[고3] 2025년 03월 – 41~42번: 철학 언어의 번역에서 의미 손실에 대한 우려

Translating a literary text is challenging, and it's often said there will be an inevitable loss in translation. But that challenge frequently inspires creative re-renderings that offer the prospect of a gain in translation as well. A washing-machine manual doesn't present the same challenges, nor therefore does it inspire the same creativity either. But where, in terms of the opposition between literary and nonliterary language, might we position philosophy's language? Might philosophy want to avoid a translatory economy that aims for a gain in translation but risks a loss? Philosophy wishes to convey its truths intact, without loss ─ and without gain either, or at least it might hesitate to offer its truths to translation without further clarification of what a gain, and indeed a gain in depth, actually means. It cannot be a matter of offsetting "stylistic losses." The loss philosophy fears is a loss of meaning, the compromising of a truth. Thus, philosophy might prefer to be placed on the side of nonliterary language, and express itself in unstylish language, like Badiou's mathematical writing, so that no translator is prompted to rude and bold acts of creative rewriting. If philosophy wishes to increase its range and avoid being restricted to a national or regional tradition, it needs a translation model that conveys philosophical truths to the world without any "economic" fluctuations of loss and gain.

* 원문 참고 어휘

• spur 자극하다 (= inspire)
• wager 걸다, 도박하다 (= aim for)
• impertinent 무례한, 건방진 (= rude and bold)

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[고3] 2025년 03월 – 40번: 알고리즘이 인간 의도와 다르게 결과를 낼 수 있음

It may be assumed that meta-algorithmics, that is, the creation of algorithms that generate other algorithms, is a human creation as well. A human programmer must have composed the first algorithm that, in turn, generates new algorithms and as such the initial programmer must be in control of the original idea. However, this is not necessarily true. Unlike humanly conceived ideas, where the author is the intellectual owner of the idea, algorithms are processes that define, describe, and implement a series of actions that in turn produce other actions. During the transfer of actions it is possible for a discrepancy to occur between the original intention and the actual result. If that happens then, by definition, the author of the algorithm is not in control of, and therefore does not own intellectually from that point on, the resulting process. Theoretically, ownership of an idea is intrinsically connected to the predictability of its outcome, that is, to its intellectual control. Therefore, in the absence of human control the ownership of the algorithmic process must be instead credited to the device that produced it, that is, to the computer.

* 원문 참고 어휘

• possess 소유하다
• consciousness 의식
• awareness 인식
• theoretical 이론적인
• entity 실체

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[고3] 2025년 03월 – 39번: 무의식적 동기와 '동기화된 추론'의 영향

Everyone likes to think of themselves as behaving in an unbiased fashion most of the time. We all view ourselves similar to the blindfolded statue of Lady Justice evaluating competing claims without bias, emotions, or motivations. And yet, overwhelming psychological research suggests that such unbiased rationality is actually a fairly elusive quality in humans. Much of the time people are on automatic pilot. In other words, individuals are acting without reflection more often than they are thinking carefully and deliberately. The rest of the time, even as individuals are trying their best to think through issues, motivational goals may bias their thought processes and bias their reasoning. Ziva Kunda, who coined the term "motivated reasoning" to describe this phenomenon, explained that although individuals try to make well-thought-out decisions, use available evidence, and look at both sides of an issue, the process is often tainted by motivations that may be unknown to them. Individuals' motivations may direct them to attend more carefully to some information while ignoring other relevant facts. Or they may use different strategies to evaluate information they prefer to be correct while at the same time being hypercritical of flaws in information they prefer to be wrong.

* 원문 참고 어휘

• impartial 공정한
• arbiter 중재자들
• akin to ~와 유사한 (= similar to)
• dismiss 무시하다, 일축하다
• flaw 결함, 결점

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[고3] 2025년 03월 – 38번: 감정 개념이 언어 습득을 통해 형성된다는 관점

We experience emotions as different bodily sensations, such as a beating heart and sweaty palms; we recognize emotions in others by their facial expressions and behaviour. One prominent idea is that we are born with a fixed set of basic emotions that are universal within our species, notably happiness, sadness, fear, surprise, disgust and anger. Just as we attach the word gravity to our intuitive understanding about how objects move through space, we simply attach words to each of these innate and universal emotions once those words become available. An alternative view is that we make sense of the sensations we feel and the facial expressions we see only when we attach words to them ─ we develop rather than inherit our emotional concepts. Key evidence is that children are unable to categorise facial expressions as representing different emotions until they have acquired a lexicon of words for emotions. Before having such words, faces that we might view as angry, sad or fearful are all categorised together as 'unpleasant'. By acquiring the words for different types of emotions while experiencing sensations or observing their expressions in others, we develop a set of concepts into which those feelings can be placed.

* 원문 참고 어휘

• a knot in the stomach 속이 꽉 막힌 느낌, 속이 울렁거리는 느낌
• euphoria 행복감
• posture 자세
• champion 옹호하다, 지지하다
• innate 타고난

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[고3] 2025년 03월 – 37번: 기술업계의 자율 규제가 비전문적임을 지적

Self-regulation has been suggested as an alternative way to hold the tech industry to account. But when tech lobbyists speak of self-regulation, they are not describing it as it is understood by professionals like doctors. Unlike in medicine, there are no mandatory ethical qualifications for working as a software engineer or technology executive. There is no enforceable industry code of conduct. There is no obligatory certification. There is no duty to put the public ahead of profit. There are few consequences for serious moral failings; no real fear of being suspended or struck off. Recent years have seen an explosion of AI ethics charters and the like, filled with well-meaning generalities about the responsible use of powerful computers. But without consequences for violating them, these charters are just toothless statements of aspiration. The tech industry is basically saying: trust us. But blind trust is not how we govern doctors, lawyers, bankers, pilots or anyone else in unelected positions of social responsibility. Tech is the exception, and it's not clear why.

* 원문 참고 어휘

• breach 위반하다 (= violate)

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[고3] 2025년 03월 – 36번: 일반화 없는 언어가 비효율적인 이유

What would a language be like if it didn't make any simplifications or generalizations? It would be a language in which every word was a proper noun. Because you don't want to gloss over the differences between snakes that are slightly different in some respect, every snake must have its own name. Furthermore, every event must have its own verb, because not every occasion of thinking or dancing or talking is identical. There might be some superintelligent race of beings that could know such a language, but they would have to know virtually everything in the world to learn all these names. Human language has taken a different route ─ many fewer names, with a loss of precision, but a basic vocabulary that is readily acquired. However, this fact is not simply a compromise with our limited cognitive capacity. By using the same word for different objects, we're communicating information about those things. Calling two different-looking things "spider" communicates that they probably have eight legs, weave nests, eat insects, and other noticeable details, which we would not know if we gave them all their own separate names.

* 원문 참고 어휘

• salient 뚜렷한, 두드러진 (= noticeable)

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[고3] 2025년 03월 – 35번: 지식 전승을 위한 문화적 기억과 협업의 중요성

Cultural storage and transmission require humans to accomplish the work of storing knowledge and passing it on to the next generation by means other than DNA. To that end, humans developed techniques of memorization, of transmitting knowledge through education and by using external memory devices. The Chauvet cave was such a device, a place that humans returned to generation after generation, cooperating on a project that none of them could have accomplished alone. Each generation of artists learned techniques and continued the work of previous ones, preserving and improving what their predecessors had worked on. For us, the idea that humans might work on a single system of caves for thousands of years in the same style is almost unimaginable. But these early humans were highly conscious of the importance of storing and preserving knowledge and of passing down ideas.

* 원문 참고 어휘

• wrought 만들어낸, 초래한 (= worked on, wrought는 work의 과거형을 나타내는 고어)

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[고3] 2025년 03월 – 34번: 예술과 과학에서 단순성과 규칙의 창조적 역할

In both the arts and the sciences, an aesthetics of simplicity facilitates the precise communication of messages. Both are also fairly systematic. Although many people believe that art is by definition wild and intuitive, while only science is methodologically disciplined, there is a great deal of evidence ─ including from artists talking about their own practices ─ to suggest that art is often created methodically and systematically, and that frameworks and forms permit creativity to flow. Instead of being liberating, freedom without limits is almost paralysing, because without frameworks we end up in a vacuum in which our actions generate no response. As the Danish poet and filmmaker Jorgen Leth has put it many times, 'the rules of the game' are a prerequisite for artistic freedom. They provide a solid form or structure that enables the artist to make use of 'the gifts of chance' (to use Leth's expression), and in which a part of the world can be exhibited in a non-chaotic manner. In order to create beauty, the artist must restrict him- or herself.

* 원문 참고 어휘

• rigorous 엄격한, 철저한 (= disciplined)
• elicit 이끌어내다, 유발하다 (= generate)

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[고3] 2025년 03월 – 33번: 시각 공간에서 거리 인식의 한계인 '최원면' 개념

Perceived distance of objects that are far away from the observer is often assumed to be subject to some global limitation in the sense that the moon, the stars, and the sun are all perceived at the "sky": that is, at about the same distance. This observation is related to the idea that visual space is not open but ends at visible surfaces or, indeed, the sky. Uexkull and Kriszat suggested that this is realized as a hard limit, which they call the "farthest plane." If an observed person or object would walk beyond this farthest plane, it would no longer be perceived as moving further away, but rather as shrinking in size. This observation is actually quite common; if looking down from a high tower, for example, cars or even houses on the ground below may appear as if they were toys: that is, shrunk, presumably because they are perceived at the distance of the farthest plane while subtending a visual angle that corresponds to a larger distance. The farthest plane would thus mark the limit of the perception of size constancy.

* 원문 지문과 문제 지문이 일치해 원문 비교는 생략함

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[고3] 2025년 03월 – 32번: 사르트르의 '응시'와 타인의 시선이 주는 불안

In one of the most famous passages of Being and Nothingness, "The Look," Jean-Paul Sartre describes the peculiar vulnerability that develops when someone goes from seeing (being a self with a perspective on the world) to being seen (having to confront the perspective of another on one's self). He illustrates it with the example of someone looking through a keyhole who suddenly finds himself caught by someone watching him. The look of the other is always unnerving, Sartre argues, not only because we momentarily recognize ourselves in it through our imagination of their judgment of us but also because we don't. We can always step back, challenge our perception of others' perceptions of ourselves, or explain them away ─ but we don't know what these perceptions really are. Others have the distinctive power of making us feel judged in ways we cannot fully control. Social life is all about the fear that accompanies our awareness that we can never access what the other sees. We can only guess.

* 원문 참고 어휘

• voyeur 엿보는 사람, 남의 사생활을 지켜보기를 즐기는 사람 (= someone)
• peep 엿보다, 훔쳐보다 (= look)
• fleetingly 순식간에, 잠깐 (= momentarily)
• dread 공포, 두려움 (= fear)

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[고3] 2025년 03월 – 31번: 불확실한 세상에서 고정된 지식에 대한 갈망

Life is insecure and human well-being is fragile. If we are honest with ourselves, we realize that, despite our best efforts, we often cannot control the vicissitudes of human existence. We go through life in fear and trembling, fearing what may happen, while hoping for the best. Most of us get anxious in the face of an indeterminate or ambiguous situation. We don't handle uncertainty very well. We are easily tempted to settle for quick "solutions," in order to eliminate our anxiety and doubt, even though these quick fixes may not, in the long run, actually be adequate solutions. It is natural, therefore, and even somewhat necessary, for us to seek stability in a sea of change and indeterminacy. We want a fixed star to guide us on our journey through hazardous waters. If only we could have knowledge of what is fixed, unchanging, and ultimately reliable, then, we assume, that would be knowledge most worth having.

* 원문 참고 어휘

• precarious 불안정한 (= insecure)
• dispel 없애다, 떨쳐버리다 (= eliminate)
• perilous 위험한 (= hazardous)
• surmise 추측하다 (= assume)

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[고3] 2025년 03월 – 30번: 기계복제가 전통 예술의 아우라를 훼손함

Surely one reason that copies have lost their sense of human connection, abundance, and intimate relation is that modern technology has made copying so easy. The methods of copying available to us have never been more powerfully abundant. This seems true even as a sense of loss has attended our ever more powerful means to reproduce what we care about. Walter Benjamin has famously formulated this loss as an "aura": that which is lost in mechanical reproduction. The aura of a work of art, he suggests, cannot be copied by mechanical technology. By around 1900, he writes, "technical reproduction had reached a standard that not only permitted it to reproduce all transmitted works of art and thus to cause the most profound change in their impact upon the public." The ability to copy mechanically "substituted a plurality of copies for a unique existence," Benjamin argued. In addition to transforming art and the public's relation to it, Benjamin asserted that mechanical reproduction has the power to rend traditions by interfering with the authority of objects "embedded in the fabric of tradition." This threat to tradition was twofold and concerned the presence of objects, Benjamin believed.

* 원문 참고 어휘

• bibliophile 애서가, 책을 좋아하는 사람
• imbedded 박힌 (= embedded)

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[고3] 2025년 03월 – 29번: 오류 인식을 위한 과학적 무지의 구조 고찰

We lack a sufficient vocabulary for making sense of the sources of error. The more scientific knowledge we accumulate, the better we understand that the ignorance over which the knowledge enterprise is built is shockingly deep. For instance, it turned out that psychoanalysis's attempt to delimit the sources of error by categorizing the kinds of mistakes to which humans are subject in light of the therapeutic situation in the talking cure draws on misguided assumptions about the normalcy conditions for subjects. Digging deeper into the structure of the human mind as well as into the specific embodiment of human knowers equipped with a complex nervous system showed that our mental life is filled with illusions on all levels of knowledge acquisition, from sensation to perception, from scientific discourse to the use of technology based on the latest scientific discovery. Yet, once again, we cannot make sense of this picture of ourselves as immersed in the area of ignorance and illusion without at the same time relying on a huge background of shared, objective knowledge that makes our ignorance available to us. Subjectivity and objectivity are interwoven with our fallibility.

 

구분	내용 설명	원문
문제 제기	우리는 실수가 왜 생기는지 설명할 말조차 부족하다.	We lack a sufficient vocabulary for making sense of the sources of error.
주장	과학이 발전할수록, 우리가 모르는 게 생각보다 훨씬 많다는 걸 깨닫게 된다.	The more scientific knowledge we accumulate, the better we understand that the ignorance over which the knowledge enterprise is built is shockingly deep.
예시	정신분석은 실수를 분류하려 했지만, 인간이 정상이라는 기준 자체가 잘못되었다.	For instance, it turned out that psychoanalysis's attempt to delimit the sources of error by categorizing the kinds of mistakes to which humans are subject in light of the therapeutic situation in the talking cure draws on misguided assumptions about the normalcy conditions for subjects.
증거	인간의 마음과 몸을 연구해 보니, 우리가 아는 모든 과정에 착각이 섞여 있었다.	Digging deeper into the structure of the human mind as well as into the specific embodiment of human knowers equipped with a complex nervous system showed that our mental life is filled with illusions on all levels of knowledge acquisition, from sensation to perception, from scientific discourse to the use of technology based on the latest scientific discovery.
결론	이런 무지를 이해하려면, 결국은 모두가 공유하는 객관적인 지식에 기대야 한다.	Yet, once again, we cannot make sense of this picture of ourselves as immersed in the area of ignorance and illusion without at the same time relying on a huge background of shared, objective knowledge that makes our ignorance available to us. Subjectivity and objectivity are interwoven with our fallibility.

 

 

* 원문 참고 어휘

• abyss 심연
• psyche 정신, 심리 (= mind)
• (be) endowed with 부여받은 (= (be) equipped with)
• be ridden with ~로 가득한 (= be filled with)
• realm 영역 (= area)
• intertwine 뒤얽히다 (= interweave)

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[고3] 2025년 03월 – 24번: 사람의 흰자위가 협력적 시선 추적에 기여함

In fact, humans are known to have the largest and most visible sclera ─ the "whites" of the eyes ─ of any species. This fact intrigues scientists, because it would seem actually to be a considerable obstacle: imagine, for example, the classic war movie scene where the soldier dresses in camouflage and paints his face with green and brown color ─ but can do nothing about his noticeably white sclera, beaming bright against the jungle. There must be some reason humans developed it, despite its obvious costs. In fact, the advantage of visible sclera ─ so goes the "cooperative eye hypothesis" ─ is precisely that it enables humans to see clearly, and from a distance, which direction other humans are looking. Michael Tomasello showed in a 2007 study that chimpanzees, gorillas, and bonobos ─ our nearest cousins ─ follow the direction of each other's heads, whereas human infants follow the direction of each other's eyes. So the value of looking someone in the eye may in fact be something uniquely human.

* 원문 참고 어휘

• hindrance 방해물 (= obstacle)
• smear 바르다, 칠하다 (= paint)
• pigment 안료, 물감 (= color)
• conspicuously 눈에 띄게 (= noticeably)
• Anthropology 인류학

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[고3] 2025년 03월 – 23번: 과학의 객관성도 언어에 의존함을 강조

If you want to bring something into shared reality for the purpose of social coordination, you have to describe it, or at the very least label it. Even the ideally objective pursuit of science is unable to escape the framing effects of language. Like all collective culture, science is constructed on report, reason, debate, negotiation, justification, consensus, and, most important, coordination. And all of these things depend on language. Even something as fundamental as particle physics depends on language in a particular way. I don't mean that particle physics wouldn't exist if we didn't describe it. Particle physics is part of brute reality and so it will carry on independent of any human agreement or understanding of what it is. But consider this remark by Michael I. Jordan, referring to the "infinite potential well" model, which studies how a single particle behaves in a small, enclosed space: "A particle in a potential well is optimizing a function called the Lagrangian function. The particle doesn't know that. There's no algorithm running that does that. It just happens. It's a description mathematically of something that helps us understand as analysts what's happening."

* 원문 참고 어휘

• cumulative 누적적인 (= collective)
• computer scientist 컴퓨터 과학자
• quantum physics 양자 물리학

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[고3] 2025년 03월 – 22번: 비소설 서사의 구조적 글쓰기와 저널리즘적 설계

Good narrative writing is often as much technique as it is talent, sometimes more. The best narrative nonfiction writers often turn to time-honored tools of fiction writers for effect: plot and pacing, character and drama, and, yes, suspense. And they understand that a good story just can't spread out in all directions like a serving of spaghetti. The story needs form, shape, a structure designed to pull the reader from start to finish. "The craftsmanship of the writer is no less beautiful than that of the cabinet maker or the builder of temples or fine violins," writes Jon Franklin. Yes, this may sound grandiose, but the emphasis on craftsmanship is pure pragmatism: a knowledge of the basic structures that narrative science writers use to build an effective story. I think of this approach as journalistic architecture. Once a writer has the story blueprints in hand, so to speak, then he or she can decide which structure best fits the facts of the story ─ and where to slot them into place.

* 원문 참고 어휘

• paraphrase 바꿔 말하다
• Pulitzer Prize-winning 퓰리처상을 수상한

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[고3] 2025년 03월 – 21번: 데카르트의 과학-철학 통합 관점과 그 분리 배경

The unity of science and philosophy in the old classical sense was perhaps best described by the famous tree of Descartes: The roots of this tree corresponded to metaphysics (the intelligible principles), the trunk to physics (statements of intermediate generality), and the branches and fruit to what we would call applied science. He regarded the whole system of science and philosophy as we today regard science alone; he felt that the metaphysical principles were ultimately justified by their "fruits," not merely by their self-evidence. What we today call applied science consisted for him not only in mechanics but also in medicine and ethics. The difficulty was that from the general principles of Cartesian or Aristotelian science-philosophy no results could be derived which were precisely in agreement with observation, but these principles seemed to be intelligible and plausible. So the tree was cut in the middle. For the derivation of technical results, it was necessary to start from the physical principles in the trunk. Science in the new sense was to think only of how the fruits would develop from the trunk without regard to the roots.

* 원문 참고 어휘

• the middle of the tree 나무의 중간 부분 (= trunk 나무의 몸통)
• spring from ~에서 나오다

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[고3] 2025년 03월 – 20번: 의견 충돌 시 설득력 있는 의심 표현의 효과

People have an anti-persuasion radar or defense system that goes off when someone is trying to persuade them. The more something or someone disagrees with them, the less likely they are to listen. Consequently, one reason change is so hard is that people are unwilling to even consider information that goes against their beliefs. As a result, when dealing with opposing viewpoints, being a bit more indirect can often be more effective. Rather than starting with information, start by encouraging people to be more open minded and receptive. This is why expressing doubt can help. Showing that we're conflicted or uncertain makes us seem less threatening. Expressing doubt about one's own view acknowledges that conflicting beliefs are valid, making the other side feel validated and more willing to listen. It recognizes that issues are complicated or nuanced, which increases receptiveness. Uncertainty signals an openness to other perspectives. So particularly when issues are controversial or people are dug in, expressing a little doubt can actually be more persuasive.

* 원문 참고 어휘

• contentious 논쟁을 초래하는 (= controversial)

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[고2] 2025년 03월 – 41~42번: 전기 시스템 도입 초기 공장들의 자가발전 유지

In 1900, at the close of the first decade in which electric systems had become a practical alternative for manufacturers, less than 5 percent of the power used in factories came from electricity. But the technological advances of suppliers made electric systems and electric motors ever more affordable and reliable, and the suppliers' intensive marketing programs also sped the adoption of the new technology. Further accelerating the shift was the rapid expansion in the number of skilled electrical engineers, who provided the expertise needed to install and run the new systems. In short order, electric power had gone from exotic to commonplace. But one thing didn't change. Factories continued to build their own power-supply systems on their own premises. Few manufacturers considered buying electricity from the small central stations. Designed to supply lighting to local homes and shops, the central stations had neither the size nor the skill to serve the needs of big factories. And the factory owners, having always supplied their own power, were loath to assign such a critical function to an outsider. They knew that a glitch in power supply would bring their operations to a halt ─ and that a lot of glitches might well mean bankruptcy. As the new century began, a survey found that there were already 50,000 private electric plants in operation, far surpassing the 3,600 central stations.

* 원문 참고 어휘

• entrust 맡기다 (= assign)
• outstrip 능가하다, 앞지르다 (= surpass)

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[고2] 2025년 03월 – 40번: 언어 접촉에서 사회적 불평등이 언어 소멸로 이어짐

Quite often the interaction between groups is socially unequal, and this is reflected in the fact that in many cases borrowing of words or constructions goes mostly or entirely in one direction, from the more powerful or prestigious group to the less favored one. The languages of socially subordinated groups may from quite an early period of contact provide terminology for objects or practices with which speakers of the more powerful group were previously unfamiliar, but the effects of contact in that direction may not progress any further than this. In some cases, as with the Dharug language of Sydney, Australia, the source of some of the earliest loans from Indigenous Australian languages into English, the fate of the language system is extinction after the obliteration of many of its speakers. The remainder shifted to varieties of English, the language of the people who had suppressed them.

* 원문 참고 어휘

• realia 현실적 사물, 실물 (= objects)
• term 용어
• etyma (다른 단어의) 원형, 어근 
• boomerang 부메랑
• wombat 웜뱃 (작은 곰같이 생긴 오스트레일리아 동물. 캥거루처럼 새끼를 육아낭에 넣어서 기름)
• slay 죽이다, 살해하다
• kinfolk 친척,친족
• slay their kinfolk 그들의 친족을 살해하다 (= suppress them)

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[고2] 2025년 03월 – 39번: 철학적 구분을 위한 자극적 정의의 필요성

As a general rule, it's better if your definition corresponds as closely as possible to the way in which the term is ordinarily used in the kinds of debates to which your claims are pertinent. There will be, however, occasions where it is appropriate, even necessary, to coin special uses through what philosophers call stimulative definition. This would be the case where the current lexicon is not able to make distinctions that you think are philosophically important. For example, we do not have a term in ordinary language that describes a memory that is not necessarily a memory of something the person having it has experienced. Such a thing would occur, for example, if I could somehow share your memories: I would have a memory-type experience, but this would not be of something that I had actually experienced. To call this a memory would be misleading. For this reason, philosophers have coined the special term 'quasi-memory' to refer to these hypothetical memory-like experiences.

* 원문 지문은 내용 동일해 생략함

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[고2] 2025년 03월 – 38번: 과학의 창의성과 Bayesian 학습 순환

It is important to recognize that although science is a rule-based procedure, it is very much a creative process. A conjecture is a philosophical invention, cooked up rather mystically by the mind through the mental computation we call careful contemplation. However, until the hypothesis is tested against reality, it is not yet truly knowledge; it is just information that represents speculation. Knowledge is information that has demonstrated its usefulness. It is what is left over after cycles of experimental testing have eliminated false theories. As scientists continually test their hypotheses and modify their models to account for new and surprising data, a kind of "learning loop" emerges that statisticians call Bayesian updating. Based on Bayes' Rule, developed by eighteenth-century English statistician and philosopher Thomas Bayes, Bayesian updating refers to a mathematical process whereby an accepted theory or predictive model gets increasingly accurate through the repetitive testing of competing variants of that theory.

* 원문 참고 어휘

• tweak 조정하다 (= modify)
• theorem 정리 (= Rule)
• Presbyterian minister 장로교 목사
• iterative 반복적인 (= repetitive)

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[고2] 2025년 03월 – 37번: 스트레스가 뇌 구조에 미치는 영향

Stress not only affects physical disease but also the very structure of our brains, making us even more likely to experience a drained brain. A number of studies have been done to reveal what happens in healthy people's brains when they go through something stressful. One study demonstrated a link between a smaller hippocampus and people who had experienced long-lasting stress. Why does this matter? This part of the brain helps you remain resilient in the face of stress and is involved in mood regulation. It also helps you to monitor the safety of your environment and store dangerous images in your long-term memory so you can avoid them in the future. It does all these things as part of its duties of regulating your sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. But chronic stress can confuse the hippocampus and lead to turning signals for cortisol "on" instead of "off," which can trap you in a constant state of fight, flight, or freeze.

* 원문 참고 어휘

• shed light onto ~을 비추다, 밝히다, 해명하다 (= reveal)
• child abuse 아동 학대
• hardwire (보고 듣고 하는 것에서) <행동 양식을> 고정화시키다, 굳어버리게 하다 (= trap)

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[고2] 2025년 03월 – 36번: 식량 안보 달성을 위한 자급과 수입의 균형

The governments of virtually every country on the planet attach great importance to achieving food security and a wide variety of mechanisms have been developed to realize this goal. The first issue governments face in achieving national food security is the problem of insuring that adequate amounts of food are available to the resident population. Some governments have set goals of food self-sufficiency, which means most if not all of the food available in a country comes from the domestic farming system. However, food security does not require food self-sufficiency because countries can import food items not easily produced within the country. Agricultural products are, after all, highly sensitive to climatic, soil and other conditions that tend to vary around the world. Even countries with extremely productive agricultural sectors are not fully self-sufficient in all food items. The United States, for example, depends on imports for its supply of coffee, tea, bananas and other tropical products. In general, the problem of assuring adequate food supplies is solved by relying on both domestic production and imports.

* 원문 참고 어휘

• topographic 지형의

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[고2] 2025년 03월 – 35번: 사전 정의의 한계와 언어적 배경 지식의 필요

Dictionaries are relatively good resources for anyone interested in finding out what a word means. Using one set of words to define another word is called a lexical definition. But it's important to understand the limits of dictionary definitions. More often than not, a definition in a dictionary requires readers to have a fairly robust understanding of the language already at their disposal. In other words, a dictionary functions in many cases as a cross-reference or translator between words one knows and words that one doesn't yet know. Even the most obscure words in a dictionary, say, for example, "pulchritudinous" or "kalokagathia," must be defined using words that the reader already knows and understands. Otherwise, the dictionary isn't very helpful.

* 원문 지문은 내용 동일해 생략함

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[고2] 2025년 03월 – 34번: 미래가 과거 인식을 형성한다는 관점

Despite the difference between the past and the future, between what has happened and what is to come, it can be suggested, that our sense of the past has always been influenced by our view of the future. Revolutionaries have always looked to the past to frame their future cause, as is amply illustrated by examples from nationalism to communism. The future has often been seen as variously a recovery of a lost time, as a replication of what is established, or as a model bequeathed by a heroic age long gone. The writing of history is based on understanding or explaining future outcomes that were not known to contemporaries, since the historian has the benefit of hindsight and the past is nothing more than the accumulation of futures that are now our past. So, rather than see the hand of the past always shaping the future, perhaps it can be seen in reverse, with the past ─ in the sense of our understanding of it ─being shaped by our orientation to the future.

* 원문 지문은 내용 동일해 생략함

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[고2] 2025년 03월 – 33번: 몸짓이 말보다 먼저 생각을 이끄는 역할

When we realize we've said something in error and we pause to go back to correct it, we stop gesturing a couple of hundred milliseconds before we stop speaking. Such sequences suggest the startling notion that our hands "know" what we're going to say before our conscious minds do, and in fact this is often the case. Gesture can mentally prime a word so that the right term comes to our lips. When people are prevented from gesturing, they talk less fluently; their speech becomes halting because their hands are no longer able to supply them with the next word, and the next. Not being able to gesture has other deleterious effects: without gesture to help our mental processes along, we remember less useful information, we solve problems less well, and we are less able to explain our thinking. Far from tagging along as speech's clumsy companion, gesture represents the leading edge of our thought.

* 원문 지문은 내용 동일해 생략함

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[고2] 2025년 03월 – 32번: 성공의 연속성과 Matthew 효과에 대한 의문

Great scientists are seldom one-hit wonders. Newton is a prime example: beyond the Newtonian mechanics, he developed the theory of gravitation, calculus, laws of motion, and optimization. In fact, well-known scientists are often involved in multiple discoveries, a phenomenon potentially explained by the Matthew effect. Indeed, an initial success may offer a scientist legitimacy, improve peer perception, provide knowledge of how to score and win, enhance social status, and attract resources and quality collaborators, each of these payoffs further increasing her odds of scoring another win. Yet, there is an appealing alternative explanation: Great scientists have multiple hits and consistently succeed in their scientific endeavors simply because they're exceptionally talented. Therefore, future success again goes to those who have had success earlier, not because of advantages offered by the previous success, but because the earlier success was indicative of a hidden talent. The Matthew effect posits that success alone increases the future probability of success, raising the question: Does status dictate outcomes, or does it simply reflect an underlying talent or quality? In other words, is there really a Matthew effect after all?

* 원문 지문은 내용 동일해 생략함

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[고2] 2025년 03월 – 31번: 대중음악의 확산과 음악 접근성의 확대

The explosion of popular music in the second half of the twentieth century as well as the global circulation and dissemination of music by the creative industries propelled a new understanding of accessibility in relation to music. Suddenly, in the 1950s, anyone could pick up spoons, a couple of pans, a second-hand guitar and start a band. This led to specific genres such as skiffle, but also, more generally, reflected a much more relaxed and inclusive attitude to music making. While ordinary people had always sung and made music, the popular music movement was driven by a spirit of rebellion and freedom. This approach led to the punk movement, whose musicians even made it a condition for their music to be non-virtuosic and accessible to all in the 1970s. Groups who had been entirely excluded from music revelled in opportunities to create. This led to a sense of novelty and empowerment in and beyond the music sphere.

* 원문 참고 어휘

• transgression 일탈, 위반, 범죄 (= rebellion)

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