2023년도 고1 3월 모의고사 - 지문 쉽게 설명 by chatGPT

2023년도 고1 3월 모의고사 내용이 이해하기 어려운 경우 참고하기 위해 만들었습니다.

 

chatGPT prompt:

 

Please explain a passage in simple terms for me. 
If there are any metaphors or hard expressions in the passage, 
please also explain what they mean. 
You can use multiple paragraphs to explain, if necessary, but not too long. 

 

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[18]

To whom it may concern, I am a resident of the Blue Sky Apartment. Recently I observed that the kid zone is in need of repairs. I want you to pay attention to the poor condition of the playground equipment in the zone. The swings are damaged, the paint is falling off, and some of the bolts on the slide are missing. The facilities have been in this terrible condition since we moved here. They are dangerous to the children playing there. Would you please have them repaired? I would appreciate your immediate attention to solve this matter. Yours sincerely, Nina Davis

 

관계자분께 저는 Blue Sky 아파트의 거주자입니다. 최근에 저는 아이들을 위한 구역이 수리가 필요하다는 것을 알게 되었습니다. 저는 귀하께서 그 구역 놀이터 설비의 열악한 상태에 관심을 기울여 주시기를 바랍니다. 그네가 손상되었고, 페인트가 떨어져 나가고 있고, 미끄럼틀의 볼트 몇 개가 빠져 있습니다. (놀이터) 시설은 우리가 이곳으로 이사 온 이후로 이렇게 형편없는 상태였습니다. 그것은 거기서 노는 아이들에게 위험합니다. 그것을 수리해 주시겠습니까? 이 문제를 해결하기 위해 즉각적인 관심을 두시면 감사하겠습니다. Nina Davis 드림

 

Explanation:

 

The passage is a letter from a resident of Blue Sky Apartments who is concerned about the poor condition of the kid's play area. The writer observes that the equipment in the playground needs repairs, and gives examples of what is wrong with the swings, paint and bolts. The writer also expresses concern that the facilities have been in poor condition for a while, and are dangerous for children to play on.

 

The term "kid zone" refers to a designated area in the apartment complex for children to play in. The writer is describing how the playground equipment in this area is damaged and needs to be fixed. The term "bolts" refers to the metal fasteners that hold the slide in place. The writer notes that some of these bolts are missing, which could make the slide unstable and potentially dangerous.

 

The writer is using the term "immediate attention" to express a sense of urgency, indicating that the repairs need to be made as soon as possible. The writer is also using the term "solve this matter" to describe the situation as a problem that needs to be addressed and resolved.

 

Overall, the writer is concerned about the safety of the children playing in the kid's zone, and is urging the apartment management to take action to repair the damaged equipment and ensure that the area is safe for children to play in.

 

[19]

On a two­week trip in the Rocky Mountains, I saw a grizzly bear in its native habitat. At first, I felt joy as I watched the bear walk across the land. He stopped every once in a while to turn his head about, sniffing deeply. He was following the scent of something, and slowly I began to realize that this giant animal was smelling me! I froze. This was no longer a wonderful experience; it was now an issue of survival. The bear’s motivation was to find meat to eat, and I was clearly on his menu. 

 

로키산맥에서 2주간의 여행 중, 나는 자연 서식지에서 회색곰 한 마리를 보았다. 처음에 나는 그 곰이 땅을 가로질러 걸어가는 모습을 보았을 때 기분이 좋았다. 그것은 이따금 멈춰 서서 고개를 돌려 깊게 코를 킁킁거렸다. 그것은 무언가의 냄새를 따라가고 있었고, 나는 서서히 거대한 이 동물이 내 냄새를 맡고 있다는 것을 깨닫기 시작했다! 나는 얼어붙었다. 이것은 더는 멋진 경험이 아니었고, 이제 생존의 문제였다. 그 곰의 동기는 먹을 고기를 찾는 것이었고, 나는 분명히 그의 메뉴에 올라 있었다. 

 

Explanation:

 

The passage describes an encounter with a grizzly bear in the Rocky Mountains during a two-week trip. The author initially felt joy at the sight of the bear but soon realized that the bear was sniffing around and following the scent, which turned out to be the author's scent. This realization caused the author to freeze because the bear was now interested in the author as a potential source of food.

 

In simple terms, the passage describes a situation where the author saw a grizzly bear in its natural habitat, but the situation turned dangerous when the bear started to smell the author and showed interest in them as potential prey. The metaphorical language used in the passage, such as "issue of survival" and "on his menu," highlights the seriousness of the situation and conveys the potential danger the author was in.

 

Encounters with wild animals can be exhilarating, but it is essential to remember that they are wild and unpredictable creatures. It is crucial to take precautions and respect their habitats to ensure both your safety and the animal's well-being.

 

[20]

It is difficult for any of us to maintain a constant level of attention throughout our working day. We all have body rhythms characterised by peaks and valleys of energy and alertness. You will achieve more, and feel confident as a benefit, if you schedule your most demanding tasks at times when you are best able to cope with them. If you haven’t thought about energy peaks before, take a few days to observe yourself. Try to note the times when you are at your best. We are all different. For some, the peak will come first thing in the morning, but for others it may take a while to warm up. 

 

우리 중 누구라도 근무일 내내 일정한 수준의 주의집중을 유지하기는 어렵다. 우리 모두 에너지와 기민함의 정점과 저점을 특징으로 하는 신체 리듬을 가지고 있다. 가장 힘든 작업을 그것을 가장 잘 처리할 수 있는 시간에 하도록 계획을 잡으면, 더 많은 것을 이루고 이익으로 자신감을 느낄 것이다. 만약 전에 에너지 정점에 관해 생각해 본 적이 없다면, 며칠 동안 자신을 관찰하라. 자신이 가장 좋은 상태일 때를 알아차리도록 노력하라. 우리는 모두 다르다. 어떤 사람에게는 정점이 아침에 제일 먼저 오지만, 다른 사람에게는 준비되는 데 얼마간의 시간이 걸릴 수도 있다. 

 

Explanation:

 

The passage is talking about how everyone has different levels of energy and focus throughout the day. It is important to pay attention to your own body and figure out when you are at your best. Some people might feel the most energized and focused first thing in the morning, while others might need some time to wake up before they can tackle challenging tasks.

 

The author is suggesting that if you want to be more productive and feel more confident in your work, it can be helpful to schedule your most difficult tasks for the times when you are feeling your best. This means paying attention to your own natural rhythms and working with them, rather than trying to force yourself to be productive at times when you are not at your best.

 

The passage uses the metaphor of "peaks and valleys" to describe the ups and downs of our energy levels throughout the day. This means that sometimes we might feel very alert and focused, while at other times we might feel tired or distracted. By paying attention to these patterns, we can work smarter rather than harder, and achieve more in less time.

 

Overall, the passage is encouraging readers to be mindful of their own energy levels and to use this knowledge to optimize their productivity. By working with your natural rhythms rather than against them, you can achieve more while also feeling more confident and in control.

 

[21]

If we adopt technology, we need to pay its costs. Thousands of traditional livelihoods have been pushed aside by progress, and the lifestyles around those jobs removed. Hundreds of millions of humans today work at jobs they hate, producing things they have no love for. Sometimes these jobs cause physical pain, disability, or chronic disease. Technology creates many new jobs that are certainly dangerous. At the same time, mass education and media train humans to avoid low­tech physical work, to seek jobs working in the digital world. The divorce of the hands from the head puts a stress on the human mind. Indeed, the sedentary nature of the best­paying jobs is a health risk ─ for body and mind. 

 

만약 우리가 기술을 받아들이면, 우리는 그것의 비용을 치러야 한다. 수천 개의 전통적인 생계 수단이 발전에 의해 밀려났으며, 그 직업과 관련된 생활 방식이 없어졌다. 오늘날 수억 명의 사람들이 자기가 싫어하는 일자리에서 일하면서, 자신이 아무런 애정을 느끼지 못하는 것들을 생산한다. 때때로 이러한 일자리는 육체적 고통, 장애 또는 만성 질환을 유발한다. 기술은 확실히 위험한 많은 새로운 일자리를 창출한다. 동시에, 대중 교육과 대중 매체는 낮은 기술의 육체노동을 피하고 디지털 세계에서 일하는 직업을 찾도록 인간을 훈련시킨다. 머리로부터 손이 단절되는 것은 인간의 정신에 부담을 준다. 실제로, 가장 보수가 좋은 직업의 주로 앉아서 하는 특성은 신체와 정신에 건강 위험 요소이다. 

 

Explanation:

 

The passage highlights the negative consequences of adopting technology. Although technology has brought significant advancements, it has also led to the displacement of traditional livelihoods, resulting in the loss of lifestyles and physical jobs. Many people are currently working jobs that they do not enjoy, and in some cases, these jobs can even cause physical harm.

 

Furthermore, technology has created new jobs that are also hazardous. On the other hand, the education system and media encourage people to avoid physical work and instead pursue digital jobs. This has resulted in a disconnect between physical and mental work, which can put a strain on the mind. Additionally, the sedentary nature of high-paying digital jobs can have adverse effects on both physical and mental health.

 

The metaphorical language used in the passage includes "divorce of the hands from the head," which means that there is a disconnect between physical labor and mental work. This separation can put a strain on the mind because it is no longer used to engaging in physical activity while working. Another metaphor is "the sedentary nature of the best-paying jobs is a health risk." It means that jobs that require people to sit for long periods can lead to health problems.

 

Overall, the passage emphasizes the need to balance technological advancements with the well-being of people who may be negatively affected by them.

 

[22]

When students are starting their college life, they may approach every course, test, or learning task the same way, using what we like to call “the rubber­stamp approach.” Think about it this way: Would you wear a tuxedo to a baseball game? A colorful dress to a funeral? A bathing suit to religious services? Probably not. You know there’s appropriate dress for different occasions and settings. Skillful learners know that “putting on the same clothes” won’t work for every class. They are flexible learners. They have different strategies and know when to use them. They know that you study for multiple­choice tests differently than you study for essay tests. And they not only know what to do, but they also know how to do it.

 

대학 생활을 시작할 때 학생들은 우리가 ‘고무도장 방식’이라고 부르고 싶은 방법을 이용하여, 모든 과목이나, 시험, 학습 과제를 똑같은 방식으로 접근할지도 모른다. 그것을 이런 식으로 생각해 보라. 여러분은 야구 경기에 턱시도를 입고 가겠는가? 장례식에 화려한 드레스를 입고 가겠는가? 종교적인 예식에 수영복을 입고 가겠는가? 아마 아닐 것이다. 다양한 행사와 상황마다 적합한 옷이 있음을 여러분은 알고 있다. 숙련된 학습자는 ‘같은 옷을 입는 것’이 모든 수업에 효과가 있지는 않을 것임을 알고 있다. 그들은 유연한 학습자이다. 그들은 다양한 전략을 갖고 있으며 그것을 언제 사용해야 하는지 안다. 그들은 선다형 시험은 논술 시험을 위해 학습하는 것과는 다르게 학습한다는 것을 안다. 그리고 그들은 무엇을 해야 하는지 알고 있을 뿐만 아니라, 그것을 어떻게 해야 하는지도 알고 있다. 

 

Explanation:

 

This passage is about the importance of being a flexible learner when starting college. The author uses metaphors to explain that just as you wouldn't wear the same clothes to different events, you shouldn't approach every course or test the same way. The "rubber-stamp approach" refers to the tendency to approach every learning task in the same way, without adjusting your approach to suit the specific task.

 

The author suggests that skillful learners are flexible learners who have different strategies and know when to use them. They understand that studying for a multiple-choice test requires a different approach than studying for an essay test. For example, when studying for a multiple-choice test, it's important to focus on memorizing key facts and concepts. But when studying for an essay test, you need to develop a deeper understanding of the material and be able to explain it in your own words.

 

The author emphasizes that it's not enough to know what to do; you also need to know how to do it. In other words, you need to have specific study strategies that you can apply to different learning tasks. This requires being aware of your own learning style and strengths, and being willing to adapt your approach as needed.

 

Overall, the message of this passage is that successful college students are flexible learners who are able to adjust their approach to suit different learning tasks. By developing a range of study strategies and being willing to adapt, you can improve your chances of success in college.

 

[23]

As the social and economic situation of countries got better, wage levels and working conditions improved. Gradually people were given more time off. At the same time, forms of transport improved and it became faster and cheaper to get to places. England’s industrial revolution led to many of these changes. Railways, in the nineteenth century, opened up now famous seaside resorts such as Blackpool and Brighton. With the railways came many large hotels. In Canada, for example, the new coast­to­coast railway system made possible the building of such famous hotels as Banff Springs and Chateau Lake Louise in the Rockies. Later, the arrival of air transport opened up more of the world and led to tourism growth.

 

국가들의 사회적, 경제적 상황이 더 나아지면서, 임금 수준과 근로 여건이 개선되었다. 점차 사람들은 더 많은 휴가를 받게 되었다. 동시에, 운송 형태가 개선되었고 장소를 이동하는 것이 더 빠르고 더 저렴해졌다. 영국의 산업 혁명이 이러한 변화 중 많은 것을 일으켰다. 19세기에, 철도로 인해 Blackpool과 Brighton 같은 현재 유명한 해안가 리조트가 들어서게 되었다. 철도가 생기면서 많은 대형 호텔이 생겨났다. 예를 들어, 캐나다에서는 새로운 대륙 횡단 철도 시스템이 로키산맥의 Banff Springs와 Chateau Lake Louise 같은 유명한 호텔의 건설을 가능하게 했다. 이후에 항공 운송의 출현은 세계의 더 많은 곳으로 가는 길을 열어 주었고 관광 산업의 성장을 이끌었다. 

 

Explanation: This passage talks about how improvements in social and economic conditions have led to better wages and working conditions for people. As a result, people have been given more time off, and it has become easier and cheaper to travel to different places.

 

The Industrial Revolution in England played a significant role in bringing about these changes. Railways were built in the 19th century, which made it possible for people to travel to seaside resorts like Blackpool and Brighton. This also led to the construction of large hotels in these areas. Similarly, in Canada, the construction of the coast-to-coast railway system allowed for the building of famous hotels like Banff Springs and Chateau Lake Louise in the Rockies.

 

Later on, air transport became available, which made it easier for people to travel to even more parts of the world. This led to an increase in tourism.

 

In short, the passage explains how improvements in social and economic conditions have led to better wages, more time off, and easier travel. It also highlights how different forms of transportation, such as railways and air travel, have opened up new places for people to visit and explore.

 

[24]

Success can lead you off your intended path and into a comfortable rut. If you are good at something and are well rewarded for doing it, you may want to keep doing it even if you stop enjoying it. The danger is that one day you look around and realize you’re so deep in this comfortable rut that you can no longer see the sun or breathe fresh air; the sides of the rut have become so slippery that it would take a superhuman effort to climb out; and, effectively, you’re stuck. And it’s a situation that many working people worry they’re in now. The poor employment market has left them feeling locked in what may be a secure, or even well­paying — but ultimately unsatisfying — job. 

 

성공은 여러분을 의도한 길에서 벗어나 틀에 박힌 편안한 생활로 이끌 수 있다. 여러분이 어떤 일을 잘하고 그것을 하는 것에 대한 보상을 잘 받는다면, 그것을 즐기지 않게 되더라도 계속 그것을 하고 싶을 수도 있다. 위험한 점은 어느 날 여러분이 주변을 둘러보고, 자신이 틀에 박힌 이 편안한 생활에 너무나 깊이 빠져 있어서 더는 태양을 보거나 신선한 공기를 호흡할 수 없으며, 그 틀에 박힌 생활의 양쪽 면이 너무나 미끄럽게 되어 기어올라 나오려면 초인적인 노력이 필요할 것이고, 사실상 자신이 꼼짝할 수 없다는 것을 깨닫게 된다는 것이다. 그리고 그것은 많은 근로자가 현재 자신이 처해 있다고 걱정하는 상황이다. 열악한 고용 시장이 그들을 안정적이거나 심지어 보수가 좋을 수도 있지만, 궁극적으로는 만족스럽지 못한 일자리에 갇혀 있다고 느끼게 해 놓았다. 

 

Explanation:

 

The passage talks about the risk of getting stuck in a comfortable but unsatisfying routine when you are successful at something and well rewarded for doing it. It's a common concern for many working people, especially in times of economic uncertainty when finding a new job may be challenging.

 

The author uses a metaphor of a rut to describe this situation. A rut is a deep track made by wheels or heavy use, and it's hard to get out of once you're in it. Similarly, being stuck in a comfortable rut means you're doing the same thing over and over again, even though it no longer brings you joy or fulfillment. The rut becomes so comfortable that it's hard to imagine doing anything else or taking risks to explore new opportunities.

 

The author warns that being stuck in a comfortable rut can make you feel like you're trapped and unable to see the bigger picture. The metaphor of the slippery sides of the rut implies that getting out of the rut is not only difficult but also risky. It takes a superhuman effort to climb out of the rut and explore new paths, and many people may not be willing or able to make that effort.

 

In summary, the passage cautions against becoming complacent and settling for a comfortable but unsatisfying routine. It encourages people to be aware of their situation and take risks to explore new opportunities, even if it means leaving their comfort zone.

 

[26]

Lilian Bland was born in Kent, England in 1878. Unlike most other girls at the time she wore trousers and spent her time enjoying adventurous activities like horse riding and hunting. Lilian began her career as a sports and wildlife photographer for British newspapers. In 1910 she became the first woman to design, build, and fly her own airplane. In order to persuade her to try a slightly safer activity, Lilian’s dad bought her a car. Soon Lilian was a master driver and ended up working as a car dealer. She never went back to flying but lived a long and exciting life nonetheless. She married, moved to Canada, and had a kid. Eventually, she moved back to England, and lived there for the rest of her life.

 

Lilian Bland는 1878년 잉글랜드 Kent에서 태어났다. 그 당시 대부분의 다른 여자아이와 달리 그녀는 바지를 입었고, 승마와 사냥 같은 모험적인 활동을 즐기며 시간을 보냈다. Lilian은 영국 신문사의 스포츠와 야생 동물 사진작가로 자신의 경력을 시작했다. 1910년에 그녀는 자신의 비행기를 설계하고, 제작하고, 비행한 최초의 여성이 되었다. 약간 더 안전한 활동을 하도록 그녀를 설득하기 위해, Lilian의 아버지는 그녀에게 자동차를 사주었다. 곧 Lilian은 뛰어난 운전자가 되었고 결국 자동차 판매원으로 일하게 되었다. 그녀는 결코 비행을 다시 시작하지 않았지만, 그렇더라도 오랫동안 흥미진진한 삶을 살았다. 그녀는 결혼하여 캐나다로 이주했고, 아이를 낳았다. 결국 잉글랜드로 돌아와 거기서 생의 마지막 기간을 보냈다. 

 

Explanation: The passage is about a woman named Lilian Bland who was born in Kent, England in 1878. She was different from most girls her age as she liked to wear trousers and enjoyed adventurous activities like horse riding and hunting. Lilian began her career as a photographer for British newspapers and focused on sports and wildlife. In 1910, she made history by designing, building, and flying her own airplane, becoming the first woman to do so. Her father, who was worried about her safety, bought her a car, which Lilian learned to drive and ended up working as a car dealer. She never went back to flying, but she had an exciting life. Lilian got married, moved to Canada, had a child, and eventually moved back to England where she spent the rest of her life.

 

Metaphors are not used in this passage. However, there are some expressions that may be unfamiliar to some readers. For example, "sports and wildlife photographer" means that Lilian took pictures of sports events and animals in their natural habitats. "Designed, built, and flew her own airplane" means that Lilian came up with the idea for the airplane, built it herself, and was the first person to fly it. "Master driver" means that Lilian was very skilled at driving. "Car dealer" means that Lilian sold cars.

 

[29]

The most noticeable human characteristic projected onto animals is that they can talk in human language. Physically, animal cartoon characters and toys made after animals are also most often deformed in such a way as to resemble humans. This is achieved by showing them with humanlike facial features and deformed front legs to resemble human hands. In more recent animated movies the trend has been to show the animals in a more “natural” way. However, they still use their front legs like human hands (for example, lions can pick up and lift small objects with one paw), and they still talk with an appropriate facial expression. A general strategy that is used to make the animal characters more emotionally appealing, both to children and adults, is to give them enlarged and deformed childlike features. 

 

동물에게 투영된 가장 눈에 띄는 인간의 특징은 동물이 인간의 언어로 대화할 수 있다는 점이다. 신체적으로도, 동물 만화 캐릭터와 동물을 본떠 만든 장난감은 또한 인간을 닮게 하는 방식으로 변형되는 경우가 아주 많다. 이것은 인간과 같은 얼굴 특징과 사람의 손을 닮게 변형된 앞다리를 가지고 있는 것으로 그것들을 보여줌으로써 달성된다. 더 최근의 만화 영화에서 추세는 동물을 더 ‘자연스러운’ 방식으로 묘사하는 것이었다. 그러나 그것들은 (예를 들어 사자가 한 발로 작은 물체를 집어 들어 올릴 수 있는 것처럼) 여전히 사람의 손처럼 앞다리를 사용하고, 여전히 적절한 표정을 지으며 이야기한다. 동물 캐릭터를 아이와 어른 모두에게 더 감정적으로 매력적이게 만들기 위해 이용하는 일반적인 전략은 그것들에 확대되고 변형된 어린이 같은 특징을 부여하는 것이다. 

 

Explanation: The passage discusses how animals are often portrayed in media, such as cartoons and movies. One common way that animals are depicted is as if they can speak human language, even though they cannot in real life. Additionally, animal characters are often designed to look more like humans, with facial features that resemble ours and front legs that are deformed to look like hands. This is done to make the characters more relatable and emotionally appealing to both children and adults.

 

In more recent movies, however, the trend has been to show animals in a more "natural" way, without as many humanlike features. Despite this, they still use their front legs like hands and have facial expressions that help convey their emotions.

 

One way that animal characters are made more appealing is by giving them enlarged and deformed childlike features. This makes them seem more innocent and cute, which can help viewers feel more attached to them.

 

Overall, the passage is discussing how animals are often portrayed in media and the techniques that are used to make them emotionally appealing to viewers. It highlights the ways in which animals are depicted as being more like humans, which can make them more relatable and easier to connect with.

 

[30]

The major philosophical shift in the idea of selling came when industrial societies became more affluent, more competitive, and more geographically spread out during the 1940s and 1950s. This forced business to develop closer relations with buyers and clients, which in turn made business realize that it was not enough to produce a quality product at a reasonable price. In fact, it was equally essential to deliver products that customers actually wanted. Henry Ford produced his best­selling T­model Ford in one color only (black) in 1908, but in modern societies this was no longer possible. The modernization of society led to a marketing revolution that destroyed the view that production would create its own demand. Customers, and the desire to meet their diverse and often complex needs, became the focus of business.

 

산업 사회가 1940년대와 1950년대 동안 더 부유하고, 더 경쟁적이고, 더 지리적으로 퍼져 나가게 되면서 판매 개념에 주요한 철학적 변화가 일어났다. 이로 인해 기업은 구매자 및 고객과 더 긴밀한 관계를 발전시켜야 했고, 이것은 결과적으로 기업이 합리적인 가격에 양질의 제품을 생산하는 것으로는 충분하지 않다는 것을 깨닫게 했다. 사실, 고객이 실제로 원하는 제품을 내놓는 것이 마찬가지로 매우 중요했다. 1908년에 Henry Ford는 자신의 가장 많이 팔렸던 T­모델 Ford를 단 하나의 색상(검은색)으로만 생산했지만, 현대사회에서는 이것이 더 이상 가능하지 않았다. 사회의 현대화는 생산이 그 자체의 수요를 창출할 것이라는 견해를 강화하는(→ 파괴하는) 마케팅 혁명으로 이어졌다. 고객과 그들의 다양하고 흔히 복잡한 욕구를 충족하고자 하는 욕망이 기업의 초점이 되었다. 

 

Explanation:

 

The passage talks about how the idea of selling has changed over time. In the past, businesses believed that if they made a good product and priced it reasonably, people would buy it. However, as societies became more affluent, competitive, and spread out, businesses realized that they needed to build closer relationships with their customers. This meant that they had to focus on delivering products that people actually wanted, rather than just producing them.

 

The passage uses Henry Ford's T-model Ford as an example of how businesses used to think. When Ford first produced the car in 1908, he only made it in one color (black). However, in modern societies, businesses can no longer afford to do this. Instead, they need to understand their customers' diverse and often complex needs in order to be successful.

 

The passage also talks about a "marketing revolution" that occurred as a result of these changes. This revolution destroyed the idea that production would create its own demand. Instead, businesses realized that they needed to focus on meeting their customers' needs in order to be successful.

 

Overall, the passage is about how businesses have had to adapt to changing societal and economic conditions over time. They have had to shift their focus from simply producing goods to delivering products that people actually want. This has required them to build closer relationships with their customers and to understand their needs more deeply.

 

[31]

People differ in how quickly they can reset their biological clocks to overcome jet lag, and the speed of recovery depends on the direction of travel. Generally, it’s easier to fly westward and lengthen your day than it is to fly eastward and shorten it. This east­west difference in jet lag is sizable enough to have an impact on the performance of sports teams. Studies have found that teams flying westward perform significantly better than teams flying eastward in professional baseball and college football. A more recent study of more than 46,000 Major League Baseball games found additional evidence that eastward travel is tougher than westward travel. 

 

시차로 인한 피로감을 극복하기 위해서 자신의 체내 시계를 얼마나 빨리 재설정할 수 있는지는 사람마다 서로 다르며, 그 회복 속도는 이동 방향에 달려 있다. 일반적으로 동쪽으로 비행하여 여러분의 하루를 단축하는 것보다 서쪽으로 비행하여 여러분의 하루를 연장하는 것이 더 쉽다. 시차로 인한 피로감에서 이러한 동서의 차이는 스포츠 팀의 경기력에 영향을 미칠 만큼 충분히 크다. 연구에 따르면 서쪽으로 비행하는 팀이 동쪽으로 비행하는 팀보다 프로 야구와 대학 미식 축구에서 상당히 더 잘한다. 46,000 경기가 넘는 메이저 리그 야구 경기에 대한 더 최근의 연구에 의해 동쪽으로 이동하는 것이 서쪽으로 이동하는 것보다 더 힘들다는 추가적인 증거가 발견되었다. 

 

Explanation:

 

Jet lag is a feeling of tiredness and confusion that happens when you travel quickly across different time zones. This is because your body's internal clock, also called the biological clock, is used to a certain time zone, and when you change that suddenly, it can take time to adjust. Some people can adjust to new time zones more easily than others, and it's generally easier to travel westward because you add hours to your day, rather than subtract them when traveling eastward.

 

This difference in adjusting to time zones can also affect how well sports teams perform when they travel to play games. Studies have found that teams that travel westward tend to perform better than teams that travel eastward, especially in baseball and football. This is because traveling eastward means losing hours of sleep and having to adjust to an earlier time zone, which can lead to fatigue and poorer performance.

 

To put it simply, traveling across time zones can mess up your body's internal clock, and it can be harder to adjust when traveling eastward compared to traveling westward. This can affect the performance of sports teams, who have to travel frequently for games.

 

[32]

If you want the confidence that comes from achieving what you set out to do each day, then it’s important to understand how long things are going to take. Over­optimism about what can be achieved within a certain time frame is a problem. So work on it. Make a practice of estimating the amount of time needed alongside items on your ‘things to do’ list, and learn by experience when tasks take a greater or lesser time than expected. Give attention also to fitting the task to the available time. There are some tasks that you can only set about if you have a significant amount of time available. There is no point in trying to gear up for such a task when you only have a short period available. So schedule the time you need for the longer tasks and put the short tasks into the spare moments in between. 

 

만약 매일 하고자 착수하는 일을 성취함으로써 얻게 되는 자신감을 원한다면 일이 얼마나 시간이 걸릴지 아는 것이 중요하다. 어떤 특정 기간 내에 성취될 수 있는 것에 대한 지나친 낙관주의는 문제다. 그러므로 그것을 개선하려고 노력하라. ‘해야 할 일’ 목록에 있는 항목과 함께, 필요한 시간의 양을 추산하는 것을 습관화하고, 과제가 언제 예상보다 더 많은 시간 또는 더 적은 시간이 걸리는지 경험을 통해 배우라. 그 이용 가능한 시간에 과제를 맞추는 것에도 또한 주의를 기울이라. 이용할 수 있는 시간의 양이 상당히 있어야만 시작할 수 있는 몇몇 과제가 있다. 이용할 수 있는 시간이 짧은 시간밖에 없을 때 그런 과제를 위해 준비를 갖추려고 애쓰는 것은 무의미하다. 그러므로 시간이 더 오래 걸리는 과제를 위해 필요한 시간을 계획하고, 그 사이의 남는 시간에 시간이 짧게 걸리는 과제를 배치하라. 

 

Explanation:

 

To feel confident and accomplished, it's important to understand how long tasks will take to complete. Being overly optimistic about how much you can accomplish in a certain amount of time can be a problem. Therefore, it's important to estimate how long tasks will take and learn from experience when tasks take more or less time than expected. It's also important to fit tasks to the available time you have. Some tasks require more time to complete, so it's not productive to try and start them when you only have a short amount of time available. Instead, schedule the longer tasks for when you have enough time and use the spare moments in between to complete shorter tasks.

 

In simpler terms, it's essential to know how long it will take to complete tasks to feel accomplished. Being too optimistic about how much you can achieve can be a problem. Estimate how long tasks will take and learn from experience. Schedule longer tasks when you have enough time and complete shorter tasks in the spare moments.

 

[33]

In Lewis Carroll’s Through the Looking­Glass, the Red Queen takes Alice on a race through the countryside. They run and they run, but then Alice discovers that they’re still under the same tree that they started from. The Red Queen explains to Alice: “here, you see, it takes all the running you can do, to keep in the same place.” Biologists sometimes use this Red Queen Effect to explain an evolutionary principle. If foxes evolve to run faster so they can catch more rabbits, then only the fastest rabbits will live long enough to make a new generation of bunnies that run even faster — in which case, of course, only the fastest foxes will catch enough rabbits to thrive and pass on their genes. Even though they might run, the two species just stay in place. 

 

Lewis Carroll의 Through the Looking­Glass에서 붉은 여왕은 Alice를 시골을 통과하는 한 경주에 데리고 간다. 그들은 달리고 또 달리지만, 그러다가 Alice는 자신들이 출발했던 나무 아래에 여전히 있음을 발견한다. 붉은 여왕은 Alice에게 “‘여기서는’ 보다시피 같은 장소에 머물러 있으려면 네가 할 수 있는 모든 뜀박질을 해야 한단다.”라고 설명한다. 생물학자들은 때때로 이 ‘붉은 여왕 효과’를 사용해 진화 원리를 설명한다. 만약 여우가 더 많은 토끼를 잡기 위해 더 빨리 달리도록 진화한다면, 그러면 오직 가장 빠른 토끼만이 충분히 오래 살아 훨씬 더 빨리 달리는 새로운 세대의 토끼를 낳을 텐데, 물론 이 경우 가장 빠른 여우만이 충분한 토끼를 잡아 번성하여 자신들의 유전자를 물려줄 것이다. 그 두 종이 달린다 해도 그것들은 제자리에 머무를 뿐이다. 

 

Explanation: The Red Queen Effect is a biological concept that refers to a scenario where organisms must constantly evolve just to maintain their current state, similar to how Alice and the Red Queen in Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking Glass are running but staying in the same place. The Red Queen Effect is a result of the competitive nature of evolution, where organisms are constantly adapting to survive and reproduce.

 

For example, let's say foxes evolve to run faster so they can catch more rabbits. The fastest rabbits will survive and pass on their genes to their offspring, who will also be fast runners. As a result, the foxes will need to keep evolving to become even faster to catch these faster rabbits, creating a never-ending cycle of evolution. This competition between the foxes and rabbits creates the Red Queen Effect, where both species are constantly evolving just to maintain their current state.

 

Metaphorically speaking, the Red Queen Effect is like a treadmill where organisms must keep running just to stay in place. It's a never-ending race where there is no winner or loser, but rather a continuous struggle for survival. The Red Queen Effect is an important concept in evolutionary biology, as it helps us understand the complexity of the relationships between different species and the constant evolution that takes place in nature.

 

[34]

Everything in the world around us was finished in the mind of its creator before it was started. The houses we live in, the cars we drive, and our clothing ⸻ all of these began with an idea. Each idea was then studied, refined and perfected before the first nail was driven or the first piece of cloth was cut. Long before the idea was turned into a physical reality, the mind had clearly pictured the finished product. The human being designs his or her own future through much the same process. We begin with an idea about how the future will be. Over a period of time we refine and perfect the vision. Before long, our every thought, decision and activity are all working in harmony to bring into existence what we have mentally concluded about the future. 

 

우리 주변 세상의 모든 것은 시작되기 전에 그것을 만들어 낸 사람의 마음속에서 완성되었다. 우리가 사는 집, 우리가 운전하는 자동차, 우리의 옷, 이 모든 것이 아이디어에서 시작했다. 각각의 아이디어는 그런 다음, 첫 번째 못이 박히거나 첫 번째 천 조각이 재단되기 전에, 연구되고, 다듬어지고, 완성되었다. 그 아이디어가 물리적 실체로 바뀌기 훨씬 전에 마음은 완제품을 분명하게 그렸다. 인간은 거의 같은 과정을 통해 자신의 미래를 설계한다. 우리는 미래가 어떨지에 대한 아이디어로 시작한다. 일정 기간에 걸쳐서 우리는 그 비전을 다듬어 완성한다. 머지않아, 우리의 모든 생각, 결정, 활동은 우리가 미래에 대해 머릿속에서 완성한 것을 생겨나게 하려고 모두 조화롭게 작용하게 된다.

 

Explanation: The passage is about how the things we create in the physical world, such as our homes, cars, and clothes, all start as ideas in someone's mind. Before these things become real, the idea is carefully thought out and refined until it is perfected. This process of starting with an idea and refining it is similar to how we can design our own future.

 

The passage uses the metaphor of a creator to describe how our thoughts and ideas can shape our future. Just as a creator has a vision for what they want to create and then works to make it a reality, we can have a vision for our future and work towards making it a reality.

 

The passage also talks about how our thoughts, decisions, and actions all work together to bring our vision for the future into existence. This means that our mindset and the choices we make in the present can have a big impact on what we will achieve in the future.

 

Overall, the passage is emphasizing the importance of having a clear vision for the future and taking deliberate steps to make that vision a reality. By doing so, we can design our own future just like a creator designs their creation.

 

[35]

Whose story it is affects what the story is. Change the main character, and the focus of the story must also change. If we look at the events through another character’s eyes, we will interpret them differently. We’ll place our sympathies with someone new. When the conflict arises that is the heart of the story, we will be praying for a different outcome. Consider, for example, how the tale of Cinderella would shift if told from the viewpoint of an evil stepsister. Gone with the Wind is Scarlett O’Hara’s story, but what if we were shown the same events from the viewpoint of Rhett Butler or Melanie Wilkes?

 

‘누구의’ 이야기인지가 ‘무슨’ 이야기인지에 영향을 미친다. 주인공을 바꾸면, 이야기의 초점도 틀림없이 바뀐다. 만약 우리가 다른 등장인물의 눈을 통해 사건을 본다면, 우리는 그것을 다르게 해석할 것이다. 우리는 새로운 누군가에게 공감할 것이다. 이야기의 핵심인 갈등이 발생할 때, 우리는 다른 결과를 간절히 바랄 것이다. 예를 들어, 신데렐라 이야기가 사악한 의붓자매의 관점에서 이야기된다면 어떻게 바뀔지 생각해 보라. Gone with the Wind는 Scarlett O’Hara의 이야기이지만, 만약 같은 사건이 Rhett Butler나 Melanie Wilkes의 관점에서 우리에게 제시된다면 어떠할 것인가?

 

Explanation:

 

This passage is discussing the concept that the main character of a story can heavily influence the perspective and interpretation of the events that take place. If we change the main character, the focus of the story must also change, and the reader will interpret the story differently.

 

For instance, the passage uses the example of the story of Cinderella, where the story would shift if it was told from the viewpoint of an evil stepsister instead of Cinderella. The story would have a different conflict and outcome depending on which character is the main focus.

 

Similarly, the passage brings up the book "Gone with the Wind" and how the story is focused on Scarlett O'Hara, but if it was told from the perspective of Rhett Butler or Melanie Wilkes, the events and conflicts would be interpreted differently.

 

The passage is highlighting the importance of the main character in a story and how their perspective can influence the way the reader views the story. It encourages readers to consider different viewpoints and perspectives in order to gain a more well-rounded understanding of the story.

 

[36]

In the Old Stone Age, small bands of 20 to 60 people wandered from place to place in search of food. Once people began farming, they could settle down near their farms. As a result, towns and villages grew larger. Living in communities allowed people to organize themselves more efficiently. They could divide up the work of producing food and other things they needed. While some workers grew crops, others built new houses and made tools. Village dwellers also learned to work together to do a task faster. For example, toolmakers could share the work of making stone axes and knives. By working together, they could make more tools in the same amount of time.

 

구석기 시대에는 20~60명의 작은 무리가 식량을 찾아 이곳저곳을 돌아다녔다. 일단 농사를 짓기 시작하면서, 사람들은 자신들의 농경지 근처에 정착할 수 있었다. (C) 그 결과, 도시와 마을이 더 커졌다. 공동체 생활을 통해 사람들은 자신들을 더 효율적으로 조직할 수 있었다. 그들은 식량과 자신들에게 필요한 다른 것들을 생산하는 일을 나눌 수 있었다. (A) 어떤 노동자들은 농작물을 재배한 반면, 다른 노동자들은 새로운 집을 짓고 도구를 만들었다. 마을 거주자들은 또한 일을 더 빨리 하기 위해 함께 일하는 것도 배웠다. (B) 예를 들어, 도구 제작자들은 돌도끼와 돌칼을 만드는 작업을 함께 할 수 있었다. 함께 일함으로써, 그들은 같은 시간 안에 더 많은 도구를 만들 수 있었다. 

 

Explanation:

 

This passage talks about how human societies have changed over time. In the Old Stone Age, people used to move around a lot to find food. But when they started farming, they were able to settle down and live in one place. This allowed them to work together more efficiently and do different jobs to produce the things they needed.

 

Living in communities meant that people could specialize in certain tasks. Some people could focus on growing crops, while others could build houses and make tools. This way, everyone could contribute to the community and everyone's needs could be met.

 

The passage also mentions how people learned to work together to be more productive. For example, instead of one person making a stone axe or knife, a group of toolmakers could work together to make more tools in the same amount of time. This is called division of labor, where different people specialize in different tasks to increase productivity.

 

Overall, this passage shows how human societies have evolved over time and how working together has allowed us to achieve more than we could alone.

 

[37]

Natural processes form minerals in many ways. For example, hot melted rock material, called magma, cools when it reaches the Earth’s surface, or even if it’s trapped below the surface. As magma cools, its atoms lose heat energy, move closer together, and begin to combine into compounds. During this process, atoms of the different compounds arrange themselves into orderly, repeating patterns. The type and amount of elements present in a magma partly determine which minerals will form. Also, the size of the crystals that form depends partly on how rapidly the magma cools. When magma cools slowly, the crystals that form are generally large enough to see with the unaided eye. This is because the atoms have enough time to move together and form into larger crystals. When magma cools rapidly, the crystals that form will be small. In such cases, you can’t easily see individual mineral crystals. 

 

자연 과정은 많은 방법으로 광물을 형성한다. 예를 들어, 마그마라고 불리는 뜨거운 용암 물질은 지구의 표면에 도달할 때, 또는 심지어 표면 아래에 갇혔을 때도 식는다. 마그마가 식으면서, 마그마의 원자는 열에너지를 잃고, 서로 더 가까이 이동해, 화합물로 결합하기 시작한다. (B) 이 과정 동안, 서로 다른 화합물의 원자가 질서 있고 반복적인 패턴으로 배열된다. 마그마에 존재하는 원소의 종류와 양이 어떤 광물이 형성될지를 부분적으로 결정한다. (A) 또한, 형성되는 결정의 크기는 부분적으로는 마그마가 얼마나 빨리 식느냐에 달려있다. 마그마가 천천히 식으면, 형성되는 결정은 일반적으로 육안으로 볼 수 있을 만큼 충분히 크다. (C) 이것은 원자가 함께 이동해 더 큰 결정을 형성할 충분한 시간을 가지기 때문이다. 마그마가 빠르게 식으면, 형성되는 결정은 작을 것이다. 그런 경우에는 개별 광물 결정을 쉽게 볼 수 없다. 

 

Explanation:

 

Minerals are formed through natural processes in various ways. For example, when hot melted rock, known as magma, cools down on or beneath the earth's surface, it begins to form compounds as its atoms lose heat energy and combine. During this process, atoms of different compounds arrange themselves in orderly patterns. The types and amounts of elements present in magma will determine which minerals form. The size of the crystals formed will also depend on how fast the magma cools. If it cools slowly, the crystals formed will be visible to the naked eye. If it cools rapidly, the crystals formed will be small and not easily seen.

 

Think of a pot of boiling water on a stove. As the water heats up, it begins to boil and turn into steam. Similarly, when magma heats up, it turns into molten rock. As the molten rock cools, the atoms of different elements begin to bond together to form crystals, much like how bubbles in boiling water will begin to form as it cools. The crystals then form into a repeating pattern, similar to how bubbles in boiling water may form into a foam.

 

The size of the crystals formed will depend on how fast the magma cools. Just like how ice cubes made from slowly frozen water are larger than ice cubes made from quickly frozen water, crystals formed from slowly cooled magma will be larger than crystals formed from quickly cooled magma.

 

[38]

All carbohydrates are basically sugars. Complex carbohydrates are the good carbohydrates for your body. These complex sugar compounds are very difficult to break down and can trap other nutrients like vitamins and minerals in their chains. As they slowly break down, the other nutrients are also released into your body, and can provide you with fuel for a number of hours. Bad carbohydrates, on the other hand, are simple sugars. Because their structure is not complex, they are easy to break down and hold few nutrients for your body other than the sugars from which they are made. Your body breaks down these carbohydrates rather quickly and what it cannot use is converted to fat and stored in the body. 

 

모든 탄수화물은 기본적으로 당이다. 복합 탄수화물은 몸에 좋은 탄수화물이다. 이러한 복당류 화합물은 분해하기 매우 어렵고 비타민과 미네랄 같은 다른 영양소를 그것의 사슬 안에 가두어 둘 수 있다. 그것들이 천천히 분해되면서, 다른 영양소도 여러분의 몸으로 방출되고, 많은 시간 동안 여러분에게 연료를 공급할 수 있다. 반면에 나쁜 탄수화물은 단당류이다. 그것의 구조는 복잡하지 않기 때문에, 그것은 분해되기 쉽고 그것이 만들어지는 당 외에 몸을 위한 영양소를 거의 가지고 있지 않다. 여러분의 몸은 이러한 탄수화물을 상당히 빨리 분해하고 그것(몸)이 사용할 수 없는 것은 지방으로 바뀌어 몸에 저장된다. 

 

Explanation:

 

Carbohydrates are a type of nutrient found in many foods. They are basically sugars, which can be simple or complex. Complex carbohydrates are considered good for your body because they are difficult to break down and can hold other important nutrients like vitamins and minerals. As they slowly break down in your body, these nutrients are also released and can provide you with energy for several hours.

 

In contrast, simple carbohydrates are considered bad for your body because they are easy to break down and do not contain many nutrients other than sugar. Your body breaks down these carbohydrates quickly, and any excess that it cannot use is stored as fat.

 

Think of complex carbohydrates like a tangled ball of yarn. It takes time and effort to unravel the yarn, but once it is untangled, you have access to all the individual strands. Similarly, complex carbohydrates are made up of long chains of sugar molecules that are tightly woven together. It takes time for your body to break them down, but when it does, it can access all the important nutrients they contain.

 

In contrast, simple carbohydrates are like a straight piece of string. It is easy to cut or break the string into small pieces, but once you do, you cannot put it back together again. Similarly, simple carbohydrates are made up of just one or two sugar molecules that are easy to break apart. Your body can quickly convert them into energy, but they do not provide much else in terms of nutrition.

 

Overall, it is important to choose complex carbohydrates over simple ones for optimal health and energy levels.

 

[39]

People commonly make the mistaken assumption that because a person has one type of characteristic, then they automatically have other characteristics which go with it. In one study, university students were given descriptions of a guest lecturer before he spoke to the group. Half the students received a description containing the word ‘warm’, the other half were told the speaker was ‘cold’. The guest lecturer then led a discussion, after which the students were asked to give their impressions of him. As expected, there were large differences between the impressions formed by the students, depending upon their original information of the lecturer. It was also found that those students who expected the lecturer to be warm tended to interact with him more. This shows that different expectations not only affect the impressions we form but also our behaviour and the relationship which is formed.

 

흔히 사람들은 어떤 사람이 한 가지 유형의 특성을 가지고 있기 때문에, 그러면 자동적으로 그것과 어울리는 다른 특성을 가지고 있다는 잘못된 가정을 한다. 한 연구에서, 대학생들은 초청 강사가 그 (대학생) 집단에게 강연을 하기 전에 그 강사에 대한 설명을 들었다. 학생들의 절반은 ‘따뜻하다’라는 단어가 포함된 설명을 들었고 나머지 절반은 그 강사가 ‘차갑다’는 말을 들었다. 그러고 나서 그 초청 강사가 토론을 이끌었고, 그 후에 학생들은 그(강사)에 대한 그들의 인상을 말해 달라고 요청받았다. 예상한 대로, 학생들에 의해 형성된 인상 간에는 그 강사에 대한 학생들의 최초 정보에 따라 큰 차이가 있었다. 또한, 그 강사가 따뜻할 것이라 기대한 학생들은 그와 더 많이 소통하는 경향이 있다는 것이 밝혀졌다. 이것은 서로 다른 기대가 우리가 형성하는 인상뿐만 아니라 우리의 행동 및 형성되는 관계에도 영향을 미친다는 것을 보여 준다. 

 

Explanation:

 

This passage talks about how people often assume that if someone has one particular trait, they must have other traits that go along with it. In an experiment, students were given information about a guest lecturer before he spoke to the group - half were told he was "warm" and the other half were told he was "cold". After the lecture, the students were asked to share their impressions of the lecturer. It was found that the students' original information about the lecturer strongly influenced the impressions they formed of him, and that students who expected the lecturer to be warm tended to interact with him more.

 

What this means is that people's expectations can strongly influence the way they perceive others and their behavior towards them. In this experiment, students who expected the lecturer to be warm were more friendly towards him and engaged with him more, while those who expected him to be cold were less friendly and less likely to interact with him. This shows that our assumptions and expectations can shape our relationships and interactions with others.

 

In summary, this passage highlights how our preconceived notions about someone can affect the way we perceive and interact with them. It is important to be aware of these biases and try to approach people with an open mind, rather than making assumptions based on limited information.

 

[40]

To help decide what’s risky and what’s safe, who’s trustworthy and who’s not, we look for social evidence. From an evolutionary view, following the group is almost always positive for our prospects of survival. “If everyone’s doing it, it must be a sensible thing to do,” explains famous psychologist and best selling writer of Influence, Robert Cialdini. While we can frequently see this today in product reviews, even subtler cues within the environment can signal trustworthiness. Consider this: when you visit a local restaurant, are they busy? Is there a line outside or is it easy to find a seat? It is a hassle to wait, but a line can be a powerful cue that the food’s tasty, and these seats are in demand. More often than not, it’s good to adopt the practices of those around you. 

 

무엇이 위험하고 무엇이 안전한지, 누구를 신뢰할 수 있고 누구를 신뢰할 수 없는지를 결정하는 것을 돕기 위해, 우리는 ‘사회적 증거’를 찾는다. 진화의 관점에서 볼 때, 집단을 따르는 것이 거의 항상 우리의 생존 전망에 긍정적이다. “모든 사람이 그것을 하고 있다면, 그것은 해야 할 분별 있는 일인 것이 틀림없다.”라고 유명한 심리학자이자 Influence를 쓴 베스트셀러 작가인 Robert Cialdini는 설명한다. 오늘날 상품 평에서 이것을 자주 볼 수 있지만, 환경 내의 훨씬 더 미묘한 신호가 신뢰성을 나타낼 수 있다. 이것을 생각해 보라. 여러분이 어떤 지역의 음식점을 방문할 때, 그들이 바쁜가? 밖에 줄이 있는가, 아니면 자리를 찾기가 쉬운가? 기다리는 것은 성가신 일이지만, 줄은 음식이 맛있고 이곳의 좌석은 수요가 많다는 강력한 신호일 수 있다. 대개는 주변에 있는 사람들의 행동을 따르는 것이 좋다. 

 

Explanation: The passage talks about how humans tend to rely on social evidence to determine what is safe or trustworthy. This is because, from an evolutionary standpoint, following the group has been beneficial for survival. When we see others doing something, we assume it must be a sensible thing to do. This concept is seen in product reviews, but it can also be observed in more subtle ways, such as whether a restaurant is busy or not.

 

The author uses the example of a restaurant to illustrate this idea. When we visit a restaurant, we might notice whether there is a line outside or if it is easy to find a seat. Although waiting in line might be inconvenient, it can also be a sign that the food is good and that the restaurant is popular. Therefore, we tend to adopt the practices of those around us, assuming that they know something we do not.

 

Overall, the passage is suggesting that humans have a natural inclination to follow the crowd and that this tendency can help us make decisions about what is safe or trustworthy. By observing what others are doing, we can gain valuable information that we might not have access to otherwise.

 

[41-42]

Chess masters shown a chess board in the middle of a game for 5 seconds with 20 to 30 pieces still in play can immediately reproduce the position of the pieces from memory. Beginners, of course, are able to place only a few. Now take the same pieces and place them on the board randomly and the difference is much reduced. The expert’s advantage is only for familiar patterns — those previously stored in memory. Faced with unfamiliar patterns, even when it involves the same familiar domain, the expert’s advantage disappears. The beneficial effects of familiar structure on memory have been observed for many types of expertise, including music. People with musical training can reproduce short sequences of musical notation more accurately than those with no musical training when notes follow conventional (tonal) sequences, but the advantage is much reduced when the notes are ordered randomly. Expertise also improves memory for sequences of movements. Experienced ballet dancers are able to repeat longer sequences of steps than less experienced dancers, and they can repeat a sequence of steps making up a routine better than steps ordered randomly. In each case, memory range is increased by the ability to recognize familiar sequences and patterns. 

 

체스판을 게임 중간에 20~30개의 말들이 아직 놓여있는 상태로 5초 동안 본 체스의 달인들은 그 말들의 위치를 기억으로부터 즉시 재현할 수 있다. 물론 초보자들은 겨우 몇 개(의 위치)만 기억해 낼 수 있다. 이제 같은 말들을 가져다가 체스판에 무작위로 놓으면 그 차이는 크게 줄어든다. 전문가의 유리함은 익숙한 패턴, 즉 이전에 기억에 저장된 패턴에 대해서만 있다. 익숙하지 않은 패턴에 직면하면, 같은 익숙한 분야와 관련 있는 경우라도 전문가의 유리함은 사라진다. 익숙한 구조가 기억에 미치는 유익한 효과는 음악을 포함하여 많은 유형의 전문 지식에서 관찰되어 왔다. 음표가 특이한(→ 전형적인) 순서를 따를 때는 음악 훈련을 받은 사람이 음악 훈련을 받지 않은 사람보다 짧은 연속된 악보를 더 정확하게 재현할 수 있지만, 음표가 무작위로 배열되면 그 유리함이 훨씬 줄어든다. 전문 지식은 또한 연속 동작에 대한 기억을 향상시킨다. 숙련된 발레 무용수가 경험이 적은 무용수보다 더 긴 연속 스텝을 반복할 수 있고, 무작위로 배열된 스텝보다 정해진 춤 동작을 이루는 연속 스텝을 더 잘 반복할 수 있다. 각각의 경우, 기억의 범위는 익숙한 순서와 패턴을 인식하는 능력에 의해 늘어난다. 

 

Explanation:

 

The passage is talking about how experts in different fields, such as chess, music, and dance, have a better memory for familiar patterns or sequences. When shown a chess board in the middle of a game with many pieces still on the board, a chess master can remember the position of the pieces after seeing it for only 5 seconds. However, this ability is only for familiar patterns or positions that the master has seen before. When the pieces are randomly placed on the board, the master's advantage disappears. This means that experts' memory is better when they can recognize familiar patterns or sequences.

 

The same goes for people with musical training. They can remember short sequences of musical notation more accurately than those with no musical training when the notes follow conventional (tonal) sequences. Again, this advantage disappears when the notes are ordered randomly. Similarly, experienced ballet dancers can repeat longer sequences of steps and routines better than less experienced dancers. This is because they have practiced and memorized the familiar patterns and sequences in their routines.

 

Overall, the passage is telling us that expertise improves memory for familiar patterns or sequences. Experts can remember things better when they can recognize familiar patterns or sequences. This is important for many different fields, including chess, music, and dance. However, when faced with unfamiliar patterns, experts' advantage disappears.

 

[43-45]

Once upon a time, there was a king who lived in a beautiful palace. While the king was away, a monster approached the gates of the palace. The monster was so ugly and smelly that the guards froze in shock. He passed the guards and sat on the king’s throne. The guards soon came to their senses, went in, and shouted at the monster, demanding that he get off the throne. With each bad word the guards used, the monster grew more ugly and smelly. The guards got even angrier — they began to brandish their swords to scare the monster away from the palace. But he just grew bigger and bigger, eventually taking up the whole room. He grew more ugly and smelly than ever. Eventually the king returned. He was wise and kind and saw what was happening. He knew what to do. He smiled and said to the monster, “Welcome to my palace!” He asked the monster if he wanted a cup of coffee. The monster began to grow smaller as he drank the coffee. The king offered him some take­out pizza and fries. The guards immediately called for pizza. The monster continued to get smaller with the king’s kind gestures. He then offered the monster a full body massage. As the guards helped with the relaxing massage, the monster became tiny. With another act of kindness to the monster, he just disappeared.

 

옛날 옛적에, 아름다운 궁전에 사는 한 왕이 있었다. 왕이 없는 동안, 한 괴물이 궁전 문으로 접근했다. 그 괴물이 너무 추하고 냄새가 나서 경비병들은 충격으로 얼어붙었다. 그(괴물)는 경비병들을 지나 왕의 왕좌에 앉았다. 경비병들은 곧 정신을 차리고 안으로 들어가 그 괴물을 향해 소리치며 그에게 왕좌에서 내려올 것을 요구했다. 경비병들이 나쁜 말을 사용할 때마다, 그 괴물은 더 추해졌고, 더 냄새가 났다. 경비병들은 한층 더 화가 났다. 그들은 그 괴물을 겁주어 궁전에서 쫓아내려고 칼을 휘두르기 시작했다. 하지만 그는 그저 점점 더 커져서 결국 방 전체를 차지했다. 그는 그 어느 때 보다 더 추해졌고, 더 냄새가 났다. 마침내 왕이 돌아왔다. 그는 현명하고 친절했으며 무슨 일이 일어나고 있는지 알아차렸다. 그는 무엇을 해야 할지 알았다. 그는 미소를 지으며 그 괴물에게 “나의 궁전에 온 것을 환영하오!”라고 말했다. 왕은 그 괴물에게 그가 커피 한 잔을 원하는지 물었다. 괴물은 그 커피를 마시면서 더 작아지기 시작했다. 왕은 그에게 약간의 테이크아웃 피자와 감자튀김을 제안했다. 경비병들은 즉시 피자를 시켰다. 그 괴물은 왕의 친절한 행동에 몸이 계속 더 작아졌다. 그러고 나서 그는 그 괴물에게 전신 마사지를 제안했다. 경비병들이 편안한 마사지를 도와주자 그 괴물은 매우 작아졌다. 그 괴물에게 또 한 번의 친절한 행동을 베풀자, 그는 바로 사라졌다. 

Explanation:

 

This passage is a story about a king who encounters a scary monster in his palace. The monster is so ugly and smelly that the guards are scared and try to scare him away with swords. However, instead of being scared of the monster, the king welcomes him and offers him coffee, pizza, and a massage. As the king is kind to the monster, the monster gets smaller and eventually disappears.

 

The story uses metaphors to describe the monster. For example, the monster grows bigger and uglier as the guards use bad words and brandish their swords. This is a metaphor for how negativity and aggression can make a bad situation worse. Similarly, the monster gets smaller as the king offers him kindness, coffee, and pizza. This is a metaphor for how acts of kindness and generosity can make a situation better.

 

The story also emphasizes the importance of kindness and empathy. While the guards try to scare the monster away, the king understands that the monster is just scared and needs to be treated kindly. The king's kindness eventually resolves the situation and makes the monster disappear.

 

Overall, this story is a reminder that kindness and empathy can be powerful tools for resolving conflicts and making the world a better place.