upon delivery.

 배송  이로 인해 생겼을 수도 있는 실망감을 저희는 이해합니다.

 Your satisfaction is our priority, and we are committed to making things right.

 고객님의 만족이 저희의 최우선 사항이며 저희는 문제를 바로잡는 것에 전념하고 있습니다.

 Please provide your address and preferred pick-up date on our website, and we will promptly arrange for the return of the item and process your refund accordingly.

 저희 웹사이트에 귀하의 주소와 원하는 수거 날짜를 알려 주시면 신속하게  물품의 반송을 처리하고 그에 따라 환불을 처리해 드리겠습니다.

 We sincerely apologize for any inconvenience this has caused and assure you that we are taking steps to ensure accurate representation of our products in the future.

  일이 초래한 불편에 진심으로 사과드리며, 향후 정확한 제품 표시를 확실히 하기 위해 저희가 조치하고 있음을 보장해 드립니다.

 

[Ch.01 Unit 02 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 감기로 인한 결근과 직장 동료의 친절

 Fiona woke up with the worst cough, a sore throat, and a headache.

 Fiona 최악의 기침과 인후통, 두통과 함께 잠에서 깼다.

 She had to take time off from work, but she knew that taking off today would mean facing a ton of paperwork on her desk tomorrow.

 그녀는 직장을 쉬어야 했지만, 오늘 쉬는 것은 내일 책상 위의 수많은 서류와 마주한다는 것을 의미한다는  알고 있었다.

 Just thinking about it made her headache even worse.

 그것에 대해 생각하는 것만으로도 그녀의 두통이 훨씬  심해졌다.

 Then, the doorbell rang.

 그때 초인종이 울렸다.

 It was Chandra, her colleague.

 그녀의 직장 동료인 Chandra였다.

 "No worries, Fiona. I took care of the phone calls and messages, and I even told everyone to think twice before putting any paper on your desk,"

 "걱정하지 , Fiona. 내가 전화와 메시지를 처리했고, 모두에게 너의 책상 위에 서류를 올려 놓기 전에 다시 한번 생각하라고 말하기까지 했어."

 Chandra said.

 Chandra 말했다.

 Surprised, Fiona stared blankly at Chandra.

 놀라서 Fiona 멍하니 Chandra 쳐다보았다.

 "Here's some chicken noodle soup,"

 "여기 닭고기 국수 수프를 가져왔어."

 Chandra said as she passed Fiona the brown bag she was carrying.

 Chandra Fiona에게 들고 있던 갈색 봉투를 건네며 말했다.

 "And I bought throat spray and cough drops for you."

 "그리고 너를 위해 인후 스프레이와 기침약도  왔어."

 Fiona wanted to say thanks, but her sore throat held her back.

 Fiona 고맙다는 말을 하고 싶었지만, 목이 아파서   없었다.

 However, Chandra knew exactly what she wanted to say.

 하지만 Chandra 그녀가 하고 싶은 말이 무엇인지 정확히 알고 있었다.

 "No problem, Fiona. I've got your back."

 "괜찮아, Fiona. 내가 도와줄게."

 

[Ch.01 Unit 02 - 1] 강아지와 아버지

 When I saw Mr. Grear talking to my father in front of our house, my heart sank.

 나는 Grear 씨가 우리  앞에서 아버지와 이야기하는 것을 보고  심장이 철렁 내려앉았다.

 "He must be here for one of the puppies!"

 "그는 강아지   마리 때문에 여기   분명해!"

 My family lived in a very small town, and my best and only friends were our dog, Blackie, and her two newborn puppies.

 우리 가족은 아주 작은 마을에 살고 있었고, 나의 가장 친한, 유일한 친구는 우리   Blackie 그녀의  태어난 강아지  마리뿐이었다.

 My father had mentioned that we couldn't afford to keep them all and should find them new homes.

 아버지는 이들을 모두 키울 형편이  되니 새집을 찾아 줘야 한다고 언급했었다.

 I dashed toward the house to stop my father, but I overheard him saying, "You don't quite catch my meaning, Mr. Grear. I'm not asking for a higher price for this puppy."

 나는 아버지를 말리려고 집으로 달려갔지만, 아버지가 " 뜻을  이해하지 못하셨군요, Grear . 저는  강아지에게  높은 가격을 요구하는  아닙니다."라고 말하는 것을 우연히 들었다.

 Mr. Grear frowned in perplexity.

 Grear 씨는 당혹감에 얼굴을 찌푸렸다.

 My father continued, "I'm saying there isn't any price on him because he belongs to my son. We are keeping both of them."

 아버지는 말을 이어 나갔다. "저는  강아지가  아들의 것이기 때문에 그것에 가격을 붙일  없다고 말하고 있는 겁니다. 우리 가족은  마리 모두 키울 겁니다."

 I just stood there and I tried to understand what he said.

 나는 그냥 거기 서서 아버지가 말한 것을 이해하려고 노력했다.

 When my eyes met his eyes, he simply grinned and I did the same.

 아버지와 눈이 마주쳤을  아버지는 그저  웃으셨고 나도 똑같이 했다.

 

[Ch.01 Unit 02 - 2] 낡은  방문

 Sarah approached the old, falling-apart house.

 Sarah 낡고 허물어져 가는 집으로 다가갔다.

 Her heart was pounding in her chest as she imagined all the horrors that could be hiding in its dark hallways.

 어두운 복도에 숨어 있을지도 모르는 모든 공포를 상상하자 그녀의 가슴 속에서 심장이 쿵쾅거렸다.

 Sarah took a deep breath, paused for a moment, then gathered her courage to push open the squeaky door and enter the mysterious house.

 Sarah 깊은숨을 들이마시고, 잠시 멈춰  다음, 용기를 모아 삐걱거리는 문을 밀어젖혀 불가사의한  안으로 들어갔다.

 As she stepped inside and felt the warmth of sunlight filtering through the dusty windows, a sense of wonder and interest washed over her.

 안으로 들어가 먼지투성이인 창문을 통해 스며드는 따스한 햇살을 느꼈을 , 경이로움과 흥미로움이 그녀에게 밀려왔다.

 The squeaky floors under her feet didn't seem to whisper tales of ghosts; instead, they sang a song of history and forgotten memories.

 그녀 발밑의 삐걱거리는 마루는 유령의 이야기를 속삭이는 것이 아니라 오히려 역사와 잊혀진 추억의 노래를 부르는 듯했다.

 With each step, Sarah's initial fear melted away, revealing an unstoppable desire to uncover the secrets hidden within the walls of this old house.

  걸음씩 걸을 때마다,  낡은 집의  안에 숨겨진 비밀을 알아내고자 하는 멈출  없는 열망을 드러내면서, Sarah 처음의 두려움은 차츰 사라졌다.

 

[Ch.01 Unit 02 - 3] 태피 사탕 만들기

 The wagons full of young friends started arriving.

 젊은 친구들로 가득  마차가 도착하기 시작했다.

 Everyone in and around the neighborhood knew the Jensen family, and was pleased to have been invited.

 동네와 인근의 모든 사람이 Jensen 가족을 알고 있었고, 초대받은 것을 기뻐했다.

 Katie and Dolly were perfect hosts welcoming each guest.

 Katie Dolly 각각의 손님을 맞이하는 완벽한 주인이었다.

 When everyone had arrived, they gathered in the kitchen for the taffy making.

 모두가 도착하자, 그들은 태피 만들기를 위해 주방에 모였다.

 Katie mixed all the ingredients for the taffy candy, while the young men carried in wood for the old cook stove.

 Katie 태피 사탕을 위한 모든 재료를 섞었고, 젊은 남자들은 오래된 조리용 화덕에 사용할 땔감을 가져왔다.

 She placed the ingredients in the huge iron frying pans, and soon the delicious smell of candy floated throughout the house.

 그녀가 커다란 철제 프라이팬에 재료를 넣자  맛있는 사탕 냄새가   가득 퍼졌다.

 There was a glass of cold water for testing the doneness of the candy.

 사탕의 완성도를 테스트하기 위한 찬물  잔이 놓여 있었다.

 If the candy formed a soft ball when dropped in the glass of water, it was time to take it out of the frying pans and start beating it with a wooden spoon.

 사탕을 물잔에 떨어뜨렸을 , 부드러운  모양을 만들면, 그것을 프라이팬에서 꺼내 나무 숟가락으로 두드리기 시작할 때였다.

 When the candy finally formed the perfect ball, cheers of excitement and joy echoed through the kitchen.

 마침내 사탕이 완벽한  모양을 만들었을 , 흥분과 기쁨의 환호성이 주방에 울려 퍼졌다.

 

[Ch.01 Unit 03 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 환자의 문화적 차이와 다양성

 The concept of justice is not the law in the narrow sense.

 정의의 개념은 좁은 의미의 법이 아니다.

 Rather, this principle involves ensuring that everyone benefits from treatment, as well as the distribution of access to it.

 오히려,  원칙은 모든 사람이 치료의 혜택을 받을  있도록 보장하고, 그것에 대한 접근성을 분배하는 것을 포함한다.

 To apply this principle, we need to accept and value differences and diversity in our patients.

  원칙을 적용하려면, 우리는 환자의 차이와 다양성을 인정하고 가치 있게 여겨야 한다.

 Patients come from different cultural, racial and religious backgrounds.

 환자는 다양한 문화적, 인종적, 종교적 배경을 가지고 있다.

 Therefore, fairness and justice in this respect involves respecting and recognising their differences, not acting in a way that disadvantages the patient.

 따라서, 이러한 측면에서 공정성과 정의는 환자에게 불이익을 주는 방식으로 행동하는 것이 아니라, 그들의 차이를 존중하고 인정하는 것을 포함한다.

 In this regard, we need to consider other people's cultural differences when treating them.

 이러한 점에서, 우리는 다른 사람을 대할  그들의 문화적 차이를 고려해야 한다.

 Importantly, justice is about advocating on behalf of all patients, whether they come in with a Western philosophical perspective or another philosophical perspective.

 중요한 것은 정의란 환자가 서양의 철학적 관점을 가지고 오든 혹은 다른 철학적 관점을 가지고 오든 모든 환자를 대신하여 옹호하는 것에 관련된다는 것이다.

 Justice is not about treating all patients the same because it is not possible to justifiably treat all patients the same, since all patients are different and present with different ailments or complaints.

 정의는 모든 환자를 똑같이 치료하는 것이 아닌데, 이는 모든 환자는 다르고 다양한 질병이나 고충을 나타내므로, 모든 환자를 똑같이 정당하게 치료하는 것은 불가능하기 때문이다.

 

[Ch.01 Unit 03 - 1] 친환경 도시 조성의 중요성

 Why have cities only recently seen a sudden increase in "greening" ─ from green roofs to new parks to tree planting to more energy efficient buses ─ despite the fact that sweeping federal environmental legislation was enacted more than 30 years ago?

 포괄적인 연방 환경 법률이 법제화된지 30년이 넘었다는 사실에도 불구하고 최근에서야 녹색 지붕부터 새로운 공원, 나무 심기, 에너지 효율이  높은 버스에 이르기까지 도시에서 '친환경화' 갑자기 증가한 이유가 무엇일까?

 Quite simply, city leaders are recognizing that a cleaner environment is needed both to provide residents with a good quality of life and to compete in the global economy.

 간단히 말해, 도시의 지도자는 주민에게 좋은 삶의 질을 제공하고 동시에 글로벌 경제에서 경쟁하기 위해  깨끗한 환경이 필요하다는 것을 인식하고 있다.

 America's manufacturing-based economy of the twentieth century has been transformed into a service-based knowledge economy.

 20세기 제조업 기반의 미국 경제는 서비스 기반의 지식 경제로 변모했다.

 For the information age economy, environmental quality is a major economic asset.

 정보화 시대 경제에서, 환경의 질은 주요한 경제적 자산이다.

 Skilled workers are increasingly footloose, able to settle just about anywhere there is broadband Internet access, and they are drawn to healthy. aesthetically pleasing environments.

 숙련된 근로자는 점점  매인 데가 없어져서, 광대역 인터넷 접속이 가능한 곳이라면 거의 어디든 정착할  있으며, 건강하고 미적으로 쾌적한 환경에 끌린다.

 Moreover, green cities are demonstrating that the alleged trade-off between jobs and the environment is a false dichotomy.

 게다가, 녹색 도시는 일자리와 환경 사이에 상충 관계가 있다고 주장하는 것이 잘못된 이분법이라는 것을 보여 주고 있다.

 A quality environment produces jobs; a polluted environment costs jobs.

 양질의 환경은 일자리를 창출하고, 오염된 환경은 일자리를 잃게 한다.

 

[Ch.01 Unit 03 - 2] 필수 정보를 포함하는 메모

 The brevity of memos can be wonderful, but you do need to make sure you communicate everything, or you'll just end up creating more work for yourself.

 메모의 간결함은 훌륭할  있지만, 정말로 반드시 모든 것을 전달해야 하며, 그렇지 않으면 결국 자신에게  많은 일거리만 만들게  것이다.

 For example, if you're using a memo to take a telephone message, make sure you include who called and when, what their message was, and how to call them back.

 예를 들어, 여러분이 전화 메시지를 기록하기 위해 메모를 사용하고 있다면, 누가 언제 전화했는지, 그들의 메시지가 무엇이었는지, 어떻게 다시 전화할  있는지를 반드시 포함하라.

 If you forget any of these details, your memo will be practically pointless.

 이러한 세부 사항  하나라도 잊어버리면, 여러분의 메모는 사실상 무의미할 것이다.

 As you can see, it's very important not to sacrifice the content of your memo simply because memos are normally brief.

 여러분이   있듯이, 메모가 보통 간결하다는 이유만으로 메모의 내용을 희생시키지 않는 것이 매우 중요하다.

 If you can't fit all of the information you need into a memo, opt instead to write a letter or an e-mail.

 만일 여러분이 필요한 모든 정보를 메모에 담을  없다면, 대신에 편지나 이메일 쓰는 것을 선택하라.

 It's better to include all of the information you need to transmit than it is to omit critical details simply for the sake of making your message short.

 단지 메시지를 간결하게 만들기 위해 중요한 세부 사항을 빠뜨리는 것보다, 여러분이 전달해야 하는 모든 정보를 포함하는 것이  낫다.

 

[Ch.01 Unit 03 - 3] 남녀 간의  차이

 It is relatively uncontroversial that there are small structural and functional differences between male and female brains, perhaps contributing to some performance differences on tests of spatial and verbal abilities.

 남성과 여성의 뇌에는 작은 구조적, 기능적 차이가 있어, 아마도 이는 공간  언어 능력 테스트에서 일부 수행 차이의 원인이 되리라는 것은 비교적 논란의 여지가 없다.

 Of paramount importance, but usually overlooked, is that similarities between the sexes far outweigh differences: differences between men and women are not as large as differences among members of the same sex.

 최고로 중요하나 일반적으로 간과되는 것은 남녀 간의 유사성이 차이보다 훨씬  중요하다는 것인데, 남성과 여성 간의 차이는 동성의 구성원  차이만큼 크지 않다.

 Even those scientists who have discovered functional performance differences between the brains of males and females are careful to point out that their research is tentative and suggestive, and that while their research attends to differences, similarities abound:

 남성과 여성의  사이에서 기능적 수행 차이를 발견한  과학자들조차도 자신들의 연구가 잠정적이고 암시적이며, 그들의 연구가 차이에 주목하기는 하지만 유사성도 많다는 점을 조심스럽게 지적한다.

 "Fundamentally, the brains of men and women are more similar than different."

 "근본적으로 남성과 여성의 뇌는 서로 다르기보다는 비슷하다."

 

[Ch.01 Unit 04 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 주식 시장의 무작위성

 "Human nature likes order," wrote the economist Burton Malkiel in his seminal book A Random Walk Down Wall Street.

 "인간의 본성은 질서를 좋아한다."라고 경제학자 Burton Malkiel 그의 영향력이   A Random Walk Down Wall Street 썼다.

 "People find it hard to accept the notion of randomness."

 "사람들은 무작위성이라는 개념을 받아들이기 힘들어한다."

 Malkiel popularized the idea that the movement of any individual stock in the market is essentially random ─ it's impossible to know why a stock is doing what it's doing.

 Malkiel 시장에서 어떠한 개별 주식의 움직임도 본질적으로 무작위적이라는 개념을 대중화했는데, 어떤  주식이  그런 행위를 하고 있는지 아는 것은 불가능하다는 것이다.

 People who reliably make money from the market are those who own a diverse portfolio of different kinds of investments, which spreads out the risk, with the broader principle that the market, over the long haul, will eventually increase in value.

 시장에서 확실하게 돈을 버는 사람들은 시장이 장기간에 걸쳐 결국에는 가치가 상승할 것이라는  폭넓은 원칙을 가지고, 위험을 분산시키는 여러 다른 종류의 투자를 담은 다양한 포트폴리오를 보유한 사람들이다.

 Picking individual stocks, or betting on certain trends, is much closer to gambling than science.

 개별 종목을 선택하는 ,  특정 동향에 돈을 거는 것은 과학이라기보다는 도박에 훨씬  가깝다.

 Which is why we shouldn't be too surprised that a cat is just as likely to make a killing on Wall Street as a day trader.

 그것이 바로 고양이가 월스트리트에서 단타 매매자만큼이나 큰돈을  가능성이 있다는 것에 우리가 너무 놀라지 말아야 하는 이유이다.

 

[Ch.01 Unit 04 - 1] 야생 동물의 공격으로 인한 사고

 In the complex story of nature's ways, people exploring the wild's twisting paths often discover themselves caught in dangerous situations.

 자연의 길에 관한 복잡한 이야기에서, 야생의 구불구불한 길을 탐험하는 사람들은 자주 위험한 상황에 처해진 자신을 발견한다.

 Bears, cougars, and other wild animals sometimes remind us of their formidable presence.

 , 쿠거, 그리고 다른 야생 동물은 때때로 자신의 무시무시한 존재감을 우리에게 상기시킨다.

 Despite the infrequency, there are a considerable number of accumulated instances where these guardians of the wilderness become aggressors, resulting in tragic outcomes for unsuspecting explorers.

 비록 드물기는 하지만, 이러한 야생의 수호자들은 공격자가 되어, 이상한 눈치를  채는 탐험가에게 비극적인 결과를 초래하는 상당히 많은 수의 누적된 사례가 있다.

 Yet amid these serious situations, a remarkable turn of events occurs, like unexpected notes in a familiar song.

 그러나 이러한 심각한 상황 속에서도, 마치 익숙한 노래 속의 예상치 못한 음표처럼, 사건의 놀라운 반전이 발생한다.

 In Oregon's forests in 1995, a man was found dead, initially blamed on a cougar, but subsequent investigation revealed otherwise.

 1995 오리건주의 숲에서,  남자가 죽은  발견되었는데, 처음에는 쿠거의 탓으로 여겨졌지만, 후속 조사에서 그렇지 않은 것으로 밝혀졌다.

 Similarly, in 2015, a comparable incident occurred, with initial suspicions falling on a nearby wolf pack.

 마찬가지로, 2015년에 비슷한 사건이 발생했는데, 처음에는 인근 늑대 무리에게 의심이 쏠렸다.

 However, upon closer investigation, it became apparent that the wolves were innocent bystanders in the man's tragic fate, emphasizing the complexity inherent in such wilderness tragedies.

 그러나  면밀한 조사를 하자, 늑대는  남자의 비극적인 운명에서 무고한 구경꾼이었음이 분명해졌고, 이는 이러한 야생의 비극에 내재한 복잡성을 강조한다.

 

[Ch.01 Unit 04 - 2] 건축 공모전에 대한 상반된 시각

 Architects are ambivalent about competitions.

 건축가들은 공모전에 대해 상반된 감정을 가지고 있다.

 On a practical level, competitions are extremely expensive: entering a large competition can cost millions of dollars.

 현실적인 측면에서, 공모전은 비용이 매우 많이 들어서, 대규모 공모전에 참가하는  수백만 달러의 비용이   있다.

 More important, competitions oblige the architect to work in a vacuum.

  중요한 것은 공모전이 건축가를 외부와 단절된 상태에서 작업하게 한다는 점이다.

 In later life, I. M. Pei refused to enter competitions, since he considered that the best architecture could emerge only from a considered dialogue between architect and client.

 말년에, I. M. Pei 공모전에 참가하기를 거부했는데, 건축가와 의뢰인 간의 신중한 대화를 통해서만 최고의 건축물이 나올  있다고 생각했기 때문이다.

 Nevertheless, the public favors competitions, since they provide an opportunity for young talent to be recognized in a field that tends to privilege age and experience.

 그럼에도 불구하고, 대중은 공모전을 선호하는데, 공모전은 나이와 경력에 특권을 부여하는 경향이 있는 분야에서 젊은 인재가 인정받을 기회를 제공하기 때문이다.

 Clients like competitions, since they provide an opportunity to choose between several designs ─ and several architects ─ while fund-raisers use competitions as a way to raise public interest in a building project.

 의뢰인은 공모전을 좋아하는데, 공모전이 여러 설계안과 여러 건축가 중에서 선택할 기회를 제공하기 때문이며, 한편 기금 모금자는 건축 프로젝트에 대한 대중의 관심을 높이는 방법으로 공모전을 활용한다.

 Everyone loves a horse race ─ except, perhaps, the horses.

 아마도 말을 제외하고는, 모두가 경마를 좋아하는  같다.

 

[Ch.01 Unit 04 - 3] 무의식이 주는 신호

 In an experiment conducted by Antoine Bechara, participants were given $2,000 in play money and four decks of cards and were told that they were to use them in a game.

 Antoine Bechara 실시한 실험에서 참가자들은 2,000달러의 게임용 돈과  벌의 카드를 받았고, 그것을 게임에 사용하게  것이라는 말을 들었다.

 Different individual cards won or lost different sums of money.

 서로 다른 개별 카드마다 따거나 잃는 총금액이 달랐다.

 They should just go ahead and turn the cards and try to win as much money as they could.

 참가자들은 그저 카드를 뒤집기 시작하여 가능한  많은 돈을 따려고 노력해야 했다.

 But the cards were not random.

 그러나 카드는 무작위가 아니었다.

 In fact, some of the piles were far more profitable than others.

 사실, 일부 (카드) 더미는 다른 것들보다 훨씬  많은 이익을 가져다주었다.

 On average, it took the gamblers around fifty card-turns before they began to report a conscious 'hunch' that some of the decks were more profitable.

 평균적으로 도박에 참여한 사람들은  50 카드를 뒤집은 후에야 일부 카드 벌이  이득이 된다는 의식적인 '직감' 보고하기 시작했다.

 But when their behaviour was analysed, Bechara discovered something remarkable.

 하지만 그들의 행동이 분석되었을  Bechara 놀라운 사실을 발견했다.

 Measurements of the electrical conductance of their skin, which can reveal levels of anxiety and nervousness, indicated that their emotions were subtly warning them against the bad decks after just ten turns.

 불안과 초조함의 수준을 드러낼  있는 피부의 전기 전도도 측정 결과, '단지  번의 뒤집기' 후에 좋지 않은 카드 벌에 대해 그들의 감정이 미묘하게 경고하고 있었던 것으로 나타났다.

 Their unconscious mind had worked out what was happening far quicker than their conscious minds and had warned them with a hit of bad feeling.

 그들의 무의식적 마음이 의식적 마음보다 훨씬  빨리 무슨 일이 일어나고 있는지 파악하고 그들에게 '좋지 않은 감정' 주어 경고했던 것이었다.

 They knew before they knew.

 그들은 자신이 알기 전에 알고 있었다.

 

[Ch.01 Unit 05 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 과학적 방법 도입과 의료 전문직의 지위 상승

 The introduction of scientific methods into medical practice transformed the profession as well as its object.

 과학적 방법이 의료 행위에 도입되면서 그것의 목적뿐만 아니라 (의료) 전문직도 바뀌였다.

 Until the late nineteenth century, doctors were not required to have studied medicine and were relied on mainly to provide comfort and guidance to their patients.

 19세기 후반까지 의사들은 의학 공부를 요구받지 않았고, 주로 환자들에게 위안과 지침을 제공하기 위해 의지되었다.

 As the practice of medicine shifted from cure to prevention, doctors were now expected to provide results based on scientific evidence.

 의료 행위가 치료에서 예방으로 옮겨 가면서 의사들은 이제 과학적 증거에 기반한 결과를 제공하도록 기대되었다.

 As a result of this access to forms of knowledge beyond the understanding of the general public, more authority and power was granted to the medical profession, and the nature of the doctor/patient relationship changed.

 일반 대중의 이해 범위를 벗어나는 형태의 지식에 이렇게 접근할  있게 됨에 따라 의료 전문직은  많은 권위와 권한을 부여받았고, 의사/환자 관계의 본질이 바뀌었다.

 Once the source of a disease was identified, patients expected that doctors should be able to cure them.

 질병의 원인이 확인되면 환자들은 의사가 자신을 치료할  있을 것으로 기대했다.

 Additionally, those doctors with scientific training were now distinguished from a range of alternative healers, from homeopaths to midwives, resulting in an elevation in the eyes of the public of the status of the profession as compared with other healing practices, which persists today.

 게다가 과학적 훈련을 받은 의사들은 이제 유사 요법 의사부터 조산사에 이르기까지 다양한 대체 치료사와 구별되어, 대중들이 보기에 다른 치료 행위에 비해 의료 전문직의 지위가 상승하는 결과를 낳았으며, 이는 오늘날까지지속되고 있다.

 

[Ch.01 Unit 05 - 1] 해안 도시 불빛이 바다거북에 미치는 영향

 For millions of years, sea turtles would come to the beaches of Florida to spawn and their hatchlings would head toward the sea ─ to live a life far away ─ and to return to Florida years later.

 수백만  동안 바다거북은 알을 낳기 위해 플로리다 해변에 왔고,  부화한 새끼들은 바다를 향해 나아가  곳에서 삶을 살다가    플로리다로 돌아오곤 했다.

 It turns out that the way the young turtles knew to head toward the direction of the ocean was based on light glimmering off the sea at night.

 어린 거북들이 바다가 있는 방향을 향해 나아가기 위해 알았던 방법은 밤에 바다에서 반사되어 나오는 희미하게 빛나는 빛에 근거하고 있었음이 밝혀졌다.

 The sea beautifully reflects the light of the moon and the stars, and for millions of years, a simple algorithm of "head toward the light at night" allowed the turtles to effectively head toward the sea to pursue an effective life strategy.

 바다는 달과 별의 빛을 아름답게 반사하고, 수백만  동안 "밤에는 빛을 향해 나아가라."라는 간단한 알고리즘은 거북들이 바다를 향해 효과적으로 나아가 효과적인 삶의 전략을 추구할  있게 했다.

 Well, then came Miami.

 그런데 이후에 Miami 등장했다.

 Miami and the other big cities on the coast of Florida are filled with lots of bright lights at night, so this led to an ecological disaster for the sea turtles.

 Miami 플로리다 해안가의 다른 대도시들은 밤에 많은 밝은 불빛으로 가득  있어서, 이는 바다거북에 생태학적 재앙을 초래했다.

 Shaped by evolution to head toward light at night, hatchlings started toward the highways and cities by the millions ─ meeting premature death instead of a long sea-dwelling life.

 진화에 의해 밤에 빛을 향해 나아가도록 만들어진  부화한 새끼들은 수백만 마리가 고속 도로와 도시로 향하기 시작했고, 바다에서 살며 장수를 누리는 대신  이른 죽음을 맞이했다.

 

[Ch.01 Unit 05 - 2] 일자리 창출에 대한 이민자의 기여

 Those who migrate out of poor countries today need to have the money to afford the cost of travel and have the grit (or the advanced degrees) required to overcome a system of immigration control typically loaded against them.

 오늘날 가난한 나라로부터 이주하는 사람들은 이동 비용을 감당할  있는 돈이 있어야 하고, 일반적으로 그들에게 부담을 주는 출입국 관리 시스템을 극복하는  필요한 근성(또는 고급 학위) 있어야 한다.

 For this reason, a lot of them bring exceptional talents ─ skills, ambition, patience, and stamina ─ that help them become job creators, or raise children who will be job creators.

 이러한 이유로 그들  상당수는 기술, 야망, 인내심, 체력  그들이 일자리 창출자가 되거나 일자리 창출자가  자녀를 양육하는  도움이 되는 뛰어난 재능을 가져온다.

 A report by the Center for American Entrepreneurship found that, in 2017, out of the largest five hundred US companies by revenue, 43 percent were founded or co-founded by immigrants or the children of immigrants.

 미국 기업가 정신 센터의 보고서에 따르면, 2017 수입 기준 미국에서 가장  500 회사  43퍼센트는 이민자 또는 이민자의 자녀가 설립했거나 공동 설립했음이 밝혀졌다.

 Moreover, immigrant-founded firms account for 52 percent of the top twenty-five firms, 57 percent of the top thirty-five firms, and nine of the top thirteen most valuable brands.

 게다가, 이민자가 설립한 기업은 상위 25 기업  52퍼센트, 상위 35 기업  57퍼센트, 가장 가치 있는 브랜드 상위 13  9개를 차지한다.

 Henry Ford was the son of an Irish immigrant.

 Henry Ford 아일랜드 이민자의 아들이었다.

 Steve Jobs's biological father was from Syria.

 Steve Jobs 친아버지는 시리아 출신이었다.

 Sergey Brin was born in Russia.

 Sergey Brin 러시아에서 태어났다.

 

[Ch.01 Unit 05 - 3] 쓰레기를 활용하는 예술가

 Traditionally, garbage is considered the detritus of consumer and industrial practices.

 전통적으로 쓰레기는 소비자  산업 관행의 부산물로 여겨진다.

 It is the stuff that is no longer useful, that we no longer wish to have in our homes or personal spaces, that we want to throw away.

 그것은  이상 유용하지 않고, 우리가 집이나 개인 공간에  이상 두고 싶지 않으며, 우리가 버리고 싶은 것이다.

 Perhaps precisely due to the proliferation of trash in material space, it has arguably also become a resource ─ something that has value and can be sold on at a profit.

 아마 바로 물질적 공간에서의 쓰레기의 급증 때문에, 그것은 또한 거의 틀림없이 자원,  가치가 있고 이윤을 남겨   있는 무언가가 되었다.

 Artists ─ most often at the leading edge of rethinking materiality, value, and beauty ─ are among the first social actors to have taken seriously the possibility of reusing trash to make new things.

 예술가들은 가장 자주 물질성, 가치, 아름다움을 재고하는  있어서 최첨단에 있는데, 쓰레기를 재사용하여 새로운 것을 만들  있다는 가능성을 가장 먼저 진지하게 받아들인 사회적 행위자  하나이다.

 Taking the discarded objects of others as found materials, many artists work with trash in order to create new aesthetic objects while at the same time making a commentary on the place of trash in the social and cultural world.

 다른 사람의 버려진 물건을 재활용 재료로 삼아, 많은 예술가는 새로운 미적 대상을 만들기 위해 쓰레기를 가지고 작업하는 동시에 사회적, 문화적 세계에서의 쓰레기의 지위에 대해 논평하기도 한다.

 

[Ch.01 - 서술형 Practice] 끊임없이 변화하는 의식의 흐름

 The contents of your consciousness are continually changing.

 의식의 내용은 끊임없이 변화하고 있다.

 Rarely does consciousness come to a standstill.

 의식이 정지하는 경우는 거의 없다.

 It moves, it flows, it fluctuates, it wanders.

 그것은 움직이고, 흐르고, 계속 변화하고, 방황한다.

 For example, in one study, 2,250 adults were contacted randomly during waking hours and asked whether their mind was wandering from their current activity.

 예를 들어,  연구에서 2,250명의 성인에게 깨어 있는 시간 동안 무작위로 연락하여, 현재 하는 활동으로부터 자신의 마음이 산란해지고 있는지 물었다.

 Almost half (47%) of the times they were asked to report, the participants said their mind was wandering.

 의견을 달라고 요청받은 횟수의 거의 절반(47퍼센트) 경우에, 참가자는 자신의 마음이 산란해지고 있다고 말했다.

 Another study concluded that mind wandering was more likely when subjects were bored, anxious, tired, or stressed.

  다른 연구는 피험자가 지루하거나 불안하거나 피곤하거나 스트레스를 받을  마음이 산란해질 가능성이  크다는 결론을 내렸다.

 Recognizing that consciousness fluctuates continuously, William James long ago named this flow the stream of consciousness.

 William James 의식이 끊임없이 계속 변화한다는 사실을 인식하고, 오래전에  흐름을 '의식의 흐름'이라고 명명했다.

 If you could tape-record your thoughts, you would find an endless flow of ideas that zigzag in all directions.

 만약 여러분의 생각을 테이프에 녹음할  있다면, 사방으로 지그재그로 나아가는 끝없는 생각의 흐름을 발견할  있을 것이다.

 Even when you sleep, your consciousness moves through a series of transitions.

 여러분이 잠을 자는 동안에도, 여러분의 의식은 일련의 변화를 통해 움직인다.

 

[Ch.01 - 논술형 Practice] 레스토랑에서의 나쁜 식사 경험

 Dear Manager,

 관리자님께

 I hope this letter finds you well.

  편지가  전달되길 바랍니다.

 I am writing to complain about a meal we had at your restaurant yesterday.

 저는 어제 귀하의 레스토랑에서 먹은 식사에 대해 항의하기 위해 편지를 씁니다.

 We had booked a table for six, but when we arrived there were no free tables and we had to wait for more than 45 minutes to sit down.

 우리는 6인용 테이블을 예약했지만, 도착했을   테이블이 없어서 자리에 앉기 위해 45 넘게 기다려야 했습니다.

 Among the 12 dishes on the menu, only four were available, and the ones we ordered were not prepared well.

 메뉴에 있는 12가지 요리  4개만 이용할  있었고, 우리가 주문한 요리는 제대로 준비되지 않았습니다.

 In particular, the fish did not taste fresh, and the waiter was even rude when we told him about this.

 특히, 생선 맛이 신선하지 않았고, 웨이터는 우리가 이에 관해 이야기했을  무례하기까지 했습니다.

 We have eaten at your restaurant several times in the past, but this is the first time we have received such bad service.

 우리는 과거에 귀하의 레스토랑에서 여러  식사를  적이 있지만, 이렇게 나쁜 서비스를 받은 것은 처음입니다.

 I am not requesting a refund, but I would appreciate if you could address these issues and improve the quality of your dishes and service.

 제가 환불을 요구하는 것은 아니지만, 귀하께서  문제를 처리하고 요리와 서비스의 질을 개선해 주시면 감사하겠습니다.

 Yours faithfully, Sarah Thompson

 Sarah Thompson 드림

 

[Ch.02 Unit 06 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 나이 집단별 인구 점유율

 The graph above shows the share of the population of people in young, working age, and older groups in four selected countries in 2021.

  도표는 2021 선별된 4개국의 유소년층, 경제 활동 연령층, 고령층의 인구 점유율을 보여 준다.

 Among the countries, Japan exhibited the lowest proportion of young individuals and the highest proportion of older individuals, indicating its status as an aging society.

  국가들 , 일본은 가장 낮은 유소년층 비율과 가장 높은 고령자 비율을 나타냈는데, 이는 고령화 사회 상황을 보여 주었다.

 In contrast, Kenya stood out with 38 percent of its population falling into the young age group and only 3 percent in the older group, making it the country with the largest percentage point difference between these two age groups.

 반면에, 케냐는 인구의 38퍼센트가 유소년층에 속하고 단지 3퍼센트만이 고령층에 속한다는 것이 두드러졌는데, 이는 그것(케냐)   연령 집단 간의 퍼센트포인트 차가 가장  국가로 만들었다.

 Of the four countries, the United States displayed the smallest gap between the percentage of young and older groups, with just a 1 percentage point difference.

 4개국 중에, 미국은 유소년층과 고령층 비율  가장 작은 격차를 보였는데, 1퍼센트포인트 차이에 불과했다.

 Across all four countries, the working age group accounted for the largest proportion, exceeding 50 percent in each country.

 4개국 모두에 걸쳐, 경제 활동 연령층이 가장  비율을 차지했는데, 이는 모든 나라에서 50퍼센트를 넘었다.

 Italy had the highest percentage of working age people among the four countries, at 64 percent.

 이탈리아는 4개국  가장 높은 경제 활동 연령인의 비율을 보였는데, 64퍼센트였다.

 

[Ch.02 Unit 06 - 1] Concertoi 피아노 수업

 Concertoi Piano Lessons by Tammy Keller

 Tammy Keller Concertoi 피아노 수업

 Accepting Only 8 Students!

  여덟 명의 학생만 받습니다!

 Registration Fee: $40 (includes the first week's lesson, lesson books, theory books, and supplemental materials)

 등록비: 40달러 (  수업, 수업 교재와 이론서, 보충 자료가 포함되어 있습니다)

 Weekly Lesson Fee

  1 수업료

 - Ages 4-6: $10 per 30 minutes

 - 4~6: 30분당 10달러

 - Ages 7-Adult: $15 per hour

 - 7~성인: 시간당 15달러

 Lesson Schedule

 수업 일정

 - Lessons are held on Mondays during the Summer.

 - 여름 동안에는 월요일마다 수업이 진행됩니다.

 - Summer Lessons begin Monday, July 14.

 - 여름 수업은 7 14 월요일에 시작됩니다.

 Available Lesson Times: 11:30 AM-6:30 PM

 가능한 수업 시간: 오전 11 30~오후 6 30

 Location: 143 Grove Street, Midtown, 12511

 위치: 143 Grove Street, Midtown, 12511

 To secure your spot, call 500-6134.

 자리를 확보하려면, 500-6134 전화 주세요.

 

[Ch.02 Unit 06 - 2] 스마트폰이 미국  대의 삶에 미치는 영향

 The above graph shows U.S. teens' perceptions of how using smartphones affects five specific aspects of life.

  도표는 스마트폰을 사용하는 것이 삶의 5가지 특정 측면에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지에 관한 미국  대의 인식을 보여 준다.

 More than two-thirds of teens said using smartphones makes it easier for people their age to pursue hobbies and interests.

 3분의 2 넘는  대가 스마트폰을 사용하는 것은 나이 또래들이 취미와 관심사를 추구하기  쉽게 만든다고 말했다.

 When it comes to being creative, less than 20% of teens responded that the use of smartphones makes the process harder.

 창의력을 발휘하는 것에 대해서는  대의 20퍼센트 미만이 스마트폰 사용이  과정을  어렵게 만든다고 응답했다.

 The percentage of teens who said smartphones make it easier for teens to do well in school was 45%, which is 15 percentage points higher than that of teens who said smartphones make it neither easier nor harder to do so.

 스마트폰이  대가 학교생활을 잘하는  있어  쉽게 만들어 준다고 말했던  대의 비율은 45퍼센트로, 스마트폰이 그렇게 하는  있어  쉽게도  어렵게도 만들지 않는다고 말했던  대의 비율보다 15퍼센트포인트 높다.

 The percentage of U.S. teens who said using smartphones makes it easier to develop healthy friendships was the same as that of those who said it makes the process harder.

 스마트폰을 사용하는 것이 건강한 우정을 형성하는 것을  쉽게 만든다고 말했던 미국 십대의 비율은 그것이  과정을  어렵게 만든다고 말했던 미국  대의 비율과 같다.

 A larger percentage of U.S. teens said using smartphones makes learning good social skills harder than easier.

  높은 비율의 미국  대들이 스마트폰을 사용하는 것이 좋은 사회성 기술을 배우는 것을  쉽게 만드는 것보다  어렵게 만든다고 말했다.

 

[Ch.02 Unit 06 - 3] Pelton 고등학교의 제로 탄소 발자국 캠프 안내

 Zero Carbon Footprint Camp

 제로 탄소 발자국 캠프

 Join us for the Zero Carbon Footprint Camp, an exciting opportunity for Pelton High School students to explore the importance of taking action on climate change.

 Pelton 고등학교 학생들이 기후 변화에 대해 행동하는 것의 중요성을 탐구할 흥미로운 기회인, 제로 탄소 발자국 캠프에 참여하세요.

 Camp Program Includes:

 캠프 프로그램은 다음을 포함합니다:

 1) Listening to a guest speaker's presentation on climate change

 1) 기후 변화에 관한 초청 연사의 발표 듣기

 2) Participating in discussions about climate change and its impact on our planet

 2) 기후 변화와 그것이 우리 지구에 미치는 영향에 관한 토론에 참여하기

 3) Calculating your own carbon footprint using online tools

 3) 온라인 도구를 활용하여 자신의 탄소 발자국 계산하기

 4) Contributing to our campus garden by planting trees

 4) 나무를 심어서 본교 캠퍼스 정원에 기여하기

 (In case of rain, the gardening session will be replaced with craft activities.)

 (비가  경우, 원예 시간은 공예 활동으로 대체될 것입니다.)

 Date: May 18 (Saturday)

 날짜: 5 18 (토요일)

 Time: 10:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m.

 시간: 오전 10~오후 5

 Location: Pelton High School

 장소: Pelton 고등학교

 Participation Fee: $10 per person (includes lunch)

 참가비: 1인당 10달러 (점심 식사 포함)

 Reserve your spot online at www.peltonhighschool.org by May 8.

 5 8일까지 www.peltonhighschool.org에서 온라인으로 자리를 예약하세요.

 Hurry, as spots are limited!

 자리가 한정되어 있으니, 서두르세요!

 

[Ch.02 Unit 07 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 고대 중국의 구기 경기, 축국

 Cuju, an ancient Chinese ball game, holds a significant place in sporting history.

 고대 중국의 구기 경기인 축국은 스포츠 역사에서 중요한 위치를 차지한다.

 It was recognized by FIFA as one of the earliest foot-based sports.

 그것은 국제 축구 연맹에 의해 발을 사용하는 최초의 스포츠  하나로 인정되었다.

 However, Cuju's influence on modern football was not direct.

 그러나 축국이 현대 축구에 직접적인 영향을 주지 않았다.

 In Cuju, players aimed to kick the ball through a central hoop without letting it touch the ground, all while following the rule of not using their hands.

 축국에서 선수들은 손을 사용하지 않는다는 규칙을 내내 따르는 가운데, 공을 땅에 닿지 않게 하면서 공을 차서 중앙의 둥근 테를 통과시키는 것을 목표로 했다.

 Traditionally, the ball was crafted from leather, and matches took place on fields with two teams of equal size.

 전통적으로, 공은 가죽으로 만들어졌으며, 경기는 같은 크기의  팀이 있는 경기장에서 열렸다.

 Players wore light and flexible clothes to move easily during the game.

 선수들은 경기 중에 쉽게 움직이기 위해 가볍고 신축성 있는 옷을 입었다.

 Beyond its sporting aspect, Cuju holds cultural significance in China, often included in celebratory occasions and events, highlighting its deep-rooted history in the country's heritage.

 스포츠적인 측면을 넘어서, 축국은 중국에서 문화적 중요성을 지니고 있으며, 축하 의식과 행사에 자주 포함되어 중국 유산의 뿌리 깊은 역사를 강조한다.

 

[Ch.02 Unit 07 - 1] 풍경 화가 Albert Lorey Groll

 Born in New York City, Albert Lorey Groll was an etcher and also a landscape painter specializing in Western scenes.

 뉴욕시에서 태어난 Albert Lorey Groll 에칭 화가이자 서양 풍경을 전문으로 하는 풍경 화가였다.

 He was elected to the National Academy of Design in 1910.

 그는 1910 국립 디자인 아카데미에 선발되었다.

 He became a landscape painter, it is said, because he was then too poor to pay for models.

 그는 풍경 화가가 되었는데, 전해지기로는 당시 너무 가난해서 모델료를 지급할  없었기 때문이라고 한다.

 In 1899, he studied at the Royal Academy in Munich under N. Gysis and Loefftz as well as in London.

 1899, 그는 뮌헨의 왕립 아카데미에서 N. Gysis Loefftz 아래에서 공부했고 런던에서도 공부했다.

 He painted landscapes in the vicinity of New York until about 1904.

 그는 1904년경까지 뉴욕 인근에서 풍경을 그렸다.

 He then went West and sketched desert and mountain scenes in Arizona and New Mexico.

 그는   서부로 가서 애리조나와 뉴멕시코의 사막과 산악 풍경을 스케치했다.

 The resulting painting "Arizona" won a gold medal at the Penn Academy of Fine Art (PAFA) in 1906.

  결과 1906 펜실베이니아 미술 아카데미(PAFA)에서 'Arizona'라는 그림으로 금메달을 수상했다.

 Groll was the rare painter in northern New Mexico before World War I, choosing "bare mesas and towering cloud formations" rather than mountains.

 Groll 1 세계 대전 이전 뉴멕시코 북부에서 산보다는 '아무것도  덮인 메사와 우뚝 솟은 구름층' 선택한 보기 드문 화가였다.

 One of his paintings can be seen at the Octavia Fellin Public Library in Gallup.

 그의 그림  하나는 갤럽의 옥타비아 펠린 공립 도서관에서   있다.

 He died in New York City in 1952.

 그는 1952 뉴욕시에서 사망했다.

 

[Ch.02 Unit 07 - 2] Hibiscus mutabilis

 Hibiscus mutabilis, also known as the cotton rose, is a plant cultivated for its showy flowers.

 목화 장미라고도 알려진 Hibiscus mutabilis 그것의 화려한 꽃을 위해 재배되는 식물이다.

 Originally native to southern China, it is now found in all continents except Antarctica.

 원래 중국 남부가 원산지인  식물은 현재 남극 대륙을 제외한 모든 대륙에서 발견된다.

 The plant grows rapidly, and its flowers are 4-6 inch in diameter, blooming late summer right through autumn.

  식물은 빠르게 자라며 그것의 꽃의 지름은 4~6인치로 늦여름부터 가을까지 줄곧 피어난다.

 The species name mutabilis means 'change' in Latin, referring to the changing color of the flowers from white in the morning through light pink during noon to a deep rosy red colour all in one day.

 종명 'mutabilis' 라틴어로 '변화'라는 뜻으로, 아침에는 흰색에서 한낮에는 연분홍색으로 되었다가, 진한 장밋빛 붉은색까지 모두 하루 안에 꽃의 색이 변하는 것을 일컫는다.

 Temperature is thought as an important factor affecting the rate of colour change as white flowers kept in the refrigerator remain white until they are taken out to warm, whereupon they slowly turn pink.

 온도가 색상 변화 속도에 영향을 미치는 중요한 요인으로 여겨지는데 왜냐하면 냉장고에 보관된 흰색 꽃은 따뜻하게 하려고 꺼낼 때까지 흰색을 유지하다가 꺼낸 후에 천천히 분홍색으로 변하기 때문이다.

 This plant is best grown in well-drained soils and is quite drought tolerant.

  식물은 물이  빠지는 토양에서 가장  자라며 가뭄을  견딘다.

 

[Ch.02 Unit 07 - 3] 노벨 평화상 수상자 Ralph J. Bunche

 Ralph J. Bunche was born on August 7, 1904, into a poor household.

 Ralph J. Bunche 1904 8 7 가난한 가정에서 태어났다.

 After his parents died, Bunche's grandmother moved the family to Los Angeles, California.

 그의 부모님이 돌아가신  Bunche 할머니는 가족을 캘리포니아주 로스앤젤레스로 이주시켰다.

 The only African American in his class, he earned the highest grades and graduated from his high school with honors, and was easily admitted to UCLA.

 자신의 반에서 유일한 아프리카계 미국인이었던 그는 최고 성적을 받으며 고등학교를 우등으로 졸업하고 UCLA 쉽게 입학 허가를 받았다.

 Although he graduated with honors, a lack of money stood in the way of his dreams of attending Harvard Law School.

 그는 우등으로 졸업했지만 돈이 부족하다는 것이 하버드 로스쿨에 다니려는 그의 꿈을 가로막았다.

 Fortunately, a women's club in the area raised the money to help him pay for tuition.

 다행히도 지역의  여성 모임에서 그가 학비 내는 것을 돕기 위해 모금을 했다.

 During World War II, Bunche was asked to work for the State Department, and he helped to found the United Nations.

 2 세계 대전  Bunche 국무부에서 일해 달라고 요청받았고, 그는 국제 연합의 설립을 도왔다.

 His first important negotiating job came during the 1948 war between the Arabs and Israelis.

 그의  번째 중요한 협상 업무는 1948 아랍과 이스라엘 간의 전쟁 중에 생겼다.

 Much to his and the world's relief, a peace treaty was finally signed.

 Bunche  세계가 무척 다행스럽게도 마침내 평화 조약이 체결되었다.

 In 1950, he was awarded the Nobel peace prize.

 1950 그는 노벨 평화상을 수상했다.

 Ralph Bunche was the first African American to win this honor.

 Ralph Bunche 아프리카계 미국인으로서는 최초로  영예를 안았다.

 

[Ch.02 - 서술형 Practice] Fanny Blankers-Koen 생애

 Fanny Blankers-Koen, a Dutch mother of two, made history at the 1948 Olympics.

 네덜란드의  아이 엄마인 Fanny Blankers-Koen 1948 올림픽에서 역사를 썼다.

 She won four gold medals in track and field although she was not allowed to compete in more than three individual events.

 그녀는  개별 종목을 초과해 출전하는 것이 허용되지 않았음에도 불구하고 육상 종목에서  개의 금메달을 땄다.

 She held over 20 world records but had her career interrupted by World War II.

 그녀는 20개가 넘는 세계 기록을 보유했지만 2 세계 대전으로 인해 선수 경력이 중단되었다.

 After the war, she returned to competition, winning more titles and setting a world record in the pentathlon in 1951.

 전쟁 , 그녀는 다시 대회에 복귀하여  많온 타이틀을 거머쥐었고 1951년에는 5 경기에서 세계 기록을 세웠다.

 Her impressive achievements helped advance women's sports, and she defied conventional expectations about combining family life with an athletic career.

 그녀의 인상적인 업적은 여성 스포츠를 발전시키는  기여했으며, 그녀는 가정생활과 선수 경력을 병행하는 것에 대한 관습적인 기대에 저항했다.

 In recognition of her remarkable career, she was named the woman athlete of the twentieth century by the IAAF in 1999.

 뛰어난 경력을 인정받아 그녀는 1999 IAAF 의해 20세기를 대표하는 여자 선수로 선정되었다.

 

[Ch.02 - 논술형 Practice] 탄소세 도입이 경제에 미치는 영향

 A 2016 report by the Heritage Foundation that analyzed a carbon tax in the United States at one-third the rate paid by Swedish industrial firms argued that the tax would have "disastrous economic costs."

 스웨덴 산업 기업들이 내는 (탄소세) 세율의 3분의 1 미국의 탄소세를 분석한 Heritage Foundation 2016 보고서는  세금이 '재앙적인 경제적 비용' 초래할 것이라고 주장했다.

 Has Sweden been severely harmed by its carbon tax?

 스웨덴은 탄소세로 심각하게 피해를 입었는가?

 Hardly.

 거의 그렇지 않다.

 Prior to enacting the tax, Sweden's economy grew between 1961 and 1990 at an annual rate of 2.9 percent while the US economy grew at 3.7 percent.

 탄소세를 법제화하기 전에, 1961년부터 1990 사이에 스웨덴 경제는  2.9퍼센트의 비율로 성장했고, 반면에 미국 경제는 3.7퍼센트 성장했다.

 The gap between the Swedish and US growth rates fell after the tax was enacted.

 스웨덴과 미국의 성장률 격차는 탄소세가 법제화된  감소했다.

 Sweden's GDP grew between 1991 and 2015 at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent, just a bit lower than the US growth rate of 2.4 percent.

 1991년부터 2015 사이에 스웨덴의 GDP(국내 총생산) 연평균 2.1퍼센트의 비율로 성장했으며, 이는 미국의 2.4퍼센트 성장률보다 약간  낮은 수치이다.

 This is not to argue that Sweden closed the gap between its growth rate and the US growth rate because of its carbon tax.

 스웨덴이 탄소세 '때문에' 자국 성장률과 미국의 성장률 사이의 격차를 줄였다고 주장하려는 것은 아니다.

 But it is hard to argue that the country has suffered a great deal due to its carbon tax.

 하지만 스웨덴이 탄소세로 인해 많은 피해를 입었다고 주장하기는 어렵다.

 In fact, Sweden's growth rate has exceeded the US growth rate since 2000.

 실제로 2000 이후 스웨덴의 성장률은 미국의 성장률을 넘어섰다.

 

[Ch.03 Unit 08 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 비례 대표제에 대한 우려

 Critics sometimes worry that by making it easier for small parties to win seats, proportional representation will encourage the growth of extremist groups standing on hateful or anti-democratic platforms.

 비평가들은 비례 대표제가 군소 정당이 의석을 확보하는 것을 쉽게 만듦으로써 혐오 또는 반민주적 공약을 내세우는 극단주의 단체의 성장을 부추길 것이라고 때때로 우려한다.

 Of course, no one committed to liberal and democratic values wants to see these kinds of parties taking seats in the legislature.

 물론 자유주의와 민주적 가치에 전념하는 사람이라면 누구도 이런 종류의 정당이  의회에서 의석을 거머쥐는 것을 보고 싶어 하지 않는다.

 But it would be wrong to rig our political system to exclude them just because we disagree with their views.

 하지만 우리가 단지 그들의 견해에 동의하지 않는다고 해서 그들을 배제하도록 우리의 정치 시스템을 조작하는 것은 잘못된 일일 것이다.

 Proportional voting systems provide a democratic vent for populist anger and discontent, creating clear incentives for mainstream parties to address underlying social problems and to win back votes.

 비례 투표제는 대중 영합주의적 분노와 불만에 대한 민주적인 배출구를 제공하고, 주류 정당이 근본적인 사회 문제를 처리하고 표를 되찾을 확실한 동기를 창출한다.

 We also have to remember that small parties can play a value role in highlighting specific issues that have been overlooked, as has often been the case with 'Green' parties.

 또한 '녹색'당에서 보통 흔히 일어난 일인데, 간과되어  특정 문제를 부각하는  있어 군소 정당이 가치 있는 역할을   있다는  또한 우리는 기억해야 한다.

 In any case, the European experience suggests that there is no overall tendency for extremist parties to increase their numbers over time under proportional systems.

 어쨌든 유럽의 경험이 시사하는 바에 따르면, 비례제 아래에서 극단주의 정당이 시간이 지남에 따라 의석수를 늘리는 전반적인 경향은 존재하지 않는다.

 

[Ch.03 Unit 08 - 1] 역할 놀이

 Role-playing is an extension of representational skills.

 역할 놀이는 표현 능력의 확장이다.

 Children role-play when they use not only materials and objects but also voice and actions to represent others during play.

 아이들이 놀이 중에 다른 사람을 표현하기 위해 용구와 물건뿐만 아니라 목소리와 행동을 사용할  역할 놀이를 하는 것이다.

 Infants and toddlers begin to play a role when they imitate adults' language, dress, or actions.

 영아와 유아는 어른의 언어, 옷차림 또는 행동을 모방할  역할 놀이를 시작한다.

 An older child expands on this role by imitating familiar roles, such as a parent or doctor.

  나이  아이는 부모나 의사와 같은 친숙한 역할을 모방함으로써 0| 역할을  상세히 서술한다.

 The child uses gestures and language to communicate his understanding of what this role represents.

 아이는 몸짓과 언어를 사용하여  역할이 무엇을 표현하는지에 대한 자신의 이해를 전달한다.

 He uses the doctor kit or kitchen playthings as props to support his actions while he plays.

 아이는 놀이를 하는 동안 자신의 행동을 뒷받침하기 위해 의사 키트나 주방 장난감을 소품으로 사용한다.

 For instance, he may use a cylinder-shaped block as a syringe when pretending to be a doctor.

 예를 들어 아이는 의사인 척을  , 원통 모양의 블록을 주사기로 사용할 수도 있다.

 As he becomes familiar with other people and their roles, he may imitate them with the actions and verbalizations of a grocer, waiter, or firefighter.

 아이가 다른 사람과 그들의 역할에 익숙해지면서 아이는 식료품점 직원, 웨이터, 혹은 소방관의 행동과 발화와 함께 그들을 모방할  있다.

 Playing fantasy characters, such as a monster or a superhero, becomes common once a child is able to engage in more abstract thinking.

 아이가   추상적인 사고를   있게 되면 괴물이나 슈퍼히어로와 같은 판타지 캐릭터를 연기하는 것이 흔해진다.

 

[Ch.03 Unit 08 - 2] 언어와 문화의 관계

 People are inherently social creatures, and in order to connect and regulate their social interactions, they must internalize their cultures.

 인간은 본질적으로 사회적 동물이고, 사회적 상호 작용을 연결하고 조절하기 위해, 자신의 문화를 내면화해야 한다.

 But cultures cannot be internalized without language.

 그러나 문화는 언어 없이 내면화될  없다.

 Indeed, language is the vehicle through which we learn about our social world, discover its rules and values, and express our personal natures, allowing us to connect with others, both in relationships of exchange and of caring.

 실제로, 언어는 우리가 사회 세계에 대해 배우고,  규칙과 가치관을 발견하며, 우리 개인의 본성을 표현하는 수단인데, 이는 교류와 배려의 관계 모두에서, 우리가 다른 이들과 연결되게  준다.

 Cultures themselves interact.

 문화 자체는 상호 작용한다.

 As far back as the origins of human history, groups of individuals sharing a common culture and language made contact with other groups, each unified by their own shared tongue.

 인류 역사의 기원으로까지 멀리 거슬러 올라가면, 공통된 문화와 언어를 공유하는 사람들의 집단이 다른 집단과 접촉했는데,  집단 각각은 자신만의 공통 언어로 통합되어 있다.

 Of great value was anyone who could ably facilitate those intergroup contacts ─ those people who were multilingual.

 그러한 집단 사이의 접촉을 능숙하게 원활히 진행할  있는 사람,  다국어를 구사하는 사람이  가치가 있었다.

 Today we humans exist in a globally interconnected world.

 오늘날 우리 인간은  세계적으로 상호 연결된 세상에 존재한다.

 We can transact with people from anywhere in seconds through the internet, or visit them through rapid means of travel, and in doing so experience a bit of their cultures.

 우리는 인터넷을 통해 어디서든   안에 사람들과 교류하거나 빠른 이동 수단을 통해 그들을 방문할  있고, 그렇게 함으로써 그들의 문화를 얼마간 경험할  있다.

 

[Ch.03 Unit 08 - 3] 발견 학습을 위한 미술·디자인 수업 구상

 To make art and design irresistible, the teacher must commit to providing opportunities that incite feelings of surprise and, thus motivational discovery and learning.

 미술과 디자인을 매우 매력적이게 만들기 위해 교사는 놀라움의 감정과 그에 따라 동기 부여가 되는 발견과 학습을 불러일으키는 기회를 제공하는  전념해야 한다.

 This teaching approach is exciting ─ it allows the practitioner to consider what is tempting in learning, what drives an individual to find out and discover.

 이러한 교육 접근 방식은 흥미진진한데, 그것은 종사자(교사) 학습에서 무엇이 매력적인지, 무엇이 개인으로 하여금 알아내고 발견하게 만드는지 고려할  있게  준다.

 The teacher needs to remember what it is about learning that makes it irresistible, and then design their lessons, their spaces of learning and their teaching materials accordingly.

 교사는 학습에 대하여 그것을 매우 매력적이게 만드는 것이 무엇인지 기억하고, 그런 다음 그에 맞게 자신의 수업, 학습 공간, 수업 자료를 고안해야 한다.

 This is not teaching that rigidly conforms to an instructional, target-bound paradigm.

 이것은 교육적이고 목표에 얽매인 패러다임을 엄격하게 따르는 가르침이 아니다.

 It is essential to provide classrooms that have no ceiling when creative minds are operating and finding out.

 창의적인 사고가 작동하여 발견하고 있을  한계가 없는 교실을 제공하는 것이 필수적이다.

 Classrooms of young children should be alive, dynamic and changeable, encouraged by a theme of the moment or an interest that pervades children's imaginations.

 어린아이들의 교실은 순간의 주제나 아이들의 상상력에 고루 미치는 관심사에 의해 촉진되면서, 살아 있고, 역동적이면서 변화할  있어야 한다.

 

[Ch.03 Unit 09 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 직접 투자의 한계점

 When investors decide to buy physical goods, they follow a direct approach.

 투자자가 물리적 상품을 구매하기로 결정하면, 그들은 직접적인 접근 방식을 따른다.

 This approach provides the purest exposure to the commodity's price, but involves a cost.

  접근 방식은 상품의 가격에 대한 가장 순전한 노출을 제공하지만, 비용을 수반한다.

 When investors buy commodities, they need to understand the quality of the goods and the problems that can exist if that quality is lacking.

 투자자가 상품을 구매할 , 그들은 상품의 품질과  품질이 부족한 경우 존재할  있는 문제를 이해할 필요가 있다.

 Another problem is the presence of different costs relating to storage, insurance, and cash opportunity costs.

  다른 문제는 보관, 보험, 현금기회비용과 관련된 다양한 비용의 존재이다.

 These costs affect the management of the physical good.

 이러한 비용은 물리적 상품의 관리에 영향을 준다.

 As a result of the disadvantages of direct investment, investors typically prefer to indirectly assume a position in commodity markets to avoid the problems linked to the management of physical goods.

 직접 투자의 단점의 결과로, 투자자들은 일반적으로 물리적 상품 관리와 관련된 문제를 피하기 위해 상품 시장에서 간접적으로 입장을 취하는 것을 선호한다.

 

[Ch.03 Unit 09 - 1] 자연법의 정의와 비판

 According to natural law theory, moral principles are not simply the result of human convention or social agreement, but are based on fundamental principles of nature, including human nature.

 자연법 이론에 따르면, 도덕적 원칙은 단순히 인간의 관습이나 사회적 합의의 결과가 아니라, 인간의 본성을 포함하여 자연의 근본적인 원칙에 기초한다.

 The term "natural law" refers to a set of ethical and moral principles that are thought to be inherent in the natural world and applicable to all human beings.

 '자연법'이라는 용어는 자연계에 내재하고 있고 모든 인간에게 적용할  있다고 생각되는 일련의 윤리적, 도덕적 원칙을 말한다.

 These principles are considered to be objective, universal, and immutable, and are often seen as a source of guidance for human behaviour.

 이러한 원칙은 객관적이고 보편적이며 불변한다고 여겨지며, 인간 행동에 대한 지침의 원천으로 이해되는 경우가 많다.

 Natural law theorists believe that the natural world operates according to a set of rational principles, and that these principles can be discovered through human reason and observation.

 자연법 이론가들은 자연계가 일련의 합리적인 원칙에 따라 작동하며, 이러한 원칙은 인간의 이성과 관찰을 통해 발견될  있다고 믿는다.

 They argue that these principles provide a foundation for moral and legal systems, and that they are binding on all individuals, regardless of their cultural or social background.

 그들은 이러한 원칙이 도덕적, 법적인 체계의 기초를 제공하고, 문화적 또는 사회적 배경과 관계없이 모든 개인에게 구속력이 있다고 주장한다.

 Critics of natural law theory argue that it relies too heavily on unprovable assumptions about the existence of a divine purpose, and that it fails to account for the diversity of moral beliefs and practices across cultures and historical periods.

 자연법 이론에 대한 비판론자들은 그것이 신성한 목적의 존재에 관한 증명할  없는 가정에 너무 많이 의존하고, 문화와 역사 시대 전반에 걸친 도덕적 신념과 관행의 다양성을 설명하지 못한다고 주장한다.

 

[Ch.03 Unit 09 - 2] 학술적 글쓰기

 Most academic writing involves constructing an argument or supporting a position about some question or topic.

 대부분의 학술적 글쓰기는 어떤 질문이나 주제에 관한 주장을 구성하거나 입장을 뒷받침하는 것을 포함한다.

 This requires clear organization with all your points directly connected to your argument or position.

 이것은 여러분의 모든 요점이 여러분의 주장이나 입장과 직접적으로 연결되도록 하면서 명확한 구조화를 필요로 한다.

 In Western academic writing, a 'linear' style is preferred, where one point leads directly and unambiguously to the next, with little room for digressions.

 서양의 학술적 글쓰기에서, '선형적' 방식이 선호되는데, 여기서는 하나의 요점이 직접적이고 모호하지 않게 다음으로 이어지면서 주제에서 벗어날 여지가 거의 없다.

 The organization will depend on the purpose of the composition; a literary critique will have a different structure from a chemistry report.

 구성은 작문의 목적에 따라 달라질 것이므로, 문학 비평은 화학 보고서와는 다른 구조를 갖게 마련이다.

 Part of learning a discipline is learning the writing organization appropriately to that discipline.

 어떤 학문 분야를 배우는 것의 일부는  학문 분야에 적합하게 글을 구성하는 것을 배우는 것이다.

 For example, academic papers in my discipline (Applied Linguistics) usually have sections (e.g., Introduction, Literature review, Discussion, Conclusion), which are typically signposted with headings that make the organization of the paper explicit.

 예를 들어,  학문 분야(응용 언어학) 학술 논문에는 일반적으로 단원(예컨대 서론, 문헌 조사, 토론, 결론) 있는데, 이것에는 일반적으로 논문의 구성을 명시적이도록 만드는 제목으로 방향이 표시된다.

 

[Ch.03 Unit 09 - 3] 나쁜 습관의 개선

 Habits are part of our everyday lives and therefore, when we don't clean our teeth, eat breakfast, have our morning coffee or have biscuits in the afternoon, we feel unsettled and a little bit stressed.

 습관은 우리 일상생활의 일부이며, 따라서 이를 닦지 않거나, 아침을 먹지 않거나, 모닝커피를 마시지 않거나, 오후에 비스킷을 먹지 않으면 불안하고 약간 스트레스를 받는 느낌이 든다.

 This feeling is unpleasant and we quickly learn that it can be avoided by carrying on with our habit.

 이러한 느낌은 불쾌하며, 습관을 계속함으로써 이를 회피할  있다는 것을 우리는  알게 된다.

 Therefore, not eating biscuits feels unusual, but this can all be made OK with a few biscuits.

 따라서 비스킷을 먹지 않는 것은 예외적인 것으로 느껴질  있지만,  개의 비스킷으로 이것은 전부 괜찮아질  있다.

 And the habit carries on as it becomes the solution to the problem created when trying to change it.

 그리고 습관이 그것을 바꾸려고   생긴 문제에 대한 해결책이 됨에 따라  습관은 계속된다.

 It's a vicious circle.

 이는 악순환이다.

 But it's the change in the habit which makes us feel stressed, not the absence of the actual behaviour.

 하지만 우리에게 스트레스를 느끼게 하는 것은 실제 (습관) 행동의 부재가 아니라 습관의 변화이다.

 And if we start to realise that the feeling of stress or worry is just 'withdrawal' and will only be made worse in the longer term if we give in and use the habit to get rid of it, then we can start to break the habit itself.

 그리고 만약 스트레스나 걱정의 느낌이 단지 '금단 현상'이며, 우리가 굴복하고 습관을 이용하여 그것을 없애려고 하면  장기적으로  나빠질 뿐이라는 것을 깨닫기 시작한다면, 우리는  습관 자체를 버리기 시작할  있다.

 

[Ch.03 - 서술형 Practice] 비싼 물건의 마케팅 기법

 You might notice that if you compare two products with the same function, but in very different price ranges, you'll tend to find that the more expensive the product is, the more likely it is to be sold in a way that emphasizes how it makes you feel, rather than its inherent function and properties.

 여러분이 기능은 같지만 가격대가 매우 다른  제품을 비교하면 가격이 비싼 제품일수록 그것의 고유 기능이나 특성보다는 여러분이 어떻게 느끼게 만드는지를 강조하는 방식으로 팔릴 가능성이  있다고 생각하는 경향이 있으리라는 것을 눈치챌 것이다.

 There is a huge economic advantage to creating this feel-good associated value, which is a product of advertising and often, advertising alone.

 이러한 기분을 좋게 하는 것과 관련된 가치를 창출하는 것에는 엄청난 경제적 이점이 있으며, 이는 광고의, 그리고 흔히 광고만의 산물이다.

 The economic advantage is simple to state: people will pay more for this extra kick.

 경제적인 이득은 설명하기 간단한데, 사람들은  추가 효과에 대해  많은 비용을  거라는 것이다.

 This might seem like trickery ─ the consumer is fooled by the advertiser into believing that the product is more than it is, and is induced to pay more for it as a result.

 이것은 속임수처럼 보일 수도 있는데 소비자는 광고주의 속임수에 속아 제품이 실제  이상의 것이라고 믿게 되고 그래서 결과적으로 그것을 위해  많이 지불하도록 유도된다.

 But the advertisers may well argue that these added associations create not just apparent ─ but real ─ added value for the product, that they change the consumer's experience of the product into something more.

 그러나 광고주들은 아마도 이러한 추가 연상이 제품에 대한 외형적인 부가 가치뿐만 아니라  물건에 대한 실질적인 부가 가치를 창출한다,  그것들이 소비자의 제품 경험을 더한 무언가로 변화시킨다고 주장할 것이다.

 

[Ch.03 - 논술형 Practice] 우리에게 내재한 얼굴 인식 능력과 고정 관념

 We seem to have developed a visual language of facial recognition that influences our emotional judgement of people, before we are even consciously aware of what those things really mean.

 우리는 우리가 그것이 진짜 무엇을 의미하는지 의식적으로 인식하기도 전에 사람에 대한 감정적 판단에 영향을 미치는 얼굴 인식이라는 시각적 언어를 발달시킨 것으로 보인다.

 And because it's evolutionarily wired in us to do this, there's no escaping it ─ humans are such a social species that it makes sense for us to be able to quickly assess if someone is friend or foe.

 그리고 이렇게 하도록 우리 안에 진화적으로 연결되어 있기 때문에, 이를 피할 수는 없다. 인간은 너무나 사회적 종이어서 우리가 누군가가 친구인지 적인지 빠르게 판단할  있는 것은 당연한 일이다.

 The problem, though, is that our snap judgements and prejudices are often wrong.

 하지만 문제는 우리의 성급한 판단과 편견이 자주 틀린다는 것이다.

 People with chiselled jaws aren't all competent, and round-faced individuals are certainly not all trustworthy.

 깎아 놓은 듯한 턱을 가지고 있는 사람이 모두 유능한 것은 아니며, 얼굴이 둥근 사람이 당연히 모두 신뢰할  있는 것은 아니다.

 Professor Alexander Todorov from Princeton University explains that, perhaps because we're now exposed to so many faces, our visual cortices have gone for the simplest groupings and attributed certain features to certain personality traits, but as a result we're susceptible to the worst type of visual stereotyping.

 Princeton 대학교의 Alexander Todorov 교수는 아마도 우리가 매우 많은 얼굴을 접해서 시각 피질이 가장 단순한 집단 분류를 택하게 되었고 어떤 특징을 어떤 성격 특성의 결과로 보게 되었으나, 결과적으로 우리는 가장나쁜 형태의 시각적 고정 관념의 영향을 받기 쉽다고 설명한다.

 

[Ch.04 Unit 10 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 뇌의 감각 자극 인식

 It takes on average half a second for the unconscious mind to process incoming sensory stimuli into conscious perceptions.

 무의식이 들어오는 감각 자극을 의식적 지각으로 처리하는 데에는 평균적으로 0.5초가 걸린다.

 Yet we are not aware of this time delay ─ you think you see things move as they move, and when you stub your toe you get the impression of knowing about it right away.

 하지만 우리는  시간 지연을 인지하지 못한다. 여러분은 사물이 움직일  움직이는 것을 보고 있다고 생각하고, 발가락이 차였을  그것을 즉시 알아차린다는 인상을 받는다.

 This illusion of immediacy is created by an ingenious mechanism, which backdates conscious perceptions to the time when the stimulus first entered the brain.

 이러한 즉시성의 착각은  기발한 기제에 의해 만들어지는데, 이것은 의식적 지각을 자극이 처음 뇌에 들어온 시점으로 소급해서 적용한다.

 On the face of it, this seems impossible because cortical signals take the same "real" time to process to consciousness, but somehow we are tricked into thinking we feel things earlier.

 겉으로 보기에는 이것이 불가능해 보인다. 왜냐하면 대뇌 피질 신호는 의식으로 처리되는  동일한 '실제' 시간이 걸리지만, 어떻게든 우리는 상황을  일찍 느끼는 것처럼 속게 되기 때문이다.

 One way it might be explained is that consciousness consists of many parallel streams and that the brain jumps from one to another, revising them and redrafting them.

 이를 설명하는  가지 방법은 의식이 많은 병렬적인 (의식의) 흐름으로 구성되어 있으며 뇌가 하나에서 다른 하나로 재빨리 이동하면서 그것들을 수정하고 다시 작성한다는 것이다.

 

[Ch.04 Unit 10 - 1] 협력과 태만의 기준

 We not only absorb' our moral codes and definitions of right and wrong from the group; the group also transmits cues about cooperation and defection and what it means to act in a trustworthy manner.

 우리는 도덕 규범과 옳고 그름에 대한 정의를 집단으로부터 흡수할 뿐만 아니라, 집단은 협력과 태만, 그리고 신뢰할  있는 방식으로 행동하는 것이 무엇을 의미하는지에 대한 단서를 전달하기도 한다.

 People are more likely to suppress their self-interest in favor of the group interest if they feel that others are doing so as well, and they're less likely to do so if they feel that others are taking advantage of them.

 사람들은 다른 사람들도 그렇게 하고 있다고 느끼면 집단의 이익을 위해 자신의 이기심을 억제할 가능성이  높고,다른 사람이 자신을 이용하고 있다고 느끼면 그렇게  가능성이  낮다.

 The psychological mechanism for this is unclear, but certainly it is related to our innate sense of fairness.

 이에 대한 심리적 메커니즘은 명확하지 않지만, 우리의 타고난 공정성 감각과 확실히 관련이 있다.

 We generally don't mind sacrificing for the group, as long as we're all sacrificing equally.

 우리는 일반적으로 모두가 동등하게 희생하는 , 집단을 위해 희생하는 것을 싫어하지 않는다.

 But if we feel like we're being taken advantage of by others who are defecting, we're more likely to defect as well.

 하지만 우리가 태만한 다른 사람들에게 이용당하고 있다고 느끼면 우리도 태만할 가능성이  높다.

 

[Ch.04 Unit 10 - 2] 야생 동물과 초기 인간의 관계

 In their pre-predatory stage, our primate ancestors had moved through the world among other creatures that did not fear them.

 포식 이전 단계에, 우리 영장류 조상은 자신들을 두려워하지 않았던 다른 동물 사이에서 세상을 돌아다녔다.

 Once they adopted carnivory, the prey they were interested in learned to allow close approaches at their own risk.

 그들이 육식을 채택했을 , 그들이 관심을 가졌던 사냥감은 자신의 위험을 감수하며 가까이 접근하도록 하는 법을 배웠다.

 But unlike big cats or terrifying wolves that were obvious predators, upright primates didn't automatically fit the predator template for most animals.

 그러나 명백한 포식자인  고양잇과 동물이나 무서운 늑대와 달리, 직립 영장류는 대부분 동물에 자동적으로 포식자 틀에 들어맞은 것은 아니었다.

 Numerous examples from around the world during the past five centuries testify that upon initially encountering humans, many wild creatures did not associate us with a threat.

 지난 5세기 동안  세계의 수많은 사례는 많은 야생 동물이 처음 인간을 마주쳤을 , 우리를 위협과 연관 짓지 않았다는 것을 증명한다.

 In their first encounters with humans, scores of species reacted with trust and tameness.

 인간과의  만남에서, 많은 종은 신뢰와 온순함으로 반응했다.

 There is a term of art for this: biological first contact.

 이에 대한 전문 용어가 있는데, 생물학적 최초 접촉이다.

 When we appeared in new geographies for the first time, wild animals had to learn to be afraid of us.

 우리가 새로운 지역에 처음 나타났을 , 야생 동물은 우리를 두려워하는 법을 배워야 했다.

 Many died standing and looking, never absorbing the lesson.

 많은 동물은 그러한 교훈을 전혀 받아들이지 못한 , 서서 바라보다가 죽었다.

 

[Ch.04 Unit 10 - 3] 일상 언어에서의 은유

 Consider the following two everyday linguistic expressions: "The election is ahead of us" and "the long Winter is now behind us."

 다음  가지 일상 언어 표현, 예를 들어 "선거가 우리 '앞에' 있다." " 겨울이 이제 우리 '뒤에' 있다." 생각해 보라.

 Literally, these expressions do not make any sense.

 문자 그대로는, 이러한 표현은 이치에 전혀 맞지 않는다.

 "An election" is not something that can physically be "ahead" of us in any measurable or observable way, and the "Winter" is not something that can be physically "behind" us.

 '선거' 어떤 측정 가능하거나 관찰 가능한 방식으로도 물리적으로 우리보다 '앞에' 있을  있는 것이 아니고, '겨울' 물리적으로 우리보다 '뒤에' 있을  있는 것이 아니다.

 Hundreds of thousands of these expressions, whose meaning is not literal but metaphorical, can be observed in human everyday language: "he is a cold person," "she has strong opinions," "the market is quite depressed."

 수십만 개의 이러한 표현은  의미가 문자 그대로가 아니라 '은유적인' 것으로, 인간의 일상 언어에서 관찰될  있는데, 예를 들면 "' '차가운 사람이다.", "그녀는 '강한' 의견을 가지고 있다.", "시장은 상당히 '침체되어' 있다." 같은 것들이다.

 Metaphor, in this sense, is not just a figure of speech, or an exceptional communicational tool in the hands of poets and artists.

 이런 의미에서, 은유는 단지 수사적 표현, 혹은 시인이나 예술가들의 특별한 의사소통 도구인 것만이 아니다.

 It is an ordinary mechanism of thought.

 그것은 평범한 사고의 기제이다.

 Usually operating unconsciously and effortlessly, it permeates nearly every aspect of human everyday (and technical) language, making imagination possible.

 그것은 보통 무의식적으로 쉽게 작동하며, 인간의 일상적(그리고 기술적) 언어의 거의 모든 측면에 스며들어 상상을 가능하게 한다.

 

[Ch.04 Unit 11 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 물의 가변적인 성격

 Water essentially has no persona of its own, but has an extraordinary quality.

 물은 본질적으로 자신만의 페르소나는 없지만, 놀라운 특성을 가지고 있다.

 Water as a liquid has no shape, yet it is readily defined by its surroundings.

 액체로서의 물은 형태가 없지만, 그것의 주변 환경에 의해 쉽게 정의된다.

 Water has no hardness; it is completely yielding to the touch, yet is hard as concrete when impacted at high speed.

 물은 단단함이 없어, 만지면 전적으로 순응하지만, 빠른 속도로 충돌하면 콘크리트처럼 단단하다.

 Water has no color when viewed in a transparent container, yet becomes vividly green or blue as an ocean, and readily reflects at its surface everything around it.

 투명한 용기 안에서 보이는 물은 색이 없지만, 바다에서는 선명하게 녹색이나 파란색이 되고, 그것 주변의 모든 것을 그것의 표면에서 쉽게 반사한다.

 Pure water has no taste, yet it readily absorbs and transmits the taste of any suspended or dissolved substances.

 순수한 물은 맛이 없지만, 부유하거나 용해된 물질의 맛은 어떠한 것도 쉽게 흡수하고 전달한다.

 It has no smell, yet, as atmospheric humidity, readily distributes the aromas of its surroundings.

 그것은 냄새는 없지만, 대기의 습기로 주변 환경의 향기를 쉽게 퍼뜨린다.

 This ubiquitous part of our environment truly has a variable personality, readily changing to assimilate its surroundings.

 우리 주위의 어디에나 있는 이러한 성분은 쉽게 그것의 주변 환경에 동화되기 위해 변화하는, 실로 가변적인 성격을 지니고 있다.

 

[Ch.04 Unit 11 - 1] 심상 지도의 특징

 I suppose everyone has at one time or another drawn a mental map, and it offers little conceptual difficulty.

 나는 누구나  번쯤은 심상 지도를 그려본 적이 있을 것이고, 그것은 개념상의 어려움을 거의 주지 않는다고 생각한다.

 In my classes, I ask students to draw a map by hand, in just five minutes, showing their route to and from class.

  수업 시간에 나는 학생들에게  5 안에, 수업을 오가는 경로를 보여 주는 지도를 손으로 그려 보라고 요청한다.

 No two maps are ever entirely the same, of course, and none are to scale.

 물론  지도가 완전히 똑같은 경우는 없으며, 어느 것도 축척대로 설계될  없다.

 Nevertheless, most of the maps are easily understood.

 그럼에도 불구하고, 대부분의 지도는 쉽게 이해된다.

 This shows that while we all produce our own versions of spatial reality, we can see particular landmarks that communicate to all of us in a social community.

 이는 우리가 모두 자기만의 버전의 공간적 현실을 만들어 내지만, 사회적 공동체에 있는 우리 모두에게 소통되는 특정한 지형지물을   있다는 것을 보여 준다.

 Mental maps tend to highlight important parts of a route, with streets labeled to indicate where to turn.

 심상 지도는 어디에서 돌아야 하는지 나타내기 위해 도로가 표시되면서 어떤 경로의 중요한 부분을 강조하는 경향이 있다.

 Such maps tend to include informal but understood cultural references.

 그런 지도는 비공식적이지만 이해가 되는 문화적 참조 표시를 포함하는 경향이 있다.

 Where a professionally made street map might give you numbered addresses, a mental map is more likely to describe a route by referencing visible features like "a giant blue gorilla" outside a car dealership or "that old pink Victorian house. "

 전문적으로 제작된 거리 지도는 숫자로 표시된 주소를 제공하는 반면, 심상 지도는 자동차 판매 대리점 밖에 있는 '거대한 파란색 고릴라' ' 오래된 분홍색 빅토리아풍 ' 같이 눈에 띄는 특징을 참조하여 경로를 설명할가능성이  크다.

 

[Ch.04 Unit 11 - 2] 익숙한 것과 익숙하지 않은 

 People tend to pay less attention to familiar things, whether it's a possession or even a person.

 사람들은 소유물이든 사람이든 간에, 익숙한 것에 주의를  기울이는 경향이 있다.

 On the whole, this adaptive behavior is biologically useful (for objects, events, and situations), because it is usually the novel, unexpected things in life that require the most attention.

 전반적으로 이러한 적응 행동은 (사물, 사건  상황에 대해) 생물학적으로 유용한데, 왜냐하면 가장 주의가 필요한 것은 대개 인생에서 새롭고, 예상치 못한 것이기 때문이다.

 The brain naturally adapts to repeated experiences.

 뇌는 반복된 경험에 자연스럽게 적응한다.

 If I were to show you a series of repeated images and measure your brain responses, the activity would diminish with the repetitions.

 만약 내가 여러분에게 일련의 반복된 이미지를 보여 주고 뇌의 반응을 측정한다면, (뇌의) 활동은 반복할수록 감소할 것이다.

 Your brain would respond again only when something new was presented.

 뇌는 새로운 것이 제시될 때만 다시 반응할 것이다.

 Scientists have shown that the biggest responses always come with the least expected event.

 과학자들은 가장  반응은 항상 가장 예상치 못한 사건에서 온다는 것을 보여 주었다.

 A simple sentence such as, "He picked up the hammer and nail" gives a tiny response; change the last few words, "He picked up the hammer and ate it," and you'll see a much larger one.

 "그는 망치와 못을 집어 들었다." 같은 간단한 문장은 아주 작은 반응을 보이지만, 마지막  단어를 바꿔서 "그는 망치를 집어서 그것을 먹었다." 되면 훨씬   반응을 보게 된다.

 

[Ch.04 Unit 11 - 3] 후회감이 향후 과제 수행에 미치는 영향

 In one experiment, Keith Markman and two colleagues gave participants ten anagrams to solve.

  실험에서, Keith Markman  명의 동료는 참가자들에게 풀어야  10개의 철자 순서를 바꾸어 만든 말을 주었다.

 After supposedly "grading" the results, they told participants that they'd found only half of the available words.

 겉으로 보기에 결과를 '채점' , 그들은 참가자들에게 가능한 단어  절반만 찾았다고 말했다.

 Then they poked people with a little regret.

 그런 다음 그들은 사람들에게 약간의 후회감을 슬쩍 불러일으켰다.

 "Close your eyes and think about your actual performance on the anagrams compared to how you might have performed better," they told the participants.

 "여러분의 눈을 감고 철자 순서 바꾸기 과제에서의 여러분의 실제 성과를 여러분이 성과를   냈을 수도 있는 방식과 비교하여 생각해 보세요."라고 그들은 참가자들에게 말했다.

 "Take a minute and vividly evaluate your performance in comparison to how you might have performed better."

 "잠시 여러분의 실제 성과를 여러분이 성과를   냈을 수도 있는 방식과 비교하여 생생하게 평가해 보세요."

 Their heads now swimming with If Onlys, these puzzle-solvers felt worse ─ especially compared to another group that had been asked to make At Least comparisons.

 이제 그들의 머릿속에 '만약 ~했다면' 가득한  퍼즐 해결자들은 특히 '적어도' 비교를 하도록 요청받은 다른 집단과 비교했을   기분이 나빠졌다.

 But on the next round, the regretful group solved more puzzles and stuck with the task longer than anyone else in the experiment.

 하지만 다음 라운드에서 후회감을 느꼈던 집단은  많은 퍼즐 과제를 해결했고 실험의 다른 누구보다  오래 과제를 계속하고 있었다.

 This is one of the central findings on regret: it can deepen persistence, which almost always elevates performance.

 이것은 후회감에 대한 핵심적인 연구 결과  하나이다. 후회감은 끈기를 심화시킬  있으며, 이는 거의 항상 성과를 높인다.

 

[Ch.04 Unit 12 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 외국어 숙달을 위한 공부

 In your pursuit of proficiency in a foreign language, it's important that you study topics that are neither too easy nor too difficult for you at any given point in time.

 외국어 숙달을 추구하는 것에 있어, 시간상 어떤 특정 지점에서 너무 쉽지도 너무 어렵지도 않은 주제를 공부하는 것이 중요하다.

 This is particularly true if you're studying a language largely on your own.

 이는 여러분이 주로 혼자서 언어를 공부하고 있다면 특히 사실이다.

 If you already have a working knowledge of Greek, for example, it wouldn't be very helpful to spend all of your time studying basic vocabulary or completing elementary exercises, although some overlearning can be beneficial.

 예를 들어 여러분이 그리스어에 대한 실용적인 지식이 이미 있다면, 약간의 과잉 학습이 도움이  수는 있겠지만, 기본 어휘를 공부하거나 초급 연습 문제를 완료하는  모든 시간을 할애하는 것은 크게 도움이 되지 않을 것이다.

 Although it may make you feel good about yourself to effortlessly rattle off simple phrases like "Where is the train station?" ultimately, rehearsing only easy material is not the best use of your study time.

 "기차역이 어디죠?" 같은 간단한 문구를 수월하게 줄줄 말하는 것이 자신에 대해 기분 좋게 느끼도록  수도 있지만, 결국은 쉬운 내용만 연습하는 것은 학습 시간을 가장  활용하는 것이 아니다.

 By the same token, if you're a beginner, then jumping into a difficult topic, like the grammar for a language's subjunctive mood, is not time well spent either.

 마찬가지로 여러분이 초급자라면, 그렇다면 언어의 가정법 문법과 같은 어려운 주제로 뛰어드는 것도 시간을  쓰는 것이 아니다.

 

[Ch.04 Unit 12 - 1] 중학년을 위한 문해력 교육

 Literacy is crucial to the teaching-learning process that occurs in the middle grades because this is when young adolescents begin to move from narrative to expository text, a process that places increasing demands on the students' literacy skills.

 문해력은 중학년의 교수-학습 과정에서 중요한데 왜냐하면  시기는 어린 청소년들이 이야기형 글에서 설명형 글로 넘어가기 시작하는 때이기 때문이고, 이는 학생들의 문해력 기술에 대해 점점  많은 요구를 하는 과정이다.

 Unfortunately, despite these increasing demands on their literacy skills, formal reading instruction ends for many young adolescents once they enter middle school.

 안타깝게도, 그들의 문해력 기술에 대한 이러한 요구의 증가에도 불구하고, 일단 그들이 중학교에 입학하면 많은 어린 청소년을 위한 정규 읽기 교육이 중단된다.

 One reason for this is that only about 50 percent of middle-grades teachers receive training in the teaching of literacy, broadly conceived as integrated reading, writing, speaking, and listening.

  이유  하나는 중학년 교사의  50퍼센트만이 통합된 읽기, 쓰기, 말하기, 그리고 듣기라고 널리 생각되는, 문해력의 교육에 대한 연수를 받는다는 것이다.

 Fewer still receive specific training in programs such as writing across the curriculum.

  적은 수의 교사만이 여전히 교육 과정 전반에 걸친 작문과 같은 프로그램에 대한 특정 연수를 받는다.

 Consequently, many teachers are less than ideally prepared to teach content-area literacy strategies to their students.

  결과, 많은 교사는 학생들에게 내용 영역별 문해력 전략을 가르치는 것에 대해 결코 완벽하게 준비가 되어 있지 않다.

 Given the increasing emphasis on integrated curricula in the middle grades, all teachers, regardless of the subjects they teach, are being called on to integrate the language arts into their subjects.

 중학년에서 통합 교과 과정을 점점  강조하는 것을 고려하면, 가르치는 과목과 관계없이, 모든 교사는 언어 과목을 자신의 과목에 통합하도록 요구받고 있다.

 

[Ch.04 Unit 12 - 2] 소설가들의 언론인 경력

 Many people who aspire to be novelists began their writing careers as journalists.

 소설가가 되기를 열망하는 많은 사람이 언론인으로서 글쓰기 경력을 시작했다.

 The thirteen-year-old Anne Frank had exactly this in mind for herself, and it is hard to believe that someone so full of life and so gifted at writing as a child would not have accomplished what she set out to do had the Nazis not murdered her.

 13살의 Anne Frank 자신을 위해 정확히 이것을 염두에 두고 있었고, 어린아이로서 매우 생기 넘치고 글쓰기에 그토록 재능이 있었던 그녀가 나치에게 살해당하지 않았다면 자신이 하려고 했던 것을 성취하지 못했으리라고 믿기 어렵다.

 She wrote in her diary about "the big question, will I ever be able to write something great, will I ever become a journalist or a writer?"

 그녀는 자신의 일기에 "가장 궁금한 것은, 내가 언젠가는 훌륭한 글을   있을까, 내가 언젠가 언론인이나 작가가  수는 있을까?" 대해 썼다.

 There are many others, too ─ Martha Gellhorn, Jack London, Margaret Mitchell (Gone With the Wind), Tom Wolfe ─ who wrote for newspapers or magazines before turning to fiction.

 Martha Gellhorn, Jack London, Margaret Mitchell(Gone With the Wind ), Tom Wolfe  소설로 전향하기 전에 신문이나 잡지에 글을 기고했던 많은 다른 사람들도 있다.

 John Steinbeck, already a published novelist, wrote a series of pieces on the Okie migrant camps of California for the San Francisco News before writing his most celebrated book, also about the migrants, The Grapes of Wrath.

 이미 출간한 소설가였던 John Steinbeck 자신의 가장 유명한 책이자, 역시 이주민들에 관한 The Grapes of Wrath 쓰기 전에 San Francisco News 캘리포니아의 이주 농업 노동자 이주민 캠프에 대한 일련의기사를 썼다.

 

[Ch.04 Unit 12 - 3] 길을 찾는 능력이 인류에게 미친 영향

 Over the course of our evolution between 350,000 and 150,000 years ago, Homo sapiens developed an appetite for exploration and a wayfinding spirit that set us apart from other human species.

 35  전에서 15   사이에 우리의 진화 과정에서, 호모 사피엔스는 우리를 다른 인간종과 구별하는 탐험에 대한 욕구와 길을 찾는 정신을 발전시켰다.

 It had a huge effect on our future.

 이는 우리의 미래에  영향을 미쳤다.

 One of the most intriguing recent ideas in anthropology is that our ability to navigate was essential to our success as a species, because it allowed us to cultivate extensive social networks.

 인류학에서 최근 가장 흥미로운 생각  하나는 길을 찾아 나가는 우리의 능력이 종으로서 우리의 성공에 필수적이었다는 것인데, 왜냐하면 그것이 우리가 광범위한 사회적 네트워크를 구축할  있게  주었기 때문이다.

 In prehistoric times, when people lived in small family units and spent much of their time looking for food and shelter, being able to share information with other groups about the whereabouts of resources and the movements of predators would have given us an evolutionary edge.

 선사 시대에 사람들이 소규모 가족 단위로 살고 그들의 대부분 시간을 식량과 은신처를 찾는  보냈을 , 자원의 소재와 포식자의 움직임에 대한 정보를 다른 집단과 공유할  있는 것은 우리에게 진화적으로 강점을 주었을것이다.

 Friends were a survival asset.

 친구는 생존의 자산이었다.

 If you ran out of food, you knew where to go; if you needed help on a hunt, you knew who to ask.

 만약 식량이 떨어지면 여러분은 어디로 가야 할지 알고 있었고, 사냥에 도움이 필요하면 누구에게 도움을 요청해야 할지 알고 있었다.

 

[Ch.04 - 서술형 Practice] 번식의 성공과 생존 방법으로서의 문화

 Culture is the strategic response to the survival needs of society.

 문화는 사회의 생존 요구에 대한 전략적 대응이다.

 Evolutionary psychology would argue that culture is a direct outcome of reproductive success and biological fitness.

 진화 심리학은 문화가 번식의 성공과 생물학적 적합성의 직접적인 결과라고 주장할 것이다.

 People who can adapt to their environment through social organization are more likely to leave offspring and ensure continuity in the future.

 사회 조직을 통해 환경에 적응할  있는 사람들은 자손을 남겨 미래에 연속성을 보장할 가능성이  크다.

 In the course of social development, people have learned to solve a variety of issues and problems that allowed adaptation to a particular ecological context.

 사회 발전 과정에서 사람들은 특정한 생태적 환경에 적응할  있게 했던 다양한 사안과 문제를 해결하는 것을 배웠다.

 In Greenland, the Scandinavian colony eventually died out because they did not adapt to the harsh climate and the need to rely on the sea for food, but rather continued with their European herding practices and primitive agriculture.

 그린란드에서 스칸디나비아 식민지는 결국 자취를 감추었는데, 이는 그들이 혹독한 기후와 식량을 바다에 의존해야  필요성에 적응하지 못하고, 오히려 유럽식 목축 관행과 원시 농업을 계속했기 때문이었다.

 By contrast, the local Inuit people continued to function and adapt without interruption as their food was largely available from hunting and fishing.

 반면 현지 이누이트족은 중단 없이 계속 기능하고 적응했는데, 이는 그들의 식량을 대개 사냥과 낚시에서 얻을  있었기 때문이었다.

 The culture of the native Inuit population was adaptive, leading to reproductive success and survival.

 이누이트 원주민 사람들의 문화는 적응성이 있어서 번식의 성공과 생존으로 이어졌다.

 

[Ch.04 - 논술형 Practice] 식품 산업의 교묘함

 The ingenuity of the food industry is demonstrated by its ability to simultaneously design and market new products that appeal to consumers who want both "good-for-you" and diet foods.

 식품 산업의 교묘함은 '몸에 좋으면' 칼로리가 적은 식품을 원하는 소비자들의 관심을 끄는 새로운 제품을 동시에 디자인해서 파는 능력으로 입증된다.

 By offering one product line that profits by producing obesity and another that generates revenues by claiming to reduce weight, food companies have found a way to have their cake and eat it, too.

 비만을 유발하여 수익을 내는 하나의 제품군과 체중 감량을 주장하여 수익을 창출하는 다른 제품군을 제공함으로써, 식품 회사는  먹고  먹는 방법 또한 찾아냈다.

 In these "healthier" products, food companies remove some of the calories, sugars, fats, and salt added to "fun-to-eat foods" in order to address consumers' concerns about health.

 이러한 ' 건강한' 제품에서, 식품 회사는 건강에 대한 소비자의 우려를 해소하기 위해 '먹기 좋은 식품' 첨가된 칼로리, 설탕, 지방, 소금 일부를 제거한다.

 Others simply add nutrients to the same unhealthy product.

 다른 회사들은 단순히 건강에 좋지 못한 바로  제품에 영양소를 추가한다.

 For example, cereal companies simply add vitamins A, C, or iron to sweetened refined-grain products, then label them as "healthy," rather than using the whole grains recommended for healthier diets.

 예를 들어, 시리얼 회사는  건강한 식단을 위해 추천되는 통곡물을 사용하기보다는 가당 정제 곡물 제품에 비타민 A, C 또는 철분을 단순히 추가하여 그것을 '건강에 좋은'이라고 표시한다.

 In 2009, 86 percent of cereal marketed to children contained mostly refined grain.

 2009년에 어린이에게 판매된 시리얼의 86퍼센트에는 대부분 정제 곡물이 들어 있었다.

 

[Ch.05 Unit 13 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 농업에 대한 보조금

 To avoid famine and economic dislocation, countries use different kinds of policies to provide incentives or disincentives for the production of different crops.

 기근과 경제적 혼란을 피하기 위해, 국가들은 다양한 농작물 생산에 장려책 또는 억제책을 제공하는 여러 종류의 정책을 사용한다.

 Subsidies are used to encourage agricultural production.

 보조금은 농업 생산을 장려하기 위해 사용된다.

 They come in many forms, but collectively they give producers the ability to sell products at prices that are lower than would otherwise be possible.

 그것은 다양한 형태로 나타나지만, 전체적으로 보면 생산자에게 다른 방법으로 가능했을 가격보다  낮은 가격으로 제품을 판매할  있는 능력을 부여한다.

 Almost every developed country has found itself subsidizing agricultural producers.

 거의 모든 선진국은 농업 생산자에게 보조금을 지급하는 실정이다.

 The exceptions ─ New Zealand, Australia, and to some extent Canada ─ represent special cases since they do not have large rural populations and their natural advantages in certain crops permit them to produce at lower costs than most other countries.

 뉴질랜드, 호주, 그리고 일부 캐나다와 같은 예외는 특별한 사례를 대표하는데 그들은 대규모의 농업 인구가 없고, 특정 작물에 있어 그들이 가진 자연적 이점은 그들이 대부분의 다른 국가보다 낮은 비용으로 생산할  있게 주기 때문이다.

 Subsidies ensure agricultural surpluses under most conditions, and they allow producers in a country that subsidizes agriculture to reap benefits as producers in non-subsidizing countries are forced out of business.

 대부분 조건에서 보조금은 농업 흑자를 보장하고, 보조금을 지급하지 않는 국가의 생산자가 사업에서 강제로 밀려남에 따라 그것(보조금) 농업에 보조금을 지급하는 국가의 생산자가 이익을 거둘  있게  준다.

 

[Ch.05 Unit 13 - 1] 영국의 주택 가격

 Houses in Britain are too expensive in relation to income for households to buy a house for ready money at the beginning of their housing career or accumulate the purchase money from prior savings.

 영국의 주택은 소득에 비해 너무 비싸서 가구가 주택 구매 경력 초기에 준비된 돈으로 주택을 구입하거나 이전의 저축액으로 구입 자금을 모을  없다.

 Most householders must therefore either hire a house, or buy one with borrowed money.

 따라서 대부분의 가구주는 주택을 임차하거나, 융자금으로 주택을 구입해야 한다.

 Housing must therefore be financed, and the finance has to be for a long term.

 따라서 주택 구입에는 반드시 자금이 공급되어야 하며,  자금 공급은 장기적이어야 한다.

 For buyers using borrowed funds, long-term loans are necessary to ensure that the principal repayments can be spread out thinly enough to be covered by annual income.

 융자를 사용하는 구매자의 경우, 연간 소득에 의해 충당될  있을 정도로 원금 상환이 충분히 약하게 분산될  있는 것을 보장하기 위해 장기 융자가 필수적이다.

 The investor in rental properties often finds that the yearly rent only covers a small portion of the debt used to purchase the property.

 임대 부동산 투자자는 연간 임대료가 부동산을 구입하는  사용된 부채의 작은 일부만 감당하는 것을 보통 알게 된다.

 

[Ch.05 Unit 13 - 2] 경제 이론의 기본 가정

 The customary starting point for economic theory, the basic model to which other situations and policy options are compared, is a system of perfectly competitive markets.

 경제 이론의 관례적인 출발점,  다른 상황과 정책 선택권이 비교되는 기본 모형은 완벽하게 경쟁적인 시장 체제이다.

 This imagined economy is populated exclusively by small producers and individual consumers, all possessed of very broad information and very narrow motives and desires.

  상상 속의 경제 체제는 오로지 소규모 생산자와 개별 소비자들만 살고 있으며, 모두 매우 광범위한 정보와 매우 좁은 동기  욕구를 지니고 있다.

 In such an economy, under long lists of traditional but unrealistic assumptions, economists have proved that there is always an "equilibrium" ─ that is, a set of prices at which supply equals demand for every commodity.

 그러한 경제 체제에서,  목록의 전통적이지만 비현실적인 가정하에, 경제학자들은 '균형 (상태)',  모든 상품에 대하여 공급이 수요와 일치하는 가격들의 집합이 항상 존재한다는 것을 증명했다.

 The invisible hand of market competition, in Adam Smith's famous metaphor, ensures that every resource is used wherever it will produce the greatest value for consumers.

 Adam Smith 유명한 비유에서, 시장 경쟁의 보이지 않는 손은 모든 자원이 소비자에게 최고의 가치를 생산할 곳이면 어디에서든지 반드시 사용되게끔 한다.

 Any deviation from the free-market outcome will make someone worse off, so there is no possible change to a market equilibrium that could win unanimous support.

 자유 시장의 결과로부터의 어떤 일탈도 누군가의 처지를  나쁘게 만들 것이므로, 만장일치의 지지를 얻을  있는 시장 균형에 대한 변화는 불가능하다.

 

[Ch.05 Unit 13 - 3] 스포츠와 미디어의 상보적 관계

 Over the years, the sports sector and the media sector have developed a self-interest relationship.

 수년에 걸쳐, 스포츠 분야와 미디어 분야는 사리 추구의 관계를 발전시켜 왔다.

 Both industries gain benefits from the complementary nature of their interests: while sport provides valuable content and audiences for media operators, the media is a revenue source and promotional tool for sport.

  산업은 이익의 상호 보완적인 특성을 통해 이득을 보는데, 스포츠는 미디어 운영자들에게 가치 있는 콘텐츠와 시청자를 제공하는 한편, 미디어는 스포츠에 있어 수익원이자 홍보 도구이다.

 The sale of exclusive live sports broadcasting rights is an important, if not the principal, source of revenue for sports organisations and clubs, whereas live sports content is decisive for media operators to create attractive programming for their audience.

 스포츠 독점 생중계권의 판매는 스포츠 단체와 구단의 주요 수익원은 아닐지라도, 중요한 수익원이며, 한편 생중계 스포츠 콘텐츠는 미디어 운영자들이 시청자를 위한 매력적인 프로그램을 만드는  결정적이다.

 Wide coverage through television, for instance, can result in significant exposure for sports leagues.

 예를 들어, 텔레비전을 통한 광범위한 보도는 스포츠 리그에 상당한 노출을 가져올  있다.

 Such exposure can deliver private benefits to the league and the clubs in the form of increased revenue from sponsorship and attraction of new supporters.

 이러한 노출은 협찬과 새로운 후원자 유치로부터 증가된 수익의 형태로 리그와 구단에 사적인 이익을 제공할  있다.

 This implies that, without cameras, major sports events would have virtually no meaning at all.

 이는 주요 스포츠 행사가 카메라 없이는 사실상 의미가 전혀 없을 것이라는 점을 의미한다.

 

[Ch.05 Unit 14 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 나비 표본의 모양

 Until the camera came along to take photographs of living butterflies, the standard image of a butterfly was a grossly distorted one.

 살아 있는 나비를 촬영할  있는 카메라가 등장하기 전까지, 나비의 표준 이미지는 심하게 왜곡된 것이었다.

 It shows them not as they are in life but in death. mounted on a pin in a museum.

 이는 그것들을 살아 있는 그대로가 아니라 죽은 상태로 보여 주는데, 박물관의 핀에 꽂혀 붙어 있다.

 The wings are held out flat at ninety degrees to the body ─ a posture which would sorely test the ligaments of any butterfly.

 날개는 몸과 90 각도로 납작하게 펼쳐져 있는데, 어떤 나비에게도 인대를 몹시 시험할 자세일 것이다.

 It is nevertheless the shape which we instantly recognise as 'butterfly', whether in bow-ties or the pasta the Italians call farfalle (after farfalla, a butterfly).

 그럼에도 불구하고, 그것은 우리가 나비넥타이든 이탈리아 사람들이 '파르팔레'(나비를 뜻하는 '파르팔라'에서 비롯됨)라고 부르는 파스타이든, '나비' 즉시 인식하는 형태이다.

 Yet in life butterflies open their wings flat only to enjoy the sun, and some species never do it at all, but settle with their wings tight shut.

 하지만 살아 있을  나비는 태양을 즐기기 위해서만 날개를 납작하게 펴고, 어떤 종은 전혀 그렇게 하지 않는데, 자신의 날개를  닫은  내려 앉는다.

 Even when the wings are wide open, they always slope downwards more than mounted specimens, with the hindwings much closer to the butterfly's body.

 심지어 날개가 활짝 펴져 있을 때도, 뒷날개는 나비의 몸통에 훨씬  가깝게 붙어, 붙여진 표본보다 항상  아래쪽으로 기울어져 있다.

 

[Ch.05 Unit 14 - 1] 인간의 음악과 언어의 관계에 관한 연구

 The central role of music and language in human existence and the fact that both involve complex and meaningful sound sequences naturally invite comparison between the two domains.

 인간이 존재하는  있어서 음악과 언어의 중심적인 역할과   복잡하고 의미 있는 소리의 연속을 수반한다는 사실은 자연스럽게  영역 간의 비교를 유발한다.

 Yet from the standpoint of modern cognitive science, music-language relations have barely begun to be explored.

 그러나 현대 인지 과학의 관점에서  , 음악과 언어의 관계는 이제 겨우 탐구되기 시작했다.

 This situation appears to be poised to change rapidly, as researchers from diverse fields are increasingly drawn to this interdisciplinary enterprise.

  상황은 다양한 분야의 연구자들이  여러 학문 분야가 관련된 탐구에 점점  끌리면서 빠르게 변화할 준비가  것으로 보인다.

 The appeal of such research is easy to understand.

 이러한 연구의 매력은 쉽게 이해할  있다.

 Humans are unparalleled in their ability to make sense out of sound.

 인간은 소리에서 의미를 찾아 내는 능력에서 견줄 데가 없다.

 In many other branches of our experience (e.g., visual perception, touch), we can learn much from studying the behavior and brains of other animals because our experience is not that different from theirs.

 다른 많은 우리의 경험 분야(예를 들어 시지각, 촉각)에서 우리는 다른 동물의 행동과 뇌를 연구함으로써 많은 것을 배울  있는데, 왜냐하면 우리의 경험이 그것들(다른 동물) 경험과 크게 다르지 않기 때문이다.

 When it comes to language and music, however, our species is unique.

 그러나 언어와 음악에 관해서 우리 종은 독특하다.

 This makes it difficult to gain insight into language or music as a cognitive system by comparing humans to other organisms.

 이것은 인간을 다른 유기체와 비교하여 인지 체계로서의 언어나 음악에 대한 통찰력을 얻는 것을 어렵게 만든다.

 

[Ch.05 Unit 14 - 2] 건강함을 나타내는 척도

 There are different measures of "healthy" and "overweight."

 '건강한' '과체중'에는 여러 가지 측정 기준이 있다.

 BMI (body mass index) is widely used by health professionals and has a strong correlation with various diseases and chronic conditions.

 BMI(체질량 지수) 건강 전문가들이 널리 사용하며 다양한 질병  만성 질환과 높은 상관관계를 가진다.

 However, it doesn't reflect the amount of fat or muscle in a body, bone weight, or cultural factors, age, and gender (women tend to carry more fat).

 하지만, BMI 신체  지방이나 근육의 ,  무게, 또는 문화적 요인, 나이, 그리고 성별(여성은  많은 지방을 가지는 경향이 있다) 반영하지 않는다.

 Waist circumference is another commonly used measure because excess abdominal fat ─ more than 40 inches for men and 35 inches for women ─ increases the risk of developing obesity-related conditions.

 허리둘레는 일반적으로 사용되는  다른 측정 기준인데, 남성 40인치, 여성 35인치가 넘는 과도한 복부 지방은 비만 관련 질환 발병 위험을 증가시키기 때문이다.

 While both are used to screen for potential risk, they aren't diagnostic tools.

 비록   잠재적 위험을 검진하는  사용되지만, 진단 도구는 아니다.

 Instead of using weight or measures like BMI to define well-being, an alternative "health at every size" approach focuses on sustainable health-promoting behavior regardless of body size.

 체중이나 BMI 같은 측정 기준을 사용하여 건강을 정의하는 대신, 대안적인 '모든 체격에서의 건강' 접근 방식은 체격과 관계없이 지속 가능한 건강 증진 행동에 초점을 맞춘다.

 Proponents argue a weight-neutral approach is healthier because it avoids the potentially harmful effects of repeated dieting, such as a higher risk of early death and psychological distress.

 이것을 옹호하는 사람들은 체중 중립적인 접근 방식이  높은 조기 사망  심리적 고통의 위험과 같은 반복적인 다이어트의 잠재적으로 해로운 영향을 피하기 때문에  건강하다고 주장한다.

 Ultimately, nutrition and health are socioeconomic issues that require understanding and empathy.

 궁극적으로, 영양과 건강은 이해와 공감이 있어야 하는 사회 경제적 문제이다.

 

[Ch.05 Unit 14 - 3] 농장 자료의 소유권

 It is common to read that farm data belongs to the farmer.

 농장 자료는 농부에게 속한다고 명시되어 있는 것이 일반적이다.

 It is sometimes even stated in contracts.

 때로는 그것이 심지어 계약서에 명시되기도 한다.

 However, 'ownership' is a legal assertion and data ownership is not addressed by legislation except for copyright for datasets as intellectual products.

 그러나, '소유권' 법적 주장이고 자료 소유권은, 지적 재화로서의 자료 모음에 대한 저작권을 제외하고는 법률에서 다루어지지 않는다.

 This is partly due to the peculiar nature of data compared to other goods that can be owned.

 이는 부분적으로는 소유될  있는 다른 재화와 비교되는 자료의 독특한 특성 때문이다.

 In legal terms, it is non-rivalrous: the same data can be in different places and be owned by different people because, when data is copied or migrated to other platforms, it remains the same.

 법적 측면에서 그것은 비경합적인데, 자료는 복사되거나 다른 플랫폼으로 이전되어도 동일하게 유지되기 때문에 동일한 자료가 다른 장소에 있을  있고 다른 사람에게 소유될  있다.

 In addition, there is a difference between data collected in a structured dataset, which can be considered as an intellectual product by law, and raw data as individual, unstructured bits before they are collected and made sense of.

 게다가, 법률에 따라 지적 재화로 간주될  있는, 구조화된 자료 모음의 형태로 수집된 자료와, 수집되고 이해되기 전의 개별적이고 구조화되지 않은 부분으로서의 미가공 자료 사이에는 차이가 있다.

 These raw data are similar to facts, for which no copyright and no ownership is legally applicable.

 이러한 미가공 자료는 사실과 유사한데, 이에 대해서는 어떠한 저작권이나 소유권도 법적으로 적용 가능하지 않다.

 

[Ch.05 Unit 15 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 원활한 의사소통이 좋은 디자인의 요건이 되는 이유

 Good design starts with an understanding of psychology and technology.

 좋은 디자인은 심리학과 기술에 대한 이해에서 시작된다.

 Good design requires good communication, especially from machine to person, indicating what actions are possible, what is happening, and what is about to happen.

 좋은 디자인은 어떤 행동이 가능하고, 어떤 일이 일어나고 있으며, 어떤 일이  일어나려는지를 알려 주는, 특히 기계에서 사람으로의 원활한 의사소통을 필요로 한다.

 Communication is especially important when things go wrong.

 의사소통은 일이 잘못될  특히 중요하다.

 It is relatively easy to design things that work smoothly and harmoniously as long as things go right.

 일이 제대로 진행되는  원활하고 조화롭게 작동하는 것을 디자인 하는 것은 비교적 쉽다.

 But as soon as there is a problem or a misunderstanding, the problems arise and this is where good design is essential.

 하지만 문제나 오해가 생기자마자 문제가 발생하게 되고  상황이 좋은 디자인이 필수적인 때이다.

 Designers need to focus their attention on the cases where things go wrong, not just on when things work as planned.

 디자이너는 일이 계획대로 진행될 때만 주의를 집중하는 것이 아니라, 일이 잘못되는 경우에도 주의를 집중해야 한다.

 Actually, this is where the most satisfaction can arise: when something goes wrong but the machine highlights the problems, then the person understands the issue, takes the proper actions, and the problem is solved.

 실제로 가장  만족감이 생길  있는 것은 이러한 상황으로, 무언가 잘못되지만, 기계가  문제점을 강조하고, 그런  사람이  문제를 이해하고 적절한 조치를 하여 문제가 해결될 때이다.

 

[Ch.05 Unit 15 - 1] 심리학에서의 연구자  의견 차이

 When we read about psychology, how do we assess the quality of what we read?

 우리가 심리학에 관해 읽을 , 어떻게 읽은 내용의 질을 평가할  있을까?

 First, we cannot judge the quality of an argument on the basis of what it concludes about people, or on the basis of whether we agree with the author's beliefs about people or not.

 우선 우리는 어떤  주장의 질을 그것이 사람들에 대해 어떤 결론을 내리는지에 근거하거나, 또는 우리가 사람들에 대한 저자의 믿음에 동의하는지 동의하지 않는지에 근거하여 판단할  없다.

 It is quite possible for two excellent psychologists to differ strongly about an aspect of human behaviour, while both providing convincing arguments and good evidence for reaching their conclusions.

  명의 훌륭한 심리학자가 모두 자신의 결론에 도달한 것에 대해 설득력 있는 주장과 타당한 증거를 제시하면서도 인간 행동의  측면에 대해 강하게 의견을 달리하는 것은 충분히 가능하다.

 As you read more widely in psychology, you will find that there are many differences in opinion among researchers.

 여러분이 심리학에 대해  폭넓게 읽어 갈수록 여러분은 연구자들 사이에 많은 의견 차이가 있다는 것을 알게  것이다.

 It can even be the case that two researchers conduct what looks like the same experiment in two different settings, but get very different results.

 심지어  명의 연구자가  개의 서로 다른 환경에서 겉보기에 같은 실험을 수행했지만, 매우 다른 결과를 얻는 경우도 있을  있다.

 This does not mean, necessarily, that either of the researchers did bad work.

 이것이 반드시  연구자  어느  명이 잘못된 연구를 했다는 것을 의미하지는 않는다.

 On the contrary, different findings from different contexts may give us important information.

 그와는 반대로, 서로 다른 맥락에서 나온 서로 다른 연구 결과들은 우리에게 중요한 정보를 제공할  있을 것이다.

 

[Ch.05 Unit 15 - 2] 직접적 경험과 단어 규정의 관계

 'I'll believe it when I see it.'

 '나는 그것을 보면 믿을 것이다.'

 This familiar remark recalls how first-hand personal experience is commonly accepted as a convincing way ─ if not the fundamental way ─ to determine what to believe in.

  익숙한 말은 어떻게 직접적인 개인의 경험이 무엇을 믿을지 결정하는, 근본적인 방법은 아니더라도, 확실한 방법으로 흔히 받아들여지고 있는가를 상기시켜 준다.

 Many centuries ago, for instance, it was unbelievable that there could be organisms so small as to be invisible to the naked eye.

 예를 들어,  세기 전에는 맨눈으로 보이지 않을 정도로 작은 유기체가 존재할  있다는 것을 믿을  없었다.

 Opinions changed after microscopes allowed us to see these tiny creatures in the late 1600s.

 1600넌대 후반에 현미경으로 우리가  작은 생물체를   있게  후에 견해가 바뀌었다.

 This emphasis upon direct personal experience is philosophically expandable to the point of prescribing how words must derive their meaning.

 이러한 직접적인 개인적 경험에 대한 강조는 단어가 어떻게 의미를 도출해야 하는지를 규정하는 데까지 철학적으로 확장될  있다.

 The prescription would be: if any given word is to be meaningful, then it must be traceable back to some sensory experience.

  규정은 다음과 같을 것인데, 만약 주어진 어떤 단어가 '의미를 가지려면', 그것은 어떤 감각적 경험으로 되짚어갈  있어야 한다는 것이다.

 Otherwise, the word should be regarded as only a meaningless sound.

 그렇지 않으면,  단어는 단순히 무의미한 소리로 여겨져야 한다.

 This experience-tied theory of meaning was advocated by the Scottish philosopher David Hume, an empiricist who believed that knowledge of what exists or is true can only come from observing the world.

 이러한 경험과 연결된 의미 이론은 스코틀랜드의 철학자 David Hume 의해 주장되었는데, 그는 존재하거나 진실인 것에 관한 지식은 오로지 세상을 관찰하는 데서 얻을  있다고 믿는 경험주의자였다.

 

[Ch.05 Unit 15 - 3] 분노와 공격성의 차이

 Anger is clearly related to aggression but they are not one and the same.

 분노는 공격성과 분명히 관련이 있지만 둘이 동일한 것은 아니다.

 It is possible to be aggressive without being angry, and it is equally possible to be angry without becoming aggressive.

 화를 내지 않고 공격적일 수도 있고, 공격적이 되지 않고 화를 내는 것도 똑같이 가능하다.

 However, the two (the emotion of anger and the behaviour of aggression) are linked and are biologically based, with obvious survival value.

 그러나  (분노라는 감정과 공격이라는 행동) 서로 연결되어 있고 생물학적 기반을 가지고 있으며 명백한 생존 가치를 지니고 있다.

 Anger always results in a much increased burst of energy and, although biologically based, is seen by some psychologists as largely socially constructed.

 분노는 항상 훨씬 증가된 에너지의 폭발을 낳으며, 비록 생물학적 기반을 가지고 있더라도 일부 심리학자들에 의해 대부분 사회적으로 구성된 것으로 여겨진다.

 That is, some people might be temperamentally more prone to anger than others, but the extent to which they express this is probably socially determined.

 , 어떤 사람들은 다른 사람들보다 기질적으로 화를    수도 있지만, 그들이 이것을 표현하는 정도는 아마도 사회적으로 결정된다.

 In our culture, for example, boys are encouraged to express their anger more openly than girls and a far greater proportion of men than women are made to take anger management courses.

 예를 들어, 우리 문화에서는 남자아이들이 여자아이들보다 화를  터놓고 표현하도록 권장되며, 여성보다 훨씬   비율의 남성이 분노 관리 과정을 수강하게 된다.

 These are learned differences. not differences of biology.

 이는 생물학적 차이가 아니라 학습된 차이이다.

 

[Ch.05 Unit 16 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 온라인 정보 탐색

 As it has done in so many areas, the information-rich online environment has added a new dimension to the area of timeliness.

 매우 많은 분야에서 그랬던 것처럼, 정보가 풍부한 온라인 환경은 시의적절함이라는 영역에 새로운 차원을 더했다.

 Years ago, learners were restricted to searching for information that was often available only in environments accessible by foot, car, bicycle, or public transportation.

   전만 해도 학습자는 도보, 자동차, 자전거 또는 대중교통으로 접근할  있는 환경에서만 보통 이용 가능한 정보를 검색하는 것으로 제한되어 있었다.

 It took time to get to information repositories, let alone to find good information.

 좋은 정보를 찾는 것은 말할 것도 없이, 정보 저장소에 접근하는 데도 시간이 걸렸다.

 Today, learners can find information instantly through devices that we carry in our pockets, purses, and back-packs.

 오늘날 학습자는 주머니, 지갑, 배낭에 넣어서 가지고 다니는 기기를 통해 정보를 즉시 찾을  있다.

 Then, information seeking involved painstakingly finding a few "good" resources among the limited (but vetted) possibilities that were physically accessible.

 과거에는 정보 탐색이 물리적으로 접근할  있는 제한된(그러나 검증된) 가능성 중에서 소수의 '좋은' 자료를 공들여 찾는 것과 관련되었다.

 Now, it involves skimming through the limitless (often unvetted) information online that comes and goes at lightning speed.

 현재 그것은 빛의 속도로 왔다가 사라지는, 온라인에서의 무한한(종종 검증되지 않은) 정보를 대충 읽는 것과 관련된다.

 Given many students' tendency to delay ─ as well as to finish assignments in the least amount of time possible ─ the dangers of limiting one's information seeking to the online environment are clear.

 많은 학생의 미루는 경향, 또한 과제를 가능한  가장 짧은 시간 안에 끝내려는 경향을 고려할 , 정보 탐색을 온라인 환경으로 제한하는 것의 위험성은 분명하다.

 [Summary] The transition from physical access to limited resources to instant online access has created an abundance of unverified information, which highlights the risks of exclusively relying on online sources for learning.

 [Summary] 제한된 자원에 대한 물리적 접근에서 즉각적인 온라인 접근으로의 전환이 많은 검증되지 않은 정보를 만들어 냈으며, 이는 학습을 위해 온라인 자료에만 의존하는 것의 위험을 부각한다.

 

[Ch.05 Unit 16 - 1] 나쁜 경험의 영향이  강한 이유

 From a psychological point of view, bad is stronger than good.

 심리학적 관점에서, 나쁜 것이 좋은 것보다  강하다.

 It takes four positive interactions to balance out a single negative one.

 하나의 부정적인 것의 균형을 잡으려면  번의 긍정적인 상호 작용이 필요하다.

 Bad memories resonate much more powerfully than good ones.

 나쁜 기억은 좋은 기억보다 훨씬  강력하게 울려 퍼진다.

 A bad experience from ten years ago might appear in your mind's eye in sharp focus with strong, clear emotions attached to it.

 10 전의 나쁜 경험은 그것에 결부된 강하고 선명한 감정과 함께 날카로운 초점으로 마음의 눈에 나타날 수도 있다.

 A happy memory from the same time period may have fuzzier edges and just an overall sense of pleasantness.

 같은 기간의 행복한 기억은 끝이  흐릿하고 전반적인 기분 좋았던 느낌만 있을  있다.

 This is known as negativity bias or the negativity effect.

 이를 '부정성 편향' 또는 '부정성 효과'라고 한다.

 The human brain is organized to survive by avoiding negative experiences and emotions.

 인간의 뇌는 부정적인 경험과 감정을 피하게 함으로써 생존하도록 조직되어 있다.

 Our brains and emotional systems developed under evolutionary pressures to better keep us alive by remembering dangerous situations very clearly so we could avoid them in the future.

 우리의 뇌와 감정 체계는 진화의 압박 속에, 우리가 향후에 위험을 피할  있도록 위험한 상황을 매우 명확하게 기억함으로써, 우리가 계속   살아남게 하기 위해 발달했다.

 In modern times, we are unlikely to die from getting split off from our tribe and becoming prey to a wild beast, but our brains still look for negativity in every situation.

 현재 시대에는 우리가 부족에서 떨어져 나와 맹수의 먹이가 되어 죽을 가능성은 거의 없지만, 우리의 뇌는 여전히 모든 상황에서 부정적인 것을 찾는다.

 [Summary] Negativity bias or the negative effect explains how bad experiences and memories outweigh good ones. and how our brains and emotional systems developed this way for our survival.

 [Summary] 부정성 편향 또는 부정성 효과는 나쁜 경험과 기억이 좋은 경험과 기억을 어떻게 능가하며 우리의 뇌와 감정 체계는 우리의 생존을 위해 어떻게 이런 식으로 발달했음을 설명한다.

 

[Ch.05 Unit 16 - 2] 결과에 대한 예측

 In a classic study from 1975, Ellen Langer and Jane Roth trained 90 Stanford undergraduate students to play a coin-flip game.

 1975년의 고전적인 연구에서 Ellen Langer Jane Roth Stanford 학부생 90명을 동전 던지기 게임을 하도록 훈련시켰다.

 Students who guessed correctly early were much more likely to decide that they were correctly predicting the outcomes than students who guessed incorrectly early.

 초반에 정확하게 추측한 학생들은 초반에 잘못 추측한 학생들보다 자신이 결과를 정확하게 예측하고 있다고 판단할 가능성이 훨씬  높았다.

 That is, a sequence of wins followed by losses led the students to imagine they understood the task and needed to try to figure out what was going wrong. while a series of losses intermixed with wins led the students to think it was random.

 , 연속적인 승리  패배가 이어진 것은 학생들로 하여금 자신이 과제를 이해했고 무엇이 잘못되고 있는지 파악하려 해야 한다고 생각하도록 만든 반면, 승리와 섞여 있는 일련의 패배는 학생들로 하여금 그것이 무작위라고생각하도록 만들었다.

 A sequence of four correct early guesses was enough to lead people to believe they could correctly guess the sequence "even for sophisticated subjects."

 초기에 연속으로  번의 정답을 맞히면 사람들로 하여금 '심지어 정교한 주제에 대해서도' 순서를 정확하게 맞힐  있다고 믿게 만들기에 충분했다.

 This is how the casinos hook people ─ a quick series of wins leads you to think that you can beat the game, even though WWWWWLLLLL (where W means win and L means lose) is just as random as WLWLLLWWLW.

 카지노가 사람들을 걸려들게 하는 방식이 바로 이런 것으로, WWWWWLLLLL(여기서 W 승리를 의미하고 L 패배를 의미함) WLWLLLWWLW 마찬가지로 무작위임에도 불구하고 빠른 연속적 승리는 여러분으로하여금 게임에서 이길  있다고 생각하게 만든다.

 [Summary] In the 1975 study where students played a coin-flip game, initial successes led the participants to consider the future results to be predictable, which can explain the strategy casinos use to attract people.

 [Summary] 학생들이 동전 던지기 게임을  1975년의 연구에서, 초기의 성공은 참가자들로 하여금 미래의 결과가 예측 가능하다고 생각하도록 만들었으며, 이는 사람들을 끌어들이기 위해 카지노가 쓰는 전략을 설명할 있다.

 

[Ch.05 Unit 16 - 3] 유전성의 성질

 Heritability is frequently misunderstood.

 유전성은 자주 오해받는다.

 For example, it is not a constant like the speed of light or gravity.

 예를 들어, 유전성은 빛의 속도나 중력처럼 상수가 아니다.

 It is a statistic that describes a particular population at a particular time with that population's particular mix of genetic and environmental influences.

 그것은  개체군에 대한 유전적 영향과 환경적 영향의 특정 조합으로 특정 시기의 특정 개체군을 설명하는 통계 자료이다.

 A simpler way of expressing this is that it describes what is but does not predict what could be.

 이를  간단하게 표현하는 방법은 그것이 있는 것을 설명하지만 있을  있는 것을 예측하지는 않는다는 것이다.

 Another population, or the same population at a different time, could have a different mix of genetic and environmental influences.

 다른 집단, 또는 다른 시기의 동일한 집단은 유전적 영향과 환경적 영향의 조합이 다를  있다.

 Heritability will reflect these differences.

 유전성은 이러한 차이를 반영하게 마련이다.

 For example, heritability of body weight is greater in wealthier countries such as the US than in poorer countries such as Albania and Nicaragua.

 예를 들어, 체중의 유전성은 알바니아나 니카라과 같은  가난한 나라보다 미국과 같은  부유한 나라에서  크다.

 Wealthier countries have greater access to fast-food outlets and high-energy snacks, and greater access to fattening food leads to higher heritability because it exposes genetic differences in people's propensities to put on the pounds.

  부유한 나라는 패스트푸드 전문 매장과 고에너지 간식에 대한 접근성이  높고, 살찌는 음식에 대한 접근성이  높은 것은  높은 유전성으로 이어지는데, 왜냐하면 그것이 사람들의 몸무게가 느는 성향에 대한 유전적 차이를 드러내기 때문이다.

 [Summary] Heritability is a description reflecting genetic and environmental factors that vary depending on the context.

 [Summary] 유전성은 상황에 따라 변하는 유전적  환경적 요소를 반영하는 설명이다.

 

[Ch.05 - 서술형 Practice] 시대별 나이의 역할 변화

 It was not until the last half of the 1800s in the United States and some other nations that age became a criterion for ordering lives and this intensified in the early 1900s.

 미국과 일부 국가에서는 1800년대 후반이 되어서야 나이가 삶을 질서화하기 위한 기준이 되었고, 1900년대 초에는 이러한 경향이 심화되었다.

 With the rise of industrialization and efforts to systematize human services such as education and medical care, age became a measure of development and a criterion for sorting people.

 산업화의 부상, 그리고 교육과 의료 서비스 같은 인적 서비스를 체계화하려는 노력과 더불어, 나이는 발달의 척도이자 사람을 분류하는 기준이 되었다.

 Specialized institutions were designed around age groups.

 연령대를 중심으로 전문 기관이 만들어졌다.

 Developmental psychology and pediatrics began at this time, along with old-age institutions and age-graded schools.

 노년 기관  연령별 학교와 더불어, 발달 심리학  소아과가  시기에 시작되었다.

 Before then in the United States (and still, in many places), people rarely knew their age, and students advanced in their education as they learned.

  이전까지 미국에서는(그리고 지금도, 많은 곳에서), 사람들은 자신의 나이를 거의 알지 못했고, 학생들은 배우면서 교육 과정을 진급했다.

 Both expert and popular writing in the United States rarely referred to specific ages, although of course infancy, childhood, and adulthood were distinguished.

 물론 유아기, 아동기, 성인기가 구분되기는 했지만, 미국의 전문가와 대중의  모두 특정 연령을 언급하는 경우는 거의 없었다.

 Over the past century and a half, the cultural concept of age and associated practices relying on age-grading have come to play a central, though often unnoticed role in ordering lives in some cultural communities ─ those of almost all contemporary people

 지난  세기  동안, 나이에 대한 문화적 개념과 연령 등급에 의존하는 관련 관행은, 일부 문화 공동체에서는 종종 눈에 띄지 않지만, 거의 모든 현대인의 공동체에서 삶을 질서화하는  중심적인 역할을 하게 되었다.

 

[Ch.05 - 논술형 Practice] 여행 기념품의 종류

 Until now, souvenirs have been divided into two groups: the 'Sampled' and the 'Representative'.

 지금까지, 기념품은  가지 그룹으로 나누어져 있었는데, '표본형' '대표형' 그것이다.

 This binary division of souvenirs was established on the grounds that Sampled souvenirs are souvenirs of individual experience that are not available as general consumer goods.

 이러한 기념품의 이분법적 구분은 표본형 기념품이 일반 소비재로 구입할  없는 개인 경험의 기념품이라는 점을 근거로 설정되었다.

 These objects are collected directly by the tourist, with no intervention or mediation by the host culture.

 이런 물건들은 현지 문화에 의한 개입이나 중재 없이, 여행자에 의해 직접 수집된다.

 They often take the shape of sea shells or pebbles, wild flowers, dried and pressed, or animal remains.

 그것들은 종종 조개껍데기나 조약돌, 말려서 압착한 야생화, 또는 동물 유해의 형태를 취한다.

 The Representative category includes souvenirs which most often are representations and are purchasable.

 대표형 범주는 가장 흔하게는 재현물이며 구매 가능한 기념품을 포함한다.

 They are objects that may properly be called artifacts in that they are produced from human mediation and interpretation.

 그것들은 인간의 매개와 해석으로부터 만들어졌다는 점에서 인공물로 적절하게 불릴 수도 있는 물건들이다.

 This category embraces, on the one hand, postcards, wilderness posters and calendars and, on the other, crafted objects, such as clay pots, boomerangs, models and postcards.

  범주는, 한편으로는 엽서, 미개지 포스터와 달력을, 다른 한편으로는, 토기, 부메랑, 모형, 엽서와 같은 공예품을 포함한다.

 

[Ch.06 Unit 17 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 인공 신경망의 오류 수정

 Most artificial neural networks used in present-day artificial intelligence, despite their millions of inputs, outputs, and adjustable parameters, operate just like our proverbial hunter: they observe their errors and use them to adjust their internal state in the direction that they feel is best able to reduce the errors.

 오늘날의 인공 지능에 사용되는 대부분의 인공 신경망은 수백만 개의 입력, 출력, 그리고 조정 가능한 매개 변수에도 불구하고, 마치 우리의 속담 속의 사냥꾼처럼 작동하는데, 그것은 자신의 오류를 관찰하고 오류를 가장  줄일  있다고 생각되는 방향으로 내부 상태를 조정하는  그것(오류) 사용한다.

 In many cases, such learning is tightly guided.

 대부분의 경우 이러한 학습은 엄격하게 지도된다.

 We tell the network exactly which response it should have activated at the output ("it is a 1, not a 7"), and we know precisely in which direction to adjust the parameters if they lead to an error (a mathematical calculation makes it possible to know exactly which connections to modify when the network activates the output "7" too often in response to an image of the number 1).

 우리는 신경망에 그것이 정확히 어떤 응답을 출력에서 활성화해야 했는지를 말해 주고("7 아니라 1이다."), 우리는 망이 오류를 유발하는 경우 매개 변수를 정확히 어느 방향으로 조정해야 하는지 알고 있다(수학적 계산 덕분에 망이 숫자 1 이미지에 대한 응답으로 '7'이라는 출력을 너무 자주 활성화할  정확히 어떤 연결을 수정해야 하는지 아는 것이 가능하다).

 In machine learning parlance, this situation is known as "supervised learning" (because someone, who can be likened to a supervisor, knows the correct answer that the system must give) and "error backpropagation" (because error signals are sent back into the network in order to modify its parameters).

 기계 학습 용어로 이러한 상황은 '감독 학습'(감독자에 비유될  있는 누군가가 시스템이 제공해야 하는 정답을 알고 있으므로) '오류 역전달'(오류 신호가 매개 변수를 수정하기 위해 망에 다시 전송되므로) 알려져 있다.

 The procedure is simple: I try an answer, I am told what I should have answered, I measure my error, and I adjust my parameters to reduce it.

  절차는 간단한데, 내가 답을 시도하고, 내가 응답했어야 하는 것을 듣고, 오류를 측정하고, 그것을 줄이기 위해 매개 변수를 조정한다.

 At each step, I make only a small correction in the right direction.

 나는  단계에 올바른 방향으로 조금씩만 수정한다.

 That's why such computer-based learning can be incredibly slow: learning a complex activity, like playing Tetris, requires applying this recipe thousands, millions, even billions of times.

 그것 때문에 이러한 컴퓨터 기반 학습은 믿을  없을 정도로 느릴  있는데, '테트리스 게임' 하는 것과 같은 복잡한 활동을 학습하려면  방안을 수천, 수백만, 심지어 수십억  적용해야 하는 것이다.

 In a space that includes a multitude of adjustable parameters, it can take a long time to discover the optimal setting for every nut and bolt.

 조정 가능한 수많은 매개 변수가 있는 공간에서는 모든 너트와 볼트(구성 요소) 대한 최적의 설정을 찾는  오랜 시간이 걸릴  있다.

 

[Ch.06 Unit 17 - 1~2] 자녀를 위한 규칙 이해 교육

 In her book written for parents, Emmi Pikler illustrates with an instructive example how to draw children's attention to rules in a peaceful manner.

 부모를 위해  그녀의 책에서, Emmi Pikler 규칙에 대한 아이들의 관심을 평화로운 방식으로 유도하는 방법을 교육적인 예시와 함께 설명한다.

 First, she suggests creating a safe play area for the children, suitable for their abilities and where nothing needs to be prohibited.

 먼저, 그녀는 그들의 능력에 적합하고 아무것도 금지될 필요가 없는, 아이들을 위한 안전한 놀이 공간을 만들 것을 제안한다.

 Then when children are moving around on all fours, they may leave this safe area in their mother's company to discover their environment.

 그런 다음 아이들이 기어서 움직일 , 그들은 주변 환경을 탐색하기 위해 엄마와 함께  안전한 공간을 떠날 수도 있다.

 Then the mother can draw their children's attention to the rules and prohibitions.

 그때 엄마는 규칙과 금지 사항에 대해 아이들의 주의를   있다.

 The nearby books look intriguing, and they are happy to hang on to the tablecloth too.

 근처에 있는 책들은 흥미를 자아내고, 그들은 식탁보에 매달려 있는 것도 좋아한다.

 But then the mother repeats, "Don't do this!"

 그러나 그때 엄마가 "이러지 !"라고 반복해서 말한다.

 If the children find this difficult to accept, put them back into their secure area where everything is allowed.

 만약 아이들이 이를 받아들이기 힘들어하면, 모든 것이 허용되는 그들의 안전한 공간으로 그들을 다시 데려가라.

 However, the children should not feel this as a kind of punishment but should feel that their mother trusts them.

 그러나 아이들이 이를 일종의 벌로 느껴서는  되고 엄마가 자신을 신뢰한다고 느껴야 한다.

 "You are too young for these rules, but with time. this will change."

 "너는 아직  규칙을 지키기에는 너무 어리지만, 시간이 지나면, 바뀔 거야."라고 말해 주어라.

 These "walks" can be repeated from time to time.

 이러한 '이동' 때때로 반복될 수도 있다.

 This way, Pikler says, the world gradually unfolds before the children instead of shrinking (which is what happens when we ban something that they used to be allowed to do beforehand and that we may even have found amusing).

 Pikler 말하길, 이렇게 하면 (전에는 아이들에게 하도록 허용하고 심지어 우리가 재미있다고 생각했을 수도 있던 것을 금지하면 벌어지는) 위축이 일어나는 대신 세상이 점차 아이들 앞에 펼쳐진다고 말한다.

 The children's world unfolds; and at the same time, they can understand more and more of these limitations and accept what the adult ─ gently but expressly ─ expects from them.

 아이들의 세상이 펼쳐지고, 동시에 그들은 이러한 제한을 점점  많이 이해하며, 어른들이 온화하지만 분명하게 그들에게 기대하는 것을 받아들일  있다.

 

[Ch.06 Unit 17 - 3~4] 인정받고 싶은 인간의 욕구

 We all desire to feel that we are 'normal,' that we fit in and are accepted by others, that we are one of the crowd.

 우리는 모두 자신이 '보통'이고, 다른 사람들과 어울리며 다른 사람의 인정을 받고, 무리의 일원이라는 느낌을 받고 싶어 한다.

 Put another way, we generally avoid being regarded as 'being difficult to deal with' or 'not being part of the crowd.'

 다시 말해, 우리는 일반적으로 '다루기 어려운 사람' 또는 '무리의 일부가 아닌 사람'으로 여겨지는 것을 피한다.

 That is, we don't want to appear odd, strange, or anti-social in any way.

 , 우리는 어떤 식으로든 특이하거나 이상하거나 반사회적으로 보이고 싶지 않다.

 It may be true that a few eccentrics might deliberately cultivate personal idiosyncracies in order to attract attention, but generally their ultimate goal is to be accepted (even if only by a small collection of admirers) and not regarded as complete social outcasts.

 일부 괴짜들이 관심을 끌고자 의도적으로 개인적인 특이성을 키울지도 모른다는 것이 사실일 수도 있지만, 일반적으로 그들의 궁극적인 목표는 (비록 소수의 추종자 모임에만 인정받더라도) 인정받는 것이지 완전한 사회적 부랑자로 여겨지는 것이 아니다.

 However, while the yearning to be accepted and to belong is strong, we strain equally towards being recognized as individuals, and to being thought of as personally significant.

 그러나 인정받고 소속되고 싶은 열망이 강하지만, 우리는 똑같이 개인으로 인정받고 개인적으로 중요하게 여겨지도록 부단히 노력한다.

 Even if in only a minor sense, we wish to stand out from the crowd and not merely blend in with it.

 비록 단지 사소한 의미에서라도, 우리는 무리에서 돋보이기를 원하지 단순히  속에 섞여 들기를 원하지는 않는다.

 We would like our unique contributions to be acknowledged and we want our identities to be honoured as having some special significance in the world.

 우리는 자신의 고유한 기여가 인정받기를 원하고 자신의 정체성이 세상에서 어떤 특별한 중요성을 띠는 것으로 존중받기를 원한다.

 We want to be visible and believed in.

 우리는 눈에 띄면서도 신뢰받는 존재가 되기를 원한다.

 We don't want to be overlooked or ignored, as if we weren't there.

 우리는 우리가 마치 존재하지 않는 것처럼 간과되거나 무시당하기를 원하지 않는다.

 It's not that we necessarily wish to be famous, or some kind of celebrity (although apparently, many of us wish to be), it's more that we want to avoid invisibility.

 반드시 유명하게 되거나 일종의 유명 인사가 되고 싶어 한다는 것이 아니라 (물론 분명히, 우리  많은 사람이 그렇게 되기를 바라지만), '눈에 띄지 않는 ' 피하고 싶어 한다는 것이다.

 In no matter how small a way, and to no matter how few people, we want to feel just a little bit special.

 아무리 사소한 방식으로든, 아무리 적은 수의 사람에게라도, 우리는 아주 조금이라도 특별하다고 느끼고 싶어 한다.

 

[Ch.06 Unit 18 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 노숙자에게 Broncos 셔츠를  Tim

 My husband, Tim, is a huge football fan.

  남편 Tim 열렬한 미식축구 팬이다.

 More specifically, as a native of Denver, he's a huge Broncos fan.

  구체적으로는, Denver 토박이로서 그는 Broncos 열렬한 팬이다.

 It's not unusual to see us as a family wearing Broncos colors during football season.

 미식축구 시즌 동안 우리 가족이 Broncos 색상을 입고 있는 것을 보는 것은 드문 일이 아니다.

 In fact, our children learned early on to identify blue and orange as Broncos colors.

 사실, 우리 아이들은 일찍부터 파란색과 주황색을 Broncos 색으로 식별하는 법을 배웠다.

 Because he is such a fan, my husband has a variety of pieces of Broncos apparel that he wears quite often.

 열렬한 팬이기에, 남편에게는 그가 상당히 자주 입는 다양한 Broncos 의상이 있다.

 One evening while Tim was serving a meal at our local homeless shelter, a man coming through the dinner line struck up a conversation with him.

 어느  저녁 Tim 지역 노숙자 쉼터에서 배식하고 있을 , 저녁 식사 줄에 서서 다가오던  남자가 그와 대화를 시작하게 되었다.

 "Hey, Broncos! I love the Broncos! You think this is it, their year?" he asked, smiling as they continued to talk stats and Super Bowl odds.

 그는 "이봐요 Broncos! 저는 Broncos 좋아해요! 올해가 그들의 해라고 생각하세요?"라고 물었고, 그들이 계속해서 통계와 슈퍼볼 공산을 이야기하는 동안 미소 지었다.

 As the night progressed, any time this man and Tim ran across each other, the man would light up and they'd share a smile.

 밤이 깊어지면서  남자와 Tim 서로 우연히 마주칠 때마다,  남자는 얼굴이 환해졌고 둘은 미소를 나누었다.

 Finally, toward the end of the night, Tim searched for the man.

 마침내 밤이 끝날 무렵, Tim  남자를 찾았다.

 Finding him, he pulled off his Broncos shirt and threw it to the guy, retaining his undershirt.

 그를 발견하자, 그는 속셔츠는 계속 입은  자신의 Broncos 셔츠를 벗어  남자에게 던져 주었다.

 He shared both food and his shirt with the man over the course of the evening.

 그는 그날 저녁이 지나가는 동안  남자와 음식과 자신의 셔츠를 함께 나누었다.

 And although the man had a shirt of his own, he seemed touched that Tim cared enough to give him something he loved.

  남자는 자신의 셔츠를 가지고 있었지만, Tim 자신이 좋아하는 것을  만큼 충분히 마음을   것에 감동한 듯했다.

 "Are you serious?" the man asked, shocked.

 "진심이에요?" 남자는 충격을 받아 물었다.

 "Are you sure?"

 "확실해요?"

 The two hugged each other like long-lost best friends, and Tim headed out for the night.

  사람은 오랫동안 만나지 못한 절친한 친구처럼 서로를 껴안았고, Tim 그날  일을 그만 끝내고 출발했다.

 But the next night, when Tim showed up to drop off some gifts for an event, he saw the man again.

 하지만 다음  , 행사를 위한 선물  가지를 가져다주려고 Tim 나타났을 , 그는  남자를 다시 보았다.

 Lo and behold, he was wearing the Broncos shirt.

 , 보시라, 그는 Broncos 셔츠를 입고 있었다.

 

[Ch.06 Unit 18 - 1~3] 마라톤을 통해 드러난 우정의 

 In the busy city of Boston, two friends, Amy and Riley, found themselves at the starting line of the famous Boston Marathon.

 번잡한 도시인 보스턴에서,  친구 Amy Riley 유명한 보스턴 마라톤의 출발선에 서게 되었다.

 Their excitement bubbled over.

 그들의 흥분은 가득 차올랐다.

 Eager to ensure they were fully prepared for the challenge ahead, they arrived two hours before the scheduled start time.

 앞으로의 도전에 충분히 준비되었는지 확실히 하기를 열망했기에, 그들은 예정된 출발 시간보다  시간 전에 도착했다.

 As the race began, Riley said, "I'm feeling a mix of excitement and nerves right now, but knowing you're by my side makes it all better."

 경주가 시작되자, Riley "지금은 흥분과 긴장이 뒤섞인 기분이지만, 네가 곁에 있다는 것을 아니 모든  나아져."라고 말했다.

 "Don't worry," Amy reassured her friend with a confident smile. "We've dedicated ourselves to training for this race for over a year now.

 "걱정하지 . 우리는  경기를 위해 1 넘게 훈련에 전념해 왔어."라고 말하며 Amy 자신감 넘치는 미소로 친구를 안심시켰다.

 As they approached the halfway mark, however, disaster struck.

 하지만, 그들이 중간 지점에 다다랐을 , 재앙이 닥쳤다.

 Riley slipped on an uneven piece of road, her ankle twisting painfully.

 Riley 울퉁불퉁한 도로에서 미끄러져, 그녀의 발목이 심하게 뒤틀렸다.

 Amy rushed to her friend's side. her heart heavy with worry.

 Amy 걱정으로 마음이 무거워진 , 그녀의 친구 곁으로 달려갔다.

 Riley said, with her voice showing signs of discomfort from the pain, "I don't know if I can keep going. My ankle... It's too much."

 Riley 통증으로 인해 불편한 기색이 역력한 목소리로 "내가 계속할  있을지 모르겠어.  발목이... 너무 힘들어."라고 말했다.

 "We've come too far to give up now, Riley. We'll get through this together. Lean on me if you need to," said Amy.

 "우리는 지금 포기하기에 너무 멀리 왔어, Riley. 우리는 함께 해낼 거야. 필요하면 나에게 기대."라고 Amy 말했다.

 Despite Riley's protests, Amy insisted on supporting her friend through the difficult moments ahead.

 Riley 반대에도 불구하고, Amy 앞으로 다가올 힘든 순간 내내 자신의 친구를 응원할 것이라고 고집했다.

 With Riley's arm resting over Amy's shoulder, they adjusted their pace, sharing the burden as they pressed on, one step at a time.

 Riley 팔을 Amy 어깨 위에 얹은 , 그들은 속도를 조절했고,  번에  걸음씩 부담을 분담하며 앞으로 나아갔다.

 The miles stretched endlessly before them, but the cheers of the crowd echoed, carrying Amy and Riley onward.

 그들 앞에  거리가 끝없이 펼쳐져 있었지만, 관중의 환호성이 울려 퍼져 Amy Riley 앞으로 나아가게 했다.

 A lot of them shouted together, "You can do it!"

 많은 사람이 "너희는   있어!"라고 함께 외쳤다.

 Finally, they reached the last corner.

 마침내, 그들은 마지막 지점에 다다랐다.

 The finish line appeared in the distance, like a light of hope.

  멀리 결승선이 희망의 빛처럼 나타났다.

 Tears of joy flowed freely as Amy and Riley crossed the finish line hand in hand.

 Amy Riley 손을 잡고 결승선을 넘었을 , 기쁨의 눈물이 마구 흘러내렸다.

 "Amy, you were my rock. Whenever I felt like giving up, you were there to push me forward."

 "Amy, 너는 나의 버팀목이었어. 내가 포기하고 싶을 때마다, 너는 나를 앞으로 나아가게  주었어."

 In that moment, they knew that they had achieved something far greater than just completing a marathon ─ they had conquered their fears, overcome obstacles. and proven that with the support of a true friend by your side, anything is possible.

  순간, 단순히 마라톤을 완주한  이상의 훨씬   무언가를 달성했다는 ,  그들은 자신의 두려움을 극복했고, 장애물을 이겨냈으며, 곁에 진정한 친구의 응원이 있다면, 어떤 것이든 가능하다는 것을 증명했다는 것이었다.

 

[Ch.06 Unit 18 - 4~6] 상인 아들의 생일 파티

 At a rich merchant's house, there was a birthday party for the merchant's son, and the children of rich and great people were there.

 어느 부유한 상인의 집에서 상인의 아들을 위한 생일 파티가 열렸고, 부유하고 대단한 사람들의 자녀들이 참석했다.

 Among them was a handsome boy, the son of the editor of a newspaper.

 그중에는 신문사 편집장의 아들인 잘생긴 소년이 있었다.

 He said. "My dad can put everybody's dad in the newspaper. People are afraid of him, my mom says, because he can do whatever he wants with the paper."

 그는 "우리 아빠는 모든 사람의 아빠를 신문에 실을  있어. 사람들이 아빠를 두려워하는 이유는 아빠가 그가 원하는  신문으로 뭐든지   있기 때문이라고 우리 엄마는 말씀하셨어."라고 말했다.

 "But my dad can buy a hundred dollars' worth of candy, and give it to children. Can your dad do that?" asked the merchant's son.

 "하지만 우리 아빠는 100달러짜리 사탕을 사서 아이들에게   있어. 너희 아빠도 그렇게   있니?"라고 상인의 아들이 물어보았다.

 "And those whose names end in 'sen' can never be anything at all," he continued.

 "그리고 이름이 'sen'으로 끝나는 사람은 아무것도   없어."라고 그는 이어 말했다.

 The editor's son was very angry at what he had said, for his father's name was Petersen.

 편집장의 아들은 그의 말에 매우 화가 났는데, 자신의 아버지 이름이 Petersen이었기 때문이었다.

 But outside the door was a poor boy.

 그러나 문밖에는  가난한 소년이 있었다.

 His status was so low that he was not even allowed to enter the room.

 그의 지위는 너무 낮아서 그는  방에 들어가는 것조차 허용되지 않았다.

 The boy was there to help with the party, and the merchant's son told him to stand behind the door and wait for his call.

  소년은 파티를 돕기 위해 그곳에 있었고, 상인의 아들은 그에게  뒤에 서서 자신이 부르는 것을 기다리라고 말했다.

 There he stood, watching the well-dressed children having such a good time inside.

 그는 그곳에 서서, 옷을  차려입은 아이들이 안에서 매우 즐거운 시간을 보내는 것을 지켜보았다.

 "Oh, if I could be one of them," he thought.

 ", 나도 저들  하나가   있다면"이라고 그는 생각했다.

 Then he heard what the merchant's son said about names, and what he said was enough to make him even more unhappy.

 그러다 그는 상인의 아들이 이름에 대해 하는 말을 들었고, 그가  말은 그를 훨씬  불행하게 만들기에 충분했다.

 His parents back home did not even have a penny to buy a newspaper, and worse, his father's name, and of course his own, ended in "sen."

 고향에 있는 그의 부모님은 신문 하나를  돈조차 없었고, 설상가상으로, 그의 아버지 이름은 물론 자신의 이름도 'sen'으로 끝났다.

 But he was born into the world, and the station of life was chosen for him, so he had to be satisfied.

 하지만 그는 세상에 태어났고, 인생의 신분은 그에게 선택되었으므로, 그는 만족해야 했다.

 And this is what happened that night.

 그리고 이것이 그날 밤에 일어난 일이다.

 Many years passed, and the children grew up.

 오랜 세월이 흐르고 아이들은 자랐다.

 There stood a splendid house in the town.

 그곳 마을에 정말 멋진 집이 하나  있었다.

 It was much bigger and fancier than the one where the merchant's son had had his birthday party long ago.

 그것은 오래전에 상인의 아들이 자신의 생일 파티를 열었던 집보다 훨씬  크고  멋졌다.

 Which of the children we talked about could say this house was his own?

 우리가 이야기한 아이  누가  집을 자기 집이라고 말할  있을까?

 The house belonged to the poor little boy who had stood behind the door that night.

  집은 그날   뒤에  있던 불쌍한 소년의 것이었다.

 He really had become something great, although his name ended in "sen."

 그의 이름은 'sen'으로 끝났지만, 그는 정말 대단한 사람이 되었다.

 

[Ch.06 - 서술형 Practice] 비원어민으로부터의 언어 학습

 On May 29, 1953, Edmund Hillary reached the summit of Mount Everest.

 1953 5 29, Edmund Hillary Everest  정상에 올랐다.

 But he didn't do it alone: he was accompanied every step of the way by the Nepalese Sherpa mountaineer Tenzing Norgay.

 하지만 그는 혼자 그렇게  것이 아니라, 네팔인 셰르파 산악인인 Tenzing Norgay 모든 과정을 함께했다.

 Why didn't Hillary climb Mount Everest alone?

 Hillary  혼자 Everest 산을 등반하지 않았을까?

 Because he needed someone who had previous experience climbing the mountain to help him navigate the dangerous terrain.

 그가 위험한 지형을 돌아다니는 것을 도와줄 이전에  산을 등반한 경험이 있는 사람이 필요했기 때문이다.

 In fact, at one point, Tenzing saved Hillary's life.

 실제로 Tenzing 한때 Hillary 목숨을 구하기도 했다.

 Learning another language must also be a team effort, and ideally the person by your side has already climbed that mountain and can show you how it's done.

 다른 언어를 배우는  또한 팀의 노력이어야 하며, 곁에 있는 사람이 이미  산을 등반한 경험이 있고  방법을 알려   있는 사람이라면 이상적이다.

 Unfortunately, one of the most common beliefs when it comes to learning a language is that it can only be learned from a native speaker.

 안타깝게도 언어 학습에 관한 가장 일반적인 믿음  하나는 원어민에게만 배울  있다는 것이다.

 And it is true that learning from a native speaker allows you to hear proper pronunciation and phrasing in a naturalistic way.

 그리고 원어민에게 배우면 제대로  발음과 자연스러운 방식의 표현을 들을  있다는 것은 사실이다.

 But learning from a native speaker alone is like being guided up Mt. Everest by someone who was born at the top of the mountain and is shouting directions down from above.

 하지만 원어민에게만 배우는 것은 마치  정상에서 태어나 위에서 아래로 방향을 외치는 사람에게 Everest  등반 안내를 받는 것과 같다.

 The sounds may be pronounced correctly, but that won't help you find firm footing among the unstable rocks.

 발음은 정확할지 몰라도 여러분이 불안정한 바위 사이에서 발을 단단히 붙일 곳을 찾는 데는 도움이 되지 않을 것이다.

 What you need is a language Sherpa, if you will: a nonnative speaker who struggled with the language and who conquered it.

 여러분에게 필요한 것은 말하자면 언어 셰르파,   언어에 어려움을 겪고 이를 정복한 비원어민이다.

 It is not to suggest that learning from a native speaker is useless.

 원어민에게 배우는 것이 쓸모없다는 말은 아니다.

 However, there is much to be said for learning a language as an adult from someone who knows the terrain.

 하지만 어른이 되어서  지형을  아는 사람에게서 언어를 배우는 것에는 그럴 만한 충분한 이유가 있다.

 

[Ch.06 - 논술형 Practice] Sandy Greenberg Art Garfunkel 우정

 William R. Brody, President of Johns Hopkins University, shares an inspiring story about two students at Columbia University.

 Johns Hopkins 대학교의 총장인 William R. Brody Columbia 대학교의  학생에 대한 감명 깊은 이야기를 들려준다.

 One student, Sandy Greenberg, discovered he had an eye disease.

 Sandy Greenberg라는  학생은 자신이 안질환을 앓고 있다는 사실을 알게 되었다.

 It had not been discovered in time, and he became blind.

 제때 발견하지 못해, 그는 눈이 멀었다.

 Fortunately, Sandy's roommate, named Art, read his textbooks to him every night, enabling Sandy to graduate with honors and earn a Fulbright Scholarship.

 다행히도 Art라는 이름을 가진, Sandy 룸메이트가 그에게 매일  교과서를 읽어 주었고, Sandy 우등으로 졸업하고 Fulbright 장학금을 받을  있도록 했다.

 The two friends stayed in touch after graduation.

  친구는 졸업 후에도 계속 연락을 주고받았다.

 Sandy's former roommate also went on to graduate school but was unhappy.

 Sandy  룸메이트도 대학원에 진학했지만 불행했다.

 He wanted to pursue a music career with a high school friend who was also interested in music.

 그는 또한 음악에 관심이 있는 고등학교 친구와 음악 경력을 추구하고 싶었다.

 They needed $500 to make a demo record, but they didn't have the money.

 데모 음반을 만들려면 500달러가 필요했으나, 그들은 돈이 없었다.

 Sandy, although not wealthy, had the $500 and sent it to his friend, saying, "He made my life; I needed to help make his life."

 Sandy 부자는 아니었지만 500달러를 가지고 있었고 그의 친구에게 그것을 보내면서 말했다. "친구가  인생을 만들어 줬으니 나도  친구의 인생을 만드는 것을 도와야 했습니다."

 That former roommate was Art Garfunkel, and his friend was Paul Simon.

   룸메이트는 Art Garfunkel이었고, 그의 친구는 Paul Simon이었다.

 The demo record created with Sandy's $500 became their first hit, "The Sound of Silence," launching the career of the legendary American folk duo, Simon and Garfunkel.

 Sandy 500달러를 가지고 만든 데모 음반은 그들의  번째 히트곡인 'The Sound of Silence' 되었고, 전설적인 미국 포크 듀오 Simon and Garfunkel 경력이 시작되었다.

 The act of generosity from Sandy was critical in their success.

 Sandy 관대한 행동은 이들의 성공에 결정적이었다.

 Years later, in a touching twist, Art Garfunkel sang at the wedding of Sandy Greenberg's daughter, illustrating the lasting bond between the two friends.

   , Art Garfunkel 감동적인 반전으로 Sandy Greenberg  결혼식에서 노래를 불러  친구의 영원한 유대를 보여 줬다.

 Sandy's support helped Art and Paul achieve their dreams, just as Art's support had enabled Sandy to succeed in his academic pursuits.

 Art 지원이 Sandy 학업 수행에 성공할  있게   것처럼, Sandy 지원은 Art Paul 그들의 꿈을 이루도록 도와주었다.

 By supporting each other, they both achieved remarkable success.

 서로를 지원함으로써 그들은   놀라운 성공을 거두었다.

 

 

 

안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다.

 

오늘은 <EBS 올림포스 영어독해 기본 1 (2022 개정)>의 지문 텍스트를 정리해서 올립니다.


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[2025년 개정판] EBS 올림포스 영어독해 기본 1 (2022 개정교육과정) - 한줄해석

안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다.2024년 10월 EBS 대표 기본 개념서 올림포스>가 새로운 교육과정에 맞춰 개정판이 출간되었습니다.   올림포스 구성국어: 공통국어1, 공통국어2, 문학

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[2025년 개정판] EBS 올림포스 영어독해 기본 1 (2022 개정교육과정) - 한줄해석 (좌지문 우해석)

안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다.2024년 10월 EBS 대표 기본 개념서 올림포스>가 새로운 교육과정에 맞춰 개정판이 출간되었습니다.  올림포스 구성국어: 공통국어1, 공통국어2, 문학1 현대문

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안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다.

2024년 10월 EBS 대표 기본 개념서 <올림포스>가 새로운 교육과정에 맞춰 개정판이 출간되었습니다. 

 

올림포스 구성

  • 국어: 공통국어1, 공통국어2, 문학1 현대문학, 문학2 현대문학
  • 영어: 영어독해 기본1, 영어독해 기본2, 영어독해 9대 변별유형
  • 수학: 공통수학1, 공통수학2

올림포스 교재 특징

  • 2022 개정 교육과정 반영
  • 내신과 수능 대비를 위한 기본 개념 및 다양한 문제 유형 제공
  • 수행평가 대비 아이템 포함

 

오늘은 기존 <EBS 올림포스 독해의 기본 1>를 대체할 <EBS 올림포스 영어독해 기본 1 (2022 개정)>의 한줄해석 (좌지문 우해석) 자료 올립니다.

 

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EBS 올림포스 영어독해 기본 1 (2022 개정) - 한줄해석

안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다. 2024년 10월 EBS 대표 기본 개념서 올림포스>가 새로운 교육과정에 맞춰 개정판이 출간되었습니다.   올림포스 구성국어: 공통국어1, 공통국어2, 문학1 현대

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전체 내용

[Ch.01 Unit 01 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 초대 명단 누락에 대한 사과
 Dear Christy, Christy 씨께
 By now you've no doubt heard about Chandra's surprise party and are probably wondering why you weren't invited. 지금쯤이면 귀하는 틀림없이 Chandra 깜짝 파티에 대해 들으셨을테고, 아마도  귀하가 초대되지않았는지 궁금해하고 계실  같습니다.
 Chandra certainly was; as soon as she arrived, she asked me, "Where's Christy?" Chandra 분명히 그러고 있었는데, 왜냐하면 그녀는 도착하자마자 제게 "Christy 어디 있죠?"라고 물었거든요.
 Your absence from the guest list is entirely my fault, and I'm truly sorry for my thoughtlessness. 손님 명단에 귀하가 없는 것은 전적으로  잘못이며, 저의 부주의에 대해 진심으로 사과드립니다.
 I know how much Chandra values your friendship, and I certainly meant no offense. Chandra 귀하와의 우정을 얼마나 소중히 여기는지 알고 있으며, 저는 분명히 기분 상하게  의도가 없었습니다.
 Even now, I still don't understand how I could have overlooked your name. 심지어 지금도, 어떻게 제가 귀하의 이름을  보고넘어갈  있었는지 여전히 이해가 되지 않습니다.
 It's a case, I suppose, of missing the obvious, of not seeing what's right before your eyes. 그것은 분명한 것을 놓치는,  바로 눈앞에 있는것을 보지 못하는 경우라고 여깁니다.
 Can you ever forgive me? 저를 용서해 주시겠습니까?
 Sincerely, Lisa Lisa 드림

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 01 - 1] 협의회 회의 일정 변경 공지
 Dear Mrs. Rabinowitz, Rabinowitz 부인께
 It was very kind of you to offer to provide refreshments at this month's council meeting. 귀하께서는 너무 친절하게도 이번  협의회 회의에서 다과를 제공해 주기로 하셨습니다.
 Unfortunately, due to a conflict at the community center, we've had to reschedule the meeting for September 17. 안타깝게도, 지역 문화 회관에서의 (회의 일정의)충돌로 인해, 저희는 9 17일로 회의 일정을 변경해야 했습니다.
 I realize you've probably started baking some of your famous pies already, and I wanted to offer my sincerest apologies for the late notice of our cancellation. 귀하께서 아마도 귀하의 유명한 파이  일부를 이미 굽기 시작했을 지도 모른다는 것을 제가 알고 있으며, 취소 공지를 늦게 알려드린 점에 대해 진심 어린 사과를 드리고 싶습니다.
 Your contributions to the meeting are always much appreciated, and I feel terrible for the change of date and inconvenience we've caused you. 회의에 대한 귀하의 기여에 항상 무척 감사드리며, 날짜가 변경되어 귀하에게 불편을 끼쳐 드린 점에대해 정말 죄송하게 생각합니다.
 If you'd still like to provide refreshments for the meeting, great. 그래도 회의에 다과를 제공하고 싶으시다면, 근사한일입니다.
 If not, I understand completely and will be happy to call on another neighbor. 그렇지 않더라도, 충분히 이해하며 기꺼이 다른 이웃에게 요청 드리겠습니다.
 Regards, Martin Williams Martin Williams 드림

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 01 - 2] 프린터 교체 제안
 Dear Mr. Harrison, Harrison 씨께
 Yesterday I was going through our files and realized that we had neglected to contact you regarding our proposal to replace your office printer. 어제 저희 파일을 살펴보다가 귀하의 사무실 프린터를 교체하는 저희 제안과 관련하여 저희가 연락을소홀히 했다는 사실을 깨달았습니다.
 I realize that four months have passed since I sent you the information, so I have attached our original proposal. 제가 귀하께 정보를 보낸  4개월이 지났다는 것을깨달아서, 저희의 최초 제안서를 첨부했습니다.
 I hope you will take the time to review it. 귀하께서 시간을 내어 그것을 검토해 주시기를 바랍니다.
 We feel that our prices are very competitive and that the quality and durability of our printer will actually save you money in the long term. 저희는 저희의 가격이 매우 경쟁력이 있고 저희 프린터의 품질과 내구성을 통해 장기적으로는 비용을실질적으로 절감하실 것으로 생각합니다.
 I will call you next Monday after you have had time to review the proposal. 귀하께서 제안서를 검토할 시간을 가지신 , 다음 월요일에 제가 귀하께 전화드리겠습니다.
 I look forward to doing business with you. 귀하와 거래할  있기를 기대합니다.
 If you have any questions or concerns, I can be reached at 308-555-9847. 질문이나 관심이 있으시면 308-555-9847 저에게 연락하실  있습니다.
 Best regards, Sarah Thompson Sales Manager 영업부장 Sarah Thompson 드림

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 01 - 3] 극장 보수 계획 재고 요청
 Dear Mayor Stanton, Stanton 시장님께
 I've recently been informed that you are proposing a plan to renovate our city's great historic landmark, the Silverlight Theater. 저는 최근에 시장님께서 우리 시의 위대한 역사적명소인 Silverlight 극장을 보수하려는 계획을 제안하고자 한다는 것을 알게 되었습니다.
 Your proposed plan to increase the theater's seating capacity to attract larger audiences and bring more world-class theatrical performances to the city may be financially sound.  많은 관객을 모으고  많은 세계 최상급 연극 공연을 우리 시에 유치하기 위해 극장의 관객 수용 능력을 늘리려는 시장님의 제안 계획은 재정적으로는타당할 수도 있습니다.
 But everything I've heard and read in recent weeks leads me to believe that such a renovation would destroy the theater's architecture, which is among the best of its kind in the nation. 하지만 최근   동안 제가 듣고 읽은 모든 것은그러한 보수가  극장의 구조를 파괴할 것이라고믿게 하는데, 그것은 전국의 그런 종류  최고에속합니다.
 With that in mind, I urge you to reconsider this renovation plan and to explore alternatives that will preserve the character of the Silverlight Theater while securing its financial stability. 저는 이를 염두에 두고 시장님께  보수 계획을 재고하고 Silverlight 극장의 특색을 보존하면서 그것의 재정적 안정을 확보할 대안을 모색할 것을 촉구합니다.
 I strongly believe that we should not sacrifice the beauty and history of our city for short-sighted financial gain. 저는 근시안적인 재정적 이익을 위해 우리 시의 아름다움과 역사를 희생해서는  된다고 굳게 믿습니다.
 Sincerely, Kate Hendricks Kate Hendricks 드림

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 02 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 휴전 소식을 들은 Lina Caruso
 Outside, in the streets of Rome, crowds had quickly gathered and were shouting. 밖의 로마 거리에서는, 군중이 빠르게 모여들어 외치고 있었다.
 The war was over! 전쟁이 끝났다!
 Peace had returned! 평화가 돌아왔다!
 Lina Caruso and her mother heard the news from a refugee from Naples. Lina Caruso 그녀의 어머니는 나폴리에서  난민으로부터  소식을 들었다.
 Lina hardly dared believe it. Lina 감히 그것을 거의 믿지 못했다.
 Hurrying back to their house at the top of the town, they heard cheering, but Lina still didn't believe the news until she heard it with her own ears. 서둘러 마을 꼭대기에 있는 자신들의 집으로 돌아오면서, 그들은 환호성을 들었지만, Lina 직접 자신의  귀로 듣기 전까지는 여전히  소식을 믿지못했다.
 Just as they turned into their street, they saw an army motorcycle dispatch rider pulling out of the castle and waved him down. 자신들의 거리로  접어들었을 , 그들은 군용 오토바이를  전령이 성에서 빠져나오는 것을 보고는손을 흔들어 그를 세웠다.
 He confirmed that the armistice had been signed. 그는 휴전 협정이 서명되었음을 확인해 주었다.
 Hostilities would cease, and with them the bombings. 적대 행위가 중단될 것이었고, 그것과 더불어 폭격도 멈출 것이었다.
 Lina almost cried with joy. Lina 기쁨에 거의  뻔했다.
 Joy seemed to overflow from her heart. 기쁨이 그녀의 마음에서 넘쳐나는  같았다.
 She hugged her mother and cried. 그녀는 어머니를 껴안고 울었다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 02 - 1] 동굴의 숨은 입구 발견
 With great care, Robert arranged his instruments. 매우 조심스럽게, Robert 자신의 도구를 정돈했다.
 His heart was pounding as he observed the morning shadows gradually descending the mountain. 그가 아침 그림자가 서서히 산을 내려오는 것을 지켜볼 , 그의 심장은 고동치고 있었다.
 Each adjustment was made thoughtfully, every piece of equipment placed just so, all in anticipation of the cave's hidden entrance being unveiled. 각각의 조정이 신중하게 이루어졌고, 모든 장비도그렇게 배치되었는데, 모든 것이  동굴의 숨겨진입구가 드러날 것이라는 기대 속에서 이루어졌다.
 He was not sure he could make it. 그는 성공할  있을지 확신하지 못했다.
 And then, it happened ─ a subtle flash of light, fleeting yet significant. 그리고 바로 그때,  일이 일어났는데, 미묘한 번쩍이는 빛이었고, 순식간이었지만 아주 컸다.
 In that brief moment, Robert captured the crucial data, marking the entrance's location on his map with a surge of triumph.  짧은 순간, Robert 결정적인 데이터를 포착하여 벅차오르는 승리감으로 자신의 지도에 입구의위치를 표시했다.
 Memories of his grandfather's captivating tales flooded his mind, filling him with a profound sense of connection and joy. 할아버지의 매혹적인 이야기에 대한 기억이 그의마음을 가득 채웠고, 그를 깊은 유대감과 기쁨으로채웠다.
 Tears welled in his eyes as he settled onto an old log, reflecting on the journey that had led him here. 오래된 통나무 위에 자리를 잡고 앉아 여기까지 그를 이끌고  여정을 되돌아보자, 그의 눈에는 눈물이 차올랐다.
 Crying with happiness, he uttered a single word into the crisp mountain air ─ "Fantastic!" 행복에 겨워 울먹이며, 그는 상쾌한 산속 공기 중으로 '굉장하군!'이라고  마디를 내뱉었다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 02 - 2]  문을 두드리는 소리
 It seemed I was asleep only for a few minutes in my car when I was suddenly awakened by something banging on my car door.   안에서 단지  분간 잠을 자고 있었던  같았는데 갑자기 나는 뭔가가  문을  하고 치는소리에 잠에서 깼다.
 I looked through every window, but no one was there. 나는 모든 차창을 통해 살펴봤지만 아무도 없었다.
 The hitting was getting louder. 두드리는 소리는 점점  커졌다.
 My mind started racing as I tried to contain the terror that was inching its way into my heart. 내가 심장을 향해 조금씩 다가오는 공포를 억누르려고 하는 동안 나는 생각이 빨라지기 시작했다.
 I desperately screamed, "Please help me!" 나는 필사적으로 "제발 도와주세요!"라고 외쳤다.
 My eyes were shut as I screamed. 나는 눈을 감고서 비명을 질렀다.
 As I shook with fear, I noticed the hitting had stopped. 두려움에 떨고 있을  나는 두드리는 것이 멈춘 것을 알아차렸다.
 As I slowly forced my eyes to open, I saw there was a man tapping on my window. 천천히 억지로 눈을 떴을 , 나는  남자가  차창을 두드리고 있는 것을 보았다.
 He was an older man, who didn't look dangerous. 그는 나이  남자였는데, 위험해 보이지는 않았다.
 "Hello there," he said. "안녕하세요." 그가 말했다.
 "I saw your car on the side of the road. Is everything okay?" "도롯가에 있는 당신 차를 봤어요. 괜찮으세요?"
 I couldn't think of a time I had ever been gladder to see someone. 나는 누군가를 보게 되어 (이보다)  반가웠던 때를 생각해   없었다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 02 - 3] 고장의 고등학교 미식축구  경기
 More than a thousand people showed up at the field to cheer for the hometown high school football team. 고장의 고등학교 미식축구 팀을 응원하기 위해 명이 넘는 사람들이 경기장에 나타났다.
 There was a long line at the ticket booth that stretched down the street. 매표소에는 거리를 따라 늘어선  줄이 있었다.
 The delicious smell of popcorn and hot dogs was everywhere. and the refreshment stand ran out of food before halftime. 사방에 팝콘과 핫도그의 맛있는 냄새가 났고, 다과를 파는 노점은 하프 타임 전에 음식이 동이 났다.
 Everyone was cheering: the crowd waving flags, the cheerleaders, the band playing loud music, the players, the officials, the parents running the hot dog stand, the policeman, even me! 모두가 응원하고 있었다. 깃발을 흔드는 관중, 치어리더들, 시끄러운 음악을 연주하는 밴드, 선수들,경기 임원들, 핫도그 노점을 운영하는 부모들, 경찰관, 그리고 나조차도!
 The cheerleaders were whistling and stomping their feet on the aluminum bleachers, making a loud noise. 치어리더들은 알루미늄 노천 관람석에서 휘파람을불고 발을 쿵쿵 구르며  소리를 냈다.
 The cheerleaders looked up in delighted surprise. 치어리더들은 아주 즐겁게 놀라서 올려다보았다.
 For the first time, they were hearing something come back from the stands ─ a huge cheer! 그들은 처음으로 관중석에서 뭔가 호응하는 소리를들었는데, 그것은 엄청난 환호성이었다!
 They did cartwheels and backflips and even a three-tier pyramid. 그들은 옆으로 재주넘기, 뒤로 재주넘기, 심지어 3 피라미드 쌓기까지 했다.
 The old-timers said it was the loudest. most exciting game they'd ever been to. 오랜 팬들은 그것이 여태까지 자신들이   경기 가장 시끄럽고 가장 흥미진진한 경기였다고 말했다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 03 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 멘티를 대하는 멘토의 자세
 It has been said that most people listen with the intention to reply rather than to understand. 대부분 사람은 이해하려는 의도보다는 답변하려는의도로 듣는다는 말이 있어 왔다.
 Your job as a mentor is to facilitate your mentee's thinking and not to try and do it for them, no matter how tempting that may be. 멘토로서 여러분의 역할은 여러분의 멘티의 사고를촉진하는 것이지 아무리 솔깃할  있다고 하더라도 멘티를 대신해서 그것을  주려고 애쓰는 것이아니다.
 If, during a mentoring session, you realise you're doing most of the talking, then I'd respectfully suggest that you just stop, sit back and listen. 만약 멘토링 시간 중에 여러분이  대부분을 하고있다는 것을 깨닫는다면, 그냥 멈추고 가만히 있으면서 (멘티가 하는 말을) 듣기를 정중히 제안한다.
 A good part of the mentee's learning process happens when he/she thinks out loud. 멘티의 학습 과정의 상당 부분은 멘티가 생각을 밖에 내어 말할  발생한다.
 The rest of it happens by reflection and practice outside mentoring sessions. 나머지는 멘토링 시간 밖에서의 성찰과 실천에 의해 발생한다.
 Therefore, your mentee should be doing most of the talking. 따라서 여러분의 멘티가 대부분의 말을 해야 한다.
 Listening actively and empathically helps mentees to gain insight and to express themselves more effectively. 적극적이고 공감하면서 경청하는 것은 멘티가 통찰을 얻고 자신을  효과적으로 표현하도록 돕는다.
 For your mentee to have a sense of being heard and of feeling acknowledged, it is essential that you listen well. 여러분의 멘티가 경청되고 인정받는다고 느끼려면, 여러분이  들어 주는 것이 극히 중요하다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 03 - 1] 전문성과 창의력의 관계
 The expert myth is the belief that the more you know, the more creative you become. '전문가 신화'  많이 알수록 더욱더 창의적으로된다는 믿음이다.
 At the face of it, this seems quite logical. 표면적으로는 이것이  논리적으로 보인다.
 The rationale is that in order to be truly creative, one must master a field or a domain.  근거는 진정으로 창의적으로 되려면 어떤  분야나 영역에 숙달해야 한다는 것이다.
 Creativity often requires some level of expertise. but expertise and creativity are nonetheless very different things. 창의력은 흔히 어느 정도의 전문성을 요구하지만,그래도 전문성과 창의력은 매우 다른 것이다.
 Someone can know a great deal about something and yet show little creativity in that domain. 어떤 사람은 어떤 것에 대해 많이   있지만, 영역에서 창의력을 거의 보이지 못할 수도 있다.
 However, research into the lives of creative people shows that in some cases "expertise can actually hinder creative ability of individuals. ... As expertise grows, creativity sometimes diminishes. Sometimes the best insights come from those outside a particular field, ..." 그러나 창의적인 사람들의 삶에 대한 연구는 어떤경우에는 "전문성이 실제로 사람들의 창의력을 저해할  있다. ... 전문성이 커짐에 따라 창의력은때때로 줄어든다. 때때로 최고의 통찰은 해당 분야밖에 있는 사람들에게서 나온다, ..."라는 것을 보여준다.
 There is good reason for this. 이것에는 충분한 이유가 있다.
 When we are too heavily invested in a task, we may tend to overlook the obvious. 우리가 어떤  과업에 너무 많은 시간과 노력을 쏟으면 명백한 것을 간과하기 쉬울 수도 있을 것이다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 03 - 2] 진로 탐색 노력
 Just as you don't know everything in advance about a trip you are going to take, neither can you know everything about how your new life or career might unfold. 여러분이 떠날 여행에 대해 모든 것을 미리  없는 것과  마찬가지로, 여러분의 새로운 삶이나진로가 어떻게 펼쳐질지에 대해서도 모든 것을 수는 없다.
 But that's fine. 하지만 괜찮다.
 You just have to treat it like doing a jigsaw: accept that the full picture is going to emerge gradually rather than instantly. 여러분은 그것을 조각 그림 맞추기를 하듯 그것을다루기만 하면 되는데, 전체 그림이 즉각적이 아니라 서서히 나타날 거라는 사실을 받아들여라.
 While sometimes it will be straightforward to fit pieces together, at other times it will take more effort and patience. 때로는 조각을 맞추는 것이 간단한 반면에,  어떤때에는  많은 노력과 인내가 필요할 것이다.
 Sometimes you will find interesting pieces that open up a whole new section, and at other times you may find pieces that don't seem to belong anywhere right now. 때로는 완전히 새로운 부분을 여는 흥미로운 조각을 발견할 수도 있고,  어떤 때에는 당장은 아무곳에도 속하지 않는  같은 조각을 발견할 수도 있을 것이다.
 You just need to keep at it until the picture emerges and you can see clearly what you have achieved. 여러분은 그림이 나타날 때까지 그저 그것을 계속할 필요가 있고, 그러면 자신이 달성한 것을 명확하게   있다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 03 - 3] 사회적 관습이 우리의 습관에 미치는 막대한 영향
 We don't choose our earliest habits, we imitate them. 우리는 우리의 초기 습관을 선택하지 않으며, 그것을 모방한다.
 We follow the script handed down by our friends and family, our church or school. our local community and society at large. 우리는 친구와 가족, 교회나 학교, 지역 사회와 사회 전반에 의해 물려받는 각본을 따른다.
 Each of these cultures and groups comes with its own set of expectations and standards ─ when and whether to get married, how many children to have, which holidays to celebrate, how much money to spend on your child's birthday party. 이러한  문화와 집단에는 언제 결혼할지와 결혼할것인지, 얼마나 많은 자녀를 가질지, 어떤 명절을축하할지, 자녀의 생일 파티에 얼마를 지출할지의 자체의 기대와 기준이 있다.
 In many ways, these social norms are the invisible rules that guide your behavior each day. 여러 면에서 이러한 사회적 규범은 매일 여러분의행동을 이끄는 보이지 않는 규칙이다.
 You're always keeping them in mind, even if they are not at the top of your mind. 그것이 여러분의 마음속에 가장 먼저 떠오르는 것이아니더라도, 여러분은 그것을 항상 마음속에 두고있다.
 Often, you follow the habits of your culture without thinking, without questioning, and sometimes without remembering. 자주 여러분은 아무 생각 없이, 의심 없이, 때로는기억하지 못한  여러분 문화의 관습을 따른다.
 As the French philosopher Michel de Montaigne wrote, "The customs and practices of life in society sweep us along." 프랑스 철학자 Michel de Montaigne 썼듯이, "사회에서 삶의 관습과 관행은 우리의 정신을 온통빼앗는다."

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 04 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 원칙과 가치의 중요성
 Nothing about an organization's strategy or business model is sacrosanct. 조직의 전략이나 비즈니스 모델에서 신성불가침인것은 아무 것도 없다.
 But there must be a cutting point between principles and values and everything else. 하지만 원칙과 가치, 그리고  외의 모든  사이에는 반드시 구분점이 존재해야 한다.
 They represent precious, freestanding assets that must be independent of strategy. 그것들은 전략으로부터 독립적이어야 하는 소중하고 독립된 자산을 나타낸다.
 They provide continuity and identity when everything else is expendable.  외의 모든 것이 소모용인데 그것들은 연속성과정체성을 제공한다.
 They represent the core element of the culture and the unchanging soul of the organization. 그것들은 문화의 핵심 요소이자 조직의 변하지 않는 정신을 나타낸다.
 Cases in which leaders have successfully remodeled an entire enterprise represent organizational change in its comprehensive and supreme category. 리더가 기업 전체를 성공적으로 개조한 사례는 그것의 포괄적이면서도 가장 중요한 범주에서의 조직상의 변화를 나타낸다.
 We learn from these cases that retaining principles and values during the process of change is not only possible but necessary to provide an anchor. 이러한 사례에서 우리는 변화의 과정에서 원칙과가치를 유지하는 것이 가능할 뿐만 아니라 의지할것을 제공하는  필수적이라는 것을 배운다.
 Ironically, perhaps, organizations with the strongest principles and values often have the highest adaptive capacity because people attach themselves to them and understand that everything else is on the table. 어쩌면, 역설적이게도 가장 강력한 원칙과 가치를가진 조직이 흔히 최고의 적응 능력을 갖고 있는데, 사람들이 그것들은 고수하고  외의 모든 것들은검토 대상이라는 것을 이해하기 때문이다.
 If you want to keep your promises, burn the house when it's time to reinvent the company. 약속을 지키고 싶다면, 회사를 새롭게 만들어야 때라면 집을 불태우라.
 But save the nails. 하지만 못은 남겨 두라.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 04 - 1] 인간 행동과 감정의 사회성
 There is something in human nature that prompts us to think of our actions, as well as our feelings, as though they were the distinctive issue of something inside us, something uniquely ours. 인간 본성에는, 우리의 행동, 나아가 우리의 감정이마치 우리 내부의 어떤 것에 대한 특이한 문제, 우리만의 고유한 어떤 것에 대한 문제인 것처럼 생각하게 이끄는 무언가가 있다.
 Some are. 일부는 그렇다.
 But most of the actions and feelings that help us enter into working relations with fellow members of the world are not all that private. 하지만 우리가 세상의 동료 구성원들과 과업 수행관계를 시작하도록 돕는 대부분의 행동과 감정은그다지 개인적인 것이 아니다.
 They are, in fact, performances we execute in acceptably close conformity to widely accepted social rules. 사실, 그것들은 우리가 널리 받아들여지는 사회적규칙을 용인할  있을 정도로 근접하게 따르면서실행하는 일이다.
 These rules are learned and held by us in such an easy way that we indulge the conceit that they are our own brilliant accomplishments. 이러한 규칙은 우리가 너무나 쉽게 배워서 보유하기 때문에 우리는 그것들이 우리 자신의 훌륭한 업적이라는 자만심에 빠진다.
 We think of them as though they were the inventions of our own utterly original psychic lives, when most of them are as familiar to others as they are to us. 우리는 그것들을 마치 우리 자신의 완전히 독창적인 정신적 삶의 발명품인 것처럼 생각하지만, 그것 대부분은 우리에게 친숙한 것처럼 다른 사람들에게도 친숙하다.
 Social things are quite simply social. 사회적인 것들은 그야말로 사회적이다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 04 - 2] 음식 조리의 생물학적 이점
 Cooked food does many familiar things. 조리된 음식은 친숙한 여러 가지 일을 한다.
 It makes our food safer, creates delicious tastes, and reduces the risk of going bad. 그것은 우리의 음식을  안전하게 만들고, 맛있는맛을 만들어 내며, (음식이) 상할 위험성을 줄여준다.
 Heating can allow us to open, cut, or mash tough foods. 가열은 우리가 질긴 음식을 쪼개거나 자르거나 으깰  있게 한다.
 But none of these advantages is as important as a little-appreciated aspect: cooking increases the amount of energy our bodies obtain from our food. 그러나 이러한 장점  어떤 것도 거의 인정받지 못한  가지 측면만큼 중요한 것은 없는데, 그것은조리가 우리 몸이 음식에서 얻는 에너지의 양을 증가시킨다는 것이다.
 The extra energy gave the first cooks biological advantages. 여분의 에너지는 최초로 조리를  사람들에게 생물학적 이점을 주었다.
 They survived and reproduced better than before. 그들은 이전보다   생존하고 번식했다.
 Their genes spread. 그들의 유전자가 퍼졌다.
 Their bodies responded by biologically adapting to cooked food, shaped by natural selection to take maximum advantage of the new diet. 그들의 몸은 생물학적으로 조리된 음식에 적응함으로써 반응했고, 자연 선택에 의해 새로운 식단을 최대한 활용하도록 형성되었다.
 There were changes in anatomy, physiology, ecology, life history, psychology, and society. 해부학적 구조, 생리, 생태, 생활사, 심리, 그리고사회에 변화가 생겼다.
 Fossil evidence indicates that this dependence arose not just some tens of thousands of years ago, but right back at the beginning of our time on Earth, at the start of human evolution. 화석 증거는 이러한 의존성이 겨우 수만  전이 아니라 과거에 지구상에서 우리의 시간이 시작한 바로 그때,  인류의 진화가 시작한 때에 발생했다는것을 보여 준다.
 We should indeed pin our humanity on cooks. 우리는 정말로 우리의 인간다움을 조리를  사람들의 덕분으로 돌려야 한다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 04 - 3] 텔레비전이 스포츠 산업에 미친 영향
 Radio provided the driving force to solidify the era of patronage; however, the invention that soon followed remains to this day the most significant communication medium that has influenced and aided the development of sports. 라디오가 애용의 시대를 확고히 하는 원동력을 제공했지만,  뒤를 이은 발명품이 스포츠 발전에 영향을 미치고 도움을  가장 중요한 통신 매체로 오늘날까지 남아 있다.
 Who knew what sportscaster Bill Stern questioned and introduced in 1939 would enhance the growth and development of sports marketing practices for decades? 스포츠 캐스터 Bill Stern 1939년에 의문을 제기하면서 소개했던 것이 수십  동안 스포츠 마케팅관행의 성장과 발전을 향상할  누가 알았겠는가?
 The display platform, the television, though airing two average baseball teams battling for fourth place, provided an incredibly formidable and profitable union between sports and the American public. 비록 4위를 다투는 평범한  야구팀을 방송하긴해도, 텔레비전이라는 디스플레이 플랫폼은 스포츠와 미국 대중 간의 믿을  없을 정도로 강력하고수익성 있는 결합을 제공했다.
 The television provided a means for sports organizations to expand their market presence and a unique opportunity for marketers to engage their publics. 텔레비전은 스포츠 단체가 시장 진출을 확장할 있는 수단과 마케터가 대중의 관심을 사로잡을 특별한 기회를 제공했다.
 The notion of a "picture being worth a thousand words" became a reality with the invention and its intervention and presentation of sports.  장의 '그림이  마디 말의 가치가 있다'라는 개념은  발명품, 그리고 그것의 스포츠 개입과 제공으로 현실이 되었다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 05 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 미각이 뛰어난 사람의 이점
 Supertasters and nontasters respond similarly to many foods, but supertasters are more sensitive to certain sweet and bitter substances. 미각이 뛰어난 사람과 뛰어나지 않은 사람은 많은음식에 비슷하게 반응하지만, 미각이 뛰어난 사람은 단맛과 쓴맛이 나는 특정한 재료에  민감하다.
 These differences in taste sensitivity influence people's eating habits in ways that can have repercussions for their physical health. 이러한 미각 민감도의 차이는 신체 건강에 영향을미칠  있는 방식으로 사람들의 식습관에 영향을미친다.
 For example, supertasters are less likely to be fond of sweets and tend to consume fewer high-fat foods, both of which are likely to reduce their risk for cardiovascular disease. 예를 들어, 미각이 뛰어난 사람은  음식을  좋아할  있고 고지방 음식을  먹는 경향이 있는데,   가지 모두 심혈관 질환의 위험을 줄일 있다.
 Supertasters also tend to react more negatively to alcohol and smoking, thereby reducing their likelihood of developing drinking problems or nicotine addiction. 미각이 뛰어난 사람은 또한 음주와 흡연에  부정적으로 반응하는 경향이 있는데, 그렇게 함으로써그들에게 음주 문제나 니코틴 중독이 발생할 가능성을 줄인다.
 The only health disadvantage identified for supertasters thus far is that they respond more negatively to many vegetables, which seems to hold down their vegetable intake. 지금까지 미각이 뛰어난 사람에게 확인된 유일한건강상의 단점은 그들이 많은 채소에 대해  부정적으로 반응한다는 것인데, 그것은 채소 섭취를 억제하는 듯하다.
 Overall, however, supertasters tend to have better health habits than nontasters, thanks to their strong reactions to certain tastes. 그러나, 전반적으로는 미각이 뛰어난 사람이 특정맛에 대한 자신의 강한 반응 덕분에 미각이 뛰어나지 않은 사람보다  나은 건강 습관을 갖는 경향이있다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 05 - 1] 아프리카 전통사회의 노인의 역할
 Every society has its cognitive "police officers" or gatekeepers who together define the fundamental cognitive orientation of the people and principally oversee the approved characterization and the defense of the societal norms. 모든 사회에는 함께 사람들의 기본적인 인지적 성향을 규정하고 주로 사회 규범의 승인된 정의와 수호를 감독하는 인지적 '경찰관' 또는 문지기가 있다.
 Among traditional African societies, this policing or gatekeeping role is performed mostly by the adult members through the acquisition of a library of ideas, because they are believed to have accumulated the knowledge and wisdom of the society. 전통적인 아프리카 사회에서 이러한 감시 활동이나문지기 역할은 생각의 서고 습득을 통해 성인 구성원에 의해 대부분 수행되는데, 이것은 그들이  사회에 대한 지식과 지혜를 축적해왔다고 여겨지기때문이다.
 No wonder then, that the Akan of Ghana has wise sayings and proverbs, such as "Each time an elderly dies it is as if a library had burned down." 그렇다면 가나의 아칸족에게 "노인  명이 죽을 때마다 도서관 하나가 불타는 것과 같다" 같은 지혜로운 격언과 속담이 있는 것은 놀랄 일이 아니다.
 In addition to acting as guides to the land and its flora and fauna, elders convey knowledge to youngsters individually by telling stories, and thus overseeing their learning process. 원로들은 땅과 그곳의 동식물에 대한 안내자 역할을  뿐만 아니라, 이야기를  줌으로써 젊은이들에게 개별적으로 지식을 전달하고, 그리고 이런 식으로 그들의 학습 과정을 감독한다.
 There is also a reverence of filial piety, the respect for the elderly that is equated with wisdom. 효도에 대한 숭상,  지혜와 동일시되는 노인에 대한 존경심도 있다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 05 - 2] 자연재해에 대처하기 위한 건축 법규
 Building codes can reduce the adverse impacts of hazards. 건축 법규는 위험 요소로 인한 해로운 영향을 줄일 있다.
 For example, hurricane clips may prevent roofs from detaching from buildings during the high winds of passing tropical cyclones and thus prevent rain damage. 예를 들어, 허리케인용 고정 장치는 지나가는 열대성 사이클론(인도양의 열대성 저기압) 강한 바람이   지붕이 건물에서 분리되는 것을 방지하여 피해를 예방할  있다.
 However, as with engineered structures, building codes have their limitations. 그러나 공학적 구조물에서와 마찬가지로, 건축 법규에도 그것의 한계가 있다.
 It was reported that in the wake of Hurricane Andrew, which struck South Florida in 1992, officials realized that strict building codes would not prevent serious damage. 1992년에 사우스 플로리다를 강타한 허리케인Andrew 지나간 후에, 관료들은 엄격한 건축 법규가 심각한 피해를 막지 못할 것이라는 점을 깨달았다고 전해졌다.
 Furthermore, earthquake codes are typically designed to prevent buildings from collapsing, not to maintain structural integrity of the building and ensure habitability after a large earthquake. 게다가, 지진 법규는 일반적으로 건물이 붕괴되는것을 방지하기 위해서 고안된 것이지,  지진이 발생한  건물의 구조적 온전성을 유지하고 거주 적합성을 보장하기 위해서가 아니었다.
 This policy increases human survival rates in earthquakes, but is less effective in reducing the economic impact.  정책은 지진 발생  인명 생존율을 높이지만, 경제적 영향을 줄이는   효과적이다.
 Furthermore, building codes are the offspring of public policy, and policy is vulnerable to inequity in its application across the breadth of society, and may be ignored or not enforced. 게다가, 건축 법규는 공공 정책의 산물이며, 정책은사회 전반에 걸친 적용에 있어서 불평등에 취약하고, 무시되거나 시행되지 않을 수도 있다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 Unit 05 - 3] 감정에 미치는 언어 표현의 
 Harvard business professor Alison Wood Brooks has done studies that show how stress and anxiety change based on what we tell ourselves. 하버드 대학교 경영 대학원 교수 Alison Wood Brooks 우리가 자신에게 말하는 바에 따라 스트레스와 불안이 어떻게 바뀌는지 보여 주는 연구를수행했다.
 Brooks's experiment sounds like a blast or a nightmare, depending on your perspective. Brooks 실험은 여러분의 관점에 따라 신나는 경험처럼 들리기도 하고 악몽처럼 들리기도 한다.
 She took a group of subjects with stage fright to a crowded bar with a stage and had them get up there and sing. 그녀는 무대 공포증이 있는 피실험자들을 무대가있는 붐비는 바에 데려가서 그들이 무대에 올라가노래를 부르도록 했다.
 All the subjects arrived nervous, as expected. 예상대로 모든 피실험자는 긴장한 채로 도착했다.
 But Brooks measured whether or not having them change their language ─ calling their nerves "excitement" ─ made any difference. 하지만 Brooks 피실험자들이 그들의 언어를 바꾸도록  ,  긴장을 '흥분'이라고 부르도록 것이 어떤 차이를 가져오는지를 측정했다.
 She had one nervous group tell themselves over and over, "I am excited," and tested them against a control group who just sat with their nerves and their regular self-talk. 그녀는 긴장한  집단에게 "나는 신난다."라고 반복해서 자신에게 말하게 하고, 그들을 긴장하여 평소의 혼잣말을 하며 그냥 앉아 있는 대조군과 대조하여 실험했다.
 The results were eye-opening. 결과는 놀랄 만했다.
 The decision to tell themselves that the feeling they were experiencing was excitement helped them convert the energy into something positive, even useful. 자신이 경험하고 있는 감정이 흥분이라고 자기 자신에게 말하기로  결정은 그들이 에너지를 긍정적인, 나아가 유용한 것으로 바꾸는  도움이 되었다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 - 서술형 Practice] 방해 요소 없이 생각할 기회를 가지는 것의 중요성
 I met a CEO once who had an amazing approach to problem solving. 나는 언젠가 문제 해결에 대한 놀라운 접근 방식을가진 CEO 만난 적이 있다.
 Whenever his organization had a problem, he'd gather information about it. 자신의 조직에 문제가 있을 때마다 그는 그것에 대한 정보를 수집하곤 했다.
 Once he had all the information, he'd say to his people, "Okay, we're going to go to solution now. But before we do that, I want you to spread out around the building and sit quietly, or take a walk for about a half hour. Whatever you do, I want you to quiet yourself. No telephone, nothing to read. And I want you to look for the answer within." 모든 정보가 수집되면 그는 직원들에게 ", 이제우리는 해결책으로 나아갈 것입니다. 하지만 그것을 하기 전에 저는 여러분이 건물 이곳저곳에 흩어져서 조용히 앉아 있거나 30 정도 산책을 하기를바랍니다. 여러분이 무엇을 하든 여러분 자신을 진정시키세요. 전화도  되고, 무언가를 읽지도 마세요. 그리고 내면에서 해답을 찾길 바랍니다."라고말하곤 했다.
 He told me it blew his mind to see how people's clarity and decision-making capacity would come back when they had a chance to quiet themselves and think through something without all kinds of distractions. 그는 사람들이 온갖 방해 요소 없이 자신을 진정시키고 무언가를 충분히 생각할 기회를 가졌을  그들의 명료성과 의사 결정 능력이 회복되곤 하는 것을 보고 깜짝 놀랐다고 내게 말했다.
 I think half our problems of not behaving on our good intentions is that we don't give ourselves any space to rethink who we want to be. 나는 우리가 좋은 의도로 행동하지 못하는 문제의절반은 우리가 어떤 사람이 되고 싶은지를 다시 생각할 어떤 여유도 가지지 않는다는 것이라고 생각한다.

 

 

 

[Ch.01 - 논술형 Practice] 전자 세계에서의 연락에 대한 원칙 확립
 Your real social capital is most likely going to come from people you know in the physical world rather than through your virtual social networks. 여러분의 진정한 사회 자본은 가상의 소셜 네트워크를 통해서가 아니라 아마도 물리적 세계에서 여러분이 아는 사람들에게서 기인할 것이다.
 Knowing that, as well as knowing that you may get interrupted by communications from your electronic world, you should develop rules about how to deal with intrusive e-connections when you are actually face to face with friends. 그것을 아는 것과 더불어 여러분의 전자 세계에서오는 연락에 의해 여러분이 방해받을  있다는 것을 알기에, 여러분은 실제로 친구와 대면하고 있을 방해가 되는 전자 연결에 어떻게 대처할지에 대한 규칙을 만들어야 한다.
 Too often you see people with their smartphones lined up on a restaurant table, willing to interrupt themselves to respond to whoever has just sent a text. 음식점 테이블에 스마트폰을 늘어 놓고 방금 문자를 보낸 사람이 누구든 그에게 응답하기 위해 기꺼이 스스로를 방해하는 사람들을 여러분은 너무 자주 본다.
 This doesn't mean that you can't respond to these interruptions if they are important; it just means that you have to define an "important" message in advance and then leave the rest alone for after your social get-together. 이것은 이러한 방해가 중요한 경우에도 여러분이그것에 응답할  없다는 뜻이 아니라, '중요한' 메시지를 미리 규정하고 나머지는 사교 모임이 끝난후에 보도록 남겨 두어야 한다는 의미일 뿐이다.
 You need to take your local audience into account while understanding the needs of your remote audience. 여러분은 멀리 있는 여러분의 청자의 필요를 이해하면서도 현재 여러분과 같은 공간에 있는 청자를고려해야 한다.

 

 

 

[Ch.02 Unit 06 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 이동 전화 앱에 소비하는 시간
 The graph above shows the average daily time spent by users worldwide on mobile apps from October 2020 to March 2021, by category.  그래프는 2020 10월부터 2021 3월까지 세계 사용자에 의해 이동 전화 앱에 소비된 하루평균 시간을 범주별로 보여 준다.
 Users worldwide spent the greatest amount of time on social apps, at about 55 minutes per day.  세계 사용자들은 소셜 앱에 가장 많은 시간을 소비했고 이는 대략 하루에 55분이었다.
 Game apps ranked second highest among the app categories, with the time spent on them being less than one-third of the time spent on social apps. 게임 앱은  종류   번째로 가장 높은 순위를차지했는데, 그것에 소비된 시간은 소셜 앱에 소비된 시간의 3분의 1보다  적었다.
 Users worldwide spent similar amounts of time on entertainment, sports, and shopping apps, respectively, and when put together, the total time spent on them was greater than that spent on social apps.  세계 사용자들은 엔터테인먼트, 스포츠, 쇼핑 앱에 각각 비슷한 시간을 소비했으며, 모두 합치면 그것들에 소비된  시간은 소셜 앱에 소비된 것보다 많았다.
 Travel apps ranked the second least with users worldwide spending about 3 minutes less on them than on sports apps. 여행 앱은  세계 사용자가 스포츠 앱에보다  3 정도 적게 소비해서  번째로 가장 낮은 순위를차지했다.
 The least amount of time was spent on finance apps, which was the only category where the time spent was less than 10 minutes. 가장 적은 시간이 금융 앱에 소비되었으며 그것은10분이   되는 시간이 소비된 유일한 범주였다.

 

 

 

[Ch.02 Unit 06 - 1] 청소년 영상 공모전
 Youth Video Contest on Cultural Diversity 문화 다양성에 관한 청소년 영상 공모전
 Contest Theme: Celebrating Cultural Diversity Through a Lens 공모전 주제: 렌즈를 통해 문화 다양성 기리기
 Eligibility: Open to all youth aged 13-18 worldwide 참가 자격:  세계 13~18세의 모든 청소년 참가가능
 Video Submission Requirements 영상 출품 요건
 Videos should be 3-5 minutes long. ㆍ영상은 3~5 길이여야 합니다.
 Maximum file size: 500MB ㆍ최대 파일 크기: 500메가바이트
 Language: English or English subtitles ㆍ언어: 영어 또는 영어 자막
 Submission Deadline: Applications and videos must be submitted by November 30. 출품 기한: 신청서와 영상은 11 30일까지 제출해야 합니다.
 How to Submit 출품 방법
 Send your completed application form along with your video to youthvideocontest@diversity.org. ㆍ작성 완료된 신청서 양식을 영상과 함께youthvideocontest@diversity.org 보내세요.
 You can download the application form on our website at www.capturingdiversity.org. ㆍ신청서 양식은 우리 웹사이트www.capturingdiversity.org에서 내려받을  있습니다.
 Note 주의
 A panel of judges will evaluate submissions based on creativity, relevance to the theme, and production quality. ㆍ심사 위원단이 창의성, 주제와의 관련성, 작품의우수함에 기반하여 출품작을 평가할 것입니다.
 Winning videos will be showcased on our video channel on December 15. ㆍ수상작은 12 15일에 우리 동영상 채널에서 공개될 것입니다.

 

 

 

[Ch.02 Unit 06 - 2] 국가별 이산화탄소 배출량
 The graph above shows the carbon dioxide emissions of the most polluting countries worldwide in 2010 and 2022.  그래프는 2010년과 2022  세계에서 가장많이 오염을 일으키는 국가들의 이산화탄소 배출량을 보여 준다.
 The six countries' rankings for carbon dioxide emissions did not change between 2010 and 2022. 6개국의 이산화탄소 배출 순위는 2010년과 2022 사이에 변동이 없었다.
 China was the highest carbon dioxide emitter in both years, with a significant increase in emissions in 2022, releasing 11,397 million metric tons. 중국은   모두 최대 이산화탄소 배출국이었으며, 2022년에는 배출량이 상당히 증가하여11,397백만 미터톤을 방출했다.
 In 2022, China's carbon dioxide emissions were greater than the combined carbon dioxide emissions of the United States, India, and Russia. 2022년에, 중국의 이산화탄소 배출은 미국, 인도, 러시아의 이산화탄소 배출을 합친 것보다  많았다.
 The United States, which ranked second in 2010, decreased its carbon dioxide emissions in 2022 compared to 2010, but still ranked second with emissions above 5,000 million metric tons. 2010년에 2위에 올랐던 미국은 2010년에 비해2022년에 이산화탄소 배출이 감소했지만, 여전히50 미터톤이 넘는 배출로 여전히 2위를 차지했다.
 India and Indonesia increased their carbon dioxide emissions from 2010 to 2022, while Russia and Japan's emissions decreased during the same period. 인도와 인도네시아는 2010년부터 2022년까지 이산화탄소 배출이 증가한 반면, 러시아와 일본의 배출량은 같은 기간 동안 감소하였다.

 

 

 

[Ch.02 Unit 06 - 3] 공원 투어 홍보
 A Walk in the Park 공원에서의 산책
 Join a guided tour through the Cordova Sculpture Park. Cordova 조각공원을 둘러보는 가이드 안내 투어에참가하세요.
 The tour is a lively conversation about artists, art-making processes, materials, and Cordova's rich history. 투어는 예술가, 예술품 제작 과정, 재료, Cordova 풍부한 역사에 대한 생생한 대화로 진행됩니다.
 When: Saturday, May11, 1:00 p.m.-2:00 p.m. 시간: 5 11 토요일, 오후 1~오후 2
 Tickets: Adult-$14, Child-FREE 입장권: 성인-14달러, 어린이-무료
 Capacity is limited and we recommend purchasing tickets in advance. ㆍ정원이 제한되어 있으므로 입장권을 미리 구매할것을 권합니다.
 Your ticket includes admission to the museum and the sculpture park. 입장권에는 박물관과 조각공원 입장료가 포함되어있습니다.
 You must arrive at the park at least 15 minutes before the tour begins to allow time for check in. ㆍ체크인에 걸리는 시간을 고려하여, 투어 시작 최소 15  공원에 도착해야 합니다.
 Meet your guide on the front steps of the museum's main entrance. ㆍ박물관 정문의 정면 계단에서 가이드를 만나세요.
 The tour will begin promptly at 1 p.m. 투어는 오후 1시에 곧바로 시작될 것입니다.
 The tour will be entirely outdoors. ㆍ투어는 전부 야외에서 진행됩니다.
 Registered participants will receive an email if the tour is canceled. 투어가 취소되면, 등록된 참가자는 이메일을 받을것입니다.

 

 

 

[Ch.02 Unit 07 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 인상주의 여류화가 Berthe Morisot
 Berthe Morisot was born in Bourges, France, on January 14, 1841. Berthe Morisot 1841 1 14일에 프랑스Bourges에서 태어났다.
 She was the youngest of three daughters of an upper-middle-class family. 그녀는 중상류층 가정의    막내였다.
 Morisot began to draw as a child, taking lessons seriously at age seventeen. Morisot 어릴  그림을 그리기 시작했고, 17세에 본격적으로 수업을 받기 시작했다.
 Her early style featured subtle color harmonies. 그녀의 초기 스타일은 미묘한 색의 조화를 특징으로했다.
 At twenty-three, she debuted at the official Salon with two landscapes and was accepted to exhibit regularly for the next ten years. 그녀는 23세에 풍경화  점으로 공식 전람회에 데뷔했고 이후 10 동안 정기적으로 전시하도록 허가를 받았다.
 At twenty-seven, she was introduced to Edouard Manet, who became a major influence on her work. 27세에, 그녀는 Edouard Manet 소개받았는데, 그는 그녀의 작품에  영향을 주었다.
 Under his guidance, her brush strokes became fast and loose. 그의 지도 아래, 그녀의 붓놀림은 빠르고 느슨해졌다.
 In time, details were eliminated from her paintings. 시간이 지나면서, 그녀의 그림에서 세부 묘사는 없어졌다.
 Her colors were bolder, and she focused on representing the changing effects of light. 그녀의 색채는 더욱 대담해졌고, 그녀는 빛의 변화하는 효과를 표현하는  집중했다.
 Morisot's success as an Impressionist painter, characterized by a direct observation of nature, was remarkable in that she was one of the first women to challenge established art circles. 자연의 직접 관찰이 특징인 인상주의 화가로서Morisot 성공은 기존의 미술계에 도전한 최초의여성   명이라는 점에서 주목할 만했다.

 

 

 

[Ch.02 Unit 07 - 1] Bessie Blount Griffin 생애
 Bessie Blount Griffin was born in Virginia in 1914. Bessie Blount Griffin 1914년에 버지니아주에서 태어났다.
 Her formal education ended after the sixth grade. 그녀의 정규 교육은 6학년에서 끝났다.
 One influential experience at school for Bessie was learning to write. Bessie에게 영향을  학교 경험 하나는 글쓰기를배운 것이었다.
 Bessie favored her left hand, but teachers used to force students to write with their right hands. Bessie 왼손을 선호했지만 교사들은 학생들에게오른손으로 글을 쓰도록 강요하곤 했다.
 She took this as a challenge and learned to write with her right hand while maintaining her left-handed abilities. 그녀는 이를 도전으로 받아들이고 왼손잡이 능력을유지하면서 오른손으로  쓰는 법을 배웠다.
 This skill would benefit her later.  기술은 나중에 그녀에게 도움이  것이었다.
 Bessie studied nursing, which sparked a passion for physical therapy. Bessie 간호학을 공부했는데, 이것이 물리 치료에 대한 열정을 촉발했다.
 She then became certified in physical therapy.   그녀는 물리 치료 자격증을 취득하게 되었다.
 She created a neck frame for patients who needed support when holding a bowl or cup close to their faces. 그녀는 얼굴 가까이에 그릇이나 컵을 들고 있을 지탱해 주는 힘이 필요한 환자들을 위한  구조물을 만들었다.
 Her experience with her left hand came in handy as she helped others in physical therapy learn to use both sides of their bodies. 그녀의 왼손 경험은 물리 치료를 받는 다른 사람들이 몸의 양쪽을 모두 사용하도록 배우는 것을 도울 도움이 되었다.

 

 

 

[Ch.02 Unit 07 - 2] 수학 천재 Claude Harvard
 Mathematical genius Claude Harvard was born in rural Georgia. 수학 천재 Claude Harvard 조지아주의 시골에서 태어났다.
 When Claude was 11, his family moved to Detroit. Claude 11살이었을 , 그의 가족은 디트로이트로 이주했다.
 Claude saw an ad for a wireless set around that time. Claude  무렵 무선 전신기 광고를 보았다.
 He was so excited to buy one, so he sold enough of his belongings to afford the radio. 그는 하나를 사게 되어 매우 신났는데, 그래서 그는 무선 전신기를 구입할  있도록 충분한 양의 소지품을 팔았다.
 Claude earned an amateur radio license and was the first African American in his state to do so. Claude 아마추어 무선 통신 면허를 취득했는데, 그는 자신이 사는 주에서 그렇게  최초의 아프리카계 미국인이었다.
 After discovering his interest in electronics and machines, Claude was sent to the Henry Ford Trade School. 전자 공학과 기계에 관한 관심을 발견한 후에Claude 헨리 포드 직업 학교로 보내졌다.
 Later, Henry Ford recognized Claude's immense genius and hired him at the Ford Motor Company, making him head of their radio department. 나중에 헨리 포드는 Claude 엄청난 천재성을 알아보고 그를 포드 자동차 회사에 채용하여 무선 통신 부서의 책임자가 되게 했다.
 It wasn't long until Claude appeared in a full-page Ford advertisement in Popular Science Monthly. 얼마 지나지 않아 Claude Popular Science Monthly 실린 포드사 전면 광고에 등장했다.
 During his career at Ford Motor Company, Claude personally patented 29 inventions used to manufacture vehicles. 포드 자동차 회사에서 근무하는 동안, Claude 개인적으로 차량 제조에 사용되는 29개의 발명품의특허를 얻었다.

 

 

 

[Ch.02 Unit 07 - 3] Florence Bascom 생애
 Florence Bascom was born in 1862, the youngest of five children. Florence Bascom 1862년에 다섯 아이  막내로 태어났다.
 Bascom was raised by parents who strongly encouraged their daughter to pursue an education. Bascom 딸이 교육을 추구하도록 강력하게 권장하는 부모에 의해 양육되었다.
 A brilliant student, Bascom entered the University of Wisconsin at the age of 15 and earned two bachelor's degrees and a master's degree. 뛰어난 학생이었던 Bascom 15세에 Wisconsin 대학교에 입학하여  개의 학사 학위와  개의 석사 학위를 받았다.
 Bascom continued her graduate studies at Johns Hopkins University, but was required to sit behind a screen during classes so she did not distract the male students. Bascom Johns Hopkins 대학교에서 대학원 공부를 계속했지만, 남학생들의 집중을 방해하지 않도록 수업 시간에 가림막 뒤에 앉으라는 요구를 받았다.
 She graduated with a doctor's degree in geology in 1893. 그녀는 1893년에 지질학 박사 학위를 받고 졸업했다.
 Even though she was the second woman in the U.S. to earn a doctor's degree in geology, Bascom was a first for women in geology in almost every aspect of her geological career. Bascom 미국에서 지질학 박사 학위를 받은 번째 여성이었지만, 자신의 지질학 경력의 거의 모든 측면에서 지질학 분야의 여성 최초였다.
 She founded the first geology department at Bryn Mawr College, where she taught for 33 years. 그녀는 Bryn Mawr 대학교에 최초의 지질학과를 설립했고, 그곳에서 33 동안 가르쳤다.
 Additionally, Bascom was the first woman geologist hired by the U.S. Geological Survey and worked there until 1936. 게다가, Bascom U.S. Geological Survey 고용된 최초의 여성 지질학자였으며 1936년까지 그곳에서 일했다.

 

 

 

[Ch.02 - 서술형 Practice] 청각 장애가 있었던 작곡가 Robert Franz
 Robert Franz, the sensitive composer of the 19th century, never enjoyed especially acute hearing. 19세기의 감성적인 작곡가인 Robert Franz 청력이 특별히  발달한 편은 아니었다.
 According to his own statements, he lost his auditory perception for notes above e3 in his twenty-fourth year as a result of an accident.  자신의 진술에 따르면, 그는 스물네   사고로 인해 e3 보다 높은 음에 대한 청지각을 잃었다고한다.
 His condition grew worse as time went on, and in 1871 he became totally deaf. 그의 상태는 시간이 지날수록 악화하여, 1871년에는 완전히 청력을 잃게 되었다.
 After becoming deaf, he gradually lost the power of auditory imagery, until his eyes took over the role of his ears. 청력을 잃은 , 그는 자신의 눈이 귀의 역할을 넘겨받을 때까지 점차 청각적 이미지의 힘을 잃었다.
 "Now I perceive tonal differences far worse than formerly and I sense through the eyes exactly as I formerly did through the ears." "이제 나는 이전보다 훨씬  엉망으로 음조의 차이를 인식하고, 이전에는 내가 귀를 통해 감지했던 바로 그대로 눈을 통해 감지한다."
 He continued as follows: "My songs and rearrangements were all, without exception, written during the period of my ear malady." 그는 이어서 말하기를, " 노래들과 편곡들은 예외없이 모두 내가 귀에 병이 있었을  작곡한 것이다."라고 했다.
 Franz wrote about 360 songs. Franz  360곡을 작곡했다.
 If one dates his total deafness from 1871, then it will be found that he composed the greater part of his songs after the complete loss of his hearing, so that he never heard most of them. 그의 완전한 청력 상실 시기를 1871년으로 본다면, 그는 청력을 완전히 잃은 후에 자신의 노래의  많은 부분을 작곡해서, 그것들을 전혀 듣지 못했다는것을 알게  것이다.

 

 

 

[Ch.02 - 논술형 Practice] 독서에 관한 설문 조사
 The graphs above show the percentage of respondents who stated their feelings for reading books, along with the number of books they read per month, based on a survey of 18-year-olds in Japan in 2020.  도표는 2020 일본의 18세를 대상으로 벌인설문 조사를 바탕으로,  읽기에 대한 생각을 말한응답자의 비율과 그들이  달에 읽는 책의 권수를보여 준다.
 About 60 percent of respondents said they enjoy reading books, while just over 10 percent said they dislike reading books. 응답자의  60% 책을 읽는 것을 좋아한다고 답했지만, 책을 읽는 것을 싫어한다고 답한 비율은10% 조금 넘었다.
 More than a quarter of all respondents said they neither enjoy nor dislike reading books. 전체 응답자의 4분의 1 넘게  읽기를 좋아하지도싫어하지도 않는다고 답했다.
 When asked how many books they read per month, the highest percentage of respondents said they read 1-2 books per month.  달에  권의 책을 읽는지를 묻는 질문에는 달에 1~2권을 읽는다는 응답자의 비율이 가장 높았다.
 More than 30 percent of respondents said they never read a book per month, making it the second largest group.  달에 책을  권도 읽지 않는다고 말한 응답자의비율은 30% 넘었는데, 이는  번째로 많은 비율을 차지했다.
 The percentage of respondents who said they read 3-4 books per month was lower than the percentage of respondents who said they read 7 or more books per month.  달에 3~4권의 책을 읽는다고 답한 응답자의 비율은  달에 7 이상 책을 읽는다고 답한 응답자의 비율보다  높았다.

 

 

 

[Ch.03 Unit 08 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 과학적 지식의 목표
 Knowledge, for science, aims to be proven knowledge, justified by evidence and reason. 과학에서 지식은 증명된 지식이 되는 것을 목표로하는데, 이는 증거와 이성에 의해 정당화된다.
 Nothing is accepted as true unless it has been proved to be so, or there are good reasons to believe that it will be at some point in the future. 어떤 것도 그것이 그럴 것이라고(진실이라고) 증명되지 않았거나, 미래의 어느 시점에 그럴 것이라고믿을 만한 충분한 이유가 있지 않은 , 진실이라고인정되지 않는다.
 This reflects the philosophical quest for certainty that goes back to Rene Descartes, who refused to accept anything that he could not know for certain to be true. 이는 Rene Descartes 거슬러 올라가는 확실성에 관한 철학적 추구를 반영하는데, 그는 자신이 진실이라고 확실하게   없는 어떤 것도 받아들이기를 거부했다.
 He hoped to base all knowledge on self-evident propositions, and thought that reason should take priority over observation. 그는 모든 지식을 자명한 명제에 기반하기를 희망했고, 이성이 관찰에 우선해야 한다고 생각했다.
 Descartes was aware that his senses frequently misled him. Descartes 감각이 자주 자신을 오도한다는 것을알고 있었다.
 The implication of this ─ a view which had a long history, prior to the rise of science ─ was that, if the evidence of our senses did not conform to reason, it was likely that they were in error. 과학이 발달하기 이전부터 오랜 역사를 갖고 있는견해인 이것의 의미는 감각의 증거가 이성과 일치하지 않으면, 그것들은 오류에 빠졌을 가능성이 있다는 것이었다.

 

 

 

[Ch.03 Unit 08 - 1] 고대 도시 중심지의 집약적인 관개 농업
 Many of the ancient urban centers obtained their food supply from intensive irrigated agriculture in the region where they were located, and it is usually suggested that this is because labor productivity is particularly high with irrigated agriculture. 고대의 많은 도시 중심지는 그것이 위치한 지역에서 집약적인 관개 농업을 통해 식량을 공급받았는데, 일반적으로 이는 관개 농업의 노동 생산성이 특히 높기 때문임을 시사한다.
 It seems more relevant to point out that this type of primitive subsistence system has a particularly high output per unit of land. 이러한 유형의 원시적 생존 체계는 단위 토지당 생산량이 특히 높다는 점을 언급하는 것이  적절해보인다.
 The high demand for labor per unit of land and the high output per unit of land made it necessary and possible for a large number of families to live within a small area. 단위 토지당 높은 노동력 수요와 단위 토지당 높은생산량은 많은 수의 가구가 좁은 지역 안에 사는 것을 필요하고 가능하게 했다.
 Therefore, even if the surplus per family is small, the total surplus available within a fairly small distance from the town will be large. 따라서 가구당 잉여물이 적더라도 마을에서 상당히짧은 거리 내에서 이용할  있는  잉여물은 많을것이다.
 In addition, the irrigation canals, or the river used for irrigation, can be used for boat transport of food to the town. 게다가 용수로,  관개에 사용되는 강은 배로 식량을 마을까지 옮기는  사용될  있다.

 

 

 

[Ch.03 Unit 08 - 2] 제한된 자원의 활용
 We have vast forests in this country but not enough to provide all of the wood, all of the wilderness, and all of the accessible recreation that we want.  나라에는 방대한 숲이 있지만, 우리가 원하는 모든 목재, 모든 야생의 자연, 모든 이용할  있는 휴양을 제공하기에는 충분하지 않다.
 As soon as we log trees, build roads, or improve trails and campsites, we lose some wilderness. 우리가 나무를 벌목하거나, 도로를 건설하거나, 등산로와 야영장을 개선하는 순간, 우리는 얼마간의야생의 자연을 잃게 된다.
 Similarly, we have large amounts of fresh water, but if we use water to grow rice in California, the water consumed cannot be used for drinking water in California cities. 마찬가지로, 우리는 많은 양의 담수가 있지만, 우리가 캘리포니아주에서 벼를 재배하기 위해 물을 사용하면, 소비된 물은 캘리포니아주 도시에서 식수로 사용될  없다.
 If we use fire to help a forest renew itself, we will have air pollution downwind while the fire burns. 숲이 스스로를 새롭게 하는 것을 돕기 위해 우리가불을 사용한다면, 불이 타는 동안 바람을 타고 대기오염이 발생하게  것이다.
 We have many goals, so we have to make choices about how to allocate our limited resources. 우리는 많은 목표를 가지고 있으므로, 우리는 우리의 제한된 자원을 어떻게 배분할지 선택해야 한다.
 The cost of those choices is what we give up ─ the cost of opportunities lost. 이러한 선택의 대가는 우리가 포기하는 ,  상실된 기회의 비용이다.

 

 

 

[Ch.03 Unit 08 - 3] 혁신과 산업 수입의 관계
 Not all innovations that improve human living standards show up in revenue and profits. 인간의 생활 수준을 향상하는 모든 혁신이 수입과수익에 나타나는 것은 아니다.
 Some instead accrue directly to consumers. 어떤 수입과 수익은 대신에 소비자에게 직접적으로생긴다.
 Many of the product improvements brought about by technology have the paradoxical effect of reducing industry revenue. 기술에 의해 초래된 많은 제품의 개선은 산업 수입을 감소시키는 역설적 효과를 가진다.
 To see why, suppose people used to pay $1 to download a song.  이유를 알려면 사람들이 어떤 노래를 다운로드하기 위해 1달러를 냈다고 가정해 보라.
 Then some change comes along so that people can listen to the song while paying only a quarter of what they used to pay. 그런 다음 어떤 변화가 생겨서 사람둘은 예전에 냈던 금액의 4분의 1 내면서  노래를 들을  있게 된다.
 If there is no change in the number of people purchasing the song, revenue will fall by 75 percent.  노래를 구매하는 사람들의 수에 변화가 없다면, 수입은 75퍼센트 감소할 것이다.
 Even if the number of people buying a song doubles with the lower price, revenue will still fall by 50 percent.  낮은 가격으로 인해 노래를 구매하는 사람들의수가  배가 되더라도, 수입은 여전히 50퍼센트감소할 것이다.
 But people, by which we mean society as a whole, will be much better off. 하지만 사람들은, 우리가 그것으로 사회 전체를 의미하는데, 형편이 훨씬  나아질 것이다.
 The point is that revenue reduction, and an accompanying failure to raise GDP, is not by itself evidence that society is worse off. 요점은 수입 감소와 이에 수반하는 GDP(국내 총생산) 증가 실패가  자체로 사회의 형편이  나빠진다는 증거는 아니라는 것이다.

 

 

 

[Ch.03 Unit 09 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 승진  높은 성과를  관리자의 문제점
 If you were a high performer in your work before becoming a manager, you may find the journey into management particularly difficult. 만약 여러분이 관리자가 되기 전에 여러분의 직무에서 높은 성과를  사람이었다면, 관리직으로의여정이 특히 어렵다고 느낄 수도 있다.
 Because of their previous success, stars are understandably reluctant to give up the attitudes and practices they think produced their success thus far, and they're unwilling to change themselves. 이전의 성공 때문에, 최고의 직원들은 자신이 생각하기에 지금까지 자신의 성공을 만들어  태도와관행을 포기하는 것을 당연히 꺼리고, 자신을 변화시키려 하지 않는다.
 They don't know how to develop or coach people because they never needed much coaching themselves, or so they believe. 그들은 그들 자신이 지도를 많이 필요로  적이 결코 없었거나 그렇다고 믿기 때문에, 사람들을 어떻게 성장시키고 지도해야 하는지 모른다.
 They don't know how to deal with people who lack their motivation. 그들은 동기가 부족한 사람들을 어떻게 다루어야하는지 모른다.
 Because they've never failed, they've had little practice reflecting on and learning from experience. 그들은 실패한 적이  번도 없어서, 경험을 성찰하고 경험을 통해 배우는 연습을  적이 거의 없다.
 No wonder many former stars turn into mediocre bosses. 이전에는 최고의 직원이었던 많은 사람들이 그다지훌륭하지 않은 상사가 되는 것은 놀랄 일이 아니다.
 If you were a star, be aware that the very success that produced your promotion can now work against you. 만약 여러분이 최고의 직원이었다면, 여러분의 승진을 가져온 바로  성공이 이제 여러분에게 불리하게 작용할  있다는 점을 인식하라.

 

 

 

[Ch.03 Unit 09 - 1] 우선순위에 따른 목적 선택
 Action takes place by choosing which ends shall be satisfied by the employment of means. 행동은 수단을 사용하여 어떤 목적을 충족시킬 것인가를 '선택함'으로써 일어난다.
 Time is scarce for man only because whichever ends he chooses to satisfy, there are others that must remain unsatisfied. 인간에게 시간이 '부족한' 이유는 어떤 목적을 충족시키기로 선택하든, 충족되지 않은 채로 남아야 하는 다른 것이 존재하기 마련이기 때문이다.
 When we must use a means so that some ends remain unsatisfied, the necessity for a choice among ends arises. 우리가 어떤 목적이 충족되지 않은 채로 남아있도록 수단을 사용해야  , '목적 중에서 하나를 선택'해야  필요성이 생긴다.
 For example, Jones is engaged in watching a baseball game on television. 예를 들어, Jones 텔레비전으로 야구 경기를 시청하고 있다.
 He is faced with the choice of spending the next hour in: (a) continuing to watch the baseball game, (b) playing bridge, or (c) going for a drive. 그는 앞으로  시간을 쓰는 , (a) 야구 경기를 계속 시청할지, (b) 브리지 게임을 할지, 아니면 (c) 드라이브를 하러 갈지를 선택해야 하는 상황에 직면한다.
 He would like to do all three of these things, but his means (time) is insufficient. 그는   가지를 모두 하고 싶지만, 그의 수단(시간) 불충분하다.
 As a result, he must choose; one end can be satisfied, but the others must go unfulfilled. 결과적으로, 그는 '선택해야' 하는데, 하나의 목적은충족될  있지만, 나머지 목적은 충족되지 않은 채로 있어야 한다.
 Suppose that he decides on course A. 그가 경로 A 결정한다고 가정해 보자.
 This is a clear indication that he has ranked the satisfaction of end A higher than the satisfaction of ends B or C. 이것은 그가 목적 A 충족 순위를 목적 B 혹은 C 충족보다  높게 '매겼'음을 분명히 보여 준다.

 

 

 

[Ch.03 Unit 09 - 2] 환경 스트레스로 인한 유전자 구성 변화
 Environmental stresses cause changes in the genetic makeup of a population by favoring certain gene variants more than others. 환경 스트레스는 특정 유전자 변이형을 다른 것보다  선호함으로써 개체군의 유전자 구성에 변화를 일으킨다.
 This is, in fact, the normal way that populations can adapt rapidly to changes in their environment without mutations being required to produce new adaptations. 이는 사실 돌연변이가 새로운 적응 형태를 만들어내야  필요 없이 개체군이 자신들의 환경 변화에빠르게 적응할  있는 정상적인 방식이다.
 It is also the reason why populations with genetic diversity are more likely to survive in the face of change. 그것은 유전적 다양성을 가진 개체군이 변화에 직면했을  생존할 가능성이  높은 이유이기도 하다.
 However, there is another side of this phenomenon related to human impacts on populations. 그러나 개체군에 대한 인간의 영향과 관련된  현상의  다른 측면이 있다.
 Toxins added to the environment create selection pressure for individuals that are more tolerant of the toxins. 환경에 더해지는 독소는  독소에  내성이 강한개체를 선택하라는 압력을 만들어 낸다.
 One negative impact of this is that it can reduce the genetic diversity of a population. 이것의 부정적인 영향  가지는 그것이 개체군의유전적 다양성을 감소시킬  있다는 것이다.
 Another problem occurs if the organism is a pest and the toxin is contained in, for example, a pesticide.  다른 문제는 생물체가 해충이고 독소가 예를 들어 살충제에 포함되어 있는 경우 발생한다.
 As a result of the selection pressure, the population seems to develop tolerance to the toxin. 선택 압력의 결과로  개체군은  독소에 대한 내성을 갖게 되는 것처럼 보인다.
 The pesticide then becomes less effective. 그러면  살충제는 효과가 떨어진다.

 

 

 

[Ch.03 Unit 09 - 3] 행복의 기준이 되는 상대적인 
 People's happiness depends not on their absolute wealth, but rather on their wealth relative to those around them. 사람들의 행복은 그들의 절대적인 부가 아니라 오히려 그들 주변 사람들에 상대적인 그들의 부에 달려 있다.
 In one experiment, two capuchin monkeys were initially perfectly content with a reward of cucumbers when they successfully performed a task.  실험에서  마리의 카푸친 원숭이는 과제를 성공적으로 수행했을  오이라는 보상에 처음에는완벽하게 만족했다.
 But when one monkey was later given tastier grapes as a reward, the monkey receiving plain old cucumbers became enraged, angrily throwing the previously satisfactory salad vegetable at its handler. 그러나  원숭이에게 나중에  맛있는 포도가 보상으로 주어지자, 평범한 이전의 오이를 받은 원숭이는 격분하였고 이전에는 만족스러웠던 샐러드 채소를 화를 내며 조련사에게 던졌다.
 The monkeys' economy had grown, since grapes are better than cucumbers. 포도가 오이보다  좋으므로 원숭이들의 경제는커졌다.
 But the resulting inequality brought only discontent. 하지만  결과로 초래된 불평등은 불만만 가져왔다.
 Humans are the same. 인간도 마찬가지이다.
 When employees at the University of California were given information about the salaries of their peers, those discovering they were paid below the average suddenly became less satisfied and more likely to seek a new job. 캘리포니아 대학교의 직원들에게 동료들의 급여에대한 정보가 제공되었을 , 자신이 평균보다 적게받고 있다는 것을 알게  직원들은 갑자기  만족스러워지고 새로운 일자리를 구할 가능성이  커졌다.
 The attitudes of those earning above the average were happily unaffected. 평균보다  많이 받는 직원들의 태도는 다행히 아무런 영향을 받지 않았다.

 

 

 

[Ch.03 - 서술형 Practice] 믿음과 진정한 지식의 차이
 Imagine that a farmer is wondering whether his black-and-white cow, Daisy, is in the field.  농부가 자신의 흑백 얼룩무늬  Daisy 들판에 있는지 궁금해한다고 상상해 보자.
 He believes she is in the field when he goes to look, because he sees something black-and-white in the distance. 확인하러 갔을  그는  소가 들판에 있다고 믿는데, 멀리서 흑백의 무언가를 보기 때문이다.
 Later, it turns out that what he saw was a large black-and-white bag, not Daisy. 나중에, 그가  것은 Daisy 아니라 커다란 흑백얼룩무늬 가방인 것으로 드러난다.
 But the cow really was in the field ─ she was just hidden from sight in a dip. 하지만  소는 정말로 들판에 있었는데,  소는움푹 파인 곳에 있어서 단지 시야에서 가려져 있었을 뿐이었다.
 The farmer was right that Daisy was there, but wrong in what he saw. 농부는 Daisy 거기 있다는 점에서는 옳았지만,자신이  것에 대해서는 틀렸다.
 So, he didn't have real knowledge ─ it was just a belief that turned out to be true. 따라서 그는 진정한 지식을 가지고 있지 않았고, 그것은 단지 사실로 드러난 믿음일 뿐이었다.

 

 

 

[Ch.03 - 논술형 Practice] 음식물에 대한 언어 표현의 한계
 Nearly everything we eat or drink for pleasure is too complex to fully describe in words. 우리가 즐거움을 위해 먹거나 마시는 거의 모든 것은 너무 복잡해서 말로 완전히 설명할  없다.
 A bottle of wine maybe described as having characteristics you like but still turn out to be not so nice, for reasons that are impossible to express in words. 와인  병은 여러분이 좋아하는 특징을 가지고 있다고 설명될  있지만, 그래도 말로 표현할  없는 이유로 그렇게 좋지 않은 것으로 판명될  있다.
 Conversely, it may be described as having characteristics you know you hate but still turn out to be delicious, again for reasons that cannot be explained in words. 반대로,  와인이 여러분이 싫어한다고 알고 있는특징을 가지고 있다고 설명될  있지만, 마찬가지로 말로 설명할  없는 이유로 그래도 맛있는 것으로 판명될  있다.
 Even after experiencing the wine, it is impossible to say precisely and completely why you liked it. 심지어  와인을 경험한 후에도 여러분이  그것을 좋아했는지 정확하고 완전하게 말하는 것은 불가능하다.
 You might have words to describe some parts of your enjoyment (perhaps it had "good structure" or "rich fruit"), but those words will be both imperfect and incomplete descriptions, a pale shadow of what you actually enjoyed about it. 여러분이 느끼는 즐거움의 어떤 부분을 설명하는말이 여러분에게 있을  있지만 (아마도 그것은'훌륭한 (맛의) 짜임새' '풍부한 과일 ' 가지고 있었을 것이다.) 그러한 말은 불완전하고 불충분한 설명,  여러분이 실제로 그것에 대해 즐겼던것의 흐릿한 희미한 흔적일 것이다.
 What we enjoy in any particular food or drink is a type of tacit knowledge: a complex of interacting characteristics that we know but are unable to say. 우리가 특정 음식이나 음료에서 즐기는 것은 일종의 암묵적인 지식,  우리가 알고는 있지만 말할 없는 상호 작용하는 특징들의 복합체이다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 Unit 10 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 두려움이 유아의 사회성에 미치는 영향
 Many developmental theorists and researchers, including those studying human as well as nonhuman primate subjects, have recognized the role that fear can play in a primate's social development. 비인간 영장류 연구 대상뿐 아니라 인간을 연구하는 이들을 포함하는 많은 발달 이론가와 연구자는영장류의 사회성 발달에 있어 두려움이   있는역할을 인식해 왔다.
 When an infant is frightened it always seeks out its mother for protection and safety, and all exploratory and play activity stops until the infant has been sufficiently comforted and reassured by its attachment object. 유아는 겁을 먹었을 , 항상 보호와 안전을 위해엄마를 찾게 되고, 애착 대상에 의해 충분히 위로받고 안심이  때까지 모든 탐색  놀이 활동이 중단된다.
 Thus, frequently frightened infants will very likely have less time to explore and fewer opportunities to play than will infants who are not. 따라서 자주 겁을 먹는 유아는 그렇지 않은 유아보다 탐색할 시간이  적고,  기회가  적을 가능성이 매우  것이다.
 Such voluntary restraints may serve to slow down the social development of shy or anxious infants if these tendencies are maintained throughout their childhood years. 이러한 자발적 제한은, 만약 이러한 경향이 아동기내내 지속되면, 수줍음이 많거나 불안한 유아의 사회성 발달을 늦추는 역할을  수도 있다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 Unit 10 - 1] 사회적 유대를 형성하는 대상의 범위
 Our complex brains might have evolved to establish strong social bonds, but defining what should be part of that social group appears to be rather flexible. 우리의 복잡한 두뇌는 강한 사회적 유대를 형성하도록 진화했을 수도 있지만, 무엇이  사회적 집단의 일부가 되어야 하는지를 정의하는 것은 다소 유연한 것으로 보인다.
 For instance, some people treat their pets as if they are members of their family, and believe they can relate to the pets' needs, desires, fears and dreams. 예를 들어, 어떤 사람들은 자신들의 반려동물을 마치 가족 구성원인 것처럼 대하며 자신들이 반려동물의 필요, 욕구, 두려움, 그리고 꿈을 이해할  있다고 믿는다.
 Others see animals as distinct from humans and wouldn't think of talking to one as if it was a friend. 다른 사람들은 동물을 인간과 별개로 여기며 마치친구인 것처럼 그것과 대화하는 것을 고려하지 않는다.
 Many people keep the ashes of a deceased loved one nearby, believing those ashes continue to serve as some link to their existence. 많은 사람은 사망한 사랑하는 사람의 유골을 가까이에 두면서  유골이 계속해서 그들의 존재를 이어주는 연결고리 역할을 한다고 믿는다.
 Even if inanimate objects don't have a distinct personality, many of us still attribute certain human characteristics to non-human objects or beings, such as pets, dolls or even cars and memorabilia. 심지어 무생물이 별개의 개성을 갖추고 있지 않더라도, 우리  많은 사람이 여전히 인간의 특성이반려동물, 인형, 심지어 자동차나 기념품과 같은 인간이 아닌 사물이나 존재에 있다고 생각한다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 Unit 10 - 2] 교제를 추구하는 인간
 Although the wish to be alone is often strong, its intensity varies from person to person. 혼자 있고 싶은 소망은 종종 강하지만,  강도는사람마다 다르다.
 An equally impelling impulse, though, is to seek the company of others and to spend extended periods of time sharing activities. 하지만 똑같이 뿌리칠  없는 충동은 다른 사람과함께 있는 것을 추구하고 활동을 공유하면서  시간을 보내는 것이다.
 In these periods we exchange information and feelings in both conversational and non-verbal forms (facial expressions, eye contact, gestures, touching, and so on).  시간 동안 우리는 대화의 형태와 비언어적 형태(표정,  맞춤, 몸짓, 접촉 )  다로 정보와 감정을 교환한다.
 We need other people to provide us with love, support, approval, bodily contact, reassurance, physical help and a myriad of other practical, physical and emotional needs. 우리는 우리에게 사랑, 지지, 인정, 신체적 접촉, 안심, 신체적 도움, 그리고 무수히 많은 다른 실질적,신체적, 정서적 필요사항들을 제공해  다른 사람들을 필요로 한다.
 In a very basic sense we need others to confirm that we are there, that we exist and that we have an identity that is unique and separate from anyone else. 아주 기본적인 의미에서 우리는 우리가 거기에 있고, 우리가 존재하며, 고유하면서 다른 누구와도 구별되는 정체성을 가지고 있다는 것을 확인하기 위해 다른 사람들을 필요로 한다.
 Thus, we generally cannot exist for too long without seeking companionship. 따라서 우리는 일반적으로 교제를 추구하지 않고는그렇게 오랫동안 살아갈  없다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 Unit 10 - 3] 단일 재배의 영향
 At one end of the spectrum of transformations was the forest gardening as practiced by the peoples of New Guinea and Amazonia that mimicked natural growth and left minimal traces on the land. 변화의 범위 한쪽 끝에는 뉴기니와 아마조니아 사람들에 의해 행해지는, 자연적인 성장을 모방해서땅에 최소한의 흔적을 남기는 산림 정원 가꾸기가있었다.
 At the other end was monoculture: cultivating only one species of plant or raising only one species of animal. 다른  끝에는 단일 재배가 있었는데,  종의 식물만 재배하거나  종의 동물만 기르는 것이다.
 The beginnings of monoculture can be seen in the wheat fields of the Middle East, the rice paddies of China, and the herds of sheep and goats on the Eurasian steppe. 단일 재배의 시작은 중동의 밀밭, 중국의 , 유라시아 스텝 지대의 양과 염소 무리에서   있다.
 Biologically speaking, these species suddenly became very successful, measured by their rates of survival and reproduction. 생물학적으로 말해서,  종들은 생존율과 번식률로 측정할 , 갑자기 매우 성공적이었다.
 So did other, unwanted species. 다른 쓸모없는 종들도 마찬가지였다.
 Crops that ripened or were stored after harvesting attracted rats, mice, sparrows, and roaches. 익거나 수확  저장된 농작물은 , 생쥐, 참새, 바퀴벌레를 끌어들였다.
 Water pools provided habitats for mosquitoes. 물웅덩이는 모기에게 서식지를 제공했다.
 Garbage and human or animal waste attracted flies. 쓰레기와 사람 또는 동물의 배설물은 파리를 끌어들였다.
 Thanks to humans, weeds and pests were also biological winners. 인간 덕분에 잡초와 해충도 생물학적 승자가 되었다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 Unit 11 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 소셜 미디어상에서의  대의 행동
 Observation studies of teenagers using social media have discovered one peculiar behaviour in particular that sets them apart ─ teenagers will post or share something on social media, but then they'll monitor the post to gauge the volume of reactions. 소셜 미디어를 사용하는  대들을 관찰한 연구는그들을 특별히 구별 짓는 독특한 행동 하나를 발견했다.  대들은 소셜 미디어에 무언가를 게시하거나 공유한 다음, 반응의 양을 측정하기 위해 게시물을 추적 관찰한다.
 After a set amount of time, if the number of resulting 'Likes' and 'Shares' is too low, they'll delete the content. 일정한 시간이 지난 , 결과적으로 발생하는 '좋아요'  '공유' 수가 너무 적으면 그들은 콘텐츠를 삭제한다.
 Sometimes within the first ten minutes! 때로는  10 이내에 삭제하기도 한다!
 Their aim of posting is to earn recognition for what they're sharing as a way to self-enhance. 그들의 게시 목표는 자신을 고양하는 하나의 방법으로서 공유하고 있는 것에 대한 인정을 받는 것이다.
 If the recognition is insufficient, they'd rather delete the content than suffer perceived judgement from others against their failed efforts to self-enhance. 만약 인정이 불충분하다면, 그들은 자신을 고양하려는 노력의 실패에 대한 인지되는 타인의 비판을겪을 바에야 차라리 콘텐츠를 삭제한다.
 Not getting a reaction has a negative effect on their self-esteem. 반응을 얻지 못하는 것은 그들의 자존감에 '부정적인' 영향을 미친다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 Unit 11 - 1] 비관론자의 문제
 The reason pessimists often sound smart is that they can avoid being 'wrong' by moving the goalposts. 비관론자들이 종종 현명하게 '들리는' 이유는 골대를 옮김으로써 '틀림' 피할  있기 때문이다.
 When a doomer predicts that the world will end in five years, and it doesn't, they just shift the date. 어떤 운명론자가 5 내에 세상이 끝날 것이라고 예측하지만 그렇지 않다면, 그들은 그저 날짜를 바꾼다.
 The American biologist Paul R. Ehrlich ─ author of the 1968 book The Population Bomb ─ has been doing this for decades. 1968 저서 The Population Bomb 저자인 미국의 생물학자 Paul R. Ehrlich 수십  동안 이렇게  오고 있다.
 In 1970 he said that 'sometime in the next 15 years, the end will come. And by "the end" I mean an utter breakdown of the capacity of the planet to support humanity.' 1970년에 그는 '앞으로 15 내에 언젠가, 종말이 것이다. 그리고 나는 '종말'이란 인류를 지탱할 있는 지구 능력의 완전한 붕괴를 의미한다'라고말했다.
 Of course, that was terribly wrong. 물론 그것은 정말 틀렸다.
 He had another go: he said that 'England will not exist in the year 2000.' 그는 다시   했는데, '영국은 2000년에 존재하지 않을 것이다'라고 말했다.
 Wrong again.  틀렸다.
 Ehrlich will keep pushing this deadline back. Ehrlich  시한을 계속 뒤로 미룰 것이다.
 A pessimistic stance is a safe one. 비관적 자세는 안전한 것이다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 Unit 11 - 2] 기억을 기반으로 하는 이해
 We all understand differently ─ this much is obvious. 우리는 모두 다르게 이해하는데,  점만큼은 명백하다.
 The reason we understand differently is that our memories are different. 우리가 다르게 이해하는 이유는 우리의 기억이 다르기 때문이다.
 Our experiences simply are not yours. 우리의 경험은 절대로 여러분의 경험이 아니다.
 In order to understand anything, we must find the closest item in memory to which it relates. 어떤 것을 이해하기 위해서, 우리는 기억에서 그것과 관련된 가장 가까운 항목을 찾아야 한다.
 Schank and Abelson claimed that understanding required one to find the correct knowledge structure, and to use that structure to create expectations for what events were likely to take place, so that new events could be understood in terms of what was normal. Schank Abelson, 이해는  사람에게 올바른지식 구조를 찾고,  구조를 사용하여 어떤 사건이일어날지에 대한 예측을 하도록 요구하며, 그럼으로써 새로운 사건이 일반적인 것의 관점에서 이해될  있다고 주장했다.
 Thus, when a story about a cocktail party was being told, an understander brought out his cocktail party script which told him about what ordinarily happens at cocktail parties, and he used that script to guide his understanding of the story he was about to hear. 그러므로, 칵테일파티에 관한 이야기를 들을 , 이해자는 칵테일파티에서 일반적으로 일어나는 것에대해 그에게 말해 주는 칵테일파티 대본을 끌어내서, 그가  들으려 하는 이야기의 이해를 안내하도록  대본을 사용했다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 Unit 11 - 3] 붉은색과 야생 동물
 Of all the colours of the rainbow the one that makes the greatest impact on the eye is red. 무지개의 모든  중에서 눈에 가장  영향을 미치는 것은 붉은색이다.
 There is something instantly arresting about the colour of fire and danger. 불과 위험의 색에 관한 즉각적으로 시선을 사로잡는 무언가가 있다.
 It is charged with alarm and urgency. 그것은 경고와 긴급함으로 가득  있다.
 We have red fire engines, red warning lights and the Red Cross. 우리에게는 붉은색 소방차, 붉은색 경고등, 적십자가 있다.
 If we want something to be seen from a distance, such as a post box or (formerly) a telephone kiosk, we paint it red. 만일 우리가 우체통이나 (이전에) 공중전화 박스와같이, 무언가를 멀리서도 보이게 하길 원한다면, 우리는 그것을 붉은색으로 칠한다.
 Perhaps it is because red is so obvious that few wild animals are truly red: even the so-called Red Squirrel and the Red Deer are really shades of reddish-brown that conceal rather than advertise. 야생 동물 중에 정말로 붉은 동물이 거의 없는 것은아마도 붉은색이 너무 눈에 띄기 때문일 것인데, 심지어 이른바 북방청서나 붉은사슴도 실제로는 드러내 보이기보다는 숨기는 적갈색의 음영이다.
 Relatively few butterflies are red either. 붉은색의 나비도 비교적 거의 없는 편이다.
 In Britain, and indeed, in all mainland Europe, only one species has a pattern of full-on bright red, like a splash of blood: the Red Admiral. 영국, 그리고 실제로, 모든 유럽 대륙에서,  하나의 종만이 핏방울처럼, 완전한 밝은 붉은색의 패턴을 지니고 있는데, 붉은제독나비이다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 Unit 12 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 생존에 필수적인 시각과 청각 정보
 Vision is our dominant sense, and you want to look both ways before crossing the street ─ it's the first thing parents drill into their children. 시각은 우리의 지배적인 감각이고, 여러분은 길을건너기 전에 양쪽을 보고 싶어 하는데, 그것은 부모가 자신의 아이들에게 처음으로 훈련시키는 것이다.
 But that doesn't mean our sense of hearing isn't a big deal. 그러나 그것이 우리의 청각이 중요한 것이 아니라는 뜻은 아니다.
 I don't have to mention the worn-out example of cavemen and hidden saber-toothed tigers. 내가 원시인과 숨어있는 검치호랑이의 진부한 예를언급할 필요도 없다.
 There's something that can sneak up and kill you today: a silent electric car. 오늘날 몰래 접근해 여러분을 죽일  있는 무언가가 있는데, 그것은 조용한 전기차이다.
 These pose an unanticipated but serious threat to pedestrians and bicyclists, who depend on engine noise to detect and orient to cars ─ so much so that the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration now requires slow-moving electric vehicles to generate a warning noise. 이것은 보행자와 자전거 타는 사람들에게 예상치못한, 하지만 심각한 위협을 제기하는데, 그들은 차를 발견하고 방향을 잡기 위해 엔진 소리에 의존하며, 미국 고속도로교통안전국이 현재 저속 주행 전기차가 경고음을 내도록 요구할 정도로 크게 의존한다.
 It's a reminder that even for us in a modern city, having both cues can mean the difference between life and death. 그것은 현대 도시에 사는 우리에게도  가지 신호를 모두 받는 것이 삶과 죽음의 차이를 의미할 있다는 것을 상기시켜 주는 것이다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 Unit 12 - 1] 전통의 변화 원인
 Sometimes traditions may change or appear to end because of convenience or changes in taste. 때로는 편의성이나 취향의 변화로 인해 전통이 바뀌거나 사라지는 것처럼 보일 수도 있다.
 For example, to make a pumpkin pie, a cook used to have to first find a pumpkin of suitable size, cut it, peel it, cook it, and mash it, all before combining it with other ingredients and pouring the mixture into a crust. 예를 들어, 호박 파이를 만들려면, 다른 재료와 섞어 파이 껍질에 혼합물을 부어 넣기 전에, 요리사가먼저 적당한 크기의 호박을 찾아서 자르고 껍질을벗기고 익히고 으깨는 모든 것을 해야만 했었다.
 Now, cooks may choose to use canned pumpkin from the supermarket and cut out a great deal of labor and time. 이제 요리사들은 슈퍼마켓에서  통조림 호박을사용하는 것을 선택하여 많은 노동과 시간을 절약할 수도 있다.
 Another changing food tradition is that many families no longer make refried beans by cooking them in lard and choose instead to use vegetable shortening. 변화하고 있는  다른 음식 전통으로는 많은 가정이  이상 돼지기름으로 조리해서 삶아 튀긴 콩을만들지 않고 대신 식물성 쇼트닝을 사용하는 것을선택한다는 것이다.
 Perhaps this change came about because the family has come to prefer the taste of beans without lard, because concepts of healthy cooking have changed, or because someone in the family has heart disease or high cholesterol. 아마도 이러한 변화는 가족이 돼지기름 없는 콩의맛을 선호하게 되었거나, 건강한 요리에 대한 개념이 바뀌었거나, 가족  누군가가 심장병이 있거나콜레스테롤이 높기 때문에 생겨난 것일  있다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 Unit 12 - 2] 시장의 
 Forecasters who predict resource depletion often ignore or underestimate the power of markets. 자원 고갈을 예측하는 사람들은 종종 시장의 힘을무시하거나 과소평가한다.
 For example, some forecasters use a current reserve index to estimate how long a resource would last. 예를 들어, 일부 예측자는 현재의 매장량 지수를 사용하여 자원이 얼마나 오래 지속될지 추정한다.
 The current reserve index divides the current known reserve of a resource by the amount currently used each period. 현재의 매장량 지수는 현재 알려진 자원 매장량을 기간의 현재 사용량으로 나누어 계산한다.
 So, if we know of 445 billion barrels of oil, and we are currently using 15 billion barrels per year, the index indicates that we will run out of oil in about 30 years. 따라서, 우리가 4,450 배럴의 석유에 관해서 알고 있고, 현재 연간 150 배럴을 사용하고 있다면, 지수는 우리가  30 후에 석유를  써버릴 것임을 보여 준다.
 Some studies, like the Limits to Growth, further assume that demand will increase each year, thus depleting resources even faster.  나아가 'Limits to Growth' 같은 일부 연구는 나아가 매년 수요가 증가하여 자원을 훨씬  빨리 고갈시킬 것으로 추정한다.
 But what they fail to see is that if markets are allowed to do their usual duty, that is, prices rise as depletion occurs, resources will last much longer. 그러나 그들이 보지 못한 것은 시장이 통상의 의무를 다하는 것이 허용된다면,  고갈이 발생해서 가격이 상승한다면, 자원은 훨씬  오래 지속될 것이라는 것이다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 Unit 12 - 3] 프로젝트팀  의견 차이
 Project leaders should not be surprised when disagreements emerge within the team. 프로젝트 리더는  내에서 이견이 나타날  놀라지 않아야 한다.
 In fact, they should expect them. 사실, 그들은 그것들을 예상해야 한다.
 If they remain hidden, the leader may even want to seek them out for at least two reasons. 그것들이 숨겨져 있다면, 리더는 적어도  가지 이유로 그것들을 찾아내고 싶어  수도 있다.
 First, different views can bring with them good ideas about the project and how it might be run. 첫째, 다양한 견해는 그것들과 함께, 프로젝트에 대한, 그리고 어떻게 그것이 운영될지에 대한 좋은 아이디어를 가져올  있다.
 Although snap decisions about project changes should be avoided, leaders should be open to new and better ways to run the project. 프로젝트 변경에 대한 성급한 결정은 지양되어야하지만, 리더는 프로젝트를 실행하는 새롭고  나은 방법에 대해 열려있어야 한다.
 Second, when conflicting viewpoints are found, they are more easily resolved earlier rather than later in the project. 둘째, 상충하는 관점이 발견되면, 그것들은 프로젝트의  나중보다는  이른 때에 해결되기가  쉽다.
 Although team members may disagree about one or another aspect of the project, most simply want their ideas considered and resolved. 팀원들은 프로젝트의  가지 또는 다른 측면에 대해 동의하지 않을  있지만, 대부분은 단지 자기아이디어가 고려되고 해결되기를 원할 뿐이다.
 The team tends to look to the project leader to play the lead role in resolving differences, and members will generally defer to the leader if they believe their views have been given due consideration. 팀은 프로젝트 리더가 의견 차이를 해결하는  주도적인 역할을 하기를 기대하는 경향이 있으며, 팀원들은 자신의 의견이 적절히 고려되었다고 생각하면 일반적으로 리더를 따르게  것이다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 - 서술형 Practice] 음악과 뇌의 변화
 There is no question that learning to sing or play a musical instrument changes the structure of your brain. 노래나 악기 연주를 배우는 것이 뇌의 구조를 바꾼다는 것은 의심의 여지가 없다.
 If you enjoy music but have no special training, then your brain processes it mostly through its right hemisphere, the side of the brain that deals with emotion. 여러분이 음악을 좋아하지만 특별한 훈련을 받지않는다면 여러분의 뇌는 주로 감정을 다루는 부분인 우반구를 통해 음악을 처리한다.
 In the face of music, you are 'right-lateralised'. 음악을 접하여 여러분은 '우측의 지배를 받게' 된다.
 Many studies show that musical training shifts the brain's processing of music to its left hemisphere; musicians are left-brained. 많은 연구는 음악 훈련이 뇌의 음악 처리를 그것의좌반구로 옮긴다는 것을 보여 준다. , 음악가들은좌뇌형이다.
 There are several guesses about why this happens.  이것이 일어나는지에 관한 여러 추측이 있다.
 One explanation is that they have learned to hear music more like language, discerning a level of structural complexity beyond the grasp of ordinary listeners.  가지 설명은 그들이 평범한 청취자의 이해를 넘어선 구조적 복잡성 수준을 분명히 이해하면서 음악을 오히려 언어에 가깝게 듣는 법을 학습하였다는 것이다.
 When trained musicians hear music, it activates the part of the brain associated with language comprehension. 훈련된 음악가들이 음악을 들을 , 그것은 언어 이해와 관련된  부위를 활성화한다.

 

 

 

[Ch.04 - 논술형 Practice] 질감이 맛에 미치는 영향
 A group of researchers at the University of Twente in the Netherlands recently 3D-printed two identically shaped mugs with different textures to test the effects on taste. 네덜란드의 Twente 대학교의  연구팀은 최근 맛에 미치는 영향을 테스트하기 위해 질감이 다른 동일한 모양의 머그잔  개를 3D 프린팅하였다.
 One was covered in a rounded bobbly texture, and the other had a blocky, angular texture. 하나는 둥글고 거품 모양의 질감으로 덮여 있었고다른 하나는 울퉁불퉁하고 각진 질감이었다.
 In a supermarket taste test for a fictitious new brand made by the study team, the researchers offered shoppers a sample of coffee from one of the mugs and asked them to evaluate the taste for qualities including sweetness, bitterness, intensity and pleasantness. 연구팀에 의해 만들어진 가상의  브랜드에 대한슈퍼마켓  테스트에서 연구원들은 쇼핑객들에게 머그잔  하나에 커피 샘플을 제공하고서 단맛, 쓴맛, 강렬함, 유쾌함을 포함한 품질을 위한 맛을평가하도록 요청했다.
 Drinks in the round bobbly mug tasted on average around 18 percent sweeter, while in the angular-textured mug the same drinks tasted up to 27 percent more bitter and much more intense. 둥글고 거품 모양의 머그잔에 담긴 음료는 평균 18%  단맛이  반면, 각진 질감의 머그잔에 담긴 같은 음료는 최대 27%  쓴맛과 훨씬  강렬한 맛이 느껴졌다.
 If you're trying to cut down on your sugar, avoid drinking from a mug with a rough or angular texture ─ go for a round bowl and mug, and if possible ones with a smooth rounded texture too. 만약 여러분이 설탕 섭취를 줄이려고 노력 중이라면, 거칠거나 각진 질감의 머그잔은 피하고 둥근 그릇과 머그잔을 사용하고, 가능하면 또한 부드러운둥근 질감을 가진 머그잔을 사용하는 것이 좋다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 13 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 연설에서의 실수
 One of the biggest reasons people are concerned about making a mistake in a speech is that they view speechmaking as a performance rather than an act of communication. 사람들이 연설에서 실수하는 것을 걱정하는 가장 이유  하나는 연설을 의사소통 행위가 아닌 공연으로 생각하기 때문이다.
 They feel the audience is judging them against a scale of absolute perfection in which every misstated word or awkward gesture will count against them. 그들은 (자신이) 잘못 말한 단어 하나, (자신의) 어색한 제스처 하나도 자신에게 불리하게 작용할 절대적인 완벽함이라는 잣대로 청중이 자신을 평가하고 있다고 느낀다.
 But speech audiences are not like judges in a violin recital or an ice-skating contest. 하지만 연설의 청중은 바이올린 연주회나 아이스스케이팅 대회의 심사위원과 다르다.
 They are not looking for a virtuoso performance, but for a well-thought-out address that communicates the speaker's ideas clearly and directly. 그들은 고도의 기교를 보여 주는 공연이 아니라 연설자의 생각을 명확하고 직접적으로 전달하는 신중한 연설을 바라고 있다.
 Sometimes an error or two can actually enhance a speaker's appeal by making her or him seem more human. 때로는 한두 가지 실수가 사실은 발표자를  인간적으로 보이게 함으로써  사람의 매력을 높일 있다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 13 - 1] 인간이 건설한 생태계
 Some ecosystems, over a wide range of sites and purposes, are constructed by humans. 매우 다양한 장소와 목적에 걸쳐 일부 생태계는 인간에 의해 건설된다.
 For example, we may construct shallow ponds or a series of canals known as bioswales that collect runoff of surface water. 예를 들어, 우리는 얕은 연못이나, 지표수의 흐르는물을 모으는 식생수로라고 알려진 일련의 운하를건설할 수도 있다.
 Marsh plants, such as cattails, when planted in ponds or canals, use and remove nutrients in water that's delivered to them as a waste or pollutant, helping clean the water. 부들 같은 습지 식물을 연못이나 운하에 심으면 폐기물이나 오염 물질로 식물에 전달되는 물속의 영양분을 사용하고 제거하여 물을 정화하는  도움이 된다.
 Specially designed wetland ecosystems have been constructed where bacteria and plants process mine wastewater and help remove toxins from water. 박테리아와 식물이 광산 폐수를 처리하고 물에서독소를 제거하는  도움이 되는 특별히 설계된 습지 생태계가 건설되었다.
 Other large-scale ecosystems are constructed to partially treat urban wastewater. 도시 폐수를 부분적으로 처리하기 위해 다른 대규모 생태계가 건설된다.
 Human-constructed ecosystems are part of what is known as biological engineering. 인간이 건설한 생태계는 생물 공학으로 알려진 것의 일부이다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 13 - 2] 이동 통신을 이용한 상호 작용
 Mobile communications have changed the way we interact with our computers and, as more time is spent on mobile devices, emoticon use has followed. 이동 통신은 우리가 컴퓨터와 상호 작용하는 방식을 변화시켰고,  많은 시간을 모바일 장치를 사용하는  소비하면서, 이모티콘 사용이 뒤를 이었다.
 Cellular phones, smartphones, tablets, and similar technologies have penetrated the world at an enormous rate and non-voice communications have become the norm rather than the rule. 휴대폰, 스마트폰, 태블릿, 이와 유사한 기술이 엄청난 속도로  세계에 침투했으며, 비음성 통신은규칙이 아닌 기준이 되었다.
 In 2013, the number of mobile subscriptions almost equaled the estimated number of individuals that made up the global population in the same year. 2013 모바일 가입 건수는 같은   세계 인구를 구성한 추정 인구수와 거의 같았다.
 Users of these technologies have posted, pinned, tweeted, sent and/or received billions of electronic messages through public or private (text messages, emails, etc.) means. 이러한 기술 이용자들은 공개적인 또는 사적인 (문자 메시지, 이메일 ) 수단을 통해 수십억 개의 전자 메시지를 게시하고, 고정하고, 트윗하고, 송수신해왔다.
 These communications media have become so prolific, researchers have worried that face-to-face communications could become extinct. 이러한 통신 매체가 너무 많아져서, 연구자들은 대면 소통이 소멸할  있다고 우려해 왔다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 13 - 3] 아이가 내는 짜증
 When a region of the emotional brain is overexcited due to frustration, sadness or any other intense emotion, the child is not able to contain their mood. 좌절감, 슬픔 또는 다른 어떤 강렬한 감정으로 인해정서적 뇌의  부위가 과도하게 흥분되면, 아이는자신의 기분을 억누를  없게 된다.
 This is when the tantrums occur ─ situations in which the child closes in on themself and is not able to do what they are told ─ or comments are made which the parents find hard to deal with. 이때가 짜증이 발생하는 ,  아이가 자신을 궁지에 몰아넣어 들은 말을 행할  없는 상황이거나 부모가 대처하기 힘들다고 느끼는 말이 나올 때이다.
 Literally, the child is outside themselves, outside their rational part.  그대로, 아이는 자신 밖에, 자신의 이성적인 부분 밖에 있다.
 To help them calm down, and to see reason, the best strategy is a hug and an empathic reflection of the situation to defuse the intensity of the emotion. 아이가 진정하고 사리를 분별하도록 돕기 위해서는포옹과 상황에 대한 공감적 반영으로 감정의 강도를 진정시키는 것이 최선의 전략이다.
 A spoken word will form a bridge between the two worlds, allowing the child's rational brain to help soothe their emotions, or at least give them the ability to listen to what their parents are saying.  마디의 말은  세계 사이에 다리를 놓아 아이의이성적인 뇌가 감정을 진정시키도록 돕게 하거나,적어도 부모가 하는 말을 듣는 능력을 아이에게 부여할 것이다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 14 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 방관자 효과
 Social psychology tells us that bystanders in emergency situations are acting normally when they fail to respond. 사회 심리학에 따르면 비상 상황에서 방관자는 그들이 대응하지 못할  정상적으로 행동하고 있는것이다.
 We would fail to respond as well. 우리도 또한 대응하지 못할 것이다.
 That social psychological insight makes us uncomfortable. 그러한 사회 심리학적 통찰은 우리를 불편하게 만든다.
 We like to feel we would behave differently, better. 우리는 다르게,   행동할 것으로 생각하고 싶어한다.
 The problem with bystanders, however, does not stem from defects in their character that prevent them from helping. 그러나 방관자 문제는 그들이 도움을 주는 것을 막는 성격상의 결함에서 비롯되는 것이 아니다.
 Rather, the situation that bystanders find themselves in constrains their behavior more than we realize. 그보다는 방관자가 깨닫는 상황이 우리가 인식하는것보다  많이 그들의 행동을 제약한다.
 For example, the more bystanders there are, the less likely any one of them will intervene. 예를 들어, 방관자가  많을수록 그들  어느 명이라도 개입할 가능성이  낮을 것이다.
 A single bystander at the scene of an emergency would usually respond, just as we hope we would. 응급 현장에 있는   명의 방관자는 보통 우리가그러기를 바라는 바로 그대로 대응할 것이다.
 But when a number of bystanders witness an emergency, responsibility apparently diffuses among them, getting weaker. 그러나 다수의 방관자가 비상 상황을 목격할 , 그들 사이에서 책임감이 명백히 분산되어 점점 약해진다.
 No one bystander feels enough personal responsibility to respond. 어떤  명의 방관자도 대응할 충분한 개인적 책임감을 느끼지 못한다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 14 - 1] 퍼스널 브랜딩
 Personal branding is not something that you have to do behind the scenes. 퍼스널 브랜딩은 여러분이 남몰래 해야 하는 것이아니다.
 For many it does not always feel comfortable to deliberately plan how we are going to promote ourselves and our accomplishments to others. 의도적으로 우리 자신과 우리의 업적을 다른 사람들에게 어떻게 홍보할지 계획하는 것이 많은 사람에게 항상 편안하게 느껴지는 것은 아니다.
 Personal branding, however, is essential to achieving success. 하지만 퍼스널 브랜딩은 성공을 이루는  필수적이다.
 The key takeaway from this concept is awareness and anticipation.  개념의 주요한 핵심은 인식과 예상이다.
 If you are not aware of the opportunities to brand yourself, you may not be directed to leave a favorable impression. 만약 자신을 눈에 띄게  기회를 인식하지 못한다면, 여러분은 호의적인 인상을 남기게 되지 못할 수도 있다.
 If you cannot anticipate the opportunities that will present themselves to favorably demonstrate your brand through capability, you may not be prepared when they occur. 역량을 통해 여러분의 브랜드를 호의적으로 보여주기 위해 자신을 나타낼 기회를 예상할  없다면, 여러분은 기회가 생길  준비가 되어 있지 않은 것일지도 모른다.
 So as you begin to think about what you want to be known for, begin to be more aware of what you want people to say about you when you are not in the room as an effective way to guide your personal brand. 그래서 자신이 무엇으로 알려지고 싶은지에 대해생각을 시작할 , 여러분의 퍼스널 브랜드를 이끌효과적인 방법으로서 사람들이 여러분이 방에 없을 여러분에 대해 무엇을 말하기를 원하는지를 많이 인식하기 시작하라.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 14 - 2] 명왕성의 발견
 The ability to detect visual movement played an interesting role in the history of astronomy. 시각적 움직임을 감지하는 능력은 천문학의 역사에서 흥미로운 역할을 했다.
 In 1930, Clyde Tombaugh was searching the skies for a possible undiscovered planet beyond Neptune. 1930년에, Clyde Tombaugh 해왕성 너머에 있을지도 모르는 미발견 행성을 찾기 위해 하늘을 탐색하고 있었다.
 He photographed each region of the sky twice, several days apart. 그는 하늘의  영역을 며칠 간격으로  번씩 촬영했다.
 Stars essentially remain unmoving in photos, while a planet moves from one photo to the next. 항성은 본질적으로 사진에서 움직이지 않는 상태로남아 있는 반면, 행성은  사진에서 다음 사진으로가면서 이동한다.
 However, how would he find a small dot that moved among all the countless unmoving dots in the sky? 하지만 그가 하늘에서 움직이지 않는 수많은 점들사이에서 움직인 하나의 작은 점을 어떻게 찾을 것인가?
 He put each pair of photos on a machine that would flip back and forth between one photo and the other. 그는  쌍의 사진을  사진과 다른 사진 사이를 앞뒤로 뒤집어주는 기계에 놓았다.
 When he came to one pair of photos, he immediately noticed one dot moving as the machine flipped back and forth.  쌍의 사진에 다다랐을 , 그는 기계가 앞뒤로뒤집을   하나가 움직이는 것을 즉시 알아챘다.
 He identified that dot as Pluto, which astronomers now list as a dwarf planet. 그는  점을 명왕성으로 확인했는데, 천문학자들은현재 그것을 왜소 행성의 목록에 포함한다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 14 - 3] 숲의 기능
 People are cutting down forests much faster than the rate at which forests can regrow. 사람들은 숲이 재성장할  있는 속도보다 훨씬 빠르게 숲을 베어내고 있다.
 We need to dramatically reduce our use of wood, not just because the supply is decreasing, and not just because entire species of flora and fauna that live in forests are vanishing, but because the forest performs an important function. 우리는 목재 사용을 급격하게 줄여야 하는데, 이는공급이 감소하고 있기 때문만이 아니라, 그리고 숲에 서식하는 동식물군 전체 종이 사라지고 있기 때문만이 아니라, 숲이 중요한 기능을 수행하기 때문이다.
 Forests control global warming by absorbing carbon from the atmosphere and reducing greenhouse gases. 숲은 대기로부터 탄소를 흡수하고 온실 가스를 줄여 지구온난화를 억제한다.
 They also provide oxygen for us to breathe. 그것은 또한 우리가    있는 산소를 공급한다.
 There are too many trivial and shortsighted uses of wood. 목재의 사소하고 근시안적인 쓰임새가 너무 많다.
 When a hurricane advances on a city, people board up their windows with plywood. 허리케인이 도시로 다가오면 사람들은 합판으로 창문을 막는다.
 After the storm has passed, they discard the plywood. 폭풍이 지나간 후에, 그들은 합판을 버린다.
 It's ironic to think that for purposes such as these, forests are cut down that otherwise would aid in controlling such storms. 이러한 목적을 위해 숲이 베어지는데, 그렇지 않았다면 숲이 그러한 폭풍을 통제하는  도움이 되었으리라는 것을 생각하면 아이러니이다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 15 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 인플레이션의 영향
 Money loses value when inflation takes place; hence, those with large amounts of money encourage a strong government response to inflation. 인플레이션이 발생하면 화폐는 가치를 잃게 되므로, 많은 돈을 가진 사람들은 인플레이션에 대한 정부의 강력한 대응을 부추긴다.
 Governments respond by raising interest rates to discourage the creation of additional money through loans. 정부는 대출을 통한 추가 자금 창출을 막기 위해 금리를 인상함으로써 대응한다.
 As other loans are paid back, with fewer people taking out new loans, money disappears from circulation, reducing the ability of people to buy things and, thereby, reducing the inflationary pressure. 다른 대출이 상환되고, 새로운 대출을 받는 사람이줄어들면, 돈이 유통에서 사라져, 사람둘의 물건 구매 능력이 줄어들고, 그것 때문에 인플레이션 압력이 감소한다.
 For people and businesses with outstanding loans, the increased cost that results can be disastrous. 미상환 대출이 있는 개인과 기업의 경우, 결과로 생긴 늘어난 비용은 파멸을 초래할  있다.
 Increased expenses and bankruptcies lead to job loss, and consequently, more people unable to pay for their homes, cars and other loans. 늘어난 비용과 파산은 실직으로 이어지고, 결과적으로  많은 사람들이 , 자동차  기타 대출금을 갚지 못한다.
 This leads to another round of defaults and subsequent contraction in the money supply. 이것은   차례의 채무 불이행과 뒤이은 통화 공급의 축소로 이어진다.
 This cure for inflation may bring as much or more hardship than the inflation, but the hardship falls on people with little power to influence policy. 인플레이션에 대한 이러한 해결책은 인플레이션만큼 또는  이상의 어려움을 가져올 수도 있겠지만, 어려움은 정책에 영향을 미칠 힘이 거의 없는 사람들에게 돌아간다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 15 - 1] 제품 원산지에 대한 소비자의 인식
 Knowledge about a product's country of origin can affect the way consumers think about it. 제품의 원산지에 대한 지식은 소비자가 그것에 대해 생각하는 방식에 영향을 미칠  있다.
 Just as we stereotype people based on where they were born, we stereotype products based on where they were made. 마치 우리가 사람들을 태어난 곳에 근거해서 고정관념적으로 파악하는 것과 똑같이, 우리는 제품도그것이 만들어진 곳에 근거해서 고정 관념적으로파악한다.
 Consumers in developing countries, for instance, often infer higher quality for brands perceived as foreign. 예를 들어 개발 도상국의 소비자들은 흔히 외국산으로 인식되는 브랜드에 대해  높은 품질을 추단한다.
 Conversely, consumers in some nations believe their country's products are superior to those made elsewhere. 반대로 일부 국가의 소비자들은 자국 제품이 다른곳에서 만들어진 제품보다  우수하다고 생각한다.
 Japanese consumers, for example, tend to infer that made-in-Japan products are higher quality than made-in-America products. 예를 들어, 일본 소비자들은 일본산 제품이 미국산제품보다 품질이  높다고 추단하는 경향이 있다.
 Therefore, a luggage company markets its pricier luggage in Japan by stressing that the products are designed and made in Japan. 따라서,  여행 가방 회사는 제품이 일본에서 디자인되고 만들어지는 것이라는 점을 강조함으로써 일본에서  비싼 여행 가방을 시장에 내놓는다.
 Consumers are more likely to make inferences about a brand based on its country of origin when they are unmotivated to process brand information or when their processing goal guides attention towards origin information. 소비자는 브랜드 정보를 처리할 동기가 없거나 자신의 처리 목표가 원산지 정보에 대해 주목하도록이끌 , 원산지에 근거해서 브랜드에 대해 추단할가능성이  높다.
 If consumers dislike a country's political or social policies, they may respond negatively to its products. 소비자가  국가의 정치적 또는 사회적 정책을 싫어한다면,  국가의 제품에 대해 부정적으로 반응할 수도 있다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 15 - 2] 전문성과 완벽주의의 구별
 Many people excuse perfectionism at work by claiming it is professionalism. 많은 사람이 완벽주의를 전문성이라고 주장하며 직장에서의 그것(완벽주의) 대한 구실을 댄다.
 Differentiating between the two is useful.  둘을 구분하는 것은 유용하다.
 Managing perfectionism does not mean dropping critical standards. 완벽주의를 관리한다는 것은 중대한 기준을 포기하는 것을 의미하지 않는다.
 It becomes a problem when your personal expectations become unmanageable, self-imposed demands that create more pressure than is needed. 여러분의 개인적인 기대치가 필요 이상의 압박을만들어 내는, 제어하기 어려운 스스로 부과한 요구가  , 그것은 문제가 된다.
 It is not permission for work sloppiness or low standards; rather it means spending less time on tasks that do not need the level of input you are providing. 그것은 일을 대충 하는 것이나 낮은 기준을 허용하는 것이 아니라, 오히려 여러분이 제공하고 있는 투입의 수준이 필요하지 않은 업무에는 시간을 보다적게 쓰는 것을 의미한다.
 What are the acceptable standards of professionalism in your work and how do these compare with your own? 여러분의 업무에서 허용되는 전문성의 기준은 무엇이며, 이것은 여러분의 기준과 어떻게 비교되는가?
 With the busyness of workplaces these days, trying to achieve a benchmark of 110% perfect on everything can be a recipe for burnout. 요즘 직장에서의 바쁨 속에서는 모든 일에서110% 완벽이라는 기준을 달성하고자 노력하는 것은 번아웃(극도의 피로)으로 가는 길일  있다.
 If you are a manager expecting this of others, you may be setting yourself up for failure. 만약 여러분이 다른 사람들에게 이것을 기대하는관리자라면, 실패를 자초하고 있을  있다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 15 - 3] 탄수화물 섭취
 Carbohydrates are the most important source of energy in a balanced daily diet. 탄수화물은 균형 잡힌 일일 식단에서 가장 중요한에너지원이다.
 Carbohydrate intake must be balanced with adequate amounts of protein, fat, and water intake. 탄수화물 섭취는 적절한 양의 단백질, 지방, 수분섭취와 함께 균형이 맞추어져야 한다.
 In athletes, carbohydrates are the primary fuel source to maintain blood glucose for energy during exercise. 운동선수에게 있어, 탄수화물은 운동  에너지를위한 혈당을 유지하는  있어 주요 연료 공급원이다.
 Adequate carbohydrate intake also helps spare muscle from catabolic activity and muscle breakdown. 또한 적절한 탄수화물 섭취는 근육이 이화(異化) 작용과 근육 분해를 겪지 않도록 도와준다.
 After carbohydrates are consumed, they are broken down into smaller sugars that get absorbed and used as energy. 탄수화물이 섭취된 , 그것은 흡수되어 에너지로사용되는  작은 당분으로 분해된다.
 The body is capable of storing excess carbohydrates in the form of glycogen in the muscles and liver. 인체는 잉여 탄수화물을 근육과 간에 글리코겐 형태로 저장할  있다.
 The body's glycogen capacity is approximately 300 to 400 grams. 인체의 글리코겐 수용량은 대략 300~400그램이다.
 Subsequent excesses are then converted to fat and stored.  이후의 잉여량은 지방으로 전환되어 저장된다.
 Conversely, in the setting of inadequate intake, an energy imbalance can result in adverse effects on athletic performance as well as overall health. 반대로, 불충분한 섭취 환경에서는, 에너지 불균형이 전반적인 건강뿐만 아니라 운동 능력에도 부정적인 영향을 미치는 결과를 초래할  있다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 16 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 성장을 저해하는 자아
 Many of us tend to have too much invested in our opinions of ourselves to see the world's feedback ─ the feedback we need to update our beliefs about reality. 우리  대다수는 자신에 대한 스스로의 의견에 너무 많이 공을 들여서 세상의 피드백,  현실에 대한우리의 믿음을 새롭게 하는데 필요한 피드백을 보지못하는 경향이 있다.
 This creates a profound ignorance that keeps us banging our head against the wall over and over again. 이것은 우리가 계속 반복해서 벽에 머리를 부딪치게만드는 깊은 무지를 낳는다.
 Our inability to learn from the world because of our ego happens for many reasons, but two are worth mentioning here. 우리의 자아로 인해 세상으로부터 배울  없는 우리의 무능함은 여러 가지 이유로 발생하지만, 여기서  가지를 언급할 가치가 있다.
 First, we're so afraid about what others will say about us that we fail to put our ideas out there and subject them to criticism. 첫째, 우리는 다른 사람들이 우리에 대해 무엇이라고 말할지 너무 두려워서 우리의 생각을 드러내어그것이 비판받도록 하지 않는다.
 This way we can always be right. 이렇게 하면 우리는 항상 옳을  있다.
 Second, if we do put our ideas out there and they are criticized, our ego steps in to protect us. 둘째, 우리가 생각을 드러내고  생각이 비판을 받으면, 우리의 자아가 우리를 보호하기 위해 개입한다.
 We become invested in defending instead of upgrading our ideas. 우리는 생각을 개선하기보다는 방어하는  공을 들이게 된다.
 [Summary] Our ego's fear of being judged and desire to defend ourselves often blind us from valuable feedback, hindering our ability to learn and grow. [Summary] 판단 받는 것에 대한 우리 자아의 두려움과 자신을 방어하려는 욕구가 종종 우리가 가치있는 피드백을 보지 못하게 하여, 배우고 성장하는우리의 능력을 저해한다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 16 - 1] 규범에 영향을 받는 성숙도에 따른 감정
 Emotional differences exist across ages, and there are ideal emotional paradigms fora given age (i.e., some emotions are reasonable at a given age), and these paradigms are realized and solidified with the help of normative group behaviors. 연령에 따라 감정의 차이는 존재하며, 특정 연령에이상적인 감정의 전형적인 (, 특정한 연령에 어떤 감정은 합당하다.) 있고, 이러한 전형적인 예는 규범적인 집단행동의 도움으로 실현되고 확고해진다.
 For example, loudness, rudeness, and outbursts are associated with loss of self-control, and these emotions are often expressed among children. 예를 들어, 큰소리, 무례함, 감정의 폭발은 자기 통제의 상실과 관련이 있으며, 이러한 감정은 흔히 아이들 사이에서 표출된다.
 In childhood, crying is criticized but forgiven because it is consistent with the child's emotional profile, whereas in youth, crying is considered childish behavior. 어린 시절에는 우는 것이 아이의 감정적 특성과 일치하므로 비난 받지만 용서를 받는 반면, 청소년기에는 우는 것이 유치한 행동으로 여겨진다.
 As individuals mature intellectually and increase self-control and social sensitivity, they gradually form emotions such as melancholy, sadness, etc. 개인이 지적으로 성숙하고 자기 통제와 사회적 민감성이 증가함에 따라, 그들은 점차 우울함, 슬픔 등과같은 감정을 형성한다.
 This shows the fact that some emotions can only be experienced at a certain age, and virtues such as integrity and wisdom are associated with certain stages of life (e.g., adulthood). 이것은 일부 감정이 특정 연령에서만 경험될  있으며, 성실함과 지혜 같은 덕목이 삶의 특정 단계(예컨대, 성인기) 관련 있다는 사실을 보여 준다.
 [Summary] Emotions are associated with levels of maturity, which are influenced by social norms, leading individuals to experience different emotions at various ages. [Summary] 감정은 성숙 수준과 관련이 있으며,이러한 수준은 사회적 규범의 영향을 받는데, 이것은 개인이 다양한 연령에 따라 서로 다른 감정을 겪게 한다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 16 - 2] 정체성이 정보를 찾는 방식에 미치는 영향
 The discovery that identities change the way we seek information raises interesting questions. 정체성이 우리가 정보를 찾는 방식을 바꾼다는 발견은 흥미로운 의문을 제기한다.
 For example, there is ample evidence that people try to make themselves look good in many situations. 예를 들어, 많은 상황에서 사람들은 자신을 좋게 보이게 하려고 노력한다는 풍부한 증거가 있다.
 In contrast, researchers also found that people seek out negative information about themselves if it supports a negative identity. 이와 대조적으로, 연구자들은 또한 사람들이 자신에대한 부정적인 정보가 부정적인 정체성을 뒷받침하는 경우 이를 찾으려 한다는 사실도 발견했다.
 How is it that a person wants to make herself look good, while at the same time she wants to make herself look bad? 어떻게 사람은 자신을 좋게 보이게 하기를 원하면서, 동시에 자신을 나쁘게 보이게 하기를 원하는가?
 Some researchers proposed that people try to obtain information that is consistent with their identities, whether they think of themselves positively or negatively. 일부 연구자들은 사람들이 자신을 긍정적으로 생각하든 부정적으로 생각하든 자신의 정체성과 일치하는 정보를 얻으려 애쓴다고 말했다.
 That is, people seek information that seems to them to be true, even if that information is negative about themselves. , 사람들은 정보가 자신에 대해 부정적일지라도,그들에게 사실로 보이는 정보를 찾는다.
 In contrast, positive information makes people feel good, whether it is consistent with their identity or not. 이와 대조적으로, 긍정적인 정보는 그것이 자신의정체성과 일치하든 그렇지 않든, 사람들을 기분 좋게 만든다.
 Emotionally, people want to look as good as possible. 감정적으로, 사람들은 가능한  좋게 보이고 싶어한다.
 [Summary] We seek information that matches our identity, yet overall our emotions pushes us toward positive information. [Summary] 우리는 우리의 정체성에 부합하는 정보를 추구하지만, 전반적으로 우리의 감정은 우리를긍정적인 정보로 몰아간다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 Unit 16 - 3] 자연 선택의 목표
 One common misunderstanding of evolution is that it leads inexorably to organisms that are ever better designed. 진화에 대한  가지 흔한 오해는 진화가 줄곧  설계된 유기체로 거침없이 이어진다는 것이다.
 But Darwinian evolution is not a process of perfection. 하지만 다윈 진화는 완벽함을 향한 과정이 아니다.
 In contrast to the Lamarckian and Great Chain of Being theories of evolution, natural selection does not inexorably drive species up some kind of ladder of perfection. 라마르크 학설  존재의 대연쇄 진화 이론과는 달리, 자연 선택은 완벽함으로 향하는 어떤 종류의 사다리를 따라 종을 거침없이 빠르게 끌어올리지 않는다.
 Rather, natural selection is, to borrow a term from economics, a process that leads to satisficing (just being "good enough for now"). 오히려, 자연 선택은 경제학 용어 하나를 빌리자면, 만족화(그저 '지금 당장 충분히 좋은') 이어지는과정이다.
 In other words, so long as you survive and do better than your rivals, that is good enough. 다시 말해, 여러분이 살아남고 경쟁자보다  잘하는 , 그것은 충분히 좋다.
 An antelope does not have to become the fastest animal on earth; it simply has to be faster than the lions that try to catch it. 영양은 지구상에서 가장 빠른 동물이  필요가 없다. 단지 자신을 잡으려는 사자보다  빨라야 한다.
 By the same token, lions and other predators do not have to be able to run marathons at top speed; nor do they have to be able to catch every prey animal. 마찬가지로, 사자와 다른 포식자들은 최고 속도로마라톤을   있을 필요가 없고, 모든 먹잇감을잡을  있을 필요도 없다.
 They just have to be fast enough to catch sufficient prey animals to survive. 그것들은 살아남기 위해 충분한 숫자의 먹잇감을 잡을  있을 만큼만 충분히 빠르면 된다.
 [Summary] While natural selection is often thought of as a process toward seeking flawlessness, its goal is to equip organisms with just enough ability to outperform their rivals for survival. [Summary] 자연 선택은 흔히 완전함을 추구하는과정으로 여겨지지만, 그것의 목표는 유기체에게 생존을 위해 경쟁자들을 능가할  있을 만큼의 능력만을 갖추도록 하는 것이다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 - 서술형 Practice] 은유를 통한 역사적 사실 해석
 We can make literal statements about the past, but without metaphors, we cannot present interpretations of historical facts. 우리는 과거에 대해 문자 그대로 진술할  있지만, 은유 없이는 역사적 사실에 대한 해석을 제시할 없다.
 Unconsciously, we categorize the data we observe in the world and seek patterns that can be expressed as metaphors. 무의식적으로, 우리는 세상에서 관찰하는 데이터를분류하고 은유로 표현될  있는 패턴을 찾는다.
 Lakoff and Johnson explain that "We acquire a large system of primary metaphors automatically and unconsciously simply by functioning in the most ordinary of ways in the everyday world from our earliest days." Lakoff Johnson "우리는 초창기부터 일상 세계에서 그저 가장 평범한 방식으로 활동함으로써 자동적이고 무의식적으로 대규모의 기본적인 은유 체계를 습득한다" 설명한다.
 In our common language and common culture, we agree on hundreds of primary metaphors such as "important is big," "happy is up," "similarity is closeness," "difficulties are burdens," "change is motion," "knowing is seeing," "causes are physical forces," and "time is motion." 우리의 공통 언어와 공통 문화에서, 우리는 "중요한것은 크다", "행복한 것은 올라간다", "유사성은 가까움이다", "어려움은 부담이다", "변화는 움직임이다", "아는 것은 보는 것이다", "원인은 물리적 힘이다", "시간은 움직임이다" 같은 수백 가지의 기본적인 은유에 동의한다.
 We then blend these primary metaphors to create conceptual metaphors. 그런 다음 이러한 기본적인 은유를 혼합하여 개념적인 은유를 만든다.
 Working from our sensorimotor domains, we create mental imagery that can be used to interpret subjective experiences, like history. 감각 운동 영역에서 작업하여, 우리는 역사와 같은주관적인 경험을 해석하는  이용될  있는 정신적 비유적 표현을 만든다.

 

 

 

[Ch.05 - 논술형 Practice] 기술의 등장으로 인한 미래에 대한 예측
 With technology came the idea that innovation and novelty are intrinsic components of civilization. 기술과 더불어, 혁신과 새로움이 문명의 본질적인구성 요소라는 개념이 생겨났다.
 Constant changes in technologies, society, and economics are so ingrained in our daily lives that it is hard to understand that this state of affairs wasn't the rule in the ancient days. 기술, 사회, 경제의 끊임없는 변화는 우리의 일상 생활에 너무 깊이 스며들어 이런 상황이 고대에는 일반적이지 않았다는 사실을 이해하기 어렵다.
 A few hundred years ago, change was so slow that most people expected the future to be much like the past. 수백  전에는, 변화가 너무 느려서 대부분 사람이미래가 과거와 아주 비슷할 것이라고 예상했다.
 The concept that the future would bring improvements in people's lives was never common, much less popular. 미래가 사람들의 삶에 개선을 가져올 것이라는 개념은 인기가 있기는 커녕 결코 일반적이지도 않았다.
 All that changed when changes began to occur so often that they were not only perceptible but expected. 변화가 너무 자주 일어나기 시작하여 그것(변화)인지될  있을 뿐만 아니라 기대되었을   모든것이 변했다.
 Since the advent of technology, people expect the future to bring new things that will improve their daily lives. 기술의 등장 이후, 사람들은 미래가 자신의 일상을개선할 새로운 것들을 가져올 것이라고 기대한다.
 However, many of us now fear that the changes may come too fast, and may be too profound, for normal people to assimilate them. 그러나 이제 우리  많은 이는  변화가 보통 사람들이 그것을 받아들이기에는 너무 빠르게 올지도 모르고, 너무 지대할지도 모른다고 두려워한다.
 [Summary] Technological progress has shifted expectations, making constant change normal and future improvements anticipated, but now there's concern that the speed and profoundness of the changes may make it difficult for normal people to assimilate them. [Summary] 기술적인 진보는 기대를 바꾸어서 끊임없는 변화가 정상적이고 미래의 개선이 예상되도록 만들었지만, 이제 변화의 속도와 지대함이 보통사람들이 그것을 받아들이는 것을 어렵게 할지도 모른다는 우려가 있다.

 

 

 

[Ch.06 Unit 17 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 긍정적 감정과 창의적 사고의 관계
 People tend to assume that positive emotions are sources of simplistic or lazy thinking. 사람들은 긍정적인 감정이 단순하거나 게으른 사고의 원천이라고 가정하는 경향이 있다.
 Think of any highly creative person ─ such as Vincent van Gogh, Virginia Woolf, T. S. Eliot, or Charles Darwin ─ and you imagine their creative acts were produced during moments of struggle, tension, gloominess, and even despair. Vincent van Gogh, Virginia Woolf, T. S. Eliot, 또는 Charles Darwin 같은 어떤 매우 창의적인사람을 생각해 보면, 여러분은 그들의 창의적인 행위가 고난, 긴장, 우울, 그리고 심지어 절망의 순간에 만들어졌다고 생각한다.
 Alice Isen suggested that this view of creativity is wrong ─ that happiness instead prompts people to reason in ways that are flexible and creative. Alice lsen 창의성에 대한 이러한 관점이 잘못된것이며, 오히려 행복은 사람들이 유연하고 창의적인방식으로 추론하도록 자극한다고 말했다.
 In her studies, Isen induced positive emotion in her participants with small events. Isen 자신의 연구에서 작은 사건들로 참가자에게긍정적인 감정을 유도했다.
 She gave them little bags of candy, or they found a dime she had placed in their path. 그녀는 그들에게 작은 사탕 봉지를 주거나, 그들이그녀가 길에 놓아둔 10센트 동전을 발견했다.
 They watched amusing film clips. 그들은 재미있는 동영상을 보았다.
 These subtle ways of making participants feel good produced striking changes in their reasoning. 참가자를 기분 좋게 만드는 이러한 미묘한 방법들은그들의 추론에 두드러진 변화를 가져왔다.
 When given one word (such as carpet) and asked to generate a related word, people feeling positive emotions came up with more novel associations (fresh or texture) than people in a neutral state, who tended to produce more common responses (such as rug). ('카펫' 같은)  단어가 주어지고 관련 단어를 만들어 내도록 요청받았을 , 긍정적인 감정을 느끼는사람들은 중립적인 상태의 사람들보다  많은 새로운 연상(' 만든' 또는 '질감') 생각해 냈는데, 이들(중립적인 상태의 사람들) ('러그' 같은)  일반적인 응답을 하는 경향이 있었다.
 People feeling positive categorized objects in more inclusive ways, rating fringe members of categories (like cane or purse as an example of clothing) as better members of that category than people in a neutral state, whose categories tended to be more narrowly defined. 긍정적인 감정을 느끼는 사람들은 중립적인 상태의사람들보다 (의류의 예로 '지팡이' '지갑' 드는것처럼) 범주의 비주류 구성원을 해당 범주의  적합한 구성원으로 평가하면서 사물을  포괄적인 방식으로 분류하였고, 중립적인 상태의 사람들의 범주는   좁게 정의되는 경향이 있었다.

 

 

 

[Ch.06 Unit 17 - 1~2]  지각의 문제
 We likely evolved color perception, in part, to better figure out whether or not food is good to eat. 우리는 어느 정도는 음식이 먹기에 좋은지 아닌지를   파악하기 위해  지각을 진화시켰을 것이다.
 In ordinary sun-light, for example, a ripe tomato reflects a certain portion of the light and looks red and edible; a rotten tomato reflects the light differently and looks brown and disgusting. 예를 들어, 일반적인 햇빛 아래에서  익은 토마토는 빛의 특정한 부분을 반사해서 붉고 먹을  있는것으로 보이지만, 썩은 토마토는 빛을 다르게 반사하여 갈색이고 역겨워 보인다.
 It is these light-reflecting properties (reflectance) of the tomato ─ its redness or brownness ─ that are important, not the fact that the tomato is illuminated by the sun; a red tomato under a blue lamp is just as edible. 중요한 것은 이러한 토마토의 빛을 반사하는 특성(반사율),  그것의 붉은색 또는 갈색이지, 토마토가 태양에 비춰진다는 사실이 아니며, 파란 램프 아래의 붉은 토마토도 똑같이 먹을  있다.
 It so happens, however, that a red tomato absorbs blue light and does not reflect it. 그러나 공교롭게도 붉은 토마토는 푸른 빛을 흡수하고 그것을 반사하지 않는다.
 Consequently, a ripe tomato under a blue lamp does not look red but black, and rather unappetizing. 따라서, 파란색 램프 아래의  익은 토마토는 붉은색이 아니라 검은색으로 보이며, 오히려 입맛 떨어지게 한다.
 This example illustrates the fundamental problem of color perception: it is impossible to separate a region's reflectance (color) from its illumination. 이러한 사례는  지각의 근본적인 문제,   영역의 반사율(색상) 그것의 조명된 상태를 구별하는 것이 불가능하다는 것을 설명한다.
 Many animals take advantage of the confusion between color and illumination in their camouflage. 많은 동물은 위장할  색상과 조명된 상태의 애매함을 이용한다.
 These animals have darker backs than bellies (or the converse if they usually hang upside down, like some caterpillars). 이러한 동물은 배보다 등이  어둡다(또는 일부 애벌레처럼 주로 거꾸로 매달려 있는 경우에는  반대임).
 This countershading, whose traces can be seen in dogs, offsets the body-shape revealing effects of light and shadow, rendering the animal less visible from a distance. 이러한 '명암 역위형 보호색' 개에서  흔적을  있는 , 빛과 그림자의 체형 드러내기 효과를상쇄하여 멀리서  동물이 눈에  보이게 한다.

 

 

 

[Ch.06 Unit 17 - 3~4] 적극적인 선택이 주는 정신적 부담
 Most consumers would not much like it if, at the time of purchase, they had to choose every feature of their cell phone plan or all of their computer's initial settings. 대부분 소비자는 구매 시점에 만약 자신의 휴대전화 요금제의 모든 특징이나 자신의 컴퓨터의 모든초기 설정 전부를 선택해야 한다면 그다지 좋아하지 않을 것이다.
 The existence of defaults saves people a lot of time, and most of those defaults may well be sensible and suitable. 초기 설정의 존재는 사람들에게 많은 시간을 절약해 주고, 그러한 초기 설정의 대부분은 합리적이고적절할  있다.
 Few consumers would like to spend the time required to obtain relevant information and to decide what choice to make. 관련 정보를 얻고 어떤 선택을 할지 결정하는  필요한 시간을 쓰고 싶어 하는 소비자는 거의 없을 것이다.
 As compared with a default rule, active choosing increases the costs of decisions, sometimes significantly. 초기 설정 규칙과 비교했을 , 적극적인 선택은 결정의 비용을 때로는 상당히 증가시킨다.
 In the process, active choosing can increase "decision fatigue," creating problems for other, potentially more important decisions.  과정에서 적극적인 선택은 '결정 피로' 증가시켜 잠재적으로  중요할 수도 있는 다른 결정에 문제를 일으킬  있다.
 Decision fatigue might make it difficult for people to focus on the central questions that affect their lives ─ tasks associated with their families, their jobs, their health, the well-being of their loved ones. 결정 피로는 사람들이 자기 삶에 영향을 미치는 가장 중요한 문제,  가족, 직장, 건강, 사랑하는 사람들의 행복과 관련된 과업에 집중하는 것을 어렵게 만들 수도 있다.
 The state of being poor, and focusing constantly on how to make ends meet, has a significant adverse effect on IQ, roughly equivalent to that of having no sleep the night before. 가난한 상태, 그리하여 끊임없이 어떻게 생계를 꾸려갈까에 집중하는 것은 지능 지수에 상당한 부정적인 영향을 미치는데, 이는 전날 밤에 잠을 전혀자지 못한 것과 거의 맞먹는다.
 Because people have limited bandwidth, it is no light thing to force them to pay attention to questions in which they have little interest, because that very requirement diverts scarce cognitive (and perhaps emotional) resources from other endeavors. 사람들은 한정된 정신적 능력을 가지고 있기 때문에, 그들에게 관심이 거의 없는 질문에 주의를 기울이도록 강요하는 것은 가벼운 일이 아닌데, 그러한요구 자체가 다른 노력으로부터 부족한 인지적 (그리고 아마도 정서적) 자원을 다른 데로 돌리게 하기때문이다.
 It is in part because of cognitive scarcity that people choose not to choose. 사람들이 선택하지 않기로 선택하는 것은 바로 부분적으로 인지적 결핍 때문이다.
 For the same reason, active choosing can be a serious burden. 같은 이유로, 적극적인 선택은 심각한 부담이  있다.

 

 

[Ch.06 Unit 18 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 자신을 모욕한 사람을 전쟁장관으로 임명한 링컨
 As a young, struggling lawyer, Abraham Lincoln felt honored to be employed on an important legal case. 생활고와 싸우는 젊은 변호사 에이브러햄 링컨은 중요한 법적 소송 사건에 고용된 것을 영광으로 생각했다.
 The other lawyers chosen to represent the case were well known for their legal and persuasive expertise. 소송을 대리하도록 선정된 다른 변호사들은 법률 전문성과 설득 전문성으로  알려져 있었다.
 However, one lawyer, upon seeing Lincoln, remarked, "What is that tall idiot doing here? I refuse to work with him. Get rid of him." 그러나  변호사는 링컨을 보자마자 " 키가 멍청이는 여기서  하는 거지?   사람과 함께일하기를 거부하네.  사람을 쫓아내 버려."라고말했다.
 Lincoln remained calm and pretended not to hear the deliberate insult. 링컨은 침착함을 유지하며 고의적인 모욕을 듣지 못한 척했다.
 As the trial proceeded, Lincoln was ostracized by the other lawyers. 재판이 진행되는 동안 링컨은 다른 변호사들로부터배척당했다.
 In fact, he was never recognized as one of the representing lawyers. 사실, 그는 대리 변호사   명으로 결코 인정받지 못했다.
 He listened carefully to the court proceedings and observed his insulter's masterful handling of the case. 그는 법정 소송 절차를 주의 깊게 듣고 자신을 모욕한 변호사의 능수능란한 소송 처리를 지켜보았다.
 The lawyer who insulted Lincoln easily won the case. 링컨을 모욕한 변호사는 쉽게  소송을 승소했다.
 The next day, Lincoln was quoted as saying, "His brilliant argument was a revelation to me. He was expertly prepared, fluent in his presentation, and demonstrated undoubtedly the most professional questioning I have ever witnessed. I'm nowhere near as talented as he is. I am going home to study law all over again." 다음 , 링컨은 "그의 훌륭한 변론은 나에게는 매우 놀라운 발견이었다. 그는 노련하게 준비되었고,그의 발표에 있어 유창했으며, 내가 지금껏   의심의 여지 없이 가장 전문가적인 질의를 했다. 나는 그의 재능에 도저히 미치지 못한다. 나는 집에가서 법을 처음부터 다시 공부할 것이다."라고 말한것으로 인용되었다.
 Years later, Abraham Lincoln became president of the United States. 세월이 흘러 에이브러햄 링컨은 미국의 대통령이 되었다.
 That same lawyer who had rudely insulted Lincoln became his most outspoken critic. 링컨을 무례하게 모욕했던 바로  같은 변호사는그의 가장 노골적인 비판자가 되었다.
 However, Lincoln never forgot the brilliance of this man. 그러나 링컨은  사람의 탁월함을 절대 잊지 않았다.
 When an appointment was needed for secretary of war, Lincoln chose Edwin M. Stanton, the very man who had wounded and insulted him. 전쟁장관 임명이 필요했을 , 링컨은 자신에게 상처를 주고 모욕을 줬던 바로  사람인 Edwin M. Stanton 선택했다.
 Lincoln proved his character by offering a forgiving spirit rather than a lifetime grudge. 링컨은 평생 원한을 품기보다는 용서하는 마음을 베풂으로써 자신의 인품을 증명했다.
 Shortly thereafter, Lincoln was shot and killed.   얼마 지나지 않아 링컨은 총에 맞아 사망했다.
 Stanton, filled with sorrow and grief, sobbed, "Now he belongs to the ages!" 슬픔과 비통에 휩싸인 Stanton 흐느끼며 말했다. "이제 그는 역사 속에 영원할 것입니다!"

 

 

 

[Ch.06 Unit 18 - 1~3] 유아 Nathan에게 장기를 기증한 Doing 
 Nathan Saavedra, a toddler who was almost two years old, needed a kidney transplant. 거의  살이  유아 Nathan Saavedra 신장 이식이 필요했다.
 Two articles were written about the toddler after Nathan's mother, Tina, contacted a local newspaper in Illinois. Nathan 어머니 Tina 일리노이주의  지역 신문에 연락한 ,  유아에 관한  개의 기사가 작성되었다.
 Chris Doing, a 38-year-old Information Technology specialist who did not know the boy or the boy's family, read the articles and decided to donate his kidney if it were a good match for Nathan's body.  아이나  아이의 가족을 알지 못했던 38세의 정보 기술 전문가 Chris Doing 기사를 읽고 자신의신장이 Nathan 신체와  맞는다면 기증하기로결심했다.
 Soon Mr. Doing got his kidney tested.  Doing 씨는 자신의 신장을 검사받았다.
 He did not let the family know that he was being tested to see if he would be a suitable donor. 그는 자신이 기증 적격자인지 여부를 확인하기 위해검사를 받고 있다는 사실을  가족에게 알리지 않았다.
 He said, "I was really motivated and touched by the story and picture of Nathan. It prompted me to keep pushing forward. But I didn't want to give the family the play-by-play, in case I was disqualified. I didn't want to give them false hope." 그는 "Nathan 이야기와 사진에 정말로 동기 부여가 되었고 감동을 받았습니다. 그것은 저로 하여금 계속 나아가도록 했어요. 하지만 제가 자격이 없는 경우를 대비해  가족에게 실황을 중계하고 싶지는 않았어요. 그들에게 헛된 희망을 주고 싶지 않았거든요."라고 말했다.
 His kidney was a good match, and on October 25, 2010, the successful transplant took place. 그의 신장은  맞았고 2010 10 25일에 성공적으로 이식 수술이 이루어졌다.
 Mr. Doing did not meet Nathan and his family until after Nathan was released from the hospital. Doing 씨는 Nathan 퇴원할 때까지 Nathan그의 가족을 만나지 않았다.
 Nathan's mother, Tina, said about Mr. Doing, "He is very heroic. I will always feel so happy to have met him and for him to have saved my son." Nathan 어머니 Tina Doing 씨에 대해 "그는매우 영웅적입니다. 그를 만난 것과 그가  아들을구해준 것에 대해 저는 항상 행복감을 느낄 것입니다."라고 말했다.
 In response, Mr. Doing said, "I don't think of it as an act of heroism. Help was needed, and I was able to help." 이에 대한 응답으로 Doing 씨는 "저는 그것을 영웅적인 행동이라고 생각하지 않습니다. 도움이 필요했고 제가 도울  있었습니다."라고 말했다.
 Mr. Doing said that he was influenced by the donation of his grandmother's organs after her death 17 years previously. Doing 씨는 17  할머니가 돌아가신  장기를기증한 것에 영향을 받았다고 말했다.
 He said, "I remember how rewarding it was to get letters from recipients and for something good to come of it. I always hoped that if someone was in need in that way, I'd be man enough to assist them." 그는 "저는 수혜자들로부터 편지를 받는 것과 그것으로 인해 뭔가 좋은 일이 일어나는 것이 얼마나 보람된 것이었는지 기억합니다. 누군가 그런 식으로도움이 필요하다면 내가 충분히 그들을 도울  있는 사람이 되기를 항상 바랐습니다."라고 말했다.

 

 

 

[Ch.06 Unit 18 - 4~6] 난기류를 만난 비행기와 소년
 Mr. Spector was on his way home after a business meeting in Hong Kong. Spector 씨는 홍콩에서 사업 회의를 마치고 집으로돌아 가는 중이었다.
 It was a long flight from Hong Kong to New York, and he was tired but excited about the thought of going home and the positive outcome of the meeting. 홍콩에서 뉴욕까지 장거리 비행이었고 그는 피곤했지만, 집에 돌아갈 생각과 긍정적인 회의 결과로 들떠 있었다.
 About halfway through the flight, an announcement from a flight attendant filled the cabin. 비행의 절반쯤에, 승무원의 안내 방송이 객실을 채웠다.
 The announcement instructed passengers to remain seated due to expected turbulence. 기내 방송은 승객들에게 난기류가 예상되므로 앉아있으라고 안내했다.
 The attendant's voice was calm and casual, but Mr. Spector began to feel uneasy. 승무원의 목소리는 차분하고 평온했지만 Spector 씨는 불안한 기분이 들기 시작했다.
 The plane soon found itself in a fierce storm, with thunder roaring and lightning flashing against the dark skies, making him very nervous. 비행기는  천둥이 울리고 어두운 하늘에 번개가번쩍이는 격렬한 폭풍우를 만나게 되었고, 그를 매우 긴장하게 만들었다.
 Some younger children started crying, and things were falling. 몇몇 어린아이들이 울기 시작했고 물건들은 떨어지고 있었다.
 In the midst of this chaos, Mr. Spector was gripped by panic as the seemingly endless turbulence worsened his fear.  혼돈의 한가운데에서, 끝이 없어 보이는 난기류가 그의 두려움을 악화시키면서 Spector 씨는 극심한 공포에 사로잡혔다.
 As he struggled with his anxiety, he noticed the boy sitting next to him was calmly reading a book. unaffected by the storm. 자신의 그의 불안감과 힘겹게 싸우다가, 그는 옆에앉은 소년이 폭풍의 영향을 받지 않고 침착하게 책을 읽고 있는 것을 발견했다.
 The boy occasionally made irritated noises, not out of fear of the turbulence but because the shaking cabin made it difficult for him to read. 소년은 가끔 짜증 섞인 소리를 냈는데, 난기류에 대한 두려움 때문이 아니라 객실이 흔들려 그가 책을읽는 것이 어려워졌기 때문이었다.
 Astonished, Mr. Spector asked the boy how he could remain so calm. 매우 놀라서, Spector 씨는 소년에게 어떻게 그렇게 침착할  있는지를 물었다.
 The boy looked up from his book with a smile and said, "Don't be afraid. Mister." 소년은 미소를 띠며 책에서 눈을 들어 "겁내지 마세요, 아저씨."라고 말했다.
 His voice was confident. 그의 목소리는 자신감이 넘쳤다.
 "The pilot is my dad, and I know he is taking me home safe and sound." "조종사가 우리 아빠예요, 그리고 저는 아빠가 저를무사히 집에 데려다줄 거라는  알아요."
 The boy's unshakable trust in his father gave him a sense of calm in this chaos. 아버지에 대한 소년의 흔들리지 않는 신뢰는 그에게  혼란스러운 상황에서도 평온함을 주었다.
 His confidence was contagious and provided Mr. Spector with an inner peace. 그의 자신감은 전염되어 Spector 씨에게 내면의 평화를 가져다주었다.
 He could feel his panic fade away. 그는 자신의 극심한 공포가 사라지는 것을 느낄 있었다.

 

 

 

[Ch.06 - 서술형 Practice] 사자의 사냥 습성
 It is often assumed that most of the hunting is done by the lionesses rather than the males. 대부분의 사냥은 수컷보다는 암사자가 한다고 생각하는 경우가 많다.
 In part this is true: it makes sense in a pride to have a division of labour, with the males defending their turf, meals, pride and offspring, while the lionesses bring home the bacon. 이는 부분적으로는 사실인데, 무리 안에서 분업하는 것이 합리적이어서, 수사자는 자신의 영역, 먹이, 무리, 새끼를 지키는 한편, 암사자는 먹이를 가져온다.
 But it may also be because almost all lion hunts ever filmed take place during the day, when a hunting male would stand out like a sore thumb because of his huge mane, which might show above even the longest grass. 하지만 그것은 이제까지 촬영된 거의 모든 사자 사냥이  동안에 이루어지기 때문일 수도 있는데, 그때는 사냥하는 수컷이 거대한 갈기 때문에 눈에 띄어 심지어 가장   위로도 갈기가 보일 수도있다.
 At night, when this is no longer an issue, males hunt more frequently; and they will also join forces with the females when they are pursuing a particularly large animal such as a buffalo, which may weigh more than a tonne. 밤에는, 이것이  이상 문제가 되지 않아 수컷이 자주 사냥하며, 수컷은 또한 물소와 같은 특히 동물을 쫓을  암컷과 힘을 합치기도 하는데,물소는 무게가 1톤이 넘을 수도 있다.
 Lions can and do hunt large grazing animals including wildebeest, giraffes and even, on occasion, baby elephants that have become separated from their herd. 사자는 , 기린, 그리고 때로는 심지어 무리에서떨어져 나온 새끼 코끼리를 포함한  초식 동물을사냥할  있고 실제로 사냥하기도 한다.
 Yet they are also opportunists, taking prey as diverse as brown fur seals on the coast of Namibia, ostriches on the African plains. and a wide range of smaller items including mice, fish and even insects. 그러나 그것들은 또한 기회주의자여서, 나미비아해안의 갈색 물개, 아프리카 평원의 타조, 그리고, 물고기, 심지어 곤충을 포함한 광범위한  작은 항목(동물)까지 다양한 먹잇감을 취한다.

 

 

 

[Ch.06 - 논술형 Practice] 해양 플랑크톤의 이동을 관찰한 아버지와 아들
 Under the starry sky, a father and his son set sail on their beloved yacht. 별이 빛나는 하늘 아래,  아버지와 그의 아들이그들의 애용하는 요트를 타고 항해를 시작했다.
 Jack, the father, a well-experienced sailor and marine biologist, had often shared tales of the ocean's wonders with his son, Tom. 경험이 많은 항해사이자 해양 생물학자인 아버지Jack 자기 아들 Tom 함께 바다의 경이로움에관한 이야기를 자주 나누었다.
 As the boat sailed through the ocean, Tom's eyes caught sight of a bright path of light behind them. 배가 바다를 항해할 , 그들 뒤에 밝은 빛의 길이Tom 시선에 잡혔다.
 "Dad, what's that?" he asked, his voice filled with curiosity. "아빠, 저게 뭐예요?" 그가 호기심 가득한 목소리로물었다.
 Jack smiled warmly, recognizing his son's fascination. Jack 아들이 매료되었음을 알아차리고, 따뜻하게미소 지었다.
 "That, Tom, is the migration of plankton," he explained. "저건 플랑크톤의 이동이란다, Tom." 그가 설명했다.
 "Every night, these tiny organisms rise from the depths, creating this breathtaking display." "매일 ,  작은 생물들이 깊은 곳에서 올라와 이렇게  막히는 구경거리를 만들어 내는 거야."
 "Dad, why do they come up to the surface?" "아빠,  그것들이 수면으로 올라오는 거예요?"
 "They're like tiny travelers, Tom," Jack continued with enthusiasm. "그것들은 작은 여행자 같단다, Tom." Jack 열정적으로 이어갔다.
 "Starting their journey deep in the ocean at sunset, these plankton feed on plant plankton and other various treats as they rise. Some even feast on each other until just before dawn, when they return back into the depths to hide during the day." " 플랑크톤들은 해가  무렵 바다 깊은 곳에서여정을 시작해서, 올라오면서 식물성 플랑크톤과다른 여러 먹이를 먹지. 어떤 것들은 동트기 직전까지 심지어 서로를 잡아먹기도 하는데, 그때 그것들은  동안 숨기 위해 다시 깊은 곳으로 돌아간단다."
 Tom leaned over the side of the boat, captivated by the mystical phenomenon. Tom  신비로운 현상에 마음이 사로잡혀, 배의옆쪽으로 몸을 기울였다.
 "I never knew the ocean could be so magical," he wondered, with his gaze fixed on the glowing trail. "바다가 이렇게 마법과 같을 줄은 몰랐어요,"라며그는 빛나는 자취에 시선을 고정한  놀라워했다.
 For Jack, witnessing his son's fascination reminded him of his own deep affection for the sea. Jack에게 있어, 아들의 매료된 모습을 보는 것이 바다에 대한 자신의 깊은 애정을 상기시켰다.
 Together, they sailed on, surrounded by the magical glow of the plankton. 그들은 함께 플랑크톤의 신비한 빛에 둘러싸여 항해를 이어갔다.

 

 

 

 

 

안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다.

2024년 10월 EBS 대표 기본 개념서 <올림포스>가 새로운 교육과정에 맞춰 개정판이 출간되었습니다.  

 

올림포스 구성

  • 국어: 공통국어1, 공통국어2, 문학1 현대문학, 문학2 현대문학
  • 영어: 영어독해 기본1, 영어독해 기본2, 영어독해 9대 변별유형
  • 수학: 공통수학1, 공통수학2

올림포스 교재 특징

  • 2022 개정 교육과정 반영
  • 내신과 수능 대비를 위한 기본 개념 및 다양한 문제 유형 제공
  • 수행평가 대비 아이템 포함

 

오늘은 기존 <EBS 올림포스 독해의 기본 1>를 대체할 <EBS 올림포스 영어독해 기본 1 (2022 개정)>의 한줄해석 자료 올립니다.

 

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EBS 올림포스 영어독해 기본 1 (2022 개정) - 한줄해석 (좌지문 우해석)

안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다. 2024년 10월 EBS 대표 기본 개념서 올림포스>가 새로운 교육과정에 맞춰 개정판이 출간되었습니다.   올림포스 구성국어: 공통국어1, 공통국어2, 문학1 현대

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전체 내용

[Ch.01 Unit 01 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 초대 명단 누락에 대한 사과

 Dear Christy,

 Christy 씨께

 By now you've no doubt heard about Chandra's surprise party and are probably wondering why you weren't invited.

 지금쯤이면 귀하는 틀림없이 Chandra의 깜짝 파티에 대해 들으셨을테고, 아마도 왜 귀하가 초대되지 않았는지 궁금해하고 계실 것 같습니다.

 Chandra certainly was; as soon as she arrived, she asked me, "Where's Christy?"

 Chandra도 분명히 그러고 있었는데, 왜냐하면 그녀는 도착하자마자 제게 "Christy는 어디 있죠?"라고 물었거든요.

 Your absence from the guest list is entirely my fault, and I'm truly sorry for my thoughtlessness.

 손님 명단에 귀하가 없는 것은 전적으로 제 잘못이며, 저의 부주의에 대해 진심으로 사과드립니다.

 I know how much Chandra values your friendship, and I certainly meant no offense.

 Chandra가 귀하와의 우정을 얼마나 소중히 여기는지 알고 있으며, 저는 분명히 기분 상하게 할 의도가 없었습니다.

 Even now, I still don't understand how I could have overlooked your name.

 심지어 지금도, 어떻게 제가 귀하의 이름을 못 보고 넘어갈 수 있었는지 여전히 이해가 되지 않습니다.

 It's a case, I suppose, of missing the obvious, of not seeing what's right before your eyes.

 그것은 분명한 것을 놓치는, 즉 바로 눈앞에 있는 것을 보지 못하는 경우라고 여깁니다.

 Can you ever forgive me?

 저를 용서해 주시겠습니까?

 Sincerely, Lisa

 Lisa 드림

 

[Ch.01 Unit 01 - 1] 협의회 회의 일정 변경 공지

 Dear Mrs. Rabinowitz,

 Rabinowitz 부인께

 It was very kind of you to offer to provide refreshments at this month's council meeting.

 귀하께서는 너무 친절하게도 이번 달 협의회 회의에서 다과를 제공해 주기로 하셨습니다.

 Unfortunately, due to a conflict at the community center, we've had to reschedule the meeting for September 17.

 안타깝게도, 지역 문화 회관에서의 (회의 일정의) 충돌로 인해, 저희는 9 17일로 회의 일정을 변경해야 했습니다.

 I realize you've probably started baking some of your famous pies already, and I wanted to offer my sincerest apologies for the late notice of our cancellation.

 귀하께서 아마도 귀하의 유명한 파이 중 일부를 이미 굽기 시작했을 지도 모른다는 것을 제가 알고 있으며, 취소 공지를 늦게 알려드린 점에 대해 진심 어린 사과를 드리고 싶습니다.

 Your contributions to the meeting are always much appreciated, and I feel terrible for the change of date and inconvenience we've caused you.

 회의에 대한 귀하의 기여에 항상 무척 감사드리며, 날짜가 변경되어 귀하에게 불편을 끼쳐 드린 점에 대해 정말 죄송하게 생각합니다.

 If you'd still like to provide refreshments for the meeting, great.

 그래도 회의에 다과를 제공하고 싶으시다면, 근사한 일입니다.

 If not, I understand completely and will be happy to call on another neighbor.

 그렇지 않더라도, 충분히 이해하며 기꺼이 다른 이웃에게 요청 드리겠습니다.

 Regards, Martin Williams

 Martin Williams 드림

 

[Ch.01 Unit 01 - 2] 프린터 교체 제안

 Dear Mr. Harrison,

 Harrison 씨께

 Yesterday I was going through our files and realized that we had neglected to contact you regarding our proposal to replace your office printer.

 어제 저희 파일을 살펴보다가 귀하의 사무실 프린터를 교체하는 저희 제안과 관련하여 저희가 연락을 소홀히 했다는 사실을 깨달았습니다.

 I realize that four months have passed since I sent you the information, so I have attached our original proposal.

 제가 귀하께 정보를 보낸 지 4개월이 지났다는 것을 깨달아서, 저희의 최초 제안서를 첨부했습니다.

 I hope you will take the time to review it.

 귀하께서 시간을 내어 그것을 검토해 주시기를 바랍니다.

 We feel that our prices are very competitive and that the quality and durability of our printer will actually save you money in the long term.

 저희는 저희의 가격이 매우 경쟁력이 있고 저희 프린터의 품질과 내구성을 통해 장기적으로는 비용을 실질적으로 절감하실 것으로 생각합니다.

 I will call you next Monday after you have had time to review the proposal.

 귀하께서 제안서를 검토할 시간을 가지신 후, 다음 주 월요일에 제가 귀하께 전화드리겠습니다.

 I look forward to doing business with you.

 귀하와 거래할 수 있기를 기대합니다.

 If you have any questions or concerns, I can be reached at 308-555-9847.

 질문이나 관심이 있으시면 308-555-9847로 저에게 연락하실 수 있습니다.

 Best regards, Sarah Thompson Sales Manager

 영업부장 Sarah Thompson 드림

 

[Ch.01 Unit 01 - 3] 극장 보수 계획 재고 요청

 Dear Mayor Stanton,

 Stanton 시장님께

 I've recently been informed that you are proposing a plan to renovate our city's great historic landmark, the Silverlight Theater.

 저는 최근에 시장님께서 우리 시의 위대한 역사적 명소인 Silverlight 극장을 보수하려는 계획을 제안하고자 한다는 것을 알게 되었습니다.

 Your proposed plan to increase the theater's seating capacity to attract larger audiences and bring more world-class theatrical performances to the city may be financially sound.

 더 많은 관객을 모으고 더 많은 세계 최상급 연극 공연을 우리 시에 유치하기 위해 극장의 관객 수용 능력을 늘리려는 시장님의 제안 계획은 재정적으로는 타당할 수도 있습니다.

 But everything I've heard and read in recent weeks leads me to believe that such a renovation would destroy the theater's architecture, which is among the best of its kind in the nation.

 하지만 최근 몇 주 동안 제가 듣고 읽은 모든 것은 그러한 보수가 그 극장의 구조를 파괴할 것이라고 믿게 하는데, 그것은 전국의 그런 종류 중 최고에 속합니다.

 With that in mind, I urge you to reconsider this renovation plan and to explore alternatives that will preserve the character of the Silverlight Theater while securing its financial stability.

 저는 이를 염두에 두고 시장님께 이 보수 계획을 재고하고 Silverlight 극장의 특색을 보존하면서 그것의 재정적 안정을 확보할 대안을 모색할 것을 촉구합니다.

 I strongly believe that we should not sacrifice the beauty and history of our city for short-sighted financial gain.

 저는 근시안적인 재정적 이익을 위해 우리 시의 아름다움과 역사를 희생해서는 안 된다고 굳게 믿습니다.

 Sincerely, Kate Hendricks

 Kate Hendricks 드림

 

[Ch.01 Unit 02 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 휴전 소식을 들은 Lina Caruso

 Outside, in the streets of Rome, crowds had quickly gathered and were shouting.

 밖의 로마 거리에서는, 군중이 빠르게 모여들어 외치고 있었다.

 The war was over!

 전쟁이 끝났다!

 Peace had returned!

 평화가 돌아왔다!

 Lina Caruso and her mother heard the news from a refugee from Naples.

 Lina Caruso와 그녀의 어머니는 나폴리에서 온 한 난민으로부터 그 소식을 들었다.

 Lina hardly dared believe it.

 Lina는 감히 그것을 거의 믿지 못했다.

 Hurrying back to their house at the top of the town, they heard cheering, but Lina still didn't believe the news until she heard it with her own ears.

 서둘러 마을 꼭대기에 있는 자신들의 집으로 돌아오면서, 그들은 환호성을 들었지만, Lina는 직접 자신의 두 귀로 듣기 전까지는 여전히 그 소식을 믿지 못했다.

 Just as they turned into their street, they saw an army motorcycle dispatch rider pulling out of the castle and waved him down.

 자신들의 거리로 막 접어들었을 때, 그들은 군용 오토바이를 탄 전령이 성에서 빠져나오는 것을 보고는 손을 흔들어 그를 세웠다.

 He confirmed that the armistice had been signed.

 그는 휴전 협정이 서명되었음을 확인해 주었다.

 Hostilities would cease, and with them the bombings.

 적대 행위가 중단될 것이었고, 그것과 더불어 폭격도 멈출 것이었다.

 Lina almost cried with joy.

 Lina는 기쁨에 거의 울 뻔했다.

 Joy seemed to overflow from her heart.

 기쁨이 그녀의 마음에서 넘쳐나는 것 같았다.

 She hugged her mother and cried.

 그녀는 어머니를 껴안고 울었다.

 

[Ch.01 Unit 02 - 1] 동굴의 숨은 입구 발견

 With great care, Robert arranged his instruments.

 매우 조심스럽게, Robert는 자신의 도구를 정돈했다.

 His heart was pounding as he observed the morning shadows gradually descending the mountain.

 그가 아침 그림자가 서서히 산을 내려오는 것을 지켜볼 때, 그의 심장은 고동치고 있었다.

 Each adjustment was made thoughtfully, every piece of equipment placed just so, all in anticipation of the cave's hidden entrance being unveiled.

 각각의 조정이 신중하게 이루어졌고, 모든 장비도 그렇게 배치되었는데, 모든 것이 그 동굴의 숨겨진 입구가 드러날 것이라는 기대 속에서 이루어졌다.

 He was not sure he could make it.

 그는 성공할 수 있을지 확신하지 못했다.

 And then, it happened  a subtle flash of light, fleeting yet significant.

 그리고 바로 그때, 그 일이 일어났는데, 미묘한 번쩍이는 빛이었고, 순식간이었지만 아주 컸다.

 In that brief moment, Robert captured the crucial data, marking the entrance's location on his map with a surge of triumph.

 그 짧은 순간, Robert는 결정적인 데이터를 포착하여 벅차오르는 승리감으로 자신의 지도에 입구의 위치를 표시했다.

 Memories of his grandfather's captivating tales flooded his mind, filling him with a profound sense of connection and joy.

 할아버지의 매혹적인 이야기에 대한 기억이 그의 마음을 가득 채웠고, 그를 깊은 유대감과 기쁨으로 채웠다.

 Tears welled in his eyes as he settled onto an old log, reflecting on the journey that had led him here.

 오래된 통나무 위에 자리를 잡고 앉아 여기까지 그를 이끌고 온 여정을 되돌아보자, 그의 눈에는 눈물이 차올랐다.

 Crying with happiness, he uttered a single word into the crisp mountain air  "Fantastic!"

 행복에 겨워 울먹이며, 그는 상쾌한 산속 공기 중으로 '굉장하군!'이라고 한 마디를 내뱉었다.

 

[Ch.01 Unit 02 - 2]  문을 두드리는 소리

 It seemed I was asleep only for a few minutes in my car when I was suddenly awakened by something banging on my car door.

 내 차 안에서 단지 몇 분간 잠을 자고 있었던 것 같았는데 갑자기 나는 뭔가가 차 문을 쾅 하고 치는 소리에 잠에서 깼다.

 I looked through every window, but no one was there.

 나는 모든 차창을 통해 살펴봤지만 아무도 없었다.

 The hitting was getting louder.

 두드리는 소리는 점점 더 커졌다.

 My mind started racing as I tried to contain the terror that was inching its way into my heart.

 내가 심장을 향해 조금씩 다가오는 공포를 억누르려고 하는 동안 나는 생각이 빨라지기 시작했다.

 I desperately screamed, "Please help me!"

 나는 필사적으로 "제발 도와주세요!"라고 외쳤다.

 My eyes were shut as I screamed.

 나는 눈을 감고서 비명을 질렀다.

 As I shook with fear, I noticed the hitting had stopped.

 두려움에 떨고 있을 때 나는 두드리는 것이 멈춘 것을 알아차렸다.

 As I slowly forced my eyes to open, I saw there was a man tapping on my window.

 천천히 억지로 눈을 떴을 때, 나는 한 남자가 내 차창을 두드리고 있는 것을 보았다.

 He was an older man, who didn't look dangerous.

 그는 나이 든 남자였는데, 위험해 보이지는 않았다.

 "Hello there," he said.

 "안녕하세요." 그가 말했다.

 "I saw your car on the side of the road. Is everything okay?"

 "도롯가에 있는 당신 차를 봤어요. 괜찮으세요?"

 I couldn't think of a time I had ever been gladder to see someone.

 나는 누군가를 보게 되어 (이보다) 더 반가웠던 때를 생각해 낼 수 없었다.

 

[Ch.01 Unit 02 - 3] 고장의 고등학교 미식축구  경기

 More than a thousand people showed up at the field to cheer for the hometown high school football team.

 고장의 고등학교 미식축구 팀을 응원하기 위해 천 명이 넘는 사람들이 경기장에 나타났다.

 There was a long line at the ticket booth that stretched down the street.

 매표소에는 거리를 따라 늘어선 긴 줄이 있었다.

 The delicious smell of popcorn and hot dogs was everywhere. and the refreshment stand ran out of food before halftime.

 사방에 팝콘과 핫도그의 맛있는 냄새가 났고, 다과를 파는 노점은 하프 타임 전에 음식이 동이 났다.

 Everyone was cheering: the crowd waving flags, the cheerleaders, the band playing loud music, the players, the officials, the parents running the hot dog stand, the policeman, even me!

 모두가 응원하고 있었다. 깃발을 흔드는 관중, 치어리더들, 시끄러운 음악을 연주하는 밴드, 선수들, 경기 임원들, 핫도그 노점을 운영하는 부모들, 경찰관, 그리고 나조차도!

 The cheerleaders were whistling and stomping their feet on the aluminum bleachers, making a loud noise.

 치어리더들은 알루미늄 노천 관람석에서 휘파람을 불고 발을 쿵쿵 구르며 큰 소리를 냈다.

 The cheerleaders looked up in delighted surprise.

 치어리더들은 아주 즐겁게 놀라서 올려다보았다.

 For the first time, they were hearing something come back from the stands  a huge cheer!

 그들은 처음으로 관중석에서 뭔가 호응하는 소리를 들었는데, 그것은 엄청난 환호성이었다!

 They did cartwheels and backflips and even a three-tier pyramid.

 그들은 옆으로 재주넘기, 뒤로 재주넘기, 심지어 3단 피라미드 쌓기까지 했다.

 The old-timers said it was the loudest. most exciting game they'd ever been to.

 오랜 팬들은 그것이 여태까지 자신들이 와 본 경기 중 가장 시끄럽고 가장 흥미진진한 경기였다고 말했다.

 

[Ch.01 Unit 03 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 멘티를 대하는 멘토의 자세

 It has been said that most people listen with the intention to reply rather than to understand.

 대부분 사람은 이해하려는 의도보다는 답변하려는 의도로 듣는다는 말이 있어 왔다.

 Your job as a mentor is to facilitate your mentee's thinking and not to try and do it for them, no matter how tempting that may be.

 멘토로서 여러분의 역할은 여러분의 멘티의 사고를 촉진하는 것이지 아무리 솔깃할 수 있다고 하더라도 멘티를 대신해서 그것을 해 주려고 애쓰는 것이 아니다.

 If, during a mentoring session, you realise you're doing most of the talking, then I'd respectfully suggest that you just stop, sit back and listen.

 만약 멘토링 시간 중에 여러분이 말 대부분을 하고 있다는 것을 깨닫는다면, 그냥 멈추고 가만히 있으면서 (멘티가 하는 말을) 듣기를 정중히 제안한다.

 A good part of the mentee's learning process happens when he/she thinks out loud.

 멘티의 학습 과정의 상당 부분은 멘티가 생각을 입 밖에 내어 말할 때 발생한다.

 The rest of it happens by reflection and practice outside mentoring sessions.

 나머지는 멘토링 시간 밖에서의 성찰과 실천에 의해 발생한다.

 Therefore, your mentee should be doing most of the talking.

 따라서 여러분의 멘티가 대부분의 말을 해야 한다.

 Listening actively and empathically helps mentees to gain insight and to express themselves more effectively.

 적극적이고 공감하면서 경청하는 것은 멘티가 통찰을 얻고 자신을 더 효과적으로 표현하도록 돕는다.

 For your mentee to have a sense of being heard and of feeling acknowledged, it is essential that you listen well.

 여러분의 멘티가 경청되고 인정받는다고 느끼려면, 여러분이 잘 들어 주는 것이 극히 중요하다.

 

[Ch.01 Unit 03 - 1] 전문성과 창의력의 관계

 The expert myth is the belief that the more you know, the more creative you become.

 '전문가 신화'는 더 많이 알수록 더욱더 창의적으로 된다는 믿음이다.

 At the face of it, this seems quite logical.

 표면적으로는 이것이 꽤 논리적으로 보인다.

 The rationale is that in order to be truly creative, one must master a field or a domain.

 그 근거는 진정으로 창의적으로 되려면 어떤 한 분야나 영역에 숙달해야 한다는 것이다.

 Creativity often requires some level of expertise. but expertise and creativity are nonetheless very different things.

 창의력은 흔히 어느 정도의 전문성을 요구하지만, 그래도 전문성과 창의력은 매우 다른 것이다.

 Someone can know a great deal about something and yet show little creativity in that domain.

 어떤 사람은 어떤 것에 대해 많이 알 수 있지만, 그 영역에서 창의력을 거의 보이지 못할 수도 있다.

 However, research into the lives of creative people shows that in some cases "expertise can actually hinder creative ability of individuals. ... As expertise grows, creativity sometimes diminishes. Sometimes the best insights come from those outside a particular field, ..."

 그러나 창의적인 사람들의 삶에 대한 연구는 어떤 경우에는 "전문성이 실제로 사람들의 창의력을 저해할 수 있다. ... 전문성이 커짐에 따라 창의력은 때때로 줄어든다. 때때로 최고의 통찰은 해당 분야 밖에 있는 사람들에게서 나온다, ..."라는 것을 보여 준다.

 There is good reason for this.

 이것에는 충분한 이유가 있다.

 When we are too heavily invested in a task, we may tend to overlook the obvious.

 우리가 어떤 한 과업에 너무 많은 시간과 노력을 쏟으면 명백한 것을 간과하기 쉬울 수도 있을 것이다.

 

[Ch.01 Unit 03 - 2] 진로 탐색 노력

 Just as you don't know everything in advance about a trip you are going to take, neither can you know everything about how your new life or career might unfold.

 여러분이 떠날 여행에 대해 모든 것을 미리 알 수 없는 것과 꼭 마찬가지로, 여러분의 새로운 삶이나 진로가 어떻게 펼쳐질지에 대해서도 모든 것을 알 수는 없다.

 But that's fine.

 하지만 괜찮다.

 You just have to treat it like doing a jigsaw: accept that the full picture is going to emerge gradually rather than instantly.

 여러분은 그것을 조각 그림 맞추기를 하듯 그것을 다루기만 하면 되는데, 전체 그림이 즉각적이 아니라 서서히 나타날 거라는 사실을 받아들여라.

 While sometimes it will be straightforward to fit pieces together, at other times it will take more effort and patience.

 때로는 조각을 맞추는 것이 간단한 반면에, 또 어떤 때에는 더 많은 노력과 인내가 필요할 것이다.

 Sometimes you will find interesting pieces that open up a whole new section, and at other times you may find pieces that don't seem to belong anywhere right now.

 때로는 완전히 새로운 부분을 여는 흥미로운 조각을 발견할 수도 있고, 또 어떤 때에는 당장은 아무 곳에도 속하지 않는 것 같은 조각을 발견할 수도 있을 것이다.

 You just need to keep at it until the picture emerges and you can see clearly what you have achieved.

 여러분은 그림이 나타날 때까지 그저 그것을 계속할 필요가 있고, 그러면 자신이 달성한 것을 명확하게 볼 수 있다.

 

[Ch.01 Unit 03 - 3] 사회적 관습이 우리의 습관에 미치는 막대한 영향

 We don't choose our earliest habits, we imitate them.

 우리는 우리의 초기 습관을 선택하지 않으며, 그것을 모방한다.

 We follow the script handed down by our friends and family, our church or school. our local community and society at large.

 우리는 친구와 가족, 교회나 학교, 지역 사회와 사회 전반에 의해 물려받는 각본을 따른다.

 Each of these cultures and groups comes with its own set of expectations and standards  when and whether to get married, how many children to have, which holidays to celebrate, how much money to spend on your child's birthday party.

 이러한 각 문화와 집단에는 언제 결혼할지와 결혼할 것인지, 얼마나 많은 자녀를 가질지, 어떤 명절을 축하할지, 자녀의 생일 파티에 얼마를 지출할지의 그 자체의 기대와 기준이 있다.

 In many ways, these social norms are the invisible rules that guide your behavior each day.

 여러 면에서 이러한 사회적 규범은 매일 여러분의 행동을 이끄는 보이지 않는 규칙이다.

 You're always keeping them in mind, even if they are not at the top of your mind.

 그것이 여러분의 마음속에 가장 먼저 떠오르는 것이 아니더라도, 여러분은 그것을 항상 마음속에 두고 있다.

 Often, you follow the habits of your culture without thinking, without questioning, and sometimes without remembering.

 자주 여러분은 아무 생각 없이, 의심 없이, 때로는 기억하지 못한 채 여러분 문화의 관습을 따른다.

 As the French philosopher Michel de Montaigne wrote, "The customs and practices of life in society sweep us along."

 프랑스 철학자 Michel de Montaigne이 썼듯이, "사회에서 삶의 관습과 관행은 우리의 정신을 온통 빼앗는다."

 

[Ch.01 Unit 04 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 원칙과 가치의 중요성

 Nothing about an organization's strategy or business model is sacrosanct.

 조직의 전략이나 비즈니스 모델에서 신성불가침인 것은 아무 것도 없다.

 But there must be a cutting point between principles and values and everything else.

 하지만 원칙과 가치, 그리고 그 외의 모든 것 사이에는 반드시 구분점이 존재해야 한다.

 They represent precious, freestanding assets that must be independent of strategy.

 그것들은 전략으로부터 독립적이어야 하는 소중하고 독립된 자산을 나타낸다.

 They provide continuity and identity when everything else is expendable.

 그 외의 모든 것이 소모용인데 그것들은 연속성과 정체성을 제공한다.

 They represent the core element of the culture and the unchanging soul of the organization.

 그것들은 문화의 핵심 요소이자 조직의 변하지 않는 정신을 나타낸다.

 Cases in which leaders have successfully remodeled an entire enterprise represent organizational change in its comprehensive and supreme category.

 리더가 기업 전체를 성공적으로 개조한 사례는 그것의 포괄적이면서도 가장 중요한 범주에서의 조직상의 변화를 나타낸다.

 We learn from these cases that retaining principles and values during the process of change is not only possible but necessary to provide an anchor.

 이러한 사례에서 우리는 변화의 과정에서 원칙과 가치를 유지하는 것이 가능할 뿐만 아니라 의지할 것을 제공하는 데 필수적이라는 것을 배운다.

 Ironically, perhaps, organizations with the strongest principles and values often have the highest adaptive capacity because people attach themselves to them and understand that everything else is on the table.

 어쩌면, 역설적이게도 가장 강력한 원칙과 가치를 가진 조직이 흔히 최고의 적응 능력을 갖고 있는데, 사람들이 그것들은 고수하고 그 외의 모든 것들은 검토 대상이라는 것을 이해하기 때문이다.

 If you want to keep your promises, burn the house when it's time to reinvent the company.

 약속을 지키고 싶다면, 회사를 새롭게 만들어야 할 때라면 집을 불태우라.

 But save the nails.

 하지만 못은 남겨 두라.

 

[Ch.01 Unit 04 - 1] 인간 행동과 감정의 사회성

 There is something in human nature that prompts us to think of our actions, as well as our feelings, as though they were the distinctive issue of something inside us, something uniquely ours.

 인간 본성에는, 우리의 행동, 나아가 우리의 감정이 마치 우리 내부의 어떤 것에 대한 특이한 문제, 즉 우리만의 고유한 어떤 것에 대한 문제인 것처럼 생각하게 이끄는 무언가가 있다.

 Some are.

 일부는 그렇다.

 But most of the actions and feelings that help us enter into working relations with fellow members of the world are not all that private.

 하지만 우리가 세상의 동료 구성원들과 과업 수행 관계를 시작하도록 돕는 대부분의 행동과 감정은 그다지 개인적인 것이 아니다.

 They are, in fact, performances we execute in acceptably close conformity to widely accepted social rules.

 사실, 그것들은 우리가 널리 받아들여지는 사회적 규칙을 용인할 수 있을 정도로 근접하게 따르면서 실행하는 일이다.

 These rules are learned and held by us in such an easy way that we indulge the conceit that they are our own brilliant accomplishments.

 이러한 규칙은 우리가 너무나 쉽게 배워서 보유하기 때문에 우리는 그것들이 우리 자신의 훌륭한 업적이라는 자만심에 빠진다.

 We think of them as though they were the inventions of our own utterly original psychic lives, when most of them are as familiar to others as they are to us.

 우리는 그것들을 마치 우리 자신의 완전히 독창적인 정신적 삶의 발명품인 것처럼 생각하지만, 그것 중 대부분은 우리에게 친숙한 것처럼 다른 사람들에게도 친숙하다.

 Social things are quite simply social.

 사회적인 것들은 그야말로 사회적이다.

 

[Ch.01 Unit 04 - 2] 음식 조리의 생물학적 이점

 Cooked food does many familiar things.

 조리된 음식은 친숙한 여러 가지 일을 한다.

 It makes our food safer, creates delicious tastes, and reduces the risk of going bad.

 그것은 우리의 음식을 더 안전하게 만들고, 맛있는 맛을 만들어 내며, (음식이) 상할 위험성을 줄여준다.

 Heating can allow us to open, cut, or mash tough foods.

 가열은 우리가 질긴 음식을 쪼개거나 자르거나 으깰 수 있게 한다.

 But none of these advantages is as important as a little-appreciated aspect: cooking increases the amount of energy our bodies obtain from our food.

 그러나 이러한 장점 중 어떤 것도 거의 인정받지 못한 한 가지 측면만큼 중요한 것은 없는데, 그것은 조리가 우리 몸이 음식에서 얻는 에너지의 양을 증가시킨다는 것이다.

 The extra energy gave the first cooks biological advantages.

 여분의 에너지는 최초로 조리를 한 사람들에게 생물학적 이점을 주었다.

 They survived and reproduced better than before.

 그들은 이전보다 더 잘 생존하고 번식했다.

 Their genes spread.

 그들의 유전자가 퍼졌다.

 Their bodies responded by biologically adapting to cooked food, shaped by natural selection to take maximum advantage of the new diet.

 그들의 몸은 생물학적으로 조리된 음식에 적응함으로써 반응했고, 자연 선택에 의해 새로운 식단을 최대한 활용하도록 형성되었다.

 There were changes in anatomy, physiology, ecology, life history, psychology, and society.

 해부학적 구조, 생리, 생태, 생활사, 심리, 그리고 사회에 변화가 생겼다.

 Fossil evidence indicates that this dependence arose not just some tens of thousands of years ago, but right back at the beginning of our time on Earth, at the start of human evolution.

 화석 증거는 이러한 의존성이 겨우 수만 년 전이 아니라 과거에 지구상에서 우리의 시간이 시작한 바로 그때, 즉 인류의 진화가 시작한 때에 발생했다는 것을 보여 준다.

 We should indeed pin our humanity on cooks.

 우리는 정말로 우리의 인간다움을 조리를 한 사람들의 덕분으로 돌려야 한다.

 

[Ch.01 Unit 04 - 3] 텔레비전이 스포츠 산업에 미친 영향

 Radio provided the driving force to solidify the era of patronage; however, the invention that soon followed remains to this day the most significant communication medium that has influenced and aided the development of sports.

 라디오가 애용의 시대를 확고히 하는 원동력을 제공했지만, 곧 뒤를 이은 발명품이 스포츠 발전에 영향을 미치고 도움을 준 가장 중요한 통신 매체로 오늘날까지 남아 있다.

 Who knew what sportscaster Bill Stern questioned and introduced in 1939 would enhance the growth and development of sports marketing practices for decades?

 스포츠 캐스터 Bill Stern 1939년에 의문을 제기하면서 소개했던 것이 수십 년 동안 스포츠 마케팅 관행의 성장과 발전을 향상할 줄 누가 알았겠는가?

 The display platform, the television, though airing two average baseball teams battling for fourth place, provided an incredibly formidable and profitable union between sports and the American public.

 비록 4위를 다투는 평범한 두 야구팀을 방송하긴 해도, 텔레비전이라는 디스플레이 플랫폼은 스포츠와 미국 대중 간의 믿을 수 없을 정도로 강력하고 수익성 있는 결합을 제공했다.

 The television provided a means for sports organizations to expand their market presence and a unique opportunity for marketers to engage their publics.

 텔레비전은 스포츠 단체가 시장 진출을 확장할 수 있는 수단과 마케터가 대중의 관심을 사로잡을 특별한 기회를 제공했다.

 The notion of a "picture being worth a thousand words" became a reality with the invention and its intervention and presentation of sports.

 한 장의 '그림이 천 마디 말의 가치가 있다'라는 개념은 그 발명품, 그리고 그것의 스포츠 개입과 제공으로 현실이 되었다.

 

[Ch.01 Unit 05 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 미각이 뛰어난 사람의 이점

 Supertasters and nontasters respond similarly to many foods, but supertasters are more sensitive to certain sweet and bitter substances.

 미각이 뛰어난 사람과 뛰어나지 않은 사람은 많은 음식에 비슷하게 반응하지만, 미각이 뛰어난 사람은 단맛과 쓴맛이 나는 특정한 재료에 더 민감하다.

 These differences in taste sensitivity influence people's eating habits in ways that can have repercussions for their physical health.

 이러한 미각 민감도의 차이는 신체 건강에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 방식으로 사람들의 식습관에 영향을 미친다.

 For example, supertasters are less likely to be fond of sweets and tend to consume fewer high-fat foods, both of which are likely to reduce their risk for cardiovascular disease.

 예를 들어, 미각이 뛰어난 사람은 단 음식을 덜 좋아할 수 있고 고지방 음식을 덜 먹는 경향이 있는데, 이 두 가지 모두 심혈관 질환의 위험을 줄일 수 있다.

 Supertasters also tend to react more negatively to alcohol and smoking, thereby reducing their likelihood of developing drinking problems or nicotine addiction.

 미각이 뛰어난 사람은 또한 음주와 흡연에 더 부정적으로 반응하는 경향이 있는데, 그렇게 함으로써 그들에게 음주 문제나 니코틴 중독이 발생할 가능성을 줄인다.

 The only health disadvantage identified for supertasters thus far is that they respond more negatively to many vegetables, which seems to hold down their vegetable intake.

 지금까지 미각이 뛰어난 사람에게 확인된 유일한 건강상의 단점은 그들이 많은 채소에 대해 더 부정적으로 반응한다는 것인데, 그것은 채소 섭취를 억제하는 듯하다.

 Overall, however, supertasters tend to have better health habits than nontasters, thanks to their strong reactions to certain tastes.

 그러나, 전반적으로는 미각이 뛰어난 사람이 특정 맛에 대한 자신의 강한 반응 덕분에 미각이 뛰어나지 않은 사람보다 더 나은 건강 습관을 갖는 경향이 있다.

 

[Ch.01 Unit 05 - 1] 아프리카 전통사회의 노인의 역할

 Every society has its cognitive "police officers" or gatekeepers who together define the fundamental cognitive orientation of the people and principally oversee the approved characterization and the defense of the societal norms.

 모든 사회에는 함께 사람들의 기본적인 인지적 성향을 규정하고 주로 사회 규범의 승인된 정의와 수호를 감독하는 인지적 '경찰관' 또는 문지기가 있다.

 Among traditional African societies, this policing or gatekeeping role is performed mostly by the adult members through the acquisition of a library of ideas, because they are believed to have accumulated the knowledge and wisdom of the society.

 전통적인 아프리카 사회에서 이러한 감시 활동이나 문지기 역할은 생각의 서고 습득을 통해 성인 구성원에 의해 대부분 수행되는데, 이것은 그들이 그 사회에 대한 지식과 지혜를 축적해왔다고 여겨지기 때문이다.

 No wonder then, that the Akan of Ghana has wise sayings and proverbs, such as "Each time an elderly dies it is as if a library had burned down."

 그렇다면 가나의 아칸족에게 "노인 한 명이 죽을 때마다 도서관 하나가 불타는 것과 같다"와 같은 지혜로운 격언과 속담이 있는 것은 놀랄 일이 아니다.

 In addition to acting as guides to the land and its flora and fauna, elders convey knowledge to youngsters individually by telling stories, and thus overseeing their learning process.

 원로들은 땅과 그곳의 동식물에 대한 안내자 역할을 할 뿐만 아니라, 이야기를 해 줌으로써 젊은이들에게 개별적으로 지식을 전달하고, 그리고 이런 식으로 그들의 학습 과정을 감독한다.

 There is also a reverence of filial piety, the respect for the elderly that is equated with wisdom.

 효도에 대한 숭상, 즉 지혜와 동일시되는 노인에 대한 존경심도 있다.

 

[Ch.01 Unit 05 - 2] 자연재해에 대처하기 위한 건축 법규

 Building codes can reduce the adverse impacts of hazards.

 건축 법규는 위험 요소로 인한 해로운 영향을 줄일 수 있다.

 For example, hurricane clips may prevent roofs from detaching from buildings during the high winds of passing tropical cyclones and thus prevent rain damage.

 예를 들어, 허리케인용 고정 장치는 지나가는 열대성 사이클론(인도양의 열대성 저기압)의 강한 바람이 불 때 지붕이 건물에서 분리되는 것을 방지하여 비 피해를 예방할 수 있다.

 However, as with engineered structures, building codes have their limitations.

 그러나 공학적 구조물에서와 마찬가지로, 건축 법규에도 그것의 한계가 있다.

 It was reported that in the wake of Hurricane Andrew, which struck South Florida in 1992, officials realized that strict building codes would not prevent serious damage.

 1992년에 사우스 플로리다를 강타한 허리케인 Andrew가 지나간 후에, 관료들은 엄격한 건축 법규가 심각한 피해를 막지 못할 것이라는 점을 깨달았다고 전해졌다.

 Furthermore, earthquake codes are typically designed to prevent buildings from collapsing, not to maintain structural integrity of the building and ensure habitability after a large earthquake.

 게다가, 지진 법규는 일반적으로 건물이 붕괴되는 것을 방지하기 위해서 고안된 것이지, 큰 지진이 발생한 후 건물의 구조적 온전성을 유지하고 거주 적합성을 보장하기 위해서가 아니었다.

 This policy increases human survival rates in earthquakes, but is less effective in reducing the economic impact.

 이 정책은 지진 발생 시 인명 생존율을 높이지만, 경제적 영향을 줄이는 데 덜 효과적이다.

 Furthermore, building codes are the offspring of public policy, and policy is vulnerable to inequity in its application across the breadth of society, and may be ignored or not enforced.

 게다가, 건축 법규는 공공 정책의 산물이며, 정책은 사회 전반에 걸친 적용에 있어서 불평등에 취약하고, 무시되거나 시행되지 않을 수도 있다.

 

[Ch.01 Unit 05 - 3] 감정에 미치는 언어 표현의 

 Harvard business professor Alison Wood Brooks has done studies that show how stress and anxiety change based on what we tell ourselves.

 하버드 대학교 경영 대학원 교수 Alison Wood Brooks는 우리가 자신에게 말하는 바에 따라 스트레스와 불안이 어떻게 바뀌는지 보여 주는 연구를 수행했다.

 Brooks's experiment sounds like a blast or a nightmare, depending on your perspective.

 Brooks의 실험은 여러분의 관점에 따라 신나는 경험처럼 들리기도 하고 악몽처럼 들리기도 한다.

 She took a group of subjects with stage fright to a crowded bar with a stage and had them get up there and sing.

 그녀는 무대 공포증이 있는 피실험자들을 무대가 있는 붐비는 바에 데려가서 그들이 무대에 올라가 노래를 부르도록 했다.

 All the subjects arrived nervous, as expected.

 예상대로 모든 피실험자는 긴장한 채로 도착했다.

 But Brooks measured whether or not having them change their language  calling their nerves "excitement"  made any difference.

 하지만 Brooks는 피실험자들이 그들의 언어를 바꾸도록 한 것, 즉 긴장을 '흥분'이라고 부르도록 한 것이 어떤 차이를 가져오는지를 측정했다.

 She had one nervous group tell themselves over and over, "I am excited," and tested them against a control group who just sat with their nerves and their regular self-talk.

 그녀는 긴장한 한 집단에게 "나는 신난다."라고 반복해서 자신에게 말하게 하고, 그들을 긴장하여 평소의 혼잣말을 하며 그냥 앉아 있는 대조군과 대조하여 실험했다.

 The results were eye-opening.

 결과는 놀랄 만했다.

 The decision to tell themselves that the feeling they were experiencing was excitement helped them convert the energy into something positive, even useful.

 자신이 경험하고 있는 감정이 흥분이라고 자기 자신에게 말하기로 한 결정은 그들이 에너지를 긍정적인, 나아가 유용한 것으로 바꾸는 데 도움이 되었다.

 

[Ch.01 - 서술형 Practice] 방해 요소 없이 생각할 기회를 가지는 것의 중요성

 I met a CEO once who had an amazing approach to problem solving.

 나는 언젠가 문제 해결에 대한 놀라운 접근 방식을 가진 CEO를 만난 적이 있다.

 Whenever his organization had a problem, he'd gather information about it.

 자신의 조직에 문제가 있을 때마다 그는 그것에 대한 정보를 수집하곤 했다.

 Once he had all the information, he'd say to his people, "Okay, we're going to go to solution now. But before we do that, I want you to spread out around the building and sit quietly, or take a walk for about a half hour. Whatever you do, I want you to quiet yourself. No telephone, nothing to read. And I want you to look for the answer within."

 모든 정보가 수집되면 그는 직원들에게 ", 이제 우리는 해결책으로 나아갈 것입니다. 하지만 그것을 하기 전에 저는 여러분이 건물 이곳저곳에 흩어져서 조용히 앉아 있거나 30분 정도 산책을 하기를 바랍니다. 여러분이 무엇을 하든 여러분 자신을 진정시키세요. 전화도 안 되고, 무언가를 읽지도 마세요. 그리고 내면에서 해답을 찾길 바랍니다."라고 말하곤 했다.

 He told me it blew his mind to see how people's clarity and decision-making capacity would come back when they had a chance to quiet themselves and think through something without all kinds of distractions.

 그는 사람들이 온갖 방해 요소 없이 자신을 진정시키고 무언가를 충분히 생각할 기회를 가졌을 때 그들의 명료성과 의사 결정 능력이 회복되곤 하는 것을 보고 깜짝 놀랐다고 내게 말했다.

 I think half our problems of not behaving on our good intentions is that we don't give ourselves any space to rethink who we want to be.

 나는 우리가 좋은 의도로 행동하지 못하는 문제의 절반은 우리가 어떤 사람이 되고 싶은지를 다시 생각할 어떤 여유도 가지지 않는다는 것이라고 생각한다.

 

[Ch.01 - 논술형 Practice] 전자 세계에서의 연락에 대한 원칙 확립

 Your real social capital is most likely going to come from people you know in the physical world rather than through your virtual social networks.

 여러분의 진정한 사회 자본은 가상의 소셜 네트워크를 통해서가 아니라 아마도 물리적 세계에서 여러분이 아는 사람들에게서 기인할 것이다.

 Knowing that, as well as knowing that you may get interrupted by communications from your electronic world, you should develop rules about how to deal with intrusive e-connections when you are actually face to face with friends.

 그것을 아는 것과 더불어 여러분의 전자 세계에서 오는 연락에 의해 여러분이 방해받을 수 있다는 것을 알기에, 여러분은 실제로 친구와 대면하고 있을 때 방해가 되는 전자 연결에 어떻게 대처할지에 대한 규칙을 만들어야 한다.

 Too often you see people with their smartphones lined up on a restaurant table, willing to interrupt themselves to respond to whoever has just sent a text.

 음식점 테이블에 스마트폰을 늘어 놓고 방금 문자를 보낸 사람이 누구든 그에게 응답하기 위해 기꺼이 스스로를 방해하는 사람들을 여러분은 너무 자주 본다.

 This doesn't mean that you can't respond to these interruptions if they are important; it just means that you have to define an "important" message in advance and then leave the rest alone for after your social get-together.

 이것은 이러한 방해가 중요한 경우에도 여러분이 그것에 응답할 수 없다는 뜻이 아니라, '중요한' 메시지를 미리 규정하고 나머지는 사교 모임이 끝난 후에 보도록 남겨 두어야 한다는 의미일 뿐이다.

 You need to take your local audience into account while understanding the needs of your remote audience.

 여러분은 멀리 있는 여러분의 청자의 필요를 이해하면서도 현재 여러분과 같은 공간에 있는 청자를 고려해야 한다.

 

[Ch.02 Unit 06 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 이동 전화 앱에 소비하는 시간

 The graph above shows the average daily time spent by users worldwide on mobile apps from October 2020 to March 2021, by category.

 위 그래프는 2020 10월부터 2021 3월까지 전 세계 사용자에 의해 이동 전화 앱에 소비된 하루 평균 시간을 범주별로 보여 준다.

 Users worldwide spent the greatest amount of time on social apps, at about 55 minutes per day.

 전 세계 사용자들은 소셜 앱에 가장 많은 시간을 소비했고 이는 대략 하루에 55분이었다.

 Game apps ranked second highest among the app categories, with the time spent on them being less than one-third of the time spent on social apps.

 게임 앱은 앱 종류 중 두 번째로 가장 높은 순위를 차지했는데, 그것에 소비된 시간은 소셜 앱에 소비된 시간의 3분의 1보다 더 적었다.

 Users worldwide spent similar amounts of time on entertainment, sports, and shopping apps, respectively, and when put together, the total time spent on them was greater than that spent on social apps.

 전 세계 사용자들은 엔터테인먼트, 스포츠, 쇼핑 앱에 각각 비슷한 시간을 소비했으며, 모두 합치면 그것들에 소비된 총 시간은 소셜 앱에 소비된 것보다 더 많았다.

 Travel apps ranked the second least with users worldwide spending about 3 minutes less on them than on sports apps.

 여행 앱은 전 세계 사용자가 스포츠 앱에보다 약 3분 정도 적게 소비해서 두 번째로 가장 낮은 순위를 차지했다.

 The least amount of time was spent on finance apps, which was the only category where the time spent was less than 10 minutes.

 가장 적은 시간이 금융 앱에 소비되었으며 그것은 10분이 채 안 되는 시간이 소비된 유일한 범주였다.

 

[Ch.02 Unit 06 - 1] 청소년 영상 공모전

 Youth Video Contest on Cultural Diversity

 문화 다양성에 관한 청소년 영상 공모전

 Contest Theme: Celebrating Cultural Diversity Through a Lens

 공모전 주제: 렌즈를 통해 문화 다양성 기리기

 Eligibility: Open to all youth aged 13-18 worldwide

 참가 자격: 전 세계 13~18세의 모든 청소년 참가 가능

 Video Submission Requirements

 영상 출품 요건

 Videos should be 3-5 minutes long.

 ㆍ영상은 3~5분 길이여야 합니다.

 Maximum file size: 500MB

 ㆍ최대 파일 크기: 500메가바이트

 Language: English or English subtitles

 ㆍ언어: 영어 또는 영어 자막

 Submission Deadline: Applications and videos must be submitted by November 30.

 출품 기한: 신청서와 영상은 11 30일까지 제출해야 합니다.

 How to Submit

 출품 방법

 Send your completed application form along with your video to youthvideocontest@diversity.org.

 ㆍ작성 완료된 신청서 양식을 영상과 함께 youthvideocontest@diversity.org로 보내세요.

 You can download the application form on our website at www.capturingdiversity.org.

 ㆍ신청서 양식은 우리 웹사이트 www.capturingdiversity.org에서 내려받을 수 있습니다.

 Note

 주의

 A panel of judges will evaluate submissions based on creativity, relevance to the theme, and production quality.

 ㆍ심사 위원단이 창의성, 주제와의 관련성, 작품의 우수함에 기반하여 출품작을 평가할 것입니다.

 Winning videos will be showcased on our video channel on December 15.

 ㆍ수상작은 12 15일에 우리 동영상 채널에서 공개될 것입니다.

 

[Ch.02 Unit 06 - 2] 국가별 이산화탄소 배출량

 The graph above shows the carbon dioxide emissions of the most polluting countries worldwide in 2010 and 2022.

 위 그래프는 2010년과 2022년 전 세계에서 가장 많이 오염을 일으키는 국가들의 이산화탄소 배출량을 보여 준다.

 The six countries' rankings for carbon dioxide emissions did not change between 2010 and 2022.

 6개국의 이산화탄소 배출 순위는 2010년과 2022년 사이에 변동이 없었다.

 China was the highest carbon dioxide emitter in both years, with a significant increase in emissions in 2022, releasing 11,397 million metric tons.

 중국은 두 해 모두 최대 이산화탄소 배출국이었으며, 2022년에는 배출량이 상당히 증가하여 11,397백만 미터톤을 방출했다.

 In 2022, China's carbon dioxide emissions were greater than the combined carbon dioxide emissions of the United States, India, and Russia.

 2022년에, 중국의 이산화탄소 배출은 미국, 인도, 러시아의 이산화탄소 배출을 합친 것보다 더 많았다.

 The United States, which ranked second in 2010, decreased its carbon dioxide emissions in 2022 compared to 2010, but still ranked second with emissions above 5,000 million metric tons.

 2010년에 2위에 올랐던 미국은 2010년에 비해 2022년에 이산화탄소 배출이 감소했지만, 여전히 50억 미터톤이 넘는 배출로 여전히 2위를 차지했다.

 India and Indonesia increased their carbon dioxide emissions from 2010 to 2022, while Russia and Japan's emissions decreased during the same period.

 인도와 인도네시아는 2010년부터 2022년까지 이산화탄소 배출이 증가한 반면, 러시아와 일본의 배출량은 같은 기간 동안 감소하였다.

 

[Ch.02 Unit 06 - 3] 공원 투어 홍보

 A Walk in the Park

 공원에서의 산책

 Join a guided tour through the Cordova Sculpture Park.

 Cordova 조각공원을 둘러보는 가이드 안내 투어에 참가하세요.

 The tour is a lively conversation about artists, art-making processes, materials, and Cordova's rich history.

 투어는 예술가, 예술품 제작 과정, 재료, Cordova의 풍부한 역사에 대한 생생한 대화로 진행됩니다.

 When: Saturday, May11, 1:00 p.m.-2:00 p.m.

 시간: 5 11일 토요일, 오후 1~오후 2

 Tickets: Adult-$14, Child-FREE

 입장권: 성인-14달러, 어린이-무료

 Capacity is limited and we recommend purchasing tickets in advance.

 ㆍ정원이 제한되어 있으므로 입장권을 미리 구매할 것을 권합니다.

 Your ticket includes admission to the museum and the sculpture park.

 입장권에는 박물관과 조각공원 입장료가 포함되어 있습니다.

 You must arrive at the park at least 15 minutes before the tour begins to allow time for check in.

 ㆍ체크인에 걸리는 시간을 고려하여, 투어 시작 최소 15분 전 공원에 도착해야 합니다.

 Meet your guide on the front steps of the museum's main entrance.

 ㆍ박물관 정문의 정면 계단에서 가이드를 만나세요.

 The tour will begin promptly at 1 p.m.

 투어는 오후 1시에 곧바로 시작될 것입니다.

 The tour will be entirely outdoors.

 ㆍ투어는 전부 야외에서 진행됩니다.

 Registered participants will receive an email if the tour is canceled.

 투어가 취소되면, 등록된 참가자는 이메일을 받을 것입니다.

 

[Ch.02 Unit 07 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 인상주의 여류화가 Berthe Morisot

 Berthe Morisot was born in Bourges, France, on January 14, 1841.

 Berthe Morisot 1841 1 14일에 프랑스 Bourges에서 태어났다.

 She was the youngest of three daughters of an upper-middle-class family.

 그녀는 중상류층 가정의 세 딸 중 막내였다.

 Morisot began to draw as a child, taking lessons seriously at age seventeen.

 Morisot는 어릴 때 그림을 그리기 시작했고, 17세에 본격적으로 수업을 받기 시작했다.

 Her early style featured subtle color harmonies.

 그녀의 초기 스타일은 미묘한 색의 조화를 특징으로 했다.

 At twenty-three, she debuted at the official Salon with two landscapes and was accepted to exhibit regularly for the next ten years.

 그녀는 23세에 풍경화 두 점으로 공식 전람회에 데뷔했고 이후 10년 동안 정기적으로 전시하도록 허가를 받았다.

 At twenty-seven, she was introduced to Edouard Manet, who became a major influence on her work.

 27세에, 그녀는 Edouard Manet를 소개받았는데, 그는 그녀의 작품에 큰 영향을 주었다.

 Under his guidance, her brush strokes became fast and loose.

 그의 지도 아래, 그녀의 붓놀림은 빠르고 느슨해졌다.

 In time, details were eliminated from her paintings.

 시간이 지나면서, 그녀의 그림에서 세부 묘사는 없어졌다.

 Her colors were bolder, and she focused on representing the changing effects of light.

 그녀의 색채는 더욱 대담해졌고, 그녀는 빛의 변화하는 효과를 표현하는 데 집중했다.

 Morisot's success as an Impressionist painter, characterized by a direct observation of nature, was remarkable in that she was one of the first women to challenge established art circles.

 자연의 직접 관찰이 특징인 인상주의 화가로서 Morisot의 성공은 기존의 미술계에 도전한 최초의 여성 중 한 명이라는 점에서 주목할 만했다.

 

[Ch.02 Unit 07 - 1] Bessie Blount Griffin 생애

 Bessie Blount Griffin was born in Virginia in 1914.

 Bessie Blount Griffin 1914년에 버지니아주에서 태어났다.

 Her formal education ended after the sixth grade.

 그녀의 정규 교육은 6학년에서 끝났다.

 One influential experience at school for Bessie was learning to write.

 Bessie에게 영향을 준 학교 경험 하나는 글쓰기를 배운 것이었다.

 Bessie favored her left hand, but teachers used to force students to write with their right hands.

 Bessie는 왼손을 선호했지만 교사들은 학생들에게 오른손으로 글을 쓰도록 강요하곤 했다.

 She took this as a challenge and learned to write with her right hand while maintaining her left-handed abilities.

 그녀는 이를 도전으로 받아들이고 왼손잡이 능력을 유지하면서 오른손으로 글 쓰는 법을 배웠다.

 This skill would benefit her later.

 이 기술은 나중에 그녀에게 도움이 될 것이었다.

 Bessie studied nursing, which sparked a passion for physical therapy.

 Bessie는 간호학을 공부했는데, 이것이 물리 치료에 대한 열정을 촉발했다.

 She then became certified in physical therapy.

 그 후 그녀는 물리 치료 자격증을 취득하게 되었다.

 She created a neck frame for patients who needed support when holding a bowl or cup close to their faces.

 그녀는 얼굴 가까이에 그릇이나 컵을 들고 있을 때 지탱해 주는 힘이 필요한 환자들을 위한 목 구조물을 만들었다.

 Her experience with her left hand came in handy as she helped others in physical therapy learn to use both sides of their bodies.

 그녀의 왼손 경험은 물리 치료를 받는 다른 사람들이 몸의 양쪽을 모두 사용하도록 배우는 것을 도울 때 도움이 되었다.

 

[Ch.02 Unit 07 - 2] 수학 천재 Claude Harvard

 Mathematical genius Claude Harvard was born in rural Georgia.

 수학 천재 Claude Harvard는 조지아주의 시골에서 태어났다.

 When Claude was 11, his family moved to Detroit.

 Claude 11살이었을 때, 그의 가족은 디트로이트로 이주했다.

 Claude saw an ad for a wireless set around that time.

 Claude는 그 무렵 무선 전신기 광고를 보았다.

 He was so excited to buy one, so he sold enough of his belongings to afford the radio.

 그는 하나를 사게 되어 매우 신났는데, 그래서 그는 그 무선 전신기를 구입할 수 있도록 충분한 양의 소지품을 팔았다.

 Claude earned an amateur radio license and was the first African American in his state to do so.

 Claude는 아마추어 무선 통신 면허를 취득했는데, 그는 자신이 사는 주에서 그렇게 한 최초의 아프리카계 미국인이었다.

 After discovering his interest in electronics and machines, Claude was sent to the Henry Ford Trade School.

 전자 공학과 기계에 관한 관심을 발견한 후에 Claude는 헨리 포드 직업 학교로 보내졌다.

 Later, Henry Ford recognized Claude's immense genius and hired him at the Ford Motor Company, making him head of their radio department.

 나중에 헨리 포드는 Claude의 엄청난 천재성을 알아보고 그를 포드 자동차 회사에 채용하여 무선 통신 부서의 책임자가 되게 했다.

 It wasn't long until Claude appeared in a full-page Ford advertisement in Popular Science Monthly.

 얼마 지나지 않아 Claude Popular Science Monthly에 실린 포드사 전면 광고에 등장했다.

 During his career at Ford Motor Company, Claude personally patented 29 inventions used to manufacture vehicles.

 포드 자동차 회사에서 근무하는 동안, Claude는 개인적으로 차량 제조에 사용되는 29개의 발명품의 특허를 얻었다.

 

[Ch.02 Unit 07 - 3] Florence Bascom 생애

 Florence Bascom was born in 1862, the youngest of five children.

 Florence Bascom 1862년에 다섯 아이 중 막내로 태어났다.

 Bascom was raised by parents who strongly encouraged their daughter to pursue an education.

 Bascom은 딸이 교육을 추구하도록 강력하게 권장하는 부모에 의해 양육되었다.

 A brilliant student, Bascom entered the University of Wisconsin at the age of 15 and earned two bachelor's degrees and a master's degree.

 뛰어난 학생이었던 Bascom 15세에 Wisconsin 대학교에 입학하여 두 개의 학사 학위와 한 개의 석사 학위를 받았다.

 Bascom continued her graduate studies at Johns Hopkins University, but was required to sit behind a screen during classes so she did not distract the male students.

 Bascom Johns Hopkins 대학교에서 대학원 공부를 계속했지만, 남학생들의 집중을 방해하지 않도록 수업 시간에 가림막 뒤에 앉으라는 요구를 받았다.

 She graduated with a doctor's degree in geology in 1893.

 그녀는 1893년에 지질학 박사 학위를 받고 졸업했다.

 Even though she was the second woman in the U.S. to earn a doctor's degree in geology, Bascom was a first for women in geology in almost every aspect of her geological career.

 Bascom은 미국에서 지질학 박사 학위를 받은 두 번째 여성이었지만, 자신의 지질학 경력의 거의 모든 측면에서 지질학 분야의 여성 최초였다.

 She founded the first geology department at Bryn Mawr College, where she taught for 33 years.

 그녀는 Bryn Mawr 대학교에 최초의 지질학과를 설립했고, 그곳에서 33년 동안 가르쳤다.

 Additionally, Bascom was the first woman geologist hired by the U.S. Geological Survey and worked there until 1936.

 게다가, Bascom U.S. Geological Survey에 고용된 최초의 여성 지질학자였으며 1936년까지 그곳에서 일했다.

 

[Ch.02 - 서술형 Practice] 청각 장애가 있었던 작곡가 Robert Franz

 Robert Franz, the sensitive composer of the 19th century, never enjoyed especially acute hearing.

 19세기의 감성적인 작곡가인 Robert Franz는 청력이 특별히 잘 발달한 편은 아니었다.

 According to his own statements, he lost his auditory perception for notes above e3 in his twenty-fourth year as a result of an accident.

 그 자신의 진술에 따르면, 그는 스물네 살 때 사고로 인해 e3 보다 높은 음에 대한 청지각을 잃었다고 한다.

 His condition grew worse as time went on, and in 1871 he became totally deaf.

 그의 상태는 시간이 지날수록 악화하여, 1871년에는 완전히 청력을 잃게 되었다.

 After becoming deaf, he gradually lost the power of auditory imagery, until his eyes took over the role of his ears.

 청력을 잃은 후, 그는 자신의 눈이 귀의 역할을 넘겨받을 때까지 점차 청각적 이미지의 힘을 잃었다.

 "Now I perceive tonal differences far worse than formerly and I sense through the eyes exactly as I formerly did through the ears."

 "이제 나는 이전보다 훨씬 더 엉망으로 음조의 차이를 인식하고, 이전에는 내가 귀를 통해 감지했던 바로 그대로 눈을 통해 감지한다."

 He continued as follows: "My songs and rearrangements were all, without exception, written during the period of my ear malady."

 그는 이어서 말하기를, "내 노래들과 편곡들은 예외 없이 모두 내가 귀에 병이 있었을 때 작곡한 것이다."라고 했다.

 Franz wrote about 360 songs.

 Franz는 약 360곡을 작곡했다.

 If one dates his total deafness from 1871, then it will be found that he composed the greater part of his songs after the complete loss of his hearing, so that he never heard most of them.

 그의 완전한 청력 상실 시기를 1871년으로 본다면, 그는 청력을 완전히 잃은 후에 자신의 노래의 더 많은 부분을 작곡해서, 그것들을 전혀 듣지 못했다는 것을 알게 될 것이다.

 

[Ch.02 - 논술형 Practice] 독서에 관한 설문 조사

 The graphs above show the percentage of respondents who stated their feelings for reading books, along with the number of books they read per month, based on a survey of 18-year-olds in Japan in 2020.

 위 도표는 2020년 일본의 18세를 대상으로 벌인 설문 조사를 바탕으로, 책 읽기에 대한 생각을 말한 응답자의 비율과 그들이 한 달에 읽는 책의 권수를 보여 준다.

 About 60 percent of respondents said they enjoy reading books, while just over 10 percent said they dislike reading books.

 응답자의 약 60%가 책을 읽는 것을 좋아한다고 답했지만, 책을 읽는 것을 싫어한다고 답한 비율은 10%를 조금 넘었다.

 More than a quarter of all respondents said they neither enjoy nor dislike reading books.

 전체 응답자의 4분의 1 넘게 책 읽기를 좋아하지도 싫어하지도 않는다고 답했다.

 When asked how many books they read per month, the highest percentage of respondents said they read 1-2 books per month.

 한 달에 몇 권의 책을 읽는지를 묻는 질문에는 한 달에 1~2권을 읽는다는 응답자의 비율이 가장 높았다.

 More than 30 percent of respondents said they never read a book per month, making it the second largest group.

 한 달에 책을 한 권도 읽지 않는다고 말한 응답자의 비율은 30%가 넘었는데, 이는 두 번째로 많은 비율을 차지했다.

 The percentage of respondents who said they read 3-4 books per month was lower than the percentage of respondents who said they read 7 or more books per month.

 한 달에 3~4권의 책을 읽는다고 답한 응답자의 비율은 한 달에 7권 이상 책을 읽는다고 답한 응답자의 비율보다 더 높았다.

 

[Ch.03 Unit 08 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 과학적 지식의 목표

 Knowledge, for science, aims to be proven knowledge, justified by evidence and reason.

 과학에서 지식은 증명된 지식이 되는 것을 목표로 하는데, 이는 증거와 이성에 의해 정당화된다.

 Nothing is accepted as true unless it has been proved to be so, or there are good reasons to believe that it will be at some point in the future.

 어떤 것도 그것이 그럴 것이라고(진실이라고) 증명되지 않았거나, 미래의 어느 시점에 그럴 것이라고 믿을 만한 충분한 이유가 있지 않은 한, 진실이라고 인정되지 않는다.

 This reflects the philosophical quest for certainty that goes back to Rene Descartes, who refused to accept anything that he could not know for certain to be true.

 이는 Rene Descartes로 거슬러 올라가는 확실성에 관한 철학적 추구를 반영하는데, 그는 자신이 진실이라고 확실하게 알 수 없는 어떤 것도 받아들이기를 거부했다.

 He hoped to base all knowledge on self-evident propositions, and thought that reason should take priority over observation.

 그는 모든 지식을 자명한 명제에 기반하기를 희망했고, 이성이 관찰에 우선해야 한다고 생각했다.

 Descartes was aware that his senses frequently misled him.

 Descartes는 감각이 자주 자신을 오도한다는 것을 알고 있었다.

 The implication of this  a view which had a long history, prior to the rise of science  was that, if the evidence of our senses did not conform to reason, it was likely that they were in error.

 과학이 발달하기 이전부터 오랜 역사를 갖고 있는 견해인 이것의 의미는 감각의 증거가 이성과 일치하지 않으면, 그것들은 오류에 빠졌을 가능성이 있다는 것이었다.

 

[Ch.03 Unit 08 - 1] 고대 도시 중심지의 집약적인 관개 농업

 Many of the ancient urban centers obtained their food supply from intensive irrigated agriculture in the region where they were located, and it is usually suggested that this is because labor productivity is particularly high with irrigated agriculture.

 고대의 많은 도시 중심지는 그것이 위치한 지역에서 집약적인 관개 농업을 통해 식량을 공급받았는데, 일반적으로 이는 관개 농업의 노동 생산성이 특히 높기 때문임을 시사한다.

 It seems more relevant to point out that this type of primitive subsistence system has a particularly high output per unit of land.

 이러한 유형의 원시적 생존 체계는 단위 토지당 생산량이 특히 높다는 점을 언급하는 것이 더 적절해 보인다.

 The high demand for labor per unit of land and the high output per unit of land made it necessary and possible for a large number of families to live within a small area.

 단위 토지당 높은 노동력 수요와 단위 토지당 높은 생산량은 많은 수의 가구가 좁은 지역 안에 사는 것을 필요하고 가능하게 했다.

 Therefore, even if the surplus per family is small, the total surplus available within a fairly small distance from the town will be large.

 따라서 가구당 잉여물이 적더라도 마을에서 상당히 짧은 거리 내에서 이용할 수 있는 총 잉여물은 많을 것이다.

 In addition, the irrigation canals, or the river used for irrigation, can be used for boat transport of food to the town.

 게다가 용수로, 즉 관개에 사용되는 강은 배로 식량을 마을까지 옮기는 데 사용될 수 있다.

 

[Ch.03 Unit 08 - 2] 제한된 자원의 활용

 We have vast forests in this country but not enough to provide all of the wood, all of the wilderness, and all of the accessible recreation that we want.

 이 나라에는 방대한 숲이 있지만, 우리가 원하는 모든 목재, 모든 야생의 자연, 모든 이용할 수 있는 휴양을 제공하기에는 충분하지 않다.

 As soon as we log trees, build roads, or improve trails and campsites, we lose some wilderness.

 우리가 나무를 벌목하거나, 도로를 건설하거나, 등산로와 야영장을 개선하는 순간, 우리는 얼마간의 야생의 자연을 잃게 된다.

 Similarly, we have large amounts of fresh water, but if we use water to grow rice in California, the water consumed cannot be used for drinking water in California cities.

 마찬가지로, 우리는 많은 양의 담수가 있지만, 우리가 캘리포니아주에서 벼를 재배하기 위해 물을 사용하면, 소비된 물은 캘리포니아주 도시에서 식수로 사용될 수 없다.

 If we use fire to help a forest renew itself, we will have air pollution downwind while the fire burns.

 숲이 스스로를 새롭게 하는 것을 돕기 위해 우리가 불을 사용한다면, 불이 타는 동안 바람을 타고 대기 오염이 발생하게 할 것이다.

 We have many goals, so we have to make choices about how to allocate our limited resources.

 우리는 많은 목표를 가지고 있으므로, 우리는 우리의 제한된 자원을 어떻게 배분할지 선택해야 한다.

 The cost of those choices is what we give up  the cost of opportunities lost.

 이러한 선택의 대가는 우리가 포기하는 것, 즉 상실된 기회의 비용이다.

 

[Ch.03 Unit 08 - 3] 혁신과 산업 수입의 관계

 Not all innovations that improve human living standards show up in revenue and profits.

 인간의 생활 수준을 향상하는 모든 혁신이 수입과 수익에 나타나는 것은 아니다.

 Some instead accrue directly to consumers.

 어떤 수입과 수익은 대신에 소비자에게 직접적으로 생긴다.

 Many of the product improvements brought about by technology have the paradoxical effect of reducing industry revenue.

 기술에 의해 초래된 많은 제품의 개선은 산업 수입을 감소시키는 역설적 효과를 가진다.

 To see why, suppose people used to pay $1 to download a song.

 그 이유를 알려면 사람들이 어떤 노래를 다운로드하기 위해 1달러를 냈다고 가정해 보라.

 Then some change comes along so that people can listen to the song while paying only a quarter of what they used to pay.

 그런 다음 어떤 변화가 생겨서 사람둘은 예전에 냈던 금액의 4분의 1만 내면서 그 노래를 들을 수 있게 된다.

 If there is no change in the number of people purchasing the song, revenue will fall by 75 percent.

 그 노래를 구매하는 사람들의 수에 변화가 없다면, 수입은 75퍼센트 감소할 것이다.

 Even if the number of people buying a song doubles with the lower price, revenue will still fall by 50 percent.

 더 낮은 가격으로 인해 노래를 구매하는 사람들의 수가 두 배가 되더라도, 수입은 여전히 50퍼센트 감소할 것이다.

 But people, by which we mean society as a whole, will be much better off.

 하지만 사람들은, 우리가 그것으로 사회 전체를 의미하는데, 형편이 훨씬 더 나아질 것이다.

 The point is that revenue reduction, and an accompanying failure to raise GDP, is not by itself evidence that society is worse off.

 요점은 수입 감소와 이에 수반하는 GDP(국내 총생산) 증가 실패가 그 자체로 사회의 형편이 더 나빠진다는 증거는 아니라는 것이다.

 

[Ch.03 Unit 09 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 승진  높은 성과를  관리자의 문제점

 If you were a high performer in your work before becoming a manager, you may find the journey into management particularly difficult.

 만약 여러분이 관리자가 되기 전에 여러분의 직무에서 높은 성과를 낸 사람이었다면, 관리직으로의 여정이 특히 어렵다고 느낄 수도 있다.

 Because of their previous success, stars are understandably reluctant to give up the attitudes and practices they think produced their success thus far, and they're unwilling to change themselves.

 이전의 성공 때문에, 최고의 직원들은 자신이 생각하기에 지금까지 자신의 성공을 만들어 낸 태도와 관행을 포기하는 것을 당연히 꺼리고, 자신을 변화시키려 하지 않는다.

 They don't know how to develop or coach people because they never needed much coaching themselves, or so they believe.

 그들은 그들 자신이 지도를 많이 필요로 한 적이 결코 없었거나 그렇다고 믿기 때문에, 사람들을 어떻게 성장시키고 지도해야 하는지 모른다.

 They don't know how to deal with people who lack their motivation.

 그들은 동기가 부족한 사람들을 어떻게 다루어야 하는지 모른다.

 Because they've never failed, they've had little practice reflecting on and learning from experience.

 그들은 실패한 적이 한 번도 없어서, 경험을 성찰하고 경험을 통해 배우는 연습을 한 적이 거의 없다.

 No wonder many former stars turn into mediocre bosses.

 이전에는 최고의 직원이었던 많은 사람들이 그다지 훌륭하지 않은 상사가 되는 것은 놀랄 일이 아니다.

 If you were a star, be aware that the very success that produced your promotion can now work against you.

 만약 여러분이 최고의 직원이었다면, 여러분의 승진을 가져온 바로 그 성공이 이제 여러분에게 불리하게 작용할 수 있다는 점을 인식하라.

 

[Ch.03 Unit 09 - 1] 우선순위에 따른 목적 선택

 Action takes place by choosing which ends shall be satisfied by the employment of means.

 행동은 수단을 사용하여 어떤 목적을 충족시킬 것인가를 '선택함'으로써 일어난다.

 Time is scarce for man only because whichever ends he chooses to satisfy, there are others that must remain unsatisfied.

 인간에게 시간이 '부족한' 이유는 어떤 목적을 충족시키기로 선택하든, 충족되지 않은 채로 남아야 하는 다른 것이 존재하기 마련이기 때문이다.

 When we must use a means so that some ends remain unsatisfied, the necessity for a choice among ends arises.

 우리가 어떤 목적이 충족되지 않은 채로 남아있도록 수단을 사용해야 할 때, '목적 중에서 하나를 선택'해야 할 필요성이 생긴다.

 For example, Jones is engaged in watching a baseball game on television.

 예를 들어, Jones는 텔레비전으로 야구 경기를 시청하고 있다.

 He is faced with the choice of spending the next hour in: (a) continuing to watch the baseball game, (b) playing bridge, or (c) going for a drive.

 그는 앞으로 한 시간을 쓰는 데, (a) 야구 경기를 계속 시청할지, (b) 브리지 게임을 할지, 아니면 (c) 드라이브를 하러 갈지를 선택해야 하는 상황에 직면한다.

 He would like to do all three of these things, but his means (time) is insufficient.

 그는 이 세 가지를 모두 하고 싶지만, 그의 수단(시간)이 불충분하다.

 As a result, he must choose; one end can be satisfied, but the others must go unfulfilled.

 결과적으로, 그는 '선택해야' 하는데, 하나의 목적은 충족될 수 있지만, 나머지 목적은 충족되지 않은 채로 있어야 한다.

 Suppose that he decides on course A.

 그가 경로 A로 결정한다고 가정해 보자.

 This is a clear indication that he has ranked the satisfaction of end A higher than the satisfaction of ends B or C.

 이것은 그가 목적 A의 충족 순위를 목적 B 혹은 C의 충족보다 더 높게 '매겼'음을 분명히 보여 준다.

 

[Ch.03 Unit 09 - 2] 환경 스트레스로 인한 유전자 구성 변화

 Environmental stresses cause changes in the genetic makeup of a population by favoring certain gene variants more than others.

 환경 스트레스는 특정 유전자 변이형을 다른 것보다 더 선호함으로써 개체군의 유전자 구성에 변화를 일으킨다.

 This is, in fact, the normal way that populations can adapt rapidly to changes in their environment without mutations being required to produce new adaptations.

 이는 사실 돌연변이가 새로운 적응 형태를 만들어 내야 할 필요 없이 개체군이 자신들의 환경 변화에 빠르게 적응할 수 있는 정상적인 방식이다.

 It is also the reason why populations with genetic diversity are more likely to survive in the face of change.

 그것은 유전적 다양성을 가진 개체군이 변화에 직면했을 때 생존할 가능성이 더 높은 이유이기도 하다.

 However, there is another side of this phenomenon related to human impacts on populations.

 그러나 개체군에 대한 인간의 영향과 관련된 이 현상의 또 다른 측면이 있다.

 Toxins added to the environment create selection pressure for individuals that are more tolerant of the toxins.

 환경에 더해지는 독소는 그 독소에 더 내성이 강한 개체를 선택하라는 압력을 만들어 낸다.

 One negative impact of this is that it can reduce the genetic diversity of a population.

 이것의 부정적인 영향 한 가지는 그것이 개체군의 유전적 다양성을 감소시킬 수 있다는 것이다.

 Another problem occurs if the organism is a pest and the toxin is contained in, for example, a pesticide.

 또 다른 문제는 생물체가 해충이고 독소가 예를 들어 살충제에 포함되어 있는 경우 발생한다.

 As a result of the selection pressure, the population seems to develop tolerance to the toxin.

 선택 압력의 결과로 그 개체군은 그 독소에 대한 내성을 갖게 되는 것처럼 보인다.

 The pesticide then becomes less effective.

 그러면 그 살충제는 효과가 떨어진다.

 

[Ch.03 Unit 09 - 3] 행복의 기준이 되는 상대적인 

 People's happiness depends not on their absolute wealth, but rather on their wealth relative to those around them.

 사람들의 행복은 그들의 절대적인 부가 아니라 오히려 그들 주변 사람들에 상대적인 그들의 부에 달려 있다.

 In one experiment, two capuchin monkeys were initially perfectly content with a reward of cucumbers when they successfully performed a task.

 한 실험에서 두 마리의 카푸친 원숭이는 과제를 성공적으로 수행했을 때 오이라는 보상에 처음에는 완벽하게 만족했다.

 But when one monkey was later given tastier grapes as a reward, the monkey receiving plain old cucumbers became enraged, angrily throwing the previously satisfactory salad vegetable at its handler.

 그러나 한 원숭이에게 나중에 더 맛있는 포도가 보상으로 주어지자, 평범한 이전의 오이를 받은 원숭이는 격분하였고 이전에는 만족스러웠던 샐러드 채소를 화를 내며 조련사에게 던졌다.

 The monkeys' economy had grown, since grapes are better than cucumbers.

 포도가 오이보다 더 좋으므로 원숭이들의 경제는 커졌다.

 But the resulting inequality brought only discontent.

 하지만 그 결과로 초래된 불평등은 불만만 가져왔다.

 Humans are the same.

 인간도 마찬가지이다.

 When employees at the University of California were given information about the salaries of their peers, those discovering they were paid below the average suddenly became less satisfied and more likely to seek a new job.

 캘리포니아 대학교의 직원들에게 동료들의 급여에 대한 정보가 제공되었을 때, 자신이 평균보다 적게 받고 있다는 것을 알게 된 직원들은 갑자기 덜 만족스러워지고 새로운 일자리를 구할 가능성이 더 커졌다.

 The attitudes of those earning above the average were happily unaffected.

 평균보다 더 많이 받는 직원들의 태도는 다행히 아무런 영향을 받지 않았다.

 

[Ch.03 - 서술형 Practice] 믿음과 진정한 지식의 차이

 Imagine that a farmer is wondering whether his black-and-white cow, Daisy, is in the field.

 한 농부가 자신의 흑백 얼룩무늬 소 Daisy가 들판에 있는지 궁금해한다고 상상해 보자.

 He believes she is in the field when he goes to look, because he sees something black-and-white in the distance.

 확인하러 갔을 때 그는 그 소가 들판에 있다고 믿는데, 멀리서 흑백의 무언가를 보기 때문이다.

 Later, it turns out that what he saw was a large black-and-white bag, not Daisy.

 나중에, 그가 본 것은 Daisy가 아니라 커다란 흑백 얼룩무늬 가방인 것으로 드러난다.

 But the cow really was in the field  she was just hidden from sight in a dip.

 하지만 그 소는 정말로 들판에 있었는데, 그 소는 움푹 파인 곳에 있어서 단지 시야에서 가려져 있었을 뿐이었다.

 The farmer was right that Daisy was there, but wrong in what he saw.

 농부는 Daisy가 거기 있다는 점에서는 옳았지만, 자신이 본 것에 대해서는 틀렸다.

 So, he didn't have real knowledge  it was just a belief that turned out to be true.

 따라서 그는 진정한 지식을 가지고 있지 않았고, 그것은 단지 사실로 드러난 믿음일 뿐이었다.

 

[Ch.03 - 논술형 Practice] 음식물에 대한 언어 표현의 한계

 Nearly everything we eat or drink for pleasure is too complex to fully describe in words.

 우리가 즐거움을 위해 먹거나 마시는 거의 모든 것은 너무 복잡해서 말로 완전히 설명할 수 없다.

 A bottle of wine maybe described as having characteristics you like but still turn out to be not so nice, for reasons that are impossible to express in words.

 와인 한 병은 여러분이 좋아하는 특징을 가지고 있다고 설명될 수 있지만, 그래도 말로 표현할 수 없는 이유로 그렇게 좋지 않은 것으로 판명될 수 있다.

 Conversely, it may be described as having characteristics you know you hate but still turn out to be delicious, again for reasons that cannot be explained in words.

 반대로, 그 와인이 여러분이 싫어한다고 알고 있는 특징을 가지고 있다고 설명될 수 있지만, 마찬가지로 말로 설명할 수 없는 이유로 그래도 맛있는 것으로 판명될 수 있다.

 Even after experiencing the wine, it is impossible to say precisely and completely why you liked it.

 심지어 그 와인을 경험한 후에도 여러분이 왜 그것을 좋아했는지 정확하고 완전하게 말하는 것은 불가능하다.

 You might have words to describe some parts of your enjoyment (perhaps it had "good structure" or "rich fruit"), but those words will be both imperfect and incomplete descriptions, a pale shadow of what you actually enjoyed about it.

 여러분이 느끼는 즐거움의 어떤 부분을 설명하는 말이 여러분에게 있을 수 있지만 (아마도 그것은 '훌륭한 (맛의) 짜임새' '풍부한 과일 향'을 가지고 있었을 것이다.) 그러한 말은 불완전하고 불충분한 설명, 즉 여러분이 실제로 그것에 대해 즐겼던 것의 흐릿한 희미한 흔적일 것이다.

 What we enjoy in any particular food or drink is a type of tacit knowledge: a complex of interacting characteristics that we know but are unable to say.

 우리가 특정 음식이나 음료에서 즐기는 것은 일종의 암묵적인 지식, 즉 우리가 알고는 있지만 말할 수 없는 상호 작용하는 특징들의 복합체이다.

 

[Ch.04 Unit 10 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 두려움이 유아의 사회성에 미치는 영향

 Many developmental theorists and researchers, including those studying human as well as nonhuman primate subjects, have recognized the role that fear can play in a primate's social development.

 비인간 영장류 연구 대상뿐 아니라 인간을 연구하는 이들을 포함하는 많은 발달 이론가와 연구자는 영장류의 사회성 발달에 있어 두려움이 할 수 있는 역할을 인식해 왔다.

 When an infant is frightened it always seeks out its mother for protection and safety, and all exploratory and play activity stops until the infant has been sufficiently comforted and reassured by its attachment object.

 유아는 겁을 먹었을 때, 항상 보호와 안전을 위해 엄마를 찾게 되고, 애착 대상에 의해 충분히 위로받고 안심이 될 때까지 모든 탐색 및 놀이 활동이 중단된다.

 Thus, frequently frightened infants will very likely have less time to explore and fewer opportunities to play than will infants who are not.

 따라서 자주 겁을 먹는 유아는 그렇지 않은 유아보다 탐색할 시간이 더 적고, 놀 기회가 더 적을 가능성이 매우 클 것이다.

 Such voluntary restraints may serve to slow down the social development of shy or anxious infants if these tendencies are maintained throughout their childhood years.

 이러한 자발적 제한은, 만약 이러한 경향이 아동기 내내 지속되면, 수줍음이 많거나 불안한 유아의 사회성 발달을 늦추는 역할을 할 수도 있다.

 

[Ch.04 Unit 10 - 1] 사회적 유대를 형성하는 대상의 범위

 Our complex brains might have evolved to establish strong social bonds, but defining what should be part of that social group appears to be rather flexible.

 우리의 복잡한 두뇌는 강한 사회적 유대를 형성하도록 진화했을 수도 있지만, 무엇이 그 사회적 집단의 일부가 되어야 하는지를 정의하는 것은 다소 유연한 것으로 보인다.

 For instance, some people treat their pets as if they are members of their family, and believe they can relate to the pets' needs, desires, fears and dreams.

 예를 들어, 어떤 사람들은 자신들의 반려동물을 마치 가족 구성원인 것처럼 대하며 자신들이 반려동물의 필요, 욕구, 두려움, 그리고 꿈을 이해할 수 있다고 믿는다.

 Others see animals as distinct from humans and wouldn't think of talking to one as if it was a friend.

 다른 사람들은 동물을 인간과 별개로 여기며 마치 친구인 것처럼 그것과 대화하는 것을 고려하지 않는다.

 Many people keep the ashes of a deceased loved one nearby, believing those ashes continue to serve as some link to their existence.

 많은 사람은 사망한 사랑하는 사람의 유골을 가까이에 두면서 그 유골이 계속해서 그들의 존재를 이어주는 연결고리 역할을 한다고 믿는다.

 Even if inanimate objects don't have a distinct personality, many of us still attribute certain human characteristics to non-human objects or beings, such as pets, dolls or even cars and memorabilia.

 심지어 무생물이 별개의 개성을 갖추고 있지 않더라도, 우리 중 많은 사람이 여전히 인간의 특성이 반려동물, 인형, 심지어 자동차나 기념품과 같은 인간이 아닌 사물이나 존재에 있다고 생각한다.

 

[Ch.04 Unit 10 - 2] 교제를 추구하는 인간

 Although the wish to be alone is often strong, its intensity varies from person to person.

 혼자 있고 싶은 소망은 종종 강하지만, 그 강도는 사람마다 다르다.

 An equally impelling impulse, though, is to seek the company of others and to spend extended periods of time sharing activities.

 하지만 똑같이 뿌리칠 수 없는 충동은 다른 사람과 함께 있는 것을 추구하고 활동을 공유하면서 긴 시간을 보내는 것이다.

 In these periods we exchange information and feelings in both conversational and non-verbal forms (facial expressions, eye contact, gestures, touching, and so on).

 이 시간 동안 우리는 대화의 형태와 비언어적 형태(표정, 눈 맞춤, 몸짓, 접촉 등) 둘 다로 정보와 감정을 교환한다.

 We need other people to provide us with love, support, approval, bodily contact, reassurance, physical help and a myriad of other practical, physical and emotional needs.

 우리는 우리에게 사랑, 지지, 인정, 신체적 접촉, 안심, 신체적 도움, 그리고 무수히 많은 다른 실질적, 신체적, 정서적 필요사항들을 제공해 줄 다른 사람들을 필요로 한다.

 In a very basic sense we need others to confirm that we are there, that we exist and that we have an identity that is unique and separate from anyone else.

 아주 기본적인 의미에서 우리는 우리가 거기에 있고, 우리가 존재하며, 고유하면서 다른 누구와도 구별되는 정체성을 가지고 있다는 것을 확인하기 위해 다른 사람들을 필요로 한다.

 Thus, we generally cannot exist for too long without seeking companionship.

 따라서 우리는 일반적으로 교제를 추구하지 않고는 그렇게 오랫동안 살아갈 수 없다.

 

[Ch.04 Unit 10 - 3] 단일 재배의 영향

 At one end of the spectrum of transformations was the forest gardening as practiced by the peoples of New Guinea and Amazonia that mimicked natural growth and left minimal traces on the land.

 변화의 범위 한쪽 끝에는 뉴기니와 아마조니아 사람들에 의해 행해지는, 자연적인 성장을 모방해서 땅에 최소한의 흔적을 남기는 산림 정원 가꾸기가 있었다.

 At the other end was monoculture: cultivating only one species of plant or raising only one species of animal.

 다른 쪽 끝에는 단일 재배가 있었는데, 한 종의 식물만 재배하거나 한 종의 동물만 기르는 것이다.

 The beginnings of monoculture can be seen in the wheat fields of the Middle East, the rice paddies of China, and the herds of sheep and goats on the Eurasian steppe.

 단일 재배의 시작은 중동의 밀밭, 중국의 논, 유라시아 스텝 지대의 양과 염소 무리에서 볼 수 있다.

 Biologically speaking, these species suddenly became very successful, measured by their rates of survival and reproduction.

 생물학적으로 말해서, 이 종들은 생존율과 번식률로 측정할 때, 갑자기 매우 성공적이었다.

 So did other, unwanted species.

 다른 쓸모없는 종들도 마찬가지였다.

 Crops that ripened or were stored after harvesting attracted rats, mice, sparrows, and roaches.

 익거나 수확 후 저장된 농작물은 쥐, 생쥐, 참새, 바퀴벌레를 끌어들였다.

 Water pools provided habitats for mosquitoes.

 물웅덩이는 모기에게 서식지를 제공했다.

 Garbage and human or animal waste attracted flies.

 쓰레기와 사람 또는 동물의 배설물은 파리를 끌어들였다.

 Thanks to humans, weeds and pests were also biological winners.

 인간 덕분에 잡초와 해충도 생물학적 승자가 되었다.

 

[Ch.04 Unit 11 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 소셜 미디어상에서의  대의 행동

 Observation studies of teenagers using social media have discovered one peculiar behaviour in particular that sets them apart  teenagers will post or share something on social media, but then they'll monitor the post to gauge the volume of reactions.

 소셜 미디어를 사용하는 십 대들을 관찰한 연구는 그들을 특별히 구별 짓는 독특한 행동 하나를 발견했다. 십 대들은 소셜 미디어에 무언가를 게시하거나 공유한 다음, 반응의 양을 측정하기 위해 게시물을 추적 관찰한다.

 After a set amount of time, if the number of resulting 'Likes' and 'Shares' is too low, they'll delete the content.

 일정한 시간이 지난 후, 결과적으로 발생하는 '좋아요'  '공유' 수가 너무 적으면 그들은 콘텐츠를 삭제한다.

 Sometimes within the first ten minutes!

 때로는 첫 10분 이내에 삭제하기도 한다!

 Their aim of posting is to earn recognition for what they're sharing as a way to self-enhance.

 그들의 게시 목표는 자신을 고양하는 하나의 방법으로서 공유하고 있는 것에 대한 인정을 받는 것이다.

 If the recognition is insufficient, they'd rather delete the content than suffer perceived judgement from others against their failed efforts to self-enhance.

 만약 인정이 불충분하다면, 그들은 자신을 고양하려는 노력의 실패에 대한 인지되는 타인의 비판을 겪을 바에야 차라리 콘텐츠를 삭제한다.

 Not getting a reaction has a negative effect on their self-esteem.

 반응을 얻지 못하는 것은 그들의 자존감에 '부정적인' 영향을 미친다.

 

[Ch.04 Unit 11 - 1] 비관론자의 문제

 The reason pessimists often sound smart is that they can avoid being 'wrong' by moving the goalposts.

 비관론자들이 종종 현명하게 '들리는' 이유는 골대를 옮김으로써 '틀림'을 피할 수 있기 때문이다.

 When a doomer predicts that the world will end in five years, and it doesn't, they just shift the date.

 어떤 운명론자가 5년 내에 세상이 끝날 것이라고 예측하지만 그렇지 않다면, 그들은 그저 날짜를 바꾼다.

 The American biologist Paul R. Ehrlich  author of the 1968 book The Population Bomb  has been doing this for decades.

 1968년 저서 The Population Bomb의 저자인 미국의 생물학자 Paul R. Ehrlich는 수십 년 동안 이렇게 해 오고 있다.

 In 1970 he said that 'sometime in the next 15 years, the end will come. And by "the end" I mean an utter breakdown of the capacity of the planet to support humanity.'

 1970년에 그는 '앞으로 15년 내에 언젠가, 종말이 올 것이다. 그리고 나는 '종말'이란 인류를 지탱할 수 있는 지구 능력의 완전한 붕괴를 의미한다'라고 말했다.

 Of course, that was terribly wrong.

 물론 그것은 정말 틀렸다.

 He had another go: he said that 'England will not exist in the year 2000.'

 그는 다시 한 번 했는데, '영국은 2000년에 존재하지 않을 것이다'라고 말했다.

 Wrong again.

 또 틀렸다.

 Ehrlich will keep pushing this deadline back.

 Ehrlich는 이 시한을 계속 뒤로 미룰 것이다.

 A pessimistic stance is a safe one.

 비관적 자세는 안전한 것이다.

 

[Ch.04 Unit 11 - 2] 기억을 기반으로 하는 이해

 We all understand differently  this much is obvious.

 우리는 모두 다르게 이해하는데, 이 점만큼은 명백하다.

 The reason we understand differently is that our memories are different.

 우리가 다르게 이해하는 이유는 우리의 기억이 다르기 때문이다.

 Our experiences simply are not yours.

 우리의 경험은 절대로 여러분의 경험이 아니다.

 In order to understand anything, we must find the closest item in memory to which it relates.

 어떤 것을 이해하기 위해서, 우리는 기억에서 그것과 관련된 가장 가까운 항목을 찾아야 한다.

 Schank and Abelson claimed that understanding required one to find the correct knowledge structure, and to use that structure to create expectations for what events were likely to take place, so that new events could be understood in terms of what was normal.

 Schank Abelson, 이해는 한 사람에게 올바른 지식 구조를 찾고, 그 구조를 사용하여 어떤 사건이 일어날지에 대한 예측을 하도록 요구하며, 그럼으로써 새로운 사건이 일반적인 것의 관점에서 이해될 수 있다고 주장했다.

 Thus, when a story about a cocktail party was being told, an understander brought out his cocktail party script which told him about what ordinarily happens at cocktail parties, and he used that script to guide his understanding of the story he was about to hear.

 그러므로, 칵테일파티에 관한 이야기를 들을 때, 이해자는 칵테일파티에서 일반적으로 일어나는 것에 대해 그에게 말해 주는 칵테일파티 대본을 끌어내서, 그가 막 들으려 하는 이야기의 이해를 안내하도록 그 대본을 사용했다.

 

[Ch.04 Unit 11 - 3] 붉은색과 야생 동물

 Of all the colours of the rainbow the one that makes the greatest impact on the eye is red.

 무지개의 모든 색 중에서 눈에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 것은 붉은색이다.

 There is something instantly arresting about the colour of fire and danger.

 불과 위험의 색에 관한 즉각적으로 시선을 사로잡는 무언가가 있다.

 It is charged with alarm and urgency.

 그것은 경고와 긴급함으로 가득 차 있다.

 We have red fire engines, red warning lights and the Red Cross.

 우리에게는 붉은색 소방차, 붉은색 경고등, 적십자가 있다.

 If we want something to be seen from a distance, such as a post box or (formerly) a telephone kiosk, we paint it red.

 만일 우리가 우체통이나 (이전에) 공중전화 박스와 같이, 무언가를 멀리서도 보이게 하길 원한다면, 우리는 그것을 붉은색으로 칠한다.

 Perhaps it is because red is so obvious that few wild animals are truly red: even the so-called Red Squirrel and the Red Deer are really shades of reddish-brown that conceal rather than advertise.

 야생 동물 중에 정말로 붉은 동물이 거의 없는 것은 아마도 붉은색이 너무 눈에 띄기 때문일 것인데, 심지어 이른바 북방청서나 붉은사슴도 실제로는 드러내 보이기보다는 숨기는 적갈색의 음영이다.

 Relatively few butterflies are red either.

 붉은색의 나비도 비교적 거의 없는 편이다.

 In Britain, and indeed, in all mainland Europe, only one species has a pattern of full-on bright red, like a splash of blood: the Red Admiral.

 영국, 그리고 실제로, 모든 유럽 대륙에서, 단 하나의 종만이 핏방울처럼, 완전한 밝은 붉은색의 패턴을 지니고 있는데, 붉은제독나비이다.

 

[Ch.04 Unit 12 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 생존에 필수적인 시각과 청각 정보

 Vision is our dominant sense, and you want to look both ways before crossing the street  it's the first thing parents drill into their children.

 시각은 우리의 지배적인 감각이고, 여러분은 길을 건너기 전에 양쪽을 보고 싶어 하는데, 그것은 부모가 자신의 아이들에게 처음으로 훈련시키는 것이다.

 But that doesn't mean our sense of hearing isn't a big deal.

 그러나 그것이 우리의 청각이 중요한 것이 아니라는 뜻은 아니다.

 I don't have to mention the worn-out example of cavemen and hidden saber-toothed tigers.

 내가 원시인과 숨어있는 검치호랑이의 진부한 예를 언급할 필요도 없다.

 There's something that can sneak up and kill you today: a silent electric car.

 오늘날 몰래 접근해 여러분을 죽일 수 있는 무언가가 있는데, 그것은 조용한 전기차이다.

 These pose an unanticipated but serious threat to pedestrians and bicyclists, who depend on engine noise to detect and orient to cars  so much so that the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration now requires slow-moving electric vehicles to generate a warning noise.

 이것은 보행자와 자전거 타는 사람들에게 예상치 못한, 하지만 심각한 위협을 제기하는데, 그들은 차를 발견하고 방향을 잡기 위해 엔진 소리에 의존하며, 미국 고속도로교통안전국이 현재 저속 주행 전기차가 경고음을 내도록 요구할 정도로 크게 의존한다.

 It's a reminder that even for us in a modern city, having both cues can mean the difference between life and death.

 그것은 현대 도시에 사는 우리에게도 두 가지 신호를 모두 받는 것이 삶과 죽음의 차이를 의미할 수 있다는 것을 상기시켜 주는 것이다.

 

[Ch.04 Unit 12 - 1] 전통의 변화 원인

 Sometimes traditions may change or appear to end because of convenience or changes in taste.

 때로는 편의성이나 취향의 변화로 인해 전통이 바뀌거나 사라지는 것처럼 보일 수도 있다.

 For example, to make a pumpkin pie, a cook used to have to first find a pumpkin of suitable size, cut it, peel it, cook it, and mash it, all before combining it with other ingredients and pouring the mixture into a crust.

 예를 들어, 호박 파이를 만들려면, 다른 재료와 섞어 파이 껍질에 혼합물을 부어 넣기 전에, 요리사가 먼저 적당한 크기의 호박을 찾아서 자르고 껍질을 벗기고 익히고 으깨는 모든 것을 해야만 했었다.

 Now, cooks may choose to use canned pumpkin from the supermarket and cut out a great deal of labor and time.

 이제 요리사들은 슈퍼마켓에서 산 통조림 호박을 사용하는 것을 선택하여 많은 노동과 시간을 절약할 수도 있다.

 Another changing food tradition is that many families no longer make refried beans by cooking them in lard and choose instead to use vegetable shortening.

 변화하고 있는 또 다른 음식 전통으로는 많은 가정이 더 이상 돼지기름으로 조리해서 삶아 튀긴 콩을 만들지 않고 대신 식물성 쇼트닝을 사용하는 것을 선택한다는 것이다.

 Perhaps this change came about because the family has come to prefer the taste of beans without lard, because concepts of healthy cooking have changed, or because someone in the family has heart disease or high cholesterol.

 아마도 이러한 변화는 가족이 돼지기름 없는 콩의 맛을 선호하게 되었거나, 건강한 요리에 대한 개념이 바뀌었거나, 가족 중 누군가가 심장병이 있거나 콜레스테롤이 높기 때문에 생겨난 것일 수 있다.

 

[Ch.04 Unit 12 - 2] 시장의 

 Forecasters who predict resource depletion often ignore or underestimate the power of markets.

 자원 고갈을 예측하는 사람들은 종종 시장의 힘을 무시하거나 과소평가한다.

 For example, some forecasters use a current reserve index to estimate how long a resource would last.

 예를 들어, 일부 예측자는 현재의 매장량 지수를 사용하여 자원이 얼마나 오래 지속될지 추정한다.

 The current reserve index divides the current known reserve of a resource by the amount currently used each period.

 현재의 매장량 지수는 현재 알려진 자원 매장량을 각 기간의 현재 사용량으로 나누어 계산한다.

 So, if we know of 445 billion barrels of oil, and we are currently using 15 billion barrels per year, the index indicates that we will run out of oil in about 30 years.

 따라서, 우리가 4,450억 배럴의 석유에 관해서 알고 있고, 현재 연간 150억 배럴을 사용하고 있다면, 지수는 우리가 약 30년 후에 석유를 다 써버릴 것임을 보여 준다.

 Some studies, like the Limits to Growth, further assume that demand will increase each year, thus depleting resources even faster.

 더 나아가 'Limits to Growth'와 같은 일부 연구는 더 나아가 매년 수요가 증가하여 자원을 훨씬 더 빨리 고갈시킬 것으로 추정한다.

 But what they fail to see is that if markets are allowed to do their usual duty, that is, prices rise as depletion occurs, resources will last much longer.

 그러나 그들이 보지 못한 것은 시장이 통상의 의무를 다하는 것이 허용된다면, 즉 고갈이 발생해서 가격이 상승한다면, 자원은 훨씬 더 오래 지속될 것이라는 것이다.

 

[Ch.04 Unit 12 - 3] 프로젝트팀  의견 차이

 Project leaders should not be surprised when disagreements emerge within the team.

 프로젝트 리더는 팀 내에서 이견이 나타날 때 놀라지 않아야 한다.

 In fact, they should expect them.

 사실, 그들은 그것들을 예상해야 한다.

 If they remain hidden, the leader may even want to seek them out for at least two reasons.

 그것들이 숨겨져 있다면, 리더는 적어도 두 가지 이유로 그것들을 찾아내고 싶어 할 수도 있다.

 First, different views can bring with them good ideas about the project and how it might be run.

 첫째, 다양한 견해는 그것들과 함께, 프로젝트에 대한, 그리고 어떻게 그것이 운영될지에 대한 좋은 아이디어를 가져올 수 있다.

 Although snap decisions about project changes should be avoided, leaders should be open to new and better ways to run the project.

 프로젝트 변경에 대한 성급한 결정은 지양되어야 하지만, 리더는 프로젝트를 실행하는 새롭고 더 나은 방법에 대해 열려있어야 한다.

 Second, when conflicting viewpoints are found, they are more easily resolved earlier rather than later in the project.

 둘째, 상충하는 관점이 발견되면, 그것들은 프로젝트의 더 나중보다는 더 이른 때에 해결되기가 더 쉽다.

 Although team members may disagree about one or another aspect of the project, most simply want their ideas considered and resolved.

 팀원들은 프로젝트의 한 가지 또는 다른 측면에 대해 동의하지 않을 수 있지만, 대부분은 단지 자기 아이디어가 고려되고 해결되기를 원할 뿐이다.

 The team tends to look to the project leader to play the lead role in resolving differences, and members will generally defer to the leader if they believe their views have been given due consideration.

 팀은 프로젝트 리더가 의견 차이를 해결하는 데 주도적인 역할을 하기를 기대하는 경향이 있으며, 팀원들은 자신의 의견이 적절히 고려되었다고 생각하면 일반적으로 리더를 따르게 될 것이다.

 

[Ch.04 - 서술형 Practice] 음악과 뇌의 변화

 There is no question that learning to sing or play a musical instrument changes the structure of your brain.

 노래나 악기 연주를 배우는 것이 뇌의 구조를 바꾼다는 것은 의심의 여지가 없다.

 If you enjoy music but have no special training, then your brain processes it mostly through its right hemisphere, the side of the brain that deals with emotion.

 여러분이 음악을 좋아하지만 특별한 훈련을 받지 않는다면 여러분의 뇌는 주로 감정을 다루는 부분인 우반구를 통해 음악을 처리한다.

 In the face of music, you are 'right-lateralised'.

 음악을 접하여 여러분은 '우측의 지배를 받게' 된다.

 Many studies show that musical training shifts the brain's processing of music to its left hemisphere; musicians are left-brained.

 많은 연구는 음악 훈련이 뇌의 음악 처리를 그것의 좌반구로 옮긴다는 것을 보여 준다. , 음악가들은 좌뇌형이다.

 There are several guesses about why this happens.

 왜 이것이 일어나는지에 관한 여러 추측이 있다.

 One explanation is that they have learned to hear music more like language, discerning a level of structural complexity beyond the grasp of ordinary listeners.

 한 가지 설명은 그들이 평범한 청취자의 이해를 넘어선 구조적 복잡성 수준을 분명히 이해하면서 음악을 오히려 언어에 가깝게 듣는 법을 학습하였다는 것이다.

 When trained musicians hear music, it activates the part of the brain associated with language comprehension.

 훈련된 음악가들이 음악을 들을 때, 그것은 언어 이해와 관련된 뇌 부위를 활성화한다.

 

[Ch.04 - 논술형 Practice] 질감이 맛에 미치는 영향

 A group of researchers at the University of Twente in the Netherlands recently 3D-printed two identically shaped mugs with different textures to test the effects on taste.

 네덜란드의 Twente 대학교의 한 연구팀은 최근 맛에 미치는 영향을 테스트하기 위해 질감이 다른 동일한 모양의 머그잔 두 개를 3D 프린팅하였다.

 One was covered in a rounded bobbly texture, and the other had a blocky, angular texture.

 하나는 둥글고 거품 모양의 질감으로 덮여 있었고 다른 하나는 울퉁불퉁하고 각진 질감이었다.

 In a supermarket taste test for a fictitious new brand made by the study team, the researchers offered shoppers a sample of coffee from one of the mugs and asked them to evaluate the taste for qualities including sweetness, bitterness, intensity and pleasantness.

 연구팀에 의해 만들어진 가상의 새 브랜드에 대한 슈퍼마켓 맛 테스트에서 연구원들은 쇼핑객들에게 그 머그잔 중 하나에 커피 샘플을 제공하고서 단맛, 쓴맛, 강렬함, 유쾌함을 포함한 품질을 위한 맛을 평가하도록 요청했다.

 Drinks in the round bobbly mug tasted on average around 18 percent sweeter, while in the angular-textured mug the same drinks tasted up to 27 percent more bitter and much more intense.

 둥글고 거품 모양의 머그잔에 담긴 음료는 평균 약 18% 더 단맛이 난 반면, 각진 질감의 머그잔에 담긴 같은 음료는 최대 27% 더 쓴맛과 훨씬 더 강렬한 맛이 느껴졌다.

 If you're trying to cut down on your sugar, avoid drinking from a mug with a rough or angular texture  go for a round bowl and mug, and if possible ones with a smooth rounded texture too.

 만약 여러분이 설탕 섭취를 줄이려고 노력 중이라면, 거칠거나 각진 질감의 머그잔은 피하고 둥근 그릇과 머그잔을 사용하고, 가능하면 또한 부드러운 둥근 질감을 가진 머그잔을 사용하는 것이 좋다.

 

[Ch.05 Unit 13 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 연설에서의 실수

 One of the biggest reasons people are concerned about making a mistake in a speech is that they view speechmaking as a performance rather than an act of communication.

 사람들이 연설에서 실수하는 것을 걱정하는 가장 큰 이유 중 하나는 연설을 의사소통 행위가 아닌 공연으로 생각하기 때문이다.

 They feel the audience is judging them against a scale of absolute perfection in which every misstated word or awkward gesture will count against them.

 그들은 (자신이) 잘못 말한 단어 하나, (자신의) 어색한 제스처 하나도 자신에게 불리하게 작용할 절대적인 완벽함이라는 잣대로 청중이 자신을 평가하고 있다고 느낀다.

 But speech audiences are not like judges in a violin recital or an ice-skating contest.

 하지만 연설의 청중은 바이올린 연주회나 아이스 스케이팅 대회의 심사위원과 다르다.

 They are not looking for a virtuoso performance, but for a well-thought-out address that communicates the speaker's ideas clearly and directly.

 그들은 고도의 기교를 보여 주는 공연이 아니라 연설자의 생각을 명확하고 직접적으로 전달하는 신중한 연설을 바라고 있다.

 Sometimes an error or two can actually enhance a speaker's appeal by making her or him seem more human.

 때로는 한두 가지 실수가 사실은 발표자를 더 인간적으로 보이게 함으로써 그 사람의 매력을 높일 수 있다.

 

[Ch.05 Unit 13 - 1] 인간이 건설한 생태계

 Some ecosystems, over a wide range of sites and purposes, are constructed by humans.

 매우 다양한 장소와 목적에 걸쳐 일부 생태계는 인간에 의해 건설된다.

 For example, we may construct shallow ponds or a series of canals known as bioswales that collect runoff of surface water.

 예를 들어, 우리는 얕은 연못이나, 지표수의 흐르는 물을 모으는 식생수로라고 알려진 일련의 운하를 건설할 수도 있다.

 Marsh plants, such as cattails, when planted in ponds or canals, use and remove nutrients in water that's delivered to them as a waste or pollutant, helping clean the water.

 부들 같은 습지 식물을 연못이나 운하에 심으면 폐기물이나 오염 물질로 식물에 전달되는 물속의 영양분을 사용하고 제거하여 물을 정화하는 데 도움이 된다.

 Specially designed wetland ecosystems have been constructed where bacteria and plants process mine wastewater and help remove toxins from water.

 박테리아와 식물이 광산 폐수를 처리하고 물에서 독소를 제거하는 데 도움이 되는 특별히 설계된 습지 생태계가 건설되었다.

 Other large-scale ecosystems are constructed to partially treat urban wastewater.

 도시 폐수를 부분적으로 처리하기 위해 다른 대규모 생태계가 건설된다.

 Human-constructed ecosystems are part of what is known as biological engineering.

 인간이 건설한 생태계는 생물 공학으로 알려진 것의 일부이다.

 

[Ch.05 Unit 13 - 2] 이동 통신을 이용한 상호 작용

 Mobile communications have changed the way we interact with our computers and, as more time is spent on mobile devices, emoticon use has followed.

 이동 통신은 우리가 컴퓨터와 상호 작용하는 방식을 변화시켰고, 더 많은 시간을 모바일 장치를 사용하는 데 소비하면서, 이모티콘 사용이 뒤를 이었다.

 Cellular phones, smartphones, tablets, and similar technologies have penetrated the world at an enormous rate and non-voice communications have become the norm rather than the rule.

 휴대폰, 스마트폰, 태블릿, 이와 유사한 기술이 엄청난 속도로 전 세계에 침투했으며, 비음성 통신은 규칙이 아닌 기준이 되었다.

 In 2013, the number of mobile subscriptions almost equaled the estimated number of individuals that made up the global population in the same year.

 2013년 모바일 가입 건수는 같은 해 전 세계 인구를 구성한 추정 인구수와 거의 같았다.

 Users of these technologies have posted, pinned, tweeted, sent and/or received billions of electronic messages through public or private (text messages, emails, etc.) means.

 이러한 기술 이용자들은 공개적인 또는 사적인 (문자 메시지, 이메일 등) 수단을 통해 수십억 개의 전자 메시지를 게시하고, 고정하고, 트윗하고, 송수신해왔다.

 These communications media have become so prolific, researchers have worried that face-to-face communications could become extinct.

 이러한 통신 매체가 너무 많아져서, 연구자들은 대면 소통이 소멸할 수 있다고 우려해 왔다.

 

[Ch.05 Unit 13 - 3] 아이가 내는 짜증

 When a region of the emotional brain is overexcited due to frustration, sadness or any other intense emotion, the child is not able to contain their mood.

 좌절감, 슬픔 또는 다른 어떤 강렬한 감정으로 인해 정서적 뇌의 한 부위가 과도하게 흥분되면, 아이는 자신의 기분을 억누를 수 없게 된다.

 This is when the tantrums occur  situations in which the child closes in on themself and is not able to do what they are told  or comments are made which the parents find hard to deal with.

 이때가 짜증이 발생하는 때, 즉 아이가 자신을 궁지에 몰아넣어 들은 말을 행할 수 없는 상황이거나 부모가 대처하기 힘들다고 느끼는 말이 나올 때이다.

 Literally, the child is outside themselves, outside their rational part.

 말 그대로, 아이는 자신 밖에, 자신의 이성적인 부분 밖에 있다.

 To help them calm down, and to see reason, the best strategy is a hug and an empathic reflection of the situation to defuse the intensity of the emotion.

 아이가 진정하고 사리를 분별하도록 돕기 위해서는 포옹과 상황에 대한 공감적 반영으로 감정의 강도를 진정시키는 것이 최선의 전략이다.

 A spoken word will form a bridge between the two worlds, allowing the child's rational brain to help soothe their emotions, or at least give them the ability to listen to what their parents are saying.

 한 마디의 말은 두 세계 사이에 다리를 놓아 아이의 이성적인 뇌가 감정을 진정시키도록 돕게 하거나, 적어도 부모가 하는 말을 듣는 능력을 아이에게 부여할 것이다.

 

[Ch.05 Unit 14 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 방관자 효과

 Social psychology tells us that bystanders in emergency situations are acting normally when they fail to respond.

 사회 심리학에 따르면 비상 상황에서 방관자는 그들이 대응하지 못할 때 정상적으로 행동하고 있는 것이다.

 We would fail to respond as well.

 우리도 또한 대응하지 못할 것이다.

 That social psychological insight makes us uncomfortable.

 그러한 사회 심리학적 통찰은 우리를 불편하게 만든다.

 We like to feel we would behave differently, better.

 우리는 다르게, 더 잘 행동할 것으로 생각하고 싶어 한다.

 The problem with bystanders, however, does not stem from defects in their character that prevent them from helping.

 그러나 방관자 문제는 그들이 도움을 주는 것을 막는 성격상의 결함에서 비롯되는 것이 아니다.

 Rather, the situation that bystanders find themselves in constrains their behavior more than we realize.

 그보다는 방관자가 깨닫는 상황이 우리가 인식하는 것보다 더 많이 그들의 행동을 제약한다.

 For example, the more bystanders there are, the less likely any one of them will intervene.

 예를 들어, 방관자가 더 많을수록 그들 중 어느 한 명이라도 개입할 가능성이 더 낮을 것이다.

 A single bystander at the scene of an emergency would usually respond, just as we hope we would.

 응급 현장에 있는 단 한 명의 방관자는 보통 우리가 그러기를 바라는 바로 그대로 대응할 것이다.

 But when a number of bystanders witness an emergency, responsibility apparently diffuses among them, getting weaker.

 그러나 다수의 방관자가 비상 상황을 목격할 때, 그들 사이에서 책임감이 명백히 분산되어 점점 약해진다.

 No one bystander feels enough personal responsibility to respond.

 어떤 한 명의 방관자도 대응할 충분한 개인적 책임감을 느끼지 못한다.

 

[Ch.05 Unit 14 - 1] 퍼스널 브랜딩

 Personal branding is not something that you have to do behind the scenes.

 퍼스널 브랜딩은 여러분이 남몰래 해야 하는 것이 아니다.

 For many it does not always feel comfortable to deliberately plan how we are going to promote ourselves and our accomplishments to others.

 의도적으로 우리 자신과 우리의 업적을 다른 사람들에게 어떻게 홍보할지 계획하는 것이 많은 사람에게 항상 편안하게 느껴지는 것은 아니다.

 Personal branding, however, is essential to achieving success.

 하지만 퍼스널 브랜딩은 성공을 이루는 데 필수적이다.

 The key takeaway from this concept is awareness and anticipation.

 이 개념의 주요한 핵심은 인식과 예상이다.

 If you are not aware of the opportunities to brand yourself, you may not be directed to leave a favorable impression.

 만약 자신을 눈에 띄게 할 기회를 인식하지 못한다면, 여러분은 호의적인 인상을 남기게 되지 못할 수도 있다.

 If you cannot anticipate the opportunities that will present themselves to favorably demonstrate your brand through capability, you may not be prepared when they occur.

 역량을 통해 여러분의 브랜드를 호의적으로 보여 주기 위해 자신을 나타낼 기회를 예상할 수 없다면, 여러분은 기회가 생길 때 준비가 되어 있지 않은 것일지도 모른다.

 So as you begin to think about what you want to be known for, begin to be more aware of what you want people to say about you when you are not in the room as an effective way to guide your personal brand.

 그래서 자신이 무엇으로 알려지고 싶은지에 대해 생각을 시작할 때, 여러분의 퍼스널 브랜드를 이끌 효과적인 방법으로서 사람들이 여러분이 방에 없을 때 여러분에 대해 무엇을 말하기를 원하는지를 더 많이 인식하기 시작하라.

 

[Ch.05 Unit 14 - 2] 명왕성의 발견

 The ability to detect visual movement played an interesting role in the history of astronomy.

 시각적 움직임을 감지하는 능력은 천문학의 역사에서 흥미로운 역할을 했다.

 In 1930, Clyde Tombaugh was searching the skies for a possible undiscovered planet beyond Neptune.

 1930년에, Clyde Tombaugh는 해왕성 너머에 있을지도 모르는 미발견 행성을 찾기 위해 하늘을 탐색하고 있었다.

 He photographed each region of the sky twice, several days apart.

 그는 하늘의 각 영역을 며칠 간격으로 두 번씩 촬영했다.

 Stars essentially remain unmoving in photos, while a planet moves from one photo to the next.

 항성은 본질적으로 사진에서 움직이지 않는 상태로 남아 있는 반면, 행성은 한 사진에서 다음 사진으로 가면서 이동한다.

 However, how would he find a small dot that moved among all the countless unmoving dots in the sky?

 하지만 그가 하늘에서 움직이지 않는 수많은 점들 사이에서 움직인 하나의 작은 점을 어떻게 찾을 것인가?

 He put each pair of photos on a machine that would flip back and forth between one photo and the other.

 그는 각 쌍의 사진을 한 사진과 다른 사진 사이를 앞뒤로 뒤집어주는 기계에 놓았다.

 When he came to one pair of photos, he immediately noticed one dot moving as the machine flipped back and forth.

 한 쌍의 사진에 다다랐을 때, 그는 기계가 앞뒤로 뒤집을 때 점 하나가 움직이는 것을 즉시 알아챘다.

 He identified that dot as Pluto, which astronomers now list as a dwarf planet.

 그는 그 점을 명왕성으로 확인했는데, 천문학자들은 현재 그것을 왜소 행성의 목록에 포함한다.

 

[Ch.05 Unit 14 - 3] 숲의 기능

 People are cutting down forests much faster than the rate at which forests can regrow.

 사람들은 숲이 재성장할 수 있는 속도보다 훨씬 더 빠르게 숲을 베어내고 있다.

 We need to dramatically reduce our use of wood, not just because the supply is decreasing, and not just because entire species of flora and fauna that live in forests are vanishing, but because the forest performs an important function.

 우리는 목재 사용을 급격하게 줄여야 하는데, 이는 공급이 감소하고 있기 때문만이 아니라, 그리고 숲에 서식하는 동식물군 전체 종이 사라지고 있기 때문만이 아니라, 숲이 중요한 기능을 수행하기 때문이다.

 Forests control global warming by absorbing carbon from the atmosphere and reducing greenhouse gases.

 숲은 대기로부터 탄소를 흡수하고 온실 가스를 줄여 지구온난화를 억제한다.

 They also provide oxygen for us to breathe.

 그것은 또한 우리가 숨 쉴 수 있는 산소를 공급한다.

 There are too many trivial and shortsighted uses of wood.

 목재의 사소하고 근시안적인 쓰임새가 너무 많다.

 When a hurricane advances on a city, people board up their windows with plywood.

 허리케인이 도시로 다가오면 사람들은 합판으로 창문을 막는다.

 After the storm has passed, they discard the plywood.

 폭풍이 지나간 후에, 그들은 합판을 버린다.

 It's ironic to think that for purposes such as these, forests are cut down that otherwise would aid in controlling such storms.

 이러한 목적을 위해 숲이 베어지는데, 그렇지 않았다면 숲이 그러한 폭풍을 통제하는 데 도움이 되었으리라는 것을 생각하면 아이러니이다.

 

[Ch.05 Unit 15 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 인플레이션의 영향

 Money loses value when inflation takes place; hence, those with large amounts of money encourage a strong government response to inflation.

 인플레이션이 발생하면 화폐는 가치를 잃게 되므로, 많은 돈을 가진 사람들은 인플레이션에 대한 정부의 강력한 대응을 부추긴다.

 Governments respond by raising interest rates to discourage the creation of additional money through loans.

 정부는 대출을 통한 추가 자금 창출을 막기 위해 금리를 인상함으로써 대응한다.

 As other loans are paid back, with fewer people taking out new loans, money disappears from circulation, reducing the ability of people to buy things and, thereby, reducing the inflationary pressure.

 다른 대출이 상환되고, 새로운 대출을 받는 사람이 줄어들면, 돈이 유통에서 사라져, 사람둘의 물건 구매 능력이 줄어들고, 그것 때문에 인플레이션 압력이 감소한다.

 For people and businesses with outstanding loans, the increased cost that results can be disastrous.

 미상환 대출이 있는 개인과 기업의 경우, 결과로 생긴 늘어난 비용은 파멸을 초래할 수 있다.

 Increased expenses and bankruptcies lead to job loss, and consequently, more people unable to pay for their homes, cars and other loans.

 늘어난 비용과 파산은 실직으로 이어지고, 결과적으로 더 많은 사람들이 집, 자동차 및 기타 대출금을 갚지 못한다.

 This leads to another round of defaults and subsequent contraction in the money supply.

 이것은 또 한 차례의 채무 불이행과 뒤이은 통화 공급의 축소로 이어진다.

 This cure for inflation may bring as much or more hardship than the inflation, but the hardship falls on people with little power to influence policy.

 인플레이션에 대한 이러한 해결책은 인플레이션만큼 또는 그 이상의 어려움을 가져올 수도 있겠지만, 그 어려움은 정책에 영향을 미칠 힘이 거의 없는 사람들에게 돌아간다.

 

[Ch.05 Unit 15 - 1] 제품 원산지에 대한 소비자의 인식

 Knowledge about a product's country of origin can affect the way consumers think about it.

 제품의 원산지에 대한 지식은 소비자가 그것에 대해 생각하는 방식에 영향을 미칠 수 있다.

 Just as we stereotype people based on where they were born, we stereotype products based on where they were made.

 마치 우리가 사람들을 태어난 곳에 근거해서 고정 관념적으로 파악하는 것과 똑같이, 우리는 제품도 그것이 만들어진 곳에 근거해서 고정 관념적으로 파악한다.

 Consumers in developing countries, for instance, often infer higher quality for brands perceived as foreign.

 예를 들어 개발 도상국의 소비자들은 흔히 외국산으로 인식되는 브랜드에 대해 더 높은 품질을 추단한다.

 Conversely, consumers in some nations believe their country's products are superior to those made elsewhere.

 반대로 일부 국가의 소비자들은 자국 제품이 다른 곳에서 만들어진 제품보다 더 우수하다고 생각한다.

 Japanese consumers, for example, tend to infer that made-in-Japan products are higher quality than made-in-America products.

 예를 들어, 일본 소비자들은 일본산 제품이 미국산 제품보다 품질이 더 높다고 추단하는 경향이 있다.

 Therefore, a luggage company markets its pricier luggage in Japan by stressing that the products are designed and made in Japan.

 따라서, 한 여행 가방 회사는 제품이 일본에서 디자인되고 만들어지는 것이라는 점을 강조함으로써 일본에서 더 비싼 여행 가방을 시장에 내놓는다.

 Consumers are more likely to make inferences about a brand based on its country of origin when they are unmotivated to process brand information or when their processing goal guides attention towards origin information.

 소비자는 브랜드 정보를 처리할 동기가 없거나 자신의 처리 목표가 원산지 정보에 대해 주목하도록 이끌 때, 원산지에 근거해서 브랜드에 대해 추단할 가능성이 더 높다.

 If consumers dislike a country's political or social policies, they may respond negatively to its products.

 소비자가 한 국가의 정치적 또는 사회적 정책을 싫어한다면, 그 국가의 제품에 대해 부정적으로 반응할 수도 있다.

 

[Ch.05 Unit 15 - 2] 전문성과 완벽주의의 구별

 Many people excuse perfectionism at work by claiming it is professionalism.

 많은 사람이 완벽주의를 전문성이라고 주장하며 직장에서의 그것(완벽주의)에 대한 구실을 댄다.

 Differentiating between the two is useful.

 이 둘을 구분하는 것은 유용하다.

 Managing perfectionism does not mean dropping critical standards.

 완벽주의를 관리한다는 것은 중대한 기준을 포기하는 것을 의미하지 않는다.

 It becomes a problem when your personal expectations become unmanageable, self-imposed demands that create more pressure than is needed.

 여러분의 개인적인 기대치가 필요 이상의 압박을 만들어 내는, 제어하기 어려운 스스로 부과한 요구가 될 때, 그것은 문제가 된다.

 It is not permission for work sloppiness or low standards; rather it means spending less time on tasks that do not need the level of input you are providing.

 그것은 일을 대충 하는 것이나 낮은 기준을 허용하는 것이 아니라, 오히려 여러분이 제공하고 있는 투입의 수준이 필요하지 않은 업무에는 시간을 보다 적게 쓰는 것을 의미한다.

 What are the acceptable standards of professionalism in your work and how do these compare with your own?

 여러분의 업무에서 허용되는 전문성의 기준은 무엇이며, 이것은 여러분의 기준과 어떻게 비교되는가?

 With the busyness of workplaces these days, trying to achieve a benchmark of 110% perfect on everything can be a recipe for burnout.

 요즘 직장에서의 바쁨 속에서는 모든 일에서 110% 완벽이라는 기준을 달성하고자 노력하는 것은 번아웃(극도의 피로)으로 가는 길일 수 있다.

 If you are a manager expecting this of others, you may be setting yourself up for failure.

 만약 여러분이 다른 사람들에게 이것을 기대하는 관리자라면, 실패를 자초하고 있을 수 있다.

 

[Ch.05 Unit 15 - 3] 탄수화물 섭취

 Carbohydrates are the most important source of energy in a balanced daily diet.

 탄수화물은 균형 잡힌 일일 식단에서 가장 중요한 에너지원이다.

 Carbohydrate intake must be balanced with adequate amounts of protein, fat, and water intake.

 탄수화물 섭취는 적절한 양의 단백질, 지방, 수분 섭취와 함께 균형이 맞추어져야 한다.

 In athletes, carbohydrates are the primary fuel source to maintain blood glucose for energy during exercise.

 운동선수에게 있어, 탄수화물은 운동 중 에너지를 위한 혈당을 유지하는 데 있어 주요 연료 공급원이다.

 Adequate carbohydrate intake also helps spare muscle from catabolic activity and muscle breakdown.

 또한 적절한 탄수화물 섭취는 근육이 이화(異化) 작용과 근육 분해를 겪지 않도록 도와준다.

 After carbohydrates are consumed, they are broken down into smaller sugars that get absorbed and used as energy.

 탄수화물이 섭취된 후, 그것은 흡수되어 에너지로 사용되는 더 작은 당분으로 분해된다.

 The body is capable of storing excess carbohydrates in the form of glycogen in the muscles and liver.

 인체는 잉여 탄수화물을 근육과 간에 글리코겐 형태로 저장할 수 있다.

 The body's glycogen capacity is approximately 300 to 400 grams.

 인체의 글리코겐 수용량은 대략 300~400그램이다.

 Subsequent excesses are then converted to fat and stored.

 그 이후의 잉여량은 지방으로 전환되어 저장된다.

 Conversely, in the setting of inadequate intake, an energy imbalance can result in adverse effects on athletic performance as well as overall health.

 반대로, 불충분한 섭취 환경에서는, 에너지 불균형이 전반적인 건강뿐만 아니라 운동 능력에도 부정적인 영향을 미치는 결과를 초래할 수 있다.

 

[Ch.05 Unit 16 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 성장을 저해하는 자아

 Many of us tend to have too much invested in our opinions of ourselves to see the world's feedback  the feedback we need to update our beliefs about reality.

 우리 중 대다수는 자신에 대한 스스로의 의견에 너무 많이 공을 들여서 세상의 피드백, 즉 현실에 대한 우리의 믿음을 새롭게 하는데 필요한 피드백을 보지 못하는 경향이 있다.

 This creates a profound ignorance that keeps us banging our head against the wall over and over again.

 이것은 우리가 계속 반복해서 벽에 머리를 부딪치게 만드는 깊은 무지를 낳는다.

 Our inability to learn from the world because of our ego happens for many reasons, but two are worth mentioning here.

 우리의 자아로 인해 세상으로부터 배울 수 없는 우리의 무능함은 여러 가지 이유로 발생하지만, 여기서 두 가지를 언급할 가치가 있다.

 First, we're so afraid about what others will say about us that we fail to put our ideas out there and subject them to criticism.

 첫째, 우리는 다른 사람들이 우리에 대해 무엇이라고 말할지 너무 두려워서 우리의 생각을 드러내어 그것이 비판받도록 하지 않는다.

 This way we can always be right.

 이렇게 하면 우리는 항상 옳을 수 있다.

 Second, if we do put our ideas out there and they are criticized, our ego steps in to protect us.

 둘째, 우리가 생각을 드러내고 그 생각이 비판을 받으면, 우리의 자아가 우리를 보호하기 위해 개입한다.

 We become invested in defending instead of upgrading our ideas.

 우리는 생각을 개선하기보다는 방어하는 데 공을 들이게 된다.

 [Summary] Our ego's fear of being judged and desire to defend ourselves often blind us from valuable feedback, hindering our ability to learn and grow.

 [Summary] 판단 받는 것에 대한 우리 자아의 두려움과 자신을 방어하려는 욕구가 종종 우리가 가치 있는 피드백을 보지 못하게 하여, 배우고 성장하는 우리의 능력을 저해한다.

 

[Ch.05 Unit 16 - 1] 규범에 영향을 받는 성숙도에 따른 감정

 Emotional differences exist across ages, and there are ideal emotional paradigms fora given age (i.e., some emotions are reasonable at a given age), and these paradigms are realized and solidified with the help of normative group behaviors.

 연령에 따라 감정의 차이는 존재하며, 특정 연령에 이상적인 감정의 전형적인 예(, 특정한 연령에 어떤 감정은 합당하다.)가 있고, 이러한 전형적인 예는 규범적인 집단행동의 도움으로 실현되고 확고해진다.

 For example, loudness, rudeness, and outbursts are associated with loss of self-control, and these emotions are often expressed among children.

 예를 들어, 큰소리, 무례함, 감정의 폭발은 자기 통제의 상실과 관련이 있으며, 이러한 감정은 흔히 아이들 사이에서 표출된다.

 In childhood, crying is criticized but forgiven because it is consistent with the child's emotional profile, whereas in youth, crying is considered childish behavior.

 어린 시절에는 우는 것이 아이의 감정적 특성과 일치하므로 비난 받지만 용서를 받는 반면, 청소년기에는 우는 것이 유치한 행동으로 여겨진다.

 As individuals mature intellectually and increase self-control and social sensitivity, they gradually form emotions such as melancholy, sadness, etc.

 개인이 지적으로 성숙하고 자기 통제와 사회적 민감성이 증가함에 따라, 그들은 점차 우울함, 슬픔 등과 같은 감정을 형성한다.

 This shows the fact that some emotions can only be experienced at a certain age, and virtues such as integrity and wisdom are associated with certain stages of life (e.g., adulthood).

 이것은 일부 감정이 특정 연령에서만 경험될 수 있으며, 성실함과 지혜 같은 덕목이 삶의 특정 단계(예컨대, 성인기)와 관련 있다는 사실을 보여 준다.

 [Summary] Emotions are associated with levels of maturity, which are influenced by social norms, leading individuals to experience different emotions at various ages.

 [Summary] 감정은 성숙 수준과 관련이 있으며, 이러한 수준은 사회적 규범의 영향을 받는데, 이것은 개인이 다양한 연령에 따라 서로 다른 감정을 겪게 한다.

 

[Ch.05 Unit 16 - 2] 정체성이 정보를 찾는 방식에 미치는 영향

 The discovery that identities change the way we seek information raises interesting questions.

 정체성이 우리가 정보를 찾는 방식을 바꾼다는 발견은 흥미로운 의문을 제기한다.

 For example, there is ample evidence that people try to make themselves look good in many situations.

 예를 들어, 많은 상황에서 사람들은 자신을 좋게 보이게 하려고 노력한다는 풍부한 증거가 있다.

 In contrast, researchers also found that people seek out negative information about themselves if it supports a negative identity.

 이와 대조적으로, 연구자들은 또한 사람들이 자신에 대한 부정적인 정보가 부정적인 정체성을 뒷받침하는 경우 이를 찾으려 한다는 사실도 발견했다.

 How is it that a person wants to make herself look good, while at the same time she wants to make herself look bad?

 어떻게 사람은 자신을 좋게 보이게 하기를 원하면서, 동시에 자신을 나쁘게 보이게 하기를 원하는가?

 Some researchers proposed that people try to obtain information that is consistent with their identities, whether they think of themselves positively or negatively.

 일부 연구자들은 사람들이 자신을 긍정적으로 생각하든 부정적으로 생각하든 자신의 정체성과 일치하는 정보를 얻으려 애쓴다고 말했다.

 That is, people seek information that seems to them to be true, even if that information is negative about themselves.

 , 사람들은 정보가 자신에 대해 부정적일지라도, 그들에게 사실로 보이는 정보를 찾는다.

 In contrast, positive information makes people feel good, whether it is consistent with their identity or not.

 이와 대조적으로, 긍정적인 정보는 그것이 자신의 정체성과 일치하든 그렇지 않든, 사람들을 기분 좋게 만든다.

 Emotionally, people want to look as good as possible.

 감정적으로, 사람들은 가능한 한 좋게 보이고 싶어 한다.

 [Summary] We seek information that matches our identity, yet overall our emotions pushes us toward positive information.

 [Summary] 우리는 우리의 정체성에 부합하는 정보를 추구하지만, 전반적으로 우리의 감정은 우리를 긍정적인 정보로 몰아간다.

 

[Ch.05 Unit 16 - 3] 자연 선택의 목표

 One common misunderstanding of evolution is that it leads inexorably to organisms that are ever better designed.

 진화에 대한 한 가지 흔한 오해는 진화가 줄곧 더 잘 설계된 유기체로 거침없이 이어진다는 것이다.

 But Darwinian evolution is not a process of perfection.

 하지만 다윈 진화는 완벽함을 향한 과정이 아니다.

 In contrast to the Lamarckian and Great Chain of Being theories of evolution, natural selection does not inexorably drive species up some kind of ladder of perfection.

 라마르크 학설 및 존재의 대연쇄 진화 이론과는 달리, 자연 선택은 완벽함으로 향하는 어떤 종류의 사다리를 따라 종을 거침없이 빠르게 끌어올리지 않는다.

 Rather, natural selection is, to borrow a term from economics, a process that leads to satisficing (just being "good enough for now").

 오히려, 자연 선택은 경제학 용어 하나를 빌리자면, 만족화(그저 '지금 당장 충분히 좋은')로 이어지는 과정이다.

 In other words, so long as you survive and do better than your rivals, that is good enough.

 다시 말해, 여러분이 살아남고 경쟁자보다 더 잘하는 한, 그것은 충분히 좋다.

 An antelope does not have to become the fastest animal on earth; it simply has to be faster than the lions that try to catch it.

 영양은 지구상에서 가장 빠른 동물이 될 필요가 없다. 단지 자신을 잡으려는 사자보다 더 빨라야 한다.

 By the same token, lions and other predators do not have to be able to run marathons at top speed; nor do they have to be able to catch every prey animal.

 마찬가지로, 사자와 다른 포식자들은 최고 속도로 마라톤을 뛸 수 있을 필요가 없고, 모든 먹잇감을 잡을 수 있을 필요도 없다.

 They just have to be fast enough to catch sufficient prey animals to survive.

 그것들은 살아남기 위해 충분한 숫자의 먹잇감을 잡을 수 있을 만큼만 충분히 빠르면 된다.

 [Summary] While natural selection is often thought of as a process toward seeking flawlessness, its goal is to equip organisms with just enough ability to outperform their rivals for survival.

 [Summary] 자연 선택은 흔히 완전함을 추구하는 과정으로 여겨지지만, 그것의 목표는 유기체에게 생존을 위해 경쟁자들을 능가할 수 있을 만큼의 능력만을 갖추도록 하는 것이다.

 

[Ch.05 - 서술형 Practice] 은유를 통한 역사적 사실 해석

 We can make literal statements about the past, but without metaphors, we cannot present interpretations of historical facts.

 우리는 과거에 대해 문자 그대로 진술할 수 있지만, 은유 없이는 역사적 사실에 대한 해석을 제시할 수 없다.

 Unconsciously, we categorize the data we observe in the world and seek patterns that can be expressed as metaphors.

 무의식적으로, 우리는 세상에서 관찰하는 데이터를 분류하고 은유로 표현될 수 있는 패턴을 찾는다.

 Lakoff and Johnson explain that "We acquire a large system of primary metaphors automatically and unconsciously simply by functioning in the most ordinary of ways in the everyday world from our earliest days."

 Lakoff Johnson "우리는 초창기부터 일상 세계에서 그저 가장 평범한 방식으로 활동함으로써 자동적이고 무의식적으로 대규모의 기본적인 은유 체계를 습득한다"고 설명한다.

 In our common language and common culture, we agree on hundreds of primary metaphors such as "important is big," "happy is up," "similarity is closeness," "difficulties are burdens," "change is motion," "knowing is seeing," "causes are physical forces," and "time is motion."

 우리의 공통 언어와 공통 문화에서, 우리는 "중요한 것은 크다", "행복한 것은 올라간다", "유사성은 가까움이다", "어려움은 부담이다", "변화는 움직임이다", "아는 것은 보는 것이다", "원인은 물리적 힘이다", "시간은 움직임이다"와 같은 수백 가지의 기본적인 은유에 동의한다.

 We then blend these primary metaphors to create conceptual metaphors.

 그런 다음 이러한 기본적인 은유를 혼합하여 개념적인 은유를 만든다.

 Working from our sensorimotor domains, we create mental imagery that can be used to interpret subjective experiences, like history.

 감각 운동 영역에서 작업하여, 우리는 역사와 같은 주관적인 경험을 해석하는 데 이용될 수 있는 정신적 비유적 표현을 만든다.

 

[Ch.05 - 논술형 Practice] 기술의 등장으로 인한 미래에 대한 예측

 With technology came the idea that innovation and novelty are intrinsic components of civilization.

 기술과 더불어, 혁신과 새로움이 문명의 본질적인 구성 요소라는 개념이 생겨났다.

 Constant changes in technologies, society, and economics are so ingrained in our daily lives that it is hard to understand that this state of affairs wasn't the rule in the ancient days.

 기술, 사회, 경제의 끊임없는 변화는 우리의 일상 생활에 너무 깊이 스며들어 이런 상황이 고대에는 일반적이지 않았다는 사실을 이해하기 어렵다.

 A few hundred years ago, change was so slow that most people expected the future to be much like the past.

 수백 년 전에는, 변화가 너무 느려서 대부분 사람이 미래가 과거와 아주 비슷할 것이라고 예상했다.

 The concept that the future would bring improvements in people's lives was never common, much less popular.

 미래가 사람들의 삶에 개선을 가져올 것이라는 개념은 인기가 있기는 커녕 결코 일반적이지도 않았다.

 All that changed when changes began to occur so often that they were not only perceptible but expected.

 변화가 너무 자주 일어나기 시작하여 그것(변화)이 인지될 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 기대되었을 때 그 모든 것이 변했다.

 Since the advent of technology, people expect the future to bring new things that will improve their daily lives.

 기술의 등장 이후, 사람들은 미래가 자신의 일상을 개선할 새로운 것들을 가져올 것이라고 기대한다.

 However, many of us now fear that the changes may come too fast, and may be too profound, for normal people to assimilate them.

 그러나 이제 우리 중 많은 이는 그 변화가 보통 사람들이 그것을 받아들이기에는 너무 빠르게 올지도 모르고, 너무 지대할지도 모른다고 두려워한다.

 [Summary] Technological progress has shifted expectations, making constant change normal and future improvements anticipated, but now there's concern that the speed and profoundness of the changes may make it difficult for normal people to assimilate them.

 [Summary] 기술적인 진보는 기대를 바꾸어서 끊임없는 변화가 정상적이고 미래의 개선이 예상되도록 만들었지만, 이제 변화의 속도와 지대함이 보통 사람들이 그것을 받아들이는 것을 어렵게 할지도 모른다는 우려가 있다.

 

[Ch.06 Unit 17 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 긍정적 감정과 창의적 사고의 관계

 People tend to assume that positive emotions are sources of simplistic or lazy thinking.

 사람들은 긍정적인 감정이 단순하거나 게으른 사고의 원천이라고 가정하는 경향이 있다.

 Think of any highly creative person  such as Vincent van Gogh, Virginia Woolf, T. S. Eliot, or Charles Darwin  and you imagine their creative acts were produced during moments of struggle, tension, gloominess, and even despair.

 Vincent van Gogh, Virginia Woolf, T. S. Eliot, 또는 Charles Darwin과 같은 어떤 매우 창의적인 사람을 생각해 보면, 여러분은 그들의 창의적인 행위가 고난, 긴장, 우울, 그리고 심지어 절망의 순간에 만들어졌다고 생각한다.

 Alice Isen suggested that this view of creativity is wrong  that happiness instead prompts people to reason in ways that are flexible and creative.

 Alice lsen은 창의성에 대한 이러한 관점이 잘못된 것이며, 오히려 행복은 사람들이 유연하고 창의적인 방식으로 추론하도록 자극한다고 말했다.

 In her studies, Isen induced positive emotion in her participants with small events.

 Isen은 자신의 연구에서 작은 사건들로 참가자에게 긍정적인 감정을 유도했다.

 She gave them little bags of candy, or they found a dime she had placed in their path.

 그녀는 그들에게 작은 사탕 봉지를 주거나, 그들이 그녀가 길에 놓아둔 10센트 동전을 발견했다.

 They watched amusing film clips.

 그들은 재미있는 동영상을 보았다.

 These subtle ways of making participants feel good produced striking changes in their reasoning.

 참가자를 기분 좋게 만드는 이러한 미묘한 방법들은 그들의 추론에 두드러진 변화를 가져왔다.

 When given one word (such as carpet) and asked to generate a related word, people feeling positive emotions came up with more novel associations (fresh or texture) than people in a neutral state, who tended to produce more common responses (such as rug).

 ('카펫' 같은) 한 단어가 주어지고 관련 단어를 만들어 내도록 요청받았을 때, 긍정적인 감정을 느끼는 사람들은 중립적인 상태의 사람들보다 더 많은 새로운 연상('갓 만든' 또는 '질감')을 생각해 냈는데, 이들(중립적인 상태의 사람들) ('러그' 같은) 더 일반적인 응답을 하는 경향이 있었다.

 People feeling positive categorized objects in more inclusive ways, rating fringe members of categories (like cane or purse as an example of clothing) as better members of that category than people in a neutral state, whose categories tended to be more narrowly defined.

 긍정적인 감정을 느끼는 사람들은 중립적인 상태의 사람들보다 (의류의 예로 '지팡이' '지갑'을 드는 것처럼) 범주의 비주류 구성원을 해당 범주의 더 적합한 구성원으로 평가하면서 사물을 더 포괄적인 방식으로 분류하였고, 중립적인 상태의 사람들의 범주는 좀 더 좁게 정의되는 경향이 있었다.

 

[Ch.06 Unit 17 - 1~2]  지각의 문제

 We likely evolved color perception, in part, to better figure out whether or not food is good to eat.

 우리는 어느 정도는 음식이 먹기에 좋은지 아닌지를 더 잘 파악하기 위해 색 지각을 진화시켰을 것이다.

 In ordinary sun-light, for example, a ripe tomato reflects a certain portion of the light and looks red and edible; a rotten tomato reflects the light differently and looks brown and disgusting.

 예를 들어, 일반적인 햇빛 아래에서 잘 익은 토마토는 빛의 특정한 부분을 반사해서 붉고 먹을 수 있는 것으로 보이지만, 썩은 토마토는 빛을 다르게 반사하여 갈색이고 역겨워 보인다.

 It is these light-reflecting properties (reflectance) of the tomato  its redness or brownness  that are important, not the fact that the tomato is illuminated by the sun; a red tomato under a blue lamp is just as edible.

 중요한 것은 이러한 토마토의 빛을 반사하는 특성(반사율), 즉 그것의 붉은색 또는 갈색이지, 토마토가 태양에 비춰진다는 사실이 아니며, 파란 램프 아래의 붉은 토마토도 똑같이 먹을 수 있다.

 It so happens, however, that a red tomato absorbs blue light and does not reflect it.

 그러나 공교롭게도 붉은 토마토는 푸른 빛을 흡수하고 그것을 반사하지 않는다.

 Consequently, a ripe tomato under a blue lamp does not look red but black, and rather unappetizing.

 따라서, 파란색 램프 아래의 잘 익은 토마토는 붉은 색이 아니라 검은색으로 보이며, 오히려 입맛 떨어지게 한다.

 This example illustrates the fundamental problem of color perception: it is impossible to separate a region's reflectance (color) from its illumination.

 이러한 사례는 색 지각의 근본적인 문제, 즉 한 영역의 반사율(색상)과 그것의 조명된 상태를 구별하는 것이 불가능하다는 것을 설명한다.

 Many animals take advantage of the confusion between color and illumination in their camouflage.

 많은 동물은 위장할 때 색상과 조명된 상태의 애매함을 이용한다.

 These animals have darker backs than bellies (or the converse if they usually hang upside down, like some caterpillars).

 이러한 동물은 배보다 등이 더 어둡다(또는 일부 애벌레처럼 주로 거꾸로 매달려 있는 경우에는 그 반대임).

 This countershading, whose traces can be seen in dogs, offsets the body-shape revealing effects of light and shadow, rendering the animal less visible from a distance.

 이러한 '명암 역위형 보호색'은 개에서 그 흔적을 볼 수 있는 데, 빛과 그림자의 체형 드러내기 효과를 상쇄하여 멀리서 그 동물이 눈에 덜 보이게 한다.

 

[Ch.06 Unit 17 - 3~4] 적극적인 선택이 주는 정신적 부담

 Most consumers would not much like it if, at the time of purchase, they had to choose every feature of their cell phone plan or all of their computer's initial settings.

 대부분 소비자는 구매 시점에 만약 자신의 휴대전화 요금제의 모든 특징이나 자신의 컴퓨터의 모든 초기 설정 전부를 선택해야 한다면 그다지 좋아하지 않을 것이다.

 The existence of defaults saves people a lot of time, and most of those defaults may well be sensible and suitable.

 초기 설정의 존재는 사람들에게 많은 시간을 절약해 주고, 그러한 초기 설정의 대부분은 합리적이고 적절할 수 있다.

 Few consumers would like to spend the time required to obtain relevant information and to decide what choice to make.

 관련 정보를 얻고 어떤 선택을 할지 결정하는 데 필요한 시간을 쓰고 싶어 하는 소비자는 거의 없을 것이다.

 As compared with a default rule, active choosing increases the costs of decisions, sometimes significantly.

 초기 설정 규칙과 비교했을 때, 적극적인 선택은 결정의 비용을 때로는 상당히 증가시킨다.

 In the process, active choosing can increase "decision fatigue," creating problems for other, potentially more important decisions.

 그 과정에서 적극적인 선택은 '결정 피로'를 증가시켜 잠재적으로 더 중요할 수도 있는 다른 결정에 문제를 일으킬 수 있다.

 Decision fatigue might make it difficult for people to focus on the central questions that affect their lives  tasks associated with their families, their jobs, their health, the well-being of their loved ones.

 결정 피로는 사람들이 자기 삶에 영향을 미치는 가장 중요한 문제, 즉 가족, 직장, 건강, 사랑하는 사람들의 행복과 관련된 과업에 집중하는 것을 어렵게 만들 수도 있다.

 The state of being poor, and focusing constantly on how to make ends meet, has a significant adverse effect on IQ, roughly equivalent to that of having no sleep the night before.

 가난한 상태, 그리하여 끊임없이 어떻게 생계를 꾸려갈까에 집중하는 것은 지능 지수에 상당한 부정적인 영향을 미치는데, 이는 전날 밤에 잠을 전혀 자지 못한 것과 거의 맞먹는다.

 Because people have limited bandwidth, it is no light thing to force them to pay attention to questions in which they have little interest, because that very requirement diverts scarce cognitive (and perhaps emotional) resources from other endeavors.

 사람들은 한정된 정신적 능력을 가지고 있기 때문에, 그들에게 관심이 거의 없는 질문에 주의를 기울이도록 강요하는 것은 가벼운 일이 아닌데, 그러한 요구 자체가 다른 노력으로부터 부족한 인지적 (그리고 아마도 정서적) 자원을 다른 데로 돌리게 하기 때문이다.

 It is in part because of cognitive scarcity that people choose not to choose.

 사람들이 선택하지 않기로 선택하는 것은 바로 부분적으로 인지적 결핍 때문이다.

 For the same reason, active choosing can be a serious burden.

 같은 이유로, 적극적인 선택은 심각한 부담이 될 수 있다.

 

[Ch.06 Unit 18 - 수능 대비 ANALYSIS] 자신을 모욕한 사람을 전쟁장관으로 임명한 링컨

 As a young, struggling lawyer, Abraham Lincoln felt honored to be employed on an important legal case.

 생활고와 싸우는 젊은 변호사 에이브러햄 링컨은 한 중요한 법적 소송 사건에 고용된 것을 영광으로 생각했다.

 The other lawyers chosen to represent the case were well known for their legal and persuasive expertise.

 소송을 대리하도록 선정된 다른 변호사들은 법률 전문성과 설득 전문성으로 잘 알려져 있었다.

 However, one lawyer, upon seeing Lincoln, remarked, "What is that tall idiot doing here? I refuse to work with him. Get rid of him."

 그러나 한 변호사는 링컨을 보자마자 "저 키가 큰 멍청이는 여기서 뭐 하는 거지? 난 저 사람과 함께 일하기를 거부하네. 저 사람을 쫓아내 버려."라고 말했다.

 Lincoln remained calm and pretended not to hear the deliberate insult.

 링컨은 침착함을 유지하며 고의적인 모욕을 듣지 못한 척했다.

 As the trial proceeded, Lincoln was ostracized by the other lawyers.

 재판이 진행되는 동안 링컨은 다른 변호사들로부터 배척당했다.

 In fact, he was never recognized as one of the representing lawyers.

 사실, 그는 대리 변호사 중 한 명으로 결코 인정받지 못했다.

 He listened carefully to the court proceedings and observed his insulter's masterful handling of the case.

 그는 법정 소송 절차를 주의 깊게 듣고 자신을 모욕한 변호사의 능수능란한 소송 처리를 지켜보았다.

 The lawyer who insulted Lincoln easily won the case.

 링컨을 모욕한 변호사는 쉽게 그 소송을 승소했다.

 The next day, Lincoln was quoted as saying, "His brilliant argument was a revelation to me. He was expertly prepared, fluent in his presentation, and demonstrated undoubtedly the most professional questioning I have ever witnessed. I'm nowhere near as talented as he is. I am going home to study law all over again."

 다음 날, 링컨은 "그의 훌륭한 변론은 나에게는 매우 놀라운 발견이었다. 그는 노련하게 준비되었고, 그의 발표에 있어 유창했으며, 내가 지금껏 본 것 중 의심의 여지 없이 가장 전문가적인 질의를 했다. 나는 그의 재능에 도저히 미치지 못한다. 나는 집에 가서 법을 처음부터 다시 공부할 것이다."라고 말한 것으로 인용되었다.

 Years later, Abraham Lincoln became president of the United States.

 세월이 흘러 에이브러햄 링컨은 미국의 대통령이 되었다.

 That same lawyer who had rudely insulted Lincoln became his most outspoken critic.

 링컨을 무례하게 모욕했던 바로 그 같은 변호사는 그의 가장 노골적인 비판자가 되었다.

 However, Lincoln never forgot the brilliance of this man.

 그러나 링컨은 이 사람의 탁월함을 절대 잊지 않았다.

 When an appointment was needed for secretary of war, Lincoln chose Edwin M. Stanton, the very man who had wounded and insulted him.

 전쟁장관 임명이 필요했을 때, 링컨은 자신에게 상처를 주고 모욕을 줬던 바로 그 사람인 Edwin M. Stanton을 선택했다.

 Lincoln proved his character by offering a forgiving spirit rather than a lifetime grudge.

 링컨은 평생 원한을 품기보다는 용서하는 마음을 베풂으로써 자신의 인품을 증명했다.

 Shortly thereafter, Lincoln was shot and killed.

 그 후 얼마 지나지 않아 링컨은 총에 맞아 사망했다.

 Stanton, filled with sorrow and grief, sobbed, "Now he belongs to the ages!"

 슬픔과 비통에 휩싸인 Stanton은 흐느끼며 말했다. "이제 그는 역사 속에 영원할 것입니다!"

 

[Ch.06 Unit 18 - 1~3] 유아 Nathan에게 장기를 기증한 Doing 

 Nathan Saavedra, a toddler who was almost two years old, needed a kidney transplant.

 거의 두 살이 된 유아 Nathan Saavedra는 신장 이식이 필요했다.

 Two articles were written about the toddler after Nathan's mother, Tina, contacted a local newspaper in Illinois.

 Nathan의 어머니 Tina가 일리노이주의 한 지역 신문에 연락한 후, 그 유아에 관한 두 개의 기사가 작성되었다.

 Chris Doing, a 38-year-old Information Technology specialist who did not know the boy or the boy's family, read the articles and decided to donate his kidney if it were a good match for Nathan's body.

 그 아이나 그 아이의 가족을 알지 못했던 38세의 정보 기술 전문가 Chris Doing은 기사를 읽고 자신의 신장이 Nathan의 신체와 잘 맞는다면 기증하기로 결심했다.

 Soon Mr. Doing got his kidney tested.

  Doing 씨는 자신의 신장을 검사받았다.

 He did not let the family know that he was being tested to see if he would be a suitable donor.

 그는 자신이 기증 적격자인지 여부를 확인하기 위해 검사를 받고 있다는 사실을 그 가족에게 알리지 않았다.

 He said, "I was really motivated and touched by the story and picture of Nathan. It prompted me to keep pushing forward. But I didn't want to give the family the play-by-play, in case I was disqualified. I didn't want to give them false hope."

 그는 "Nathan의 이야기와 사진에 정말로 동기 부여가 되었고 감동을 받았습니다. 그것은 저로 하여금 계속 나아가도록 했어요. 하지만 제가 자격이 없는 경우를 대비해 그 가족에게 실황을 중계하고 싶지는 않았어요. 그들에게 헛된 희망을 주고 싶지 않았거든요."라고 말했다.

 His kidney was a good match, and on October 25, 2010, the successful transplant took place.

 그의 신장은 잘 맞았고 2010 10 25일에 성공적으로 이식 수술이 이루어졌다.

 Mr. Doing did not meet Nathan and his family until after Nathan was released from the hospital.

 Doing 씨는 Nathan이 퇴원할 때까지 Nathan과 그의 가족을 만나지 않았다.

 Nathan's mother, Tina, said about Mr. Doing, "He is very heroic. I will always feel so happy to have met him and for him to have saved my son."

 Nathan의 어머니 Tina Doing 씨에 대해 "그는 매우 영웅적입니다. 그를 만난 것과 그가 내 아들을 구해준 것에 대해 저는 항상 행복감을 느낄 것입니다."라고 말했다.

 In response, Mr. Doing said, "I don't think of it as an act of heroism. Help was needed, and I was able to help."

 이에 대한 응답으로 Doing 씨는 "저는 그것을 영웅적인 행동이라고 생각하지 않습니다. 도움이 필요했고 제가 도울 수 있었습니다."라고 말했다.

 Mr. Doing said that he was influenced by the donation of his grandmother's organs after her death 17 years previously.

 Doing 씨는 17년 전 할머니가 돌아가신 후 장기를 기증한 것에 영향을 받았다고 말했다.

 He said, "I remember how rewarding it was to get letters from recipients and for something good to come of it. I always hoped that if someone was in need in that way, I'd be man enough to assist them."

 그는 "저는 수혜자들로부터 편지를 받는 것과 그것으로 인해 뭔가 좋은 일이 일어나는 것이 얼마나 보람된 것이었는지 기억합니다. 누군가 그런 식으로 도움이 필요하다면 내가 충분히 그들을 도울 수 있는 사람이 되기를 항상 바랐습니다."라고 말했다.

 

[Ch.06 Unit 18 - 4~6] 난기류를 만난 비행기와 소년

 Mr. Spector was on his way home after a business meeting in Hong Kong.

 Spector 씨는 홍콩에서 사업 회의를 마치고 집으로 돌아 가는 중이었다.

 It was a long flight from Hong Kong to New York, and he was tired but excited about the thought of going home and the positive outcome of the meeting.

 홍콩에서 뉴욕까지 장거리 비행이었고 그는 피곤했지만, 집에 돌아갈 생각과 긍정적인 회의 결과로 들떠 있었다.

 About halfway through the flight, an announcement from a flight attendant filled the cabin.

 비행의 절반쯤에, 승무원의 안내 방송이 객실을 채웠다.

 The announcement instructed passengers to remain seated due to expected turbulence.

 기내 방송은 승객들에게 난기류가 예상되므로 앉아 있으라고 안내했다.

 The attendant's voice was calm and casual, but Mr. Spector began to feel uneasy.

 승무원의 목소리는 차분하고 평온했지만 Spector 씨는 불안한 기분이 들기 시작했다.

 The plane soon found itself in a fierce storm, with thunder roaring and lightning flashing against the dark skies, making him very nervous.

 비행기는 곧 천둥이 울리고 어두운 하늘에 번개가 번쩍이는 격렬한 폭풍우를 만나게 되었고, 그를 매우 긴장하게 만들었다.

 Some younger children started crying, and things were falling.

 몇몇 어린아이들이 울기 시작했고 물건들은 떨어지고 있었다.

 In the midst of this chaos, Mr. Spector was gripped by panic as the seemingly endless turbulence worsened his fear.

 이 혼돈의 한가운데에서, 끝이 없어 보이는 난기류가 그의 두려움을 악화시키면서 Spector 씨는 극심한 공포에 사로잡혔다.

 As he struggled with his anxiety, he noticed the boy sitting next to him was calmly reading a book. unaffected by the storm.

 자신의 그의 불안감과 힘겹게 싸우다가, 그는 옆에 앉은 소년이 폭풍의 영향을 받지 않고 침착하게 책을 읽고 있는 것을 발견했다.

 The boy occasionally made irritated noises, not out of fear of the turbulence but because the shaking cabin made it difficult for him to read.

 소년은 가끔 짜증 섞인 소리를 냈는데, 난기류에 대한 두려움 때문이 아니라 객실이 흔들려 그가 책을 읽는 것이 어려워졌기 때문이었다.

 Astonished, Mr. Spector asked the boy how he could remain so calm.

 매우 놀라서, Spector 씨는 소년에게 어떻게 그렇게 침착할 수 있는지를 물었다.

 The boy looked up from his book with a smile and said, "Don't be afraid. Mister."

 소년은 미소를 띠며 책에서 눈을 들어 "겁내지 마세요, 아저씨."라고 말했다.

 His voice was confident.

 그의 목소리는 자신감이 넘쳤다.

 "The pilot is my dad, and I know he is taking me home safe and sound."

 "조종사가 우리 아빠예요, 그리고 저는 아빠가 저를 무사히 집에 데려다줄 거라는 걸 알아요."

 The boy's unshakable trust in his father gave him a sense of calm in this chaos.

 아버지에 대한 소년의 흔들리지 않는 신뢰는 그에게 이 혼란스러운 상황에서도 평온함을 주었다.

 His confidence was contagious and provided Mr. Spector with an inner peace.

 그의 자신감은 전염되어 Spector 씨에게 내면의 평화를 가져다주었다.

 He could feel his panic fade away.

 그는 자신의 극심한 공포가 사라지는 것을 느낄 수 있었다.

 

[Ch.06 - 서술형 Practice] 사자의 사냥 습성

 It is often assumed that most of the hunting is done by the lionesses rather than the males.

 대부분의 사냥은 수컷보다는 암사자가 한다고 생각하는 경우가 많다.

 In part this is true: it makes sense in a pride to have a division of labour, with the males defending their turf, meals, pride and offspring, while the lionesses bring home the bacon.

 이는 부분적으로는 사실인데, 무리 안에서 분업하는 것이 합리적이어서, 수사자는 자신의 영역, 먹이, 무리, 새끼를 지키는 한편, 암사자는 먹이를 가져온다.

 But it may also be because almost all lion hunts ever filmed take place during the day, when a hunting male would stand out like a sore thumb because of his huge mane, which might show above even the longest grass.

 하지만 그것은 이제까지 촬영된 거의 모든 사자 사냥이 낮 동안에 이루어지기 때문일 수도 있는데, 그때는 사냥하는 수컷이 거대한 갈기 때문에 눈에 잘 띄어 심지어 가장 긴 풀 위로도 갈기가 보일 수도 있다.

 At night, when this is no longer an issue, males hunt more frequently; and they will also join forces with the females when they are pursuing a particularly large animal such as a buffalo, which may weigh more than a tonne.

 밤에는, 이것이 더 이상 문제가 되지 않아 수컷이 더 자주 사냥하며, 수컷은 또한 물소와 같은 특히 큰 동물을 쫓을 때 암컷과 힘을 합치기도 하는데, 물소는 무게가 1톤이 넘을 수도 있다.

 Lions can and do hunt large grazing animals including wildebeest, giraffes and even, on occasion, baby elephants that have become separated from their herd.

 사자는 누, 기린, 그리고 때로는 심지어 무리에서 떨어져 나온 새끼 코끼리를 포함한 큰 초식 동물을 사냥할 수 있고 실제로 사냥하기도 한다.

 Yet they are also opportunists, taking prey as diverse as brown fur seals on the coast of Namibia, ostriches on the African plains. and a wide range of smaller items including mice, fish and even insects.

 그러나 그것들은 또한 기회주의자여서, 나미비아 해안의 갈색 물개, 아프리카 평원의 타조, 그리고 쥐, 물고기, 심지어 곤충을 포함한 광범위한 더 작은 항목(동물)까지 다양한 먹잇감을 취한다.

 

[Ch.06 - 논술형 Practice] 해양 플랑크톤의 이동을 관찰한 아버지와 아들

 Under the starry sky, a father and his son set sail on their beloved yacht.

 별이 빛나는 하늘 아래, 한 아버지와 그의 아들이 그들의 애용하는 요트를 타고 항해를 시작했다.

 Jack, the father, a well-experienced sailor and marine biologist, had often shared tales of the ocean's wonders with his son, Tom.

 경험이 많은 항해사이자 해양 생물학자인 아버지 Jack은 자기 아들 Tom과 함께 바다의 경이로움에 관한 이야기를 자주 나누었다.

 As the boat sailed through the ocean, Tom's eyes caught sight of a bright path of light behind them.

 배가 바다를 항해할 때, 그들 뒤에 밝은 빛의 길이 Tom의 시선에 잡혔다.

 "Dad, what's that?" he asked, his voice filled with curiosity.

 "아빠, 저게 뭐예요?" 그가 호기심 가득한 목소리로 물었다.

 Jack smiled warmly, recognizing his son's fascination.

 Jack은 아들이 매료되었음을 알아차리고, 따뜻하게 미소 지었다.

 "That, Tom, is the migration of plankton," he explained.

 "저건 플랑크톤의 이동이란다, Tom." 그가 설명했다.

 "Every night, these tiny organisms rise from the depths, creating this breathtaking display."

 "매일 밤, 이 작은 생물들이 깊은 곳에서 올라와 이렇게 숨 막히는 구경거리를 만들어 내는 거야."

 "Dad, why do they come up to the surface?"

 "아빠, 왜 그것들이 수면으로 올라오는 거예요?"

 "They're like tiny travelers, Tom," Jack continued with enthusiasm.

 "그것들은 작은 여행자 같단다, Tom." Jack이 열정적으로 이어갔다.

 "Starting their journey deep in the ocean at sunset, these plankton feed on plant plankton and other various treats as they rise. Some even feast on each other until just before dawn, when they return back into the depths to hide during the day."

 "이 플랑크톤들은 해가 질 무렵 바다 깊은 곳에서 여정을 시작해서, 올라오면서 식물성 플랑크톤과 다른 여러 먹이를 먹지. 어떤 것들은 동트기 직전까지 심지어 서로를 잡아먹기도 하는데, 그때 그것들은 낮 동안 숨기 위해 다시 깊은 곳으로 돌아간단다."

 Tom leaned over the side of the boat, captivated by the mystical phenomenon.

 Tom은 그 신비로운 현상에 마음이 사로잡혀, 배의 옆쪽으로 몸을 기울였다.

 "I never knew the ocean could be so magical," he wondered, with his gaze fixed on the glowing trail.

 "바다가 이렇게 마법과 같을 줄은 몰랐어요,"라며 그는 빛나는 자취에 시선을 고정한 채 놀라워했다.

 For Jack, witnessing his son's fascination reminded him of his own deep affection for the sea.

 Jack에게 있어, 아들의 매료된 모습을 보는 것이 바다에 대한 자신의 깊은 애정을 상기시켰다.

 Together, they sailed on, surrounded by the magical glow of the plankton.

 그들은 함께 플랑크톤의 신비한 빛에 둘러싸여 항해를 이어갔다.

 

 

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