안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다.

오늘은 <2023년도 11월 고2 영어 모의고사(12월 시행)>의 지문 요약 자료 다시 제작해 올립니다.

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지문 분석하거나 자료 제작하실 때 참고하세요~♡

ps.

블로그 콘텐츠가 마음에 드신다면, '좋아요' 클릭과 광고 지원으로 응원해 주세요. 

여러분의 작은 도움이 큰 힘이 됩니다! 

감사합니다~~♡

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[고2] 2023 11월 – 18번: 농구 코트 소음 문제 해결을 요청하는 민원 제기

To whom it may concern, I am writing to inform you of an ongoing noise issue that I am experiencing. My apartment faces the basketball courts of the community center. While I fully support the community center's services, I am constantly being disrupted by individuals playing basketball late at night. Many nights, I struggle to fall asleep because I can hear people bouncing balls and shouting on the basketball courts well after 11 p.m.. Could you restrict the time the basketball court is open to before 9 p.m.? I'm sure I'm not the only person in the neighborhood that is affected by this noise issue. I appreciate your assistance. Sincerely, Ian Baldwin

Possible Titles:

1. Addressing Noise Concerns From Late-Night Basketball Games 

2. Request to Limit Community Center Basketball Court Hours 

3. Late-Night Noise Disruption: A Concern for Neighborhood Peace 

4. Seeking Resolution for Ongoing Noise from Basketball Courts 

Main Idea #1:

A resident requests restricting basketball court hours to reduce late-night noise disturbances. 

Main Idea #2:

Ian Baldwin expresses concern over consistent late-night noise from the community center's basketball courts and suggests limiting their operation to before 9 p.m. to maintain neighborhood peace. 

Summary:

Ian Baldwin requests limiting the operating hours of the community center’s basketball courts due to late-night noise disturbances affecting his sleep. He suggests closing the courts by 9 p.m. to address the issue for himself and other affected neighbors. 

Key Points:

1. Ian Baldwin experiences late-night noise from the community center’s basketball courts. 

2. Noise from basketball games disrupts his sleep, especially after 11 p.m. 

3. He supports the community center’s services but suggests restricting court hours to before 9 p.m. 

4. Baldwin believes other neighbors are also likely affected by the issue.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 19번: 부족 의식에서 아버지의 존재로 안정감을 얻음

Chaske, a Cherokee boy, was sitting on a tree stump. As a rite of passage for youths in his tribe, Chaske had to survive one night in the forest wearing a blindfold, not knowing he was observed by his father. After the sunset, Chaske could hear all kinds of noises. The wind blew the grass and shook his stump. A sense of dread swept through his body. What if wild beasts are looking at me? I can't stand this! Just as he was about to take off the blindfold to run away, a voice came in from somewhere. "I'm here around you. Don't give up, and complete your mission." It was his father's voice. He has been watching me from nearby! With just the presence of his father, the boy regained stability. What panicked him awfully a moment ago vanished into thin air.

Possible Titles:

1. A Cherokee Rite of Passage and the Power of Parental Support 

2. Facing Fear: Chaske’s Journey Through the Forest 

3. Overcoming Dread with Trust and Guidance in the Wild 

4. A Father’s Silent Vigil in a Cherokee Youth’s Trial 

Main Idea #1:

Chaske learns to overcome fear during a Cherokee rite of passage with the unseen support of his father. 

Main Idea #2:

In a Cherokee rite of passage, Chaske faces his fears while blindfolded in the forest, regaining courage when he hears his father’s reassuring voice, which helps him complete his trial. 

Summary:

Chaske, a Cherokee boy, participates in a rite of passage requiring him to stay blindfolded in the forest overnight. Overwhelmed by fear, he regains stability upon hearing his father’s supportive voice, realizing his father has been watching nearby. 

Key Points:

1. Chaske undergoes a Cherokee rite of passage involving an overnight stay in the forest. 

2. Fear and panic overcome him as he imagines wild beasts around him. 

3. His father’s unseen presence and voice provide reassurance and courage. 

4. Chaske successfully completes his trial, overcoming his fear with his father’s support.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 20번: 농업의 발전과 지속 가능성을 위한 해결책 필요

Agriculture includes a range of activities such as planting, harvesting, fertilizing, pest management, raising animals, and distributing food and agricultural products. It is one of the oldest and most essential human activities, dating back thousands of years, and has played a critical role in the development of human civilizations, allowing people to create stable food supplies and settle in one place. Today, agriculture remains a vital industry that feeds the world's population, supports rural communities, and provides raw materials for other industries. However, agriculture faces numerous challenges such as climate change, water scarcity, soil degradation, and biodiversity loss. As the world's population continues to grow, it is essential to find sustainable solutions to address the challenges facing agriculture and ensure the continued production of food and other agricultural products.

Possible Titles:

1. The Evolution and Challenges of Modern Agriculture 

2. Agriculture: Past, Present, and Future Sustainability Needs 

3. Balancing Food Production and Environmental Conservation in Agriculture 

4. Addressing Global Challenges in Agriculture for a Growing Population 

Main Idea #1:

Agriculture has been essential to human development, enabling stable food supplies and societal growth. 

Main Idea #2:

While agriculture continues to support global populations and industries, it faces challenges like climate change and resource scarcity, requiring sustainable solutions for future food production. 

Summary:

Agriculture, a cornerstone of human civilization, supports global food production and industries but faces critical challenges like climate change, water scarcity, and soil degradation. Sustainable solutions are essential to meet the growing demands of a rising population. 

Key Points:

1. Agriculture includes planting, harvesting, raising animals, and distributing food. 

2. It has been crucial for human development and civilization. 

3. Modern agriculture faces challenges such as climate change, resource scarcity, and biodiversity loss. 

4. Sustainable approaches are necessary to ensure future food security.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 21번: 예술은 어려운 주제를 다루며 변화를 촉진함

The arts and aesthetics offer emotional connection to the full range of human experience. "The arts can be more than just sugar on the tongue," Anjan Chatterjee, a professor at the University of Pennsylvania, says. "In art, when there's something challenging, which can also be uncomfortable, this discomfort, if we're willing to engage with it, offers the possibility of some change, some transformation. That can also be a powerful aesthetic experience." The arts, in this way, become vehicles to contend with ideas and concepts that are difficult and uncomfortable otherwise. When Picasso painted his masterpiece Guernica in 1937, he captured the heartbreaking and cruel nature of war, and offered the world a way to consider the universal suffering caused by the Spanish Civil War. When Lorraine Hansberry wrote her play A Raisin in the Sun, she gave us a powerful story of people struggling with racism, discrimination, and the pursuit of the American dream while also offering a touching portrait of family life.

Possible Titles:

1. How the Arts Transform Emotions and Challenge Perspectives 

2. Exploring Human Experience Through Aesthetic and Emotional Connections 

3. The Role of Art in Addressing Difficult and Universal Themes 

4. From Picasso to Hansberry: Art as a Catalyst for Change 

Main Idea #1:

The arts provide emotional connections that help us engage with challenging and transformative aspects of human experience. 

Main Idea #2:

Art serves as a medium for grappling with complex, uncomfortable issues, offering transformative insights, as seen in works like Picasso’s *Guernica* and Hansberry’s *A Raisin in the Sun*. 

Summary:

The arts connect us to the full spectrum of human emotions and experiences, allowing engagement with challenging ideas and offering transformative insights. Iconic works like *Guernica* and *A Raisin in the Sun* address universal themes like war and racism, illustrating the power of art to inspire reflection and change. 

Key Points:

1. The arts provide emotional connections to the range of human experiences. 

2. Challenging art offers transformative opportunities despite its discomfort. 

3. *Guernica* highlights the suffering caused by war through Picasso’s lens. 

4. *A Raisin in the Sun* explores racism, discrimination, and family dynamics.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 22번: 기계식 시계가 시간 개념과 경제 발전에 기여

Many historians have pointed to the significance of accurate time measurement to Western economic progress. The French historian Jacques Le Goff called the birth of the public mechanical clock a turning point in Western society. Until the late Middle Ages, people had sun or water clocks, which did not play any meaningful role in business activities. Market openings and activities started with the sunrise and typically ended at noon when the sun was at its peak. But when the first public mechanical clocks were introduced and spread across European cities, market times were set by the stroke of the hour. Public clocks thus greatly contributed to public life and work by providing a new concept of time that was easy for everyone to understand. This, in turn, helped facilitate trade and commerce. Interactions and transactions between consumers, retailers, and wholesalers became less irregular. Important town meetings began to follow the pace of the clock, allowing people to better plan their time and allocate resources in a more efficient manner.

Possible Titles:

1. The Role of Public Clocks in Shaping Western Economic Development 

2. How Accurate Time Measurement Revolutionized Trade and Commerce 

3. The Birth of Public Clocks and Its Impact on Western Society 

4. The Influence of Timekeeping on Economic Organization and Efficiency 

Main Idea #1:

The introduction of public mechanical clocks marked a crucial turning point in Western economic development by standardizing time. 

Main Idea #2:

Public clocks facilitated trade, business, and public life by introducing a new, standardized concept of time, allowing for more efficient planning and resource allocation. 

Summary:

The invention of public mechanical clocks in Europe was a key development in Western economic progress. It standardized time, helping businesses, markets, and public meetings become more organized and efficient, fostering smoother interactions and improving economic practices. 

Key Points:

1. Before mechanical clocks, time was measured by sun or water clocks, which had limited utility for business. 

2. Public mechanical clocks introduced a standardized concept of time, improving market operations. 

3. Time regulation made interactions between consumers, retailers, and wholesalers more regular. 

4. Public meetings and activities became more organized, enhancing resource allocation and planning.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 23번: 쇼핑카트 사용 장려를 위한 마케팅 전략 전환

Sylvan Goldman invented the shopping cart and introduced it in his stores in 1937. It was an excellent device that would make it easy for shoppers to buy as much as they wanted without getting tired or seeking others' help. But Goldman discovered that in spite of his repeated advertisements and explanations, he could not persuade his shoppers to use the wheeled carts. Men were reluctant because they thought they would appear weak if they pushed such carts instead of carrying their shopping. Women wouldn't touch them because the carts reminded them of baby carriages. It was only a few elderly shoppers who used them. That made the carts even less attractive to the majority of the shoppers. Then Goldman hit upon an idea. He hired several models, men and women, of different ages and asked them to wheel the carts in the store and shop. A young woman employee standing near the entrance told the regular shoppers, 'Look, everyone is using the carts. Why don't you?' That was the turning point. A few shills disguised as regular shoppers easily accomplished what logic, explanations, and advertisements failed to do. Within a few weeks shoppers readily accepted those carts.

Possible Titles:

1. The Shopping Cart: How an Invention Overcame Social Resistance 

2. Sylvan Goldman and the Creative Marketing of the Shopping Cart 

3. Breaking Social Barriers: The Adoption of the Shopping Cart 

4. How Models Helped Popularize a Revolutionary Shopping Tool 

Main Idea #1:

Sylvan Goldman invented the shopping cart, but initial resistance from shoppers prevented its adoption. 

Main Idea #2:

By using hired models to demonstrate the convenience of shopping carts, Goldman overcame social resistance and made the carts widely accepted by shoppers. 

Summary:

Sylvan Goldman’s invention of the shopping cart initially faced rejection due to social perceptions. By hiring models to showcase their use, he convinced shoppers of their convenience, leading to the widespread acceptance of shopping carts in stores. 

Key Points:

1. Goldman invented the shopping cart in 1937 to make shopping easier. 

2. Shoppers initially resisted due to gender norms and social perceptions. 

3. Goldman hired models to act as shoppers and demonstrate cart usage. 

4. The strategy succeeded, and carts became a popular shopping tool.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 24번: 로봇의 인간적 특성이 신뢰와 속임수 모두 유발 가능

In response to human-like care robots, critics might charge that human-robot interactions create moral hazards for dementia patients. Even if deception is sometimes allowed when it serves worthy goals, should it be allowed for vulnerable users? Just as children on the autism spectrum with robot companions might be easily fooled into thinking of robots as friends, older adults with cognitive deficits might be. According to Alexis Elder, a professor at UMD, robots are false friends, inferior to true friendship. Reasoning along similar lines, John Sullins, a professor at Sonoma State University, holds that robots should "remain iconic or cartoonish so that they are easily distinguished as synthetic even by unsophisticated users." At least then no one is fooled. Making robots clearly fake also avoids the so-called "uncanny valley," where robots are perceived as scary because they so closely resemble us, but not quite. Other critics of robot deception argue that when care recipients are deceived into thinking that robots care, this crosses a line and violates human dignity.

Possible Titles:

1. Ethical Concerns in Human-Like Care Robots for Vulnerable Populations 

2. The Debate Over Deception and Human-Robot Interaction 

3. Robots as Caregivers: Balancing Utility and Human Dignity 

4. Why Deception in Care Robots Raises Moral and Ethical Questions 

Main Idea #1:

Critics argue that human-like care robots may deceive vulnerable users, raising ethical concerns about dignity and moral hazards. 

Main Idea #2:

While some experts advocate for clearly artificial robots to avoid deception and the uncanny valley, others argue that deceiving care recipients into believing robots care violates their dignity and creates false relationships. 

Summary:

Human-like care robots raise ethical concerns about deception, especially for vulnerable users like dementia patients. Critics suggest robots should appear clearly synthetic to avoid false friendships, preserve dignity, and prevent discomfort from the uncanny valley effect. 

Key Points:

1. Critics argue that care robots may deceive vulnerable users, creating moral hazards. 

2. Elder calls robots "false friends," inferior to real human relationships. 

3. Sullins advocates for cartoonish robots to avoid deception and the uncanny valley. 

4. Deceiving care recipients into believing robots care is viewed as a violation of dignity.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 25번: 미국 연령별 온라인 광고 견해 조사 결과 분석

The graph above shows the results of a 2019 survey on the views of American age groups on targeted online advertising. In total, while 51% of the respondents said targeted ads were intrusive, 27% said they were interesting. The percentage of respondents who believed that targeted ads were interesting was the highest in the age group of 18 to 24. The percentage of respondents aged 25 to 34 who said that targeted ads were intrusive was the same as that of respondents aged 45 to 54 who said the same. Among all age groups, the gap between respondents who said targeted ads were interesting and those who believed them to be intrusive was the largest in the 35-to-44 age group. The age group of 55 and above was the only group where the percentage of respondents who believed targeted ads were intrusive was more than 50%.

Possible Titles:

1. American Age Groups’ Perceptions of Targeted Online Advertising in 2019 

2. Insights into Generational Views on Targeted Advertising 

3. Intrusion vs. Interest: How Americans View Targeted Ads by Age 

4. Generational Differences in Opinions on Online Targeted Ads 

Main Idea #1:

A 2019 survey revealed differing perceptions of targeted online ads across American age groups, with younger people finding them more interesting and older people viewing them as more intrusive. 

Main Idea #2:

While most respondents viewed targeted ads as intrusive, younger age groups (18–24) were more likely to find them interesting, and older age groups (55+) were the most critical, with over 50% finding them intrusive, highlighting a generational divide in opinions. 

Summary:

The 2019 survey showed that younger age groups, especially 18–24, found targeted ads more interesting, while older respondents, particularly those 55 and above, found them more intrusive. The 35–44 group exhibited the largest gap between interest and intrusion, and over half of respondents overall found targeted ads intrusive. 

Key Points:

1. 51% of respondents overall found targeted ads intrusive, and 27% found them interesting. 

2. The 18–24 age group had the highest percentage finding targeted ads interesting. 

3. Respondents aged 25–34 and 45–54 reported equal percentages finding targeted ads intrusive. 

4. The 55+ age group was the only one where more than 50% found targeted ads intrusive.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 26번: Maggie Walker의 금융 개혁과 커뮤니티 기여

Maggie L. Walker achieved national prominence as a businesswoman and community leader. She was among the earliest Black students to attend newly-established public schools for African Americans. After graduating, she worked as a teacher for three years at the Valley School, where she had studied. In the early 1900s, Virginia banks owned by white bankers were unwilling to do business with African American organizations or individuals. The racial discrimination by white bankers drove her to study banking and financial laws. She established a newspaper to promote closer communication between the charitable organization she belonged to and the public. Soon after, she founded the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank, which survived the Great Depression and merged with two other banks. It thrived as the oldest continually African American-operated bank until 2009. Walker achieved successes with the vision to make improvements in the way of life for African Americans.

Possible Titles:

1. Maggie L. Walker: A Pioneer in African American Banking and Leadership 

2. Breaking Barriers: Maggie L. Walker’s Legacy in Business and Community 

3. Maggie L. Walker’s Contributions to Banking and Social Equality 

4. How Maggie L. Walker Empowered African Americans Through Finance 

Main Idea #1:

Maggie L. Walker became a prominent leader by addressing racial discrimination in banking and supporting African American communities. 

Main Idea #2:

Through her leadership, Maggie L. Walker founded a bank, promoted communication via a newspaper, and worked to improve African Americans' lives, leaving a lasting legacy in finance and community empowerment. 

Summary:

Maggie L. Walker, a pioneering leader, addressed racial discrimination in banking by founding the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank, which supported African Americans and survived the Great Depression. She also used a newspaper to strengthen community ties and worked tirelessly to improve African American lives. 

Key Points:

1. Maggie L. Walker was among the first Black students to attend public schools for African Americans. 

2. Discrimination by white bankers motivated her to study banking and found her own bank. 

3. She established the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank, which survived the Great Depression. 

4. Walker used a newspaper to promote communication and improve African Americans’ lives.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 29번: 렉틴 과잉 섭취가 건강에 미치는 부정적 영향

Lectins are large proteins that serve as a crucial weapon that plants use to defend themselves. The lectins in most plants bind to carbohydrates as we consume the plant. They also bind to sugar molecules found in the gut, in the brain, between nerve endings, in joints and in all bodily fluids. According to Dr. Steven Gundry, these sticky proteins can interrupt messaging between cells and cause toxic and inflammatory reactions. Brain fog is just one result of lectins interrupting communication between nerves. An upset stomach is another common symptom of lectin overload. Dr. Gundry lists a wide range of other health problems including aching joints, dementia, headaches and infertility that have been resolved in his patients once they eliminated lectins from their diets. Dr. Paul Saladino writes that the hypothesis that lectins are involved in Parkinson's disease is also gaining support, with animal studies showing that 'lectins, once eaten, may be damaging the gut and travelling to the brain, where they appear to be toxic to dopaminergic neurons'.

Possible Titles:

1. The Potential Health Risks of Lectins in the Human Body 

2. How Plant Lectins Affect Gut, Brain, and Overall Health 

3. Exploring the Link Between Lectins and Inflammatory Disorders 

4. Lectins: Plant Defense Proteins and Their Impact on Human Health 

Main Idea #1:

Lectins, plant defense proteins, can disrupt cell communication and cause toxic and inflammatory reactions in the human body. 

Main Idea #2:

Health issues such as brain fog, upset stomachs, and neurological damage, potentially linked to lectins, have led researchers like Dr. Steven Gundry and Dr. Paul Saladino to explore their role in conditions like Parkinson’s disease and other disorders. 

Summary:

Lectins, plant defense proteins, bind to sugars in the body and may cause inflammatory reactions, disrupting nerve communication and leading to symptoms like brain fog and stomach upset. Studies suggest their involvement in diseases like Parkinson’s, as these proteins may damage the gut and affect neurons in the brain. 

Key Points:

1. Lectins are plant proteins that bind to carbohydrates and sugars in the human body. 

2. They can disrupt cell communication, causing inflammatory and toxic reactions. 

3. Symptoms linked to lectins include brain fog, stomach upset, and aching joints.

4. Research suggests lectins may contribute to Parkinson’s disease by damaging gut and brain neurons.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 30번: 기술 발전이 프라이버시 재정의의 필요성을 강조

Technology changes how individuals and societies understand the concept of privacy. The fact that someone has a new ability to access information or watch the actions of another does not justify doing so. Rather, advances in technology require citizens and policy makers to consider how privacy protections should be expanded. For example, when cameras first became available for commercial and private use, nations and citizens struggled over whether new laws should be enacted to protect individuals from being photographed without their permission. The reconsideration of privacy brought about by this new technology re-affirmed a distinction between private and public spaces. It was determined by most cultures that people automatically gave consent to being seen ― and thus recorded ― once they voluntarily stepped into a public space. Although some people might be uncomfortable with the spread of surveillance cameras, citizens in most cultures have adjusted to the fact that giving up the right not to be observed in these circumstances causes less harm to the community than failing to have surveillance.

Possible Titles:

1. How Technology Redefines Privacy and Public Spaces 

2. Balancing Privacy and Surveillance in a Technological Era 

3. The Impact of New Technologies on Privacy Protections 

4. Privacy, Consent, and the Spread of Surveillance Cameras 

Main Idea #1:

Technological advancements challenge traditional concepts of privacy, requiring citizens and policymakers to adapt protections. 

Main Idea #2:

The introduction of new technologies, such as cameras, has led societies to distinguish between private and public spaces, with many cultures accepting reduced privacy in public areas to balance individual discomfort and community safety. 

Summary:

Advancements in technology, like the spread of cameras, challenge privacy norms, prompting societies to establish boundaries between private and public spaces. Most cultures accept reduced privacy in public spaces, prioritizing community safety over individual discomfort from surveillance. 

Key Points:

1. Technology reshapes how privacy is understood and protected. 

2. The introduction of cameras required debates on privacy laws and public consent. 

3. Societies distinguish private from public spaces in privacy considerations. 

4. Many cultures accept surveillance in public spaces as a necessary trade-off for safety.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 31번: 기적은 인간 무지에서 비롯되며 탐구로 설명 가능

Coincidence that is statistically impossible seems to us like an irrational event, and some define it as a miracle. But, as Montaigne has said, "the origin of a miracle is in our ignorance, at the level of our knowledge of nature, and not in nature itself." Glorious miracles have been later on discovered to be obedience to the laws of nature or a technological development that was not widely known at the time. As the German poet, Goethe, phrased it: "Things that are mysterious are not yet miracles." The miracle assumes the intervention of a "higher power" in its occurrence that is beyond human capability to grasp. Yet there are methodical and simple ways to "cause a miracle" without divine revelation and inspiration. Instead of checking it out, investigating and finding the source of the event, we define it as a miracle. The miracle, then, is the excuse of those who are too lazy to think.

Possible Titles:

1. Rethinking Miracles: From Mysteries to Natural Laws 

2. The Thin Line Between Miracles and Misunderstood Science 

3. How Ignorance Shapes Our Perception of Miracles 

4. Exploring Miracles as Misinterpretations of Nature 

Main Idea #1:

Miracles are often perceived as divine interventions but can frequently be explained by natural laws or technological advancements. 

Main Idea #2:

Miracles stem from ignorance or lack of understanding, as mysteries are often resolved through investigation, with the label "miracle" used by those unwilling to explore the true causes of events. 

Summary:

What we call miracles are often events beyond current understanding, rooted in natural laws or unexplored phenomena. Mislabeling them as miracles arises from ignorance or unwillingness to investigate their true origins, as demonstrated by thinkers like Montaigne and Goethe. 

Key Points:

1. Miracles are often defined as events beyond human understanding or natural laws. 

2. Many perceived miracles are later explained by science or technology. 

3. Goethe and Montaigne suggest miracles arise from ignorance, not divine intervention. 

4. Labeling events as miracles can stem from a reluctance to investigate their causes.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 32번: 외부 정보가 사건 기억에 영향을 미칠 수 있음

Information encountered after an event can influence subsequent remembering. External information can easily integrate into a witness's memory, especially if the event was poorly encoded or the memory is from a distant event, in which case time and forgetting have degraded the original memory. With reduced information available in memory with which to confirm the validity of post-event misinformation, it is less likely that this new information will be rejected. Instead, especially when it fits the witness's current thinking and can be used to create a story that makes sense to him or her, it may be integrated as part of the original experience. This process can be explicit (i.e., the witness knows it is happening), but it is often unconscious. That is, the witness might find himself or herself thinking about the event differently without awareness. Over time, the witness may not even know the source of information that led to the (new) memory. Sources of misinformation in forensic contexts can be encountered anywhere, from discussions with other witnesses to social media searches to multiple interviews with investigators or other legal professionals, and even in court.

Possible Titles:

1. How Post-Event Information Alters Witness Memory 

2. The Role of Misinformation in Shaping Witness Testimonies 

3. Memory Distortion: The Unconscious Integration of External Information 

4. Sources and Impacts of Misinformation in Forensic Contexts 

Main Idea #1:

Post-event information can influence and alter a witness’s memory, particularly when the original memory is weak or distant. 

Main Idea #2:

Misinformation can unconsciously integrate into a witness’s memory, reshaping their recollection of events, with sources of distortion ranging from social media to legal proceedings, complicating forensic accuracy. 

Summary:

Post-event information can modify a witness’s memory, especially when the original event was poorly encoded or distant. Misinformation may unconsciously integrate into their recollection, with potential sources including discussions, social media, or legal proceedings, leading to altered testimonies. 

Key Points:

1. Witness memories are vulnerable to influence from post-event information. 

2. Weak or distant memories are more susceptible to misinformation. 

3. Integration of misinformation can occur unconsciously, reshaping recollections.

4. Sources of misinformation include other witnesses, social media, and legal interviews.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 33번: 상관관계는 인과관계보다 명확한 통찰을 제공

Correlations are powerful because the insights they offer are relatively clear. These insights are often covered up when we bring causality back into the picture. For instance, a used-car dealer supplied data to statisticians to predict which of the vehicles available for purchase at an auction were likely to have problems. A correlation analysis showed that orange-colored cars were far less likely to have defects. Even as we read this, we already think about why it might be so: Are orange-colored car owners likely to be car enthusiasts and take better care of their vehicles? Or, is it because orange-colored cars are more noticeable on the road and therefore less likely to be in accidents, so they're in better condition when resold? Quickly we are caught in a web of competing causal hypotheses. But our attempts to illuminate things this way only make them cloudier. Correlations exist; we can show them mathematically. We can't easily do the same for causal links. So we would do well to hold off from trying to explain the reason behind the correlations.

Possible Titles:

1. The Clarity of Correlation Versus the Complexity of Causality 

2. Why Correlations Provide Insights Without the Need for Causal Explanations 

3. The Dangers of Overthinking Correlations with Causal Hypotheses 

4. Embracing Correlation: Insights Without Causal Assumptions 

Main Idea #1:

Correlations offer clear insights, but attempts to explain them through causality often complicate understanding. 

Main Idea #2:

While correlations are mathematically demonstrable and provide actionable insights, introducing causal hypotheses often clouds clarity, as seen in the example of orange-colored cars and their lower defect rates. 

Summary:

Correlations provide clear and measurable insights, as shown in the example of orange-colored cars having fewer defects. Attempts to explain these insights with causality often lead to conflicting hypotheses, making the situation more complex and less clear. 

Key Points:

1. Correlations offer straightforward insights that are mathematically provable. 

2. Introducing causality complicates understanding and creates conflicting hypotheses. 

3. The example of orange-colored cars shows how causal assumptions can cloud correlation analysis. 

4. Focusing on correlation alone can yield actionable and clear insights.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 34번: 기후 변화가 동물 크기 감소에 영향을 미침

Most mice in the wild are eaten or die before their life span of two years is over. They die from external causes, such as disease, starvation, or predators, not due to internal causes, such as aging. That is why nature has made mice to live, on average, for no longer than two years. Now we have arrived at an important point: The average life span of an animal species, or the rate at which it ages, is determined by the average time that this animal species can survive in the wild. That explains why a bat can live to be 30 years old. In contrast to mice, bats can fly, which is why they can escape from danger much faster. Thanks to their wings, bats can also cover longer distances and are better able to find food. Every genetic change in the past that made it possible for a bat to live longer was useful, because bats are much better able than mice to flee from danger, find food, and survive.

Possible Titles:

1. How Survival in the Wild Determines Animal Life Spans 

2. The Role of Predation and Adaptation in Aging Rates of Animals 

3. Why Mice Live Short Lives and Bats Defy Longevity Expectations 

4. Natural Selection and the Evolution of Life Spans in Animals 

Main Idea #1:

The life span of an animal is shaped by its average survival time in the wild. 

Main Idea #2:

Animals like bats, which can escape predators and find food efficiently, have evolved longer life spans compared to species like mice, whose high vulnerability in the wild limits their longevity. 

Summary:

The life span of a species is influenced by its average survival time in the wild. While mice live short lives due to high predation and environmental risks, bats live longer because their ability to fly helps them escape predators and find food, making longer life spans evolutionarily advantageous. 

Key Points:

1. Most wild mice die from external causes before their natural life span of two years. 

2. Life span and aging rates are linked to average survival times in the wild. 

3. Bats, unlike mice, live longer due to their ability to escape predators and find food. 

4. Evolution favors longevity in species with better survival adaptations like flight.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 35번: 도덕적 우수성은 학습과 발달로 지속 가능

Moral excellence, according to Aristotle, is the result of habit and repetition, though modern science would also suggest that it may have an innate, genetic component. This means that moral excellence will be broadly set early in our lives, which is why the question of how early to teach it is so important. Freud suggested that we don't change our personality much after age five or thereabouts, but as in many other things, Freud was wrong. Recent psychological research shows that personality traits stabilize around age thirty in both men and women and regardless of ethnicity as the human brain continues to develop, both neuroanatomically and in terms of cognitive skills, until the mid-twenties. The advantage of this new understanding is that we can be a bit more optimistic than Aristotle and Freud about being able to teach moral excellence.

Possible Titles:

1. The Development of Moral Excellence: Aristotle, Freud, and Modern Science 

2. Teaching Morality: Insights from Ancient Philosophy and Modern Psychology 

3. How Habit, Genetics, and Development Shape Moral Excellence 

4. Rethinking Moral Development: Beyond Aristotle and Freud 

Main Idea #1:

Aristotle believed moral excellence is developed through habit, but modern research shows it is influenced by both genetics and lifelong personality development. 

Main Idea #2:

Contrary to Freud's view that personality is fixed early in life, recent research indicates personality traits stabilize by age thirty, allowing moral excellence to be cultivated well into adulthood. 

Summary:

Aristotle saw moral excellence as a result of habit, while modern research suggests it is also shaped by genetics and personality traits, which stabilize around age thirty. This understanding allows for optimism about teaching morality beyond early childhood, countering Freud's outdated theory. 

Key Points:

1. Aristotle linked moral excellence to habit and repetition. 

2. Modern science adds that genetics may also play a role in moral development. 

3. Freud wrongly claimed personality stabilizes by age five, while research shows stabilization around age thirty. 

4. Moral excellence can be cultivated into adulthood due to ongoing brain and cognitive development.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 36번: 동물 크기는 환경 적응과 생존 전략의 결과

The size of a species is not accidental. It's a fine-tuned interaction between a species and the world it inhabits. Over large periods of time, size fluctuations have often signalled significant changes in the environment. Generally speaking, over the last five hundred million years, the trend has been towards animals getting larger. It's particularly notable in marine animals, whose average body size has increased 150-fold in this time. But we are beginning to see changes in this trend. Scientists have discovered that many animals are shrinking. Around the world, species in every category have been found to be getting smaller, and one major cause appears to be the heat. Animals living in the Italian Alps, for example, have seen temperatures rise by three to four degrees Celsius since the 1980s. To avoid overheating, chamois goats now spend more of their days resting rather than searching for food, and as a result, in just a few decades, the new generations of chamois are 25 percent smaller.

Possible Titles:

1. The Evolution of Animal Size and Its Environmental Connections 

2. How Climate Change Is Shrinking Animal Species Worldwide 

3. The Historical and Modern Trends in Animal Body Size 

4. Rising Temperatures and Their Impact on Animal Size Reduction 

Main Idea #1:

Animal size is closely tied to environmental changes, with larger sizes historically dominant over millions of years. 

Main Idea #2:

Climate change is reversing historical trends, causing species like chamois goats in the Italian Alps to shrink as rising temperatures impact their behavior and access to food. 

Summary:

Animal size has historically increased over millions of years, especially in marine species. However, rising global temperatures are now causing many species to shrink, as seen in chamois goats in the Italian Alps, which have become 25% smaller due to heat-induced behavioral changes. 

Key Points:

1. Animal size reflects a long-term interaction with environmental factors. 

2. Over the last 500 million years, animal body sizes generally increased. 

3. Climate change is reversing this trend, with species shrinking globally. 

4. Chamois goats in the Italian Alps have decreased in size by 25% due to rising temperatures and reduced foraging.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 37번: 전체 데이터 사용이 샘플링보다 더 큰 통찰 제공

For a long time, random sampling was a good shortcut. It made analysis of large data problems possible in the pre-digital era. But much as converting a digital image or song into a smaller file results in loss of data, information is lost when sampling. Having the full (or close to the full) dataset provides a lot more freedom to explore, to look at the data from different angles or to look closer at certain aspects of it. A fitting example may be the light-field camera, which captures not just a single plane of light, as with conventional cameras, but rays from the entire light field, some 11 million of them. The photographers can decide later which element of an image to focus on in the digital file. There is no need to focus at the beginning, since collecting all the information makes it possible to do that afterwards. Because rays from the entire light field are included, it is closer to all the data. As a result, the information is more "reuseable" than ordinary pictures, where the photographer has to decide what to focus on before she presses the shutter.

Possible Titles:

1. The Limitations of Sampling in the Era of Big Data 

2. Why Full Datasets Are Superior to Random Sampling in Analysis 

3. The Light-Field Camera: A Metaphor for Comprehensive Data Collection 

4. Moving Beyond Sampling: The Power of Complete Data in Analysis 

Main Idea #1:

Random sampling, while useful in the past, loses information compared to full datasets, which allow for greater flexibility and reuse in analysis. 

Main Idea #2:

Comprehensive data collection, as exemplified by the light-field camera, offers the advantage of retaining all information, enabling detailed exploration and decision-making without initial constraints. 

Summary:

Random sampling, useful in the pre-digital era, sacrifices data and limits flexibility in analysis. Full datasets, like the complete light-field data captured by advanced cameras, provide greater freedom to analyze and refocus on specific aspects later, making the information more reusable and versatile. 

Key Points:

1. Random sampling was a practical solution before digital advancements but loses data. 

2. Full datasets allow for more flexibility in analysis and detailed exploration. 

3. Light-field cameras illustrate the advantage of collecting all information upfront. 

4. Comprehensive data enables reusability and eliminates the need for initial focus constraints.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 38번: 내향적 리더십의 섬김 철학이 긍정적 효과를 가짐

Introverted leaders do have to overcome the strong cultural presumption that extroverts are more effective leaders. Although the population splits into almost equal parts between introverts and extroverts, more than 96 percent of managers and executives are extroverted. In a study done in 2006, 65 percent of senior corporate executives viewed introversion as a barrier to leadership. We must reexamine this stereotype, however, as it doesn't always hold true. Regent University found that a desire to be of service to others and to empower them to grow, which is more common among introverts than extroverts, is a key factor in becoming a leader and retaining leadership. So-called servant leadership, dating back to ancient philosophical literature, adheres to the belief that a company's goals are best achieved by helping workers or customers achieve their goals. Such leaders do not seek attention but rather want to shine a light on others' wins and achievements; servant leadership requires humility, but that humility ultimately pays off.

Possible Titles:

1. Examining Introverted Leaders' Effectiveness in Modern Organizations 

2. Understanding Servant Leadership and Its Historical Roots 

3. The Role of Humility in Leadership Success 

4. Breaking Stereotypes About Introversion and Leadership 

Main Idea #1:

Cultural biases favor extroverted leaders despite introverts possessing valuable leadership traits. 

Main Idea #2:

Servant leadership, often associated with introverts, prioritizes empowering others and achieving organizational success through humility and support. 

Summary:

Although introverts are often seen as less effective leaders, their approach to servant leadership emphasizes empowering others and achieving mutual goals. This leadership style, rooted in humility, aligns with ancient philosophies and fosters long-term success. Cultural stereotypes should be challenged to recognize introverts' unique contributions. 

Key Points:

1. Most leaders are extroverts due to cultural biases about leadership effectiveness. 

2. Many executives perceive introversion as a leadership barrier. 

3. Servant leadership focuses on empowering others and achieving shared goals. 

4. Humility in leadership enhances team and organizational success.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 39번: 불완전성을 허용하면 데이터 활용 가능성 증가

By the nineteenth century, France had developed a system of precisely defined units of measurement to capture space, time, and more, and had begun to get other nations to adopt the same standards. Just half a century later, in the 1920s, the discoveries of quantum mechanics forever destroyed the dream of comprehensive and perfect measurement. And yet, outside a relatively small circle of physicists, the mindset of humankind's drive to flawlessly measure continued among engineers and scientists. In the world of business it even expanded, as the precision-oriented sciences of mathematics and statistics began to influence all areas of commerce. However, contrary to the trend of the past several decades, in many new situations that are occurring today, allowing for imprecision ― for messiness ― may be a positive feature, not a shortcoming. As a tradeoff for relaxing the standards of allowable errors, one can get a hold of much more data. It isn't just that "more is better than some," but that, in fact, sometimes "more is greater than better."

Possible Titles:

1. The Evolution of Measurement Standards and Their Impact on Society 

2. Embracing Imprecision in Modern Data Analysis and Decision-Making 

3. From Perfect Measurement to Valuing Messiness in New Contexts 

4. The Transition from Precision to Flexibility in Science and Business 

Main Idea #1:

Quantum mechanics undermined the vision of perfect measurement but did not halt humanity's pursuit of precision. 

Main Idea #2:

While precision has dominated science and business, embracing imprecision can yield broader and more effective insights in modern contexts. 

Summary:

The dream of perfect measurement faded with quantum mechanics, yet precision remained a driving force in science and business. Today, relaxing precision standards allows access to larger datasets, which can sometimes provide more valuable insights than traditional exactness. This shift marks a new approach to leveraging data in a complex world. 

Key Points:

1. France pioneered precise measurement systems and promoted global adoption. 

2. Quantum mechanics disrupted the notion of perfect measurement. 

3. Precision has strongly influenced science, engineering, and business practices.

4. Allowing for imprecision in modern contexts can lead to more valuable insights.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 40번: 협력적 행동이 공동체 내 신뢰와 지위를 강화

Multiple laboratory studies show that cooperative people tend to receive social advantages from others. One way to demonstrate this is to give people the opportunity to act positively or negatively toward contributors. For example, Pat Barclay, a professor at the University of Guelph, had participants play a cooperative game where people could contribute money toward a group fund which helped all group members, and then allowed participants to give money to other participants based on their reputations. People who contributed more to the group fund were given responsibility for more money than people who contributed less. Similar results have been found by other researchers. People who contribute toward their groups are also chosen more often as interaction partners, preferred as leaders, rated as more desirable partners for long-term relationships, and are perceived to be trustworthy and have high social status. Uncooperative people tend to receive verbal criticism or even more severe punishment. -> Studies suggest that individuals who act with generosity toward their communities are more likely to be viewed as deserving of benefit by members of that community than those who don't.

Possible Titles:

1. Social Benefits of Generosity in Cooperative Communities 

2. The Role of Cooperation in Leadership and Social Status 

3. How Generosity Shapes Perception and Interpersonal Success 

4. Cooperative Behavior as a Pathway to Social Advantage 

Main Idea #1:

Cooperative individuals gain social advantages and positive recognition from their communities. 

Main Idea #2:

Studies reveal that generous behavior leads to rewards such as leadership opportunities, enhanced trust, and higher social status, while uncooperative individuals face criticism and penalties. 

Summary:

Cooperative behavior in group settings earns individuals rewards such as trust, leadership roles, and positive social status. Experiments show that contributors are preferred as leaders and partners, while uncooperative individuals often face criticism or punishment. Generosity is a key factor in gaining social recognition and benefits. 

Key Points:

1. Cooperative individuals are entrusted with greater responsibility in group settings. 

2. Generosity is linked to higher trust, leadership selection, and desirability as partners. 

3. Uncooperative behavior often leads to verbal criticism or punishment. 

4. Social advantages are more likely for those who contribute positively to their communities.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 41~42번: 공연에서 관객 참여가 예술적 경험을 증폭

In Western society, many music performance settings make a clear distinction between performers and audience members: the performers are the "doers" and those in the audience take a decidedly passive role. The performance space itself may further reinforce the distinction with a physical separation between the stage and audience seating. Perhaps because this distinction is so common, audiences seem to greatly value opportunities to have special "access" to performers that affords understanding about performers' style of music. Some performing musicians have won great approval by regularly incorporating "audience participation" into their concerts. Whether by leading a sing-along activity or teaching a rhythm to be clapped at certain points, including audience members in the music making can boost the level of engagement and enjoyment for all involved. Performers who are uncomfortable leading audience participation can still connect with the audience simply by giving a special glimpse of the performer perspective. It is quite common in classical music to provide audiences with program notes. Typically, this text in a program gives background information about pieces of music being performed and perhaps biographical information about historically significant composers. What may be of more interest to audience members is background information about the very performers who are onstage, including an explanation of why they have chosen the music they are presenting. Such insight can make audience members feel near to the musicians onstage, both metaphorically and emotionally. This connection will likely enhance the expressive and communicative experience.

Possible Titles:

1. Bridging the Gap Between Performers and Audiences in Music 

2. Enhancing Engagement Through Audience Participation in Concerts 

3. The Role of Performer-Audience Connection in Musical Experiences 

4. Exploring the Benefits of Audience Involvement in Performances 

Main Idea #1:

Performers and audiences are traditionally divided, but bridging this gap enhances engagement and enjoyment. 

Main Idea #2:

Audience participation or insights into performers' perspectives can foster emotional connections, making the musical experience more expressive and communicative. 

Summary:

Western music performances often emphasize a division between performers and audiences, but involving audiences through participation or sharing performer perspectives strengthens engagement. Activities like sing-alongs or providing background on performers' choices enhance emotional connections and enrich the concert experience. 

Key Points:

1. Western music settings often separate performers and audiences physically and socially. 

2. Audience participation activities, like sing-alongs, boost engagement and enjoyment. 

3. Providing insight into performers' perspectives fosters emotional connections. 

4. Program notes can deepen audience understanding and enhance the concert experience.

[고2] 2023 11월 – 43~45번: 다툰 형제가 목수의 다리로 화해와 관계 회복

Once upon a time, two brothers, Robert and James, who lived on neighboring farms fell into conflict. It was the first serious fight in 40 years of farming side by side. It began with a small misunderstanding and it grew into a major argument, and finally it exploded into an exchange of bitter words followed by weeks of silence. One morning there was a knock on Robert's door. He opened it to find a carpenter with a toolbox. Looking at Robert, the carpenter said, "I'm looking for a few days' work. Do you have anything to repair?" "I have nothing to be repaired, but I have a job for you. Look across the creek at that farm. Last week, my younger brother James took his bulldozer and put that creek in the meadow between us. Well, I will do even worse. I want you to build me an 8-foot tall fence which will block him from seeing my place," said Robert. The carpenter seemed to understand the situation. Robert prepared all the materials the carpenter needed. The next day, Robert left to work on another farm, so he couldn't watch the carpenter for some days. When Robert returned and saw the carpenter's work, his jaw dropped. Instead of a fence, the carpenter had built a bridge that stretched from one side of the creek to the other. His brother was walking over, waving his hand in the air. Robert laughed and said to the carpenter, "You really can fix anything." The two brothers stood awkwardly for a moment, but soon met on the bridge and shook hands. They saw the carpenter leaving with his toolbox. "No, wait! Stay a few more days." Robert told him. "Thank you for your invitation. But I need to go build more bridges. Don't forget. The fence leads to isolation and the bridge to openness," said carpenter. The two brothers nodded at the carpenter's words.

Possible Titles:

1. The Carpenter's Lesson: From Isolation to Reconnection 

2. Building Bridges: A Tale of Forgiveness and Understanding 

3. Mending Family Ties Through Unexpected Acts of Kindness 

4. How a Bridge Rekindled a Brotherly Bond After Conflict 

Main Idea #1:

A carpenter helps two estranged brothers reconcile by building a bridge instead of a fence. 

Main Idea #2:

Through an act of creativity and wisdom, the carpenter transforms a symbol of division into one of connection, teaching the brothers the value of openness and reconciliation. 

Summary:

After a bitter conflict, two brothers on neighboring farms become estranged. One hires a carpenter to build a fence to isolate himself, but the carpenter builds a bridge instead. The bridge rekindles the brothers' relationship, teaching them the importance of connection and forgiveness. 

Key Points:

1. Robert and James' conflict leads to weeks of silence and bitterness. 

2. Robert hires a carpenter to build a fence to isolate himself from James. 

3. The carpenter builds a bridge instead, encouraging reconciliation. 

4. The brothers reunite on the bridge, learning the value of openness over division.

안녕하세요, Flow 영어연구소입니다.

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[고1] 2023 11월 – 18번: 패션 매장의 판매직 지원을 위한 경험과 자격 소개

Dear Ms. MacAlpine, I was so excited to hear that your brand is opening a new shop on Bruns Street next month. I have always appreciated the way your brand helps women to feel more stylish and confident. I am writing in response to your ad in the Bruns Journal. I graduated from the Meline School of Fashion and have worked as a sales assistant at LoganMart for the last five years. During that time, I've developed strong customer service and sales skills, and now I would like to apply for the sales position in your clothing store. I am available for an interview at your earliest convenience. I look forward to hearing from you. Thank you for reading my letter. Yours sincerely, Grace Braddock

Possible Titles:

1. Application Letter for a Sales Position in a Fashion Store 

2. Grace Braddock's Professional Appeal for a Sales Role 

3. Aspiring Sales Assistant Highlighting Fashion Expertise and Experience 

4. Customer-Focused Application for a Stylish Brand's New Outlet 

Main Idea #1:

Grace Braddock applies for a sales assistant position at a fashion store. 

Main Idea #2:

Grace Braddock highlights her experience at LoganMart and her qualifications from the Meline School of Fashion to express her suitability for a sales position at a new shop opening soon. 

Summary:

Grace Braddock expresses enthusiasm about the brand's new store and applies for a sales assistant role, emphasizing her customer service and sales experience. She mentions her fashion school background and availability for an interview. 

Key Points:

1. Grace Braddock admires the brand for empowering women. 

2. She has five years of experience as a sales assistant at LoganMart. 

3. She graduated from the Meline School of Fashion. 

4. She expresses enthusiasm and requests an interview at the earliest convenience.

[고1] 2023 11월 – 19번: 신혼여행 중 결혼 반지를 잃고 찾으려 했던 경험

I had never seen a beach with such white sand or water that was such a beautiful shade of blue. Jane and I set up a blanket on the sand while looking forward to our ten days of honeymooning on an exotic island. "Look!" Jane waved her hand to point at the beautiful scene before us ― and her gold wedding ring went flying off her hand. I tried to see where it went, but the sun hit my eyes and I lost track of it. I didn't want to lose her wedding ring, so I started looking in the area where I thought it had landed. However, the sand was so fine and I realized that anything heavy, like gold, would quickly sink and might never be found again.

Possible Titles:

1. A Honeymoon Mishap on an Exotic Island 

2. Lost Wedding Ring in Fine White Sand 

3. The Challenge of Recovering a Precious Symbol of Love 

4. Searching for a Wedding Ring in Paradise 

Main Idea #1:

A honeymoon turns stressful when a wedding ring is lost on the beach. 

Main Idea #2:

While enjoying the start of their honeymoon on an exotic island, a couple faces the challenge of finding a lost wedding ring buried in fine, sinking sand. 

Summary:

A couple begins their honeymoon on a beach with white sand and blue water, but their joy is interrupted when the bride’s gold wedding ring accidentally flies off her hand. Despite efforts to locate it, the fine sand poses a significant challenge. 

Key Points:

1. The couple is on a honeymoon at a beach with white sand and blue water. 

2. Jane accidentally loses her gold wedding ring while pointing at a scene. 

3. The husband searches for the ring but struggles due to the sinking sand. 

4. The fine sand makes recovering the ring highly difficult.

[고1] 2023 11월 – 20번: 지속적인 자기 성장을 위해 의식적 노력이 필요함

Unfortunately, many people don't take personal responsibility for their own growth. Instead, they simply run the race laid out for them. They do well enough in school to keep advancing. Maybe they manage to get a good job at a well-run company. But so many think and act as if their learning journey ends with college. They have checked all the boxes in the life that was laid out for them and now lack a road map describing the right ways to move forward and continue to grow. In truth, that's when the journey really begins. When school is finished, your growth becomes voluntary. Like healthy eating habits or a regular exercise program, you need to commit to it and devote thought, time, and energy to it. Otherwise, it simply won't happen ― and your life and career are likely to stop progressing as a result.

Possible Titles:

1. The Importance of Voluntary Growth Beyond Formal Education 

2. Breaking Free from the Pre-Laid Path to Personal Development 

3. Why Lifelong Learning is Key to Personal and Career Success 

4. Moving Beyond the Checkboxes of Structured Education 

Main Idea #1:

Many people stop pursuing growth after completing their formal education. 

Main Idea #2:

True growth begins after formal education ends, requiring a voluntary commitment to continuous self-improvement, much like maintaining healthy habits, to ensure ongoing personal and professional progress. 

Summary:

Many individuals stop prioritizing growth after school, assuming their learning journey is complete. However, real progress requires voluntary efforts, like healthy habits, to ensure continued personal and career development. Without dedication, life and career advancement may stagnate. 

Key Points:

1. Many people rely solely on structured paths like school and jobs for growth. 

2. They often lack a plan for self-improvement after formal education. 

3. Lifelong growth requires conscious effort, similar to maintaining health. 

4. Neglecting personal growth can lead to stagnation in life and career.

[고1] 2023 11월 – 21번: 색은 객관적, 주관적 요소가 결합된 현상임

Many people take the commonsense view that color is an objective property of things, or of the light that bounces off them. They say a tree's leaves are green because they reflect green light ― a greenness that is just as real as the leaves. Others argue that color doesn't inhabit the physical world at all but exists only in the eye or mind of the viewer. They maintain that if a tree fell in a forest and no one was there to see it, its leaves would be colorless ― and so would everything else. They say there is no such thing as color; there are only the people who see it. Both positions are, in a way, correct. Color is objective and subjective ― "the place," as Paul Cezanne put it, "where our brain and the universe meet." Color is created when light from the world is registered by the eyes and interpreted by the brain.

Possible Titles:

1. Understanding Color as Both Objective and Subjective 

2. The Philosophical Debate on the Nature of Color 

3. How Color Exists at the Intersection of Light and Perception 

4. Reconciling the Physical and Mental Realities of Color 

Main Idea #1:

Color is debated as either an objective property of the world or a subjective experience in the mind. 

Main Idea #2:

Color exists as both an objective phenomenon involving light and an interpretation in the brain, representing a meeting point between the physical world and human perception. 

Summary:

Color is seen either as an inherent property of objects or as a perception in the mind. In reality, it is both objective and subjective, created when light interacts with the eyes and is interpreted by the brain. 

Key Points:

1. Some view color as an objective property of objects or reflected light. 

2. Others believe color exists only in the perception of the viewer. 

3. Both perspectives are valid, as color combines physical and mental elements. 

4. Color is formed through the interaction of light, the eyes, and the brain.

[고1] 2023 11월 – 22번: 소설 집필 시 과도한 세부정보보다 핵심 경험이 중요

When writing a novel, research for information needs to be done. The thing is that some kinds of fiction demand a higher level of detail: crime fiction, for example, or scientific thrillers. The information is never hard to find; one website for authors even organizes trips to police stations, so that crime writers can get it right. Often, a polite letter will earn you permission to visit a particular location and record all the details that you need. But remember that you will drive your readers to boredom if you think that you need to pack everything you discover into your work. The details that matter are those that reveal the human experience. The crucial thing is telling a story, finding the characters, the tension, and the conflict ― not the train timetable or the building blueprint.

Possible Titles:

1. Balancing Research and Storytelling in Novel Writing 

2. The Role of Research in Crafting Authentic Fiction 

3. How to Use Details Without Losing the Reader’s Interest 

4. Focusing on Human Experience in Research-Heavy Fiction 

Main Idea #1:

Research is essential for writing detailed fiction but should not overwhelm the story. 

Main Idea #2:

While research enhances authenticity in fiction, especially in genres like crime or science thrillers, the key to engaging readers lies in focusing on human experience, characters, and conflict rather than excessive factual details. 

Summary:

Detailed research is vital for authenticity in fiction, but overloading a story with facts can bore readers. Writers should focus on storytelling and human elements instead of emphasizing minor factual details. 

Key Points:

1. Some genres require more detailed research, such as crime fiction or scientific thrillers. 

2. Authors can access information through polite inquiries or organized visits. 

3. Overloading a story with facts risks losing reader engagement. 

4. The story's human aspects, like characters and conflict, are more important than excessive detail.

[고1] 2023 11월 – 23번: 구강 건강은 신체 건강과 밀접히 연관됨

Nearly everything has to go through your mouth to get to the rest of you, from food and air to bacteria and viruses. A healthy mouth can help your body get what it needs and prevent it from harm ― with adequate space for air to travel to your lungs, and healthy teeth and gums that prevent harmful microorganisms from entering your bloodstream. From the moment you are created, oral health affects every aspect of your life. What happens in the mouth is usually just the tip of the iceberg and a reflection of what is happening in other parts of the body. Poor oral health can be a cause of a disease that affects the entire body. The microorganisms in an unhealthy mouth can enter the bloodstream and travel anywhere in the body, posing serious health risks.

Possible Titles:

1. The Crucial Role of Oral Health in Overall Well-being 

2. How Poor Oral Hygiene Impacts the Entire Body 

3. Oral Health as a Gateway to Physical Health and Disease 

4. Preventing Systemic Illness Through Healthy Teeth and Gums 

Main Idea #1:

Oral health is essential for preventing harm and supporting overall body health. 

Main Idea #2:

A healthy mouth ensures the body receives necessary nutrients and protects against harmful microorganisms, while poor oral health can lead to systemic diseases by allowing harmful bacteria to enter the bloodstream. 

Summary:

Oral health is vital for overall health, as it supports essential functions and prevents harmful microorganisms from spreading. Poor oral hygiene can lead to systemic illnesses by allowing bacteria to enter the bloodstream and affect the entire body. 

Key Points:

1. Oral health ensures proper air passage and nutrient intake. 

2. Healthy teeth and gums prevent harmful microorganisms from entering the body. 

3. Poor oral hygiene can reflect and cause systemic health issues. 

4. Microorganisms from an unhealthy mouth can travel through the bloodstream, posing significant health risks.

[고1] 2023 11월 – 24번: 신경계는 변화에 민감하고 반복에는 쉽게 지루함

Kids tire of their toys, college students get sick of cafeteria food, and sooner or later most of us lose interest in our favorite TV shows. The bottom line is that we humans are easily bored. But why should this be true? The answer lies buried deep in our nerve cells, which are designed to reduce their initial excited response to stimuli each time they occur. At the same time, these neurons enhance their responses to things that change ― especially things that change quickly. We probably evolved this way because our ancestors got more survival value, for example, from attending to what was moving in a tree (such as a puma) than to the tree itself. Boredom in reaction to an unchanging environment turns down the level of neural excitation so that new stimuli (like our ancestor's hypothetical puma threat) stand out more. It's the neural equivalent of turning off a front door light to see the fireflies.

Possible Titles:

1. Understanding the Science Behind Human Boredom and Neural Responses 

2. How Our Nerve Cells Influence Perception and Boredom 

3. Evolutionary Advantages of Human Response to Change Over Stability 

4. The Role of Neural Adaptation in Managing Stimuli and Attention 

Main Idea #1:

Humans become bored due to nerve cells reducing their response to repetitive stimuli. 

Main Idea #2:

The neural mechanism of boredom evolved to enhance survival by decreasing attention to unchanging environments and sharpening focus on new, potentially critical changes. 

Summary:

Humans are naturally prone to boredom because nerve cells diminish their response to repeated stimuli while prioritizing changes in the environment. This neural adaptation likely developed as a survival mechanism, helping our ancestors notice potential threats. Boredom allows the brain to conserve energy and redirect attention to significant stimuli. 

Key Points:

1. Humans easily lose interest in repetitive stimuli like toys or TV shows. 

2. Neurons reduce responses to repeated stimuli while amplifying responses to new changes. 

3. This neural adaptation likely evolved to prioritize survival threats, such as predators. 

4. Boredom helps conserve neural energy and enhances focus on critical environmental shifts.

[고1] 2023 11월 – 25번: 2018~2022년 청정 에너지 투자 증가 분석

The above graph shows global energy investment in clean energy and in fossil fuels between 2018 and 2022. Since 2018 global energy investment in clean energy continued to rise, reaching its highest level in 2022. The investment gap between clean energy and fossil fuels in 2020 was larger than that in 2019. Investment in fossil fuels was highest in 2018 and lowest in 2020. In 2021, investment in clean energy exceeded 1,200 billion dollars, while investment in fossil fuels did not. In 2022, the global investment in clean energy was more than double that of fossil fuels.

Possible Titles:

1. Trends in Global Investment in Clean Energy and Fossil Fuels 

2. A Five-Year Analysis of Global Energy Investments 

3. Increasing Focus on Clean Energy Investment from 2018 to 2022 

4. The Growing Disparity Between Clean Energy and Fossil Fuel Investments 

Main Idea #1:

Global investment in clean energy consistently increased, reaching its peak in 2022. 

Main Idea #2:

The gap between clean energy and fossil fuel investments widened significantly over time, with clean energy investments surpassing fossil fuels, especially in 2022 when clean energy investments were more than double. 

Summary:

Global energy investment trends show a steady rise in clean energy funding from 2018 to 2022, reaching its highest level in 2022. Fossil fuel investments peaked in 2018 and dropped to their lowest in 2020. The investment gap between clean energy and fossil fuels widened over the years, with clean energy surpassing 1,200 billion dollars in 2021 and doubling fossil fuel investments by 2022. 

Key Points:

1. Clean energy investment rose steadily, peaking in 2022. 

2. Fossil fuel investment was highest in 2018 and lowest in 2020. 

3. The gap between clean energy and fossil fuel investment widened from 2019 to 2020. 

4. By 2022, clean energy investments were more than double those of fossil fuels.

[고1] 2023 11월 – 26번: Frederick Douglass의 노예제 폐지와 평등 활동

Frederick Douglass was born into slavery at a farm in Maryland. His full name at birth was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey. He changed his name to Frederick Douglass after he successfully escaped from slavery in 1838. He became a leader of the Underground Railroad ― a network of people, places, and routes that helped enslaved people escape to the north. He assisted other runaway slaves until they could safely get to other areas in the north. As a slave, he had taught himself to read and write and he spread that knowledge to other slaves as well. Once free, he became a well-known abolitionist and strong believer in equality for all people including Blacks, Native Americans, women, and recent immigrants. He wrote several autobiographies describing his experiences as a slave. In addition to all this, he became the first African-American candidate for vice president of the United States.

Possible Titles:

1. Frederick Douglass: From Slave to Abolitionist Leader and Advocate 

2. The Life and Legacy of Frederick Douglass in American History 

3. A Pioneer for Equality: Frederick Douglass's Remarkable Achievements 

4. Frederick Douglass and His Role in Abolishing Slavery and Promoting Justice 

Main Idea #1:

Frederick Douglass escaped slavery and became a leader in the fight for freedom and equality. 

Main Idea #2:

Frederick Douglass’s life journey included teaching himself and others to read, leading the Underground Railroad, advocating for equal rights for all people, and becoming a renowned abolitionist and political figure. 

Summary:

Born into slavery, Frederick Douglass escaped in 1838 and became a prominent leader of the Underground Railroad and a well-known abolitionist. He advocated for equality for all people and wrote autobiographies about his experiences. He also became the first African-American vice-presidential candidate, leaving a lasting legacy in the fight for justice. 

Key Points:

1. Frederick Douglass was born into slavery in Maryland and escaped in 1838. 

2. He became a leader of the Underground Railroad and helped runaway slaves. 

3. He advocated for equality for all, including women and immigrants. 

4. He wrote autobiographies about his life as a slave and was the first African-American vice-presidential candidate.

[고1] 2023 11월 – 29번: 뇌사 진단 기준의 엄격함이 신뢰와 의혹 모두 유발 가능

Some countries have proposed tougher guidelines for determining brain death when transplantation ― transferring organs to others ― is under consideration. In several European countries, there are legal requirements which specify that a whole team of doctors must agree over the diagnosis of death in the case of a potential donor. The reason for these strict regulations for diagnosing brain death in potential organ donors is, no doubt, to ease public fears of a premature diagnosis of brain death for the purpose of obtaining organs. But it is questionable whether these requirements reduce public suspicions as much as they create them. They certainly maintain mistaken beliefs that diagnosing brain death is an unreliable process lacking precision. As a matter of consistency, at least, criteria for diagnosing the deaths of organ donors should be exactly the same as for those for whom immediate burial or cremation is intended.

Possible Titles:

1. Balancing Public Trust and Accuracy in Brain Death Diagnosis 

2. The Debate Over Brain Death Guidelines for Organ Donors 

3. Challenges in Addressing Public Concerns About Brain Death Criteria 

4. Should Brain Death Criteria Differ for Organ Donors and Non-Donors? 

Main Idea #1:

Some countries enforce stricter guidelines for diagnosing brain death in potential organ donors to address public concerns. 

Main Idea #2:

Stricter brain death regulations aim to alleviate public fears but may inadvertently heighten suspicions, underscoring the need for consistent diagnostic criteria for organ donors and non-donors alike. 

Summary:

Stricter guidelines for diagnosing brain death in organ donors aim to address fears of premature diagnoses but may unintentionally increase public mistrust. These regulations suggest that diagnosing brain death is imprecise, reinforcing misconceptions. Consistent criteria for all cases of brain death, whether for organ donors or others, are essential to maintain trust. 

Key Points:

1. Tougher brain death guidelines are implemented in some countries for potential organ donors. 

2. Legal requirements in Europe include team agreement on brain death diagnosis. 

3. Strict regulations may increase public doubts about the reliability of brain death diagnoses. 

4. Uniform criteria for all brain death diagnoses can help ensure public trust and consistency.

[고1] 2023 11월 – 30번: 미니멀리즘은 불필요한 물건 제거로 삶의 명료함 제공

The term minimalism gives a negative impression to some people who think that it is all about sacrificing valuable possessions. This insecurity naturally stems from their attachment to their possessions. It is difficult to distance oneself from something that has been around for quite some time. Being an emotional animal, human beings give meaning to the things around them. So, the question arising here is that if minimalism will hurt one's emotions, why become a minimalist? The answer is very simple; the assumption of the question is fundamentally wrong. Minimalism does not hurt emotions. You might feel a bit sad while getting rid of a useless item but sooner than later, this feeling will be overcome by the joy of clarity. Minimalists never argue that you should leave every convenience of the modern era. They are of the view that you only need to eliminate stuff that is unused or not going to be used in the near future.

Possible Titles:

1. Understanding Minimalism: Separating Myths from Reality 

2. Emotional Misconceptions and the True Benefits of Minimalism 

3. Minimalism as a Path to Clarity Without Sacrifice 

4. Dispelling Myths About Minimalism and Emotional Attachments 

Main Idea #1:

Minimalism is often misunderstood as sacrificing valuable possessions, but this perception stems from emotional attachment to items. 

Main Idea #2:

Minimalism promotes eliminating unnecessary items, not essential conveniences, and offers emotional clarity and joy rather than harm, challenging misconceptions about its impact on emotions. 

Summary:

Minimalism is misunderstood by those attached to possessions, who see it as emotional sacrifice. In reality, minimalism encourages removing only unused items, providing clarity and joy over time. It focuses on keeping valuable necessities, not abandoning modern conveniences. 

Key Points:

1. Minimalism is wrongly perceived as sacrificing meaningful possessions. 

2. Emotional attachment to possessions creates resistance to minimalism. 

3. Minimalism involves eliminating unused items, not essential conveniences. 

4. The process ultimately leads to emotional clarity and joy, not harm.

[고1] 2023 11월 – 31번: 시각적 적응으로 새로운 환경에도 빠르게 적응 가능

A remarkable characteristic of the visual system is that it has the ability of adapting itself. Psychologist George M. Stratton made this clear in an impressive self-experiment. Stratton wore reversing glasses for several days, which literally turned the world upside down for him. In the beginning, this caused him great difficulties: just putting food in his mouth with a fork was a challenge for him. With time, however, his visual system adjusted to the new stimuli from reality, and he was able to act normally in his environment again, even seeing it upright when he concentrated. As he took off his reversing glasses, he was again confronted with problems: he used the wrong hand when he wanted to reach for something, for example. Fortunately, Stratton could reverse the perception, and he did not have to wear reversing glasses for the rest of his life. For him, everything returned to normal after one day.

Possible Titles:

1. The Adaptive Power of the Human Visual System 

2. George M. Stratton’s Experiment on Visual Adaptation 

3. Understanding Perceptual Adjustment Through Reversing Glasses 

4. How the Visual System Adjusts to Altered Realities 

Main Idea #1:

The human visual system can adapt to altered perceptions, as demonstrated by George M. Stratton's reversing glasses experiment. 

Main Idea #2:

Stratton's self-experiment revealed the remarkable adaptability of the visual system, which adjusted to upside-down stimuli and reverted to normal functioning after the removal of reversing glasses. 

Summary:

The visual system’s adaptability was demonstrated by George M. Stratton, who wore reversing glasses that flipped his perception upside down. Despite initial challenges, his visual system adapted, allowing him to function normally. After removing the glasses, he experienced temporary disorientation, but his perception returned to normal within a day. 

Key Points:

1. Stratton wore reversing glasses that inverted his visual perception. 

2. Initially, he faced significant difficulties in daily tasks. 

3. Over time, his visual system adapted to the altered perception. 

4. Removing the glasses caused temporary disorientation, but normal perception returned within a day.

[고1] 2023 11월 – 32번: 인터넷 사용이 지식 과대평가를 유발할 수 있음

Participants in a study were asked to answer questions like "Why does the moon have phases?" Half the participants were told to search for the answers on the internet, while the other half weren't allowed to do so. Then, in the second part of the study, all of the participants were presented with a new set of questions, such as "Why does Swiss cheese have holes?" These questions were unrelated to the ones asked during the first part of the study, so participants who used the internet had absolutely no advantage over those who hadn't. You would think that both sets of participants would be equally sure or unsure about how well they could answer the new questions. But those who used the internet in the first part of the study rated themselves as more knowledgeable than those who hadn't, even about questions they hadn't searched online for. The study suggests that having access to unrelated information was enough to pump up their intellectual confidence.

Possible Titles:

1. The Influence of Internet Use on Perceived Knowledge 

2. How Access to Information Boosts Intellectual Confidence 

3. The Psychological Impact of Searching Online for Answers 

4. Unrelated Internet Searches and Their Effect on Self-Perceived Expertise 

Main Idea #1:

Participants who used the internet for answers in a study felt more knowledgeable, even about unrelated questions. 

Main Idea #2:

The study revealed that internet access during one task inflated participants' confidence in their overall knowledge, even for topics they hadn't researched, highlighting how access to information affects intellectual self-perception. 

Summary:

A study found that participants using the internet to answer questions felt more confident in their knowledge, even on unrelated topics. This increased confidence came from access to information rather than actual learning, influencing their perception of expertise. 

Key Points:

1. Participants were asked to answer questions, with some using the internet and others not. 

2. Internet users rated themselves as more knowledgeable, even on unrelated topics. 

3. Access to information increased intellectual confidence, regardless of its relevance. 

4. The study highlights how internet use can influence self-perceived expertise.

[고1] 2023 11월 – 33번: 관점 변화로 세계 이해 방식을 다각화할 수 있음

Anthropologist Gregory Bateson suggests that we tend to understand the world by focusing in on particular features within it. Take platypuses. We might zoom in so closely to their fur that each hair appears different. We might also zoom out to the extent where it appears as a single, uniform object. We might take the platypus as an individual, or we might treat it as part of a larger unit such as a species or an ecosystem. It's possible to move between many of these perspectives, although we may need some additional tools and skills to zoom in on individual pieces of hair or zoom out to entire ecosystems. Crucially, however, we can only take up one perspective at a time. We can pay attention to the varied behavior of individual animals, look at what unites them into a single species, or look at them as part of bigger ecological patterns. Every possible perspective involves emphasizing certain aspects and ignoring others.

Possible Titles:

1. Gregory Bateson's Theory on Perspectives and Understanding the World 

2. How Our Focus Shapes Perceptions of the Natural World 

3. The Platypus as a Model for Perspective-Based Understanding 

4. Exploring the Limits and Tools of Shifting Perspectives 

Main Idea #1:

Gregory Bateson suggests that understanding the world depends on focusing on specific perspectives. 

Main Idea #2:

Our perception of the world involves shifting between perspectives, emphasizing certain aspects while ignoring others, though only one perspective can be taken at a time. 

Summary:

Gregory Bateson explains that we understand the world by focusing on specific perspectives, such as viewing a platypus as an individual, part of a species, or an ecosystem component. While tools and skills enable shifts between perspectives, each perspective highlights some aspects while ignoring others, and only one can be held at a time. 

Key Points:

1. Understanding depends on focusing on specific features or perspectives. 

2. Perspectives can range from individual details to larger systems, like species or ecosystems. 

3. Shifting perspectives requires tools and skills but emphasizes certain aspects over others. 

4. Only one perspective can be taken at a time, shaping our understanding of the world.

[고1] 2023 11월 – 34번: 플라톤은 이상적 '형상' 개념으로 현실을 설명함

Plato's realism includes all aspects of experience but is most easily explained by considering the nature of mathematical and geometrical objects such as circles. He asked the question, what is a circle? You might indicate a particular example carved into stone or drawn in the sand. However, Plato would point out that, if you looked closely enough, you would see that neither it, nor indeed any physical circle, was perfect. They all possessed flaws, and all were subject to change and decayed with time. So how can we talk about perfect circles if we cannot actually see or touch them? Plato's extraordinary answer was that the world we see is a poor reflection of a deeper unseen reality of Forms, or universals, where perfect cats chase perfect mice in perfect circles around perfect rocks. Plato believed that the Forms or universals are the true reality that exists in an invisible but perfect world beyond our senses.

Possible Titles:

1. Plato’s Theory of Forms: Understanding Perfection Beyond the Physical 

2. Exploring the Invisible Reality of Plato’s Universals 

3. The Nature of Perfection in Plato’s Philosophical Realism 

4. How Plato Explained Imperfect Reality Through Perfect Forms 

Main Idea #1:

Plato believed that physical objects are imperfect reflections of perfect, unseen universals or Forms. 

Main Idea #2:

Through examples like imperfect physical circles, Plato illustrated his belief in a deeper reality of perfect Forms, an invisible but ideal world beyond human senses, where true perfection exists. 

Summary:

Plato argued that physical objects, like circles, are flawed and impermanent representations of perfect Forms or universals. These Forms exist in a separate, unseen reality, which he considered the true, unchanging essence of all things. 

Key Points:

1. Plato’s realism includes imperfect physical objects and perfect Forms. 

2. He used mathematical objects, such as circles, to illustrate his theory. 

3. The physical world is a reflection of an unseen, perfect reality. 

4. Forms or universals exist in an invisible, ideal realm beyond sensory experience.

[고1] 2023 11월 – 35번: 데이터 확장이 정확성보다 유용성을 강화함

In statistics, the law of large numbers describes a situation where having more data is better for making predictions. According to it, the more often an experiment is conducted, the closer the average of the results can be expected to match the true state of the world. For instance, on your first encounter with the game of roulette, you may have beginner's luck after betting on 7. But the more often you repeat this bet, the closer the relative frequency of wins and losses is expected to approach the true chance of winning, meaning that your luck will at some point fade away. Similarly, car insurers collect large amounts of data to figure out the chances that drivers will cause accidents, depending on their age, region, or car brand. Both casinos and insurance industries rely on the law of large numbers to balance individual losses.

Possible Titles:

1. Understanding the Law of Large Numbers in Predictions and Risk Management 

2. How Casinos and Insurers Use the Law of Large Numbers 

3. The Predictive Power of Large Data Sets in Statistics 

4. From Roulette to Insurance: Applications of the Law of Large Numbers 

Main Idea #1:

The law of large numbers states that more data improves the accuracy of predictions by aligning averages with true probabilities. 

Main Idea #2:

The law of large numbers explains how repeated experiments lead to results that reflect true probabilities, influencing industries like casinos and insurance to predict outcomes and manage risks effectively. 

Summary:

The law of large numbers shows that as the number of trials increases, the results align more closely with true probabilities, as seen in roulette outcomes and insurance risk calculations. Both casinos and insurers rely on this principle to balance individual losses and predict outcomes with accuracy. 

Key Points:

1. The law of large numbers links more data to better prediction accuracy. 

2. Repeated experiments approach the true probabilities of outcomes. 

3. Casinos use it to ensure profits over time despite individual wins. 

4. Insurers rely on large data sets to predict accident risks and set policies.

[고1] 2023 11월 – 36번: 청소년기 감정 의사결정은 전두엽 미성숙과 연관됨

The adolescent brain is not fully developed until its early twenties. This means the way the adolescents' decision-making circuits integrate and process information may put them at a disadvantage. One of their brain regions that matures later is the prefrontal cortex, which is the control center, tasked with thinking ahead and evaluating consequences. It is the area of the brain responsible for preventing you from sending off an initial angry text and modifying it with kinder words. On the other hand, the limbic system matures earlier, playing a central role in processing emotional responses. Because of its earlier development, it is more likely to influence decision-making. Decision-making in the adolescent brain is led by emotional factors more than the perception of consequences. Due to these differences, there is an imbalance between feeling-based decision-making ruled by the more mature limbic system and logical-based decision-making by the not-yet-mature prefrontal cortex. This may explain why some teens are more likely to make bad decisions.

Possible Titles:

1. Understanding Adolescent Decision-Making and Brain Development 

2. The Role of Brain Maturity in Teen Decision-Making 

3. How Emotional and Logical Imbalances Shape Adolescent Choices 

4. Why Adolescents Are More Prone to Impulsive Decisions 

Main Idea #1:

Adolescents' decision-making is influenced by the underdeveloped prefrontal cortex and the more developed limbic system. 

Main Idea #2:

The adolescent brain's imbalance between the emotional limbic system and the logical prefrontal cortex leads to decision-making driven more by emotions than by evaluating consequences. 

Summary:

Adolescents are more likely to make emotional decisions because their limbic system develops earlier than their prefrontal cortex, which governs logic and consequence evaluation. This developmental imbalance explains their tendency toward impulsive and risky choices. 

Key Points:

1. The adolescent brain is not fully developed until the early twenties. 

2. The prefrontal cortex, responsible for logic and evaluating consequences, matures later. 

3. The limbic system, governing emotional responses, develops earlier and strongly influences decisions. 

4. The imbalance between emotional and logical decision-making explains impulsive choices in teens.

[고1] 2023 11월 – 37번: 얼굴 인식 기술의 정확성을 높이기 위한 연구 필요

Despite the remarkable progress in deep-learning based facial recognition approaches in recent years, in terms of identification performance, they still have limitations. These limitations relate to the database used in the learning stage. If the selected database does not contain enough instances, the result may be systematically affected. For example, the performance of a facial biometric system may decrease if the person to be identified was enrolled over 10 years ago. The factor to consider is that this person may experience changes in the texture of the face, particularly with the appearance of wrinkles and sagging skin. These changes may be highlighted by weight gain or loss. To counteract this problem, researchers have developed models for face aging or digital de-aging. It is used to compensate for the differences in facial characteristics, which appear over a given time period.

Possible Titles:

1. Challenges and Solutions in Facial Recognition Over Time 

2. Addressing Aging Effects in Deep-Learning Facial Recognition Systems 

3. The Role of Face Aging Models in Biometric Accuracy 

4. How Facial Changes Impact Deep-Learning Recognition Systems 

Main Idea #1:

Facial recognition systems face limitations due to insufficient database diversity and facial changes over time. 

Main Idea #2:

Deep-learning facial recognition systems struggle with identifying individuals after significant time due to aging-related changes, prompting researchers to develop face aging and de-aging models to improve accuracy. 

Summary:

Deep-learning facial recognition systems face challenges when individuals’ facial features change over time due to aging or weight fluctuations. Insufficient database diversity compounds this issue. Researchers use face aging and de-aging models to address these limitations and improve identification accuracy. 

Key Points:

1. Facial recognition performance depends on the diversity of the training database. 

2. Aging-related changes, like wrinkles or sagging skin, impact system accuracy. 

3. Weight changes can further alter facial characteristics and reduce performance.

4. Face aging and de-aging models help mitigate these challenges over time.

[고1] 2023 11월 – 38번: 농작물 다양성 감소가 식량 체계 취약성을 증가시킴

The decline in the diversity of our food is an entirely human-made process. The biggest loss of crop diversity came in the decades that followed the Second World War. In an attempt to save millions from extreme hunger, crop scientists found ways to produce grains such as rice and wheat on an enormous scale. And thousands of traditional varieties were replaced by a small number of new super-productive ones. The strategy worked spectacularly well, at least to begin with. Because of it, grain production tripled, and between 1970 and 2020 the human population more than doubled. Leaving the contribution of that strategy to one side, the danger of creating more uniform crops is that they are more at risk when it comes to disasters. Specifically, a global food system that depends on just a narrow selection of plants has a greater chance of not being able to survive diseases, pests and climate extremes.

Possible Titles:

1. The Impact of Uniform Crops on Global Food Security 

2. How Post-War Agriculture Reduced Crop Diversity Worldwide 

3. Balancing Productivity and Resilience in Crop Diversity Loss 

4. The Risks of Uniformity in Modern Agriculture 

Main Idea #1:

The decline in crop diversity resulted from replacing traditional varieties with super-productive crops after World War II. 

Main Idea #2:

While the introduction of high-yield crops initially alleviated hunger and boosted grain production, the loss of diversity has made global agriculture more vulnerable to diseases, pests, and climate extremes. 

Summary:

The decline in crop diversity began after World War II, when super-productive crops replaced traditional varieties to combat hunger. Although this increased grain production and supported population growth, it also made the global food system more susceptible to disasters like diseases and climate extremes. 

Key Points:

1. Crop diversity declined sharply after World War II due to the adoption of high-yield varieties. 

2. Traditional crop varieties were replaced by fewer, more productive ones. 

3. Grain production tripled, supporting rapid population growth. 

4. Reduced crop diversity increases vulnerability to diseases, pests, and climate challenges.

[고1] 2023 11월 – 39번: 쿠바 야구팀의 전통 유니폼 변경이 팀 쇠퇴와 연관

Between 1940 and 2000, Cuba ruled the world baseball scene. They won 25 of the first 28 World Cups and 3 of 5 Olympic Games. The Cubans were known for wearing uniforms covered in red from head to toe, a strong contrast to the more conservative North American style featuring grey or white pants. Not only were their athletic talents superior, the Cubans appeared even stronger from just the colour of their uniforms. A game would not even start and the opposing team would already be scared. A few years ago, Cuba altered that uniform style, modernizing it and perhaps conforming to other countries' style; interestingly, the national team has declined since that time. The country that ruled international baseball for decades has not been on top since that uniform change. Traditions are important for a team; while a team brand or image can adjust to keep up with present times, if it abandons or neglects its roots, negative effects can surface.

Possible Titles:

1. The Rise and Fall of Cuba's Dominance in Baseball 

2. How Tradition and Uniforms Shaped Cuban Baseball Success 

3. The Psychological Impact of Cuba’s Iconic Baseball Uniforms 

4. Cuba’s Baseball Decline and the Importance of Team Traditions 

Main Idea #1:

Cuba dominated international baseball for decades, partly due to their superior skills and intimidating uniforms. 

Main Idea #2:

Cuba's switch to modernized uniforms marked the beginning of a decline in its baseball dominance, emphasizing the importance of maintaining team traditions and identity. 

Summary:

Between 1940 and 2000, Cuba dominated baseball, winning numerous World Cups and Olympic titles, with their red uniforms playing a psychological role. After adopting modernized uniforms, their dominance declined, highlighting the potential impact of losing team traditions. 

Key Points:

1. Cuba ruled international baseball from 1940 to 2000, winning 25 World Cups and 3 Olympic titles. 

2. Their all-red uniforms intimidated opponents, enhancing their psychological advantage. 

3. Modernizing their uniforms coincided with a decline in their baseball success. 

4. The importance of maintaining traditions and team identity is underscored by this decline.

[고1] 2023 11월 – 40번: 문화 전파는 유전적 전파보다 복잡한 요소 포함

Many of the first models of cultural evolution drew noticeable connections between culture and genes by using concepts from theoretical population genetics and applying them to culture. Cultural patterns of transmission, innovation, and selection are conceptually likened to genetic processes of transmission, mutation, and selection. However, these approaches had to be modified to account for the differences between genetic and cultural transmission. For example, we do not expect the cultural transmission to follow the rules of genetic transmission strictly. If two biological parents have different forms of a cultural trait, their child is not necessarily equally likely to acquire the mother's or father's form of that trait. Further, a child can acquire cultural traits not only from its parents but also from nonparental adults and peers; thus, the frequency of a cultural trait in the population is relevant beyond just the probability that an individual's parents had that trait. -> Early cultural evolution models used the similarity between culture and genes but had to be revised since cultural transmission allows for more diverse factors than genetic transmission.

Possible Titles:

1. Revisiting Early Models of Cultural Evolution and Transmission 

2. Understanding the Differences Between Cultural and Genetic Transmission 

3. How Cultural Traits Evolve Beyond Genetic Analogies 

4. Modifications in Cultural Evolution Models to Reflect Human Complexity 

Main Idea #1:

Early cultural evolution models drew parallels with genetic processes but required adjustments to reflect cultural transmission's unique characteristics. 

Main Idea #2:

Unlike genetic transmission, cultural transmission involves diverse influences beyond parental traits, including peers and societal trends, requiring models to account for these broader factors. 

Summary:

Early cultural evolution models likened cultural processes to genetic ones but were revised to address differences. Cultural transmission differs from genetic transmission as traits can be acquired from peers and society, not just parents, making population-level frequency critical. 

Key Points:

1. Early models of cultural evolution were inspired by population genetics. 

2. Cultural traits were initially compared to genetic processes like transmission and mutation. 

3. Cultural transmission differs, allowing traits to be acquired from peers and nonparental influences. 

4. Models were revised to account for societal and population-level influences on cultural traits.

[고1] 2023 11월 – 41~42번: 협력적 행동이 그룹 내 시너지 효과를 생성

A ball thrown into the air is acted upon by the initial force given it, persisting as inertia of movement and tending to carry it in the same straight line, and by the constant pull of gravity downward, as well as by the resistance of the air. It moves, accordingly, in a curved path. Now the path does not represent the working of any particular force; there is simply the combination of the three elementary forces mentioned; but in a real sense, there is something in the total action besides the isolated action of three forces, namely, their joint action. In the same way, when two or more human individuals are together, their mutual relationships and their arrangement into a group are things which would not be revealed if we confined our attention to each individual separately. The significance of group behavior is greatly increased in the case of human beings by the fact that some of the tendencies to action of the individual are related definitely to other persons, and could not be aroused except by other persons acting as stimuli. An individual in complete isolation would not reveal their competitive tendencies, their tendencies towards the opposite sex, their protective tendencies towards children. This shows that the traits of human nature do not fully appear until the individual is brought into relationships with other individuals.

Possible Titles:

1. Understanding Human Behavior Through Group Dynamics and Relationships 

2. How Individual Traits Emerge in Social Contexts 

3. The Influence of Social Interactions on Human Behavior 

4. Group Dynamics as a Key to Revealing Human Nature 

Main Idea #1:

Human behavior cannot be fully understood in isolation, as social interactions reveal traits and tendencies unique to relationships. 

Main Idea #2:

Just as a ball’s curved path arises from the combined forces acting on it, human behavior emerges from the interplay of social interactions, which stimulate tendencies such as competitiveness, attraction, and protectiveness, not evident in isolation. 

Summary:

Human behavior develops through interactions, as certain tendencies like competition or protectiveness are only triggered by social relationships. Like a ball's curved trajectory resulting from combined forces, individual traits are shaped and revealed in group dynamics. 

Key Points:

1. Individual behavior is influenced by relationships and group dynamics. 

2. Certain tendencies, like competitiveness or attraction, only arise in social contexts. 

3. Human nature is incomplete in isolation, requiring interactions to fully emerge. 

4. Group behavior reveals traits that would remain hidden in solitary individuals.

[고1] 2023 11월 – 43~45번: 다툰 형제가 목수의 도움으로 화해와 관계 회복

There once lived a man in a village who was not happy with his life. He was always troubled by one problem or another. One day, a saint with his guards stopped by his village. Many people heard the news and started going to him with their problems. The man also decided to visit the saint. Even after reaching the saint's place in the morning, he didn't get the opportunity to meet him till evening. When the man got to meet the saint, he confessed that he was very unhappy with life because problems always surrounded him, like workplace tension or worries about his health. He said, "Please give me a solution so that all the problems in my life will end and I can live peacefully." The saint smiled and said that he would answer the request the next day. But the saint also asked if the man could do a small job for him. He told the man to take care of a hundred camels in his group that night, saying "When all hundred camels sit down, you can go to sleep." The man agreed. The next morning when the saint met that man, he asked if the man had slept well. Tired and sad, the man replied that he couldn't sleep even for a moment. In fact, the man tried very hard but couldn't make all the camels sit at the same time because every time he made one camel sit, another would stand up. The saint told him, "You realized that no matter how hard you try, you can't make all the camels sit down. If one problem is solved, for some reason, another will arise like the camels did. So, humans should enjoy life despite these problems."

Possible Titles:

1. Life Lessons from the Saint and the Hundred Camels 

2. Accepting Life’s Challenges to Find Peace and Happiness 

3. The Wisdom of Embracing Problems in Daily Life 

4. Why Problems Are Like Camels That Never Fully Rest 

Main Idea #1:

A man learns from a saint that life’s problems are constant, and peace comes from accepting and living with them. 

Main Idea #2:

Through the metaphor of camels that never all sit at once, the saint teaches that trying to eliminate all problems is futile and that happiness lies in enjoying life despite ongoing challenges. 

Summary:

A man, troubled by constant problems, seeks a saint’s advice. The saint uses a task with camels to show that problems, like camels, will never fully disappear. The lesson is to live peacefully by accepting and enjoying life amid challenges. 

Key Points:

1. A man visits a saint to find a solution to his endless problems. 

2. The saint gives the man a task to manage a hundred camels for the night. 

3. The man realizes it’s impossible to make all the camels sit at once. 

4. The saint explains that problems are constant and peace comes from acceptance and enjoying life.

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