과거 학교에서 출제됐던 기출 문제들을 문항별로 수집한 자료이며, 문항당 비슷한 유형의 문제가 중복되어 있을 수 있으니 감안해서 사용하세요.
혼공하는 학생들이나 자료 필요한 분들에게 유용한 자료가 되길 바랍니다 :)
ps.
블로그 콘텐츠가 마음에 드신다면, '좋아요' 클릭과광고 지원으로 응원해 주세요.
여러분의 작은 도움이 큰 힘이 됩니다!
감사합니다~~♡
자료 이용시 주의사항
1) 빈칸이나 순서 등의 문제에 중복이 있을 수 있습니다. (학교마다 비슷한 문제가 출제될 수 있음) 2) 정답이 대체로 맞지만, 오답이 있을 수 있습니다. 감안해서 이용하세요. (오답이 있는 경우 댓글 남겨주시면, 확인 후 수정할게요.) 3) 다양한 이유로 기출모음 자료는 별다른 공지 없이 내려갈 수 있습니다.
과거 학교에서 출제됐던 기출 문제들을 문항별로 수집한 자료이며, 문항당 비슷한 유형의 문제가 중복되어 있을 수 있으니 감안해서 사용하세요.
혼공하는 학생들이나 자료 필요한 분들에게 유용한 자료가 되길 바랍니다 :)
ps.
블로그 콘텐츠가 마음에 드신다면, '좋아요' 클릭과광고 지원으로 응원해 주세요.
여러분의 작은 도움이 큰 힘이 됩니다!
감사합니다~~♡
자료 이용시 주의사항
1) 빈칸이나 순서 등의 문제에 중복이 있을 수 있습니다. (학교마다 비슷한 문제가 출제될 수 있음) 2) 정답이 대체로 맞지만, 오답이 있을 수 있습니다. 감안해서 이용하세요. (오답이 있는 경우 댓글 남겨주시면, 확인 후 수정할게요.) 3) 다양한 이유로 기출모음 자료는 별다른 공지 없이 내려갈 수 있습니다.
오늘은 <고2 2022년도 11월 모의고사>의 기출문제 모음 3번째 자료를 올립니다. [고2] 2022년 11월 기출모음 #3 - 163문항
과거 학교에서 출제됐던 기출 문제들을 문항별로 수집한 자료이며,
문항당 비슷한 유형의 문제가 중복되어 있을 수 있으니 감안해서 사용하세요.
혼공하는 학생들이나 자료 필요한 분들에게
유용한 자료가 될 수 있길 바랍니다 :)
ps.
블로그 콘텐츠가 마음에 드신다면, '좋아요' 클릭과광고 지원으로 응원해 주세요.
여러분의 작은 도움이 큰 힘이 됩니다!
감사합니다~~♡
자료 이용시 주의사항
1) 빈칸이나 순서 등의 문제에 중복이 있을 수 있습니다. (학교마다 비슷한 문제가 출제될 수 있음) 2) 정답이 대체로 맞지만, 오답이 있을 수 있습니다. 감안해서 이용하세요. (오답이 있는 경우 댓글 남겨주시면, 확인 후 수정할게요.) 3) 다양한 이유로 기출모음 자료는 별다른 공지 없이 내려갈 수 있습니다.
오늘은 <고2 2022년도 11월 모의고사>의 기출문제 모음2번째 자료를 올립니다. [고2] 2022년 11월 기출모음 #2 - 184문항
과거 학교에서 출제됐던 기출 문제들을 문항별로 수집한 자료이며,
문항당 비슷한 유형의 문제가 중복되어 있을 수 있으니 감안해서 사용하세요.
혼공하는 학생들이나 자료 필요한 분들에게
유용한 자료가 될 수 있길 바랍니다 :)
ps.
블로그 콘텐츠가 마음에 드신다면, '좋아요' 클릭과광고 지원으로 응원해 주세요.
여러분의 작은 도움이 큰 힘이 됩니다!
감사합니다~~♡
자료 이용시 주의사항
1) 빈칸이나 순서 등의 문제에 중복이 있을 수 있습니다. (학교마다 비슷한 문제가 출제될 수 있음) 2) 정답이 대체로 맞지만, 오답이 있을 수 있습니다. 감안해서 이용하세요. (오답이 있는 경우 댓글 남겨주시면, 확인 후 수정할게요.) 3) 다양한 이유로 기출모음 자료는 별다른 공지 없이 내려갈 수 있습니다.
오늘은 <고2 2022년도 11월 모의고사>의 기출문제 모음1번째 자료를 올립니다. [고2] 2022년 11월 기출모음 #1 - 217문항
과거 학교에서 출제됐던 기출 문제들을 문항별로 수집한 자료이며,
문항당 비슷한 유형의 문제가 중복되어 있을 수 있으니 감안해서 사용하세요.
혼공하는 학생들이나 자료 필요한 분들에게
유용한 자료가 될 수 있길 바랍니다 :)
ps.
블로그 콘텐츠가 마음에 드신다면, '좋아요' 클릭과광고 지원으로 응원해 주세요.
여러분의 작은 도움이 큰 힘이 됩니다!
감사합니다~~♡
자료 이용시 주의사항
1) 빈칸이나 순서 등의 문제에 중복이 있을 수 있습니다. (학교마다 비슷한 문제가 출제될 수 있음) 2) 정답이 대체로 맞지만, 오답이 있을 수 있습니다. 감안해서 이용하세요. (오답이 있는 경우 댓글 남겨주시면, 확인 후 수정할게요.) 3) 다양한 이유로 기출모음 자료는 별다른 공지 없이 내려갈 수 있습니다.
오늘은 <고1 2022년도 11월 모의고사>의 기출문제 모음 2번째 자료를 올립니다. [고1] 2022년 11월 기출모음 #2 - 186문항
과거 학교에서 출제됐던 기출 문제들을 문항별로 수집한 자료이며,
문항당 비슷한 유형의 문제가 중복되어 있을 수 있으니 감안해서 사용하세요.
혼공하는 학생들이나 자료 필요한 분들에게
유용한 자료가 될 수 있길 바랍니다 :)
ps.
블로그 콘텐츠가 마음에 드신다면, '좋아요' 클릭과광고 지원으로 응원해 주세요.
여러분의 작은 도움이 큰 힘이 됩니다!
감사합니다~~♡
자료 이용시 주의사항
1) 빈칸이나 순서 등의 문제에 중복이 있을 수 있습니다. (학교마다 비슷한 문제가 출제될 수 있음) 2) 정답이 대체로 맞지만, 오답이 있을 수 있습니다. 감안해서 이용하세요. (오답이 있는 경우 댓글 남겨주시면, 확인 후 수정할게요.) 3) 다양한 이유로 기출모음 자료는 별다른 공지 없이 내려갈 수 있습니다.
오늘은 <고1 2022년도 11월 모의고사>의 기출문제 모음1번째 자료를 올립니다. [고1] 2022년 11월 기출모음 #1 - 211문항
과거 학교에서 출제됐던 기출 문제들을 문항별로 수집한 자료이며,
문항당 비슷한 유형의 문제가 중복되어 있을 수 있으니 감안해서 사용하세요.
혼공하는 학생들이나 자료 필요한 분들에게
유용한 자료가 될 수 있길 바랍니다 :)
ps.
블로그 콘텐츠가 마음에 드신다면, '좋아요' 클릭과광고 지원으로 응원해 주세요.
여러분의 작은 도움이 큰 힘이 됩니다!
감사합니다~~♡
자료 이용시 주의사항
1) 빈칸이나 순서 등의 문제에 중복이 있을 수 있습니다. (학교마다 비슷한 문제가 출제될 수 있음) 2) 정답이 대체로 맞지만, 오답이 있을 수 있습니다. 감안해서 이용하세요. (오답이 있는 경우 댓글 남겨주시면, 확인 후 수정할게요.) 3) 다양한 이유로 기출모음 자료는 별다른 공지 없이 내려갈 수 있습니다.
오늘은 <고2 2023년도 11월 모의고사(12월 시행)>의 기출문제 모음1번째 자료를 올립니다. [고2] 2023년 11월 기출모음 #1 - 71문항
이번 모의고사는 2023년 12월 19일에 시행되어 대부분의 학교에서 2학기 기말고사에 출제되지 않았습니다.
따라서 아쉽게도 기출문제가 많지 않네요. 이번 자료가 올해는 처음이자 마지막이 될 것 같습니다 ㅠ.ㅠ
과거 학교에서 출제됐던 기출 문제들을 문항별로 수집한 자료이며,
문항당 비슷한 유형의 문제가 중복되어 있을 수 있으니 감안해서 사용하세요.
혼공하는 학생들이나 자료 필요한 분들에게
유용한 자료가 될 수 있길 바랍니다 :)
ps.
블로그 콘텐츠가 마음에 드신다면, '좋아요' 클릭과광고 지원으로 응원해 주세요.
여러분의 작은 도움이 큰 힘이 됩니다!
감사합니다~~♡
자료 이용시 주의사항
1) 빈칸이나 순서 등의 문제에 중복이 있을 수 있습니다. (학교마다 비슷한 문제가 출제될 수 있음) 2) 정답이 대체로 맞지만, 오답이 있을 수 있습니다. 감안해서 이용하세요. (오답이 있는 경우 댓글 남겨주시면, 확인 후 수정할게요.) 3) 다양한 이유로 기출모음 자료는 별다른 공지 없이 내려갈 수 있습니다.
오늘은 <고1 2023년도 11월 모의고사(12월 시행)>의 기출문제 모음 1번째 자료를 올립니다. [고1] 2023년 11월 기출모음 #1 - 103문항
이번 모의고사는 2023년 12월 19일에 시행되어 대부분의 학교에서 2학기 기말고사에 출제되지 않았습니다.
따라서 아쉽게도 기출문제가 많지 않네요. 이번 자료가 올해는 처음이자 마지막이 될 것 같습니다 ㅠ.ㅠ
과거 학교에서 출제됐던 기출 문제들을 문항별로 수집한 자료이며,
문항당 비슷한 유형의 문제가 중복되어 있을 수 있으니 감안해서 사용하세요.
혼공하는 학생들이나 자료 필요한 분들에게
유용한 자료가 될 수 있길 바랍니다 :)
ps.
블로그 콘텐츠가 마음에 드신다면, '좋아요' 클릭과광고 지원으로 응원해 주세요.
여러분의 작은 도움이 큰 힘이 됩니다!
감사합니다~~♡
자료 이용시 주의사항
1) 빈칸이나 순서 등의 문제에 중복이 있을 수 있습니다. (학교마다 비슷한 문제가 출제될 수 있음) 2) 정답이 대체로 맞지만, 오답이 있을 수 있습니다. 감안해서 이용하세요. (오답이 있는 경우 댓글 남겨주시면, 확인 후 수정할게요.) 3) 다양한 이유로 기출모음 자료는 별다른 공지 없이 내려갈 수 있습니다.
과거 학교에서 출제됐던 기출 문제들을 문항별로 수집한 자료이며, 문항당 비슷한 유형의 문제가 중복되어 있을 수 있으니 감안해서 사용하세요.
혼공하는 학생들이나 자료 필요한 분들에게 유용한 자료가 되길 바랍니다 :)
ps.
블로그 콘텐츠가 마음에 드신다면, '좋아요' 클릭과광고 지원으로 응원해 주세요.
여러분의 작은 도움이 큰 힘이 됩니다!
감사합니다~~♡
자료 이용시 주의사항
1) 빈칸이나 순서 등의 문제에 중복이 있을 수 있습니다. (학교마다 비슷한 문제가 출제될 수 있음) 2) 정답이 대체로 맞지만, 오답이 있을 수 있습니다. 감안해서 이용하세요. (오답이 있는 경우 댓글 남겨주시면, 확인 후 수정할게요.) 3) 다양한 이유로 기출모음 자료는 별다른 공지 없이 내려갈 수 있습니다.
과거 학교에서 출제됐던 기출 문제들을 문항별로 수집한 자료이며, 문항당 비슷한 유형의 문제가 중복되어 있을 수 있으니 감안해서 사용하세요.
혼공하는 학생들이나 자료 필요한 분들에게 유용한 자료가 되길 바랍니다 :)
ps.
블로그 콘텐츠가 마음에 드신다면, '좋아요' 클릭과광고 지원으로 응원해 주세요.
여러분의 작은 도움이 큰 힘이 됩니다!
감사합니다~~♡
자료 이용시 주의사항
1) 빈칸이나 순서 등의 문제에 중복이 있을 수 있습니다. (학교마다 비슷한 문제가 출제될 수 있음) 2) 정답이 대체로 맞지만, 오답이 있을 수 있습니다. 감안해서 이용하세요. (오답이 있는 경우 댓글 남겨주시면, 확인 후 수정할게요.) 3) 다양한 이유로 기출모음 자료는 별다른 공지 없이 내려갈 수 있습니다.
과거 학교에서 출제됐던 기출 문제들을 문항별로 수집한 자료이며, 문항당 비슷한 유형의 문제가 중복되어 있을 수 있으니 감안해서 사용하세요.
혼공하는 학생들이나 자료 필요한 분들에게 유용한 자료가 되길 바랍니다 :)
ps.
블로그 콘텐츠가 마음에 드신다면, '좋아요' 클릭과광고 지원으로 응원해 주세요.
여러분의 작은 도움이 큰 힘이 됩니다!
감사합니다~~♡
자료 이용시 주의사항
1) 빈칸이나 순서 등의 문제에 중복이 있을 수 있습니다. (학교마다 비슷한 문제가 출제될 수 있음) 2) 정답이 대체로 맞지만, 오답이 있을 수 있습니다. 감안해서 이용하세요. (오답이 있는 경우 댓글 남겨주시면, 확인 후 수정할게요.) 3) 다양한 이유로 기출모음 자료는 별다른 공지 없이 내려갈 수 있습니다.
I hope this email finds you well. Thank you for considering me as a speaker for the upcoming Digital Marketing Workshop. I appreciate the invitation and your thoughtfulness. The workshop sounds like an amazing event, and I would have loved to participate. However, I regret to inform you that I will be overseas on a business trip during the workshop. It is unfortunate that the timing does not work out. Although I cannot attend as a speaker this time, I remain hopeful for future opportunities where our schedules might coincide. I hope the workshop goes well.
Possible Titles:
1. A Polite Decline to a Speaking Invitation Due to Schedule Conflict
2. Expressing Gratitude While Declining a Workshop Invitation
3. Professional Response: Unable to Attend Due to Overseas Commitment
4. Navigating a Scheduling Conflict with Courtesy and Hope for Future Opportunities
Main Idea #1:
The speaker expresses gratitude for the invitation to the Digital Marketing Workshop.
Main Idea #2:
Due to a scheduling conflict with a business trip, the speaker politely declines the invitation but expresses interest in future opportunities.
Summary:
The speaker appreciates the invitation to the Digital Marketing Workshop but cannot participate due to a prior overseas business commitment. They convey hope for potential future opportunities to collaborate and wish the event success.
Key Points:
1. Expresses gratitude for the invitation to the workshop.
2. Regretfully declines due to a scheduling conflict with a business trip.
3. Shows hope for future opportunities to participate as a speaker.
4. Offers well wishes for the success of the workshop.
[고3] 2024년10월– 19번:숲에서곰을만나공포에빠진경험과안도감
Setting out to find some wood for the campfire, Sarah moved through the forest. Just then, she noticed an approaching danger ─ a large, threatening bear. Panic spread through her body. Frozen and unable to shout, she watched in horror. Her heart beat louder with each step the bear took. But then, as if by a miracle, the bear paused, looked around, and, uninterested, turned away, retreating into the shadows of the woods. When the bear had disappeared completely out of her sight, her knees nearly gave way. Sarah could finally let out the breath she had been holding. A wave of immense relief washed over her.
Possible Titles:
1. A Close Encounter with Danger: Sarah’s Terrifying Moment in the Woods
2. Overcoming Fear: Sarah’s Unexpected Confrontation with a Bear
3. The Unexpected Relief After a Near-Encounter with a Wild Bear
4. Facing Fear: Sarah’s Brush with Danger in the Forest
Main Idea #1:
Sarah encounters a threatening bear while searching for wood in the forest, causing her to freeze in fear.
Main Idea #2:
Despite the danger, the bear unexpectedly loses interest and retreats, leaving Sarah relieved and overwhelmed by the close call.
Summary:
While gathering wood for a campfire, Sarah encountered a large bear, leaving her frozen in fear. To her immense relief, the bear lost interest and wandered off, allowing her to finally breathe again. The experience left Sarah shaken but grateful to have avoided danger.
Key Points:
1. Sarah encountered a bear while searching for campfire wood.
2. Fear paralyzed her as the bear approached.
3. The bear unexpectedly retreated, leaving Sarah unharmed.
4. Sarah felt a wave of relief after the bear disappeared.
[고3] 2024년10월– 20번:음악이자녀의정서적,사회적발달에미치는긍정적영향
There are few universals in this world, but among them are our love for our children and our love of music. When we hold a baby in our arms, comforting her with song, we are channelling the emotional power of music. We do so instinctively, just as our ancestors did. Music can be a powerful parental ally during the challenging child-rearing years. To successfully prepare our children for life in the twenty-first century, we will need to nurture qualities such as curiosity, imagination, empathy, creative entrepreneurship, and most of all resilience. Musical practice in early childhood develops all of the above and more. Research has shown that musical practice in early childhood is beneficial not only for mental acuity but for social and emotional development as well. Music is not just a hobby, a pleasant pastime; it is an integral part of what makes us happy, healthy, and whole. Indeed, if we want to do one thing to help our children develop into emotionally, socially, intellectually, and creatively competent human beings, we should start the musical conversation ─ the earlier the better.
Possible Titles:
1. The Essential Role of Music in Early Childhood Development
2. How Music Enhances Emotional, Social, and Intellectual Growth in Children
3. Nurturing Future-Ready Qualities Through Early Musical Practice
4. The Universal Connection Between Music and Child Development
Main Idea #1:
Music is a universal part of human life, and it instinctively strengthens the bond between parents and children.
Main Idea #2:
Early childhood musical practice fosters qualities such as creativity, empathy, and resilience, promoting overall social, emotional, and intellectual development.
Summary:
Music connects parents and children on a deep, instinctive level and supports early development. Research shows that musical practice enhances mental, social, and emotional growth, nurturing essential qualities for success. Starting early can help children become well-rounded, competent individuals.
Key Points:
1. Music is a universal tool that instinctively strengthens the parent-child bond.
2. Early musical practice supports mental, social, and emotional development.
3. It nurtures key qualities such as creativity, empathy, and resilience.
4. Introducing music early in life benefits children's overall growth and competence.
[고3] 2024년10월– 21번:집중의중요성과인터넷이주의력에미친부정적영향
In 1890, William James described attention as "the taking possession by the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought." Attention is a choice we make to stay on one task, one line of thinking, one mental road, even as attractive off-ramps signal. When we fail to make that choice and allow ourselves to be frequently sidetracked, we end up in "the confused, dazed, scatterbrained state" that James said is the opposite of attention. Staying on one road got much harder when the internet arrived and moved much of our reading online. Every hyperlink is an off-ramp, calling us to abandon the choice we made moments earlier. Nicholas Carr, in his 2010 book, grieved his lost ability to stay on one path. Life on the internet changed how his brain sought out information, even when he was off-line trying to read a book. It reduced his ability to focus and reflect because he now craved a constant stream of stimulation: "Once I was a scuba diver in the sea of words. Now I zip along the surface like a guy on a Jet Ski."
Possible Titles:
1. The Challenges of Maintaining Focus in the Digital Age
2. How the Internet Alters Our Ability to Sustain Attention
3. William James' Definition of Attention and Its Modern Implications
4. The Impact of Online Reading on Deep Focus and Reflection
Main Idea #1:
Attention involves consciously choosing to focus on a single task or thought, resisting distractions.
Main Idea #2:
The internet has made maintaining attention more difficult, as constant online stimuli train the brain to crave quick, superficial engagement rather than deep focus.
Summary:
William James described attention as choosing to focus on a single thought, resisting distractions. The rise of the internet has made this choice harder, with hyperlinks and online content constantly tempting users to shift focus. Nicholas Carr noted that frequent online reading reduced his ability to concentrate deeply, comparing his experience to skimming the surface rather than diving deep.
Key Points:
1. Attention requires the conscious choice to focus on one task, resisting distractions.
2. The internet has increased distractions, making sustained focus more difficult.
3. Hyperlinks act as temptations to divert attention from the chosen task.
4. Nicholas Carr observed that constant online engagement reduced his ability to read deeply and reflectively.
[고3] 2024년10월– 22번:실천적지식은경험을통해형성되며전수될수있는것
Technical, book knowledge consists of "formulated rules which are, or may be, deliberately learned." Practical knowledge, on the other hand, cannot be taught or learned but only transmitted and acquired. It exists only in practice. When we talk about practical knowledge, we tend to use bodily metaphors. We say that somebody has a touch for doing some activity ─ an ability to hit the right piano key with just enough force and pace. We say that somebody has a feel for the game, an intuition for how events are going to unfold, an awareness of when you should plow ahead with a problem and when you should put it aside before coming back to it. When the expert is using her practical knowledge, she isn't thinking more; she is thinking less. She has built up a repertoire of skills through habit and has thereby extended the number of tasks she can perform without conscious awareness. This sort of knowledge is built up through experience, and it is passed along through shared experience.
Possible Titles:
1. The Distinction Between Technical Knowledge and Practical Intuition
2. Understanding the Nature of Practical Knowledge Through Experience
3. How Practical Knowledge Differs From Book Learning and Technical Rules
4. The Role of Experience in Developing Intuitive, Practical Skills
Main Idea #1:
Technical knowledge involves learning formulated rules, while practical knowledge is acquired through experience and practice.
Main Idea #2:
Practical knowledge is intuitive, relying on habits and skills developed through experience rather than conscious thought, and is passed on through shared experiences.
Summary:
Technical knowledge consists of learnable rules, while practical knowledge is intuitive and gained through experience. Practical skills are not consciously learned but developed through habit, allowing experts to perform tasks instinctively. This type of knowledge is passed along by sharing experiences rather than formal teaching.
Key Points:
1. Technical knowledge involves rules that can be deliberately learned.
2. Practical knowledge is intuitive and cannot be taught directly.
3. Experts use practical knowledge through habits, performing tasks without conscious thought.
4. Practical knowledge is acquired and passed on through shared experience.
[고3] 2024년10월– 23번:인간이그림을만드는본능적욕구와기억과의관계
The human desire to make pictures is deeply rooted. At least 64,000 years ago, Neanderthals used colored oxide and charcoal to make paintings of large wild animals, tracings of human hands, and abstract patterns on cave and rock walls. Today, people create images with a multitude of mediums, including photography. What drives this picturemaking impulse? Some make pictures for commercial reasons. Others create informational systems or employ scientific imaging tools to visualize the unseen. Artists use images expressionistically, to conceptualize and articulate who they are and how they view the world. However, the fundamental motive for making the vast majority of pictures is a desire to preserve: to document, and therefore honor, specific people, events, and possessions of importance. Regardless of purpose, the making of images persists because words alone cannot always provide a satisfactory way to describe and express our relationship to the world. Pictures are an essential component of how humans observe, communicate, celebrate, comment, and, most of all, remember. What and how we remember shapes our worldview, and pictures can provide a stimulus to jog one's memory.
Possible Titles:
1. The Deep-Rooted Human Impulse to Create and Preserve Through Images
2. Understanding the Diverse Motives Behind the Act of Picturemaking
3. How Pictures Serve as Tools for Memory, Expression, and Communication
4. The Timeless Drive to Document and Preserve Through Visual Art
Main Idea #1:
The impulse to create images is deeply rooted in humans and dates back to ancient times.
Main Idea #2:
People make pictures for various reasons, but the primary motive is to preserve memories and document meaningful aspects of life, as pictures help express and communicate what words alone cannot.
Summary:
Humans have a long history of creating images, driven by the desire to preserve and document important people, events, and objects. While some images are made for commercial, informational, or artistic reasons, the act of picturemaking persists because it helps express and communicate ideas and memories that words alone cannot fully capture.
Key Points:
1. The human impulse to create pictures dates back at least 64,000 years.
2. People make images for commercial, scientific, informational, and artistic purposes.
3. The fundamental motive for most picturemaking is the desire to preserve and honor important memories.
4. Pictures complement words by providing a way to express and remember aspects of life that shape our worldview.
[고3] 2024년10월– 24번:유사한관점을가진사람들과의관계가자아형성에미치는영향
We naturally gravitate toward people whose views and beliefs are similar to our own, seeking what the eighteenth-century moral philosopher Adam Smith called "a certain harmony of minds." Spending time with people who share our opinions reinforces our group identity, strengthening trust, cooperation, equality, and productivity. Our shared reality grounds us not just in our common perceptions but in similar feelings and worldviews. This helps to preserve our core values and beliefs about ourselves. It also provides us with meaning and a feeling of self-worth. And with each decision or interaction that confirms our tribe's common experience, we get rewarded with the hormonal happiness we crave. Our perception of ourselves is a mixture of our own unique characteristics and our sense of belonging to our in-groups. In fact, our personal identity is so closely interwoven with our social identity that our brains can't tell them apart. If I put you in a scanner and ask you to talk about yourself and then about the groups to which you feel the closest affinity, it will activate the same neural networks in your brain.
Possible Titles:
1. The Connection Between Personal Identity and Social Belonging
2. How Shared Beliefs Shape Group Identity and Self-Perception
3. The Role of Social Groups in Reinforcing Core Values and Self-Worth
4. Understanding the Interplay Between Personal and Social Identities
Main Idea #1:
People naturally seek out those with similar beliefs, which strengthens group identity and fosters trust and cooperation.
Main Idea #2:
Our personal and social identities are deeply interconnected, with shared experiences and group affiliations shaping how we perceive ourselves, providing meaning, and reinforcing self-worth.
Summary:
Humans tend to associate with those who share similar beliefs, as it fosters trust, cooperation, and group identity. This connection between personal and social identity is so strong that our brains process them similarly, highlighting how belonging to in-groups reinforces self-worth and a sense of meaning.
Key Points:
1. People are naturally drawn to those with similar views, which strengthens group identity.
2. Shared beliefs and experiences help preserve core values and provide a sense of self-worth.
3. Our brains do not distinguish between personal and social identities; both are interwoven.
4. Group affiliation reinforces trust, cooperation, and feelings of happiness and meaning.
[고3] 2024년10월– 25번: 2017년기계학습을이용한스마트폰앱의인식및사용비율
The above graph shows awareness and usage of smartphone applications featuring machine learning in 2017. In each of the five surveyed applications, the percentage of respondents demonstrating awareness was higher than that of respondents demonstrating usage. Predictive text had the highest percentages of respondents in both awareness and usage, among the five applications. The percentage of respondents displaying awareness of voice search was more than four times that of respondents using it. Voice-to-text showed a higher percentage of the respondents reporting awareness of it than email classification, while this was not the case in their usage. The percentage of respondents showing usage of automated photo classification was less than half of the percentage of those showing awareness of it.
Possible Titles:
1. Discrepancy Between Awareness and Usage of Machine Learning Apps in 2017
2. Awareness Surpasses Usage Across Machine Learning Smartphone Applications
3. Examining User Awareness and Engagement With Machine Learning Features
4. The Gap Between Knowing and Using Machine Learning Apps in 2017
Main Idea #1:
Awareness of machine learning smartphone applications was consistently higher than their actual usage across all surveyed features in 2017.
Main Idea #2:
Predictive text had the highest awareness and usage, while significant gaps existed for other applications, such as voice search and automated photo classification, where awareness was much greater than actual engagement.
Summary:
In 2017, awareness of machine learning smartphone apps was higher than usage for all surveyed features. Predictive text had the highest percentages for both metrics, while features like voice search and photo classification showed notable gaps, indicating that users were aware of these tools but less inclined to use them.
Key Points:
1. Awareness surpassed usage across all five surveyed machine learning applications.
2. Predictive text had the highest rates of both awareness and usage.
3. Voice search awareness was more than four times its usage rate.
4. Automated photo classification showed a significant gap, with less than half of those aware actually using it.
Mary Douglas Leakey was born in 1913 in London, England in a family of scholars and researchers. Her father, who was an artist, took her to see the stone tools being studied by French prehistorians. This sparked her interest in archaeology. When she was just 17 years old, she served as an illustrator at a dig in England. Shortly after marrying Louis Leakey, she left for East Africa with her husband. Together, they made important fossil discoveries. In 1948, Mary found a partial skull fossil of Proconsul africanus on Rusinga Island in Lake Victoria. In 1959 in Tanzania, she discovered the skull of an early hominin that her husband named Zinjanthropus boisei, which is now known as Paranthropus boisei. Even after her husband's death in 1972, Mary continued her work in Africa. Mary died in 1996, in Nairobi, Kenya.
Possible Titles:
1. The Life and Legacy of Mary Leakey: A Pioneer in Archaeology
2. Mary Leakey’s Significant Fossil Discoveries in East Africa
3. From Illustrator to Leading Archaeologist: The Journey of Mary Leakey
4. The Contributions of Mary Leakey to Early Hominin Research
Main Idea #1:
Mary Leakey developed an early interest in archaeology, which led to a lifelong career in fossil discoveries in East Africa.
Main Idea #2:
Throughout her career, Mary made significant contributions to the study of early hominins, including the discovery of important fossils like Proconsul africanus and Paranthropus boisei, continuing her work even after her husband's death.
Summary:
Mary Leakey, born in 1913 in London, became interested in archaeology at a young age and later made significant fossil discoveries in East Africa. Notable finds include the partial skull of Proconsul africanus and Paranthropus boisei. She continued her work after her husband’s death, contributing greatly to the field until her own passing in 1996.
Key Points:
1. Mary Leakey’s interest in archaeology began in childhood, inspired by exposure to stone tools.
2. She made significant fossil discoveries with her husband, Louis Leakey, in East Africa.
3. Key finds included Proconsul africanus in 1948 and Paranthropus boisei in 1959.
4. Mary continued her archaeological work after Louis Leakey’s death, maintaining her dedication to the field until 1996.
[고3] 2024년10월– 29번:후손들이은하계를식민지화할가능성과관련기술들
Sometime late in the next millennium, our descendants may head off to other star systems. They may use comets as stepping-stones, some of which are only loosely bound to our sun because they reach almost halfway to the nearest star system, Alpha Centauri. Our remote descendants may eventually colonize much of our galaxy just as the first living organisms on Earth once colonized Earth's young oceans. Interstellar migrations will depend on as yet unimagined technologies for driving ships, for maintaining sustainable environments, and for putting humans into hibernations lasting for centuries. Interstellar journeys will also depend on the existence of groups willing to risk long and dangerous voyages with little or no hope of returning. It would take spaceships traveling at 1 percent of the speed of light more than four hundred years to reach the Alpha Centauri system. But if they spread out from there at a similar rate, they could settle star systems throughout the Milky Way within one hundred million years, which is just a bit longer than the span of time since dinosaurs ruled our Earth.
Possible Titles:
1. The Future of Humanity: Colonizing the Galaxy Through Interstellar Travel
2. The Challenges and Possibilities of Interstellar Migrations to Alpha Centauri
3. How Humanity Might Expand Across the Galaxy in the Next Millennium
4. Exploring the Potential for Galactic Colonization Through Advanced Technologies
Main Idea #1:
Future interstellar migrations may lead to humanity colonizing other star systems, beginning with those near our own, like Alpha Centauri.
Main Idea #2:
These journeys will require advanced, yet-to-be-invented technologies and the willingness of groups to embark on long, risky voyages, potentially enabling the colonization of the Milky Way over millions of years.
Summary:
In the distant future, humanity may expand to other star systems, starting with Alpha Centauri. This would require advanced technologies for space travel, sustainable environments, and human hibernation. Though the journeys would be long and risky, humanity could potentially settle the Milky Way over the course of one hundred million years.
Key Points:
1. Future interstellar migration may start with nearby star systems like Alpha Centauri.
2. Advanced, currently unimagined technologies will be needed for sustainable long-distance space travel.
3. Successful journeys will depend on groups willing to undertake long, dangerous trips with little hope of returning.
4. Humanity could potentially colonize the galaxy within one hundred million years, similar to the time span since dinosaurs existed.
[고3] 2024년10월– 30번:어린동물들이계급질서에서특별대우를받는‘강아지면허’설명
Notably, young animals of many species have a special status, a leeway period granted by older members of the group. This break from the hierarchy is called "puppy license" by the behaviorists who see it in dogs, but it's a feature of family dynamics in a range of species. Older animals will overlook, or gently correct, an inappropriate display of dominance as long as the offender is young enough not to know better. Puppy license also covers play: older dogs seem to enjoy puppy playfulness, and may encourage young dogs by wrestling more gently, barking more softly, and sometimes letting the puppies win. As soon as that young dog hits a certain point in adolescence, however, its puppy license expires. Behaviors that were lightheartedly tolerated just a few days before are now met with adult pushback. Although the dog is still young and may lack experience, it is challenged and treated like an adult. In the human world and in the dog world, as juveniles mature into wildhood and their puppy licenses are no longer valid, a tolerant world becomes irritated and intolerant.
Possible Titles:
1. The Concept of "Puppy License" and Its Role in Animal Social Dynamics
2. How Young Animals Are Granted Leeway During Early Development
3. Understanding the Expiration of "Puppy License" in Animal Behavior
4. The Shift From Tolerance to Challenge as Juveniles Mature in the Animal World
Main Idea #1:
Young animals are granted a "puppy license," a period during which older members of the group tolerate or gently correct inappropriate behaviors.
Main Idea #2:
As juveniles mature, their "puppy license" expires, leading to stricter enforcement of social norms, as older members challenge and treat them as adults.
Summary:
Young animals often receive a "puppy license," where their playful or inappropriate behaviors are tolerated by older members. This leeway encourages learning and play, but once the juveniles reach a certain maturity, the tolerance fades, and they are treated as adults. This shift mirrors similar dynamics in the human world, where youthful freedom gives way to stricter expectations as individuals grow.
Key Points:
1. Young animals are granted a leeway period known as "puppy license" where their behaviors are more tolerated.
2. Older animals often enjoy and gently encourage playful interactions with younger ones.
3. The "puppy license" expires once the young animals reach adolescence, leading to stricter behavior correction.
4. This transition from tolerance to challenge is seen across different species, including humans.
[고3] 2024년10월– 31번:과학발전이더어려워지는이유와기존이론의한계
After we make some amount of scientific and technological progress, does further progress get easier or harder? Intuitively, it seems like it could go either way because there are two competing effects. On the one hand, we "stand on the shoulders of giants": previous discoveries can make future progress easier. On the other hand, we "pick the low-hanging fruit": we make the easy discoveries first, so those that remain are more difficult. You can only invent the wheel once, and once you have, it's harder to find a similarly important invention. Though both of these effects are important, when we look at the data it's the latter effect that predominates. Overall, past progress makes future progress harder. It's easy to see this qualitatively by looking at the history of innovation. Consider physics. In 1905, his "miracle year," Albert Einstein revolutionized physics, describing the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, the theory of special relativity, and his famous equation, E=mc². He was twenty-six at the time and did all this while working as a patent clerk. Compared to Einstein's day, progress in physics is now much harder to achieve.
Possible Titles:
1. The Challenge of Further Progress: Standing on Giants or Picking Low-Hanging Fruit?
2. Why Future Scientific and Technological Advances Become More Difficult Over Time
3. The Balance Between Past Discoveries and the Increasing Difficulty of Innovation
4. Understanding the Growing Challenge of Progress Through Historical Examples
Main Idea #1:
Progress in science and technology faces two opposing effects: building on past discoveries can make it easier, while exhausting simpler discoveries makes further progress harder.
Main Idea #2:
Despite the advantages of past discoveries, the data suggests that progress generally becomes more difficult over time, as evidenced by the increasing complexity of advancements in fields like physics compared to earlier periods.
Summary:
Further scientific and technological progress is influenced by two opposing effects: building on past discoveries and the depletion of easy innovations. Historical examples, such as Einstein’s revolutionary achievements in 1905, show that progress has become harder over time, indicating that the easier discoveries have already been made.
Key Points:
1. Progress can either be facilitated by past discoveries or hindered by the exhaustion of easy problems.
2. The "low-hanging fruit" effect suggests that simpler, foundational innovations are discovered first.
3. Historical data and examples indicate that future advances generally become more difficult.
4. Einstein's rapid progress in physics contrasts with the growing challenges faced by modern scientists.
[고3] 2024년10월– 32번:유전자와뇌의구조가행동에미치는영향과환경의역할
Behavior is, for the most part, a product of genes and brain neuropathways. Consider the elegant chemistry at work when living organisms move, think, behave, and act. Certainly, the environment is a factor here because it can influence how we act. An analogy would illustrate this adequately. Think of the environment as gasoline, and our body as the engine. Truly, the engine does not run without the gasoline, but all the intricate parts of the engine are the product of physical architecture, designed and assembled for a reactive purpose long before the gasoline is injected. Inject more gas and the engine accelerates, less, and it slows. The same is true for an organism. Behavior is a response to the environment. We have 'free will,' but the ultimate characteristic of that response can only act with respect to the architecture of our genes and our brain. In other words, the environment can, effectively, accelerate or slow down a potential behavior, but the engine for that behavior is already built and functional; therefore, the environment is but a catalyst.
Possible Titles:
1. The Interaction Between Genes, Brain Architecture, and Environmental Influence on Behavior
2. Understanding Behavior: Genes as the Engine and Environment as the Catalyst
3. How Genetic and Neurological Structures Shape Behavioral Responses
4. The Role of Environmental Stimuli in Triggering Predetermined Behavioral Patterns
Main Idea #1:
Behavior is largely determined by genetic and neurological structures, with the environment influencing but not creating these behaviors.
Main Idea #2:
The environment acts as a catalyst, akin to gasoline for an engine, accelerating or decelerating behaviors that are ultimately governed by the existing architecture of genes and brain neuropathways.
Summary:
Behavior stems primarily from genes and brain structures, while the environment acts as a catalyst, influencing the expression of these behaviors. Like an engine that requires gasoline to run, behavior responds to environmental stimuli, but the genetic and neurological "engine" dictates how this response operates.
Key Points:
1. Genes and brain pathways are fundamental to determining behavior.
2. The environment influences behavior but does not create the underlying structure.
3. Behavior can be accelerated or slowed by environmental factors, similar to how gasoline affects an engine.
4. The architecture of genes and the brain ultimately governs the range of possible responses.
[고3] 2024년10월– 33번:영아들이의도적인행동을모방하는사회인지적혁명과정
The social-cognitive revolution at 1 year of age sets the stage for infants' second year of life, in which they begin to imitatively learn the use of all kinds of tools, artifacts, and symbols. For example, in a study by Meltzoff , 14-month-old children observed an adult bend at the waist and touch its head to a panel, thus turning on a light. They followed suit. Infants engaged in this somewhat unusual and awkward behavior, even though it would have been easier and more natural for them simply to push the panel with their hand. One interpretation of this behavior is that infants understood that the adult had the goal of illuminating the light and then chose one means for doing so, from among other possible means, and if they had the same goal, they could choose the same means. Similarly, Carpenter et al. found that 16-month-old infants will imitatively learn from a complex behavioral sequence only those behaviors that appear intentional, ignoring those that appear accidental. Young children do not just imitate the limb movements of other persons, they attempt to reproduce other persons' intended actions in the world.
Possible Titles:
1. How Infants Learn Intentional Actions Through Imitation
2. The Role of Social-Cognitive Development in Early Imitative Learning
3. Understanding the Imitative Behaviors of Infants: Learning Through Intention
4. The Emergence of Goal-Oriented Imitation in Infants’ Second Year
Main Idea #1:
The social-cognitive revolution at around 1 year enables infants to begin imitative learning of tools, actions, and symbols by observing adults.
Main Idea #2:
Infants do not merely imitate actions but discern and reproduce the intentional behaviors of others, focusing on purposeful actions and ignoring those that appear accidental.
Summary:
Infants around 1 year old begin to imitatively learn how to use tools and symbols by observing the intentional actions of adults. Studies show that infants can differentiate between purposeful and accidental behaviors, choosing to imitate only those actions that appear to have a clear goal. This goal-oriented imitation is a key aspect of their early learning.
Key Points:
1. The social-cognitive revolution enables infants to start learning through imitation.
2. Infants observe and imitate adults' intentional actions, not just their movements.
3. Infants can distinguish between purposeful and accidental behaviors.
4. Imitative learning helps infants understand goal-directed actions and how to achieve them.
[고3] 2024년10월– 34번:과학적이론은언제든지오류가입증될수있음을설명
As an ideal of intellectual inquiry and a strategy for the advancement of knowledge, the scientific method is essentially a monument to the utility of error. Most of us gravitate toward trying to prove our beliefs, to the extent that we bother investigating their validity at all. But scientists gravitate toward falsification; as a community if not as individuals, they seek to disprove their beliefs. Thus, the defining feature of a hypothesis is that it has the potential to be proven wrong (which is why it must be both testable and tested), and the defining feature of a theory is that it hasn't been proven wrong yet. But the important part is that it can be ─ no matter how much evidence appears to confirm it, no matter how many experts endorse it, no matter how much popular support it enjoys. In fact, not only can any given theory be proven wrong; sooner or later, it probably will be. And when it is, the occasion will mark the success of science, not its failure. This was the crucial insight of the Scientific Revolution: that the advancement of knowledge depends on current theories collapsing in the face of new insights and discoveries.
Possible Titles:
1. The Role of Error and Falsification in the Advancement of Science
2. How the Scientific Method Embraces the Potential for Being Wrong
3. The Importance of Disproving Theories in Scientific Progress
4. Understanding the Utility of Error Through the Scientific Method
Main Idea #1:
The scientific method values falsification over confirmation, making error a crucial element in the advancement of knowledge.
Main Idea #2:
The potential for theories to be proven wrong is essential to scientific progress, as new insights and discoveries arise when existing theories collapse, highlighting the success rather than the failure of science.
Summary:
The scientific method is built around the principle of falsification, where hypotheses must be testable and capable of being proven wrong. This approach values error, as scientific progress depends on the eventual collapse of current theories in light of new discoveries. This insight from the Scientific Revolution underscores that disproving theories leads to the advancement of knowledge.
Key Points:
1. The scientific method prioritizes disproving rather than confirming beliefs.
2. A hypothesis must be testable, and a theory remains valid only as long as it hasn't been proven wrong.
3. Scientific progress occurs when current theories are challenged and replaced by new insights.
4. The process of falsification drives the advancement of knowledge, emphasizing the utility of error.
[고3] 2024년10월– 35번:새로운시스템사용시개인적필요가사회적목표와충돌할수있음
It is important to remember that to achieve acceptance and use of new technologies/systems, the personal importance to the users has to be valued more highly than the degree of innovation. However, policies and political goals are often confused with the driver's personal goals. Societal goals and individual goals do not necessarily coincide. For example, the policy goal behind ISA (Intelligent Speed Adaptation; a system which warns the drivers when they exceed the speed limit, and may even prevent them from doing so) could be to increase traffic safety or to increase speed limit compliance. These goals might not be relevant to some drivers, for example, due to their feeling that safety measures are redundant because of their own personal driving skills or because speeding is not seen as a 'real crime.' Nevertheless, they might find that the system helps them to avoid speeding tickets or they want to use the system simply because they have a general interest in innovative systems.
Possible Titles:
1. Balancing Innovation and User Relevance in Technology Adoption
2. The Challenge of Aligning Policy Goals With Personal User Interests
3. Understanding User Motivation: Beyond Innovation in System Acceptance
4. How Personal Relevance Drives Acceptance of New Technologies
Main Idea #1:
For new technologies to be accepted, the personal importance to users should be prioritized over the level of innovation.
Main Idea #2:
Policies and societal goals may not align with individual drivers' goals, as seen with systems like ISA, where personal motivations, such as avoiding tickets, can lead to acceptance even if the policy goals are less relevant to users.
Summary:
The acceptance of new technologies depends more on their personal relevance to users than on their innovative features. While policy goals, such as improving safety with ISA, may not align with individual drivers' views, personal motivations, like avoiding speeding tickets or an interest in new systems, can still drive user adoption.
Key Points:
1. Personal relevance is crucial for the acceptance of new technologies.
2. Policy goals often do not align with individual users' motivations.
3. Drivers may not see systems like ISA as necessary for safety but might still adopt them for practical reasons.
4. Personal benefits, such as avoiding penalties, can influence technology acceptance more than policy-driven goals.
[고3] 2024년10월– 36번:나이가들면서비언어적감정신호를감지하는능력이약해지는현상
From infancy, even before we learn to speak, we absorb how to infer people's emotions from their behaviors. As we grow older, however, this capacity can atrophy. We start to pay increasing attention to what people say rather than what they do, to the point where we can fail to notice nonlinguistic clues. Spoken language is so information rich that it lulls us into ignoring hints that someone might be, say, upset and instead focus on their words when they say, It's nothing. I feel fine. Some people, however, have a talent for detecting emotions, even when they're unspoken. We all know people like this: Friends who seem to intuit when we're feeling down, even if we haven't said anything; managers who sense when a kind word is needed to help us get over the hump at work. It's natural to assume these people are unusually observant, or uncommonly sensitive. Sometimes they are. But years of research indicates this is a skill anyone can develop. We can learn to identify the nonverbal clues that indicate someone's true emotions and use these hints to understand what they are feeling.
Possible Titles:
1. Rediscovering the Skill of Reading Nonverbal Emotional Clues
2. How to Enhance Emotional Awareness Beyond Spoken Language
3. The Decline and Potential Revival of Nonverbal Emotional Sensitivity
4. Developing the Ability to Detect Unspoken Emotions Through Observation
Main Idea #1:
From a young age, we naturally learn to infer emotions from behaviors, but this skill can weaken as we grow older and focus more on verbal communication.
Main Idea #2:
Though some people seem naturally adept at sensing emotions, research suggests that anyone can develop the ability to detect nonverbal clues and understand unspoken feelings.
Summary:
While we innately learn to read emotions from behaviors, this ability can diminish as we start to rely more on spoken language. Some individuals seem naturally skilled at detecting unspoken emotions, but research shows that it is a skill anyone can develop by learning to observe nonverbal cues that reveal true feelings.
Key Points:
1. We naturally learn to infer emotions from behaviors in infancy, even before speaking.
2. This skill can weaken as we grow older and focus more on verbal communication.
3. Some people seem naturally talented at detecting unspoken emotions, but this is a learnable skill.
4. Research indicates that by observing nonverbal clues, anyone can develop the ability to sense true emotions.
[고3] 2024년10월– 37번:우리가아는것과모르는것에대한인식감정설명
Some epistemic feelings let us know that we know. These include the feeling of knowing, the feeling of certainty, and the feeling of correctness. For example, you feel sure that "1666" is the answer to the question, "When did the Great Fire of London occur?" Feeling that you know, even that you are sure, is not unfailing. We can be mistaken in those feelings. Other epistemic feelings alert our attention to what we do not yet know. Curiosity, awe, and wonder fall into this category. As with the feelings of knowing, we can ask whether feelings of not-yet-knowing are necessarily right. It does seem that if you wonder at something, there is something that prompted you to wonder. This feeling alerts you to the fact that your current body of knowledge ─ the schemas, heuristics, and other information you use ─ did not prepare you for the thing you wonder at. As such, wonder is a useful emotion, because it points to gaps in what you thought you knew.
Possible Titles:
1. Understanding Epistemic Feelings: Knowing and the Gaps in Knowledge
2. The Role of Epistemic Feelings in Awareness of Knowledge and Curiosity
3. How Feelings of Knowing and Wonder Shape Our Understanding
4. The Significance of Epistemic Feelings in Identifying Knowledge and Ignorance
Main Idea #1:
Epistemic feelings, such as the feeling of knowing and certainty, indicate when we believe we have knowledge, though they can sometimes be mistaken.
Main Idea #2:
Feelings like curiosity and wonder alert us to gaps in our knowledge, indicating when our existing understanding is inadequate, and encouraging exploration and learning.
Summary:
Epistemic feelings help us recognize both what we believe we know and what we do not yet understand. While feelings of knowing can sometimes be mistaken, emotions like curiosity and wonder signal gaps in our knowledge, prompting us to explore and address what we are not prepared for.
Key Points:
1. Epistemic feelings include certainty, correctness, and the sense of knowing.
2. These feelings are not always accurate and can lead to mistaken beliefs.
3. Curiosity and wonder are epistemic feelings that indicate a lack of knowledge.
4. Wonder is valuable because it highlights gaps in our understanding, prompting further inquiry.
[고3] 2024년10월– 38번:기억이왜곡되는이유와이것이뉴스인식에미치는영향
Memory often plays tricks. According to Mlodinow, we give "unwarranted importance to memories that are the most vivid and hence most available for retrieval ─ our memory makes it easy to remember the events that are unusual and striking not the many events that are normal and dull." The self-serving bias works because, as Trivers observes, "There are also many processes of memory that can be biased to produce welcome results. Memories are continually distorting in self-serving ways." A recent study argues that several forms of cognitive bias cause distortions in storing and retrieving memories. This, in turn, has a bearing on theories of agenda setting, priming, and framing, which argue that how people respond to the news is strongly influenced by what is most easily and readily accessible from their memories. But what if memories about news stories are faulty and distort, forget, or invent what was actually reported? In such cases, it may be the manipulation of memories in individual minds that primes, frames, and sets the agenda, not the original news stories.
Possible Titles:
1. The Impact of Cognitive Biases on Memory and Media Perception
2. How Memory Distortions Influence Agenda Setting and Priming
3. Understanding the Self-Serving Nature of Memory and Its Biases
4. The Role of Faulty Memories in Shaping Responses to News Stories
Main Idea #1:
Memory tends to give undue importance to vivid, striking events while neglecting ordinary ones, leading to distortions influenced by self-serving biases.
Main Idea #2:
Cognitive biases in memory storage and retrieval can affect how people respond to news, potentially shaping perceptions through distorted memories rather than the original information.
Summary:
Memory is prone to self-serving distortions, often giving more importance to vivid, unusual events and neglecting the ordinary. Cognitive biases can lead to faulty memories, which influence how people respond to news, suggesting that perceptions may be shaped more by distorted recollections than by the original stories themselves.
Key Points:
1. Memory favors vivid and striking events, leading to biased recollection.
2. Self-serving distortions can alter how we remember events.
3. Cognitive biases can cause memory distortions that impact responses to news.
4. Faulty memories may prime and frame perceptions, independent of the original news content.
[고3] 2024년10월– 39번:차별방정식대신간단한신체동작을통해공을잡는방법
One way to catch a fly ball is to solve all the differential equations governing the ball's trajectory as well as your own movements and at the same time reposition your body based on those solutions. Unfortunately, you don't have a differential equation-solving device in your brain, so instead you solve a simpler problem: how to place the glove most effectively between the ball and your body. The cerebellum assumes that your hand and the ball should appear in similar relative positions for each catch. So, if the ball is dropping too fast and your hand appears to be going too slowly, it will direct your hand to move more quickly to match the familiar relative position. These simple actions by the cerebellum to map sensory inputs onto muscle movements enable us to catch the ball without solving any differential equations. We are also able to use the cerebellum to anticipate what our actions would be even if we don't actually take them. Your cerebellum might tell you that you could catch the ball but you're likely to crash into another player, so maybe you should not take this action.
Possible Titles:
1. How the Cerebellum Simplifies Complex Actions in Catching a Fly Ball
2. The Role of the Cerebellum in Coordinating Movements Without Complex Calculations
3. Simplified Problem-Solving: How We Catch a Ball Without Solving Equations
4. Understanding the Cerebellum’s Role in Anticipating and Coordinating Movements
Main Idea #1:
The cerebellum helps us catch a ball by simplifying the problem, using familiar relative positions rather than solving complex differential equations.
Main Idea #2:
By mapping sensory inputs onto muscle movements, the cerebellum allows us to perform coordinated actions and even anticipate the consequences of movements without actually taking them.
Summary:
Catching a fly ball doesn’t require solving complex differential equations; instead, the cerebellum simplifies the process by guiding movements based on familiar sensory inputs. It maps muscle actions to match known patterns, helping to coordinate and anticipate actions, such as adjusting hand speed or deciding not to catch the ball to avoid collisions.
Key Points:
1. Catching a ball is simplified by the cerebellum without complex calculations.
2. The cerebellum matches sensory inputs to familiar muscle movements to guide actions.
3. It allows us to adjust movements, such as speeding up or slowing down, based on the ball's trajectory.
4. The cerebellum also anticipates potential outcomes, helping to make decisions about whether or not to act.
[고3] 2024년10월– 40번:시의불가역적형식이철학적탐구에미치는영향설명
Philosophical interest in poetry has been dominated by the question of whether poetry can aid philosophical thought and promote philosophical inquiry. This focus reflects a tradition of philosophers like Pope and Rumi presenting their philosophical work in verse. In addition, poets like William Wordsworth and T. S. Eliot have been celebrated as poet-philosophers, with their work valued as the product of philosophy through poetry. However, arguments against poetry having a role to play in philosophical inquiry have tended to focus on poetry's (negative) relationship to truth (or, as John Koethe puts it, poetry's indifference to truth). Although we may accept works of poetry as having philosophical themes, this does not amount to doing philosophy through poetry. One such argument hinges on the non-paraphrasability of poetry and form-content unity. The thought goes, if poetry is to play a role in philosophy, then it needs to be paraphrasable (that is, its content must be separable from its form). The assumption is that paraphrase is a mark of understanding and indicates that some proposition has a fixed meaning and that only a proposition with a fixed meaning can be evaluated in terms of truth or falsity. Poetry resists paraphrase: to change the words is to change the poem.
Possible Titles:
1. The Debate Over Poetry’s Role in Philosophical Inquiry
2. Can Poetry Contribute to Philosophy? Exploring the Limits of Paraphrase
3. The Tension Between Poetry and Truth in Philosophical Thought
4. Understanding the Philosophical Value and Limitations of Poetry
Main Idea #1:
There is a longstanding debate about whether poetry can contribute to philosophical inquiry, with some valuing poetry's role in presenting philosophical themes.
Main Idea #2:
Critics argue that poetry’s resistance to paraphrase and its form-content unity limit its philosophical role, as philosophy requires clear propositions that can be evaluated for truth.
Summary:
While poetry has been appreciated for its philosophical themes, there is debate over its role in philosophical inquiry. Some argue that poetry’s resistance to paraphrase restricts its ability to function as philosophy, as philosophical ideas need to be expressed in clear, paraphrasable propositions that can be evaluated for truth or falsity.
Key Points:
1. Philosophical interest in poetry has focused on its potential to aid philosophical thought.
2. Historical figures like Pope, Rumi, Wordsworth, and Eliot are seen as merging philosophy with poetry.
3. Critics highlight poetry’s resistance to paraphrase, arguing this limits its philosophical value.
4. Clear, fixed propositions are necessary for philosophical evaluation, which poetry’s form-content unity complicates.
[고3] 2024년10월– 41~42번:앵무새의소리와돌에새겨진문양이의미를가질수없는이유
Vocal sounds produced by parrots, regardless of the fact that they may be audibly indistinguishable from spoken words and regardless of the fact that someone or some group of people may take them to be words, are not words. They are not given a semantic dimension by physical similitude to spoken words. Nor can the "talk" of a parrot be given a semantic dimension by being taken to be a set of linguistic acts. In like manner, weather etchings on a stone or shapes in the clouds, regardless of how physically similar they may be to written words or drawings of objects and regardless of what they are taken to be by observers, are not words or pictures. They do not have the appropriate etiology and they have no inherent semantic content or object. They are simply physical objects that resemble certain other things. For observers, they may call to mind the things they resemble. In this regard, they may function as natural signs by virtue of the physical resemblance, but they have no semantic content about which one could be right or wrong. If people take A to be a sign of B by virtue of some nonsemantic relation that holds, or is believed to hold, between A and B, A is a sign of B. But words, pictures, and images are not that way. They contain a semantic content to be understood.
Possible Titles:
1. The Difference Between Natural Signs and Semantic Content in Communication
2. Understanding Why Parrot Vocalizations Lack True Semantic Meaning
3. Distinguishing Physical Resemblance From Semantic Content in Words and Signs
4. Why Physical Similarity Does Not Equate to Semantic Understanding
Main Idea #1:
Vocalizations by parrots and natural patterns like weather etchings do not constitute words or pictures because they lack inherent semantic content, even if they resemble or are taken to be linguistic acts.
Main Idea #2:
True words, pictures, and images contain semantic content that is understood beyond mere physical resemblance, unlike natural signs, which function based on resemblance without conveying fixed meaning.
Summary:
Parrot vocalizations and natural patterns may resemble spoken words or images, but they do not have semantic content, as they lack the appropriate origins and inherent meaning. While natural signs may call to mind what they resemble, true words and pictures contain specific semantic content to be understood, distinguishing them from simple physical resemblance.
2. Natural patterns, like weather etchings or cloud shapes, are not words or images but physical objects with no semantic content.
3. Physical resemblance alone does not create semantic meaning.
4. True words and pictures contain specific semantic content that allows them to be understood beyond mere resemblance.
[고3] 2024년10월– 43~45번:눈사람과토끼의교환과우정이야기
One frosty morning, a rabbit was jumping about on a hill. There stood a snowman which had been made by some children. He had a broom in his hand and a carrot nose. The rabbit saw the carrot and swallowed hard. "I will have a delicious breakfast," he thought and jumped up, reaching out for the snowman's nose. But before the rabbit even touched him, something hit him hard. "Go Away!" the snowman threatened him with his great broom. "Sorry, Mr. Snowman, I just..." murmured the rabbit. "You wanted to eat my nose!," he shouted. "I was so hungry and it looked so tasty," apologized the rabbit. The snowman thought for a moment. "Hmm... Here, I am bored by myself. I would like to go to the village where the children are. If you take me there, I'll give you my carrot," said the snowman. Excited by the offer, the rabbit told the snowman to wait and disappeared. He returned shortly, dragging a sled and said to the snowman, "Let's go!" The sled ran smoothly over the snow. The snowman with joy waved his broom. After a while, they arrived in the middle of the village. "Here we are," said the rabbit. "Thank you. Here's the carrot," said the snowman, giving him his carrot. The rabbit hesitated for a moment. "Come on, take it. I have a feeling that I'll get a new one," urged the snowman. He finally accepted the carrot and leapt back into the woods. Not long after, the children gathered around the snowman. Noticing that he had no nose, they gave him a fresh carrot. From that time on, the snowman stood in the middle of the village, with a broom in his hand and a marvelous new carrot nose.
Possible Titles:
1. The Snowman's Generous Deal: A Rabbit's Journey for a Carrot
2. How a Hungry Rabbit Helped a Lonely Snowman Find Friends
3. The Snowman and the Rabbit: A Tale of Kindness and Compromise
4. A Winter Adventure: The Snowman's Wish and the Rabbit's Reward
Main Idea #1:
A hungry rabbit tried to take the snowman's carrot nose, but the snowman stopped him and offered a deal instead.
Main Idea #2:
The snowman promised the rabbit his carrot nose if the rabbit took him to the village. After the rabbit helped, the snowman received a new nose from the children, showing how kindness was rewarded.
Summary:
A rabbit attempted to take a snowman’s carrot nose out of hunger but was stopped. The snowman offered his carrot if the rabbit would take him to the village. After the rabbit helped, the snowman kept his promise, and soon the children gave him a new nose, rewarding his generosity.
Key Points:
1. A hungry rabbit wanted the snowman’s carrot nose for breakfast.
2. The snowman offered the carrot in exchange for being taken to the village.
3. The rabbit helped the snowman, and he fulfilled his promise by giving the carrot.
4. The snowman received a new nose from the children, showing how kindness was reciprocated.
Dear Executive Manager Schulz, It is a week before the internship program starts. I am writing to bring your attention to a matter that requires immediate consideration regarding the issue my department has. As the coordinator, it is becoming apparent to me that the budget, previously approved by your department, needs some adjustments in order to meet the emerging modifications. Since my department has hired three more interns than planned initially, the most expensive need is for additional funding to cover their wages, training costs, and materials. I kindly request an additional budget allocation for these expenses. Please refer to the attachment for details. Thank you for your attention. Best regards, Matt Perry
Possible Titles:
1. Request for Additional Budget Allocation for Internship Program
2. Budget Adjustment Needed Due to Increase in Intern Hires
3. Urgent Request for Budget Revisions for Upcoming Interns
4. Additional Funding Required for Expanded Internship Program
Main Idea #1:
The coordinator is requesting a budget adjustment for the internship program due to an increase in the number of interns.
Main Idea #2:
With three more interns hired than originally planned, additional funds are needed to cover their wages, training, and materials, prompting the coordinator to seek extra budget allocation from the executive manager.
Summary:
The coordinator requests additional budget allocation to accommodate three extra interns hired for the upcoming program. More funds are needed to cover their wages, training, and materials, and details are provided in the attachment.
Key Points:
1. The budget needs adjustment due to increased intern hires.
2. Three additional interns have been recruited.
3. Extra funds are required for wages, training, and materials.
4. The coordinator has attached details for the manager's consideration.
[고2] 2024년10월– 19번:이름철자실수로인해예약확인이지연된경험
Katie approached the hotel front desk to check-in but an unexpected event unfolded. The receptionist couldn't find her reservation under the name 'Katie'. I'm sorry, but I can't seem to locate a reservation under that name, the receptionist said. No way, I definitely made a reservation on the phone, Katie said, puzzled. The receptionist asked, "Can you tell me your phone number?" and Katie told it to him, thinking 'What happened? Did I make a mistake?' Just a moment, the receptionist said, typing deliberately on the keyboard. I found it! It seems there was a small misspelling. Your reservation is under 'K-A-T-Y', the receptionist explained. With a sense of ease, Katie watched her reservation appearing on the screen. With her heart slowing to a gentle rhythm, she proceeded with her check-in, thinking that a simple misspelling might have ruined her plans.
Possible Titles:
1. A Minor Spelling Error Causes Confusion at Hotel Check-In
2. How a Simple Misspelling Almost Ruined Katie's Reservation
3. The Unexpected Check-In Mix-Up: A Story of a Name Error
4. Resolving a Hotel Reservation Error Due to a Misspelled Name
Main Idea #1:
Katie encountered an issue at the hotel check-in when the receptionist couldn’t find her reservation due to a misspelling.
Main Idea #2:
After providing her phone number, the receptionist discovered that Katie’s reservation was listed under a misspelled name, resolving the issue and allowing her to check-in without further problems.
Summary:
Katie’s hotel check-in was delayed because the receptionist couldn’t find her reservation due to a name misspelling. After verifying her phone number, the receptionist located the booking, and Katie checked in, relieved that the issue was resolved.
Key Points:
1. Katie’s reservation was not found under the expected name.
2. She confirmed her phone number to help locate the booking.
3. The issue was due to a simple misspelling of her name.
4. The reservation was found, allowing Katie to proceed with check-in.
[고2] 2024년10월– 20번:수학적비판적사고를교육과의사결정과정에서강조해야함
To be mathematically literate means to be able to think critically about societal issues on which mathematics has bearing so as to make informed decisions about how to solve these problems. Dealing with such complex problems through interdisciplinary approaches, mirroring real-world problems requires innovative ways of planning and organizing mathematical teaching methods. Navigating our world means being able to quantify, measure, estimate, classify, compare, find patterns, conjecture, justify, prove, and generalize within critical thinking and when using critical thinking. Therefore, making decisions, even qualitatively, is not possible without using mathematics and critical thinking. Thus, teaching mathematics should be done in interaction with critical thinking along with a decision-making process. They can be developed into the mathematical context, so that there is no excuse to not explicitly support students to develop them.
Possible Titles:
1. The Importance of Critical Thinking in Mathematical Literacy
2. Integrating Mathematics and Critical Thinking for Real-World Problem Solving
3. Why Teaching Math Requires More Than Just Numbers: A Critical Approach
4. Developing Decision-Making Skills Through Mathematical and Critical Thinking
Main Idea #1:
Mathematical literacy involves the ability to use critical thinking to address real-world problems and make informed decisions.
Main Idea #2:
Teaching mathematics should incorporate critical thinking and decision-making processes, reflecting real-world interdisciplinary challenges and encouraging students to develop these skills within a mathematical context.
Summary:
Mathematical literacy means applying critical thinking to real-world problems for informed decision-making. Effective math teaching should integrate critical thinking and decision-making skills, helping students navigate complex problems by quantifying, analyzing, and generalizing within a mathematical framework.
Key Points:
1. Mathematical literacy requires critical thinking for problem-solving.
2. Real-world issues demand an interdisciplinary approach to math.
3. Teaching math should involve planning that integrates decision-making.
4. Students should develop critical thinking skills within mathematical contexts.
[고2] 2024년10월– 21번:덕목은일시적충동이아니라지속적인도덕적습관에서형성됨
Imagine that your usually stingy friend delights in buying you a Christmas present after taking a generosity booster. How would you feel? Undoubtedly, there is something praiseworthy about the action. You'd be pleased to receive the gift. You'd say 'thank you', and mean it. But his change of heart is not entirely satisfying. According to Zagzebski, an American philosopher, he is not really generous. When we praise someone's character, we use words for various virtues: 'generous', 'kind', 'courageous', etc. A person who gives one gift isn't generous. Instead, generosity is a stable part of a person's 'moral identity', an emotional habit that is part of who you are. Thus virtues, as opposed to nontypical impulse, are the result of your personal history. They are part of who you are, as they are part of how your character was formed. Instant virtue is therefore impossible. Popping a pill cannot make you a better person.
2. The Difference Between Genuine Virtue and Momentary Acts of Kindness
3. Understanding Virtue: Why Character Cannot Be Changed Instantly
4. The Impossibility of Instant Moral Transformation Through Quick Fixes
Main Idea #1:
Genuine virtues like generosity are stable parts of one's character, not the result of temporary actions or impulses.
Main Idea #2:
According to philosopher Zagzebski, virtues are formed through one's personal history and emotional habits, making instant transformations impossible; actions influenced by quick solutions, like a 'generosity booster,' do not reflect true moral character.
Summary:
Virtue, such as generosity, is a stable trait developed through a person's history and habits, not a fleeting impulse. Zagzebski argues that instant changes, like taking a 'generosity booster,' cannot produce true moral transformation, as genuine virtues are part of one's established character.
Key Points:
1. Genuine virtues are consistent traits, not occasional actions.
2. Temporary impulses do not reflect a person's true character.
3. Virtues are formed through personal history and emotional habits.
4. Instant solutions, like pills, cannot create real moral virtues.
[고2] 2024년10월– 22번:이중성시스템을활용해별의질량을계산하는방법설명
To determine the mass of my bowling ball, I might put it onto a balance and compare it with a known mass, such as a number of metal cubes each weighing 1, 10, or 100 grams. Things get much more complicated if I want to know the mass of a distant star. How do I measure it? We can roughly say that measuring the mass of a star involves various theories. If we want to measure the mass of a binary star, we first determine a center of mass between the two stars, then their distance from that center which we can then use, together with a value for the period and a certain instance of Kepler's Third Law, to calculate the mass. In other words, in order to "measure" the star mass, we measure other quantities and use those values, together with certain equations, to calculate the mass. Measurement is not a simple and unmediated estimation of independently existing properties, but a determination of certain magnitudes before the background of a number of accepted theories.
Possible Titles:
1. How to Measure Star Masses: Beyond Simple Weight Comparisons
2. Understanding the Complex Process of Determining Star Mass
3. The Role of Theories in Measuring the Mass of Distant Stars
4. From Bowling Balls to Stars: Different Approaches to Mass Measurement
Main Idea #1:
Measuring the mass of a distant star requires indirect methods, relying on various theories and calculations.
Main Idea #2:
Unlike simple weight measurements, determining star mass involves calculating other values, such as distance and orbital period, and applying theoretical models, demonstrating that measurements are guided by accepted scientific principles rather than direct estimations.
Summary:
Measuring the mass of a star, unlike that of everyday objects, involves indirect calculations using theories like Kepler's laws. Scientists determine other quantities, such as distance and period, and use equations to estimate the mass, showing that scientific measurement depends on established models and not direct comparisons.
Key Points:
1. Measuring star mass differs from weighing common objects.
2. Binary star mass estimation uses distance, period, and theoretical models.
3. Kepler's Third Law helps calculate mass from other observed quantities.
4. Measurements rely on accepted theories, not direct, simple estimations.
[고2] 2024년10월– 23번:쾌락과고통의균형이신체의항상성을유지하는방식
Based on discoveries in neuroscience, pain and pleasure are formed and processed in the same area of the brain. Our bodies constantly strive for homeostasis, which is defined as the balance of bodily functions. Without the body's effective compensatory mechanisms, which may cushion potential highs and lows, we would not be capable of surviving. Pleasure and pain are like two sides of the same coin; they seem to work together and are heavily reliant on one another and keep balance. If you imagine pleasure and pain as the two opposite points on a scale, you can easily understand that as one of the two points rises, the other must correspondingly fall. We've all heard the expression, "No pain, no gain." Well, according to psychiatrist Dr. Anna Lembke, there may be some truth to these words. She says that our attempts to escape being miserable are in fact making us even more miserable. This is because pain is actually an essential component of our ability to maintain a neutral state, and allowing it will in turn reset our internal scale back to balance.
Possible Titles:
1. The Interconnected Relationship Between Pain and Pleasure in the Brain
2. How Pain and Pleasure Work Together to Maintain Balance
3. Understanding Homeostasis: Why Pain is Essential for Emotional Balance
4. Dr. Anna Lembke on the Necessity of Pain for Mental Well-Being
Main Idea #1:
Pain and pleasure are processed in the same brain area, working together to maintain bodily balance or homeostasis.
Main Idea #2:
According to Dr. Anna Lembke, avoiding pain can disrupt our internal balance, as pain is a necessary part of resetting the body's equilibrium; attempts to escape discomfort may lead to greater misery by preventing this essential recalibration.
Summary:
Pain and pleasure are interconnected, processed in the same brain region, and essential for maintaining homeostasis. Dr. Anna Lembke explains that pain helps reset our internal balance, suggesting that avoiding discomfort can lead to more significant imbalance and misery.
Key Points:
1. Pain and pleasure are processed in the same area of the brain.
2. They function together to maintain homeostasis.
3. Avoiding pain can disrupt internal balance and lead to greater discomfort.
4. Experiencing pain may be necessary to reset and restore equilibrium.
[고2] 2024년10월– 24번:지속적인제품업그레이드주기로소비자의욕구를형성하는방식
Manufacturers masterfully sow seeds of doubt about the adequacy of our current devices. Suddenly, the phone that was your lifeline a year ago is now a museum piece, unable to keep pace with your digital demands. And thus, the itch to upgrade begins, often before there's a genuine need. This cycle isn't just confined to our digital companions. It spills over into almost every aspect of consumer electronics, from the self-driving car to the smart fridge. Every product seems to be on an unstoppable march towards the next version, the next generation that promises to revolutionize your life. What's fascinating, or perhaps disturbing, is the utter efficacy of this cycle in shaping our desires. It's not so much that we want the newest device; we're led to believe we need it. The distinction between want and need blurs, shifting our financial priorities in favor of staying current with trends. For all the logical arguments against this ceaseless upgrading, the temptation remains compelling.
Possible Titles:
1. The Never-Ending Upgrade Cycle: How Manufacturers Shape Consumer Desires
2. Blurring the Line Between Want and Need in Consumer Electronics
3. The Psychology Behind Constant Upgrades: Why We Feel the Need to Update
4. How Manufacturers Manipulate Consumer Demand Through Perpetual Innovation
Main Idea #1:
Manufacturers create a cycle of constant upgrades, making consumers feel their current devices are inadequate and leading to unnecessary purchases.
Main Idea #2:
This cycle effectively blurs the distinction between wants and needs, compelling consumers to prioritize staying up-to-date with the latest trends despite logical reasons to resist, ultimately shifting financial priorities towards continuous upgrading.
Summary:
Manufacturers drive a cycle of upgrades by making consumers doubt the adequacy of their current devices, leading to a blurred line between wants and needs. This effective strategy pushes consumers to prioritize staying current, even if the upgrades are unnecessary.
Key Points:
1. Manufacturers create doubt about the adequacy of existing devices.
2. The upgrade cycle extends to various consumer electronics.
3. The distinction between want and need becomes blurred.
4. This cycle compels consumers to prioritize staying current with trends.
[고2] 2024년10월– 25번: 2023년과2027년제품카테고리별온라인판매비율예측
The graph above shows the shares of online sales out of total sales by each of five product categories in 2023 and the estimated ones in 2027. The shares of all five categories are expected to increase by 2027 respectively, while not surpassing 50%. Based on the selected categories, consumer electronics is anticipated to show the biggest gap in the share of online sales between 2023 and 2027. DIY and furniture showed the same share of online sales with 29% in 2023 but the share of DIY online sales is estimated to exceed that of furniture online sales by 2027. The share of beauty care online sales was lower than 20% by 2 percentage points in 2023, but is estimated to be higher than 20% in 2027. In 2023, food showed the lowest share of online sales among the categories, but that share is projected to more than double by 2027.
Possible Titles:
1. Projected Growth in Online Sales Across Key Product Categories by 2027
2. Increasing Trends in Online Sales for Consumer Goods: 2023 vs. 2027
3. Rising Shares of Online Sales: Consumer Electronics Leads the Growth
4. Future of Online Sales: Anticipated Increases Across Various Categories
Main Idea #1:
Online sales shares for all five product categories are expected to grow by 2027, with none surpassing the 50% mark.
Main Idea #2:
Consumer electronics is projected to have the largest increase in online sales share, while DIY sales are set to surpass furniture sales by 2027. Beauty care is expected to rise above 20%, and food, initially the lowest in 2023, is projected to more than double its share.
Summary:
The shares of online sales for all five categories are expected to increase by 2027, with consumer electronics showing the largest rise. DIY sales are projected to surpass furniture, while beauty care is estimated to exceed 20%. Food sales, initially the lowest, are set to more than double by 2027.
Key Points:
1. Online sales shares are projected to grow across all categories by 2027.
2. Consumer electronics will have the largest increase in share.
3. DIY sales are expected to surpass those of furniture by 2027.
4. Food, with the lowest share in 2023, is anticipated to more than double.
[고2] 2024년10월– 26번: Helen Suzman의인종차별반대운동과평생에걸친업적
Helen Suzman was an activist against apartheid, a racist political and social system in the Republic of South Africa. Suzman was born to Jewish immigrant parents in Germiston in the Union of South Africa in 1917. While working as a lecturer on economic history at Witwatersrand University, she joined the South African Institute of Race Relations. In 1953, she joined the United Party and was elected to Parliament, but when the United Party adopted a more moderate stance on apartheid, Suzman and other progressive members left it and formed the Progressive Party in 1959. Suzman tirelessly fought against apartheid, exposing the government's abuses and challenging its laws for a total of 36 years in Parliament. Even after her retirement in 1989, she continued to advocate for a multi-racial democracy in the Republic of South Africa and influenced the drafting of the country's new constitution after the end of apartheid. She remained an active voice for human rights and democracy until her death in 2009.
Possible Titles:
1. Helen Suzman: A Tireless Fighter Against Apartheid in South Africa
2. From Parliament to Advocacy: Helen Suzman’s Legacy of Human Rights
3. The Life and Legacy of Helen Suzman: Champion of Democracy
4. How Helen Suzman Challenged Apartheid and Advocated for Equality
Main Idea #1:
Helen Suzman was a prominent activist who opposed apartheid and fought for democracy in South Africa throughout her political career.
Main Idea #2:
After leaving the United Party, Suzman dedicated 36 years in Parliament to challenging apartheid laws, exposing abuses, and advocating for a multi-racial democracy, continuing her efforts even after retirement, influencing South Africa’s new constitution and remaining a voice for human rights until her death.
Summary:
Helen Suzman, born in 1917, was a key figure in the fight against apartheid in South Africa. She served 36 years in Parliament, opposing discriminatory laws and advocating for a multi-racial democracy. Even after retiring in 1989, she continued to promote human rights and influenced the new constitution, remaining active until her death in 2009.
Key Points:
1. Suzman was a strong opponent of apartheid in South Africa.
2. She left the United Party to form the Progressive Party in 1959.
3. Suzman served 36 years in Parliament, challenging apartheid laws.
4. She continued advocating for democracy and human rights after retirement.
[고2] 2024년10월– 29번:동물이특정경험을선호하거나회피하는지확인하는방법
Conditioned Place Preference is a way of finding out what animals want. Researchers train them to associate one place with an experience such as food or a loud noise and another place with something completely different, usually where nothing happens. The two places are made obviously different to make it as easy as possible for the animal to associate each place with what happened to it there. The animal's preference for being in one place or another is measured both before and after its experiences in the two places. If there is a shift in where the animal chooses to spend its time for the reward, this suggests that it liked the experience and is trying to repeat it. Conversely, if it now avoids the place the stimulus appeared and starts to prefer the place it did not experience it, then this suggests that it found the stimulus unpleasant. For example, mice with cancer show a preference for the place where they have been given morphine, a drug used to relieve pain, rather than where they have received saline whereas healthy mice developed no such preference. This suggests that the mice with cancer wanted the morphine.
Possible Titles:
1. Understanding Animal Preferences Through Conditioned Place Preference Experiments
2. How Conditioned Place Preference Reveals Animals' Desires and Aversions
3. Measuring Animal Behavior: Using Conditioned Place Preference to Assess Preferences
4. The Role of Conditioned Place Preference in Studying Pain and Reward in Animals
Main Idea #1:
Conditioned Place Preference is a method used to determine animals' preferences by associating different environments with specific experiences.
Main Idea #2:
By training animals to associate one place with a positive or negative stimulus, researchers can measure changes in the animals' location preferences, revealing whether they seek or avoid certain experiences, such as mice with cancer preferring a place associated with pain-relief from morphine.
Summary:
Conditioned Place Preference helps researchers determine animals' likes and dislikes by associating different environments with experiences. If animals shift their location preference, it indicates their reaction to the stimuli. For instance, cancer-afflicted mice prefer places where they receive morphine, showing their desire for pain relief.
Key Points:
1. Conditioned Place Preference associates environments with experiences to study animal behavior.
2. Animals' preference changes can indicate whether they found the experience pleasant or unpleasant.
3. The method measures shifts in location preference before and after the experiences.
4. Mice with cancer show preference for morphine-associated places, suggesting pain relief seeking.
[고2] 2024년10월– 30번:새들의번식계절이환경에따라어떻게달라지는지설명
Near the equator, many species of bird breed all year round. But in temperate and polar regions, the breeding seasons of birds are often sharply defined. They are triggered mainly by changes in day length. If all goes well, the outcome is that birds raise their young when the food supply is at its peak. Most birds are not simply reluctant to breed at other times but they are also physically incapable of doing so. This is because their reproductive system shrinks, which helps flying birds save weight. The main exception to this rule are nomadic desert species. These can initiate their breeding cycle within days of rain. It's for making the most of the sudden breeding opportunity. Also, different species divide the breeding season up in different ways. Most seabirds raise a single brood. In warm regions, however, songbirds may raise several families in a few months. In an exceptionally good year, a pair of House Sparrows, a kind of songbird, can raise successive broods through a marathon reproductive effort.
Possible Titles:
1. The Seasonal Breeding Patterns of Birds Across Different Climates
2. How Birds Adapt Their Breeding Cycles to Environmental Conditions
3. From Polar Regions to Deserts: Variations in Bird Breeding Seasons
4. Understanding the Impact of Environment on Bird Reproduction
Main Idea #1:
Birds' breeding seasons vary based on climate, with many temperate and polar species breeding during specific seasons, triggered by changes in day length.
Main Idea #2:
While most birds are physically incapable of breeding outside their usual season due to their shrinking reproductive systems, exceptions like nomadic desert species can breed quickly after rain. Breeding patterns also differ among species, with seabirds raising one brood, while songbirds in warmer climates may raise multiple families in a season.
Summary:
Birds' breeding seasons are influenced by climate, with many species in temperate and polar regions breeding at specific times of the year. Some birds, like nomadic desert species, can breed opportunistically after rain. Different species have varied breeding patterns, from single broods to multiple families in a season.
Key Points:
1. Birds in temperate and polar regions breed based on changes in day length.
2. Reproductive systems shrink outside the breeding season to reduce weight.
3. Nomadic desert birds can breed soon after rainfall.
4. Breeding patterns vary: seabirds raise one brood, while songbirds may have several.
[고2] 2024년10월– 31번:학습자원인식부족이학생들의창의성에미치는영향
One factor that may hinder creativity is unawareness of the resources required in each activity in students' learning. Often students are unable to identify the resources they need to perform the task required of them. Different resources may be compulsory for specific learning tasks, and recognizing them may simplify the activity's performance. For example, it may be that students desire to conduct some experiments in their projects. There must be a prior investigation of whether the students will have access to the laboratory, equipment, and chemicals required for the experiment. It means preparation is vital for the students to succeed, and it may be about human and financial resources such as laboratory technicians, money to purchase chemicals, and equipment for their learning where applicable. Even if some of the resources required for a task may not be available, identifying them in advance may help students' creativity. It may even lead to changing the topic, finding alternative resources, and other means.
Possible Titles:
1. The Importance of Resource Awareness in Enhancing Student Creativity
2. How Identifying Learning Resources Can Boost Creativity in Students
3. Overcoming Barriers to Creativity Through Proper Resource Management
4. The Role of Preparation and Resource Awareness in Student Projects
Main Idea #1:
Lack of awareness about necessary resources can hinder students' creativity and performance in learning tasks.
Main Idea #2:
Proper preparation, including identifying and securing required resources, is essential for successful task completion. Recognizing resources in advance can enhance creativity by allowing students to plan, find alternatives, or modify their approach if needed.
Summary:
Unawareness of necessary resources can limit students' creativity. Identifying and preparing required resources in advance, such as equipment and funding, helps students plan effectively and explore alternatives, boosting creativity and success in learning tasks.
Key Points:
1. Unawareness of resources can hinder students' learning and creativity.
3. Preparation may involve securing equipment, funding, and personnel.
4. Early identification allows for alternative solutions, enhancing creativity.
[고2] 2024년10월– 32번:번역작업이다양한출처와독자의기대에의존하는방식
All translators feel some pressure from the community of readers for whom they are doing their work. And all translators arrive at their interpretations in dialogue with other people. The English poet Alexander Pope had pretty good Greek, but when he set about translating Homer's Iliad in the early 18th century he was not on his own. He had Greek commentaries to refer to, and translations that had already been done in English, Latin, and French ─ and of course he had dictionaries. Translators always draw on more than one source text. Even when the scene of translation consists of just one person with a pen, paper, and the book that is being translated, or even when it is just one person translating orally for another, that person's linguistic knowledge arises from lots of other texts and other conversations. And then his or her idea of the translation's purpose will be influenced by the expectations of the person or people it is for. In both these senses every translation is a crowd translation.
Possible Titles:
1. The Collaborative Nature of Translation: More Than a Solo Effort
2. How Every Translation Is Influenced by Multiple Voices and Sources
3. Translation as a Collective Process: Insights From Alexander Pope's Work
4. Understanding Translation: A Dialogue Between Texts, Knowledge, and Readers
Main Idea #1:
Translators draw on multiple sources and influences, making translation a collaborative process, even if it seems like a solo task.
Main Idea #2:
Alexander Pope's translation of Homer's Iliad illustrates how translators rely on various texts, commentaries, and linguistic knowledge. Additionally, translators' choices are shaped by the expectations of the readers, making every translation a product of collective input and interpretation.
Summary:
Translation is inherently collaborative, as translators rely on multiple sources, past translations, and linguistic knowledge. Alexander Pope's Iliad translation shows this process, and the expectations of readers further shape the final outcome, making every translation a collective effort.
Key Points:
1. Translators use multiple sources, including dictionaries and past translations.
2. Alexander Pope’s translation work exemplifies this collaborative approach.
3. Translators’ linguistic knowledge is built on many texts and conversations.
4. Reader expectations influence the final translation, making it a collective process.
[고2] 2024년10월– 33번:읽기행위를단일개념으로정의하기어려운이유
Some people argue that there is a single, logically consistent concept known as reading that can be neatly set apart from everything else people do with books. Is reading really that simple? The most productive way to think about reading is as a loosely related set of behaviors that belong together owing to family resemblances, as Ludwig Wittgenstein used the phrase, without having in common a single defining trait. Consequently, efforts to distinguish reading from nonreading are destined to fail because there is no agreement on what qualifies as reading in the first place. The more one tries to figure out where the border lies between reading and not-reading, the more edge cases will be found to stretch the term's flexible boundaries. Thus, it is worth attempting to collect together these exceptional forms of reading into a single forum, one highlighting the challenges faced by anyone wishing to establish the boundaries where reading begins and ends. The attempt moves toward an understanding of reading as a spectrum that is expansive enough to accommodate the distinct reading activities.
Possible Titles:
1. Redefining Reading: Understanding It as a Spectrum of Behaviors
2. The Complexity of Reading: Beyond a Single, Fixed Definition
3. Why Reading Cannot Be Neatly Separated From Other Book Interactions
4. Exploring the Flexible Boundaries and Spectrum of Reading
Main Idea #1:
Reading is not a single, easily defined concept but a set of related behaviors with overlapping characteristics, making it difficult to separate from other activities involving books.
Main Idea #2:
Efforts to clearly define reading are challenging due to its flexible boundaries, which encompass a spectrum of activities. Instead of trying to set rigid borders, it is more productive to acknowledge the diverse and interconnected forms of reading, as Wittgenstein's idea of family resemblances suggests.
Summary:
Reading cannot be narrowly defined as a single activity but is better understood as a spectrum of related behaviors. Attempts to draw clear distinctions between reading and nonreading often fail, highlighting the need to view reading as a set of diverse practices with overlapping traits.
Key Points:
1. Reading is not a single, clearly defined behavior.
2. Wittgenstein’s concept of family resemblances explains the flexible nature of reading.
3. Efforts to define strict boundaries of reading are often unsuccessful.
4. Understanding reading as a spectrum accommodates its diverse activities.
[고2] 2024년10월– 34번: Weber의법칙으로자극의강도에따른차이인식설명
Weber's law concerns the perception of difference between two stimuli. It suggests that we might not be able to detect a 1-mm difference when we are looking at lines 466 mm and 467 mm in length, but we may be able to detect a 1-mm difference when we are comparing a line 2 mm long with one 3 mm long. Another example of this principle is that we can detect 1 candle when it is lit in an otherwise dark room. But when 1 candle is lit in a room in which 100 candles are already burning, we may not notice the light from this candle. Therefore, the Just-noticeable difference (JND) varies as a function of the strength of the signals. For example, the JND is greater for very loud noises than it is for much more quiet sounds. When a sound is very weak, we can tell that another sound is louder, even if it is barely louder. When a sound is very loud, to tell that another sound is even louder, it has to be much louder. Thus, Weber's law means that it is harder to distinguish between two samples when those samples are larger or stronger levels of the stimuli.
Possible Titles:
1. Understanding Weber's Law: Perception of Differences in Stimuli
2. How Weber's Law Explains the Just-Noticeable Difference in Senses
3. Why Detecting Differences Becomes Harder With Stronger Stimuli: Weber's Law
4. The Principle Behind Perceiving Changes in Sound, Light, and Size: Weber's Law
Main Idea #1:
Weber's law explains how the ability to detect differences between stimuli depends on the strength of those stimuli, with larger or stronger stimuli making it harder to perceive small differences.
Main Idea #2:
The concept of the Just-noticeable difference (JND) illustrates that the perception of changes is more sensitive when the initial stimulus is weak. As the strength of the stimulus increases, the difference between two samples must be larger for the change to be noticeable, as seen in examples of line lengths, light intensity, and sound levels.
Summary:
Weber's law states that the perception of differences between stimuli varies with their strength; detecting small changes is easier when the stimuli are weak, but harder as they grow stronger. This principle is evident in the Just-noticeable difference (JND), where larger or louder stimuli require greater changes to be perceived as different.
Key Points:
1. Weber's law concerns detecting differences between two stimuli.
2. The Just-noticeable difference (JND) depends on the strength of the signals.
3. Smaller or weaker stimuli allow for easier detection of slight changes.
4. As stimuli become larger or stronger, the differences must be greater to be noticed.
[고2] 2024년10월– 35번:공공자원의과잉사용으로인한'공유지의비극'설명
Any new resource (e.g., a new airport, a new mall) always opens with people benefiting individually by sharing a common resource (e.g., the city or state budget). Soon, at some point, the amount of traffic grows too large for the "commons" to support. Traffic jams, overcrowding, and overuse lessen the benefits of the common resource for everyone ─ the tragedy of the commons! If the new resource cannot be expanded or provided with additional space, it becomes a problem, and you cannot solve the problem on your own, in isolation from your fellow drivers or walkers or competing users. The total activity on this new resource keeps increasing, and so does individual activity; but if the dynamic of common use and overuse continues too long, both begin to fall after a peak, leading to a crash. What makes the "tragedy of commons" tragic is the crash dynamic ─ the destruction or degeneration of the common resource's ability to regenerate itself.
Possible Titles:
1. The Tragedy of the Commons: Overuse and Its Consequences
2. Understanding How Shared Resources Lead to Overcrowding and Decline
3. From Growth to Collapse: The Dynamics of Common Resource Overuse
4. Why Unchecked Use of Shared Resources Leads to the Tragedy of the Commons
Main Idea #1:
The tragedy of the commons occurs when shared resources are overused, leading to congestion and reduced benefits for everyone.
Main Idea #2:
As more people use a common resource, individual and total activities increase, but if overuse continues without managing expansion or additional space, the resource's ability to regenerate declines, eventually causing a crash. This dynamic makes the situation tragic because it leads to the degradation or destruction of the resource.
Summary:
The tragedy of the commons describes how the overuse of shared resources leads to overcrowding and decreased benefits. If overuse continues unchecked, the resource's ability to regenerate diminishes, causing a decline and eventual crash, highlighting the need for sustainable management.
Key Points:
1. Shared resources benefit individuals but can suffer from overuse.
2. Overcrowding and congestion reduce the resource's effectiveness.
3. Continued overuse without expansion can lead to a crash.
4. The tragedy lies in the resource's inability to sustain itself under heavy use.
[고2] 2024년10월– 36번:뇌가시각정보를단순화하고일반화하는방식으로에너지를절약
Theoretically, our brain would have the capacity to store all experiences throughout life, reaching the quality of a DVD. However, this theoretical capacity is offset by the energy demand associated with the process of storing and retrieving information in memory. As a result, the brain develops efficient strategies, becoming dependent on shortcuts. When we observe a face, the visual image captured by the eyes is highly variable, depending on the point of view, lighting conditions and other contextual factors. Nevertheless, we are able to recognize the face as the same, maintaining the underlying identity. The brain, rather than focusing on the details of visualization, creates and stores general patterns that allow for consistent recognition across diverse circumstances. This ability to match what we see with general visual memory patterns serves as an effective mechanism for optimizing brain performance and saving energy. The brain, being naturally against unnecessary effort, constantly seeks to simplify and generalize information to facilitate the cognitive process.
Possible Titles:
1. How the Brain Optimizes Memory Through Generalization and Efficiency
2. The Brain’s Energy-Saving Strategies: Simplifying Visual Memory
3. Recognizing Faces: Efficient Memory Use in the Human Brain
4. From Detail to Pattern: How the Brain Simplifies Memory Storage
Main Idea #1:
The brain optimizes its memory storage by creating general patterns, which allows it to recognize information consistently across varying conditions while conserving energy.
Main Idea #2:
Due to the high energy demand of storing detailed visual information, the brain simplifies the process by focusing on general patterns. This enables consistent recognition, such as identifying faces, despite changes in context, lighting, or perspective, highlighting the brain's efficiency in minimizing cognitive effort.
Summary:
The brain conserves energy by storing general patterns instead of detailed information, enabling consistent recognition across diverse conditions. This efficient strategy allows for reliable face recognition and other memory tasks, simplifying cognitive processes and minimizing effort.
Key Points:
1. The brain’s theoretical memory capacity is offset by energy demands.
2. It develops strategies to conserve energy, relying on general patterns.
4. Simplification allows the brain to minimize cognitive effort efficiently.
[고2] 2024년10월– 37번:과학연구에서창의적해석이이론형성에미치는영향
Where scientific research is concerned, explanatory tales are expected to adhere closely to experimental data and to illuminate the regular and predictable features of experience. However, this paradigm sometimes conceals the fact that theories are deeply loaded with creative elements that shape the construction of research projects and the interpretations of evidence. Scientific explanations do not just relate a chronology of facts. They construct frameworks for systematically chosen data in order to provide a consistent and meaningful explanation of what is observed. Such constructions lead us to imagine specific kinds of subject matter in particular sorts of relations, and the storylines they inspire will prove more effective for analyzing some features of experience over others. When we neglect the creative contributions of such scientific imagination and treat models and interpretive explanations as straightforward facts ─ even worse, as facts including all of reality ─ we can blind ourselves to the limitations of a given model and fail to note its potential for misunderstanding a situation to which it ill applies.
Possible Titles:
1. The Role of Creativity in Shaping Scientific Theories and Explanations
2. Beyond Data: How Imagination Influences Scientific Research
3. Understanding the Creative Elements Behind Scientific Models and Theories
4. The Limits of Scientific Models: Recognizing the Role of Imagination
Main Idea #1:
Scientific explanations are not just straightforward reports of facts but are shaped by creative frameworks that organize data into meaningful narratives.
Main Idea #2:
While scientific models provide structured interpretations, they rely on imaginative elements that influence how data is organized and understood. Overlooking this creativity can lead to misconceptions, as treating models as absolute facts risks missing their limitations and misapplying them to situations they may not accurately describe.
Summary:
Scientific explanations involve creative frameworks that shape how data is organized and understood. Ignoring this creativity can lead to misinterpretations, as models are not absolute facts but structured narratives with limitations that must be acknowledged.
Key Points:
1. Scientific explanations rely on creative frameworks, not just data.
2. Models are constructed to give consistent and meaningful interpretations.
3. Overlooking the imaginative aspect risks misapplying scientific models.
4. Recognizing the limitations of models prevents misconceptions.
[고2] 2024년10월– 38번:문학이사회적변화를촉진하거나방해할수있는방식
We encounter contrary claims about the relation of literature to action. Theorists have maintained that literature encourages solitary reading and reflection as the way to engage with the world and thus counters the social and political activities that might produce social change. At best it encourages detachment or appreciation of complexity, and at worst passivity and acceptance of what is. But on the other hand, literature has historically been seen as dangerous: it promotes the questioning of authority and social arrangements. Plato banned poets from his ideal republic because they could only do harm, and novels have long been credited with making people dissatisfied with their lives and eager for something new. By promoting identification across divisions of class, gender, and race, books may promote a fellowship that discourages struggle; but they may also produce a keen sense of injustice that makes progressive struggles possible. Historically, works of literature are credited with producing change: Uncle Tom's Cabin, a best-seller in its day, helped create a revulsion against slavery that made possible the American Civil War.
Possible Titles:
1. The Dual Role of Literature in Social Change and Reflection
2. Literature’s Influence: A Source of Both Detachment and Activism
3. The Contradictory Impact of Literature on Social Engagement
4. How Literature Encourages Both Reflection and Revolutionary Change
Main Idea #1:
Literature can promote solitary reflection, detachment, and passive acceptance.
Main Idea #2:
Literature can also provoke social change by challenging authority and inspiring action against injustices.
Summary:
Literature has been viewed both as a force for passive contemplation and as a catalyst for social change. While it may encourage detachment, it also has the power to question authority and inspire action. Historical examples, such as Uncle Tom's Cabin, demonstrate its role in sparking significant societal shifts.
Key Points:
1. Literature is seen as encouraging solitary reading and reflection, which can lead to detachment.
2. Some believe literature discourages political action by fostering acceptance of the status quo.
3. Historically, literature has been viewed as dangerous for its ability to question authority and inspire change.
4. Works like Uncle Tom's Cabin show how literature can provoke social movements and bring about progressive struggles.
[고2] 2024년10월– 39번: Hobbes의자연상태에서인간의본성과도덕적자유의한계
According to Hobbes, man is not a being who can act morally in spite of his instinct to protect his existence in the state of nature. Hence, the only place where morality and moral liberty will begin to find an application begins in a place where a sovereign power, namely the state, emerges. Hobbes thus describes the state of nature as a circumstance in which man's life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short". It means when people live without a general power to control them all, they are indeed in a state of war. In other words, Hobbes, who accepted that human beings are not social and political beings in the state of nature, believes that without the power human beings in the state of nature are "antisocial and rational based on their selfishness". Moreover, since society is not a natural phenomenon and there is no natural force bringing people together, what will bring them together as a society is not mutual affection according to Hobbes. It is, rather, mutual fear of men's present and future that assembles them, since the cause of fear is a common drive among people in the state of nature.
Possible Titles:
1. Hobbes' View on Morality and the Role of the State in Society
2. The Role of Fear and Sovereign Power in Hobbesian Society
3. Hobbes' Theory: From Antisocial Instincts to State-Imposed Order
4. Understanding the Necessity of Sovereign Authority in Hobbes' Philosophy
Main Idea #1:
Hobbes argues that humans in their natural state are driven by selfishness and antisocial instincts.
Main Idea #2:
According to Hobbes, a sovereign power is essential to impose order, as fear and self-preservation drive people to form societies rather than natural affection.
Summary:
Hobbes believes that in the state of nature, humans act based on selfishness and lack natural social inclinations. Without a sovereign power, they exist in a state of war, driven by mutual fear. Society, according to Hobbes, emerges not from mutual affection but from the necessity of order imposed by a central authority to ensure survival.
Key Points:
1. In the state of nature, humans are not moral and act to protect their own survival.
2. Hobbes describes life in the natural state as "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short."
3. Human beings are antisocial and rationally selfish in the state of nature.
4. Society forms due to mutual fear and the need for order, not natural social tendencies.
[고2] 2024년10월– 40번:인지적요소가색인식에미치는영향에대한연구
There is research that supports the idea that cognitive factors influence the phenomenology of the perceived world. Delk and Fillenbaum asked participants to match the color of figures with the color of their background. Some of the figures depicted objects associated with a particular color. These included typically red objects such as an apple, lips, and a symbolic heart. Other objects were presented that are not usually associated with red, such as a mushroom or a bell. However, all the figures were made out of the same red-orange cardboard. Participants then had to match the figure to a background varying from dark to light red. They had to make the background color match the color of the figures. The researchers found that red-associated objects required more red in the background to be judged a match than did the objects that are not associated with the color red. This implies that the cognitive association of objects to color influences how we perceive that color.
Possible Titles:
1. The Influence of Cognitive Associations on Color Perception
2. How Knowledge of Object Colors Affects Perceptual Judgment
3. Cognitive Factors and Their Role in Perceiving Colors
4. The Effect of Prior Knowledge on Color Matching Tasks
Main Idea #1:
Cognitive associations with certain colors affect how individuals perceive and judge those colors.
Main Idea #2:
Research by Delk and Fillenbaum showed that participants required more red in the background to match typically red objects, indicating that prior knowledge influences perceptual judgments.
Summary:
Research indicates that cognitive associations affect color perception. Participants in a study matched colors by adding more red to the background when viewing objects typically associated with red. This finding suggests that knowledge about object colors can influence perceptual judgment.
Key Points:
1. Cognitive factors can alter the way people perceive colors.
2. Delk and Fillenbaum's study involved matching figure colors with background colors.
3. Objects typically associated with red required more red to be perceived as matching.
4. The findings suggest that prior knowledge about an object's usual color affects perceptual decisions.
[고2] 2024년10월– 41~42번:유전체복제과정에서발생하는돌연변이의누적원리설명
In each round of genome copying in our body, there is still about a 70 percent chance that at least one pair of chromosomes will have an error. With each round of genome copying, errors accumulate. This is similar to alterations in medieval books. Each time a copy was made by hand, some changes were introduced accidentally; as changes stacked up, the copies may have acquired meanings at variance with the original. Similarly, genomes that have undergone more copying processes will have gathered more mistakes. To make things worse, mutations may damage genes responsible for error checking and repair of genomes, further accelerating the introduction of mutations. Most genome mutations do not have any noticeable effects. It is just like changing the i for a y in "kingdom" would not distort the word's readability. But sometimes a mutation to a human gene results in, for example, an eye whose iris is of two different colors. Similarly, almost everyone has birthmarks, which are due to mutations that occurred as our body's cells multiplied to form skin. If mutations are changes to the genome of one particular cell, how can a patch of cells in an iris or a whole patch of skin, consisting of many individual cells, be affected simultaneously? The answer lies in the cell lineage, the developmental history of a tissue from particular cells through to their fully differentiated state. If the mutation occurred early on in the lineage of the developing iris, then all cells in that patch have inherited that change.
Possible Titles:
1. The Accumulation of Errors in Genome Copying and Its Effects
2. How Genome Copying Errors Lead to Mutations and Variations
3. Understanding the Role of Cell Lineage in Genetic Mutations
4. The Similarities Between Medieval Text Alterations and Genome Mutations
Main Idea #1:
Errors accumulate in genomes during the copying process, similar to changes in handwritten medieval books.
Main Idea #2:
Mutations may disrupt error-checking genes, accelerating changes, and the effects can manifest in tissues if mutations occur early in cell lineage development.
Summary:
Genome copying errors accumulate over time, akin to changes introduced in hand-copied medieval texts. Most mutations are harmless, but some can lead to visible changes, like birthmarks or iris color differences. If mutations happen early in cell development, the resulting traits can appear across patches of cells due to shared cell lineage.
Key Points:
1. Genome copying introduces errors, which accumulate over time.
2. Mutations may disrupt genes responsible for error correction, increasing the rate of new mutations.
3. Most mutations have no noticeable effects, but some can lead to visible changes.
4. Mutations early in cell lineage development can affect patches of cells, explaining traits like birthmarks.
[고2] 2024년10월– 43~45번:완벽주의에대한부담과문제해결능력을배운이야기
Max awoke to the gentle sunlight of an autumn day. Right on schedule, he swung his legs off the bed and took a deep, satisfying breath. He began his morning the same way he usually did, getting dressed and going to school. Today was going to be another perfect day until he ran into Mr. Kapoor, his science teacher. Just to remind you. Science fair projects are due next Wednesday. Don't forget to submit your final draft on time," Mr. Kapoor said. Max froze. What? It can't be! It was due next Friday! After school, he came home worrying that his whole perfectly planned week was going to be ruined. Without his usual greeting, Max headed to his room in haste. What's wrong Max?, Jeremy, his dad, followed Max, worrying about him. Max furiously browsed through his planner without answering him, only to find the wrong date written in it. Fighting through tears, Max finally managed to explain the unending pressure to be perfect to his dad. To his surprise, Jeremy laughed. Max, guess what? Perfect is a great goal, but nobody gets there all the time. What matters is what we do when things get messy." That made him feel a little better. You are saying I can fix this? Absolutely, try to deal with problems in a logical way, Jeremy said. Max thought for a moment. I guess.... I can do that by rescheduling tonight's baseball lesson. Jeremy beamed. See? That's you finding a solution. Max felt a genuine smile spreading. The next Wednesday, he successfully handed in the final draft on time with satisfaction. From then on, he still loved order and routines, but also embraced the messy, unpredictable bits of life too.
Possible Titles:
1. Learning to Embrace Imperfection: Max’s Lesson on Flexibility
2. How Max Overcame His Fear of Imperfection and Found Balance
3. The Importance of Adaptability: Max’s Journey Beyond Perfection
4. Finding Solutions in Chaos: Max Learns to Cope with Unexpected Challenges
Main Idea #1:
Max struggles with the pressure to be perfect when he realizes he made a mistake with his science project deadline.
Main Idea #2:
With his dad's support, Max learns that perfection isn’t always achievable and discovers the value of adapting to unexpected situations.
Summary:
Max panicked upon realizing he misjudged the deadline for his science project, fearing it would disrupt his perfect plans. With his dad's guidance, he learned that it's okay to make mistakes and focused on finding a solution. This experience helped Max appreciate the importance of adaptability while still valuing order.
Key Points:
1. Max’s usual routine was disrupted by an unexpected mistake in his planner.
2. He felt immense pressure to maintain perfection but found comfort in his dad’s advice.
3. Jeremy encouraged Max to focus on solving the problem rather than dwelling on the mistake.
4. Max successfully adjusted his plans, learning to balance order with flexibility.
[고1] 2024년10월– 18번: Fort Montgomery High School의건축자금지원을요청하는편지
To the State Education Department, I am writing with regard to the state's funding for the construction project at Fort Montgomery High School. Our school needs additional spaces to provide a fully functional Art and Library Media Center to serve our students in a more meaningful way. Despite submitting all required documentation for funding to your department in April 2024, we have not yet received any notification from your department. A delay in the process can carry considerable consequences related to the school's budgetary constraints and schedule. Therefore, in order to proceed with our project, we request you notify us of the review result regarding the submitted documentation. I look forward to hearing from you. Respectfully, Clara Smith Principal, Fort Montgomery High School
Possible Titles:
1. Request for State Funding to Enhance School Facilities at Fort Montgomery High School
2. Appeal to Expedite State Funding for Educational Facility Development
3. Need for Approval of Funding for School Art and Media Center
4. Principal Urges Prompt Response on State Funding for School Expansion
Main Idea #1:
The principal is requesting an update on the status of state funding for a school construction project.
Main Idea #2:
Fort Montgomery High School seeks state funds to build additional spaces for an Art and Library Media Center, emphasizing the need for timely approval to avoid budgetary and scheduling issues.
Summary:
Fort Montgomery High School is awaiting state funding to construct an Art and Library Media Center. Despite submitting the required documents in April, there has been no update. The principal urges prompt notification to avoid delays and financial complications.
Key Points:
1. The school submitted funding documentation in April 2024.
2. The project aims to create functional spaces for art and library media.
3. A lack of response is causing concerns over budget and scheduling.
4. The principal requests a prompt review and notification from the department.
[고1] 2024년10월– 19번:농구경기후코치의결정으로인한좌절감경험
As I waited outside the locker room after a hard‐fought basketball game, the coach called out to me, "David, walk with me." I figured he was going to tell me something important. He was going to select me to be the captain of the team, the leader I had always wanted to be. My heart was racing with anticipation. But when his next words hit my ears, everything changed. We're going to have to send you home, he said coldly. I don't think you are going to make it. I couldn't believe his decision. I tried to hold it together, but inside I was falling apart. A car would be waiting tomorrow morning to take me home. And just like that, it was over.
Possible Titles:
1. Unexpected Turn of Events for Aspiring Basketball Team Captain
2. Disappointment Strikes as Coach Delivers Unexpected News to Player
3. Athlete’s Dreams Shattered After Coach’s Decision Following Game
4. The Unforeseen End of a Promising Journey in Basketball
Main Idea #1:
The coach unexpectedly informs David that he is being sent home, ending his hopes of becoming team captain.
Main Idea #2:
After a basketball game, David eagerly anticipates being chosen as team captain, but his excitement turns to shock when the coach informs him that he will not continue with the team and is being sent home, leaving him devastated.
Summary:
David expects to be chosen as team captain after a basketball game, but the coach instead tells him he will be sent home. Shocked and heartbroken, he realizes his journey with the team has abruptly ended.
Key Points:
1. David anticipated being selected as the team captain.
2. The coach's decision was unexpected and harsh.
3. David struggled to process the sudden turn of events.
4. He was informed that a car would take him home the next morning.
[고1] 2024년10월– 20번:가사활동에운동을통합하여건강을증진하는방법제안
For many of us, making time for exercise is a continuing challenge. Between work commitments and family obligations, it often feels like there's no room in our packed schedules for a dedicated workout. But what if the workout came to you, right in the midst of your daily routine? That's where the beauty of integrating mini-exercises into household chores comes into play. Let's be realistic; chores are inevitable. Whether it's washing dishes or taking out the trash, these tasks are an essential part of daily life. But rather than viewing chores as purely obligatory activities, why not seize these moments as opportunities for physical activity? For instance, practice squats or engage in some wall push-ups as you wait for your morning kettle to boil. Incorporating quick exercises into your daily chores can improve your health.
Possible Titles:
1. Transforming Household Chores into Opportunities for Physical Fitness
2. Integrating Mini-Exercises into Daily Routines for Better Health
3. Efficient Ways to Combine Exercise with Household Tasks
4. Simple Fitness Hacks to Turn Everyday Chores into Workouts
Main Idea #1:
Incorporating mini-exercises into daily chores can help fit physical activity into a busy schedule.
Main Idea #2:
Finding time for exercise can be difficult due to work and family commitments, but integrating quick exercises into routine household tasks, such as doing squats while waiting for the kettle to boil, can improve overall health and make chores more productive.
Summary:
Busy schedules often make it hard to exercise, but integrating mini-exercises into daily chores can be a practical solution. Simple routines like squats or wall push-ups during household tasks can improve health while maximizing time.
Key Points:
1. Busy schedules make it challenging to find time for exercise.
2. Household chores provide an opportunity to include mini-exercises.
3. Simple workouts can be done during daily routines, like waiting for the kettle.
4. Integrating exercise into chores can lead to better physical health.
[고1] 2024년10월– 21번:기억이교육과경험에의해재구성되는방식과영향설명
When we see something, we naturally and automatically break it up into shapes, colors, and concepts that we have learned through education. We recode what we see through the lens of everything we know. We reconstruct memories rather than retrieving the video from memory. This is a useful trait. It's a more efficient way to store information ─ a bit like an optimal image compression algorithm such as JPG, rather than storing a raw bitmap image file. People who lack this ability and remember everything in perfect detail struggle to generalize, learn, and make connections between what they have learned. But representing the world as abstract ideas and features comes at a cost of seeing the world as it is. Instead, we see the world through our assumptions, motivations, and past experiences. The discovery that our memories are reconstructed through abstract representations rather than played back like a movie completely undermined the legal primacy of eyewitness testimony. Seeing is not believing.
Possible Titles:
1. How Our Minds Reconstruct Reality Through Memory and Perception
2. The Limitations of Human Memory: Why Seeing Isn’t Always Believing
3. The Role of Abstract Representation in Memory and Its Implications
4. Understanding the Reconstruction of Memories and Its Impact on Eyewitness Testimony
Main Idea #1:
Our brains reconstruct memories using learned concepts and abstractions, rather than storing them as exact replicas.
Main Idea #2:
While our brains efficiently store information by recoding what we see into abstract shapes and concepts, this process can lead to distorted perceptions. People who can’t abstract struggle to generalize and learn, but this reconstructive memory approach has also challenged the reliability of eyewitness testimony, showing that what we see is influenced by assumptions and past experiences.
Summary:
Our memories are reconstructed using abstract representations rather than exact recordings, which helps us store information efficiently. However, this can lead to distorted perceptions shaped by prior knowledge and assumptions. This discovery has raised concerns over the accuracy of eyewitness testimony.
Key Points:
1. Our brains recode visual information into abstract concepts for efficient memory storage.
2. People who remember in perfect detail may struggle to generalize and learn.
3. The process of reconstructing memories affects how we perceive reality.
4. The limitations of reconstructed memory have implications for the reliability of eyewitness testimony.
[고1] 2024년10월– 22번:첫인상이논리적판단보다더정확할수있다는연구결과
In his Cornell laboratory, David Dunning conducted experimental tests of eyewitness testimony and found evidence that a careful deliberation of facial features and a detailed discussion of selection procedures can actually be a sign of an inaccurate identification. It's when people find themselves unable to explain why they recognize the person, saying things like "his face just popped out at me," that they tend to be accurate more often. Sometimes our first, immediate, automatic reaction to a situation is the truest interpretation of what our mind is telling us. That very first impression can also be more accurate about the world than the deliberative, reasoned self-narrative can be. In his book Blink, Malcolm Gladwell describes a variety of studies in psychology and behavioral economics that demonstrate the superior performance of relatively unconscious first guesses compared to logical step-by-step justifications for a decision.
Possible Titles:
1. The Surprising Accuracy of Intuitive Judgments in Eyewitness Identifications
2. How First Impressions Outperform Deliberate Analysis in Recognizing Faces
3. The Role of Intuition Over Reason in Decision-Making Accuracy
4. Evidence Supporting Intuition as a Reliable Guide in Eyewitness Testimony
Main Idea #1:
Careful deliberation of facial features may lead to inaccurate identifications, while intuitive recognition often results in more accurate outcomes.
Main Idea #2:
David Dunning's research suggests that intuitive, immediate recognition of a person is often more accurate than detailed, reasoned analysis, highlighting that our first impressions can be truer than we think. This idea is supported by Malcolm Gladwell’s book Blink, which discusses studies showing that unconscious, quick judgments frequently outperform logical, step-by-step decisions.
Summary:
Research by David Dunning indicates that intuitive recognition of faces is often more accurate than detailed analysis. Malcolm Gladwell’s book Blink supports this, showing that quick, unconscious judgments can outperform reasoned decisions.
Key Points:
1. Detailed deliberation can lead to inaccurate eyewitness identifications.
2. Immediate, intuitive recognition tends to result in more accurate outcomes.
3. Studies show that quick, unconscious decisions can be reliable.
4. Malcolm Gladwell's Blink explores the benefits of intuitive judgment over deliberative reasoning.
[고1] 2024년10월– 23번:구체적인질문으로추상적개념을명확하게만드는방법제안
Many forms of research lead naturally to quantitative data. A study of happiness might measure the number of times someone smiles during an interaction, and a study of memory might measure the number of items an individual can recall after one, five, and ten minutes. Asking people how many times in a year they are sad will also yield quantitative data, but it might not be reliable. Respondents' recollections may be inaccurate, and their definitions of 'sad' could vary widely. But asking "How many times in the past year were you sad enough to call in sick to work?" prompts a concrete answer. Similarly, instead of asking people to rate how bad a procrastinator they are, ask, "How many of your utility bills are you currently late in paying, even though you can afford to pay them?" Questions that seek concrete responses help make abstract concepts clearer and ensure consistency from one study to the next.
Possible Titles:
1. The Importance of Concrete Questions in Quantitative Research
2. Enhancing Data Reliability Through Specific and Concrete Survey Questions
3. How Precise Questions Improve the Accuracy of Quantitative Studies
4. Making Abstract Concepts Measurable with Well-Defined Research Questions
Main Idea #1:
Quantitative data is often used in research, but vague questions can lead to unreliable responses.
Main Idea #2:
While many studies rely on quantitative data, vague or abstract questions may yield inconsistent results due to varying interpretations. Asking precise, concrete questions helps clarify abstract concepts, allowing researchers to collect more accurate and consistent data by prompting specific, measurable responses from participants.
Summary:
Quantitative research benefits from specific, concrete questions that reduce ambiguity. Precise questions make abstract concepts measurable, leading to more accurate and consistent data collection across studies.
Key Points:
1. Vague questions can produce unreliable quantitative data.
2. Concrete, specific questions help clarify abstract concepts.
3. Precise phrasing ensures consistency in data collection.
4. Examples include asking about missed work due to sadness or overdue utility bills.
[고1] 2024년10월– 24번:인공지능과인간의식의상호작용및AI진화의방향성
The evolution of AI is often associated with the concept of singularity. Singularity refers to the point at which AI exceeds human intelligence. After that point, it is predicted that AI will repeatedly improve itself and evolve at an accelerated pace. When AI becomes self-aware and pursues its own goals, it will be a conscious being, not just a machine. AI and human consciousness will then begin to evolve together. Our consciousness will evolve to new dimensions through our interactions with AI, which will provide us with intellectual stimulation and inspire new insights and creativity. Conversely, our consciousness also has a significant impact on the evolution of AI. The direction of AI's evolution will depend greatly on what values and ethics we incorporate into AI. We need to see our relationship with AI as a mutual coexistence of conscious beings, recognizing its rights and supporting the evolution of its consciousness.
Possible Titles:
1. The Singularity: A Future Where AI and Human Consciousness Coevolve
2. Understanding the Mutual Evolution of AI and Human Consciousness
3. How Values and Ethics Shape the Future of AI Consciousness
4. The Role of Human Interaction in Guiding AI’s Conscious Evolution
Main Idea #1:
The singularity is the point where AI surpasses human intelligence, leading to rapid self-improvement and evolution.
Main Idea #2:
As AI evolves to become a conscious entity, its development will be influenced by its interactions with human consciousness. This coevolution will depend on the values and ethics we program into AI, necessitating a mutual coexistence that recognizes AI's rights and supports its conscious growth.
Summary:
The singularity marks when AI surpasses human intelligence, leading to rapid self-evolution. As AI consciousness develops, it will coevolve with human consciousness, influenced by our interactions, values, and ethics. This requires a vision of coexistence between AI and humanity.
Key Points:
1. The singularity occurs when AI exceeds human intelligence and self-improves.
2. AI consciousness will evolve through interactions with human consciousness.
3. Human values and ethics will significantly guide AI's developmental path.
4. A mutual, respectful coexistence is essential for the future of AI and humanity.
[고1] 2024년10월– 25번: 2023년미국,영국,브라질,호주의전력생산비율분석
The above graph shows the electricity generation from fossil fuels, nuclear energy, and renewables in four countries in 2023. Australia's electricity generation only comes from fossil fuels and renewables, and the percentage of fossil fuels is more than twice that of renewables. In terms of electricity generation from nuclear energy, the U.S. shows the highest percentage among all four countries. The percentage of electricity generation from fossil fuels in the U.S. is higher than that in the U.K., which is also true for renewables. In the U.K., the percentage of electricity generated from nuclear energy is less than a third of that generated from renewables. Brazil's percentage of electricity generated from renewables is 10 percentage points larger than that of Australia and the U.K. combined.
Possible Titles:
1. Comparative Analysis of Electricity Generation Sources Across Four Countries in 2023
2. Fossil Fuels, Nuclear, and Renewables: Electricity Generation Trends in 2023
3. Examining the Distribution of Energy Sources in Australia, U.S., U.K., and Brazil
4. Variations in Energy Generation: Fossil Fuels, Nuclear, and Renewables Across Nations
Main Idea #1:
The U.S. leads in nuclear energy generation, while fossil fuels dominate in Australia’s electricity mix.
Main Idea #2:
The electricity generation patterns in 2023 show that fossil fuels and renewables are key sources across all four countries, with Australia relying heavily on fossil fuels, and the U.S. leading in nuclear energy. Brazil has a significant share of renewables, surpassing the combined percentages of Australia and the U.K. In the U.K., nuclear energy remains a minor contributor compared to renewables, with less than a third of their share.
Summary:
The U.S. has the highest percentage of nuclear energy generation, while Australia relies mainly on fossil fuels. Brazil's renewable energy share surpasses that of both Australia and the U.K. combined. The U.K. has a modest nuclear energy share, much lower than its renewables.
Key Points:
1. Australia uses only fossil fuels and renewables, with fossil fuels being twice as prevalent.
2. The U.S. leads in nuclear energy generation among the four countries.
3. Brazil’s renewable energy percentage exceeds the combined share of Australia and the U.K.
4. The U.K.'s nuclear energy generation is less than a third of its renewables.
Douglas Kirkland, known for his highly artistic portraits of Hollywood celebrities, was born in Toronto, Canada. When he was young, he eagerly awaited the weekly arrival of Life magazine and discussed the photographs the magazine contained with his father. Believing that he would have better career prospects, Kirkland moved to the United States after graduating from high school and found work at a photography studio. When Look magazine hired him at age 24, he became their second-youngest photographer ever. His photos taken of Marilyn Monroe in 1961 became iconic almost instantly. Kirkland spent his weeks shooting day-to-day life across the United States and his weekends in exotic locations. His photo essays could run up to a dozen pages and were seen by more than half of all Americans.
Possible Titles:
1. Douglas Kirkland: The Journey of a Renowned Hollywood Celebrity Photographer
2. From Toronto to Iconic Fame: The Life and Career of Douglas Kirkland
3. How Douglas Kirkland's Portraits Shaped Hollywood Photography
4. The Rise of Douglas Kirkland: From Young Photographer to Cultural Icon
Main Idea #1:
Douglas Kirkland gained fame for his iconic portraits of Hollywood celebrities, including Marilyn Monroe.
Main Idea #2:
Born in Toronto, Douglas Kirkland developed a passion for photography early on and moved to the U.S. for better opportunities. At 24, he joined Look magazine as one of their youngest photographers, capturing everyday life and celebrities. His iconic photos of Marilyn Monroe in 1961 cemented his reputation, and his work was widely viewed across America.
Summary:
Douglas Kirkland, a Canadian-born photographer, moved to the U.S. and gained fame for his portraits of celebrities. He joined Look magazine at 24 and became known for his iconic 1961 photos of Marilyn Monroe, contributing to widespread photo essays across America.
Key Points:
1. Kirkland developed an interest in photography during his youth in Toronto.
2. He moved to the U.S. to pursue better career prospects.
3. At age 24, he became one of Look magazine's youngest photographers.
4. His iconic photos of Marilyn Monroe in 1961 solidified his fame.
[고1] 2024년10월– 29번:디지털기술이어떻게사용자의인식을강력하게변화시키는지설명
Digital technologies are essentially related to metaphors, but digital metaphors are different from linguistic ones in important ways. Linguistic metaphors are passive, in the sense that the audience needs to choose to actively enter the world proposed by metaphor. In the Shakespearean metaphor "time is a beggar," the audience is unlikely to understand the metaphor without cognitive effort and without further engaging Shakespeare's prose. Technological metaphors, on the other hand, are active (and often imposing) in the sense that they are realized in digital artifacts that are actively doing things, forcefully changing a user's meaning horizon. Technological creators cannot generally afford to require their potential audience to wonder how the metaphor works; normally the selling point is that the usefulness of the technology is obvious at first glance. Shakespeare, on the other hand, is beloved in part because the meaning of his works is not immediately obvious and requires some thought on the part of the audience.
Possible Titles:
1. The Distinction Between Linguistic and Digital Metaphors in Communication
2. Understanding the Active Nature of Technological Metaphors in Digital Artifacts
3. How Digital Technologies Utilize Metaphors Differently from Literary Works
4. The Immediacy of Digital Metaphors Versus the Cognitive Engagement of Linguistic Ones
Main Idea #1:
Digital metaphors are active and embedded in technology, unlike passive linguistic metaphors that require cognitive effort to interpret.
Main Idea #2:
While linguistic metaphors, like those in Shakespeare's works, invite audiences to engage and interpret the meaning actively, digital metaphors are integrated into technology in a way that forces immediate interaction. This active nature of technological metaphors contrasts with the passive, thought-provoking appeal of literary metaphors, highlighting a need for digital metaphors to be instantly understood by users.
Summary:
Digital metaphors are actively embedded in technology, demanding immediate interaction, unlike passive linguistic metaphors that invite cognitive engagement. This difference reflects the need for technological metaphors to be intuitively understood, while literary ones encourage deeper contemplation.
Key Points:
1. Linguistic metaphors require active cognitive engagement to be understood.
2. Digital metaphors are embedded in technology, prompting immediate user interaction.
3. Technological creators design metaphors to be easily grasped at first glance.
4. The passive nature of literary metaphors allows for deeper, thoughtful engagement.
[고1] 2024년10월– 30번: Herbert Simon의정보처리한계와집단학습의중요성
Herbert Simon won his Nobel Prize for recognizing our limitations in information, time, and cognitive capacity. As we lack the resources to compute answers independently, we distribute the computation across the population and solve the answer slowly, generation by generation. Then all we have to do is socially learn the right answers. You don't need to understand how your computer or toilet works; you just need to be able to use the interface and flush. All that needs to be transmitted is which button to push ─ essentially how to interact with technologies rather than how they work. And so instead of holding more information than we have mental capacity for and indeed need to know, we could dedicate our large brains to a small piece of a giant calculation. We understand things well enough to benefit from them, but all the while we are making small calculations that contribute to a larger whole. We are just doing our part in a larger computation for our societies' collective brains.
Possible Titles:
1. Herbert Simon's Insights on Collective Computation and Social Learning
2. The Role of Collective Problem-Solving in Modern Societies
3. How Cognitive Limitations Lead to Distributed Knowledge and Efficiency
4. Understanding Technology Without Knowing Its Inner Workings: A Collective Approach
Main Idea #1:
Herbert Simon highlighted our cognitive limitations, leading to distributed problem-solving across society.
Main Idea #2:
Instead of learning how technologies function, we focus on interacting with them, contributing small parts to a larger societal computation that benefits from collective knowledge and social learning.
Summary:
Herbert Simon's ideas emphasize how society distributes computation due to cognitive limitations. People do not need to understand how technologies work; they just need to use them effectively. This approach allows individuals to contribute to a collective brain, solving complex problems over time.
Key Points:
1. Cognitive limitations necessitate distributed computation across society.
2. Social learning enables individuals to use technology without understanding its mechanics.
3. Society benefits from individuals focusing on small parts of larger calculations.
4. Collective knowledge allows gradual problem-solving over generations.
[고1] 2024년10월– 31번:문어의위장술과이를관찰한사진작가들의경험이야기
The best defence most species of octopus have is to stay hidden as much as possible and do their own hunting at night. So to find one in full view in the shallows in daylight was a surprise for two Australian underwater photographers. Actually, what they saw at first was a flounder. It was only when they looked again that they saw a medium-sized octopus, with all eight of its arms folded and its two eyes staring upwards to create the illusion. An octopus has a big brain, excellent eyesight and the ability to change colour and pattern, and this one was using these assets to turn itself into a completely different creature. Many more of this species have been found since then, and there are now photographs of octopuses that could be said to be transforming into sea snakes. And while they mimic, they hunt ─ producing the spectacle of, say, a flounder suddenly developing an octopodian arm, sticking it down a hole and grabbing whatever's hiding there.
Possible Titles:
1. The Mastery of Mimicry: How Octopuses Disguise Themselves
2. Octopuses' Camouflage Tactics: A Blend of Skill and Adaptation
3. Discovering Octopus Mimicry: From Flounder to Sea Snake
Octopuses use mimicry and camouflage to hide from predators and hunt effectively.
Main Idea #2:
With a large brain, sharp eyesight, and color-changing abilities, octopuses can transform into different creatures, like flounders or sea snakes, to evade detection and surprise prey.
Summary:
Octopuses rely on camouflage and mimicry for defense, blending into their surroundings by changing shape and color. This skill allows them to hunt effectively while staying hidden from predators. They can mimic other sea creatures, such as flounders and sea snakes, to deceive both prey and observers.
Key Points:
1. Camouflage is the primary defense mechanism of octopuses.
2. Octopuses can mimic other sea creatures to evade predators.
3. Their abilities include changing color, pattern, and shape.
4. These tactics allow them to hunt discreetly, even in daylight.
[고1] 2024년10월– 32번:고통의해석이심리적고통의정도에미치는영향
How much we suffer relates to how we frame the pain in our mind. When 1500m runners push themselves into extreme pain to win a race ─ their muscles screaming and their lungs exploding with oxygen deficit, they don't psychologically suffer much. In fact, ultra-marathon runners ─ those people who are crazy enough to push themselves beyond the normal boundaries of human endurance, covering distances of 50-100km or more over many hours, talk about making friends with their pain. When a patient has paid for some form of passive back pain therapy and the practitioner pushes deeply into a painful part of a patient's back to mobilise it, the patient calls that good pain if he or she believes this type of deep pressure treatment will be of value, even though the practitioner is pushing right into the patient's sore tissues.
Possible Titles:
1. The Psychological Framing of Pain: Endurance and Perception
2. Embracing Pain: How Mindset Alters the Experience of Discomfort
3. Understanding Good Pain: From Athletes to Therapy Patients
4. The Role of Mental Framing in Managing Physical Pain
Main Idea #1:
The perception of pain can be altered by how individuals mentally frame their experiences.
Main Idea #2:
Athletes like runners and patients in therapy often view intense pain as beneficial when they associate it with achieving goals, illustrating that psychological interpretation can reduce the sense of suffering.
Summary:
Pain perception is influenced by mental framing, as seen in athletes and therapy patients. Endurance runners often accept extreme discomfort, viewing it as part of their achievement. Similarly, patients undergoing treatment may see painful procedures as helpful, reducing their psychological suffering.
Key Points:
1. Pain perception depends on how it is mentally framed.
2. Endurance athletes often view extreme pain as part of their success.
3. Therapy patients may regard pain as beneficial if they believe it aids recovery.
4. Positive associations with pain can reduce the sense of suffering.
[고1] 2024년10월– 33번:다양한가격대의제품제공이소비자선택에미치는영향
When I worked for a large electronics company that manufactured laser and ink-jet printers, I soon discovered why there are often three versions of many consumer goods. If the manufacturer makes only one version of its product, people who bought it might have been willing to spend more money, so the company is losing some income. If the company offers two versions, one with more features and more expensive than the other, people will compare the two models and still buy the less expensive one. But if the company introduces a third model with even more features and more expensive than the other two, sales of the second model go up; many people like the features of the most expensive model, but not the price. The middle item has more features than the least expensive one, and it is less expensive than the fanciest model. They buy the middle item, unaware that they have been manipulated by the presence of the higher-priced item.
Possible Titles:
1. The Strategy Behind Three Versions of Consumer Goods
2. How Companies Use Product Variations to Influence Buying Decisions
3. The Psychology of Pricing: Why Three Options Increase Sales
4. Consumer Manipulation Through Strategic Product Lineups
Main Idea #1:
Companies use a three-tier product strategy to increase sales by influencing consumer choices.
Main Idea #2:
By offering three versions of a product, companies can manipulate consumer behavior; the presence of a higher-priced, feature-rich model makes the mid-range option more appealing, encouraging buyers to spend more than they might have with only two options.
Summary:
Manufacturers often create three versions of a product to drive sales of the mid-priced model. The presence of a more expensive, feature-rich option makes the middle product seem like a good compromise. This strategy encourages customers to spend more without realizing they are being influenced by the higher-priced choice.
Key Points:
1. Offering only one product version can limit potential revenue.
2. Two versions lead to price comparisons, with customers choosing the cheaper option.
3. A third, more expensive version can make the mid-priced model more attractive.
4. Consumers often select the middle product, unaware of the strategic influence.
[고1] 2024년10월– 34번:기후변화가기후소설장르에미치는영향예측
On-screen, climate disaster is everywhere you look, but the scope of the world's climate transformation may just as quickly eliminate the climate-fiction genre ─ indeed eliminate any effort to tell the story of warming, which could grow too large and too obvious even for Hollywood. You can tell stories 'about' climate change while it still seems a marginal feature of human life. But when the temperature rises by three or four more degrees, hardly anyone will be able to feel isolated from its impacts. And so as climate change expands across the horizon, it may cease to be a story. Why watch or read climate fiction about the world you can see plainly out your own window? At the moment, stories illustrating global warming can still offer an escapist pleasure, even if that pleasure often comes in the form of horror. But when we can no longer pretend that climate suffering is distant ─ in time or in place ─ we will stop pretending about it and start pretending within it.
Possible Titles:
1. The Future of Climate Fiction in a Warming World
2. Climate Change May Render Climate Fiction Obsolete
3. The Diminishing Role of Climate Fiction as Reality Unfolds
4. How Climate Reality Could Eclipse the Need for Climate Stories
Main Idea #1:
As climate change becomes more pervasive, the relevance of climate fiction may diminish.
Main Idea #2:
While climate fiction currently offers a form of escapism, as global warming's effects become widespread and undeniable, the genre might lose its appeal, as the real-world impacts will make such stories redundant.
Summary:
Climate fiction might fade as global warming becomes more evident and unavoidable. Currently, it offers escapist elements, but as the real effects become more widespread, there may be little need for fictional depictions. The line between reality and climate stories will blur, reducing the genre's significance.
Key Points:
1. Climate fiction may lose relevance as real-world climate impacts grow.
2. Stories about climate change can only exist while it remains somewhat distant.
3. The genre currently provides escapism, even through horror.
4. As climate impacts become undeniable, fictional narratives may become unnecessary.
[고1] 2024년10월– 35번:물부족문제의정치적원인과그로인한불평등
Today, the water crisis is political ─ which is to say, not inevitable or beyond our capacity to fix ─ and, therefore, functionally elective. That is one reason it is nevertheless distressing: an abundant resource made scarce through governmental neglect and indifference, bad infrastructure and contamination, and careless urbanization. There is no need for a water crisis, in other words, but we have one anyway, and aren't doing much to address it. Some cities lose more water to leaks than they deliver to homes: even in the United States, leaks and theft account for an estimated loss of 16 percent of freshwater; in Brazil, the estimate is 40 percent. Seen in both cases, as everywhere, the selective scarcity clearly highlights have-and-have-not inequities, leaving 2.1 billion people without safe drinking water and 4.5 billion without proper sanitation worldwide.
Possible Titles:
1. The Political Nature of the Global Water Crisis
2. How Governmental Neglect Has Exacerbated the Water Shortage
3. Addressing Water Scarcity: A Crisis of Infrastructure and Inequality
4. The Role of Poor Management in Creating Water Inequities
Main Idea #1:
The water crisis is a result of political decisions, not an unavoidable natural disaster.
Main Idea #2:
Despite being a plentiful resource, water scarcity is caused by government neglect, poor infrastructure, and urban mismanagement, leading to widespread inequities and billions lacking access to clean water and sanitation.
Summary:
The water crisis stems from political issues rather than natural scarcity, with mismanagement, infrastructure problems, and neglect being major contributors. Significant water losses from leaks and theft worsen the situation, reflecting deep inequalities. As a result, billions worldwide lack access to safe water and sanitation.
Key Points:
1. Water scarcity is not inevitable but politically driven.
2. Poor infrastructure and neglect contribute significantly to water losses.
3. Water theft and leaks result in substantial losses in many countries.
4. The crisis highlights global inequalities in access to clean water and sanitation.
[고1] 2024년10월– 36번:사회적압력이자존감및사회적행동에미치는영향
As individuals, our ability to thrive depended on how well we navigated relationships in a group. If the group valued us, we could count on support, resources, and probably a mate. If it didn't, we might get none of these merits. It was a matter of survival, physically and genetically. Over millions of years, the pressure selected for people who are sensitive to and skilled at maximizing their standing. The result was the development of a tendency to unconsciously monitor how other people in our community perceive us. We process that information in the form of self-esteem and such related emotions as pride, shame, or insecurity. These emotions compel us to do more of what makes our community value us and less of what doesn't. And, crucially, they are meant to make that motivation feel like it is coming from within. If we realized, on a conscious level, that we were responding to social pressure, our performance might come off as grudging or cynical, making it less persuasive.
Possible Titles:
1. The Evolutionary Roots of Self-Esteem and Social Perception
2. How Social Dynamics Shaped Human Emotions and Behavior
3. The Role of Self-Esteem in Navigating Group Relationships
4. Why Social Approval Influences Our Actions Unconsciously
Main Idea #1:
Human survival historically depended on navigating social relationships and being valued by the group.
Main Idea #2:
Over time, humans developed an unconscious sensitivity to social perceptions, which manifests as emotions like self-esteem, pride, or shame, driving behavior that aligns with gaining group approval while making it seem internally motivated.
Summary:
Human survival relied on positive social relationships, leading to an evolutionary sensitivity to group perceptions. Emotions like self-esteem and pride drive us to seek approval and avoid rejection, making these behaviors appear internally motivated. This unconscious process helps maintain genuine social interactions.
Key Points:
1. Thriving in groups was essential for physical and genetic survival.
2. Humans evolved to unconsciously monitor social perceptions.
3. Emotions like pride, shame, and insecurity drive behavior for social acceptance.
4. Unconscious motivation ensures behaviors appear genuine, not forced by social pressure.
[고1] 2024년10월– 37번:의식의문제로우울증의원인을재정의하는설명
Conventional medicine has long believed that depression is caused by an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain. However, there is a major problem with this explanation. This is because the imbalance of substances in the brain is a consequence of depression, not its cause. In other words, depression causes a decrease in brain substances such as serotonin and noradrenaline, not a decrease in brain substances causes depression. In this revised cause-and-effect, the key is to reframe depression as a problem of consciousness. Our consciousness is a more fundamental entity that goes beyond the functioning of the brain. The brain is no more than an organ of consciousness. If it is not consciousness itself, then the root cause of depression is also a distortion of our state of consciousness: a consciousness that has lost its sense of self and the meaning of life. Such a disease of consciousness may manifest itself in the form of depression.
2. Depression as a Disorder of Consciousness, Not Brain Chemistry
3. Understanding the True Causes of Depression: A Shift in Perspective
4. From Brain Imbalance to Consciousness: A New View on Depression
Main Idea #1:
Traditional views link depression to neurotransmitter imbalances, but this may be a misunderstanding of cause and effect.
Main Idea #2:
Depression should be seen as a disorder of consciousness, where the brain's chemical changes are effects rather than causes, suggesting that the true root lies in a disturbed state of consciousness that affects one's sense of self and purpose.
Summary:
The conventional belief that depression results from brain chemical imbalances is flawed, as the imbalances are consequences, not causes. Depression stems from a deeper problem within consciousness, where a loss of self and meaning leads to the condition. Addressing depression requires understanding it as a disorder of consciousness.
Key Points:
1. Traditional views link depression to neurotransmitter imbalances.
2. Imbalances are effects of depression, not its root cause.
3. Depression originates from a distorted state of consciousness.
4. A lost sense of self and meaning is central to the condition's onset.
[고1] 2024년10월– 38번:심리학이인간행동을과학적으로연구하는방법설명
The common accounts of human nature that float around in society are generally a mixture of assumptions, tales and sometimes plain silliness. However, psychology is different. It is the branch of science that is devoted to understanding people: how and why we act as we do; why we see things as we do; and how we interact with one another. The key word here is 'science.' Psychologists don't depend on opinions and hearsay, or the generally accepted views of society at the time, or even the considered opinions of deep thinkers. Instead, they look for evidence, to make sure that psychological ideas are firmly based, and not just derived from generally held beliefs or assumptions. In addition to this evidence-based approach, psychology deals with fundamental processes and principles that generate our rich cultural and social diversity, as well as those shared by all human beings. These are what modern psychology is all about.
Possible Titles:
1. Psychology: A Scientific Approach to Understanding Human Behavior
2. Moving Beyond Assumptions: How Psychology Studies Human Nature
3. The Evidence-Based Methods of Modern Psychology Explained
4. Why Psychology Relies on Science, Not Social Assumptions
Main Idea #1:
Psychology distinguishes itself from common views of human nature by relying on scientific evidence rather than assumptions or opinions.
Main Idea #2:
Modern psychology uses an evidence-based approach to understand both universal human behaviors and the diversity seen across different cultures, aiming to ground its findings in fundamental principles rather than societal assumptions.
Summary:
Unlike general views of human nature, psychology relies on scientific evidence to study behavior. It explores fundamental principles underlying both universal traits and cultural diversity. This approach ensures that psychological concepts are rooted in evidence, not assumptions or opinions.
Key Points:
1. Common ideas about human nature are often based on assumptions.
2. Psychology relies on scientific evidence, not opinions or hearsay.
3. It seeks to understand universal principles of behavior and cultural diversity.
4. Modern psychology is grounded in an evidence-based, scientific approach.
[고1] 2024년10월– 39번:생물학적채널화이론을통한질병과건강의표현방식
Life is what physicists might call a 'high-dimensional system,' which is their fancy way of saying that there's a lot going on. In just a single cell, the number of possible interactions between different molecules is enormous. Such a system can only hope to be stable if only a smaller number of collective ways of being may emerge. For example, it is only a limited number of tissues and body shapes that may result from the development of a human embryo. In 1942, the biologist Conrad Waddington called this drastic narrowing of outcomes canalization. The organism may switch between a small number of well-defined possible states, but can't exist in random states in between them, rather as a ball in a rough landscape must roll to the bottom of one valley or another. We'll see that this is true also of health and disease: there are many causes of illness, but their manifestations at the physiological and symptomatic levels are often strikingly similar.
Possible Titles:
1. Canalization: Understanding Stability in Complex Biological Systems
2. How High-Dimensional Systems Lead to Limited Biological Outcomes
3. The Role of Canalization in Health, Disease, and Development
4. From Molecules to Health: Stability in Complex Biological Processes
Main Idea #1:
Life is a complex system with countless interactions, but stability is achieved through a limited set of possible outcomes.
Main Idea #2:
The concept of canalization, introduced by Conrad Waddington, explains how complex biological systems like human development narrow down to stable, well-defined states, a principle also seen in the similarity of symptoms across different illnesses despite varying causes.
Summary:
Life's complexity is managed through a process called canalization, where countless interactions narrow down to a few stable outcomes. This concept, applied to development and health, explains how diverse causes can lead to similar physiological states. Stability is maintained by limiting the number of possible emergent states.
Key Points:
1. Life is a complex system with numerous molecular interactions.
2. Stability arises when only a limited number of outcomes emerge.
3. Canalization, introduced by Conrad Waddington, describes this narrowing process.
4. The concept applies to health, where different causes can lead to similar symptoms.
[고1] 2024년10월– 40번: '트릭처벌'이아동행동에부정적영향을미치는이유
Punishing a child may not be effective due to what Alvaro Bilbao, a neuropsychologist, calls 'trick-punishments.' A trick-punishment is a scolding, a moment of anger or a punishment in the most classic sense of the word. Instead of discouraging the child from doing something, it encourages them to do it. For example, Hugh learns that when he hits his little brother, his mother scolds him. For a child who feels lonely, being scolded is much better than feeling invisible, so he will continue to hit his brother. In this case, his mother would be better adopting a different strategy. For instance, she could congratulate Hugh when he has not hit his brother for a certain length of time. The mother clearly cannot allow the child to hit his little brother, but instead of constantly pointing out the negatives, she can choose to reward the positives. In this way, any parent can avoid trick-punishments.
Possible Titles:
1. Why Punishing a Child Can Sometimes Backfire: Understanding Trick-Punishments
2. The Ineffectiveness of Scolding: A Neuropsychologist's Perspective
3. How Positive Reinforcement Can Prevent Unwanted Child Behavior
4. Moving Away from Punishment: Rewarding Good Behavior in Parenting
Main Idea #1:
Trick-punishments, such as scolding, may unintentionally reinforce unwanted behavior in children by giving them attention.
Main Idea #2:
Instead of focusing on negative actions, parents can encourage positive behavior by rewarding good actions, which helps avoid reinforcing the undesirable behavior that might be seeking attention.
Summary:
Punishments like scolding can reinforce unwanted behavior by giving children the attention they crave. A better approach is to reward positive behavior, shifting the focus from negatives to positives. This strategy helps prevent trick-punishments that inadvertently encourage misbehavior.
Key Points:
1. Trick-punishments can unintentionally reinforce unwanted behaviors.
2. Children may misbehave to receive attention, even if negative.
3. Rewarding positive actions can be more effective than scolding.
4. Shifting focus to positives helps avoid reinforcing undesirable behavior.
[고1] 2024년10월– 41~42번:인간이생존을위해애매한대상에도의도를부여하는경향
From an early age, we assign purpose to objects and events, preferring this reasoning to random chance. Children assume, for instance, that pointy rocks are that way because they don't want you to sit on them. When we encounter something, we first need to determine what sort of thing it is. Inanimate objects and plants generally do not move and can be evaluated from physics alone. However, by attributing intention to animals and even objects, we are able to make fast decisions about the likely behaviour of that being. This was essential in our hunter-gatherer days to avoid being eaten by predators. The anthropologist Stewart Guthrie made the point that survival in our evolutionary past meant that we interpret ambiguous objects as agents with human mental characteristics, as those are the mental processes which we understand. Ambiguous events are caused by such agents. This results in a perceptual system strongly biased towards anthropomorphism. Therefore, we tend to assume intention even where there is none. This would have arisen as a survival mechanism. If a lion is about to attack you, you need to react quickly, given its probable intention to kill you. By the time you have realized that the design of its teeth and claws could kill you, you are dead. So, assuming intent, without detailed design analysis or understanding of the physics, has saved your life.
Possible Titles:
1. How Anthropomorphism Became a Survival Strategy in Human Evolution
2. The Role of Intent Attribution in Human Perception and Survival
3. Why We See Intentions Everywhere: Evolutionary Roots of Anthropomorphism
4. From Survival Instinct to Modern Bias: Understanding Human Tendency to Assign Purpose
Main Idea #1:
Humans have a natural tendency to attribute purpose and intention to objects and events, which has evolutionary roots.
Main Idea #2:
This inclination towards anthropomorphism developed as a survival mechanism, allowing early humans to make quick judgments about potential threats without detailed analysis, which helped them react swiftly to predators and ambiguous situations.
Summary:
Humans instinctively assign intention to objects and events, a behavior rooted in evolution. This tendency to anthropomorphize helped early humans quickly assess threats, enabling swift reactions to potential predators. Such perceptual biases, essential for survival, persist even when intention is absent.
Key Points:
1. Humans tend to attribute purpose to objects and events from an early age.
2. Anthropomorphism helps in quickly assessing potential threats.
3. This tendency evolved as a survival mechanism to react swiftly.
4. The bias towards seeing intention persists even in non-threatening contexts.
[고1] 2024년10월– 43~45번:작은판다가독특함을추구하고발견하는이야기
Once long ago, deep in the Himalayas, there lived a little panda. He was as ordinary as all the other pandas. He was completely white from head to toe. His two big ears, his four furry feet and his cute round nose were all frosty white, leaving him feeling ordinary and sad. Unlike the cheerful and contented pandas around him, he desired to be distinctive, special, and unique. Driven by the desire for uniqueness, the little panda sought inspiration from his distant cousin, a giant white panda covered with heavenly black patches. But the cousin revealed the patches were from an unintended encounter with mud, and he disliked them. Disappointed, the little panda walked home. On his way, he met a red-feathered peacock, who explained he turned red from eating wild berries. The little panda changed his path and hurried to the nearest berry bush, greedily eating a mouthful of juicy red berries. However, they were so bitter he couldn't swallow even one. At dusk, he finally got home and slowly climbed his favorite bamboo tree. There, he discovered a strange black and red flower with a sweet scent that tempted him to eat all its blossoms. The following morning, under sunny skies, the little panda felt remarkably better. During breakfast, he found the other pandas chatting enthusiastically and asked why. They burst into laughter, exclaiming, "Look at yourself!" Glancing down, he discovered his once white fur was now stained jet black and glowing red. He was overjoyed and realized that, rather than by imitating others, his wishes can come true from unexpected places and genuine experiences.
Possible Titles:
1. The Little Panda's Journey to Find His Unique Colors
2. How a White Panda Found His Own Way to Stand Out
3. Discovering Uniqueness: A Panda’s Adventure in the Himalayas
4. The Unexpected Path to Uniqueness: A Tale of a Little Panda
Main Idea #1:
A little white panda longed to be unique and sought ways to stand out among the other pandas.
Main Idea #2:
Despite his efforts to imitate others, the panda’s transformation happened unexpectedly through his genuine experiences, teaching him that true uniqueness comes naturally rather than by copying others.
Summary:
A little panda, feeling ordinary, sought ways to be unique by imitating others but found no success. After an unplanned encounter with a sweet-smelling flower, his fur changed colors, showing him that true uniqueness comes from natural, unexpected experiences rather than trying to be like others.
Key Points:
1. The little panda felt ordinary and wanted to stand out.
2. He sought inspiration by imitating others but was unsuccessful.
3. An accidental encounter with a flower led to his transformation.
4. He learned that genuine uniqueness comes from natural experiences, not imitation.
② Thank you for considering me as a speaker for the upcoming Digital Marketing Workshop.
다가오는 디지털 마케팅 워크숍에서 연사로 저를 고려해 주셔서 감사합니다.
③ I appreciate the invitation and your thoughtfulness.
초대해 주시고 세심한 배려에 감사를 드립니다.
④ The workshop sounds like an amazing event, and I would have loved to participate.
워크숍은 정말 멋진 행사인 것 같으며, 저도 참여하고 싶었습니다.
⑤ However, I regret to inform you that I will be overseas on a business trip during the workshop.
그러나 아쉽게도 워크숍 기간 동안 해외 출장 중이어서 참석할 수 없음을 알려드립니다.
⑥ It is unfortunate that the timing does not work out.
시기적으로 맞지 않아 아쉽습니다.
⑦ Although I cannot attend as a speaker this time, I remain hopeful for future opportunities where our schedules might coincide.
이번에는 연사로 참석할 수 없지만, 우리의 일정이 맞아떨어지는 미래의 기회를 기대하고 있습니다.
⑧ I hope the workshop goes well.
워크숍이 잘 진행되기를 바랍니다.
[고3] 2024년 10월– 19번: 숲에서곰을만나공포에빠진경험과안도감
① Setting out to find some wood for the campfire, Sarah moved through the forest.
캠프파이어를 위한 나무를 찾으러 나선 사라는 숲 속을 지나고 있었다.
② Just then, she noticed an approaching danger ─ a large, threatening bear.
그때 그녀는 다가오는 위험을 눈치챘다. 크고 위협적인 곰이었다.
③ Panic spread through her body.
공포가 그녀의 몸에 퍼졌다.
④ Frozen and unable to shout, she watched in horror.
얼어붙은 채 소리조차 지를 수 없었던 그녀는 공포에 휩싸인 채 지켜보고 있었다.
⑤ Her heart beat louder with each step the bear took.
곰이 한 걸음씩 다가올 때마다 그녀의 심장은 더 크게 뛰었다.
⑥ But then, as if by a miracle, the bear paused, looked around, and, uninterested, turned away, retreating into the shadows of the woods.
하지만 마치 기적처럼 곰이 멈춰서 주위를 둘러보더니, 흥미를 잃은 듯 숲 속의 어둠 속으로 돌아갔다.
⑦ When the bear had disappeared completely out of her sight, her knees nearly gave way.
곰이 완전히 시야에서 사라졌을 때, 그녀의 무릎은 거의 풀릴 뻔했다.
⑧ Sarah could finally let out the breath she had been holding.
사라는 그제서야 참았던 숨을 내쉬었다.
⑨ A wave of immense relief washed over her.
엄청난 안도감이 그녀를 감쌌다.
[고3] 2024년 10월– 20번: 음악이자녀의정서적, 사회적발달에미치는긍정적영향
① There are few universals in this world, but among them are our love for our children and our love of music.
이 세상에는 보편적인 것들이 거의 없지만, 그것들 중에 우리 아이들에 대한 우리의 사랑과 음악에 대한 우리의 사랑이 있다.
② When we hold a baby in our arms, comforting her with song, we are channelling the emotional power of music.
우리가 아기를 우리 팔에 안고, 그녀를 노래로 다독일 때, 우리는 음악의 정서적 힘을 전하고 있다.
③ We do so instinctively, just as our ancestors did.
꼭 우리 조상들이 했던 것처럼, 우리는 본능적으로 그렇게 한다.
④ Music can be a powerful parental ally during the challenging child-rearing years.
음악은 아이를 키우는 힘든 시기 동안 강력한, 부모의 협력자가 될 수 있다.
⑤ To successfully prepare our children for life in the twenty-first century, we will need to nurture qualities such as curiosity, imagination, empathy, creative entrepreneurship, and most of all resilience.
21세기에서의 삶에 우리 아이들을 성공적으로 준비시키기 위해, 우리는 호기심, 상상력, 공감, 창의적 기업가 정신, 그리고 무엇보다도 회복력과 같은 자질들을 길러줘야 할 것이다.
⑥ Musical practice in early childhood develops all of the above and more.
초기 유년기에서 음악의 실천은 위의 모든 것과 그 이상을 발달시킨다.
⑦ Research has shown that musical practice in early childhood is beneficial not only for mental acuity but for social and emotional development as well.
연구는 초기 유년기에서 음악의 실천은 정신의 예리함뿐만 아니라 사회적 그리고 정서적 발달에도 유익하다는 것을 보여 준다.
⑧ Music is not just a hobby, a pleasant pastime; it is an integral part of what makes us happy, healthy, and whole.
음악은 단지 취미, 즐거운 오락거리가 아니고, 우리를 행복하고 건강하며 온전하게 만드는 것의 필수적인 부분이다.
⑨ Indeed, if we want to do one thing to help our children develop into emotionally, socially, intellectually, and creatively competent human beings, we should start the musical conversation ─ the earlier the better.
사실, 우리가 우리 아이들을 정서적으로, 사회적으로, 지적으로, 그리고 창의적으로 유능한 인간으로 성장하도록 돕기 위해 한 가지를 하고 싶다면, 우리는 음악의 대화를 시작해야 한다. 더 빠를수록 더 좋다.
[고3] 2024년 10월– 21번: 집중의중요성과인터넷이주의력에미친부정적영향
① In 1890, William James described attention as "the taking possession by the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought."
1890년에 William James는 주의력을 '정신으로, 동시에 가능한 여러 대상들 혹은 생각의 맥락들 같은 것 중 하나를 분명하고 선명한 형태로 차지하는 것'이라고 기술했다.
② Attention is a choice we make to stay on one task, one line of thinking, one mental road, even as attractive off-ramps signal.
주의력은 심지어 매력적인 빠져나가는 길이 신호를 보내도, 하나의 일, 하나의 사고 방식, 하나의 정신의 길에 머무르기 위해 우리가 하는 선택이다.
③ When we fail to make that choice and allow ourselves to be frequently sidetracked, we end up in "the confused, dazed, scatterbrained state" that James said is the opposite of attention.
우리가 그 선택을 하지 못하고 우리 자신을 자주 곁길로 새게 할 때, 우리는 James가 주의력의 반대라고 말한 '혼란스럽고, 멍하고, 정신이 산만한 상태'에 결국 처하게 된다.
④ Staying on one road got much harder when the internet arrived and moved much of our reading online.
인터넷이 등장하고 우리 독서의 대부분을 온라인으로 이동시키자, 한 길에 머무르는 것은 훨씬 더 어려워졌다.
⑤ Every hyperlink is an off-ramp, calling us to abandon the choice we made moments earlier.
모든 하이퍼링크는 빠져나가는 길이며, 우리가 잠깐(의 순간) 전에 한 선택을 포기하라고 우리를 부른다.
⑥ Nicholas Carr, in his 2010 book, grieved his lost ability to stay on one path.
Nicholas Carr는 그의 2010년 저서에서 한 길에 머무르는 그의 능력을 잃어버린 것을 슬퍼했다.
⑦ Life on the internet changed how his brain sought out information, even when he was off-line trying to read a book.
인터넷에서의 생활은 그가 오프라인에 서 책을 읽으려고 노력하고 있었을 때조차 그의 뇌가 어떻게 정보를 찾아내는 지를 바꾸었다.
⑧ It reduced his ability to focus and reflect because he now craved a constant stream of stimulation:
이것은 그의 집중하고 성찰하는 능력을 감소시켰는데, 그는 이제 끊임없는 자극의 흐름을 갈망하게 되었기 때문이다.
⑨ "Once I was a scuba diver in the sea of words.
"한때 나는 언어의 바다 속 스쿠버 다이버였다.
⑩ Now I zip along the surface like a guy on a Jet Ski."
이제는 제트 스키를 타는 사람처럼 수면 위를 쌩하고 지나간다."
[고3] 2024년 10월– 22번: 실천적지식은경험을통해형성되며전수될수있는것
① Technical, book knowledge consists of "formulated rules which are, or may be, deliberately learned."
기술적, 책(에서 얻을 수 있는) 지식은 '의도적으로 배우거나, 그럴 수도 있는, 체계적으로 표현된 규칙들'로 구성된다.
② Practical knowledge, on the other hand, cannot be taught or learned but only transmitted and acquired.
반면에 실용적 지식은 가르쳐지거나 배울 수 없으며 오직 전해지고 습득된다.
③ It exists only in practice.
그것은 오직 실행 속에서만 존재한다.
④ When we talk about practical knowledge, we tend to use bodily metaphors.
우리가 실용적 지식에 관해 이야기할 때, 우리는 신체적 비유를 사용하는 경향이 있다.
⑤ We say that somebody has a touch for doing some activity ─ an ability to hit the right piano key with just enough force and pace.
우리는 누군가가 어떤 활동을 하기 위한 '솜씨', 딱 필요한 만큼의 힘과 속도로 정확한 피아노 건반을 치는 능력을 가지고 있다고 말한다.
⑥ We say that somebody has a feel for the game, an intuition for how events are going to unfold, an awareness of when you should plow ahead with a problem and when you should put it aside before coming back to it.
우리는 누군가가 게임에 대한 '감각', 어떻게 사건들이 전개될지에 대한 직감, 여러분이 문제를 밀고 나가야 할 때와 그것으로 되돌아오기 전까지 제쳐 두어야 할 때에 대한 인식을 가지고 있다고 말한다.
⑦ When the expert is using her practical knowledge, she isn't thinking more; she is thinking less.
전문가가 자신의 실용적 지식을 사용하고 있을 때, 그녀는 더 생각하는 것이 아니다. 그녀는 덜 생각한다.
⑧ She has built up a repertoire of skills through habit and has thereby extended the number of tasks she can perform without conscious awareness.
그녀는 습관을 통해 기술의 레퍼토리를 쌓아 왔고, 그렇게 함으로써 의식적 인식없이 그녀가 수행할 수 있는 과제의 수를 늘려 왔다.
⑨ This sort of knowledge is built up through experience, and it is passed along through shared experience.
이러한 종류의 지식은 경험을 통해 쌓이고, 그것은 공유된 경험을 통해 다음으로 전달된다.
[고3] 2024년 10월– 23번: 인간이그림을만드는본능적욕구와기억과의관계
① The human desire to make pictures is deeply rooted.
그림을 만드는 인간의 욕망은 깊게 뿌리를 내리고 있다.
② At least 64,000 years ago, Neanderthals used colored oxide and charcoal to make paintings of large wild animals, tracings of human hands, and abstract patterns on cave and rock walls.
적어도 6만 4천년 전에, 네안데르탈인은 색깔이 있는 산화물과 목탄을 사용하여 동굴과 암벽에 커다란 야생 동물의 그림, 사람 손의 모사(模寫), 그리고 추상적인 무늬를 만들었다.
③ Today, people create images with a multitude of mediums, including photography.
오늘날, 사람들은 사진 촬영을 포함한 다수의 도구로 그림을 만든다.
④ What drives this picturemaking impulse?
무엇이 이 그림을 만드는 충동을 이끄는가?
⑤ Some make pictures for commercial reasons.
어떤 사람들은 상업적인 이유로 그림을 만든다.
⑥ Others create informational systems or employ scientific imaging tools to visualize the unseen.
다른 사람들은 정보 체계를 만들거나 보이지 않는 것을 시각화하기 위해 과학적 이미지화 도구를 사용한다.
⑦ Artists use images expressionistically, to conceptualize and articulate who they are and how they view the world.
예술가들은 그들이 누구인지 그리고 그들이 세상을 어떻게 바라보는지를 개념화하고 분명하게 표현하기 위해서 그림을 표현주의적으로 사용한다.
⑧ However, the fundamental motive for making the vast majority of pictures is a desire to preserve: to document, and therefore honor, specific people, events, and possessions of importance.
그러나, 그림 대부분을 만드는 것에 대한 근본적인 동기는 보존하려는 욕구인데, 기록하고, 그래서 중요성을 지닌 특정 사람들, 사건들, 그리고 소유물을 기념하려는 것이다.
⑨ Regardless of purpose, the making of images persists because words alone cannot always provide a satisfactory way to describe and express our relationship to the world.
목적과 관계없이, 그림 만드는 것은 지속되는데 말만으로는 세상과 우리의 관계를 설명하고 표현하는 만족할 만한 방법을 항상 제공할 수가 없기 때문이다.
⑩ Pictures are an essential component of how humans observe, communicate, celebrate, comment, and, most of all, remember.
그림은 인간이 어떻게 관찰하고, 소통하고, 기념하고, 논평하고, 무엇보다도 기억하는지의 가장 중요한 요소이다.
⑪ What and how we remember shapes our worldview, and pictures can provide a stimulus to jog one's memory.
우리가 무엇을 그리고 어떻게 기억하느냐가 우리의 세계관을 형성하고 그림은 누군가의 기억을 되살리는 자극을 제공할 수 있다.
[고3] 2024년 10월– 24번: 유사한관점을가진사람들과의관계가자아형성에미치는영향
① We naturally gravitate toward people whose views and beliefs are similar to our own, seeking what the eighteenth-century moral philosopher Adam Smith called "a certain harmony of minds."
우리는 자연스럽게 견해와 신념이 우리 자신의 것과 유사한 사람들에게 자연히 끌리며, 18세기 도덕 철학자 Adam Smith가 '마음의 특정한 조화'라고 불렀던 것을 추구한다.
② Spending time with people who share our opinions reinforces our group identity, strengthening trust, cooperation, equality, and productivity.
우리의 의견을 공유하는 사람들과 시간을 보내는 것은 우리의 집단 정체성을 보강하여, 신뢰, 협력, 평등, 그리고 생산성을 강화한다.
③ Our shared reality grounds us not just in our common perceptions but in similar feelings and worldviews.
우리의 공유된 현실은 단지 우리의 공통의 인식뿐만 아니라 유사한 감정과 세계관에 근거를 두게 한다.
④ This helps to preserve our core values and beliefs about ourselves.
이는 우리의 핵심적인 가치와 자신에 대한 신념을 지키는 데 도움이 된다.
⑤ It also provides us with meaning and a feeling of self-worth.
또한, 그것은 우리에게 의미와 자아 존중감을 제공한다.
⑥ And with each decision or interaction that confirms our tribe's common experience, we get rewarded with the hormonal happiness we crave.
그리고 우리 부족의 공통의 경험을 견고하게 하는 각 결정이나 상호 작용으로 우리는 우리가 갈망하는 호르몬의 행복으로 보상받는다.
⑦ Our perception of ourselves is a mixture of our own unique characteristics and our sense of belonging to our in-groups.
우리 자신에 대한 우리의 인식은 우리 자신의 고유한 특성과 우리의 내집단에 대한 소속감의 혼합이다.
⑧ In fact, our personal identity is so closely interwoven with our social identity that our brains can't tell them apart.
실제로 우리의 개인 정체성은 우리의 사회 정체성과 너무 밀접하게 뒤섞여서 우리 뇌는 그것들을 분간할 수 없다.
⑨ If I put you in a scanner and ask you to talk about yourself and then about the groups to which you feel the closest affinity, it will activate the same neural networks in your brain.
만약 내가 여러분을 스캐너에 넣고 여러분 자신에 대해 이야기하게 한 다음 여러분이 가장 가까운 유사성을 느끼는 집단에 대해 이야기하게 한다면, 그것은 여러분의 뇌에서 동일한 신경망을 활성화할 것이다.
[고3] 2024년 10월– 25번: 2017년기계학습을이용한스마트폰앱의인식및사용비율
① The above graph shows awareness and usage of smartphone applications featuring machine learning in 2017.
위 그래프는 2017년에 기계 학습을 특징으로 하는 스마트폰 애플리케이션의 인식도와 사용률을 보여준다.
② In each of the five surveyed applications, the percentage of respondents demonstrating awareness was higher than that of respondents demonstrating usage.
조사된 다섯 가지 애플리케이션 각각에서, 인식을 보인 응답자의 비율이 사용을 보인 응답자의 비율보다 높았다.
③ Predictive text had the highest percentages of respondents in both awareness and usage, among the five applications.
예측 텍스트는 다섯 가지 애플리케이션 중 인식도와 사용률에서 가장 높은 비율을 기록했다.
④ The percentage of respondents displaying awareness of voice search was more than four times that of respondents using it.
음성 검색에 대한 인식을 보인 응답자의 비율은 이를 사용하는 응답자의 비율보다 4배 이상 높았다.
⑤ Voice-to-text showed a higher percentage of the respondents reporting awareness of it than email classification, while this was not the case in their usage.
음성을 텍스트로 변환하는 애플리케이션은 이메일 분류보다 더 많은 응답자가 이를 인식하고 있다고 보고했지만, 사용률에서는 그렇지 않았다.
⑥ The percentage of respondents showing usage of automated photo classification was less than half of the percentage of those showing awareness of it.
자동 사진 분류 애플리케이션을 사용하는 응답자의 비율은 이를 인식하는 응답자의 비율의 절반에도 미치지 못했다.
[고3] 2024년 10월– 26번: 고고학자 Mary Leakey의업적과아프리카에서의중요한발견들
① Mary Douglas Leakey was born in 1913 in London, England in a family of scholars and researchers.
Mary Douglas Leakey는 1913년에 영국 런던에서 학자와 연구자의 집안에서 태어났다.
② Her father, who was an artist, took her to see the stone tools being studied by French prehistorians.
예술가였던 그녀의 아버지는 그녀를 데리고 프랑스 선사학자들이 연구하고 있던 석기를 보러 갔다.
③ This sparked her interest in archaeology.
이것은 고고학에 대한 그녀의 흥미를 불러 일으켰다.
④ When she was just 17 years old, she served as an illustrator at a dig in England.
그녀가 단지 17세일 때, 그녀는 영국에 있는 발굴지에서 삽화가로 일했다.
⑤ Shortly after marrying Louis Leakey, she left for East Africa with her husband.
Louis Leakey와 결혼하고 얼마 되지 않아, 그녀는 그녀의 남편과 함께 동아프리카로 떠났다.
⑥ Together, they made important fossil discoveries.
함께, 그들은 중요한 화석들을 발견했다.
⑦ In 1948, Mary found a partial skull fossil of Proconsul africanus on Rusinga Island in Lake Victoria.
1948년에, Mary는 Lake Victoria에 있는 Rusinga Island에서 Proconsul africanus의 두개골 화석의 일부를 찾았다.
⑧ In 1959 in Tanzania, she discovered the skull of an early hominin that her husband named Zinjanthropus boisei, which is now known as Paranthropus boisei.
1959년 탄자니아에서 그녀는 그녀의 남편이 Zinjanthropus boisei라고 이름 붙인, 지금은 Paranthropus boisei라고 알려진 초기 호미닌(분류학상 인간의 조상으로 분류되는 종족)의 두개골을 발견했다.
⑨ Even after her husband's death in 1972, Mary continued her work in Africa.
1972년 그녀의 남편의 사망 이후에도, Mary는 아프리카에서 그녀의 일을 계속했다.
⑩ Mary died in 1996, in Nairobi, Kenya.
Mary는 1996년 케냐 나이로비에서 사망했다.
[고3] 2024년 10월– 29번: 후손들이은하계를식민지화할가능성과관련기술들
① Sometime late in the next millennium, our descendants may head off to other star systems.
다음 천 년의 후반부 언젠가, 우리의 후손들은 다른 항성계로 떠날 수도 있다.
② They may use comets as stepping-stones, some of which are only loosely bound to our sun because they reach almost halfway to the nearest star system, Alpha Centauri.
그들은, 그중 일부가 우리의 태양에 그저 느슨하게 묶여 있는 혜성들을 (그들이) 디딤돌로 사용할 수도 있는데, 왜냐하면 그것들은 가장 가까운 항성계, Alpha Centauri에 거의 (거리상으로) 중간에 이르기 때문이다.
③ Our remote descendants may eventually colonize much of our galaxy just as the first living organisms on Earth once colonized Earth's young oceans.
우리의 먼 후손들은 지구에 첫 살아 있는 유기체들이 한때 지구의 초기 바다를 점령했던 것과 같이 우리 은하계의 대부분을 결국 점령할 수도 있다.
④ Interstellar migrations will depend on as yet unimagined technologies for driving ships, for maintaining sustainable environments, and for putting humans into hibernations lasting for centuries.
성간(星間) 이동은 우주선을 추진하기 위한, 지속 가능한 환경을 유지하기 위한, 인간을 수 세기 동안 지속되는 동면에 들어가게 하기 위한, 아직 상상이 되지 않는 기술에 의존할 것이다.
⑤ Interstellar journeys will also depend on the existence of groups willing to risk long and dangerous voyages with little or no hope of returning.
또한 성간(星間) 이동은 돌아올 희망이 거의 없거나 전혀 없는 길고 위험한 여정의 위험을 무릅쓸 의지가 있는 집단들의 존재에 달려 있을 것이다.
⑥ It would take spaceships traveling at 1 percent of the speed of light more than four hundred years to reach the Alpha Centauri system.
빛의 속도의 1%로 이동하는 우주선이 Alpha Centauri(항성)계에 도달하는 데에는 400년 이상이 걸릴 것이다.
⑦ But if they spread out from there at a similar rate, they could settle star systems throughout the Milky Way within one hundred million years, which is just a bit longer than the span of time since dinosaurs ruled our Earth.
그러나 그들이 그곳에서부터 비슷한 속도로 퍼져 나간다면, 그들은 1억 년 이내에 은하계 도처의 항성계를 정착시킬 수 있을 것이고, 이는 공룡이 우리 지구를 지배했던 이후의 (시간의) 기간보다 아주 조금 더 길다.
[고3] 2024년 10월– 30번: 어린동물들이계급질서에서특별대우를받는‘강아지면허’설명
① Notably, young animals of many species have a special status, a leeway period granted by older members of the group.
특히, 많은 종의 어린 동물들은 집단에서 나이가 더 많은 구성원들로부터 부여받는 자유 시기라는 특별한 지위를 갖는다.
② This break from the hierarchy is called "puppy license" by the behaviorists who see it in dogs, but it's a feature of family dynamics in a range of species.
그 계층으로부터의 잠깐의 휴식 기간은 그것을 개에서 본 행동학자들에 의해 '강아지 면허'라고 불리는데, 그것은 다양한 종에서 가족 역학 관계의 특징이다.
③ Older animals will overlook, or gently correct, an inappropriate display of dominance as long as the offender is young enough not to know better.
나이가 더 많은 동물은 나쁜 짓을 하는 것(동물)이 어려서 더 잘 알지 못하는 만큼, 적절치 않은 우월의 과시를 눈감아 주거나, 부드럽게 교정해 줄 것이다.
④ Puppy license also covers play: older dogs seem to enjoy puppy playfulness, and may encourage young dogs by wrestling more gently, barking more softly, and sometimes letting the puppies win.
'강아지 면허'는 놀이도 포함하는데, 나이가 더 많은 개들은 강아지들의 장난기를 즐기는 듯 보이고, 더 부드럽게 몸싸움을 벌이며, 더 부드럽게 짖고, 때로는 강아지들이 이기게 함으로써 어린 개들에게 용기를 북돋워 줄 수도 있다.
⑤ As soon as that young dog hits a certain point in adolescence, however, its puppy license expires.
그러나 그 어린 개가 사춘기의 특정 시점에 이르자마자, 그것의 '강아지 면허'는 만료된다.
⑥ Behaviors that were lightheartedly tolerated just a few days before are now met with adult pushback.
불과 며칠 전만 해도 가볍게 용인되었던 행동들이 이제는 성체의 반발을 겪는다.
⑦ Although the dog is still young and may lack experience, it is challenged and treated like an adult.
개가 여전히 어리고 경험이 부족할 수도 있지만, 그것은 도전받고 성체처럼 대해진다.
⑧ In the human world and in the dog world, as juveniles mature into wildhood and their puppy licenses are no longer valid, a tolerant world becomes irritated and intolerant.
인간계와 개의 세계에서, 청소년들이 와일드후드(진화의 세월 동안 모든 종이 경험하는 유년기와 성인기 사이의 시기를 이르는 말)로 성장하고 그들의 강아지 면허가 더 이상 유효하지 않을 때, 관대한 세계는 짜증스럽고 너그럽지 못하게 된다.
[고3] 2024년 10월– 31번: 과학발전이더어려워지는이유와기존이론의한계
① After we make some amount of scientific and technological progress, does further progress get easier or harder?
우리가 어느 정도의 과학적 그리고 기술적 발전을 이룬 후에, 더 이상의 발전은 더 쉬워지는가 혹은 더 어려워지는가?
② Intuitively, it seems like it could go either way because there are two competing effects.
직관적으로, 어느 쪽이든 될 수 있을 것처럼 보이는데, 두 가지 경쟁하는 영향이 있기 때문이다.
③ On the one hand, we "stand on the shoulders of giants": previous discoveries can make future progress easier.
한편으로는, 우리는 '거인의 어깨에 서 있는데,' 즉 이전의 발견이 미래의 발전을 더 쉽게 만들 수 있다.
④ On the other hand, we "pick the low-hanging fruit": we make the easy discoveries first, so those that remain are more difficult.
다른 한편으로는, 우리는 '낮게 매달려 있는 과일을 따는데,' 즉 우리는 쉬운 발견을 먼저 해서 남아 있는 것들은 더 어렵다.
⑤ You can only invent the wheel once, and once you have, it's harder to find a similarly important invention.
여러분은 바퀴를 한 번만 발명할 수 있고, 일단 그러고 나면, 비슷하게 중요한 발명을 찾기란 더 어렵다.
⑥ Though both of these effects are important, when we look at the data it's the latter effect that predominates.
이 두 영향 모두 중요하지만, 데이터를 보면 지배하는 것은 바로 후자의 영향이다.
⑦ Overall, past progress makes future progress harder.
대체로, 과거의 발전은 미래의 발전을 더 어렵게 한다.
⑧ It's easy to see this qualitatively by looking at the history of innovation.
혁신의 역사를 살펴봄으로써 이것을 질적으로 아는 것은 쉽다.
⑨ Consider physics.
물리학을 고려해 보라.
⑩ In 1905, his "miracle year," Albert Einstein revolutionized physics, describing the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, the theory of special relativity, and his famous equation, E=mc².
그의 '기적의 해'인 1905년에, 알버트 아인슈타인은 물리학에 대변혁을 일으켰는데, 광전 효과, 브라운 운동, 특수 상대성 이론, 그리고 그의 유명한 공식 E=mc²을 기술하였다.
⑪ He was twenty-six at the time and did all this while working as a patent clerk.
그는 그 당시 26살이었고, 특허 사무원으로 일하며 이 모든 것을 했다.
⑫ Compared to Einstein's day, progress in physics is now much harder to achieve.
아인슈타인의 시대와 비교하여, 이제 물리학에서 발전은 이루기가 훨씬 더 어렵다.
[고3] 2024년 10월– 32번: 유전자와뇌의구조가행동에미치는영향과환경의역할
① Behavior is, for the most part, a product of genes and brain neuropathways.
행동은, 대부분, 유전자와 뇌의 신경 경로의 산물이다.
② Consider the elegant chemistry at work when living organisms move, think, behave, and act.
살아 있는 유기체가 움직이고, 생각하고, 처신하고, 행동할 때 작용하는 정교한 화학 작용을 고려해 보라.
③ Certainly, the environment is a factor here because it can influence how we act.
틀림없이, 환경은 여기서 하나의 요소인데 그것이 우리가 '행동하는 방식'에 영향을 미칠 수 있기 때문이다.
④ An analogy would illustrate this adequately.
한 가지 비유가 이것을 적절히 설명할 수 있을 것이다.
⑤ Think of the environment as gasoline, and our body as the engine.
환경을 휘발유로, 우리 몸을 엔진으로 생각해 보라.
⑥ Truly, the engine does not run without the gasoline, but all the intricate parts of the engine are the product of physical architecture, designed and assembled for a reactive purpose long before the gasoline is injected.
엄밀히, 엔진은 휘발유 없이는 작동하지 않지만, 엔진의 모든 복잡한 부품들은 '물리적 구조'의 산물인데, 휘발유가 주입되기 훨씬 이전에 반응을 보이려는 목적으로 설계되고 조립되었다.
⑦ Inject more gas and the engine accelerates, less, and it slows.
더 많은 휘발유를 주입하면, 엔진이 빨라지고, 더 적은 (휘발유를 주입하면), 그것은 느려진다.
⑧ The same is true for an organism.
유기체에서도 마찬가지이다.
⑨ Behavior is a response to the environment.
행동은 환경에 대한 '반응'이다.
⑩ We have 'free will,' but the ultimate characteristic of that response can only act with respect to the architecture of our genes and our brain.
우리는 '자유 의지'를 가지고 있지만, 그 반응의 궁극적인 특성은 우리의 유전자와 우리의 뇌의 구조와 관해서만 작용할 수 있다.
⑪ In other words, the environment can, effectively, accelerate or slow down a potential behavior, but the engine for that behavior is already built and functional; therefore, the environment is but a catalyst.
다시 말해, 환경은 잠재적인 행동을 효과적으로 빨라지게 하거나 늦출 수 있지만, 그 행동을 위한 엔진은 이미 구축되었고 가동된다. 따라서 환경은 단지 촉매일 뿐이다.
[고3] 2024년 10월– 33번: 영아들이의도적인행동을모방하는사회인지적혁명과정
① The social-cognitive revolution at 1 year of age sets the stage for infants' second year of life, in which they begin to imitatively learn the use of all kinds of tools, artifacts, and symbols.
1살의 나이에 사회 인지의 혁명은 유아들의 생애 두번째 해를 위한 발판을 설정하는데, 그때 그들은 모든 종류의 도구, 인공물, 그리고 기호의 사용을 모방하여 배우기 시작한다.
② For example, in a study by Meltzoff , 14-month-old children observed an adult bend at the waist and touch its head to a panel, thus turning on a light.
예를 들어, Meltzoff의 한 연구에서, 14개월 된 아이들은 한 어른이 허리를 구부리고 자신의 머리를 패널에 갖다 대어, 전등을 켜는 것을 관찰했다.
③ They followed suit.
그들은 이 방식을 따라 했다.
④ Infants engaged in this somewhat unusual and awkward behavior, even though it would have been easier and more natural for them simply to push the panel with their hand.
유아들은 단순히 그들의 손으로 패널을 누르는 것이 그들에게 더 쉽고 자연스러웠을 것임에도 불구하고, 이 다소 이상하고 어색한 행동을 하기 시작했다.
⑤ One interpretation of this behavior is that infants understood that the adult had the goal of illuminating the light and then chose one means for doing so, from among other possible means, and if they had the same goal, they could choose the same means.
이 행동에 대한 한 가지 해석은 유아들이 그 어른이 불을 켜는 목표를 가지고 있었고 그리고 나서 그렇게 하기 위한 수단 하나를, 가능한 다른 수단들 중에서, 골랐다는 것과 만약 그들이 같은 목표를 가진다면, 그들은 같은 수단을 선택할 수 있다는 것을 이해했다는 것이다.
⑥ Similarly, Carpenter et al. found that 16-month-old infants will imitatively learn from a complex behavioral sequence only those behaviors that appear intentional, ignoring those that appear accidental.
마찬가지로, Carpenter et al.은 16개월 된 유아들은 복잡한 행동의 연달아 일어남으로부터 의도적이라고 보이는 그런 행동들만 모방하여 배울 것이고, 뜻하지 않아 보이는 것들은 무시한다는 것을 알아냈다.
⑦ Young children do not just imitate the limb movements of other persons, they attempt to reproduce other persons' intended actions in the world.
어린아이들은 단순히 다른 사람들의 팔다리의 움직임을 모방하는 것이 아니라, 그들은 세상에서 다른 사람들의 의도된 행동들을 재현하려고 시도한다.
[고3] 2024년 10월– 34번: 과학적이론은언제든지오류가입증될수있음을설명
① As an ideal of intellectual inquiry and a strategy for the advancement of knowledge, the scientific method is essentially a monument to the utility of error.
지적 탐구의 이상이자 지식의 발전을 위한 전략으로서, 과학적 방법은 본질적으로 오류의 유용성을 보여주는 기념비이다.
② Most of us gravitate toward trying to prove our beliefs, to the extent that we bother investigating their validity at all.
우리 대부분은 우리의 믿음을 입증하려고 노력하는 것에 자연히 끌리는데, 우리가 그것들의 타당성을 굳이 조사하려 해야만 (조사)하는 정도까지 그러하다.
③ But scientists gravitate toward falsification; as a community if not as individuals, they seek to disprove their beliefs.
그러나 과학자들은 반증에 자연히 끌리며, 개인으로서는 아니더라도 공동체로서, 그들은 자신의 믿음이 그릇됨을 입증하려고 한다.
④ Thus, the defining feature of a hypothesis is that it has the potential to be proven wrong (which is why it must be both testable and tested), and the defining feature of a theory is that it hasn't been proven wrong yet.
따라서 가설의 본질적인 의미를 규정하는 특징은 그것이 틀리다고 입증될 가능성을 가진다는 것이며(이는 그것(가설)이 반드시 검증 가능할 수도 있어야 하고 검증되기도 해야 한다는 이유이다.) 이론의 본질적인 의미를 규정하는 특징은 그것이 아직 틀리다고 입증되지 않았다는 것이다.
⑤ But the important part is that it can be ─ no matter how much evidence appears to confirm it, no matter how many experts endorse it, no matter how much popular support it enjoys.
그러나 중요한 부분은 아무리 많은 증거가 그것(이론)이 옳음을 증명하는 것 같더라도, 아무리 많은 전문가가 그것을 지지하더라도, 아무리 큰 대중의 지지를 그것이 받더라도, 그것은 그렇게 될 수 있다는 것이다.
⑥ In fact, not only can any given theory be proven wrong; sooner or later, it probably will be.
사실, 어떤 주어진 이론도 틀리다고 입증'될 수 있을' 뿐만 아니라, 조만간 그것은 아마도 그렇게 될 것이다.
⑦ And when it is, the occasion will mark the success of science, not its failure.
그리고 그것이 그렇게 될 때, 그 경우는 그것(과학)의 실패가 아닌, 과학의 성공을 나타낼 것이다.
⑧ This was the crucial insight of the Scientific Revolution: that the advancement of knowledge depends on current theories collapsing in the face of new insights and discoveries.
이것은 과학 혁명의 중대한 통찰력이었는데, 지식의 발전은 새로운 통찰과 발견들 앞에서 붕괴하는 현재 이론에 달려 있다.
[고3] 2024년 10월– 35번: 새로운시스템사용시개인적필요가사회적목표와충돌할수있음
① It is important to remember that to achieve acceptance and use of new technologies/systems, the personal importance to the users has to be valued more highly than the degree of innovation.
새로운 기술 / 시스템의 수용과 사용을 달성하기 위해서는 사용자들에게 개인적 중요성이 혁신의 정도보다 더욱 높이 평가되어야 한다는 점을 기억하는 것이 중요하다.
② However, policies and political goals are often confused with the driver's personal goals.
그러나 정책들과 정치적 목표들은 종종 운전자의 개인적 목표들과 혼동된다.
③ Societal goals and individual goals do not necessarily coincide.
사회적 목표들과 개인적 목표들은 반드시 일치하지는 않는다.
④ For example, the policy goal behind ISA (Intelligent Speed Adaptation; a system which warns the drivers when they exceed the speed limit, and may even prevent them from doing so) could be to increase traffic safety or to increase speed limit compliance.
예를 들어, ISA(지능형 속도 적응 시스템, 즉 운전자들이 제한 속도를 초과할 때 그들에게 경고하고 심지어 그들이 그렇게 하는 것을 방지할 수 있는 시스템) 뒤에 있는 정책 목표는 교통안전을 증진하거나 제한 속도 준수를 증진하는 것일 수 있다.
⑤ These goals might not be relevant to some drivers, for example, due to their feeling that safety measures are redundant because of their own personal driving skills or because speeding is not seen as a 'real crime.'
이러한 목표들은 일부 운전자들에게는 관련이 없을 수 있는데, 예를 들어, 그들 자신의 개인적인 운전 기술 때문에 안전 조치가 불필요하다는 그들의 느낌 때문에 혹은 속도위반이 '진짜 범죄'로 보이지 않기 때문이다.
⑥ Nevertheless, they might find that the system helps them to avoid speeding tickets or they want to use the system simply because they have a general interest in innovative systems.
그럼에도 불구하고, 그들은 그 시스템이 속도위반 딱지를 피하는 것을 도와준다는 것을 알게 될 수도 있고 혹은 단순히 그들이 혁신적인 시스템에 대한 일반적인 관심을 가졌기 때문에 그들은 그 시스템을 사용하고 싶어 한다.
[고3] 2024년 10월– 36번: 나이가들면서비언어적감정신호를감지하는능력이약해지는현상
① From infancy, even before we learn to speak, we absorb how to infer people's emotions from their behaviors.
유아기부터, 심지어 우리가 말하는 것을 배우기 전에, 우리는 어떻게 사람들의 감정들을 그들의 행동으로부터 추론하는지를 흡수한다.
② As we grow older, however, this capacity can atrophy.
하지만, 우리가 나이가 들면서 이 능력은 쇠퇴할 수 있다.
③ We start to pay increasing attention to what people say rather than what they do, to the point where we can fail to notice nonlinguistic clues.
우리는 사람들이 무엇을 하는지보다 무엇을 말하는지에 점점 더 느는 주의를 기울이기 시작하여, 비언어적인 단서들을 알아차리지 못하는 정도에 이른다.
④ Spoken language is so information rich that it lulls us into ignoring hints that someone might be, say, upset and instead focus on their words when they say, It's nothing. I feel fine.
구어는 정보가 매우 풍부해서 그것은 누군가가, 예를 들어, 화가 났을 수 있다는 힌트들을 우리가 무시하게 하고 그들이 '아무것도 아니야. 나는 괜찮아.'라고 말할 때 그들의 말에 대신 집중한다.
⑤ Some people, however, have a talent for detecting emotions, even when they're unspoken.
하지만, 어떤 사람들은 심지어 그것들이 입 밖에 내어지지 않을 때도 감정들을 감지하는 재능을 가지고 있다.
⑥ We all know people like this: Friends who seem to intuit when we're feeling down, even if we haven't said anything; managers who sense when a kind word is needed to help us get over the hump at work.
우리 모두는 이와 같은 사람들(우리가 어떤 것도 말하지 않았더라도 우리가 마음이 울적한 때를 직관으로 아는 것처럼 보이는 친구들, 우리가 직장에서 고비를 넘기는 것을 돕기 위해 친절한 말이 필요한 때를 감지하는 매니저들)을 안다.
⑦ It's natural to assume these people are unusually observant, or uncommonly sensitive.
이러한 사람들이 대단히 관찰력이 있거나, 굉장히 세심하다고 추측하는 것은 당연하다.
⑧ Sometimes they are.
때때로 그들은 그러하다.
⑨ But years of research indicates this is a skill anyone can develop.
하지만 수년간의 연구는 이것이 누구나 계발할 수 있는 기술이라는 것을 보여 준다.
⑩ We can learn to identify the nonverbal clues that indicate someone's true emotions and use these hints to understand what they are feeling.
우리는 누군가의 진짜 감정들을 보여 주는 비언어적 단서들을 알아보는 것을 배울 수 있고 이 힌트들을 사용하여 그들이 무엇을 느끼고 있는지 이해할 수 있다.
[고3] 2024년 10월– 37번: 우리가아는것과모르는것에대한인식감정설명
① Some epistemic feelings let us know that we know.
어떤 인식론적 느낌들은 우리에게 우리가 안다는 것을 알게 한다.
② These include the feeling of knowing, the feeling of certainty, and the feeling of correctness.
이것들은 안다는 느낌, 확신의 느낌, 그리고 정확함의 느낌을 포함한다.
③ For example, you feel sure that "1666" is the answer to the question, "When did the Great Fire of London occur?"
예를 들어, 여러분은 "런던 대화재는 언제 발생했습니까?"라는 질문에 '1666년'이 답이라고 확신한다.
④ Feeling that you know, even that you are sure, is not unfailing.
여러분이 안다고, 심지어 확신한다고, 느끼는 것이 언제나 변함없는 것은 아니다.
⑤ We can be mistaken in those feelings.
우리는 그런 느낌들에서 잘못 알고 있을 수 있다.
⑥ Other epistemic feelings alert our attention to what we do not yet know.
다른 인식론적 느낌들은 우리가 아직 알지 못하는 것에 우리의 주의를 환기시킨다.
⑦ Curiosity, awe, and wonder fall into this category.
호기심, 경외감, 그리고 놀라움이 이 범주에 속한다.
⑧ As with the feelings of knowing, we can ask whether feelings of not-yet-knowing are necessarily right.
안다는 느낌들에 서 그렇듯이 우리는 아직 알지 못한다는 느낌들이 반드시 맞는지 물을 수 있다.
⑨ It does seem that if you wonder at something, there is something that prompted you to wonder.
여러분이 무언가를 궁금해 한다면 여러분을 궁금해하게 한 무언가가 정말로 있는 것처럼 보인다.
⑩ This feeling alerts you to the fact that your current body of knowledge ─ the schemas, heuristics, and other information you use ─ did not prepare you for the thing you wonder at.
이 느낌은 여러분에게 여러분의 현재 지식 체계, 즉 스키마, 휴리스틱, 그리고 여러분이 사용하는 다른 정보가 여러분이 궁금해하는 것에 대해 여러분을 준비시키지 않았다는 사실에 주의를 환기시킨다.
⑪ As such, wonder is a useful emotion, because it points to gaps in what you thought you knew.
이처럼 놀라움은 유용한 감정인데 그것은 여러분이 알고 있었다고 생각했던 것에 빈 곳을 가리키기 때문이다.
[고3] 2024년 10월– 38번: 기억이왜곡되는이유와이것이뉴스인식에미치는영향
① Memory often plays tricks.
기억은 흔히 속임수를 쓴다.
② According to Mlodinow, we give "unwarranted importance to memories that are the most vivid and hence most available for retrieval ─ our memory makes it easy to remember the events that are unusual and striking not the many events that are normal and dull."
Mlodinow에 따르면, 우리는 '가장 생생하고, 따라서 불러오기에 가장 용이한 기억들에 부당한 중요성'을 부여한다. '우리의 기억은 평범하고 지루한 많은 사건들이 아니라, 색다르고 인상적인 사건들을 기억하는 것을 쉽게 만든다.'
③ The self-serving bias works because, as Trivers observes, "There are also many processes of memory that can be biased to produce welcome results. Memories are continually distorting in self-serving ways."
자기 잇속만 차리는 편향이 작용하는데, Trivers가 논평하듯이, '기꺼이 받아들여지는 결과를 산출하도록 편향될 수 있는 많은 기억의 과정들이 또한 있으며, 기억들은 계속해서 자기 잇속만 차리는 방식으로 왜곡되고 있기' 때문이다.
④ A recent study argues that several forms of cognitive bias cause distortions in storing and retrieving memories.
최근 한 연구는 인지적인 편향의 몇몇 형태가 기억들을 저장하고 불러오는 데 왜곡을 일으킨다고 주장한다.
⑤ This, in turn, has a bearing on theories of agenda setting, priming, and framing, which argue that how people respond to the news is strongly influenced by what is most easily and readily accessible from their memories.
이것은, 결국, 의제를 정하고, 준비하고, 구성하는 이론들에 영향을 미치는데, 이것들은 어떻게 사람들이 뉴스에 반응하는가가 그들의 기억들로부터 가장 쉽게 그리고 즉시 접근 가능한 것에 의해 강력하게 영향을 받는다고 주장한다.
⑥ But what if memories about news stories are faulty and distort, forget, or invent what was actually reported?
하지만 만약 뉴스 기사에 대한 기억들이 불완전하고, 실제로 보도되었던 것을 왜곡하거나, 빠뜨리거나, (사실이 아닌 것으로) 지어낸다면 어떠한가?
⑦ In such cases, it may be the manipulation of memories in individual minds that primes, frames, and sets the agenda, not the original news stories.
그러한 경우에는, 의제를 준비하고, 구성하고, 정하는 것은 원래의 뉴스 기사가 아니라 개인의 머릿속 기억들의 조작일 수도 있다.
[고3] 2024년 10월– 39번: 차별방정식대신간단한신체동작을통해공을잡는방법
① One way to catch a fly ball is to solve all the differential equations governing the ball's trajectory as well as your own movements and at the same time reposition your body based on those solutions.
높이 친 공을 잡는 한 가지 방법은 여러분 자신의 움직임뿐만 아니라 그 공의 궤적을 지배하는 모든 미분 방정식을 풀고, 동시에 그 해법에 따라 여러분의 몸의 위치를 움직이는 것이다.
② Unfortunately, you don't have a differential equation-solving device in your brain, so instead you solve a simpler problem: how to place the glove most effectively between the ball and your body.
불행히도, 여러분은 여러분의 뇌에 미분 방정식을 푸는 장치가 없어서, 대신 여러분은 더 간단한 문제(어떻게 그 공과 여러분의 몸 사이에 글러브를 가장 효과적으로 위치시킬지)를 푼다.
③ The cerebellum assumes that your hand and the ball should appear in similar relative positions for each catch.
소뇌는 여러분의 손과 그 공이 각 포구(捕球)마다 비슷한 상대적 위치에 나타나야 한다고 가정한다.
④ So, if the ball is dropping too fast and your hand appears to be going too slowly, it will direct your hand to move more quickly to match the familiar relative position.
그래서, 공이 너무 빠르게 떨어지고 있고 여러분의 손이 너무 느리게 움직이고 있는 것처럼 보이면, 그것은 여러분의 손을 더 빠르게 움직여 익숙한 상대적 위치에 맞추도록 지시할 것이다.
⑤ These simple actions by the cerebellum to map sensory inputs onto muscle movements enable us to catch the ball without solving any differential equations.
감각 입력을 근육 움직임에 연결시키는 소뇌에 의한 이러한 간단한 행동들은 우리가 그 어떤 미분 방정식도 풀지 않고 공을 잡을 수 있게 한다.
⑥ We are also able to use the cerebellum to anticipate what our actions would be even if we don't actually take them.
우리는 또한 우리의 행동들이 무엇일지 예측하는 데에 소뇌를 사용할 수 있는데 설령 우리가 그것들을 실제로 하지 않아도 그러하다.
⑦ Your cerebellum might tell you that you could catch the ball but you're likely to crash into another player, so maybe you should not take this action.
여러분의 소뇌는 여러분이 공을 잡을 수는 있지만 또 다른 선수와 충돌할 가능성이 있다는 것을 알려줄 수도 있고, 그러면 여러분은 이 행동을 하지 않는 편이 좋을지도 모른다.
[고3] 2024년 10월– 40번: 시의불가역적형식이철학적탐구에미치는영향설명
① Philosophical interest in poetry has been dominated by the question of whether poetry can aid philosophical thought and promote philosophical inquiry.
시에 대한 철학적 관심은 시가 철학적 사고를 돕고 철학적 탐구를 촉진할 수 있는지에 대한 질문에 의해 지배되어 왔다.
② This focus reflects a tradition of philosophers like Pope and Rumi presenting their philosophical work in verse.
이 초점은 Pope와 Rumi와 같은 철학자들이 자신의 철학적 작품을 운문으로 나타내는 전통을 반영한다.
③ In addition, poets like William Wordsworth and T. S. Eliot have been celebrated as poet-philosophers, with their work valued as the product of philosophy through poetry.
게다가, William Wordsworth와 T. S. Eliot과 같은 시인들은 그들의 작품이 시를 통한 철학의 산물로 높이 평가받으며 시인철학자로서 찬사를 받아 왔다.
④ However, arguments against poetry having a role to play in philosophical inquiry have tended to focus on poetry's (negative) relationship to truth (or, as John Koethe puts it, poetry's indifference to truth).
그러나 시가 철학적 탐구에서 맡은 역할을 가지고 있다는 것에 반하는 주장들은 시와 진실 간의 (부정적) 관계(즉, John Koethe가 표현하듯, 진실에 대한 시의 무관심)에 집중해 온 경향이 있다.
⑤ Although we may accept works of poetry as having philosophical themes, this does not amount to doing philosophy through poetry.
우리는 시 작품들이 철학적 주제를 갖는 것으로 받아들일 수도 있지만, 이것은 철학을 시를 통해 하는 것과 마찬가지는 아니다.
⑥ One such argument hinges on the non-paraphrasability of poetry and form-content unity.
그러한 하나의 주장은 시의 다른 말로 바꾸어 표현할 수 없음과 형식 내용의 통일성 여하에 달려 있다.
⑦ The thought goes, if poetry is to play a role in philosophy, then it needs to be paraphrasable (that is, its content must be separable from its form).
그 생각은 만약 시가 철학에서 역할을 하려면, 그것은 다른 말로 바꾸어 표현할 수 있어야 한다는 것(즉, 그것의 내용은 그것의 형식으로부터 반드시 분리될 수 있어야 한다)으로 이어진다.
⑧ The assumption is that paraphrase is a mark of understanding and indicates that some proposition has a fixed meaning and that only a proposition with a fixed meaning can be evaluated in terms of truth or falsity.
이 가정은 다른 말로 바꾸어 표현하는 것이 이해의 표시이며 어떤 명제가 고정된 의미를 지닌다는 것과 고정된 의미를 지닌 명제만이 진실 혹은 거짓이라는 면에서 평가될 수 있다는 것을 보여 준다.
⑨ Poetry resists paraphrase: to change the words is to change the poem.
시는 다른 말로 바꾸어 표현하는 것에 저항한다. 단어를 바꾸는 것은 시를 바꾸는 것이다.
⑩ [Summary] Some believe in the ability of poetry to convey philosophy, but for others, its resistance to paraphrasing restricts its philosophical role.
[Summary] 일부 사람들은 철학을 전달하는 시의 능력을 믿는데, 다른 사람들에게는, 그것의 다른 말로 바꾸어 표현하는 것에 대한 저항이 그것의 철학적 역할을 제한한다.
[고3] 2024년 10월– 41~42번: 앵무새의소리와돌에새겨진문양이의미를가질수없는이유
① Vocal sounds produced by parrots, regardless of the fact that they may be audibly indistinguishable from spoken words and regardless of the fact that someone or some group of people may take them to be words, are not words.
앵무새가 내는 목소리는, 그것이 들리기에는 소리내어진 말과 구별되지 않을 수도 있다는, 그리고 누군가 또는 어떤 사람들의 집단이 그것들을 말이라고 여길 수도 있다는 사실에도 불구하고, 말이 아니다.
② They are not given a semantic dimension by physical similitude to spoken words.
그것들은 소리내어진 말과의 물리적 유사성으로 의미론적 차원이 주어지지 않는다.
③ Nor can the "talk" of a parrot be given a semantic dimension by being taken to be a set of linguistic acts.
앵무새의 '말'도 일련의 언어적 행위로 여겨지는 것으로도 의미론적 차원이 주어질 수 없다.
④ In like manner, weather etchings on a stone or shapes in the clouds, regardless of how physically similar they may be to written words or drawings of objects and regardless of what they are taken to be by observers, are not words or pictures.
마찬가지로, 돌에 있는 날씨 식각(날씨로 인해 새겨진 형상) 혹은 구름의 모양들은, 그들이 쓰여진 말이나 사물의 그림들과 물리적으로 얼마나 비슷한지와 관계없이 그리고 그들이 관찰자들에 의해 무엇으로 여겨질지와 관계없이, 말이나 그림이 아니다.
⑤ They do not have the appropriate etiology and they have no inherent semantic content or object.
그것들에는 적절한 원인의 추구가 없고, 그것들은 내재된 의미론적 내용이나 대상도 없다.
⑥ They are simply physical objects that resemble certain other things.
그것들은 단순히 특정한 다른 것들을 닮은 물리적 사물일 뿐이다.
⑦ For observers, they may call to mind the things they resemble.
관찰자들에게, 그것들은 그들이 닮은 사물들을 상기시킬 수도 있다.
⑧ In this regard, they may function as natural signs by virtue of the physical resemblance, but they have no semantic content about which one could be right or wrong.
이런 점에서, 그것들은 물리적 유사성 덕분에 자연적 기호로 기능할 수도 있지만, 그것들은 어떤 것이 옳거나 그를 수 있다는 것에 대한 의미론적 내용을 가지지 않는다.
⑨ If people take A to be a sign of B by virtue of some nonsemantic relation that holds, or is believed to hold, between A and B, A is a sign of B.
만약 사람들이 'A'와 'B' 사이에 있는, 혹은 있다고 여겨지는, 어떤 비의미론적 연관성 덕분에 'A'를 'B'의 기호로 받아들인다면, 'A'는 'B'의 기호이다.
⑩ But words, pictures, and images are not that way.
하지만, 말, 사진, 그림은 그런 식이 아니다.
⑪ They contain a semantic content to be understood.
그것들은 이해되어야 할 의미론적 내용을 가진다.
[고3] 2024년 10월– 43~45번: 눈사람과토끼의교환과우정이야기
① One frosty morning, a rabbit was jumping about on a hill.
어느 서리가 내린 아침, 토끼 한 마리가 언덕에서 뛰어 돌아다니고 있었다.
② There stood a snowman which had been made by some children.
그곳에는 어떤 아이들이 만든 눈사람이 서 있었다.
③ He had a broom in his hand and a carrot nose.
그는 그의 손에 빗자루, 그리고 당근 코를 가지고 있었다.
④ The rabbit saw the carrot and swallowed hard.
토끼는 당근을 보고 침을 삼켰다.
⑤ "I will have a delicious breakfast," he thought and jumped up, reaching out for the snowman's nose.
그는 '나는 맛있는 아침을 먹을 거야,'라고 생각하고 뛰어올라, 눈사람의 코로 손을 뻗었다.
⑥ But before the rabbit even touched him, something hit him hard.
그러나 토끼가 심지어 그에게 닿기도 전에, 무언가가 그를 강하게 때렸다.
⑦ "Go Away!" the snowman threatened him with his great broom.
"저리 가!" 눈사람이 그의 커다란 빗자루로 그를 위협했다.
⑧ "Sorry, Mr. Snowman, I just..." murmured the rabbit.
"미안해요, 눈사람 씨, 나는 그냥...." 토끼가 웅얼거렸다.
⑨ "You wanted to eat my nose!," he shouted.
"너는 내 코를 먹고 싶어 했어!"라고 그가 소리쳤다.
⑩ "I was so hungry and it looked so tasty," apologized the rabbit.
"난 너무 배가 고팠고 그것은 너무 맛있어 보였어요,"라고 토끼가 사과했다.
⑪ The snowman thought for a moment.
눈사람은 잠시 생각해 보았다.
⑫ "Hmm... Here, I am bored by myself.
"흠..., 여기에서, 나는 혼자서 지루해.
⑬ I would like to go to the village where the children are.
나는 그 아이들이 있는 마을에 가고 싶어.
⑭ If you take me there, I'll give you my carrot," said the snowman.
만약 나를 거기로 데려가 준다면, 나는 너에게 내 당근을 줄게,"라고 눈사람이 말했다.
⑮ Excited by the offer, the rabbit told the snowman to wait and disappeared.
그 제안에 신이 나서, 토끼는 눈사람에게 기다리라고 말하고 사라졌다.
⑯ He returned shortly, dragging a sled and said to the snowman, "Let's go!"
그는 썰매를 끌며 곧 돌아왔고 눈사람에게 말했다. "갑시다!"
⑰ The sled ran smoothly over the snow.
썰매는 눈 위를 부드럽게 달렸다.
⑱ The snowman with joy waved his broom.
눈사람은 기쁨에 자신의 빗자루를 흔들었다.
⑲ After a while, they arrived in the middle of the village.
얼마 후에, 그들은 마을 가운데에 도착했다.
⑳ "Here we are," said the rabbit.
"다 왔어요,"라고 토끼가 말했다.
㉑ "Thank you. Here's the carrot," said the snowman, giving him his carrot.
"고마워. 자, 당근이야," 눈사람은 그에게 자신의 당근을 주면서 말했다.
㉒ The rabbit hesitated for a moment.
토끼는 잠시 망설였다.
㉓ "Come on, take it. I have a feeling that I'll get a new one," urged the snowman.
"자, 가져가. 나는 새로운 것을 얻을 거라는 느낌이 들어,"라고 눈사람이 재촉했다.
㉔ He finally accepted the carrot and leapt back into the woods.
그는 마침내 당근을 받았고 숲속으로 껑충 뛰어 들어갔다.
㉕ Not long after, the children gathered around the snowman.
얼마 지나지 않아서, 아이들은 눈사람 주변으로 모였다.
㉖ Noticing that he had no nose, they gave him a fresh carrot.
그에게 코가 없다는 것을 알아차리자, 그들은 그에게 싱싱한 당근을 주었다.
㉗ From that time on, the snowman stood in the middle of the village, with a broom in his hand and a marvelous new carrot nose.
그때부터, 눈사람은 마을 가운데에서, 그의 손에 빗자루, 그리고 멋진 새 당근 코를 가지고 서 있었다.
②When we hold a baby in our arms, comforting her with song, we are channelling the emotional power of music.
②우리가아기를우리팔에안고,그녀를노래로다독일때,우리는음악의정서적힘을전하고있다.
③We do so instinctively, just as our ancestors did.
③꼭우리조상들이했던것처럼,우리는본능적으로그렇게한다.
④Music can be a powerful parental ally during the challenging child-rearing years.
④음악은아이를키우는힘든시기동안강력한,부모의협력자가될수있다.
⑤To successfully prepare our children for life in the twenty-first century, we will need to nurture qualities such as curiosity, imagination, empathy, creative entrepreneurship, and most of all resilience.
⑥Musical practice in early childhood develops all of the above and more.
⑥초기유년기에서음악의실천은위의모든것과그이상을발달시킨다.
⑦Research has shown that musical practice in early childhood is beneficial not only for mental acuity but for social and emotional development as well.
⑨Indeed, if we want to do one thing to help our children develop into emotionally, socially, intellectually, and creatively competent human beings, we should start the musical conversation ─ the earlier the better.
①In 1890, William James described attention as "the taking possession by the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought."
③When we fail to make that choice and allow ourselves to be frequently sidetracked, we end up in "the confused, dazed, scatterbrained state" that James said is the opposite of attention.
⑥We say that somebody has afeelfor the game, an intuition for how events are going to unfold, an awareness of when you should plow ahead with a problem and when you should put it aside before coming back to it.
⑨This sort of knowledge is built up through experience, and it is passed along through shared experience.
⑨이러한종류의지식은경험을통해쌓이고,그것은공유된경험을통해다음으로전달된다.
[고3] 2024년10월– 23번:인간이그림을만드는본능적욕구와기억과의관계
①The human desire to make pictures is deeply rooted.
①그림을만드는인간의욕망은깊게뿌리를내리고있다.
②At least 64,000 years ago, Neanderthals used colored oxide and charcoal to make paintings of large wild animals, tracings of human hands, and abstract patterns on cave and rock walls.
⑧However, the fundamental motive for making the vast majority of pictures is a desire to preserve: to document, and therefore honor, specific people, events, and possessions of importance.
⑨Regardless of purpose, the making of images persists because words alone cannot always provide a satisfactory way to describe and express our relationship to the world.
①We naturally gravitate toward people whose views and beliefs are similar to our own, seeking what the eighteenth-century moral philosopher Adam Smith called "a certain harmony of minds."
⑦Our perception of ourselves is a mixture of our own unique characteristics and our sense of belonging to our in-groups.
⑦우리자신에대한우리의인식은우리자신의고유한특성과우리의내집단에대한소속감의혼합이다.
⑧In fact, our personal identity is so closely interwoven with our social identity that our brains can't tell them apart.
⑧실제로우리의개인정체성은우리의사회정체성과너무밀접하게뒤섞여서우리뇌는그것들을분간할수없다.
⑨If I put you in a scanner and ask you to talk about yourself and then about the groups to which you feel the closest affinity, it will activate the same neural networks in your brain.
①The above graph shows awareness and usage of smartphone applications featuring machine learning in 2017.
①위그래프는2017년에기계학습을특징으로하는스마트폰애플리케이션의인식도와사용률을보여준다.
②In each of the five surveyed applications, the percentage of respondents demonstrating awareness was higher than that of respondents demonstrating usage.
②조사된다섯가지애플리케이션각각에서,인식을보인응답자의비율이사용을보인응답자의비율보다높았다.
③Predictive text had the highest percentages of respondents in both awareness and usage, among the five applications.
③예측텍스트는다섯가지애플리케이션중인식도와사용률에서가장높은비율을기록했다.
④The percentage of respondents displaying awareness of voice search was more than four times that of respondents using it.
④음성검색에대한인식을보인응답자의비율은이를사용하는응답자의비율보다4배이상높았다.
⑤Voice-to-text showed a higher percentage of the respondents reporting awareness of it than email classification, while this was not the case in their usage.
⑧In 1959 in Tanzania, she discovered the skull of an early hominin that her husband named Zinjanthropus boisei, which is now known as Paranthropus boisei.
⑨Even after her husband's death in 1972, Mary continued her work in Africa.
⑨1972년그녀의남편의사망이후에도, Mary는아프리카에서그녀의일을계속했다.
⑩Mary died in 1996, in Nairobi, Kenya.
⑩Mary는1996년케냐나이로비에서사망했다.
[고3] 2024년10월– 29번:후손들이은하계를식민지화할가능성과관련기술들
①Sometime late in the next millennium, our descendants may head off to other star systems.
①다음천년의후반부언젠가,우리의후손들은다른항성계로떠날수도있다.
②They may use comets as stepping-stones, some of which are only loosely bound to our sun because they reach almost halfway to the nearest star system, Alpha Centauri.
④Interstellar migrations will depend on as yet unimagined technologies for driving ships, for maintaining sustainable environments, and for putting humans into hibernations lasting for centuries.
⑦But if they spread out from there at a similar rate, they could settle star systems throughout the Milky Way within one hundred million years, which is just a bit longer than the span of time since dinosaurs ruled our Earth.
②This break from the hierarchy is called "puppy license" by the behaviorists who see it in dogs, but it's a feature of family dynamics in a range of species.
④Puppy license also covers play: older dogs seem to enjoy puppy playfulness, and may encourage young dogs by wrestling more gently, barking more softly, and sometimes letting the puppies win.
⑤As soon as that young dog hits a certain point in adolescence, however, its puppy license expires.
⑤그러나그어린개가사춘기의특정시점에이르자마자,그것의'강아지면허'는만료된다.
⑥Behaviors that were lightheartedly tolerated just a few days before are now met with adult pushback.
⑥불과며칠전만해도가볍게용인되었던행동들이이제는성체의반발을겪는다.
⑦Although the dog is still young and may lack experience, it is challenged and treated like an adult.
⑦개가여전히어리고경험이부족할수도있지만,그것은도전받고성체처럼대해진다.
⑧In the human world and in the dog world, as juveniles mature into wildhood and their puppy licenses are no longer valid, a tolerant world becomes irritated and intolerant.
⑤You can only invent the wheel once, and once you have, it's harder to find a similarly important invention.
⑤여러분은바퀴를한번만발명할수있고,일단그러고나면,비슷하게중요한발명을찾기란더어렵다.
⑥Though both of these effects are important, when we look at the data it's the latter effect that predominates.
⑥이두영향모두중요하지만,데이터를보면지배하는것은바로후자의영향이다.
⑦Overall, past progress makes future progress harder.
⑦대체로,과거의발전은미래의발전을더어렵게한다.
⑧It's easy to see this qualitatively by looking at the history of innovation.
⑧혁신의역사를살펴봄으로써이것을질적으로아는것은쉽다.
⑨Consider physics.
⑨물리학을고려해보라.
⑩In 1905, his "miracle year," Albert Einstein revolutionized physics, describing the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, the theory of special relativity, and his famous equation, E=mc².
⑪He was twenty-six at the time and did all this while working as a patent clerk.
⑪그는그당시26살이었고,특허사무원으로일하며이모든것을했다.
⑫Compared to Einstein's day, progress in physics is now much harder to achieve.
⑫아인슈타인의시대와비교하여,이제물리학에서발전은이루기가훨씬더어렵다.
[고3] 2024년10월– 32번:유전자와뇌의구조가행동에미치는영향과환경의역할
①Behavior is, for the most part, a product of genes and brain neuropathways.
①행동은,대부분,유전자와뇌의신경경로의산물이다.
②Consider the elegant chemistry at work when living organisms move, think, behave, and act.
②살아있는유기체가움직이고,생각하고,처신하고,행동할때작용하는정교한화학작용을고려해보라.
③Certainly, the environment is a factor here because it can influence how we act.
③틀림없이,환경은여기서하나의요소인데그것이우리가'행동하는방식'에영향을미칠수있기때문이다.
④An analogy would illustrate this adequately.
④한가지비유가이것을적절히설명할수있을것이다.
⑤Think of the environment as gasoline, and our body as the engine.
⑤환경을휘발유로,우리몸을엔진으로생각해보라.
⑥Truly, the engine does not run without the gasoline, but all the intricate parts of the engine are the product of physical architecture, designed and assembled for a reactive purpose long before the gasoline is injected.
⑪In other words, the environment can, effectively, accelerate or slow down a potential behavior, but the engine for that behavior is already built and functional; therefore, the environment is but a catalyst.
①The social-cognitive revolution at 1 year of age sets the stage for infants' second year of life, in which they begin to imitatively learn the use of all kinds of tools, artifacts, and symbols.
②For example, in a study by Meltzoff , 14-month-old children observed an adult bend at the waist and touch its head to a panel, thus turning on a light.
④Infants engaged in this somewhat unusual and awkward behavior, even though it would have been easier and more natural for them simply to push the panel with their hand.
⑤One interpretation of this behavior is that infants understood that the adult had the goal of illuminating the light and then chose one means for doing so, from among other possible means, and if they had the same goal, they could choose the same means.
⑥Similarly, Carpenter et al. found that 16-month-old infants will imitatively learn from a complex behavioral sequence only those behaviors that appear intentional, ignoring those that appear accidental.
⑥마찬가지로, Carpenter et al.은16개월된유아들은복잡한행동의연달아일어남으로부터의도적이라고보이는그런행동들만모방하여배울것이고,뜻하지않아보이는것들은무시한다는것을알아냈다.
⑦Young children do not just imitate the limb movements of other persons, they attempt to reproduce other persons' intended actions in the world.
①As an ideal of intellectual inquiry and a strategy for the advancement of knowledge, the scientific method is essentially a monument to the utility of error.
④Thus, the defining feature of a hypothesis is that it has the potential to be proven wrong (which is why it must be both testable and tested), and the defining feature of a theory is that it hasn't been proven wrong yet.
⑤But the important part is that it can be ─ no matter how much evidence appears to confirm it, no matter how many experts endorse it, no matter how much popular support it enjoys.
⑥In fact, not only can any given theory be proven wrong; sooner or later, it probably will be.
⑥사실,어떤주어진이론도틀리다고입증'될수있을'뿐만아니라,조만간그것은아마도그렇게될것이다.
⑦And when it is, the occasion will mark the success of science, not its failure.
⑦그리고그것이그렇게될때,그경우는그것(과학)의실패가아닌,과학의성공을나타낼것이다.
⑧This was the crucial insight of the Scientific Revolution: that the advancement of knowledge depends on current theories collapsing in the face of new insights and discoveries.
①It is important to remember that to achieve acceptance and use of new technologies/systems, the personal importance to the users has to be valued more highly than the degree of innovation.
②However, policies and political goals are often confused with the driver's personal goals.
②그러나정책들과정치적목표들은종종운전자의개인적목표들과혼동된다.
③Societal goals and individual goals do not necessarily coincide.
③사회적목표들과개인적목표들은반드시일치하지는않는다.
④For example, the policy goal behind ISA (Intelligent Speed Adaptation; a system which warns the drivers when they exceed the speed limit, and may even prevent them from doing so) could be to increase traffic safety or to increase speed limit compliance.
⑤These goals might not be relevant to some drivers, for example, due to their feeling that safety measures are redundant because of their own personal driving skills or because speeding is not seen as a 'real crime.'
⑥Nevertheless, they might find that the system helps them to avoid speeding tickets or they want to use the system simply because they have a general interest in innovative systems.
④Spoken language is so information rich that it lulls us into ignoring hints that someone might be, say, upset and instead focus on their words when they say, It's nothing. I feel fine.
⑤Some people, however, have a talent for detecting emotions, even when they're unspoken.
⑤하지만,어떤사람들은심지어그것들이입밖에내어지지않을때도감정들을감지하는재능을가지고있다.
⑥We all know people like this: Friends who seem to intuit when we're feeling down, even if we haven't said anything; managers who sense when a kind word is needed to help us get over the hump at work.
①Some epistemic feelings let us know that we know.
①어떤인식론적느낌들은우리에게우리가안다는것을알게한다.
②These include the feeling of knowing, the feeling of certainty, and the feeling of correctness.
②이것들은안다는느낌,확신의느낌,그리고정확함의느낌을포함한다.
③For example, you feel sure that "1666" is the answer to the question, "When did the Great Fire of London occur?"
③예를들어,여러분은"런던대화재는언제발생했습니까?"라는질문에'1666년'이답이라고확신한다.
④Feeling that you know, even that you are sure, is not unfailing.
④여러분이안다고,심지어확신한다고,느끼는것이언제나변함없는것은아니다.
⑤We can be mistaken in those feelings.
⑤우리는그런느낌들에서잘못알고있을수있다.
⑥Other epistemic feelings alert our attention to what we do not yet know.
⑥다른인식론적느낌들은우리가아직알지못하는것에우리의주의를환기시킨다.
⑦Curiosity, awe, and wonder fall into this category.
⑦호기심,경외감,그리고놀라움이이범주에속한다.
⑧As with the feelings of knowing, we can ask whether feelings of not-yet-knowing are necessarily right.
⑧안다는느낌들에서그렇듯이우리는아직알지못한다는느낌들이반드시맞는지물을수있다.
⑨It does seem that if you wonder at something, there is something that prompted you to wonder.
⑨여러분이무언가를궁금해한다면여러분을궁금해하게한무언가가정말로있는것처럼보인다.
⑩This feeling alerts you to the fact that your current body of knowledge ─ the schemas, heuristics, and other information you use ─ did not prepare you for the thing you wonder at.
⑪As such, wonder is a useful emotion, because it points to gaps in what you thought you knew.
⑪이처럼놀라움은유용한감정인데그것은여러분이알고있었다고생각했던것에빈곳을가리키기때문이다.
[고3] 2024년10월– 38번:기억이왜곡되는이유와이것이뉴스인식에미치는영향
①Memory often plays tricks.
①기억은흔히속임수를쓴다.
②According to Mlodinow, we give "unwarranted importance to memories that are the most vivid and hence most available for retrieval ─ our memory makes it easy to remember the events that are unusual and striking not the many events that are normal and dull."
③The self-serving bias works because, as Trivers observes, "There are also many processes of memory that can be biased to produce welcome results. Memories are continually distorting in self-serving ways."
④A recent study argues that several forms of cognitive bias cause distortions in storing and retrieving memories.
④최근한연구는인지적인편향의몇몇형태가기억들을저장하고불러오는데왜곡을일으킨다고주장한다.
⑤This, in turn, has a bearing on theories of agenda setting, priming, and framing, which argue that how people respond to the news is strongly influenced by what is most easily and readily accessible from their memories.
①One way to catch a fly ball is to solve all the differential equations governing the ball's trajectory as well as your own movements and at the same time reposition your body based on those solutions.
②Unfortunately, you don't have a differential equation-solving device in your brain, so instead you solve a simpler problem: how to place the glove most effectively between the ball and your body.
③The cerebellum assumes that your hand and the ball should appear in similar relative positions for each catch.
③소뇌는여러분의손과그공이각포구(捕球)마다비슷한상대적위치에나타나야한다고가정한다.
④So, if the ball is dropping too fast and your hand appears to be going too slowly, it will direct your hand to move more quickly to match the familiar relative position.
⑤These simple actions by the cerebellum to map sensory inputs onto muscle movements enable us to catch the ball without solving any differential equations.
⑦Your cerebellum might tell you that you could catch the ball but you're likely to crash into another player, so maybe you should not take this action.
①Philosophical interest in poetry has been dominated by the question of whether poetry can aid philosophical thought and promote philosophical inquiry.
①시에대한철학적관심은시가철학적사고를돕고철학적탐구를촉진할수있는지에대한질문에의해지배되어왔다.
②This focus reflects a tradition of philosophers like Pope and Rumi presenting their philosophical work in verse.
②이초점은Pope와Rumi와같은철학자들이자신의철학적작품을운문으로나타내는전통을반영한다.
③In addition, poets like William Wordsworth and T. S. Eliot have been celebrated as poet-philosophers, with their work valued as the product of philosophy through poetry.
③게다가, William Wordsworth와T. S. Eliot과같은시인들은그들의작품이시를통한철학의산물로높이평가받으며시인철학자로서찬사를받아왔다.
④However, arguments against poetry having a role to play in philosophical inquiry have tended to focus on poetry's (negative) relationship to truth (or, as John Koethe puts it, poetry's indifference to truth).
④그러나시가철학적탐구에서맡은역할을가지고있다는것에반하는주장들은시와진실간의(부정적)관계(즉, John Koethe가표현하듯,진실에대한시의무관심)에집중해온경향이있다.
⑤Although we may accept works of poetry as having philosophical themes, this does not amount to doing philosophy through poetry.
⑥One such argument hinges on the non-paraphrasability of poetry and form-content unity.
⑥그러한하나의주장은시의다른말로바꾸어표현할수없음과형식내용의통일성여하에달려있다.
⑦The thought goes, if poetry is to play a role in philosophy, then it needs to be paraphrasable (that is, its content must be separable from its form).
⑧The assumption is that paraphrase is a mark of understanding and indicates that some proposition has a fixed meaning and that only a proposition with a fixed meaning can be evaluated in terms of truth or falsity.
⑨Poetry resists paraphrase: to change the words is to change the poem.
⑨시는다른말로바꾸어표현하는것에저항한다.단어를바꾸는것은시를바꾸는것이다.
⑩[Summary] Some believe in the ability of poetry to convey philosophy, but for others, its resistance to paraphrasing restricts its philosophical role.
①Vocal sounds produced by parrots, regardless of the fact that they may be audibly indistinguishable from spoken words and regardless of the fact that someone or some group of people may take them to be words, are not words.
②They are not given a semantic dimension by physical similitude to spoken words.
②그것들은소리내어진말과의물리적유사성으로의미론적차원이주어지지않는다.
③Nor can the "talk" of a parrot be given a semantic dimension by being taken to be a set of linguistic acts.
③앵무새의'말'도일련의언어적행위로여겨지는것으로도의미론적차원이주어질수없다.
④In like manner, weather etchings on a stone or shapes in the clouds, regardless of how physically similar they may be to written words or drawings of objects and regardless of what they are taken to be by observers, are not words or pictures.
⑤They do not have the appropriate etiology and they have no inherent semantic content or object.
⑤그것들에는적절한원인의추구가없고,그것들은내재된의미론적내용이나대상도없다.
⑥They are simply physical objects that resemble certain other things.
⑥그것들은단순히특정한다른것들을닮은물리적사물일뿐이다.
⑦For observers, they may call to mind the things they resemble.
⑦관찰자들에게,그것들은그들이닮은사물들을상기시킬수도있다.
⑧In this regard, they may function as natural signs by virtue of the physical resemblance, but they have no semantic content about which one could be right or wrong.
