①Gold plating in the project means needlessly enhancing the expected results, namely, adding characteristics that are costly, not required, and that have low added value with respect to the targets ― in other words, giving more with no real justification other than to demonstrate one's own talent.
②Gold plating is especially interesting for project team members, as it is typical of projects with a marked professional component ― in other words, projects that involve specialists with proven experience and extensive professional autonomy.
③In these environments specialists often see the project as an opportunity to test and enrich their skill sets.
③이러한환경에서전문가들은종종프로젝트를자신의다양한능력을테스트하고강화할기회로여긴다.
④There is therefore a strong temptation, in all good faith, to engage in gold plating, namely, to achieve more or higher-quality work that gratifies the professional but does not add value to the client's requests, and at the same time removes valuable resources from the project.
⑤As the saying goes, "The best is the enemy of the good."
⑤속담에있듯이, '최고는좋음의적'이다.
[고3] 2023년09월– 22번:이민자들이주류문화에동화되는과정에서겪는갈등
①The need to assimilate values and lifestyle of the host culture has become a growing conflict.
①주류문화의가치와생활방식에동화되어야하는필요성때문에갈등이커지고있다.
②Multiculturalists suggest that there should be a model of partial assimilation in which immigrants retain some of their customs, beliefs, and language.
③There is pressure to conform rather than to maintain their cultural identities, however, and these conflicts are greatly determined by the community to which one migrates.
④These experiences are not new; many Europeans experienced exclusion and poverty during the first two waves of immigration in the 19th and 20th centuries.
⑧Perhaps, in the not too distant future, immigrants will no longer be strangers among us.
⑧아마도,그리머지않아이민자들이우리사이에서더는이방인이아닐것이다.
[고3] 2023년09월– 23번:상업라디오방송의주목적과인기음악의중요성
①The primary purpose of commercial music radio broadcasting is to deliver an audience to a group of advertisers and sponsors.
①상업적음악라디오방송의주된목적은청취자를광고주와후원자집단에인도하는것이다.
②To achieve commercial success, that audience must be as large as possible.
②상업적성공을달성하기위해서는,그청취자는가능한한대규모여야한다.
③More than any other characteristics (such as demographic or psychographic profile, purchasing power, level of interest, degree of satisfaction, quality of attention or emotional state), the quantity of an audience aggregated as a mass is the most significant metric for broadcasters seeking to make music radio for profitable ends.
④As a result, broadcasters attempt to maximise their audience size by playing music that is popular, or ― at the very least ― music that can be relied upon not to cause audiences to switch off their radio or change the station.
⑥In consequence, a high degree of risk aversion frequently marks out the 'successful' radio music programmer.
⑥그결과높은수준의모험회피는흔히'성공한'라디오음악프로그램제작자를구분짓는다.
⑦Playlists are restricted, and often very small.
⑦방송목록은한정되고흔히매우적다.
[고3] 2023년09월– 24번:인터넷뉴스의등장으로뉴스아카이브접근성이향상됨
①Before the web, newspaper archives were largely the musty domain of professional researchers and journalism students.
①웹이전에신문기록보관소는주로전문적연구원과언론학과학생의곰팡내나는영역이었다.
②Journalism was, by definition, current.
②저널리즘은당연히최신에관한것이었다.
③The general accessibility of archives has greatly extended the shelf life of journalism, with older stories now regularly cited to provide context for more current ones.
④With regard to how meaning is made of complex issues encountered in the news, this departure can be understood as a readiness by online news consumers to engage with the underlying issues and contexts of the news that was not apparent in, or even possible for, print consumers.
⑤One of the emergent qualities of online news, determined in part by the depth of readily accessible online archives, seems to be the possibility of understanding news stories as the manifest outcomes of larger economic, social and cultural issues rather than short-lived and unconnected media spectacles.
②Among the five groups, Asians exhibited the highest college enrollment rate with more than 50% in each year listed in the table.
②다섯집단중에서아시아인은표에열거된연도마다50퍼센트를넘는가장높은대학등록률을보였다.
③Whites were the second highest in terms of the college enrollment rate among all the groups in all three years, while the rate dropped below 40% in 2021.
⑤Among the years displayed in the table, 2016 was the only year when the college enrollment rate of Hispanics was higher than that of Blacks.
⑤표에나타난연도중, 2016년은히스패닉의대학등록률이흑인의등록률보다높았던유일한해였다.
⑥In each year, American Indians/Alaska Natives showed the lowest college enrollment rate.
⑥매년,아메리칸인디언/알래스카원주민은가장낮은대학등록률을보여주었다.
[고3] 2023년09월– 26번:피아니스트이자작가인Charles Rosen의생애와업적
①Charles Rosen, a virtuoso pianist and distinguished writer, was born in New York in 1927.
①거장피아니스트이자저명한작가인Charles Rosen은1927년뉴욕에서태어났다.
②Rosen displayed a remarkable talent for the piano from his early childhood.
②Rosen은어린시절부터피아노에주목할만한재능을보였다.
③In 1951, the year he earned his doctoral degree in French literature at Princeton University, Rosen made both his New York piano debut and his first recordings.
⑥Rosen was also the author of many widely admired books about music.
⑥Rosen은또한널리칭송받는많은음악저서의저자였다.
⑦His most famous book, The Classical Style, was first published in 1971 and won the U.S. National Book Award the next year.
⑦그의가장유명한책은The Classical Style은1971년에처음출판되었고이듬해에U.S. National Book Award를수상했다.
⑧This work, which was reprinted in an expanded edition in 1997, remains a landmark in the field.
⑧이저작은1997년에증보판으로재판(再版)되었고,이분야에서획기적인것으로남아있다.
⑨While writing extensively, Rosen continued to perform as a pianist for the rest of his life until he died in 2012.
⑨폭넓게글쓰기를하면서, Rosen은2012년사망할때까지여생동안피아니스트로서공연을계속했다.
[고3] 2023년09월– 29번:스트레스반응을긍정적으로받아들이는것이도움이됨
①Viewing the stress response as a resource can transform the physiology of fear into the biology of courage.
①스트레스반응을자원으로보는것은두려움이라는생리기능을용기라는생명작용으로바꿀수있다.
②It can turn a threat into a challenge and can help you do your best under pressure.
②그것은위협을도전으로바꿀수있고여러분이압박감속에서도최선을다하도록도울수있다.
③Even when the stress doesn't feel helpful ― as in the case of anxiety ― welcoming it can transform it into something that is helpful: more energy, more confidence, and a greater willingness to take action.
②From a historical perspective, until the 1700s textile production was a hand process using the fibers available within a particular geographic region, for example, cotton, wool, silk, and flax.
③Trade among regions increased the availability of these fibers and associated textiles made from the fibers.
③지역간무역은이러한섬유들과그섬유들로만들어진관련직물의가용성을증가시켰다.
④The First Industrial Revolution and subsequent technological advancements in manufactured fibers added to the fact that fibers and textiles were no longer "place-bound."
⑤Fashion companies created and consumers could acquire textiles and products made from textiles with little or no connection to where, how, or by whom the products were made.
⑥This resulted in a disconnect between consumers and the products they use on a daily basis, a loss of understanding and appreciation in the skills and resources necessary to create these products, and an associated disregard for the human and natural resources necessary for the products' creation.
⑦Therefore, renewing a value on place reconnects the company and the consumer with the people, geography, and culture of a particular location.
⑦따라서'장소'의가치를새롭게하는것은회사와소비자를특정장소의사람과지리,문화와다시연결한다.
[고3] 2023년09월– 31번:제2차세계대전후교외지역으로의이동과자동차의존증가
①In the post-World War II years after 1945, unparalleled economic growth fueled a building boom and a massive migration from the central cities to the new suburban areas.
②The suburbs were far more dependent on the automobile, signaling the shift from primary dependence on public transportation to private cars.
②교외지역은자동차에훨씬더많이의존했고,대중교통에대한주된의존에서자가용으로의전환을알렸다.
③Soon this led to the construction of better highways and freeways and the decline and even loss of public transportation.
③이것은곧더나은고속도로와초고속도로의건설과대중교통의감소,심지어쇠퇴까지로이어졌다.
④With all of these changes came a privatization of leisure.
④이러한모든변화와함께여가의사유화가이루어졌다.
⑤As more people owned their own homes, with more space inside and lovely yards outside, their recreation and leisure time was increasingly centered around the home or, at most, the neighborhood.
⑥One major activity of this home-based leisure was watching television.
⑥이러한가정에기반한여가의한가지주요활동은TV를시청하는것이었다.
⑦No longer did one have to ride the trolly to the theater to watch a movie; similar entertainment was available for free and more conveniently from television.
⑤The underlying machinery is straightforward ― we apply image classification and object detection methods and tag the image with the output words.
⑤기본적인시스템은간단한데,이미지분류와개체감지방법을적용하고출력된단어로이미지를태그한다.
⑥But tags aren't a comprehensive description of what is happening in an image.
⑥하지만태그는이미지에서일어나고있는일에대한포괄적인설명이아니다.
⑦It matters who is doing what, and tags don't capture this.
⑦누가무엇을하고있는지가중요한데,태그는이것을포착하지못한다.
⑧For example, tagging a picture of a cat in the street with the object categories "cat", "street", "trash can" and "fish bones" leaves out the information that the cat is pulling the fish bones out of an open trash can on the street.
③An overly futuristic, unconventional, or visionary invention can fail initially (it may lack essential not-yet-invented materials or a critical market or proper understanding) yet succeed later, when the ecology of supporting ideas catches up.
④Gregor Mendel's 1865 theories of genetic heredity were correct but ignored for 35 years.
④Gregor Mendel의1865년유전이론은옳았지만35년동안무시되었다.
⑤His sharp insights were not accepted because they did not explain the problems biologists had at the time, nor did his explanation operate by known mechanisms, so his discoveries were out of reach even for the early adopters.
⑥Decades later science faced the urgent questions that Mendel's discoveries could answer.
⑥수십년후과학은Mendel의발견이답할수있는긴급한질문에직면했다.
⑦Now his insights were only one step away.
⑦이제그의통찰력은단한걸음만떨어져있었다.
⑧Within a few years of one another, three different scientists each independently rediscovered Mendel's forgotten work, which of course had been there all along.
①Prior to photography, places did not travel well.
①사진이나오기전에는장소들이잘이동하지않았다.
②While painters have always lifted particular places out of their 'dwelling' and transported them elsewhere, paintings were time-consuming to produce, relatively difficult to transport and one-of-a-kind.
③The multiplication of photographs especially took place with the introduction of the half-tone plate in the 1880s that made possible the mechanical reproduction of photographs in newspapers, periodicals, books and advertisements.
④Photography became coupled to consumer capitalism and the globe was now offered 'in limitless quantities, figures, landscapes, events which had not previously been utilised either at all, or only as pictures for one customer'.
⑤With capitalism's arrangement of the world as a 'department store', 'the proliferation and circulation of representations ... achieved a spectacular and virtually inescapable global magnitude'.
⑥Gradually photographs became cheap massproduced objects that made the world visible, aesthetic and desirable.
⑥점차사진은세계를가시적이고,미적이며,탐나게만드는값싼대량생산품이되었다.
⑦Experiences were 'democratised' by translating them into cheap images.
⑦경험들은그것을저렴한이미지로바꿈으로써'대중화'되었다.
⑧Light, small and mass-produced photographs became dynamic vehicles for the spatiotemporal circulation of places.
⑧가볍고작고대량으로제작된사진은장소의시공간적순환을위한역동적인수단이되었다.
[고3] 2023년09월– 35번:재택근무프로그램의제한요소와장래전망
①Although organizations are offering telecommuting programs in greater numbers than ever before, acceptance and use of these programs are still limited by a number of factors.
②These factors include manager reliance on face-to-face management practices, lack of telecommuting training within an organization, misperceptions of and discomfort with flexible workplace programs, and a lack of information about the effects of telecommuting on an organization's bottom line.
④Continuing advances in information technology, the expansion of a global workforce, and increased desire to balance work and family are only three of the many factors that will gradually reduce the current barriers to telecommuting as a dominant workforce development.
⑤With implications for organizational cost savings, especially with regard to lower facility costs, increased employee flexibility, and productivity, telecommuting is increasingly of interest to many organizations.
①The intuitive ability to classify and generalize is undoubtedly a useful feature of life and research, but it carries a high cost, such as in our tendency to stereotype generalizations about people and situations.
③But, in fact, stereotypes do not differ in principle from all other generalizations; generalizations about groups of people are not necessarily always negative.
④Intuitively and quickly, we mentally sort things into groups based on what we perceive the differences between them to be, and that is the basis for stereotyping.
⑥Our brain performs these tasks efficiently and automatically, usually without our awareness.
⑥우리의뇌는,대개우리가인식하지못하는사이에,이러한일을효율적이고자동으로수행한다.
⑦The real danger of stereotypes is not their inaccuracy, but their lack of flexibility and their tendency to be preserved, even when we have enough time to stop and consider.
①Plants show finely tuned adaptive responses when nutrients are limiting.
①식물은영양분이제한적일때미세하게조정된적응반응을보인다.
②Gardeners may recognize yellow leaves as a sign of poor nutrition and the need for fertilizer.
②정원사는노란잎을영양부족과비료가필요하다는신호로인식할수도있다.
③But if a plant does not have a caretaker to provide supplemental minerals, it can proliferate or lengthen its roots and develop root hairs to allow foraging in more distant soil patches.
⑥Plants that have experienced variable nutrient availability in the past tend to exhibit risk-taking behaviors, such as spending energy on root lengthening instead of leaf production.
⑦In contrast, plants with a history of nutrient abundance are risk averse and save energy.
⑦반대로,영양분이풍부했던이력을가진식물은위험을회피하고에너지를절약한다.
⑧At all developmental stages, plants respond to environmental changes or unevenness so as to be able to use their energy for growth, survival, and reproduction, while limiting damage and nonproductive uses of their valuable energy.
⑤In addition, digitally converted sounds could be manipulated simply by programming digital messages rather than using physical tools, simplifying the editing process significantly.
⑥For example, while editing once involved razor blades to physically cut and splice audiotapes, it now involved the cursor and mouse-click of the computer-based sequencer program, which was obviously less time consuming.
⑦Because the manipulation of digitally converted sounds meant the reprogramming of binary information, editing operations could be performed with millisecond precision.
⑧This microlevel access at once made it easier to conceal any traces of manipulations (such as joining tracks in silent spots) and introduced new possibilities for manipulating sounds in audible and experimental ways.
①Acknowledging the making of artworks does not require a detailed, technical knowledge of, say, how painters mix different kinds of paint, or how an image editing tool works.
②All that is required is a general sense of a significant difference between working with paints and working with an imaging application.
②필요한것은물감으로작업하는것과이미징앱을사용하는것의중요한차이점에대한일반적인감각일뿐이다.
③This sense might involve a basic familiarity with paints and paintbrushes as well as a basic familiarity with how we use computers, perhaps including how we use consumer imaging apps.
④In the case of specialists such as art critics, a deeper familiarity with materials and techniques is often useful in reaching an informed judgement about a work.
⑤This is because every kind of artistic material or tool comes with its own challenges and affordances for artistic creation.
⑤이것은모든종류의예술재료나도구가예술창작을위한그것의고유한도전과행위유발성을동반하기때문이다.
⑥Critics are often interested in the ways artists exploit different kinds of materials and tools for particular artistic effect.
⑥비평가들은흔히예술가들이특정한예술적효과를위해다양한종류의재료와도구를활용하는방식에관심이있다.
⑦They are also interested in the success of an artist's attempt ― embodied in the artwork itself ― to push the limits of what can be achieved with certain materials and tools.
①Research for historical fiction may focus on under-documented ordinary people, events, or sites.
①역사소설을위한연구는문서로덜기록된일반적인사람,사건,또는장소에초점을맞출수있다.
②Fiction helps portray everyday situations, feelings, and atmosphere that recreate the historical context.
②소설은역사적인맥락을재창조하는일상적인상황,감정,분위기를묘사하는데도움이된다.
③Historical fiction adds "flesh to the bare bones that historians are able to uncover and by doing so provides an account that while not necessarily true provides a clearer indication of past events, circumstances and cultures."
⑥Fiction can allow users to see parts of the past that have never ― for lack of archives ― been represented.
⑥소설은역사자료가없어서전혀표현되지않았던과거의일부를사용자들이보도록해준다.
⑦In fact, Gilden Seavey explains that if producers of historical fiction had strongly held the strict academic standards, many historical subjects would remain unexplored for lack of appropriate evidence.
⑧Historical fiction should, therefore, not be seen as the opposite of professional history, but rather as a challenging representation of the past from which both public historians and popular audiences may learn.
③Knowing where and when you learned something is usually called context information, and context is handled by different memory processes than memory for the content.
④Thus, it's quite possible to retain content without remembering the context.
④따라서,맥락을기억하지않고내용을기억해두는것은지극히가능하다.
⑤For example, if someone mentions a movie and you think to yourself that you heard it was terrible but can't remember where you heard that, you're recalling the content, but you've lost the context.
⑥Context information is frequently easier to forget than content, and it's the source of a variety of memory illusions.
⑥맥락정보는흔히내용보다잊어버리기더쉬우며,그것은다양한기억착각의근원이다.
⑦For instance, people are unconvinced by a persuasive argument if it's written by someone who is not very credible (e.g., someone with a clear financial interest in the topic).
①In July, people in the city often escaped to relax in the mountains.
①7월에도시사람들은흔히산에서휴식하고자벗어났다.
②Sean didn't yet know it, but he was about to have the experience of a lifetime.
②Sean은아직그것을몰랐지만,막일생의경험을하려는참이었다.
③"When I look around, all I see is the work I haven't finished and the bills I haven't paid," he complained over the phone to his friend and doctor, Alex.
②I would like to draw your attention to a problem that frequently occurs with the No. 35 buses.
②35번버스에서자주발생하는문제에대해귀하의주의를환기하고싶습니다.
③There is a bus stop about halfway along Fenny Road, at which the No. 35 buses are supposed to stop.
③Fenny Road를따라중간쯤버스정류장이있고,그곳에서35번버스가정차하게되어있습니다.
④It would appear, however, that some of your drivers are either unaware of this bus stop or for some reason choose to ignore it, driving past even though the buses are not full.
④Avoid making suggestions to employees about personal traits they should change; instead suggest more acceptable ways of performing.
④직원들에게그들이바꿔야할인격적특성에대해제안하는것을피하라.대신에더용인되는수행방법을제안하라.
⑤For example, instead of focusing on a person's "unreliability," a manager might focus on the fact that the employee "has been late to work seven times this month."
⑥It is difficult for employees to change who they are; it is usually much easier for them to change how they act.
⑥직원들은자신이어떤사람인지를바꾸기는어렵다.일반적으로자신이행동하는방식을바꾸기가훨씬쉽다.
[고2] 2023년09월– 21번:균형잡힌숲생태계를위한다양한나무종의중요성
①I suspect fungi are a little more forward "thinking" than their larger partners.
①나는균류가자신의더큰상대보다조금더앞서'생각한다'고짐작한다.
②Among trees, each species fights other species.
②나무들사이에서각종은다른종들과싸운다.
③Let's assume the beeches native to Central Europe could emerge victorious in most forests there.
③중부유럽태생의너도밤나무가그곳의숲대부분에서우세하게나타날수있다고가정해보자.
④Would this really be an advantage?
④이게정말이점일까?
⑤What would happen if a new pathogen came along that infected most of the beeches and killed them?
⑤만약대부분의너도밤나무를감염시켜죽게만드는새로운병원균이나타나면어떻게될까?
⑥In that case, wouldn't it be more advantageous if there were a certain number of other species around ― oaks, maples, or firs ― that would continue to grow and provide the shade needed for a new generation of young beeches to sprout and grow up?
⑧Because fungi are also very dependent on stable conditions, they support other species underground and protect them from complete collapse to ensure that one species of tree doesn't manage to dominate.
①It's remarkable that positive fantasies help us relax to such an extent that it shows up in physiological tests.
①낙관적인상상이생리학적검사에서나타날정도로우리가긴장을푸는데도움이된다는것은주목할만하다.
②If you want to unwind, you can take some deep breaths, get a massage, or go for a walk ― but you can also try simply closing your eyes and fantasizing about some future outcome that you might enjoy.
③But what about when your objective is to make your wish a reality?
③하지만여러분의목표가소망을실현하는것인경우라면어떨까?
④The last thing you want to be is relaxed.
④여러분이'가장피해야할'상태는긴장이풀려있는것이다.
⑤You want to be energized enough to get off the couch and lose those pounds or find that job or study for that test, and you want to be motivated enough to stay engaged even when the inevitable obstacles or challenges arise.
⑦You put yourself in a temporary state of complete happiness, calmness ― and inactivity.
⑦여러분은스스로를완전한행복,고요,그리고비활동의일시적인상태에빠지게한다.
[고2] 2023년09월– 23번:요리의외주화가현대생활에미친긍정적영향
①If cooking is as central to human identity, biology, and culture as the biological anthropologist Richard Wrangham suggests, it stands to reason that the decline of cooking in our time would have serious consequences for modern life, and so it has.
③The outsourcing of much of the work of cooking to corporations has relieved women of what has traditionally been their exclusive responsibility for feeding the family, making it easier for them to work outside the home and have careers.
④It has headed off many of the domestic conflicts that such a large shift in gender roles and family dynamics was bound to spark.
④그것은성역할과가족역학의그렇게큰변화가촉발할많은가정내갈등을막아냈다.
⑤It has relieved other pressures in the household, including longer workdays and overscheduled children, and saved us time that we can now invest in other pursuits.
⑥It has also allowed us to diversify our diets substantially, making it possible even for people with no cooking skills and little money to enjoy a whole different cuisine.
⑧They contribute 50 percent of their profits to the construction of toilets around the world, and we're genuinely happy to spend our money on this special toilet paper each month.
⑨Remember that the corporate world is built on consumers, so as a consumer you have the power to vote with your wallet and encourage companies to embrace healthier and more sustainable practices with every purchase you choose to make.
②In each year from 2013 to 2020, the percentage of male respondents who used smart TVs to access the Internet was higher than that of female respondents.
⑤For male respondents, 2017 was the only year that saw a decrease in the percentage of those accessing the Internet via smart TVs compared to the previous year, during the given period.
⑥In 2014, the percentage of females using smart TVs to access the Internet was the lowest during the given period at 6%, and it was still below 10% in 2015.
①Camille Flammarion was born at Montigny-le-Roi, France.
①Camille Flammarion은프랑스Montigny-le-Roi에서태어났다.
②He became interested in astronomy at an early age, and when he was only sixteen he wrote a book on the origin of the world.
②그는어린나이에천문학에흥미가생겼고,불과16세에그는세상의기원에관한책을썼다.
③The manuscript was not published at the time, but it came to the attention of Urbain Le Verrier, the director of the Paris Observatory.
③그원고는그당시출판되지않았지만, Paris Observatory의관리자인Urbain Le Verrier의관심을끌게되었다.
④He became an assistant to Le Verrier in 1858 and worked as a calculator.
④그는1858년에Le Verrier의조수가되었고계산원으로일했다.
⑤At nineteen, he wrote another book called The Plurality of Inhabited Worlds, in which he passionately claimed that life exists outside the planet Earth.
⑤19세에그는The Plurality of Inhabited Worlds라는또다른책을썼는데,이책에서그는외계에생명체가존재한다고열정적으로주장했다.
⑥His most successful work, Popular Astronomy, was published in 1880, and eventually sold 130,000 copies.
④But we all make our own judgement about sell-by dates; those brought up during the Second World War are often scornful of the terrible waste they believe such caution encourages.
⑤The manufacturer of the food has a view when making or growing something that by the time the product reaches the shelves it has already been travelling for so many days and possibly many miles.
⑥The manufacturer then decides that a product can reasonably be consumed within say 90 days and 90 days minus so many days for travelling gives the sell-by date.
③Based in large part on genetics, some people have a more efficient version of the enzyme that degrades caffeine, allowing the liver to rapidly clear it from the bloodstream.
④These rare individuals can drink an espresso with dinner and fall fast asleep at midnight without a problem.
④이몇안되는사람들은저녁과함께에스프레소를마시고도아무문제없이한밤중에깊이잠들수있다.
⑤Others, however, have a slower-acting version of the enzyme.
⑤그러나다른사람들은더느리게작용하는형태의효소를가지고있다.
⑥It takes far longer for their system to eliminate the same amount of caffeine.
⑥그들의신체가같은양의카페인을제거하는데훨씬더오랜시간이걸린다.
⑦As a result, they are very sensitive to caffeine's effects.
⑦결과적으로,그들은카페인의효과에매우민감하다.
⑧One cup of tea or coffee in the morning will last much of the day, and should they have a second cup, even early in the afternoon, they will find it difficult to fall asleep in the evening.
⑨Aging also alters the speed of caffeine clearance: the older we are, the longer it takes our brain and body to remove caffeine, and thus the more sensitive we become in later life to caffeine's sleep-disrupting influence.
④If I want you to consider an idea, and know you strongly reject popular opinion in favor of maintaining your independence and uniqueness, I would present the majority option first, which you would reject in favor of my actual preference.
⑤We are often tricked when we try to maintain a position of defiance.
⑤우리는반항의입장을유지하려고할때종종속는다.
⑥People use this reversal to make us "independently" choose an option which suits their purposes.
⑥사람들은우리가그들의목적에맞는선택지를'독자적으로'택하도록만들기위해이러한반전을사용한다.
⑦Some brands have taken full effect of our defiance towards the mainstream and positioned themselves as rebels; which has created even stronger brand loyalty.
①A typical soap opera creates an abstract world, in which a highly complex web of relationships connects fictional characters that exist first only in the minds of the program's creators and are then recreated in the minds of the viewer.
②If you were to think about how much human psychology, law, and even everyday physics the viewer must know in order to follow and speculate about the plot, you would discover it is considerable ─ at least as much as the knowledge required to follow and speculate about a piece of modern mathematics, and in most cases, much more.
⑤Because, of course, the abstraction is built on an extremely familiar framework.
⑤왜냐하면,당연하게도,그추상은매우친숙한틀위에서만들어졌기때문이다.
⑥The characters in a soap opera and the relationships between them are very much like the real people and relationships we experience every day.
⑥드라마속인물들과그들사이의관계는우리가매일경험하는실제사람들및관계와매우흡사하다.
⑦The abstraction of a soap opera is only a step removed from the real world.
⑦드라마의추상은현실세계에서불과한걸음떨어져있다.
⑧The mental "training" required to follow a soap opera is provided by our everyday lives.
⑧드라마를따라가기위해필요한정신적'훈련'은우리의일상에의해제공된다.
[고2] 2023년09월– 33번:박쥐와나방의감각적군비경쟁
①As always happens with natural selection, bats and their prey have been engaged in a life-or-death sensory arms race for millions of years.
①자연선택에서항상그렇듯이,박쥐와그먹잇감은수백만년동안생사를가르는감각군비경쟁에참여해왔다.
②It's believed that hearing in moths arose specifically in response to the threat of being eaten by bats.
②나방의청력은특히박쥐에게잡아먹히는위협에대한반응으로생겨난것으로여겨진다.
③(Not all insects can hear.)
③(모든곤충이들을수있는것은아니다.)
④Over millions of years, moths have evolved the ability to detect sounds at ever higher frequencies, and, as they have, the frequencies of bats' vocalizations have risen, too.
⑤Some moth species have also evolved scales on their wings and a fur-like coat on their bodies; both act as "acoustic camouflage," by absorbing sound waves in the frequencies emitted by bats, thereby preventing those sound waves from bouncing back.
①Much of human thought is designed to screen out information and to sort the rest into a manageable condition.
①인간사고의많은부분은정보를걸러내고나머지는처리하기쉬운상태로분류하도록설계된다.
②The inflow of data from our senses could create an overwhelming chaos, especially given the enormous amount of information available in culture and society.
③Out of all the sensory impressions and possible information, it is vital to find a small amount that is most relevant to our individual needs and to organize that into a usable stock of knowledge.
④Expectancies accomplish some of this work, helping to screen out information that is irrelevant to what is expected, and focusing our attention on clear contradictions.
②For more than a millennium after the fall of Rome, European rulers lacked the ability to assess what their people were producing and to levy substantial taxes based on this.
③The most striking way to illustrate European weakness is to show how little revenue they collected.
③유럽의약함을설명하는가장눈에띄는방법은그들이거둔세입이얼마나적은지를보여주는것이다.
④Europeans would eventually develop strong systems of revenue collection, but it took them an awfully long time to do so.
④유럽인들은결국강력한세입징수시스템을개발했지만,그렇게하는데는엄청나게오랜시간이걸렸다.
⑤In medieval times, and for part of the early modern era, Chinese emperors and Muslim caliphs were able to extract much more of economic production than any European ruler with the exception of small city-states.
④The temptation is to see advertising as driving up the price of a product without any benefit to the consumer.
④광고를소비자에게어떤혜택도없이제품의가격을올리는것으로보기쉽다.
⑤However, this misconception doesn't account for why firms advertise.
⑤그러나이러한오해는회사들이광고하는이유를설명하지않는다.
⑥In markets where competitors sell slightly differentiated products, advertising enables firms to inform their customers about new products and services.
⑦Yes, costs rise, but consumers also gain information to help make purchasing decisions.
⑦물론가격이상승하기는하지만,소비자들은구매결정을내리는데도움이되는정보도얻는다.
⑧Consumers also benefit from added variety, and we all get a product that's pretty close to our vision of a perfect good ─ and no other market structure delivers that outcome.
②Yet consider the Elbphilharmonie, a new concert hall in Hamburg, which contains a remarkably beautiful auditorium composed of ten thousand interlocking acoustic panels.
③It is the sort of space that makes one instinctively think that only a human being ─ and a human with a remarkably refined creative sensibility, at that ─ could design something so aesthetically impressive.
①The brain is a high-energy consumer of glucose, which is its fuel.
①뇌는그것의연료인포도당의고에너지소비자이다.
②Although the brain accounts for merely 3 percent of a person's body weight, it consumes 20 percent of the available fuel.
②비록뇌는사람체중의단지3퍼센트를차지하지만,사용가능한연료의20퍼센트를소비한다.
③Your brain can't store fuel, however, so it has to "pay as it goes."
③그러나여러분의뇌는연료를저장할수없고,따라서'활동하는대로대가를지불'해야한다.
④Since your brain is incredibly adaptive, it economizes its fuel resources.
④여러분의뇌는놀라울정도로적응력이뛰어나기때문에,그것의연료자원을경제적으로사용한다.
⑤Thus, during a period of high stress, it shifts away from the analysis of the nuances of a situation to a singular and fixed focus on the stressful situation at hand.
⑥You don't sit back and speculate about the meaning of life when you are stressed.
⑥여러분은스트레스를받을때앉아서삶의의미에대해사색하지않는다.
⑦Instead, you devote all your energy to trying to figure out what action to take.
⑦대신에,여러분은어떤행동을취해야할지알아내려고노력하는데모든에너지를쏟는다.
⑧Sometimes, however, this shift from the higher-thinking parts of the brain to the automatic and reflexive parts of the brain can lead you to do something too quickly, without thinking.
①Much research has been carried out on the causes of engagement, an issue that is important from both a theoretical and practical standpoint: identifying the drivers of work engagement may enable us to manipulate or influence it.
②The causes of engagement fall into two major camps: situational and personal.
②몰입의원인은상황적인것과개인적인것두가지주요한분야로나뉜다.
③The most influential situational causes are job resources, feedback and leadership, the latter, of course, being responsible for job resources and feedback.
④Indeed, leaders influence engagement by giving their employees honest and constructive feedback on their performance, and by providing them with the necessary resources that enable them to perform their job well.
⑤It is, however, noteworthy that although engagement drives job performance, job performance also drives engagement.
⑤그러나주목할점은몰입이직무수행의동기가되지만,직무수행도몰입의동기가된다는것이다.
⑥In other words, when employees are able to do their jobs well ─ to the point that they match or exceed their own expectations and ambitions ─ they will engage more, be proud of their achievements, and find work more meaningful.
⑦This is especially evident when people are employed in jobs that align with their values.
⑦이것은사람들이그들의가치와일치하는직무에종사했을때특히분명하다.
[고2] 2023년09월– 40번:이타적동기가지속적인지원을유발하는이유
①In 2006, researchers conducted a study on the motivations for helping after the September 11th terrorist attacks against the United States.
①2006년에연구자들은미국을향한9.11테러공격이후에도움을주려는동기에대한연구를수행했다.
②In the study, they found that individuals who gave money, blood, goods, or other forms of assistance because of other-focused motives (giving to reduce another's discomfort) were almost four times more likely to still be giving support one year later than those whose original motivation was to reduce personal distress.
⑦[요약문] A study found that the act of giving was less likely to be sustained when driven by self-centered motives rather than by other-focused motives, possibly because of the decline in emotional arousal.
①In England in the 1680s, it was unusual to live to the age of fifty.
①1680년대영국에서는50세까지사는것은이례적인일이었다.
②This was a period when knowledge was not spread widely, there were few books and most people could not read.
②이시기는지식이널리보급되지않았고,책이거의없었으며,대부분의사람들이읽을수없었던때였다.
③As a consequence, knowledge passed down through the oral traditions of stories and shared experiences.
③결과적으로,지식은이야기와공유된경험이라는구전전통을통해전수되었다.
④And since older people had accumulated more knowledge, the social norm was that to be over fifty was to be wise.
④그리고더나이든사람들이더많은지식을축적했기때문에사회적규범은50세가넘으면지혜롭다는것이었다.
⑤This social perception of age began to shift with the advent of new technologies such as the printing press.
⑤나이에대한이런사회적인식은인쇄기와같은새로운기술의출현으로변화하기시작했다.
⑥Over time, as more books were printed, literacy increased, and the oral traditions of knowledge transfer began to fade.
⑥시간이지나면서더많은책이인쇄됨에따라문해력이증가했고,지식전달의구전전통이사라지기시작했다.
⑦With the fading of oral traditions, the wisdom of the old became less important and as a consequence being over fifty was no longer seen as signifying wisdom.
⑨In a video produced by the AARP (formerly the American Association of Retired Persons), young people were asked to do various activities 'just like an old person'.
⑨AARP(이전의American Association of Retired Persons)에의해제작된영상에서젊은이들은다양한활동을'마치꼭노인처럼'하도록요청받았다.
⑩When older people joined them in the video, the gap between the stereotype and the older people's actual behaviour was striking.
⑩영상에서노인들이그들에합류했을때,고정관념과노인들의실제행동사이의격차는눈에두드러졌다.
⑪It is clear that in today's world our social norms need to be updated quickly.
⑪오늘날의세상에서우리의사회적규범은신속하게최신화되어야한다는것이분명하다.
[고2] 2023년09월– 43~45번:본인의길을선택한Jack의용기와그로인한성취
①When Jack was a young man in his early twenties during the 1960s, he had tried to work in his father's insurance business, as was expected of him.
⑩In the face of his father's fury, Jack felt confusion and fear.
⑩아버지의분노앞에서, Jack은혼란과두려움을느꼈다.
⑪His resolve became weak.
⑪그의결심은약해졌다.
⑫But then a force filled his chest and he stood firm in his decision.
⑫그러나그때어떤힘이그의가슴을채웠고그는자신의결정에확고했다.
⑬In following his path, Jack not only ran three flourishing hair shops, but also helped his clients experience their inner beauty by listening and encouraging them when they faced dark times.
⑭His love for his work led to donating time and talent at nursing homes, which in turn led to becoming a hospice volunteer, and eventually to starting fundraising efforts for the hospice program in his community.
⑮And all this laid a strong stepping stone for another courageous move in his life.
⑮그리고이모든것은그의삶에서또다른용기있는움직임을위한견고한디딤돌을놓았다.
⑯When, after having two healthy children of their own, Jack and his wife, Michele, decided to bring an orphaned child into their family, his father threatened to disown them.
⑧Therefore show your child good examples of life by your action.
⑧그러므로여러분의자녀에게여러분의행동으로삶의모범을보여라.
⑨In our daily lives, we can show our children that we respect others.
⑨우리일상생활에서,우리는우리자녀에게우리가타인을존중하는것을보여줄수있다.
⑩We can show them our compassion and concern when others are suffering, and our own self-discipline, courage and honesty as we make difficult decisions.
②If a tree falls in the forest and there is no one there to hear it fall, does it make a sound?
②만약숲에서나무가쓰러지고그것이쓰러지는것을들을사람이거기에없다면,소리가나는것일까?
③The correct answer is no.
③정답은'아니요'이다.
④Sound is more than pressure waves, and indeed there can be no sound without a hearer.
④소리는압력파이상이며,정말로듣는사람없이는소리가있을수없다.
⑤And similarly, scientific communication is a two-way process.
⑤마찬가지로,과학적커뮤니케이션은양방향프로세스이다.
⑥Just as a signal of any kind is useless unless it is perceived, a published scientific paper (signal) is useless unless it is both received and understood by its intended audience.
④This old-school, adversarial approach may be useful in a one-off negotiation where you will probably not deal with that person again.
④이구식의적대적인접근법은아마도여러분이그사람을다시상대하지않을일회성협상에서유용할지도모른다.
⑤However, such transactions are becoming increasingly rare, because most of us deal with the same people repeatedly ─ our spouses and children, our friends and colleagues, our customers and clients.
⑥In view of this, it's essential to achieve successful results for ourselves and maintain a healthy relationship with our negotiating partners at the same time.
①The interaction of workers from different cultural backgrounds with the host population might increase productivity due to positive externalities like knowledge spillovers.
②This is only an advantage up to a certain degree.
②이것은어느정도까지만장점이다.
③When the variety of backgrounds is too large, fractionalization may cause excessive transaction costs for communication, which may lower productivity.
④Diversity not only impacts the labour market, but may also affect the quality of life in a location.
④다양성은노동시장에영향을줄뿐만아니라한지역의삶의질에도영향을미칠수있다.
⑤A tolerant native population may value a multicultural city or region because of an increase in the range of available goods and services.
⑤관용적인원주민은이용가능한재화와용역범위의증가로인해다문화도시나지역을가치있게여길수있다.
⑥On the other hand, diversity could be perceived as an unattractive feature if natives perceive it as a distortion of what they consider to be their national identity.
⑦They might even discriminate against other ethnic groups and they might fear that social conflicts between different foreign nationalities are imported into their own neighbourhood.
④Before these ancestors got the idea to erect standing stones some 12,000 years ago, they were hunter-gatherers.
④이조상들이약12,000년전에입석을세우는아이디어를얻기전에그들은수렵채집인이었다.
⑤It appears that the erection of the multiple rings of megalithic stones took so long, and so many successive generations, that these innovators were forced to settle down to complete the construction works.
⑧Evans became famous for recordings made from the late-1950s through the 1960s.
⑧Evans는1950년대후반부터1960년대동안에만들어진음반으로유명해졌다.
⑨He won his first Grammy Award in 1964 for his album Conversations with Myself.
⑨그는자신의앨범Conversations with Myself로1964년에자신의첫번째그래미상을수상했다.
⑩Evans' expressive piano works and his unique harmonic approach inspired a whole generation of musicians.
⑩Evans의표현이풍부한피아노작품과그의독특한화성적접근은전세대의음악가들에게영감을주었다.
[고1] 2023년09월– 29번:스포츠경영전문가들이비전문적조언에직면하는상황
①There is a reason the title "Monday Morning Quarterback" exists.
①'Monday Morning Quarterback'이라는이름이존재하는이유가있다.
②Just read the comments on social media from fans discussing the weekend's games, and you quickly see how many people believe they could play, coach, and manage sport teams more successfully than those on the field.
④Students and professionals with years of training and specialized degrees in sport business may also find themselves being given advice on how to do their jobs from friends, family, or even total strangers without any expertise.
⑦Very few people tell their doctor how to perform surgery or their accountant how to prepare their taxes, but many people provide feedback on how sport organizations should be managed.
⑤But their decision to drive is based solely on emotion, not logic.
⑤그러나운전을하기로한그들의결정은논리가아닌오직감정에근거한다.
⑥Logic says that statistically, the odds of dying in a car crash are around 1 in 5,000, while the odds of dying in a plane crash are closer to 1 in 11 million.
①The famous primatologist Frans de Waal, of Emory University, says humans downplay similarities between us and other animals as a way of maintaining our spot at the top of our imaginary ladder.
①Emory대학의유명한영장류학자Frans de Waal은인간은상상속사다리의꼭대기에서우리의위치를유지하는방법으로우리와다른동물들사이의유사성을경시한다고말한다.
②Scientists, de Waal points out, can be some of the worst offenders ─ employing technical language to distance the other animals from us.
③They call "kissing" in chimps "mouth-to-mouth contact"; they call "friends" between primates "favorite affiliation partners"; they interpret evidence showing that crows and chimps can make tools as being somehow qualitatively different from the kind of toolmaking said to define humanity.
④If an animal can beat us at a cognitive task ─ like how certain bird species can remember the precise locations of thousands of seeds ─ they write it off as instinct, not intelligence.
④All of them had dyslexia and had had significant problems with reading throughout their school years.
④그들모두가난독증이있었고그들의학령기내내읽기에상당한문제를겪어왔다.
⑤While she expected to find that they had avoided reading and discovered ways to bypass it or compensate with other strategies for learning, she found the opposite.
⑧The pattern Fink discovered was that all of her subjects had been passionate in some personal interest.
⑧Fink가발견한패턴은그녀의실험대상자모두가어떤개인적인관심사에열정적이었다는것이었다.
⑨The areas of interest included religion, math, business, science, history, and biography.
⑨관심분야는종교,수학,상업,과학,역사그리고생물학을포함했다.
⑩What mattered was that they read voraciously to find out more.
⑩중요한것은그들이더많이알아내기위해탐욕스럽게읽었다는것이다.
[고1] 2023년09월– 34번:능력을자신가치의유일한기준으로삼는문제
①For many people, ability refers to intellectual competence, so they want everything they do to reflect how smart they are ─ writing a brilliant legal brief, getting the highest grade on a test, writing elegant computer code, saying something exceptionally wise or witty in a conversation.
②You could also define ability in terms of a particular skill or talent, such as how well one plays the piano, learns a language, or serves a tennis ball.
④However ability may be defined, a problem occurs when it is the sole determinant of one's self-worth.
④능력이어떻게정의되든지,그것이자신의가치를결정하는유일한결정요소일때문제가발생한다.
⑤The performance becomes the only measure of the person; nothing else is taken into account.
⑤수행이그사람의'유일한'척도가되며,다른것은고려되지않는다.
⑥An outstanding performance means an outstanding person; an average performance means an average person. Period.
⑥뛰어난수행은뛰어난사람을의미하고,평범한수행은평범한사람을의미한다.끝.
[고1] 2023년09월– 35번:감각신경과운동신경이신체기능을제어하는방식
①Sensory nerves have specialized endings in the tissues that pick up a particular sensation.
①감각신경은특정감각을포착하는특화된말단을조직에가지고있다.
②If, for example, you step on a sharp object such as a pin, nerve endings in the skin will transmit the pain sensation up your leg, up and along the spinal cord to the brain.
⑤They will also connect to motor nerves that travel back down the spinal cord, and to the muscles in your leg that now contract quickly to lift your foot away from the painful object.
⑥Sensory and motor nerves control almost all functions in the body ─ from the beating of the heart to the movement of the gut, sweating and just about everything else.
⑥Crystals come in a variety of shapes that scientists call habits.
⑥결정은과학자들이'습성'이라고부르는다양한모양으로나온다.
⑦Common crystal habits include squares, triangles, and six-sided hexagons.
⑦일반적인결정습성은사각형,삼각형,육면의육각형을포함한다.
⑧Usually crystals form when liquids cool, such as when you create ice cubes.
⑧보통여러분이얼음을만들때와같이액체가차가워질때결정이형성된다.
⑨Many times, crystals form in ways that do not allow for perfect shapes.
⑨많은경우,결정은완벽한모양을허용하지않는방식으로형성된다.
⑩If conditions are too cold, too hot, or there isn't enough source material, they can form strange, twisted shapes.
⑩조건이너무차갑거나,너무뜨겁거나,혹은원천물질이충분하지않으면이상하고뒤틀린모양을형성할수있다.
⑪But when conditions are right, we see beautiful displays.
⑪하지만조건이맞을때,우리는아름다운배열을본다.
⑫Usually, this involves a slow, steady environment where the individual atoms have plenty of time to join and fit perfectly into what's known as the crystal lattice.
②Individuals differ in how they like to manage their time to meet work and outside responsibilities.
②사람들은직장과외부의책임을수행하기위해자신의시간을관리하기를바라는방식에차이가있다.
③Some people prefer to separate or segment roles so that boundary crossings are minimized.
③어떤사람들은경계교차지점이최소화되도록역할을분리하거나분할하는것을선호한다.
④For example, these people might keep separate email accounts for work and family and try to conduct work at the workplace and take care of family matters only during breaks and non-work time.
⑦Other individuals prefer integrating work and family roles all day long.
⑦다른사람들은하루종일직장과가정의역할을통합하는것을선호한다.
⑧This might entail constantly trading text messages with children from the office, or monitoring emails at home and on vacation, rather than returning to work to find hundreds of messages in their inbox.
①A "complementary good" is a product that is often consumed alongside another product.
①'보완재'는종종다른제품과함께소비되는제품이다.
②For example, popcorn is a complementary good to a movie, while a travel pillow is a complementary good for a long plane journey.
②예를들어,팝콘은영화에대한보완재인한편,여행베개는긴비행기여행에대한보완재이다.
③When the popularity of one product increases, the sales of its complementary good also increase.
③한제품의인기가높아지면그것의보완재판매량도늘어난다.
④By producing goods that complement other products that are already (or about to be) popular, you can ensure a steady stream of demand for your product.
①It's not news to anyone that we judge others based on their clothes.
①우리가다른사람들을그들의의복을보고판단하는것은누구에게도새로운일이아니다.
②In general, studies that investigate these judgments find that people prefer clothing that matches expectations ─ surgeons in scrubs, little boys in blue ─ with one notable exception.
③A series of studies published in an article in June 2014 in the Journal of Consumer Research explored observers' reactions to people who broke established norms only slightly.
③Journal of Consumer Research의2014년6월기사에실린일련의연구는확립된규범을아주약간어긴사람들에대한관찰자들의반응을탐구했다.
④In one scenario, a man at a black-tie affair was viewed as having higher status and competence when wearing a red bow tie.
⑤The researchers also found that valuing uniqueness increased audience members' ratings of the status and competence of a professor who wore red sneakers while giving a lecture.
⑥The results suggest that people judge these slight deviations from the norm as positive because they suggest that the individual is powerful enough to risk the social costs of such behaviors.
①Claims that local food production cut greenhouse gas emissions by reducing the burning of transportation fuel are usually not well founded.
①로컬푸드생산이운송연료의연소를줄임으로써온실가스배출을줄였다는주장들은대개근거가충분하지않다.
②Transport is the source of only 11 percent of greenhouse gas emissions within the food sector, so reducing the distance that food travels after it leaves the farm is far less important than reducing wasteful energy use on the farm.
③Food coming from a distance can actually be better for the climate, depending on how it was grown.
③먼곳에서오는식품은그것이어떻게재배되었느냐에따라실제로기후에더좋을수있다.
④For example, field-grown tomatoes shipped from Mexico in the winter months will have a smaller carbon footprint than local winter tomatoes grown in a greenhouse.
⑤In the United Kingdom, lamb meat that travels 11,000 miles from New Zealand generates only one-quarter the carbon emissions per pound compared to British lamb because farmers in the United Kingdom raise their animals on feed (which must be produced using fossil fuels) rather than on clover pastureland.
⑦Bulk loads of food can travel halfway around the world by ocean freight with a smaller carbon footprint, per pound delivered, than foods traveling just a short distance but in much smaller loads.
⑧For example, 18-wheelers carry much larger loads than pickup trucks so they can move food 100 times as far while burning only one-third as much gas per pound of food delivered.
