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[고3] 2023년 4월 모의고사 (5월 시행) - 한줄해석 (좌지문 우해석)
2023년도 4월 고3 영어 모의고사>의 한줄해석(좌지문 우해석) 자료 올립니다.설명문/실용문을 제외한 전지문 작업했습니다.PDF와 워드 파일 모두 올립니다. 필요에 따라 변형해서 사용하세
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[고3] 2023년 4월 모의고사 (5월 시행) - 한줄해석
2023년도 4월 고3 영어 모의고사>의 한줄해석 자료 올립니다.설명문/실용문을 제외한 모든 지문을 포함했습니다. 자료는 PDF와 워드 파일 모두 올립니다. 지문 분석하거나 자료 제작하실
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[고3] 2023년 04월 – 18번: 법학교수가 인턴 지원 학생을 추천하는 추천서
To whom it may concern, I am writing this letter in regard to Sona Lee applying for an internship in your law firm. I have gotten to know her over the past year, as a student in my Contracts course. The assignments she completed were excellent, and demonstrated a thorough understanding of contract law. She also has remarkable energy and interpersonal skills. She represents her class on the law school's student council and has taken on this responsibility with spirit, interacting with students effectively. I support her application wholeheartedly. Sincerely yours, Conan Stevenson
Possible Titles:
1. Recommendation Letter for Sona Lee's Law Internship Application
2. Endorsement of Sona Lee's Skills and Qualifications for a Legal Internship
3. Detailed Appraisal of Sona Lee's Abilities in Contract Law and Leadership
4. Advocacy for Sona Lee's Candidacy in a Law Internship Position
Main Idea #1:
Sona Lee has demonstrated exceptional understanding and skill in contract law.
Main Idea #2:
Beyond her academic prowess, Sona Lee exhibits strong interpersonal skills and leadership, actively contributing to the student council.
Summary:
Sona Lee excels in contract law and possesses impressive energy and interpersonal abilities, making her a strong candidate for an internship. Her active participation on the law school's student council showcases her leadership.
Key Points:
1. Sona Lee has excellent academic achievements in contract law.
2. Her assignments reflect a deep understanding of legal principles.
3. She has remarkable energy and interpersonal skills.
4. Sona Lee is an effective representative on the student council, showing leadership.
[고3] 2023년 04월 – 19번: 은행 계좌 도난 사건에 대한 대화
"5,000 dollars has been deposited? Thank you. I'll check it out now." Jerry Shaw hung up with a smile on his face. Humming, he headed to the bank to withdraw some cash. He stopped at the ATM, inserted the card and entered his PIN. The screen flashed the message, "Card not valid ― please see a teller." What? My bonus was deposited just now! Entering the bank, Jerry told the teller what had happened. She studied the screen and frowned. "Mr. Shaw, your account was closed. All your funds were withdrawn when you closed it," she said. "What do you mean? I never did! It must be identity theft!" yelled Jerry, his voice barely under control.
Possible Titles:
1. The Unpleasant Discovery of Jerry Shaw's Account Closure and Suspected Identity Theft
2. Jerry Shaw's Encounter with a Closed Bank Account and Fraudulent Activity
3. Unexpected Account Closure and Identity Theft: Jerry Shaw's Banking Dilemma
4. The Shocking Realization of Identity Theft and Account Closure for Jerry Shaw
Main Idea #1:
Jerry Shaw's anticipated withdrawal turns into a shocking discovery of his closed and emptied bank account.
Main Idea #2:
Upon attempting to access his deposited bonus at the bank, Jerry Shaw learns of unauthorized account closure and potential identity theft.
Summary:
Jerry Shaw is surprised when his bank informs him of an unauthorized account closure and withdrawal, suspecting identity theft after his deposit fails to process.
Key Points:
1. Jerry Shaw is informed his bank account was closed and emptied without his knowledge.
2. He initially visits the bank to withdraw his newly deposited bonus.
3. The ATM rejects his transaction, prompting him to consult a teller.
4. Identity theft is suspected as the reason behind the account's unauthorized closure.
[고3] 2023년 04월 – 20번: 인류학이 글로벌 문제 해결에 기여하는 중요성
Anthropology has become relevant for addressing global issues. This is not to deny the vital role of 'hard' sciences in addressing these problems. However, if we are to solve global problems we need a new way of thinking based in humanities and social sciences. It is impossible to resolve global issues merely by looking at numbers and statistics. Anthropology thus becomes crucial, as a discipline and a profession enabling the collection and interpretation of 'thick data' ― in addition to 'big data' ― and helps us to understand the world we live in more comprehensively. Why is a brand new and expensive 'smart' building a disaster? What will happen in the future with passenger cars? In answering such questions, we should stop relying only on quantitative data analytics; instead, the most important decisions should also be informed by anthropological qualitative approaches which provide a more complete and nuanced picture of people's lives.
Possible Titles:
1. The Crucial Role of Anthropology in Understanding Global Challenges Beyond Statistics
2. Integrating Anthropology with Hard Sciences to Address Complex Global Issues
3. The Importance of Thick Data in Comprehending and Solving Worldwide Problems
4. Enhancing Global Problem-Solving with Anthropological Insights and Qualitative Data
Main Idea #1:
Anthropology is essential in providing a deeper understanding of global issues through the lens of 'thick data' and qualitative analysis.
Main Idea #2:
To effectively address global challenges, it is crucial to combine the perspectives of anthropology with quantitative methods from the hard sciences, offering a more holistic view of the issues at hand.
Summary:
Anthropology's role in addressing global issues lies in its ability to supplement 'big data' with 'thick data,' providing a nuanced understanding that quantitative methods alone cannot achieve. This integration helps solve complex problems by considering the qualitative aspects of human life.
Key Points:
1. Anthropology is vital for a comprehensive understanding of global challenges.
2. The discipline provides crucial qualitative insights that complement quantitative data.
3. Anthropologists interpret complex human behaviors that impact global issues.
4. The field helps answer intricate questions about modern developments and future scenarios.
[고3] 2023년 04월 – 21번: 스테레오타입에 대한 반응을 연구한 심리학 실험
Our brains light up when our predicted reality and actual reality match. Our brains love to be right. We also don't like to be wrong, and we feel threatened when our stereotyped predictions don't come true. Psychologist Wendy Mendes asked White and Asian college students to interact with Latino students who had been hired as actors by the researchers. Some of the Latino students portrayed themselves as socioeconomically "high status," with lawyer fathers, professor mothers, and summers spent volunteering in Europe. Others portrayed themselves as "low status," with unemployed parents and part-time summer jobs. The researchers found that when participants interacted with the Latino students who appeared to come from wealth and thus challenged American stereotypes, they responded physiologically as if to a threat: their blood vessels constricted and their heart activity changed. In these interactions, participants also saw the students who violated stereotypes as less likable. In this way, stereotypes that are descriptive can easily become prescriptive. The phenomenon, it turns out, may have a neuroscientific explanation: it's an angry protest from the brain's reward system.
Possible Titles:
1. The Neuroscientific Impact of Stereotype Violation on Perception and Physiological Response
2. Exploring the Physiological Reactions to Stereotype Discrepancies in Social Interactions
3. The Effects of Socioeconomic Status Stereotypes on Physical and Emotional Responses
4. Stereotype Threat and Its Impact on Heart Activity and Social Perceptions
Main Idea #1:
Interactions that defy stereotypes can trigger a physiological threat response, illustrating the deep-seated nature of stereotypical thinking.
Main Idea #2:
When stereotypes are challenged, especially concerning socioeconomic status, it leads to increased physiological stress and a reduction in likability, highlighting the brain's resistance to unexpected social scenarios.
Summary:
Challenging stereotypes, particularly socioeconomic ones, elicits a physiological threat response, causing constriction of blood vessels and changes in heart activity. This response not only indicates the brain's discomfort with being wrong but also affects social perceptions, making the stereotype-defying individuals seem less likable.
Key Points:
1. Stereotypes influence physiological responses during social interactions.
2. Challenging stereotypes triggers the brain’s threat detection mechanisms.
3. Physiological changes include constricted blood vessels and altered heart activity.
4. Defying stereotypes leads to negative social perceptions of the individuals involved.
[고3] 2023년 04월 – 22번: 자연수 사용이 정보 전달에 효과적임을 설명
We can imagine natural numbers as whole objects, things our hunter-gatherer brains can work with. On the other hand, partial numbers ― decimals, fractions, percentages, and ratios ― simply don't register as real to our minds. We may be able to work with them for a given time when we're in math mode, but if we're asked questions at other times, we tend to have trouble grasping the concept. In other words, any time we give our audience figures that aren't natural numbers, the message is unlikely to make sense to them. Not only are they prone to make errors remembering and calculating the numbers, but there's a good chance they never even envision what we're describing in the first place ― because the number attached isn't solid. Use natural numbers whenever you can to make your message real. For numbers less than 1, you can use a strategy to make things start to show up as natural numbers. If you find that 0.2% of people have a certain trait, using "1 out of 500" makes this abstract percentage into a real thing.
Possible Titles:
1. The Cognitive Challenges of Processing Fractions, Decimals, and Percentages
2. Why Natural Numbers Resonate More Effectively in Communication
3. The Impact of Number Presentation on Understanding and Recall
4. Transforming Abstract Quantities into Concrete Numerical Concepts
Main Idea #1:
Our brains more readily understand and retain natural numbers than complex fractions, decimals, and percentages.
Main Idea #2:
Using natural numbers enhances comprehension and memory retention, whereas abstract numerical forms like percentages and ratios are often not conceptualized effectively by our brains.
Summary:
Natural numbers are inherently easier for the human brain to process and remember compared to decimals and fractions. To improve understanding and retention, it's beneficial to translate abstract numerical forms, such as percentages, into more tangible natural number equivalents.
Key Points:
1. Natural numbers align better with our cognitive abilities than partial numbers.
2. Decimals, fractions, and percentages are challenging for the brain to conceptualize as real.
3. Communicating with natural numbers increases clarity and the likelihood of retention.
4. Converting abstract numbers into natural number ratios can aid in making the data more relatable and understandable.
[고3] 2023년 04월 – 23번: 지구적인 문제에 대한 개인적 연결감의 중요성
Facing large-scale, long-term change can seem overwhelming. Problems like global contagion or economic inequality are so complex that it can be hard to believe any intervention might make a difference. Working through fears of what could be depends on connecting with the abstract. Linking issues like climate change, for example, with the realities of our own neighborhoods, jobs, and relationships, translates conceptual ideas into concrete emotions. Thinking of how the beaches we love might disappear, how more frequent floods might destroy our homes, or how we might have to move to flee mounting wildfire risk, evokes feelings like anger, sadness, or guilt ― feelings that inspire us to act. A recent study found that when people feel personally affected by potential climatic change, they are more likely to support carbon reduction efforts and push for proactive policies. Forming emotional connections to potential futures helps us move from denial and despair to action.
Possible Titles:
1. Transforming Abstract Climate Challenges into Personal Motivations for Action
2. The Role of Emotional Engagement in Inspiring Climate Change Activism
3. How Personalizing Global Issues Spurs Community and Individual Action
4. Connecting Climate Change to Personal Experiences to Foster Proactive Responses
Main Idea #1:
Personal experiences and emotional responses to potential impacts of climate change motivate individuals to support and advocate for environmental policies.
Main Idea #2:
Linking the abstract concept of climate change to tangible effects on personal and local levels can transform feelings of helplessness into actionable concern, driving support for proactive measures.
Summary:
By making the abstract impacts of climate change feel personal, through considerations of threats to local environments and lifestyles, individuals are moved by emotions such as anger or sadness to support proactive environmental policies.
Key Points:
1. Personal impact feelings increase support for climate action.
2. Emotional responses to local environmental changes can inspire activism.
3. Personalizing global issues like climate change can overcome apathy.
4. Emotional connections lead to practical support for carbon reduction efforts.
[고3] 2023년 04월 – 24번: 목성의 위성 관찰을 통해 빛의 속도 이해
There was once a certain difficulty with the moons of Jupiter that is worth remarking on. These satellites were studied very carefully by Roemer, who noticed that the moons sometimes seemed to be ahead of schedule, and sometimes behind. They were ahead when Jupiter was particularly close to the earth and they were behind when Jupiter was farther from the earth. This would have been a very difficult thing to explain according to the law of gravitation. If a law does not work even in one place where it ought to, it is just wrong. But the reason for this discrepancy was very simple and beautiful: it takes a little while to see the moons of Jupiter because of the time it takes light to travel from Jupiter to the earth. When Jupiter is closer to the earth the time is a little less, and when it is farther from the earth, the time is more. This is why moons appear to be, on the average, a little ahead or a little behind, depending on whether they are closer to or farther from the earth.
Possible Titles:
1. Roemer's Discovery of Light Travel Time Through Observations of Jupiter's Moons
2. The Impact of Light Speed on Observations of Celestial Bodies: Jupiter's Moons Case Study
3. Understanding Astronomical Phenomena: The Influence of Distance on Light Travel Time
4. How the Variations in Distance from Earth Affect Observations of Jupiter's Moons
Main Idea #1:
The apparent discrepancies in the timing of Jupiter’s moons' orbits were explained by the time light takes to travel from Jupiter to Earth, varying with distance.
Main Idea #2:
Roemer's observations of Jupiter's moons revealing that their apparent position changes due to the light travel time helped refine and support existing astronomical laws, rather than contradicting them.
Summary:
Roemer's study of Jupiter’s moons showed that their perceived timing inconsistencies were due to the light travel time from Jupiter to Earth, which changes with the planet's distance, thereby aligning with established astronomical laws instead of challenging them.
Key Points:
1. Roemer observed that Jupiter’s moons appeared ahead of schedule when Jupiter was close to Earth and behind when farther away.
2. The discrepancies were attributed to the varying light travel time due to the distance between Jupiter and Earth.
3. This observation supported the laws of celestial mechanics by accounting for light speed.
4. Roemer’s findings highlight the importance of considering light travel time in astronomical observations.
[고3] 2023년 04월 – 25번: 유럽 국가들의 치매 환자 수 증가 예측 그래프
The graph above shows the number of dementia patients per 1,000 inhabitants in six European countries in 2021 and in 2050 (The number in 2050 is estimated). By 2050, the number of dementia patients per 1,000 people is expected to increase by more than 10 in all given countries compared to 2021. In 2021, Italy recorded the highest proportion of dementia patients out of the six countries and it is expected to do so in 2050 as well. The proportion of dementia patients in Spain was lower than that of Germany in 2021, but is expected to exceed that of Germany in 2050. Switzerland and the Netherlands had the same proportion of dementia patients in 2021, and by 2050 those proportions are both projected to more than double. Among the six countries, Belgium shows the smallest gap between the number of dementia patients per 1,000 inhabitants in 2021 and in 2050.
Possible Titles:
1. Projected Increase of Dementia Patients per Thousand Inhabitants in Europe by 2050
2. Comparative Analysis of Dementia Prevalence in Six European Countries: 2021 vs. 2050
3. Trends in Dementia Rates Across Selected European Nations Through Mid-Century
4. The Growing Burden of Dementia in Europe: A Forecast into 2050
Main Idea #1:
By 2050, the number of dementia patients per 1,000 inhabitants is expected to significantly rise in six European countries, with Italy maintaining the highest proportion.
Main Idea #2:
While Italy remains the country with the highest dementia rates, Spain is projected to surpass Germany by 2050, and both Switzerland and the Netherlands are expected to see their rates more than double.
Summary:
In six European countries, the proportion of dementia patients per 1,000 people is projected to increase substantially by 2050. Italy is expected to continue having the highest rate, Spain's rate will surpass Germany's, and the rates in Switzerland and the Netherlands will more than double. Belgium will experience the smallest increase.
Key Points:
1. All six countries will see an increase of over 10 dementia patients per 1,000 inhabitants by 2050.
2. Italy recorded the highest proportion in 2021 and will continue to do so in 2050.
3. Spain's dementia rates will overtake Germany's by 2050.
4. The rates in Switzerland and the Netherlands will more than double from their 2021 figures.
5. Belgium will have the smallest relative increase in dementia patients.
[고3] 2023년 04월 – 26번: Josef Frank의 비엔나 모더니즘에 대한 비판
Josef Frank, born in Austria of Jewish heritage, studied architecture at the Vienna University of Technology. He then taught at the Vienna School of Arts and Crafts from 1919 to 1925. He founded an interior design firm together with some architect colleagues in 1925. He was one of early Vienna modernism's most important figures, but already in the beginning of the 1920s he started to question modernism's growing pragmatism. He had little appreciation for the French architect Le Corbusier's belief that a house should be "a machine for living in." He was against the standardized interior design trend of the time, fearing that it would make people all too uniform. He moved to Sweden with his Swedish wife in 1933 to escape growing Nazi discrimination and gained citizenship in 1939. He was the most prestigious designer at his Stockholm design company. In addition to his architectural work he created numerous designs for furniture, fabric, wallpaper and carpet.
Possible Titles:
1. Josef Frank: From Vienna Modernism to Swedish Design Icon
2. The Architectural Journey of Josef Frank: Questioning Modernism and Embracing Diversity
3. Josef Frank: A Legacy of Varied Design Against the Modernist Grain
4. The Evolution of Josef Frank: Architectural Modernism to Swedish Design Mastery
Main Idea #1:
Josef Frank, a pivotal figure in early Vienna modernism, critiqued the movement's pragmatism and standardized aesthetics, promoting more individualistic and diverse designs.
Main Idea #2:
After moving to Sweden in 1933 to escape Nazi persecution, Josef Frank significantly influenced Swedish design with his versatile creations in architecture, furniture, and textiles.
Summary:
Josef Frank, originally a major figure in Vienna modernism, rejected its growing pragmatism and standardization. Escaping Nazi discrimination by moving to Sweden, he became a leading designer, known for his eclectic and personalized designs in various mediums including furniture and textiles.
Key Points:
1. Josef Frank played a critical role in early Vienna modernism and later critiqued its principles.
2. He opposed Le Corbusier's utilitarian views, advocating for more diverse and personal interior designs.
3. Frank relocated to Sweden in 1933, becoming a celebrated designer and gaining citizenship in 1939.
4. His contributions to design extended beyond architecture to include furniture, fabrics, wallpapers, and carpets.
[고3] 2023년 04월 – 29번: 음악 교육에서 세부적인 피드백의 중요성
Providing feedback to students is a critical task of teachers. General psychology has shown that knowledge of results is necessary for improving a skill. Advanced musicians are able to self-critique their performances, but developing music students rely on teachers to supply evaluative feedback. The most constructive feedback is that which expresses the discrepancies between a student's performance of a piece of music and an optimal version. Expert teachers give more detailed feedback than general appraisals, and music educators generally recognize that more specific teacher feedback facilitates student performance improvement. Researchers also have explored whether the feedback of effective teachers is more often positively or negatively expressed, that is, constituting praise or criticism. One might intuitively think that positive comments are more motivating to students and, as a result, are more associated with effective teaching. The research, however, paints a slightly different picture. Although positive feedback is likely more helpful with younger learners and in one-on-one instruction, more advanced music students seem to accept and benefit from greater levels of criticism in lessons.
Possible Titles:
1. The Role of Specific Feedback in the Development of Music Students
2. The Impact of Teacher Feedback on Student Musical Performance
3. Constructive Criticism vs. Praise: Effective Feedback in Music Education
4. Enhancing Music Learning: The Importance of Teacher Feedback Dynamics
Main Idea #1:
Effective music education relies heavily on detailed feedback from teachers to highlight discrepancies between a student’s performance and the optimal execution.
Main Idea #2:
While positive feedback benefits younger learners, advanced music students often gain more from specific and critical feedback, which aids in their skill development.
Summary:
In music education, the effectiveness of teacher feedback is crucial for student improvement. Detailed critiques that compare student performances with ideal standards help refine skills, especially for advanced learners who benefit more from critical rather than solely positive feedback.
Key Points:
1. Knowledge of results is essential for skill improvement in music students.
2. Expert teachers provide detailed feedback rather than general comments.
3. Specific feedback helps identify and correct discrepancies in student performances.
4. Advanced students benefit more from critical feedback, which facilitates deeper learning.
[고3] 2023년 04월 – 30번: 호르몬이 몸에서 반응을 유발하는 과정 설명
How do hormones trigger reactions in the body? When a hormone is released from a gland, it travels in the bloodstream through the body in search of its target. Organs, tissues and other glands in the body have receptor sites that hormones must bind to in order to deliver their message and cause an effect. But because every hormone has its own unique shape, they are designed to act only on the parts of the body that have a receptor site with the corresponding shape. This mode of action can be likened to a lock and key mechanism ― if the key doesn't fit the lock, then nothing will happen. When a hormone binds to its receptor, it sets off a chain of other signaling pathways to create a change in the body. Once the desired effect has taken place and there is too much hormone circulating in the blood, this signal is fed back to the glands to reduce further hormone release. This is called a feedback loop and, when functioning correctly, it allows the endocrine system to ensure the conditions in your body remain in balance.
Possible Titles:
1. The Lock and Key Mechanism of Hormonal Action in the Human Body
2. How Hormones Function: Binding, Signaling, and Feedback in the Endocrine System
3. Understanding the Specificity and Regulatory Roles of Hormones in the Body
4. The Dynamics of Hormonal Interaction: Target Sites and Feedback Loops
Main Idea #1:
Hormones trigger specific reactions in the body by binding to uniquely shaped receptor sites on target organs and tissues, initiating signaling pathways that lead to physiological changes.
Main Idea #2:
The hormone-receptor interaction functions as a lock and key mechanism, where only hormones with a matching shape to the receptor can bind, thus ensuring precise control over bodily processes through feedback loops that maintain balance.
Summary:
Hormones regulate bodily functions by traveling through the bloodstream to bind with specific receptor sites on target tissues, akin to a lock and key mechanism. This binding initiates signaling pathways that alter physiological states. Excess hormones trigger feedback loops that instruct glands to adjust hormone production, maintaining systemic balance.
Key Points:
1. Hormones are released by glands and travel through the bloodstream to find their target.
2. Each hormone has a unique shape that fits specific receptors on target tissues.
3. Hormone-receptor binding activates signaling pathways that result in physiological changes.
4. Feedback loops help regulate hormone levels, ensuring the body remains in balance.
[고3] 2023년 04월 – 31번: 유사한 행동 스타일이 초기 매력에 미치는 영향
Although a balance or harmony between partners clearly develops over time in a relationship, it is also a factor in initial attraction and interest in a partner. That is, to the extent that two people share similar verbal and nonverbal habits in a first meeting, they will be more comfortable with one another. For example, fast-paced individuals talk and move quickly and are more expressive, whereas slow-paced individuals have a different tempo and are less expressive. Initial interactions between people at opposite ends of such a continuum may be more difficult than those between similar types. In the case of contrasting styles, individuals may be less interested in pursuing a relationship than if they were similar in interaction styles. Individuals with similar styles, however, are more comfortable and find that they just seem to "click" with one another. Thus, behavioral coordination may provide a selection filter for the initiation of a relationship.
Possible Titles:
1. The Role of Behavioral Coordination in Initial Relationship Attraction
2. How Similar Interaction Styles Influence Initial Attraction and Comfort in Relationships
3. The Impact of Verbal and Nonverbal Habits on Early Relationship Dynamics
4. Matching Tempos: How Similarities in Pace and Expression Facilitate Relationship Formation
Main Idea #1:
Similar verbal and nonverbal behaviors between individuals enhance comfort and interest during initial encounters, influencing the likelihood of a relationship.
Main Idea #2:
Behavioral coordination, or the similarity in interaction styles, acts as a selection filter at the beginning of a relationship, helping individuals to feel an immediate connection and ease with each other.
Summary:
In initial interactions, individuals with similar verbal and nonverbal habits are more likely to feel comfortable and connected, thereby increasing the chances of pursuing a relationship. This behavioral coordination serves as a crucial filter in selecting potential partners.
Key Points:
1. Similar interaction styles in initial meetings promote comfort and mutual interest.
2. Contrasting behavioral tempos can make initial interactions more challenging.
3. Behavioral coordination can significantly influence the decision to pursue a relationship.
4. Similarity in verbal and nonverbal expressions helps partners to "click" right from the start.
[고3] 2023년 04월 – 32번: 보어버드가 복잡한 구조물을 만드는 예술성
Animals arguably make art. The male bowerbirds of New Guinea and Australia dedicate huge fractions of their time and energy to creating elaborate structures from twigs, flowers, berries, beetle wings, and even colorful trash. These are the backdrops to their complex mating dances, which include acrobatic moves and even imitations of other species. What's most amazing about the towers and "bowers" they construct is that they aren't stereotyped like a beehive or hummingbird nest. Each one is different. Artistic skill, along with fine craftsbirdship, is rewarded by the females. Many researchers suggest these displays are used by the females to gauge the cognitive abilities of her potential mates, but Darwin thought that she was actually attracted to their beauty. In other words, the bowers aren't simply signals of mate quality; they are appreciated by the females for their own sake, much as we appreciate a painting or a bouquet of spring flowers. A 2013 study looked at whether bowerbirds that did better on cognitive tests were more successful at attracting mates. They were not, suggesting whatever the females are looking for, it isn't a straightforward indicator of cognitive ability.
Possible Titles:
1. The Artistic Expressions of Bowerbirds: Nature's Craftsmen in Mating Displays
2. Beyond Instinct: The Role of Art and Aesthetics in Bowerbird Mating Rituals
3. Creativity and Courtship: How Bowerbirds Use Art to Attract Mates
4. The Evolution of Aesthetic Appreciation: Artistic Displays in Bowerbirds
Main Idea #1:
Male bowerbirds create unique and elaborate structures as part of their mating rituals, showcasing a form of artistic expression that is evaluated by potential mates.
Main Idea #2:
The intricate and varied structures built by bowerbirds are appreciated not just for their functional role in mating but also for their aesthetic value, similar to how humans appreciate art.
Summary:
Bowerbirds invest significant effort in constructing unique, artistic structures that serve as stages for their mating dances, suggesting these creations are appreciated for their beauty and not solely as indicators of mate quality. Despite their efforts, success in attracting mates does not directly correlate with the males' cognitive abilities.
Key Points:
1. Male bowerbirds dedicate substantial time to building elaborate and unique bowers.
2. These structures are part of complex mating dances that include acrobatics and mimicry.
3. Females may appreciate the aesthetic aspects of the bowers, akin to human appreciation of art.
4. A 2013 study found no direct link between the cognitive abilities of bowerbirds and mating success, indicating that the aesthetic appeal of the bowers plays a significant role.
[고3] 2023년 04월 – 33번: 소비자 만족도를 높이기 위한 제품 경험 연결
Running a business that sells goods and services to consumers requires getting to know the products they like. More than that, however, you want to link positive experiences to the products they purchase. In traditional or online sales, people are bound to favorably regard the vendor and product that they could easily inquire about and quickly acquire in good order. Using the product can increase or decrease their satisfaction, and they will remember to repurchase products that meet and exceed their expectations. Traditional stores make the shopping experience pleasant by their displays and personal service. Internet retailers lead buyers to products they want through speedy searches and clicks. A new online selling method that can generate millions of dollars in purchases within a few minutes is livestream selling. That's when hosts streaming their shows live demonstrate a product and even interactively receive comments and answer questions from their viewers through the power of social media. If they like the product, they buy it immediately through an e-commerce feature on the platform. Buyers say that the experience is so convenient, it is like talking to a friend.
Possible Titles:
1. Enhancing Customer Satisfaction in E-Commerce Through Live Stream Selling
2. The Evolution of Online Shopping: From Clicks to Live Streams
3. Connecting with Consumers: Live Streaming as a Powerful Sales Tool
4. How Live Stream Selling Transforms Online Shopping Experiences
Main Idea #1:
Businesses enhance customer satisfaction by linking positive experiences to the products through easy access, quick acquisition, and ensuring the products meet or exceed expectations.
Main Idea #2:
Live stream selling, an emerging online sales method, combines real-time product demonstrations with interactive elements, significantly enhancing consumer engagement and simplifying the purchasing process.
Summary:
Businesses aiming to increase customer loyalty focus on creating positive shopping experiences, both in traditional stores and online. The innovative method of live stream selling on social media platforms offers interactive, real-time engagement, resembling a conversation with a friend, and facilitates instant purchases, reflecting the evolution of consumer preferences in digital commerce.
Key Points:
1. Positive customer experiences are crucial for repurchase decisions in both traditional and online settings.
2. Traditional stores use displays and personal service to enhance the shopping experience.
3. Online retailers use efficient search functionalities, while live stream selling adds interactivity to the buying process.
4. Live stream selling rapidly drives sales by combining product demonstrations with real-time viewer interaction.
[고3] 2023년 04월 – 34번: 헤겔의 철학에서 개체와 보편성의 상호작용
In Hegel's philosophy, even though there is interaction and interrelation between the universal and the individual, the universal still has more priority than the individual. For Hegel, individuals are not distinguished in terms of Reason. In Philosophy of Right Hegel stresses particularity and universality as follows: "A man, who acts perversely, exhibits particularity. The rational is the highway on which everyone travels, and no one is specially marked." Here, Hegel maintains that individuals can be differentiated from each other in terms of their acts but they are not differentiated with respect to reason. There are specific thoughts, but they are finally resolved into the universal. One might say that Hegel seems to focus on the individual like Aristotle but in reality, he subtly treats the universal as fundamental whereas Aristotle considers the individual as primary substance and universal as secondary substance; in so doing Aristotle emphasizes the universal to be subordinate to the individual in contrast to Hegel.
Possible Titles:
1. The Priority of the Universal Over the Individual in Hegel's Philosophy
2. Hegel vs. Aristotle: Differing Views on Universality and Individuality
3. The Role of Reason in Differentiating Individuals According to Hegel
4. Hegel's Emphasis on Universality: A Contrast to Aristotelian Thought
Main Idea #1:
In Hegel's philosophy, the universal is given priority over the individual, as individuals are seen as indistinct in terms of Reason.
Main Idea #2:
While individuals can be differentiated by their actions, they converge in the realm of Reason, where specific thoughts are ultimately absorbed into the universal, underscoring the dominance of the universal in Hegel's thought.
Summary:
Hegel emphasizes the supremacy of the universal over the individual, arguing that while individuals can be distinguished by their actions, they are unified under the universal aspect of Reason. This contrasts with Aristotle's view, where the individual is the primary substance and the universal is secondary, highlighting a fundamental philosophical divergence between the two thinkers.
Key Points:
1. Hegel prioritizes the universal over the individual, asserting that individual distinctions are not made in the realm of Reason.
2. Individual actions may differ, but these are reconciled within the universal framework according to Hegel.
3. Hegel's philosophical approach views the universal as fundamental, in contrast to Aristotle who sees the individual as primary.
4. This contrast highlights a significant philosophical difference regarding the relationship between universality and individuality in the work of Hegel and Aristotle.
[고3] 2023년 04월 – 35번: 언어의 구조와 현실 표현의 문제점 탐구
One of the branches of postmodernism examines the structure of language and how it is used. It challenges the assumption that language can be precisely used to represent reality. Meanings of words are ambiguous, as words are only signs or labels given to concepts (what is signified) and therefore there is no necessary correspondence between the word and the meaning, the signifier and the signified. The use of signs (words) and their meaning can vary depending on the flow of the text in which they are used, leading to the possibility of 'deconstructing' text to reveal its underlying inconsistencies. This approach can be applied to all forms of representation ― pictures, films, etc. that gain added or alternative meanings by the overlaying of references to previous uses. This can be seen particularly in the media, where it is difficult to distinguish the real from the unreal ― everything is representation, there is no reality.
Possible Titles:
1. The Postmodern Challenge to Language: Understanding Signifiers and Signifieds
2. Deconstructing Language and Reality in Postmodern Thought
3. Exploring the Ambiguity of Language in Postmodernism
4. Representation and Reality: A Postmodern Perspective on Media and Language
Main Idea #1:
Postmodernism questions the ability of language to accurately represent reality, highlighting the inherent ambiguity in the meanings of words.
Main Idea #2:
In postmodern theory, language is seen as a system of signs that do not directly correspond to reality, allowing for the deconstruction of texts to expose their inherent inconsistencies and multiple meanings.
Summary:
Postmodernism scrutinizes the structure of language, challenging the notion that words can precisely convey reality. It posits that words are mere signs with ambiguous meanings, leading to the possibility of deconstructing texts to reveal underlying contradictions and varied interpretations in all forms of representation, such as media, where the distinction between real and unreal blurs.
Key Points:
1. Postmodernism disputes the precision of language in representing reality.
2. Words are viewed as signs with ambiguous meanings that do not necessarily correspond to the concepts they signify.
3. The variability of meaning in language allows for the deconstruction of texts to uncover inconsistencies.
4. This approach extends to various forms of representation, complicating the distinction between reality and representation in media.
[고3] 2023년 04월 – 36번: 지구 형성 과정과 초기 조건에 대한 설명
The Earth formed from rocky and metallic fragments during the construction of the solar system ― debris that was swept up by an initial nucleus and attracted together into a single body by the force of gravity. The original materials were cold as outer space and dry as dust; whatever water and gases they contained were locked inside individual fragments as chemical compounds. As the fragments joined, the Earth's gravity increased, attracting larger and larger objects to impact the Earth. This increasing gravity, combined with the timeless radioactive decay of elements like uranium and thorium, caused the new Earth to heat up. The internal temperature and pressure were high enough for many compounds to break down or melt, releasing their water and gases. Even solid material could begin to move and flow under such conditions. Separation by density began, and the Earth started to organize into its present layered structure. The heaviest metals sank to the center; the lightest materials migrated outward.
Possible Titles:
1. The Formation of Earth: From Cosmic Debris to Structured Planet
2. Understanding the Early Stages of Earth’s Formation and Layered Structure
3. The Role of Gravity and Radioactive Decay in Earth's Primordial Development
4. How Earth's Internal Heating Shaped Its Layered Composition
Main Idea #1:
Earth formed from the accretion of rocky and metallic fragments in the early solar system, influenced by gravitational forces that attracted these materials into a single planetary body.
Main Idea #2:
The internal heating of the Earth, due to gravitational compression and radioactive decay, caused the breakdown of compounds, releasing gases and water and enabling the differentiation into layers based on density.
Summary:
The Earth originated from cold, dry fragments in the solar system, which coalesced under the force of gravity. Increasing gravitational pull and radioactive decay heated the planet, causing compounds to release water and gases and facilitating the movement of materials. This process led to the Earth's layered structure, with dense metals sinking to the core and lighter materials forming the crust.
Key Points:
1. Earth was formed from the aggregation of rocky and metallic debris in the solar system.
2. Gravitational forces played a crucial role in attracting and assembling these fragments into a planet.
3. Radioactive decay of elements like uranium and thorium contributed to the internal heating of the Earth.
4. This heating led to the breakdown of compounds, release of gases, and initiation of material flow, resulting in the differentiation of the Earth into layers.
[고3] 2023년 04월 – 37번: 표현의 권력이 문화 지배에 미치는 영향
Representation is control. The power to represent the world is the power to represent us in it or it in us, for the final stage of representing merges the representor and the represented into one. Imperializing cultures produce great works of art (great representations) which can be put to work intellectually as armies and trading houses work militarily and economically. Shakespeare, Jane Austen and maps were as important to English Imperial power as was the East India Company, the British army and the churches of England. It is no coincidence that modern Europe, the Europe of colonization, was also the Europe of "great art," and no coincidence either that it was the Europe of great map makers. That is because unless we can control the world intellectually by maps we cannot control it militarily or economically. Mercator, Moliere, Columbus and Captain Cook imperialized in different ways, but they all imperialized, and ultimately the effectiveness of one depended upon and supported the effectiveness of all the others. Similarly the US form of contemporary colonization, which involves occupying economies and political parties rather than physical territories, is accompanied by the power of both Hollywood and the satellite to represent the world to and for the US.
Possible Titles:
1. The Intersection of Representation, Art, and Imperial Power
2. The Role of Cultural Representation in Imperial and Economic Control
3. How Art, Mapping, and Media Facilitate Imperial Domination
4. The Power of Representation in Shaping Imperial Agendas
Main Idea #1:
Representation plays a crucial role in imperial control, merging the creator and creation to influence both intellectual and physical domains.
Main Idea #2:
Historically, the production of cultural artifacts such as art and maps has been integral to the expansion and maintenance of imperial power, with representation serving as a tool for intellectual and territorial domination.
Summary:
Representation is a form of control, crucial in establishing and maintaining imperial power. Artistic and cultural outputs, from Shakespeare to modern Hollywood, have not only reflected imperial ambitions but have actively shaped and supported them, functioning alongside military and economic efforts to dominate globally.
Key Points:
1. Cultural representations, including art and maps, have historically played a key role in supporting imperial ambitions.
2. Great works of art and accurate cartography were as instrumental to the British Empire as its military and economic enterprises.
3. Representation merges the identity of the creator with the creation, influencing how cultures perceive and interact with the world.
4. Contemporary forms of imperialism, such as the U.S.'s economic and political influence, also rely heavily on media and technology to project power and control perceptions.
[고3] 2023년 04월 – 38번: '동물'이라는 단어가 인간과 동물 구분 강조
Language, and the word "animal," deceives us. The word "animal" categorizes all non-human animals and distances humans from other animals. Seeing all other animals as one group in contrast to humans reinforces anthropocentrism, which contributes to the legitimization of practices in which other animals are used for human benefit. Jacques Derrida argues that instead of one line between Man on the one side and Animal on the other, there is a multiple and heterogeneous border; beyond the edge of the "so-called human," we find a heterogeneous plurality of the living. To account for this multitude, using the word "animot" has been proposed. In speech it refers to the plural, the multiplicity of animals, which is necessary because there is no one "animal." The "mot" in "animot" refers to the act of naming and the risks involved in drawing a distinction between human and animal by the human. It reminds us of the fact that it is a word for animals, not a reference to an existing group of animals.
Possible Titles:
1. Beyond 'Animal': Derrida's Challenge to Anthropocentric Language
2. The Linguistic Deception of the Word 'Animal' and Its Implications
3. Deconstructing 'Animal': Jacques Derrida's Concept of 'Animot'
4. Reimagining Animal Identity: From Singular to Plural with 'Animot'
Main Idea #1:
The word "animal" simplifies and generalizes a diverse group, creating a false dichotomy between humans and other forms of life, thereby reinforcing anthropocentrism.
Main Idea #2:
Jacques Derrida proposes the term "animot" to reflect the diversity and multiplicity of non-human life, challenging the conventional, homogenizing language that separates humans from other animals.
Summary:
The term "animal" misleads by lumping all non-human species together, which supports anthropocentric views and justifies the exploitation of these beings. Jacques Derrida introduces the term "animot" to emphasize the variety and complexity among living beings, advocating for a linguistic shift that acknowledges this diversity instead of obscuring it.
Key Points:
1. The word "animal" groups all non-human animals together, obscuring their diversity and reinforcing human centrality.
2. This categorization supports practices that exploit non-human animals for human benefits.
3. Derrida argues for a complex, heterogeneous conception of life beyond the human-animal dichotomy.
4. The term "animot" is suggested to highlight the plurality and challenge the anthropocentric misuse of the word "animal".
[고3] 2023년 04월 – 39번: 바빌로니아 천문학이 과학적 방법에 미친 영향
Babylonian astronomers created detailed records of celestial movements in the heavens, using the resulting tables to sieve out irregularities and, with them, the favour of the gods. This was the seed of what we now call the scientific method ― a demonstration that accurate observations of the world could be used to forecast its future. The importance of measurement in this sort of cosmic comprehension did not develop smoothly over the centuries. Indeed, in the Middle Ages in Europe, calculating by hand and eye was sometimes seen as producing a rather shabby sort of knowledge, inferior to that of abstract thought. The suspicion was due to the influence of ancient Greeks in the era's scholasticism, particularly Plato and Aristotle, who stressed that the material world was one of unceasing change and instability. They emphasized that reality was best understood by reference to immaterial qualities, be they Platonic forms or Aristotelian causes. It would take the revelations of the scientific revolution to fully displace these instincts, with observations of the night sky once again proving decisive.
Possible Titles:
1. From Babylon to the Scientific Revolution: The Evolution of Empirical Observation
2. The Historical Journey of the Scientific Method from Ancient Astronomy to Modern Science
3. The Impact of Babylonian Astronomy on the Development of Scientific Inquiry
4. Reconciling the Material with the Immaterial: A History of Scientific Thought from Plato to Galileo
Main Idea #1:
Babylonian astronomers laid the groundwork for the scientific method by using detailed celestial records to predict future events, demonstrating the power of systematic observation.
Main Idea #2:
The evolution of scientific thought faced challenges, especially during the Middle Ages in Europe, where empirical knowledge was often viewed as inferior to abstract philosophical concepts derived from ancient Greek thinkers like Plato and Aristotle.
Summary:
The foundations of the scientific method can be traced back to Babylonian astronomers, who used precise observations to predict celestial events. However, this approach to knowledge faced resistance in medieval Europe, where empirical methods were undervalued compared to the abstract ideals of Greek philosophy. It was not until the scientific revolution that empirical observation regained prominence, reaffirming its critical role in understanding and predicting the natural world.
Key Points:
1. Babylonian astronomers' detailed observations and predictions marked an early form of the scientific method.
2. In medieval Europe, empirical knowledge was often seen as less valuable than philosophical abstraction.
3. Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle influenced this view by emphasizing the impermanence and instability of the material world.
4. The scientific revolution eventually highlighted the importance of empirical evidence in gaining a deeper understanding of reality.
[고3] 2023년 04월 – 40번: 동물이 과장된 자극을 선호하는 실험 결과
Experiments suggest that animals, just like humans, tend to prefer exaggerated, supernormal stimuli, and that a preference can rapidly propel itself to extreme levels (peak shift effect). In one experiment, through food rewards rats were conditioned to prefer squares to other geometric forms. In the next step, a non-square rectangle was introduced and associated with an even larger reward than the square. As expected, the rats learned to reliably prefer the rectangle. Less predictable was the third part of the experiment. The rats were offered the opportunity to choose between the rectangle they already knew and associated with large rewards and another rectangle, the proportions of which were even more different from those of a square. Interestingly, rats picked this novel variant, without undergoing any reward-based conditioning in favor of it. A possible explanation is thus that they chose the larger difference from the original square (i.e., the exaggeration of non-squareness).
Possible Titles:
1. The Influence of Supernormal Stimuli on Animal Preference: Insights from Rat Behavior
2. Exploring Peak Shift Effects in Rats Through Geometric Form Preferences
3. Rats and the Attraction to Exaggerated Stimuli: A Study of Behavioral Shifts
4. The Dynamics of Preference Evolution in Rats: From Squares to Extreme Rectangles
Main Idea #1:
Experiments with rats demonstrate that animals, like humans, develop preferences for exaggerated stimuli, showcasing a rapid escalation to extreme preferences, known as the peak shift effect.
Main Idea #2:
In a controlled experiment, rats initially trained to prefer squares over other shapes eventually chose increasingly exaggerated non-square shapes, illustrating their inherent preference for more pronounced deviations from their conditioned stimuli.
Summary:
Through a series of experiments, rats were conditioned to prefer squares and then larger rewards were used to shift their preference to rectangles. Surprisingly, without additional conditioning, the rats preferred an even more exaggerated rectangle variant, indicating a natural inclination towards more distinct deviations from the initial square shape, a phenomenon reflecting the peak shift effect.
Key Points:
1. Rats were conditioned to prefer squares through food rewards.
2. Preferences shifted to rectangles associated with larger rewards.
3. Without reward conditioning, rats chose an even more exaggerated rectangle.
4. The choice of the more exaggerated shape suggests an innate preference for more distinct deviations, a manifestation of the peak shift effect.
[고3] 2023년 04월 – 41~42번: 인간의 느린 발달이 다양한 환경 적응을 가능하게 함
Although we humans are equipped with reflexive responses for survival, at birth we are helpless. We spend about a year unable to walk, about two more before we can articulate full thoughts, and many more years unable to provide for ourselves. We are totally dependent on those around us for our survival. Now compare this to many other mammals. Dolphins, for instance, are born swimming; giraffes learn to stand within hours; a baby zebra can run within forty-five minutes of birth. Across the animal kingdom, our cousins are strikingly independent soon after they're born. On the face of it, that seems like a great advantage for other species ― but in fact it signifies a limitation. Baby animals develop quickly because their brains are wiring up according to a largely preprogrammed routine. But that preparedness trades off with flexibility. Imagine if some unfortunate rhinoceros found itself on the Arctic tundra, or on top of a mountain in the Himalayas, or in the middle of a metropolis. It would have no capacity to adapt (which is why we don't find rhinos in those areas). This strategy of arriving with a pre-arranged brain works inside a particular niche in the ecosystem ― but put an animal outside of that niche, and its chances of thriving are low. In contrast, humans are able to thrive in many different environments, from the frozen tundra to the high mountains to crowded urban centers. This is possible because the human brain is born remarkably incomplete. Instead of arriving with everything wired up ― let's call it "hardwired" ― a human brain allows itself to be shaped by the details of life experience. This leads to long periods of helplessness as the young brain slowly molds to its environment. It's "livewired."
Possible Titles:
1. The Unique Development of Human Flexibility: Livewired for Adaptation
2. Comparing Human Helplessness at Birth with Mammalian Independence: A Study of Brain Plasticity
3. The Advantage of Human Developmental Vulnerability: Adapting Across Ecosystems
4. Why Human Infancy Extends Beyond Mammalian Independence: The Role of Brain Wiring
Main Idea #1:
Humans experience prolonged helplessness at birth, a stark contrast to many mammals that exhibit independence shortly after birth, due to the uniquely adaptive and flexible wiring of the human brain.
Main Idea #2:
While immediate independence in animals like dolphins and giraffes is linked to their brains being largely preprogrammed, humans' prolonged developmental period allows their brains to adapt to a wide range of environments, demonstrating a trade-off between early independence and adaptive flexibility.
Summary:
Humans are born in a state of extended helplessness compared to other mammals, which quickly adapt to their environments. This vulnerability is due to the human brain’s capacity to be shaped by its surroundings over time, a process termed "livewiring." Unlike animals with "hardwired" brains prepared for a specific ecological niche, humans can thrive in diverse environments, from arctic tundras to urban landscapes, thanks to this neural adaptability.
Key Points:
1. Many mammals are born with the ability to perform survival functions immediately, while humans require years of dependency.
2. The rapid development in other mammals is due to brains that are preprogrammed for specific tasks and environments.
3. Humans' extended dependency period is linked to the flexibility of the brain to be shaped by its environment, enhancing adaptability.
4. This "livewired" brain allows humans to thrive in a variety of ecological niches, unlike animals with more limited adaptability.
[고3] 2023년 04월 – 43~45번: 과도한 관심이 독립성을 저해할 수 있음을 비유
There were two neighbors living next to each other. One was a professor and the other was a merchant who had an unmotivated son. Both of them had planted the same kind of plant in each of their gardens. The professor gave a small amount of water to his plants and didn't always give his full attention to them. Meanwhile, in the merchant's garden, the merchant gave a lot of water to his plants and looked after them well. The professor's plants were simple but looked good, while the merchant's plants were much fuller and greener. One night, there was a heavy storm. After the storm was over, both of the neighbors inspected the damage to their gardens. The merchant saw that his plants had come out from the roots and were totally destroyed by the storm. But, the plants of his neighbor were not damaged at all and were standing firm. The merchant was surprised to see this because he thought he had given his plants better care than the professor. He went to his neighbor and said, "Only my plants came out from the roots. How is that possible?" The professor smiled and said, "You gave your plants so much attention and water that they didn't need to work for themselves." "Is that really a problem?" said the merchant with a curious look on his face. The professor continued his explanation, "I gave my plants just an adequate amount of water and let their roots search for more. Their roots went deeper and grew stronger." At that moment, the merchant recalled the image of his son, still lazy and dependent on his parents. "Is that how you approach teaching?" asked the merchant. The professor said, "Yes. Students are like plants. Sometimes guiding is better than giving." Nodding silently, the merchant began to rethink what education is.
Possible Titles:
1. The Tale of Two Gardens: Lessons on Resilience and Overprotection
2. Roots and Resilience: A Parable of Two Neighbors and Their Gardens
3. The Storm and the Strength: A Story of Guiding Versus Over-Giving
4. The Professor, the Merchant, and the Philosophy of Growth
Main Idea #1:
The professor and the merchant used different gardening techniques that reflected their approaches to care and resilience, leading to contrasting outcomes during a storm.
Main Idea #2:
The professor's method of giving minimal water encouraged his plants to develop deeper roots, which made them more resilient during the storm, unlike the merchant’s well-watered but weaker plants.
Summary:
In a story of two neighbors, the professor’s plants survived a storm due to their deep and strong roots formed by minimal watering, whereas the merchant's overwatered plants, though initially lush, were uprooted. This outcome led the merchant to reflect on the parallels between his gardening style and his overindulgent parenting, understanding from the professor that less direct provision fosters greater independence and resilience.
Key Points:
1. The professor watered his plants minimally, forcing their roots to grow deeper in search of moisture.
2. The merchant frequently watered his plants, which kept their roots shallow and dependent on regular watering.
3. After a storm, the merchant's plants were uprooted due to their weak root systems, while the professor's plants remained standing.
4. The professor used this experience as an analogy to teach the merchant about the benefits of encouraging independence and resilience through less direct provision, both in gardening and in parenting.
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